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4031732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Jefferies | Graeme Jefferies | Graeme Jefferies is a musician from New Zealand.
In 1981 Graeme and his brother Peter Jefferies formed the post-punk band Nocturnal Projections. The band released a few records and cassettes, and played regularly around their hometown of New Plymouth, as well as Auckland.
After Nocturnal Projections disbanded in 1983, the brothers formed This Kind Of Punishment, and released three full-length albums, and an EP.
Following This Kind Of Punishment, Peter pursued a solo career, whilst Graeme formed new band The Cakekitchen.
Discography
Messages for the Cakekitchen (1988)
Timebomb - Bravely, Bravely (1989, with Alastair Galbraith)
External links
The Cakekitchen website
Living people
People from New Plymouth
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4031734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Mills | Ann Mills | Ann Mills was a British woman who disguised herself as a man in order to become a dragoon. In 1740 she fought on the frigate HMS Maidenstone.
References
"Gendered War and Military", retrieved 10 February 2006
Felsenstien, Frank: Unraveling Ann Mills. Some thoughts on Gender Construction and Naval Heroism (2006)
Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader
Strange Pages from Family Papers
British Army soldiers
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Female wartime cross-dressers
Dragoons
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing |
4031739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Olympics | Cameroon at the 1964 Summer Olympics | Cameroon competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. David Njitock was the lone representative for Cameroon, placing 7th in the 100 meter, and 5th in the 200 meter runs.
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1964 Summer Olympics
1964
1964 in Cameroonian sport |
4031743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano%20Ricci | Sebastiano Ricci | Sebastiano Ricci (1 August 165915 May 1734) was an Italian painter of the late Baroque school of Venice. About the same age as Piazzetta, and an elder contemporary of Tiepolo, he represents a late version of the vigorous and luminous Cortonesque style of grand manner fresco painting.
He was the uncle of Marco Ricci (1676 – 1730), who trained with him, and became an innovator in landscape painting.
Early years
He was born in Belluno, the son of Andreana and Livio Ricci. In 1671, he was apprenticed to Federico Cervelli of Venice. Others claim Ricci's first master was Sebastiano Mazzoni. In 1678, a youthful indiscretion led to an unwanted pregnancy, and ultimately to a greater scandal, when Ricci was accused of attempting to poison the young woman in question to avoid marriage. He was imprisoned, and released only after the intervention of a nobleman, probably a Pisani family member. He eventually married the mother of his child in 1691, although this was a stormy union.
Following his release he moved to Bologna, where he lived near the Parish of San Michele del Mercato. His painting style there was apparently influenced by Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole. On 28 September 1682 he was contracted by the "Fraternity of Saint John of Florence" to paint a Decapitation of John the Baptist for their oratory.
On 9 December 1685, the Count of San Secondo near Parma commissioned the decoration of the Oratorio della Beata Vergine del Serraglio, which Ricci completed in collaboration of Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena by October 1687, receiving a payment of 4,482 Lira. In 1686, the Duke Ranuccio II Farnese of Parma commissioned a Pietà for a new Capuchin convent. In 1687-8 Ricci decorated the apartments of the Parmense Duchess in Piacenza with canvases recounting the life of the Farnese pope, Paul III.
Turin and return to Venice
Apparently in 1688, Ricci abandoned his wife and daughter, and fled from Bologna to Turin with Magdalen, the daughter of the painter Giovanni Peruzzini. He was again imprisoned, and nearly executed, but was eventually freed by the intercession of the Duke of Parma. The duke employed him and assigned him a monthly salary of 25 crowns and lodging in the Farnese palace in Rome. In 1692, he was commissioned to copy the Coronation of Charlemagne by Raphael in Vatican City, on behalf of Louis XIV, a task he finished only by 1694.
The death of the Duke Ranuccio in December, 1694, who was also his protector, forced Ricci to abandon Rome for Milan, where by November 1695 he completed frescoes in the Ossuary Chapel of the Church of San Bernardino dei Morti. On 22 June 1697, the Count Giacomo Durini hired him to paint in the Cathedral of Monza.
In 1698, he returned to the Venetian republic for a decade. By 24 August 1700, he had frescoed the chapel of the Santissimo Sacramento in the church of Santa Giustina of Padua. In 1701, the Venetian geographer Vincenzo Coronelli commissioned a canvas of the Ascension that was inserted into the ceiling of sacristy of the Basilica of the Santi Apostoli in Rome. In 1702, he frescoed the ceiling of the Blue Hall in the Schönbrunn Palace, with the Allegory of the Princely Virtues and Love of Virtue, which illustrated the education and dedication of future emperor Joseph I. In Vienna, Frederick August II, the elector Saxony, requested an Ascension canvas, in part to convince others of the sincerity of his conversion to Catholicism, which allowed him to become the King of Poland.
In Venice in 1704 he executed a canvas of San Procolo (Saint Proculus) for the Dome of Bergamo and a Crucifixion for the Florentine church of San Francisco de Macci.
Florentine frescoes
In the summer of 1706, he traveled to Florence, where he completed a work that is by many considered his masterpieces. During his Florentine stay he first completed a large fresco series on allegorical and mythological themes for the now-called Marucelli-Fenzi or Palazzo Fenzi (now housing departments of University of Florence). After this work, Ricci, along with the quadraturista Giuseppe Tonelli, was commissioned by the Grand Duke Ferdinando de' Medici to decorate rooms in the Pitti Palace, where his Venus takes Leave from Adonis contains heavenly depictions that are airier and brighter than prior Florentine fresco series. These works gained him fame and requests from foreign lands and showed the rising influence of Venetian painting into other regions of Italy. He was to influence the Florentine Rococo fresco painter Giovanni Domenico Ferretti.
In 1708 he returned to Venice, completing a Madonna with the Child for San Giorgio Maggiore. In 1711, now painting alongside his nephew, Marco Ricci, he painted two canvases: Esther to Assuero and Moses saved from the Nile, for the Taverna Palace.
London and Paris
He ultimately accepted foreign patronage in London, when he was provided a £770 commission by Lord Burlington for eight canvases, to be completed by him and his nephew Marco, depicting mythological frolics: Cupid and Jove, Bacchus meets Ariadne, Diana and Nymphs, Bacchus and Ariadne, Venus and Cupid, Diane and Endymion, and a Cupid and Flora.
He decorated the chapel at Bulstrode House near Gerrards Cross for Henry Bentinck, 1st Duke of Portland with a cycle of wall-paintings depicting scenes from the life of Christ. George Vertue described the scheme as "a Noble free invention. great force of lights and shade, with variety & freedom, in the composition of the parts". The chapel was demolished in the 19th century, but oil modelli still exist. Ricci also designed stained glass for the Duke of Chandos' chapel at Cannons. In c.1710-15 Ricci painted the apse in the chapel at the Royal Hospital Chelsea of the resurrection.
By the end of 1716, with his nephew, he left England for Paris, where he met Watteau, and submitted his Triumph of the Wisdom over Ignorance in order to gain admission to the Royal French Academy of Painting and Sculpture, which was granted on 18 May 1718. He returned to Venice in 1718 a wealthy man, and bought comfortable lodgings in the Old Procuratory of St. Mark. That same year, the Riccis decorated the villa of Giovanni Francesco Bembo in Belvedere, near Belluno.
In 1722 he was one of twelve artists commissioned to contribute a painting on canvas of one of the apostles as part of a decorative scheme at the church of St Stae in Venice. The other artists involved included Tiepolo, Piazetti, and Pellegrini.
Last years
From 1724 to 1729, Ricci worked intensely for the Royal House of Savoy in Turin: In 1724 he painted the Rejection of Agar and the Silenus adores the Idols, in 1725, the Madonna in Gloria, in Turin in 1726, he completed the Susanna presented to Daniel and Moses causes water to gush from the rock. In October 1727 he was admitted to the Clementine Academy of Venice.
Ricci's style developed a following among other Venetian artists, influencing Francesco Polazzo, Gaspare Diziani, Francesco Migliori, Gaetano Zompini, and Francesco Fontebasso (1709–1769).
He died in Venice on 15 May 1734.
Veronese copies
Ricci made many copies from the works of Paolo Veronese, both of individual heads and of whole compositions. Some of these copies of heads were bought by George III. The king also bought a painting of the Finding of Moses which his agent, Joseph Smith, claimed was a Veronese, although this too had been painted by Ricci, either as a pastiche of Veronese's style, or a copy of a work now lost. Ricci painted a supposed portrait of Andrea Palladio, attributed to Veronese and engraved by Bernard Picart for the frontispiece of the first English edition (1715) of Palladio's Four Books of Architecture. According to Rudolf Wittkower, it does not depict Palladio, but rather is entirely the invention of Ricci.
Critical assessments
"Ricci, leaning at first on the example of splendid art of the Veronese, made a new ideal prevail, one of clear and rich coloristic beauty: in this he paved the way for Tiepolo. The painting of figures of the Roccoco to Venice remains incomprehensible in its evolution without Ricci... Tiepolo germinated the work started by Ricci to such a richness and splendor that it leaves Ricci in the shadows... although Sebastiano is recognized in the combative role of forerunner "(Derschau).
"He is the master of a resurrected-fifteenth century style, whose painterly features are enriched with nervous express and, typically 17th century" (Rudolf Wittkower). Wittkower in his Anthology, contrasts the facile luminous style of Ricci with the darker, more emotional intense painting of Piazzetta. Like Tiepolo, Ricci was an international artist; Piazzetta was local.
"We perceive in him that synthesis of the baroque decorativeness and individualized and substantial painting, that we will see later again in Tiepolo. On one side the influence of Cortona, directed and indirect, and on the other the observant painting of the hermit Magnasco; more intense, substantial and freed academic impulses, the airy, shining influences become, to the open air, magical coves, as well as gloomy corners. A new synthesis that opened wide new painting horizons, even if the scene is not that of a ballet, it is felt like bing in the wonders of the color, in more vibrating, acute, agile accents "(Moschini).
"At the start of the Baroque..Venetians remained isolated from the outside…from the great ideas of the baroque painting… The Ricci are the first traveling Venetian painters... and succeed to inaugurate the so-called roccoco rooms of Pitti and Marucelli palaces."(Roberto Longhi).
Ricci "brought back in the Venetian tradition a wealth of chromatic expression resolved in a new vibrating brilliance brightness…by means of the intelligent interpretation of the Veronese chromatics and of the brushstrokes of a Magnasco-like touch, from the 16th century impediments, he takes unfashionable positions against "tenebrous styles", is against the new Piazzetta – Federico Bencovich. He supplied a valid painterly idiom for ... Tiepolo to use after his defection from the Piazzettism "(Pallucchini).
"Venice, still more than Naples, collects the Ricci inheritance of the prodigioso trade of Luca Giordano... Sebastiano throws again it, widens he then, refines it for the school of Sebastiano Mazzoni "(Argan)
Works
Portrait of a Bishop, Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Insbruck
Mercy (1686), New Church of the Capuchins, Parma
Frescoes in collaboration with Bibiena, (1687) Sacristy of the Fallen in Church of Santo Segundo, Parma
History and Apotheosis of Paul III (1687–1688), Farnese Palace, now Pinacoteca Civica, Piacenza
Guardian Angel (1694), Chiesa del Carmine, Pavia
Frescoes (1695), Church of San Bernardino alle Ossa, Milan
Ecstasy of St Francis (ca 1695–96), Tweed Museum of Art, Duluth, Minnesota
Last Supper (ca 1720), Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas
Frescoes(1697), Duomo of Monza
Communion of St Maria Egiziaca (1698), Archconfraternity of the Duomo of the Santa Sindone, Milan
St Gregory the Great intercedes with Madonna (1700), Church of Santa Giustina, Padua
Frescoes (1700), Church of Santa Giustina, Padua
Ascension (1701), Santi Apostoli, Rome
Allegory of the princely virtues (1702), Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna
Assumption of Virgin (1702) Gemäldegalerie, Dresden
Crucifixion with Virgin, John the Evangelist and Carlo Borromeo (1704), Uffizi, Florence
Procolo, Peasant Detention (1704), Duomo, Bergamo)
Vision of St. Bruno (1705)
Frescoes (1706–1707), Palazzi Fenzi Marucelli & Pitti, Florence
Madonna with Child (1708), San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice)
Family of Darius before Alexander & Continence of Scipio (ca 1709), North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh
Liberation of Saint Peter (1710), Trescore Balneario, Bergamo, church of Saint Peter)(San Stae)
Christ giving the keys to St Peter & Call of St Peter (1710), San Pietro, Bergamo
Assumption (1710), Santa Maria Maggiore, Bergamo)
Esther before Ahasuerus (1711), Palazzo Taverna, Rome
Moses saved from the waters (1711)
Sacred Family with Elizabeth and John (1712), Royal Collections, London
Frescoes for Burlington House (1712–1714), London
Cupid before Jove; Encounter of Bacchus and Ariadne; and Triumph of Galatea
Frescoes for Chiswick House (1712–14), London
Bacchus and Ariadne (National Gallery)
Venus and Cupid, Diana and Endymion, Cupid and Flora, and Diana and Nymphs
Selene & Endymion (1713), London
The Resurrection (1714), Royal Hospital Chelsea, London
Triumph of Wisdom over Ignorance (1718), Louvre, Paris
Head of Woman (1718), fresco fragment, Civic Museum, Belluno
Bathsheba at her Bath (1724), Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest
Sabauda Gallery, Turin
Repudiation of Agar and Solomon adores the Idols (1724)
Madonna in Glory with archangel Gabriel and Saints Eusebio, Sebastiano & Rocco (1725)
Susanna in front of Daniel and Moses make water gush from the rock (1726)
Magdalen applies ointment to Christ's feet (1728)
Apotheosis of Saint Sebastian (circa 1725), Musée des Beaux-Arts, Strasbourg
St Cajetan heals the Sick (1727), Brera Gallery, Milan
Ecstasy of St. Teresa, (1727, Church of St Jerome (now St Mark), Vicenza)
Royal Palace, Turin
Hagar in the desert; Jacob blesses the sons of Joseph; Moses saved from waters; and Rebecca and Eliazer at the well (1727)
Christ and the Centurions and Wedding at Cannae, (1729), Capodimonte Museum, Naples
Communion and Martyrdom of St Lucia (1730), Church of Santa Lucia, Parma
Immaculate Conception (1730), Church of San Vitale, Venice
Madonna in Glory with Child and Angel Guardian, (1730) Scuola of the Guardian Angel, Venice
Prayer in Garden, (1730), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Self-portrait (1731), Uffizi Gallery
Pope Gregory the Great intercedes with Virgin (1731), Sant'Alessandro della Croce, Bergamo
Pope Gregory the Great intercedes for souls in Purgatory, (1733), Saint Gervais, Paris
Pope Pio V, Saints Thomas Acquinus, & Peter Martyr (1733), Gesuati, Venice
St Francis from resuscitates child Paola and St Helen discovers True Cross, San Rocco Church, Venice
Baldassarre and Ester before Ahasuerus (1733), Quirinal Palace, Rome
Assumption (1734) Karlskirche, Vienna
References
Sources
Free translation from Italian Wikipedia entry
Nash, Paul W.; Savage, Nicholas (1999). Early Printed Books 1478–1840: Catalogue of the British Architectural Library, Early Imprints Collection. London: Bowker-Saur. .
Rizzi, Aldo. Sebastiano Ricci disegnatore, Electa – Milano 1975
Rizzi, Aldo. Sebastiano Ricci, Electa – Milano 1989
Wittkower, Rudolf (1974). Palladio and English Palladianism. London: Thames and Hudson. .
External links
Italian Baroque painters
Rococo painters
Painters from Venice
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Roman Catholics
18th-century Italian painters
1659 births
1734 deaths
People from Belluno
Catholic painters |
4031755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20de%20la%20R%C3%A9unification | Stade de la Réunification | Stade de la Réunification is a multi-use stadium in Douala, Cameroon. It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of Union Douala. The stadium holds 39,000 people and was built in 1972.
References
External links
Stade de la réunification à Douala, au Cameroun - egis.fr
Sports venues completed in 1972
Football venues in Cameroon
Sport in Douala
Buildings and structures in Douala
1972 establishments in Cameroon |
4031758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20Public%20Schools | Atlanta Public Schools | Atlanta Public Schools (APS) is a school district based in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is run by the Atlanta Board of Education with superintendent Dr. Lisa Herring.The system has an active enrollment of 54,956 students, attending a total of 103 school sites: 50 elementary schools (three of which operate on a year-round calendar), 15 middle schools, 21 high schools, four single-gender academies and 13 charter schools. The school system also supports two alternative schools for middle and/or high school students, two community schools, and an adult learning center.
The school system owns the license for, but does not operate, the radio station WABE-FM 90.1 (the National Public Radio affiliate) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television station WABE-TV 30.
Governance
The Atlanta Board of Education establishes and approves the policies that govern the Atlanta Public School system. The board consists of nine members, representing six geographical districts, and three "at-large" districts. One person is elected per district to represent the schools in a given district for a four-year term. Under the provisions of the new board charter, approved by the Georgia Legislature in 2003, board members elect a new chairman and vice chairman every two years. The day-to-day administration of the school district is the responsibility of the superintendent, who is appointed by the board.
School board members
District 1 - Leslie Grant
District 2 - Aretta Baldon
District 3 - Michelle Olympiadis
District 4 - Nancy Meister
District 5 - Erica Mitchell
District 6 - Eshe' Collins (Vice-Chair)
Seat 7 - Kandis Wood Jackson
Seat 8 - Cynthia Briscoe Brown
Seat 9 - Jason Esteves (Chair)
https://www.atlantapublicschools.us/domain/11326
APS leadership
2020-2021 school year
Dr. Lisa Herring, Ed.D., Superintendent
Steve Smith, Associate Superintendent
Karen Waldon, Deputy Superintendent for Curriculum and Instruction
Lisa Bracken, Chief Financial Officer
D. Glenn Brock, General Counsel (Nelson, Mullins, Riley & Scarborough LLP)
Larry Hoskins, Deputy Superintendent for Operations
Alexis Kirijan, Ed.D., Chief Strategy Officer
Tony Hunter, Chief Information Officer
Ron Price, Chief Human Resources Officer
Schools
High schools
Benjamin E. Mays High School
BEST Academy High School
Booker T. Washington High School
Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy High School
Daniel McLaughlin Therrell High School
Frederick Douglass High School
Maynard H. Jackson High School
Midtown High School (formerly Henry W. Grady High School)
The New Schools at Carver
Early College
School of the Arts
School of Health Sciences & Research
School of Technology
North Atlanta High School
South Atlanta High School
Middle schools
BEST Academy Middle School
Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy Middle School
Crawford Williamson Long Middle School
Jean Childs Young Middle School
Joseph Emerson Brown Middle School
Luther Judson Price Middle School
Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School
Ralph Johnson Bunche Middle School
Samuel M. Inman Middle School (now David T. Howard Middle School )
Sylvan Hills Middle School
Sutton Middle
Willis Sutton Middle School
Elementary schools
Adamsville Elementary School
Barack & Michelle Obama Academy (formerly DH Stanton Elementary)
Beecher Hills Elementary School
Benteen Elementary School
Bethune Elementary School
Bolton Academy
Boyd Elementary School
Brandon Elementary School
Burgess/Peterson Elementary School
Cascade Elementary School
Centennial Academy Elementary School
Cleveland Avenue Elementary School
Connally Elementary School
Continental Colony Elementary School
Deerwood Academy
Dobbs Elementary School
Dunbar Elementary School
Fain Elementary School
Fickett Elementary School
Finch Elementary School
Frank Lebby Stanton Elementary School
Fred A. Toomer Elementary School
Flat Rock Elementary School
Garden Hills Elementary School
Gideons Elementary School
Grove Park Intermediate Elementary School
Harper-Archer Elementary School
Heritage Academy
Hope-Hill Elementary School
Humphries Elementary School
Hutchinson Elementary School
Jackson Elementary School
Kimberly Elementary School
M. Agnes Jones Elementary School
Mary Lin Elementary School
Miles Elementary School
Morningside Elementary School
Oglethorpe Elementary School
Parkside Elementary School
Perkerson Elementary School
Peyton Forest Elementary School
Pine Ridge Elementary School
Rivers Elementary School
Sarah Smith Elementary School
Scott Elementary School
Slater Elementary School
Springdale Park Elementary School
Sycamore Elementary school
Thomasville Heights Elementary School
Towns Elementary School
Bazoline E. Usher Collier Heights Elementary School
Venetian Hills Elementary School
West Manor Elementary School
Whitefoord Elementary School
Woodson Primary Elementary School
Non-traditional schools
Alonzo A. Crim Open Campus High School
APS/Community Education Partnership (CEP) School
The New School of Atlanta
West End Academy
Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy - It was Forrest Hill Academy, named after Nathan Bedford Forrest, until 2021.
Single-gender academies
The B.E.S.T. Academy at Benjamin S. Carson (Business, Engineering, Science, and Technology)
The Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy
Evening school programs
Adult Literacy Program
Charter schools
Atlanta Classical Academy
Atlanta Neighborhood Charter School
Centennial Academy
Charles R. Drew Charter School
The Kindezi School
KIPP Vision Academy
KIPP Vision Primary
KIPP West Atlanta Young Scholars Academy
The Latin Academy
University Community Academy, an Atlanta Charter School, Inc.
Wesley International Academy
Westside Atlanta Charter School
Former schools
High schools
Boys High School, 1872-1947
Charles Lincoln Harper High School, 1963-1995
Commercial High School, 1888-1947
Daniel O'Keefe High School, 1947-1973
David T. Howard High School, 1945-1976
East Atlanta High School, 1959-1988
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School, 1947-1985
Fulton High School, 1915-1994
Girls High School, 1872-1947
Harper-Archer High School, 1995-2002
Henry McNeal Turner High School, 1951-1990
Hoke Smith High School, 1947-1985
Joseph Emerson Brown High School, 1947-1992
Luther Judson Price High School, 1954-1987
North Fulton High School, 1920-1991
Northside High School, 1950-1991
Samuel Howard Archer High School, 1950-1995
Southwest High School, 1950-1981
Sylvan Hills High School, 1949-1987
Tech High Charter School, 2004-2012
Technological "Tech" High School, 1909-1947
Walter F. George High School, 1959-1995
West Fulton High School, 1947-1992
William A. Bass High School, 1948-1987
William F. Dykes High School, 1959-1973
J.C. Murphy High School, 1949-1988
Middle schools
Austin T. Walden Middle School
Central Junior High School
Daniel O'keefe Middle School, 1973-1983
Henry McNeal Turner Middle School, 1989-2010
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Middle School
Marshall Middle School
Sammye E. Coan Middle School
Walter Leonard Parks Middle School
West Fulton Middle School, 1992-2004
CW Long Middle School
Elementary schools
Adair Park Elementary School
Anderson Park Elementary School, added to APS in 1951 (previously out of district)
Anne E. West Elementary School
Arkwright Elementary School
Bell Street School, 1900-
Ben Hill Elementary School
Blair Village Elementary School
Blalock Elementary School
Boulevard School(Beerman Lot), 1888 (additional rooms added in 1891) -
Burgess Elementary School
C.D. Hubert Elementary School, renamed Atlanta Tech High in 2004
Calhoun Street, 1883-
Capitol View Elementary School
Caroline F. Harper Elementary School
Center Hill Elementary School
Chattahoochee Elementary School
Clark Howell Elementary School
Collier Heights Elementary School
Cook Elementary School
Crew Street Elementary School, 1872- (burned 1885, rebuilt)
Dean Rusk Elementary
D.F. McClatchey Elementary School
Davis Street, 1887
Decatur Street Elementary School, 1872-1876?
East Lake Elementary School
Edgewood Avenue, 1892-
Edmond Asa Ware Elementary School
Edwin P. Johnson Elementary School
Emma Clarissa Clement Elementary School
English Avenue Elementary School
Evan P. Howell Elementary School
Fair Street School, 1880-
Formwalt School, 1893
Fountain Elementary School
Fourth Ward School (on Boulevard), 1902-
Fowler St. Elementary School
Fraser Street, 1891-
Gray Street, 1888-
Grant Park School, 1904-
H. R. Butler Elementary School (Young Street School)
Haynes Street School, 1873-
Harwell Elementary School
Herndon Elementary School
Home Park Elementary School
Houston Street School, 1880-
I.N. Ragsdale Elementary School
Ira Street, 1885-
Ivy Street Elementary School, 1872-
Joel Chandler Harris Elementary School
John B. Gordon Elementary school
John Carey Elementary School
John F. Faith Elementary, renamed C.D. Hubert in 1963
John P. Whittaker Elementary School
Jonathan M. Goldsmith Elementary School
Lakewood Elementary School
Laura Haygood Elementary School
Lee Street Elementary School (Previously West End School, renamed 1904), annexed into APS in 1894-
Luckie Street Elementary School, 1872-
Marietta Street Elementary School, 1873-
Margaret Mitchell Elementary School
Minnie S. Howell Elementary School
Mitchell Street, 1882-
Moreland Ave. Elementary School
Mount Vernon Elementary School
North Ave. Elementary School, 1908
Oglethorpe Elementary School
Peeples Street Grammar School
Pryor Street School, 1907-
Riverside Elementary School
Roach Street, 1892
Rockdale Elementary School
Rosalie Wright Elementary School
Spring Street Elementary School
State Street, 1891
Storr's School, opened 1866, added to APS 1872
Summer Hill School, opened 1866, added to APS 1872
Sylvan Hills Elementary School
Tenth Street School, 1905-
Thomas Jefferson Guice Elementary School
Walker Street Elementary School, 1872-
Waters Elementary School
West End School (on Peeples St.), 1904
William Franklin Hartnett (Hardnett) Elementary School, 1955-1985 (burned)
William Franklin Slaton School (originally referred to as Grant Street school), 1908
Williams Street, 1893
White Elementary School
History
Before 1900
On November 26, 1869, the Atlanta City Council passed an ordinance establishing the Atlanta Public Schools. On January 31, 1872, the first three grammar schools for white students (Crew Street School, Ivy Street School, Walker Street School) opened, and the existing grammar schools for black students (Summer Hill School and Storr's School) established by the Freedman's Bureau in 1866 and supported by the Norther Missionary Socieies, were merged into the holdings of the Atlanta Public Schools. The capacity of each school was 400 students, although the inaugural registration was 1839 students, 639 students over the capacity. In addition, two high schools, divided by sex, were formed for white students, Boys High and Girls High. These initial schools were based on a census of school aged (ages 6–18) children called for by the inaugural Board of Education. That survey reported in October 1870 that there were 3,345 white children (1,540 boys and 1,805 girls) and 3,139 black children (1,421 boys and 1,728 girls) for a total potential student body of 6,484.
the districts for the white grammar schools were divided as follows,
Crew Street School, The second and third wards, including that portion of the city lying between Whitehall street and the Georgia Railroad
Ivy Street School, the fourth, fifth, and seventh wards, bounded by the Georgia Railroad and the Western & Atlantic Railroad
Walker Street School, first and sixth wards, including that portion of the city west of Whitehall street and the Western & Atlantic railroad.
The initial monetary support from the Atlanta City Council was limited. Although a bond had been called for and approved through vote by the residents, there were not yet funds and so the Board of Education had to approach the City Council to cover the purchase of the land, the construction of the buildings, the salaries of the teachers, as well as books to teach from. The first salary budget, dated December 9, 1871, was for twenty-seven teachers, and totaled $21,250. Grade school teachers were paid $450-$800 a year, while principals were paid $1,500 and the superintendent was paid $2,000.
The organization of the schools was a traditional 8-4 arrangement which consisted of 8 years of grammar school for students aged 6 to 14, and 4 years of high school for students aged 14–18. The grades began at eighth for first year students, and students progressed through to the first grade as year eight students of grammar school. The established curriculum for grammar school was, Spelling, Reading, Writing, Geography, Arithmetic (Mental and Written), Natural History, Natural Science, English Grammar, Vocal Music (it was later decided not offer this), Drawing, Composition, History, Elocution. High school curriculum was Orthography, Elocution, Grammar, Physical Geography, Natural Philosophy, Latin, Greek (boys only), Algebra, Geometry, Composition, Rhetoric, English Literature, French or German, Physiology, Chemistry, and a review of grammar school studies.
During 1872 three additional grammar schools for white students (Luckie Street, Decatur Street, and Marietta Street) and an additional grammar school for black students (Markham Street School) were instituted to meet demand. This first year saw 2,842 students served by the schools.
By 1896 there were a total of twenty-two schools, fifteen grammar schools for white students, five grammar schools for black students, and two high schools for white students.
Integration
On August 30, 1961, nine students – Thomas Franklin Welch, Madelyn Patricia Nix, Willie Jean Black, Donita Gaines, Arthur Simmons, Lawrence Jefferson, Mary James McMullen, Martha Ann Holmes and Rosalyn Walton – became the first African American students to attend several of APS's all-white high schools.
On September 8, 1961, Time magazine reported:
Last week the moral siege of Atlanta (pop. 487,455) ended in spectacular fashion with the smoothest token school integration ever seen in the Deep South. Into four high schools marched nine Negro students without so much as a white catcall. Teachers were soon reporting "no hostility, no demonstrations, the most normal day we've ever had." In the lunchrooms, white children began introducing themselves to Negro children. At Northside High, a biology class was duly impressed when Donita Gaines, a Negro, was the only student able to define the difference between anatomy and physiology. Said she crisply: "Physiology has to do with functions."
In a 1964 news story, Time would say, "The Atlanta decision was a gentle attempt to accelerate one of the South’s best-publicized plans for achieving integration without revolution."
By May 1961, 300 transfer forms had been given to black students interested in transferring out of their high schools. 132 students actually applied; of those, 10 were chosen and 9 braved the press, onlookers, and insults to integrate Atlanta's all-white high schools.
Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka had established the right of African American students to have equal opportunities in education, but it was not until 1958, when a group of African American parents challenged the segregated school system in federal court, that integration became a tangible reality for students of color in Atlanta.
Adding to the accolades for the students and the city, President Kennedy publicly congratulated residents during an evening address and asked other cities to "look closely at what Atlanta has done and to meet their responsibility... with courage, tolerance and above all, respect for the law."
In 2012, Atlanta Public Schools produced a documentary to honor the 50th anniversary of the district's desegregation efforts. In January 1972, in order to settle several federal discrimination and desegregation lawsuits filed on behalf of minority students, faculty, and employees and reach satisfactory agreement with Atlanta civil rights leaders who had worked over a decade for a peaceful integration plan. Atlanta Public Schools entered into a voluntary agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice, with approval and oversight from the U.S. Department of Education, in an attempt to desegregate Atlanta Public Schools. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a majority of Atlanta Northside public schools had either token integration, or none at all. Faculty and staff assignments to schools had remained mostly segregated as well.
The justice department allowed the school system to create and use a plan consisting of partial district busing; voluntary and "M to M" (minority to majority) transfers; redrawing attendance zones; closing outdated and underutilized schools; building new schools; and mandating and implementing equal employment opportunity guidelines for hiring, training, promotion, assignment, vendor selection, bidding, contracting, construction, procurement and purchasing. The school system was also converted from a K-7 elementary and 8-12 high school grade system into a middle school 6–8 grade program beginning with the 1973/1974 school year. The curriculum was also updated to have studies more balanced, inclusive, and diverse, with content culturally and historically significant to racial minorities.
With strict guidelines, oversight and timeline implementation of the voluntary desegregation plan, the federal courts agreed not to order and enforce system-wide a mandatory busing desegregation program for APS that had been federally enforced in other cities up to that time, most notably Boston and Philadelphia which resulted in widespread anti-busing violence in 1973-74 that Atlanta civil rights leaders desired to avoid. Along with this program for racial balance, the school system's first African American Superintendent, Dr. Alonzo A. Crim, took over leadership of Atlanta Public Schools in August 1973. He remained superintendent until his retirement in 1988.
21st century
The City of Atlanta, in 2017, agreed to annex territory in DeKalb County, including the Centers for Disease Control and Emory University, effective January 1, 2018. In 2016 Emory University made a statement that "Annexation of Emory into the City of Atlanta will not change school districts, since neighboring communities like Druid Hills will still be self-determining regarding annexation." By 2017 the city agreed to include the annexed property in the boundaries of APS, a move decried by the leadership of the DeKalb County School District as it would take taxable property away from that district. In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine. The area ultimately went to APS; students in the area will be rezoned to APS effective 2024; they will be zoned to DeKalb schools before then.
Cheating scandal
During the 11-year tenure of former superintendent Beverly Hall, the APS experienced unusually high gains in standardized test scores, such as the Criterion-Referenced Competency Test. In 2009, Hall won the National Superintendent of the Year Award. Around this time, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution began investigating the score increases and suggested evidence of cheating. A state report found numerous erased answers in an analysis of the 2009 test scores. Tests were administered under much higher scrutiny in 2010, and the scores dropped dramatically.
The state of Georgia launched a major investigation as cheating concerns intensified. The investigation's report, published in July 2011, found evidence of a widespread cheating scandal. At least 178 teachers and principals at 44 APS schools were alleged to have corrected students' tests to increase scores, in some cases holding "cheating parties" to revise large quantities of tests. Hall, who had retired in June 2011, expressed regret but denied any prior knowledge of, or participation in, the cheating. The new superintendent, Erroll Davis, demanded the resignation of the 178 APS employees or else they would be fired. The revelation of the scandal left many Atlantans feeling outraged and betrayed, with Mayor Kasim Reed calling it "a dark day for the Atlanta public school system." The scandal attracted national media coverage.
See also
Truancy Intervention Project, Inc.
References
External links
Atlanta Public Schools
Atlanta Top Public Schools List
Atlanta Public Schools zoning locator
U.S. Department of Education: Comprehensive School Reform Program
School districts in Georgia (U.S. state)
Education in Atlanta
Education in DeKalb County, Georgia
Education in Fulton County, Georgia
School districts established in 1882 |
4031760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dog%3A%20Happy%20Life | The Dog: Happy Life | The Dog: Happy Life is a pet simulator for the PlayStation Portable. The video game is based on The Dog and Friends franchise by Artlist.
Information
The game features realistic dogs that can be dressed up in accessories and photographed and played with in various ways. It was developed by Yuke's. The Dog: Happy Life is similar and is known to be compared to Nintendogs for the Nintendo DS. The game includes a feature that allows the player to take pictures of the virtual dog and share it on other devices like cell phones by transferring it to a PC. The game came out in April 2006 in Japan only. The format of this game is intended for a single player. The game type is considered to be a simulation, and it is strictly made for the PSP console.
References
See also
The Dog Island
2006 video games
Japan-exclusive video games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Video games about dogs
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual pet video games
Yuke's games
Single-player video games |
4031767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site%20cooking | Cross-site cooking | Cross-site cooking is a type of browser exploit which allows a site attacker to set a cookie for a browser into the cookie domain of another site server.
Cross-site cooking can be used to perform session fixation attacks, as a malicious site can fixate the session identifier cookie of another site.
Other attack scenarios may also be possible, for example: attacker may know of a security vulnerability in server, which is exploitable using a cookie. But if this security vulnerability requires e.g. an administrator password which attacker does not know, cross-site cooking could be used to fool innocent users to unintentionally perform the attack.
Cross site. Cross-site cooking is similar in concept to cross-site scripting, cross-site request forgery, cross-site tracing, cross-zone scripting etc., in that it involves the ability to move data or code between different web sites (or in some cases, between e-mail / instant messages and sites). These problems are linked to the fact that a web browser is a shared platform for different information / applications / sites. Only logical security boundaries maintained by browsers ensures that one site cannot corrupt or steal data from another. However a browser exploit such as cross-site cooking can be used to move things across the logical security boundaries.
Origins
The name cross-site cooking and concept was presented by Michał Zalewski in 2006. The name is a mix of "cookie" and "cross-site", attempting to describe the nature of cookies being set across sites.
In Michał Zalewski's article of 2006, Benjamin Franz was credited for his discovery, who in May 1998 reported a cookie domain related vulnerability to vendors. Benjamin Franz published the vulnerability and discussed it mainly as a way to circumvent "privacy protection" mechanisms in popular browsers. Michał Zalewski concluded that the bug, 8 years later, was still present (unresolved) in some browsers and could be exploited for cross-site cooking. Various remarks such as "vendors [...] certainly are not in a hurry to fix this" were made by Zalewski and others.
References
External links
Cross-Site Cooking article by Michal Zalewski. Details concept, 3 bugs which enables Cross Site Cooking. One of these bugs is the age old bug originally found by Benjamin Franz.
Web security exploits |
4031769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20Seyni%20Kountch%C3%A9 | Stade Général Seyni Kountché | Stade Général Seyni Kountché (SGSK) is a multi-purpose stadium in Niamey, Niger. Used for football matches, it is home to the Niger national squad, as well as Niger Premier League clubs Sahel SC, Olympic FC de Niamey, Zumunta AC and JS du Ténéré, as well as club competitions such as the Niger Cup. The venue is also sometimes used for rugby union. It is the largest stadium in Niamey, followed by the 10,000-capacity Stade municipal.
Overview
The stadium hosts both international athletics tournaments, and the finals of national athletics competitions. The stadium has an announced capacity of 35,000 people. It was named for the 1974-1987 military President of Niger Seyni Kountché following his death. Opened in 1989 on the site of the former Stade du 29 Juillet, it underwent a large Chinese government funded renovation and expansion into a multi-use complex in 1999. It is owned by the government of Niger, and operated by an appointed directorship and the "Council of Stadium Administration" ("Conseil d’Administration du Stade").
Usage
The large athletic stadium is part of a larger multiuse complex which includes the Palais des Sports 3000 seat indoor arena, the Academy of Martial Arts of 2,000 seats, as well as performance spaces, thirty meeting rooms, and athletic training facilities. The complex includes facilities for track and field, Basketball, handball, and tennis. It has been the centrepoint of recent large cultural and sporting events such as the 2005 Jeux de la Francophonie and the 2009 first CEN-SAD Games. For large events such as these, the stadium is supplemented by local facilities such as the Stade Municipal de Niamey, Centre aéré de la BCEAO, the Nigerien Football Federation training centre, ASFAN's military stadium at Bagagi Iya army base, and fields at local institutions such as lycée La Fontaine (Niamey), the sports centre at Abdou Moumouni Dioffo University, and the fields at lycée technique Issa Béri. Near the stadium complex is the Niamey Racecourse (Hippodrome de Niamey) and the Niamey traditional sports arena, home to Nigerien Lutte Traditionnelle. The SGSK complex is regularly used for political events, exhibitions, and cultural activities.
References
External links
Photos at cafe.daum.net/stade
Photos at worldstadiums.com.
Photos at fussballtempel.net
Football venues in Niger
Niger
Buildings and structures in Niamey
Athletics (track and field) venues in Niger
Indoor arenas in Niger
Multi-purpose stadiums in Niger
Sport in Niamey
Chinese aid to Africa
1989 establishments in Niger
Sports venues completed in 1989 |
4031771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20Vilard | Eddy Vilard | Eddy Vilard (born Manuel Eduardo Villasana Ruiz on November 2, 1988, in Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico) is a Mexican actor and model.
Biography
Before joining the cast of Rebelde, Eddy Vilard was part of the Necaxa and Cruz Azul soccer teams; he was going to be drafted to Argentina to play pro-soccer because of his skills, but he hit a nerve while playing and was unable to go.
He appeared in Belinda's music video for her hit single "Ángel".
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
TVyNovelas Awards
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male telenovela actors
Male actors from Quintana Roo
People from Cancún
21st-century Mexican male actors |
4031778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal%20difference | Reciprocal difference | In mathematics, the reciprocal difference of a finite sequence of numbers on a function is defined inductively by the following formulas:
See also
Divided differences
References
Finite differences |
4031800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Buckley%20%28radio%20presenter%29 | Bill Buckley (radio presenter) | Bill Buckley (born 8 January 1959) is a radio and television presenter and former actor. For three years, he was a co-presenter of BBC Television's consumer affairs programme That's Life!. He currently presents on BBC Radio Berkshire and has presented shows on BBC Radio Solent, BBC Southern Counties Radio, BBC Radio Devon, BBC Radio Oxford, London talk radio station LBC 97.3, BBC London 94.9 and numerous others.
Career
Buckley's broadcasting career began in 1982. While working as a newspaper reporter in his native West Midlands, he was chosen from thousands of hopefuls to present the consumer programme That's Life! on BBC1 alongside Esther Rantzen. His mother had entered him for the job without his knowing.
After three years, he left That's Life! to become a reporter for the BBC's Holiday programme, and spent the next six years travelling the world. Other TV appearances include Call My Bluff, Blankety Blank, All Star Secrets, Songs of Praise, Children in Need, and a variety of regional work in the south for Meridian Television on subjects as diverse as consumer affairs, politics and amateur film-making.
From 1989, he has also presented daily radio shows for numerous commercial and BBC stations in the South, the Midlands, London, Manchester, and Plymouth.
Buckley's acting experience includes playing Joseph in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat at Leatherhead. He also toured in the black comedy Widow's Weeds, and starred in numerous pantomimes, playing King in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Theatre Royal, Brighton. He was also an extra in the Birmingham-based soap opera Crossroads. On hearing of the sacking of one of the programme's leading cast members Noele Gordon, Bill led a campaign outside the studios of Crossroads producer ATV in Birmingham, demanding her reinstatement, and performed a protest song entitled "Meg is Magic". The song was soon launched as a record. He also provided the words and music for Su Pollard's number two hit single "Starting Together", which featured as the signature tune for the BBC Television documentary The Marriage in 1986.
Beginning at the television channel's launch in 1997, Buckley was for five-and-a-half years senior continuity announcer for Channel 5. He became well known for his commentary over the closing credits of the channel's late-night/early-morning run of Prisoner: Cell Block H, on which he read out viewers' letters and made comments about the episode just broadcast.
Buckley regularly reviews the national press on BBC Breakfast, the BBC News Channel and Sky News.
Radio career
Buckley began his radio career presenting and producing the lunchtime show on BBC Radio Solent in Southampton in 1989. He was poached by the new, commercial rival South Coast Radio in 1991. The first of his two stints at London's LBC followed in 1994. Buckley has presented various programmes on BBC Local Radio, including many overnight shows on BBC Radio London 94.9FM. Over Christmas and New Year 2009–10, Buckley filled in on BBC Radio London and BBC Radios Solent, Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Berkshire and Oxford. He presented the lunchtime show on BBC Radio Leicester, weekdays noon to 2 pm, from 15 March 2010 until 17 September 2010. From January 2011 until September 2011, he was the host of BBC Berkshire's lunchtime slot show. Buckley was also BBC London 94.9's food and drink correspondent, guesting every Wednesday night on The Late Show with Joanne Good until early 2011. Until May 2013, Buckley presented his own Sunday show on BBC Radio Oxford from 12 pm till 2 pm, solving listeners' gardening problems, and talking about the best food and drink in Oxfordshire. Buckley presented full-time on BBC Radio Devon based in Plymouth until moving back to present the 1 pm till 4 pm slot on BBC Radio Berkshire in April 2016.
LBC
Buckley filled in for many of LBC 97.3's presenters for several years, and also regularly hosted a weekend night-time slot. In May 2007 his show shifted to Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday mornings from 1 am until 5 am. Buckley began presenting LBC's Sunday afternoon Food and Drink programme in January 2008.
Buckley announced that he was stepping down from the overnight show from early September 2009 due to the unsociable hours, but intended to continue his Sunday food and drink programme. He presented what was scheduled to be his penultimate programme in the morning of Tuesday 8 September, with the intention of presenting his final programme the following morning. However, his photograph was removed from station's website on Tuesday, and it was announced that the overnight slot would be presented by someone else. His name was also removed from the Food and Drink show's description.
Cookery
In September 2005, Buckley appeared on, and won, Come Dine with Me. He previously cooked on the Carlton Food Network and, live, on Channel 5 on Open House with Gloria Hunniford. Buckley has also appeared as a judge on three series of ITV1's Britain's Best Dish and UKTV Food's The People's Cookbook with Antony Worrall Thompson and Paul Rankin. He has been food editor of BBC Southern Counties magazine and was elected to the prestigious Guild of Food Writers. In 2008, Buckley replaced Loyd Grossman on Ten Minutes to Table, co-presenting with Xanthe Clay, for Telegraph TV. He has judged the Academy of Chocolate Awards, Great Taste Awards and World Cheese Awards. Buckley is a restaurant reviewer for View London.
Personal life
Buckley is openly gay, and entered into a civil partnership in August 2011. In a radio interview with BBC Radio Berkshire's Anne Diamond on 12 August of that year, he talked about how he came out to his parents, how they reacted and how he attempted suicide. Buckley is also a member of Mensa.
References
External links
Bill Buckley's Blog
Bill Buckley's voiceover agent
1959 births
People educated at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School
Living people
English radio presenters
Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands
LGBT broadcasters from the United Kingdom
English gay actors
LGBT actors from England
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people |
4031801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptin | Nociceptin | Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), a 17-amino acid neuropeptide, is the endogenous ligand for the nociceptin receptor (NOP, ORL-1), and initiates its function to act on numerous brain activities such as pain sensation and fear learning. It is derived from the prepronociceptin protein, as are a further 2 peptides, nocistatin & NocII, which inhibit the N/OFQ receptor function. Nociceptin itself acts as a potent anti-analgesic, effectively counteracting the effect of pain-relievers. The gene coding for prepronociceptin is located on Ch8p21 in humans. Nociceptin acts at the Nociceptin receptor (NOP receptor) formerly known as ORL1. Nociceptin is the first example of reverse pharmacology; the NOP receptor was discovered before the endogenous ligand which was discovered by two separate groups in 1995.
Roles of nociceptin
Since its discovery, nociceptin has been of great interest to researchers. Nociceptin is a peptide related to the opioid class of compounds (ex. morphine and codeine), but it does not act at the classic opioid receptors (namely, mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors) which typically act as pain relievers. Nociceptin is widely distributed in the CNS; it is found in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and forebrain, as well as in the ventral and dorsal horns of the spinal cord. The NOP receptor is also widely distributed throughout areas of the brain, including the cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, lateral septum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, central gray, pontine nuclei, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, raphe complex, locus coeruleus, and spinal cord.
Pain
The N/OFQ-NOP system is found in central and peripheral nervous tissue, where it is well placed to modulate nociception, or the body's sensation of pain. Unlike morphine and other opioids that are used to alleviate pain, nociceptin's role in nociception is not straightforward. Administration of N/OFQ in the brain causes increased sensations of pain (hyperalgesia). This makes it unique from classic opioid peptides, which typically act as analgesics (pain relievers), as it means that nociceptin can even counteract analgesia, thus acting as an antiopioid. Additionally, blocking the nociceptin receptor can lead to an increased pain threshold and a decreased tolerance development to analgesic opioids. As such, nociceptin has a lower risk of addiction than many pain relievers that are currently used. Recent studies have proposed that this anti-analgesic function of nociceptin stems from the inhibition of the periaqueductal grey, which controls pain modulation from the central nervous system. This effect of nociceptin may lead to its future use as a method to reduce morphine dosage and decrease the development of tolerance and dependence. When administered to the spinal cord, nociceptin produces similar analgesic effects to classical opioids.
Mood disorders
There are various studies on animals that suggest that the N/OFQ-NOP system has a part to play in both anxiety and depression. It appears that nociceptin is an anxiolytic (anxiety inhibitor) but also seems to perpetuate depression, since preventing N/OFQ from binding to NOP seems to improve depression.
Drug abuse medications
The NOP receptor has shown potential as a target for medications designed to alleviate the effects of substance abuse disorders. Areas in the hypothalamus and amygdala that correlate to the reward process of drug abuse have been found to contain NOP receptors. Nociceptin has also been found to inhibit dopamine production related to the reward process. Specifically, nociceptin acts to inhibit neural rewards induced by drugs such as amphetamines, morphine, cocaine, and especially alcohol in animal models, though the exact mechanism of this has not yet been proven. Additionally, nociceptin may have lower tolerance development than drugs such as morphine. This was shown when nociceptin compounds were used as a pain medication substitution for morphine. Nociceptin also has therapeutic capabilities for addictions to multiple drugs, potentially playing a role in compounds that have decreased withdrawal tendencies (such as muscle aches, anxiety, and restlessness).
Learning and memory
In animal studies, the N/OFQ-NOP receptor pathway has also been found to play both positive and negative roles in both learning and memory. For example, malfunctions in this pathway are linked to altered fear learning in brain disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As such, the receptor pathway maintains homeostatic responses to fear and stressful situations. Nociceptin could also play an inhibitory role in memory function, as some studies show that it impairs spatial learning in vivo, while inhibiting long term potentiation and synaptic transmission in vitro.
Cardiovascular system
The N/OFQ-NOP system has also been implicated in control of the cardiovascular system, as nociceptin administration has led to high blood pressure and bradycardia. Nociceptin has significant effects on cardiovascular parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate that vary by species, as it is excitatory for rodents yet inhibitory for sheep.
Renal system
In the renal system, nociceptin plays a role in water balance, electrolyte balance, and arterial blood pressure regulation. It has also shown potential as a diuretic treatment for alleviating water-retaining diseases.
Immune system
Additional research suggests that nociceptin may be involved in the immune system and sepsis. A study at the University of Leicester looked at patients who were critically ill with sepsis and found that blood N/OFQ levels were significantly higher in patients who died within thirty days in comparison to survivors.
Digestive system
In the gut, nociceptin has been found to have varying effects on stomach and intestinal contractility while also stimulating the increased consumption of food. Additional studies have shown that nociceptin may have an effect as an anti-epileptic drug component.
References
External links
Neuropeptides
Opioid peptides
Nociceptin receptor agonists
Opioids |
4031802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhymukan%20Munaitpasov%20Stadium%2C%20Shymkent | Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium, Shymkent | Kajymukan Munaitpasov Stadium (, Qajymuqan Muńaıtpasuly) is a multi-purpose stadium in Shymkent, Kazakhstan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It is home of the football club FC Ordabasy who is playing in Kazakhstan Premier League, Kazakhstan's top division of football. The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 people.
The stadium is named after Kazhymukan Munaitpasov, a Kazakh wrestler and repeated World Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling.
Football venues in Kazakhstan
Multi-purpose stadiums in Kazakhstan
Sport in Shymkent |
4031803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20inhibition | Social inhibition | Social inhibition is a conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction. With a high level of social inhibition, situations are avoided because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings or expressions. Social inhibition is related to behavior, appearance, social interactions, or a subject matter for discussion. Related processes that deal with social inhibition are social evaluation concerns, anxiety in social interaction, social avoidance, and withdrawal. Also related are components such as cognitive brain patterns, anxious apprehension during social interactions, and internalizing problems. It also describes those who suppress anger, restrict social behavior, withdraw in the face of novelty, and have a long latency to interact with strangers. Individuals can also have a low level of social inhibition, but certain situations may generally cause people to be more or less inhibited. Social inhibition can sometimes be reduced by the short-term use of drugs including alcohol or benzodiazepines. Major signs of social inhibition in children are cessation of play, long latencies to approaching the unfamiliar person, signs of fear and negative affect, and security seeking. Also in high level cases of social inhibition, other social disorders can emerge through development, such as social anxiety disorder and social phobia.
Background
Social inhibition can range from normal reactions to social situations to a pathological level, associated with psychological disorders like social anxiety or social phobia. Life events are important and are related to our well-being and inhibition levels. In a lab study conducted by Buck and colleagues, social inhibition in everyday life was reviewed. Researchers observed how individuals interacted and communicated about different stimuli. In this study, there were female participants called "senders" who viewed twelve emotionally loaded stimuli. There were also participants in the study called "received" who had to guess which stimuli was viewed by the senders. The senders were either alone, with a friend, or with a stranger while viewing the slides. The results of the study revealed that being with a stranger had inhibitory effects on communication, whereas being with a friend had facilitative effects with some stimuli and inhibitory effects with others. The results show how anyone can be inhibited in daily life, with strangers or even friends. Inhibition can also be determined by one's sensitivity levels to different social cues throughout the day. Gable and colleagues conducted a study in which they examined different events participants would record at the end of their day. Participants were also measured on the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system. The results revealed that individuals with more sensitivity on the behavioral inhibition system reported having more negative effects from daily events.
Expression can also be inhibited or suppressed because of anxiety to social situations or simple display rules. Yarczower and Daruns' study about social inhibition of expression defined inhibition of expression as a suppression of one's facial behavior in the presences of someone or a perceived anxious situation. They addressed the display rules we all learn as children; we are told what expressions are suitable for what situations. Then as age increases we are socialized into not expressing strong facial emotions. However, leaving the face with a reduced expression hinders communication. In turn this makes the face a less reliable social cue during social interactions. Friedmen and Miller-Herringer bring these nonverbal expressions to the next level by studying individuals that have a greater level of emotional suppression. They state that without proper emotional expression social interactions can be much more difficult because others may not understand another individual's emotional state.
This being said, there are also four commonly seen irrational cognitive patterns involved in social inhibition. The first pattern centers on self-esteem and perfectionism. In these cases, an individual would inhibit themselves through self-criticism; they want to do everything the "right" way. The second pattern deals with unrealistic approval needs; here individuals want to gain the approval of others and will fear rejection if they express too much. In the third pattern, unrealistic labeling of aggressive and assertive behavior depicts how many individuals that inhibit themselves may feel as though aggression or assertiveness is bad. They believe if they express these behaviors they will receive a negative label. The last pattern discusses criticism of others, this pattern is a spin-off from the first. They will be highly critical of others much like they are to themselves. Shyness is another factor that is a part of social inhibition. Shyness is associated with low emotional regulations and high negative emotions. In many cases shy individuals have a greater change of social inhibition.
Although social inhibition is a common part of life, individuals can also have high levels of inhibition. Social Inhibition on higher levels can sometimes be a precursor to disorders such as Social Anxiety Disorder. Essex and colleagues found that some early risk factors may play a role in having chronically high inhibition. In this study, mothers, teachers, and the child reported on the child's behavioral inhibition. The factors that were found to be contributors to social inhibition were female gender, exposure to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period, and early manifestation of behavioral inhibition. In severe cases, clinical treatment, such as therapy, may be necessary to help with social inhibition or the manifesting social disorder.
Over the lifespan
Social inhibition can develop over a lifespan. Children can be withdrawn, adolescents can have anxiety to social situations, and adults may have a hard time adjusting to social situations which they have to initiate on their own. To be inhibited can change and be different for many. In many cases, inhibition can lead to other social disorders and phobias.
Infants and children
In infants and children, social inhibition is characterized by a temperament style that will have children responding negatively and withdrawing from unfamiliar people, situations and objects. In addition to cessation of play, inhibited children may display long latencies to approaching an unfamiliar person, signs of fear and negative affect, and security seeking. Avoiding behavior can be seen at a very young age. In one study, Fox and colleagues found that even at four months of age some infants had negative responses to unfamiliar visual and audio stimuli. The study was longitudinal; therefore, follow ups revealed that half the infants who had high negative responses continued to show behavioral inhibition through the age of two. Fox's longitudinal study reported that the expression of behavioral inhibition showed a small degree of continuity. Over time, the toddlers who were quiet and restrained continued the trend into childhood by being cautious, quiet, and socially withdrawn. The uninhibited control group of the same ages continued to interact easily with unfamiliar people and situations. There has also been a link between inhibition at childhood age with social disorders in adolescents and adulthood. Schwartz and Kagan found that in a longitudinal study from ages two to thirteen, sixty-one percent of teens who had inhibitor traits as toddlers reported social anxiety symptoms as adolescents, compared to twenty-seven percent of adolescents who were uninhibited in earlier life. However, not every child that has some withdrawn or inhibited behavior will be inhibited as an adolescent or manifest a social disorder.
The caregiver alone is not solely responsible for inhibition in children; however, in some cases it can be a factor. Caregivers can affect the inhibition levels of their child by exposing the child to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period. In addition, in some situations the child may simply have early manifestation of behavioral inhibition. There seems to be no parenting style that researchers agree on to be the best to combat social inhibition. Park and Crinic say that a sensitive, accepting, overprotective parenting is best to reduce the negative behaviors because it will allow the child to be themselves without judgment. However, Kagan hypothesized that firm parenting styles are better suited for socially inhibited children. Researchers supporting sensitive parenting believe that too firm of a parenting style will send a message to children that says they need to change.
Adolescence
Social inhibition has been widely studied in children; however, research on how it develops through adolescence and adulthood is not as prevalent, although anxiety-related social problems are most commonly seen in adolescents. Many of the behavioral traits are the same in adolescence as they are in childhood: withdrawing from unfamiliar people, situations and objects. However, it has been tested that adolescents are more aware of their social situations and are more likely to be inhibited in public settings. Researchers found younger individuals to be more likely to differentiate between public and private settings when inquiring about potentially embarrassing issues. It is also thought that inhibition is in many ways addressed in childhood and adolescence simply because schools facilitate interactions with others. As an adult, the same facilitating circumstance may not occur unless the individual prompts them on their own. Gest states that adults do not have as many casual peer interactions and friendship opportunities that guide and support relationships unless they facilitate them on their own. Adolescent research has also shown that social inhibition is associated with a more negative emotional state in young men than women.
This is in contrast to a study that measured inhibition levels through self reports from the adolescent and their parents. West and Newman found that young American Indian women and their parents reported higher levels of inhibition than young American Indian men; in addition, the parental reports also predicted social anxiety in young American Indian women over young American Indian men. In this same study, relationship development with peers was investigated over time. West and Newman stated that low levels of behavioral inhibition had an association with early social and school situations and that were related to greater levels of socially mediated anxiety, especially negative evaluation of fear by peers. This study then speculates about the possibility that adolescents and children who have a generally positive social experience will be more aware of the status of these positive relationships, therefore more anxious about failure in their social domain. Other studies also discussed how in many cases, early behavioral inhibition is a risk factor for the development of chronic high school-age inhibition and possible social anxiety disorder. Although social inhibition can be a predictor of other social disorders there is not an extremely large portion of adolescents who have developed an anxiety disorder and also had a history of inhibition in childhood.
Besic and Kerr believes that appearance can be a factor for social inhibition. In their study they hypothesized that a way to handle difficult situations with behavioral inhibition was to present an off-putting appearance. They examined "radical" crowds, such as those labeled as goths and punks and if their appearances fulfilled a functions for their inhibition. They state that a radical style could be used to draw away the social boundaries and relieve them of pressures or expectations to interact in unfamiliar situations with unfamiliar peers. Another possibility is that an individual may be self-handicapping to ensure that they will not have to interact with unfamiliar peers. The results revealed that radicals were significantly more inhibited than other groups. However, there are other inhibited individuals in other social classifications. The highest inhibited radical was no more inhibited than the highest inhibited individual in other groups.
Adulthood
Adult cases of social inhibition are hard to come by simply because many see it as something that happens through development. Although research is lacking, developmental considerations suggest there may be a stronger association between behavioral inhibition and peer relations in adulthood. One researcher says this lack of information may be because adults are not put in as many socially interactive situations that would guide them through the situation. It would seem that adults have an increased responsibility to initiate or structure their own social peer relationships; this is where social inhibition could have a more problematic role in adulthood than in childhood. One study that did contribute to adult research used questionnaires to study both clinical and nonclinical adults. Like in adolescence, behavioral inhibition was also found to be associated with anxiety disorders in adulthood. In addition the study found that childhood inhibition was specifically a factor in a lifetime diagnosis of social phobia. Gest also measured adult peer relations, and to what degree they had a positive and active social life. For example, researchers wanted to know if they participated in any recreational activities with others, how often they met with others, and if they had any close confiding relationships. The participants were rated on a 5-point scale on each peer relationship they disclosed. The results revealed that social inhibition had nothing to do with popularity, however it was correlated with peer relations in both genders and emotional stress in only men.
A similar study found that some shy men had a low occupational status at age forty because they entered their career later in life. However, another researcher has commented on this giving this example, perhaps remaining at home longer allows young adults to accumulate educational and financial resources, before moving out and becoming more independent. Additionally it was found that young adults who were inhibited as children were less likely to move away from their families. There is also some discussion of the inhibition through generations and children mirroring their parents. Results indicated that children whose birth mothers met criteria for the diagnosis of social phobia showed elevated levels of observed behavioral inhibition. Social inhibition can decrease with age due to cognitive deficits that can occur in old age. Age-related deficits have an effect on older adults' ability to differentiate between public and private settings when discussing potentially embarrassing issues, leading them to discuss personal issues in inappropriately public situations. This suggests that deficits in inhibitory ability that lead to inappropriateness are out of the individual's control.
In different contexts
In schools
Schools can be a place for children to facilitate different social interactions; however, it can also uncover social and school adjustment problems. Coplan claims that Western children with inhibition problems may be at a higher risk of developmental problems in school. Although social inhibition may be a predictor of social and school adjustment problems in children, Chen argues that the effect of social inhibition on school adjustment differs between Western cultures and Chinese culture. Chen found that in Chinese children, behavioral inhibition was associated with greater peer liking, social interaction, positive school attitudes, and school competence and fewer later learning problems, which is also different from western cultures. In other studies, researchers such as Oysterman found there to be difficulties in adjustment in children that were experiencing inhibition. In Western cultures, these difficulties are seen more because of the emphasis on social assertiveness and self-expression as traits that are valued in development. In other cultures children are sometimes expected to be inhibited. This does not contrast with other cultures in which children are socialized and assert themselves. Despite these differences there are also similarities between gender. Boys were more antagonistic in peer interaction and seemed to have more learning problems in school. Girls were more cooperative in peer interaction and had a more positive outlook on school. They formed more affiliations with peers, and performed more completely in school.
Other researchers like Geng have looked to understand social inhibition, effortful control, and attention in school. In Geng's study, gender came in to play with high socially inhibited girls being extremely aware of their surroundings, possibly paying too much attention to potentially anxious situations. It is well known in a large number of research studies social inhibition had been linked to other anxiety disorders. However Degnan and colleagues believe that being able to regulate your effortful control may serve to reduce the anxiety the comes from inhibition. Nesdale and Dalton investigated inhibition of social group norms in school children between the ages of seven and nine. In schools there becomes an increase in social in-groups and out-groups as children increase in age. This study created different in-groups or exclusive groups and out-groups or inclusive groups. The results showed that students in the inclusive group liked all students more, while students in the exclusive group like their group over other groups. This study could help in the future to facilitate school peer groups more efficiently.
In the workplace
Social inhibition can manifest in all social situations and relationships. One place that we can see the effects of social inhibition is in the workplace. Research has shown that social inhibition can actually affect the way that one completes a given amount of work In one experiment, participants completed a task in a laboratory setting, varying whether or not another individual was present in the room with the participants while they attempted to complete the task. The results showed that when another individual was present in the room the person focused on completing the experimental task decreased their body movements, hand movements, and vocalization, even though the other person did not speak to or even look at the participant. This suggests that just the mere presence of another person in a social situation can inhibit an individual. However, although the individual in charge of completing the experimental task was socially inhibited by the presence of another person in the laboratory, there were no significant links between their social inhibition when completing the task and improved performance on said task. These findings suggest that an individual may socially inhibit themselves in the work place if another person is also in the room, however, such inhibition does not suggest that the inhibited individual is actually performing the duties assigned to them with more accuracy or focus.
In psychological disorders
Depression
Links between social inhibition and depression can be found in individuals who experienced social inhibited behaviors during childhood. Researchers from the United Kingdom conducted a study in an attempt to explain possible links between social inhibition in infancy and later signs of depression. The researchers based their study on previous information from literature acknowledging that there are social and non-social forms of inhibition, and that social inhibition is significantly related to early social fears. The researchers hypothesized that social inhibition in childhood would be linked to higher levels of depression in later years. Participants completed a number of questionnaires about their experiences of social inhibition in childhood and their current levels of depression. Results showed a significant relationship between depression and recalled social fears, or, social inhibitions during childhood. Furthermore, the researchers related their findings to another study conducted by Muris et al., in 2001 which found that there is an association between social inhibition and depression in adolescents. The study compared adolescents who were not inhibited to those who are, and found that "adolescents experiencing high levels of behavioral inhibition were more depressed than their counterparts who experienced intermediate or low levels of behavioral inhibition".
Another study set out to examine the link between social inhibition and depression, with the basis for their study being that social inhibition (which they explain as a part of type D personality, or distressed personality) is related to emotional distress The researchers explain that a major factor related to social inhibition is the inhibited individual not expressing their emotions and feelings, a factor that the researchers cite in relation to the link between social inhibition and depression. Overall, the results of the study show that social inhibition (as a factor of type D personality) predicts depression, regardless of the baseline depression level of the individual. Significantly, this study was conducted with young, healthy adults, as opposed to working with those in self-help groups or with individuals who have a preexisting medical or psychological condition.
Fear
Social inhibition can be affected by fear responses that one has in the early "toddler years" of their life. In 2011, researchers Elizabeth J. Kiel and Kristin A. Buss examined "how attention toward an angry-looking gorilla mask in a room with alternative opportunities for play in 24-month-old toddlers predicted social inhibition when children entered kindergarten". In the study, the researchers specifically looked at the toddlers' attention to threat and their fear of novelty in other situations. The researchers paid special attention to these two factors due to previous research suggesting that "sustained attention to putatively threatening novelty relates to anxious behavior in the first 2 years of life". Also, it has been found in earlier research conducted by Buss and colleagues that no matter the differences, individual responses to novelty during early childhood can be related to later social inhibition. These results already link fear responses, particularly in children, to social inhibition, mainly such inhibition that manifests later on in the individual's life. Overall, the researchers based their experiment on the notion that the more time a toddler spends being attentive towards a novel potential threat the greater the chance that they will experience issues with the regulation of distress, which can predict anxious behavior such as social inhibition.
Through a study intended to further connect and understand links between fear and late social inhibitions, the researchers conducted a study where they worked with 24-month-old toddlers. They placed the toddlers in a room called the "risk room" which is set up with a number of play areas for the toddlers to interact with, with one of those areas being a potentially threatening stimulus, in this case, an angry looking gorilla mask. The children are left alone, with only their primary caregiver sitting in the corner of the room, to explore the play areas for three minutes, and then the experimenter returns and instructs the toddler to interact with each of the play areas. The purpose of this was to allow for other experimenters to code the reactions of the toddler to the stimuli around him or her, paying special attention to their attention to threat, their proximity to the threat, and their fear of novelty.
The results of this study indicate that attention to threat (attention given, by the toddler to the feared stimuli) predicts social inhibition in kindergarten. Further, if the child approaches the feared stimuli, the relation to later social inhibition is not significant. When a child's behavior is to keep more than two feet away from the threatening stimulus, their behavior can be seen as linked to later social inhibition. Another important factor that the researchers found when looking at the prediction of social inhibition is the child paying a significant amount of attention to a feared or threatening stimuli in the presence of other, enjoyable activities. Mainly, if the child's duration of attention to the threatening stimuli is significant even when there are other enjoyable activities available for them to interact with, the link to later social inhibition is stronger due to the fact that "toddler-aged children have increased motoric skill and independence in exploring their environments; so they are capable of using more sophisticated distraction techniques, such as involvement with other activities" (Kopp, 1982 PG 199).
In another study looking at social inhibition and fear, the researchers made the distinction between different forms of inhibition. Mainly looking at behavioral inhibition the researchers separated the category into two subcategories, social behavioral inhibition and non-social behavioral inhibition. The researchers cite an experiment conducted by Majdandzic and Van den Boom where they used a laboratory setting to attempt to elicit fear in the children. They did this by using both social and non-social stimuli. What Majdandizic and Van der Boom found was a variability in the way that fear was elicited in the children when using either the social or non-social stimuli. Essentially, this study realized that there is a correlation between social stimuli producing fear expressions in children, whereas non-social stimuli is not correlated to fear. This can be evidence of social inhibition due to the social stimuli that result in fear expressions in children.
The researchers of the current study took the results from the Majdandizic and Van der Boom study and expanded on their work by looking at variability in fear expressions in both socially inhibited children and non-socially inhibited children. What they found was that mainly socially inhibited children have effects such as shyness and inhibition with peers, adults, and in performance situations, as well as social phobia and separation anxiety. The stronger link with fear reactions comes mainly from those children who were non-socially behaviorally inhibited. While these results go against previous findings, what the researchers were eager to stipulate was that "the normative development of fear in children have indicated that many specific fears (e.g., fear of animals) decline with age, whereas social fears increase as children get older".
Social phobia
Social inhibition is linked to social phobia, in so much as social inhibition during childhood can be seen as a contributing factor to developing social phobia later on in life. While social inhibition is also linked to social anxiety, it is important to point out the difference between social anxiety and social phobia. Social anxiety is marked by a tendency to have high anxiety before a social interaction, but not experience the avoidance of the social activity that is associated with social phobia. Social phobia and social inhibition are linked in a few different ways, one being physiologically. When one is experiencing extreme levels of inhibition they can suffer from symptoms such as accelerated heart rate, increased morning salivary cortisol levels, and muscle tension in their vocal cords. These symptoms are also reported by those with social phobia, which indicates that both social inhibition and social phobia interact with the sympathetic nervous system when the individual encounters a stressful situation.
Further, it is suggested throughout literature that social inhibition during childhood is linked to later social phobia. Beyond that research has indicated that continuity in inhibition plays an important role in the later development of social phobia. Continuity of social inhibition means someone experiencing social inhibition for a number of year continuously. The research explains work done with young teenagers, which found that the teenagers who had been classified as inhibited 12 years earlier were significantly more likely to develop social phobia than young teenagers who were not classified as inhibited. This research pertains to the link between social inhibition and generalized social phobia, rather than specific phobias.
When looking at continuity in social inhibition some research offers reasoning as to why the social inhibition may continue long enough to be a predictor of social phobia. Researchers have suggested that if the early childhood relationships are not satisfactory they can influence the child to respond to situations in certain inhibitory ways. When this happens it is often then associated with poor self-evaluation for the child, which can lead to increased social inhibition and social phobia. Also, if a child is neglected or rejected by their peers, rather than by their caregiver, they often develop a sense of social failure, which often extends into social inhibition, and later social phobia. The link between social inhibition and social phobia is somewhat exclusive, when testing for a possible link between non-social inhibition and social phobia no predictive elements were found. It is particularly social inhibition that is linked to social phobia.
The research also suggests that social inhibitions can be divided between different kinds of social fears, or different patterns of inhibition can be seen in individuals. The researchers suggest that certain patterns, or certain social fears, can be better predictors of social phobia than others. Mainly, the researchers suggest that there can be different patterns of social inhibition in relation to an unfamiliar object or encounter. These specific patterns should be looked at in conjunction with motivation and the psychophysiological reaction to the object or encounter to determine the specific patterns that are the better predictors of social phobia.
Another study aimed to examine the link between social inhibition and social phobia also found that social phobia is linked to the social phobic being able to recall their own encounters with social inhibition during childhood. The social phobic participants were able to recall social and school fears from their childhood, but they also were able to recall sensory-processing sensitivity which indicates that the social phobic participants in the study were able to recall having increased sensitivity to the situations and behaviors around them.
Another study explains that social phobia itself has a few different ways it can manifest. The study aims at understanding the link between social inhibition and social phobia, as well as depression in social phobia. What the study found was an important link connecting the severity of social inhibition during childhood to the severity of social phobia and factors of social phobia in later years. Severe social inhibition during childhood can be related to lifetime social phobia. Further, the researchers point out that inhibition during childhood is significantly linked to avoidant personality disorder in social phobia as well as childhood inhibition linked with major depressive disorder in social phobia that spans across the individual's lifetime. A major suggestion related to the results of the study suggested that while inhibition can be a general predictor of risk factors related to social phobia, it may not be a specific predictor of social phobia alone.
Social anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a fear of scrutiny or disapproval from others. Individuals believe this negative reaction will bring about rejections. Individuals with social anxiety disorder have stronger anxious feeling over a long period of time and are more anxious more often.
In many cases, researchers have found that social inhibition can be a factor in developing other disorders such as social anxiety disorder. Being inhibited does not mean that an individual will develop another disorder; however, Clauss and colleagues conducted a study to measure the association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety disorder. The results of the study discovered that 15% of all children have behavioral inhibition and about half of those children will eventually develop social anxiety disorder. This is why behavioral inhibition is seen as a larger risk factor. That being said, Lim and colleagues researched the differences between early and late onset of social anxiety disorder and its relation to social inhibition. Through the duration of their study, they found those diagnosed as early onset had complaints other than ones about social anxiety symptoms. Early onset individuals would frequently have more severe symptoms and higher levels of behavioral inhibition. Additional behavioral inhibition was more severe especially in social and school situations with only the early onset cases. Lorian and Grisham researched the relationship between behavioral inhibition, risk-avoidance, and social anxiety symptoms. They found that all three factors correlated with each other and risk avoidance is potentially a mechanism linked to an anxiety pathology.
Reduction
Alcohol consumption
Social inhibition can be lowered by a few different factors, one of them being alcohol. Alcohol consumption can be seen to lower inhibitions in both men and women. Social inhibitions generally act to control or affect the way that one conducts themselves in a social setting. By lowering inhibitions alcohol can work to increase social behaviors either negatively or positively. Importantly, one must remember that the higher the dosage of alcohol, the greater the damage it will cause to inhibitory control.
By lowering inhibitions, alcohol can cause social behaviors such as aggression, self disclosure, and violent acts. Researchers have suggested that situational cues used to inhibit social behaviors are not perceived the same way after someone consumes enough alcohol to qualify them as drunk: "interacting parties who are impaired by alcohol are less likely to see justifications for the other's behavior, are thus more likely to interpret the behavior as arbitrary and provocative, and then, having less access to inhibiting cues and behavioral standards, are more likely to react extremely." This idea of increased extreme social behaviors is believed to come as a result of lowered inhibitions after consuming alcohol. Alcohol can lower inhibitions for a number of reasons, it can reduce one's self-awareness, impair perceptual and cognitive functioning, allows for instigator pressures to have more influence over an individual, and can reduce one's ability to read inhibitory social cues and standards of conduct.
When attempting to examine the effects that alcohol consumption has on social inhibition researchers found that after being provoked sober individuals used inhibiting cues, such as the innocence of the instigator and the severity of the retaliation to control their response to the aggressive provocation. However, the researchers found that an intoxicated individual did not have these same inhibitions and, as a result, exhibited more extreme behaviors of retaliated aggression to the provocation without processing information they would normally consider about the situation. On average, drunken individuals exhibited more aggression, self-disclosure, risk taking behaviors, and laughter than sober individuals. Extreme behaviors are not as common in sober individuals because they are able to read inhibitory cues and social conduct norms that drunken individuals are not as inclined to consider. These negative social behaviors, then, are a result of lowered social inhibitions.
Alcohol consumption also has the ability to lower inhibitions in a positive way. Research has been conducted looking at the way an intoxicated person is more inclined to be helpful. Researchers were of the same opinion that alcohol lowers inhibitions and allows for more extreme behaviors, however, they tested to see if this would be true for more socially acceptable situations, such as helping another person. The researchers acknowledged that, generally, an impulse to help another is initiated but then inhibitions will cause the potential helper to consider all factors going into their decision to help or not to help such as, lost time, boredom, fatigue, monetary costs, and possibility of personal harm. The researchers suggest that while one may be inhibited and therefore less likely to offer help when completely sober, after consuming alcohol enough damage will be done to their inhibitory functioning to actually increase helping. While this suggestion differs from socially negative behaviors that are seen after social inhibitions have been lowered, it is consistent with the idea that alcohol consumption can lower inhibitions and, as a result, produce more socially extreme behaviors when compared to a sober counterpart.
Alcohol consumption can lower social inhibitions in both men and women, producing social behaviors not typical in the individuals' day-to-day sober lives. For example, in social settings women will tend to be uncomfortable with sexual acts and provocations as well as feeling uncomfortable in social settings that are generally male dominated such as strip clubs or bars. However, consumption of alcohol has been seen to lower these inhibitions, making women feel freer and more ready to participate socially in events and behaviors that they would normally feel inhibited from participating in if they were sober. As an example, women participating in bachelorette parties generally consume copious amounts of alcohol for the event. As a result, the females feel less inhibited and are more likely to then engage in behavior that they would normally view as deviant or inappropriate. In an examination of bachelorette parties it was found that when those attending the party consumed only a couple of drinks behavior minimally reflected any alcohol consumption, assuming that the party guests were still socially inhibited and less inclined to perform deviant behaviors. Similarly, "levels of intoxication were correlated with the atmosphere of the party, such that parties with little or no alcohol were perceived as less 'wild' than parties a lot of alcohol consumption." Conceivably, the bachelorette parties show tendencies of "wild" behavior after excessive alcohol consumption, which consequently lowers the inhibitions of the consumers.
When surveyed a number of women who had attended a bachelorette party, or had one in their honor, in the past year reported that their behavior when under the influence of alcohol was different from their behavior when sober. One party guest reported: "People drink … to lose inhibitions and stuff that is done… I would never do sober. It lowers inhibitions - that is the main point of it." These reports suggest that "alcohol was used to lower inhibitions about being too sexual, about the risk of being perceived as promiscuous, or about being sexual in public. Women commented that they felt freer to talk about sex while under the influence of alcohol, to flirt with male strangers, or to dance with a male stripper." The research collected surrounding women and their alcohol consumption in these settings provide examples of the reduction of social inhibitions in relation to excess alcohol consumption
Power
Social inhibitions can also be reduced by means unrelated to an actual substance. Another way that social inhibition can be decreased is by the attainment of power. Research has examined the way that having either elevated or reduced power affects social interactions and well-being in social situations. Such research has shown a relationship between elevated power and decreased social inhibitions. This relationship of those with elevated power and those with reduced power can be seen in all forms of social interactions, and is marked by elevated power individuals often having access to resources that the reduced power individuals do not have. Decreased social inhibition is seen in those with elevated power for two main reasons, one being that they have more access to resources, providing them with comforts and stability. The second reason is that their status as a high power individual often provides the powerful individual a sense of being above social consequences, allowing them to act in ways that a reduced power individual may not.
The elevated power individuals will experience reduced social inhibition in various ways, one being that they are more likely to approach, rather than avoid, another person. Also, with the reduced inhibition associated with high power individuals, they are more likely to initiate physical contact with another person, enter into their personal space, and they are more likely to indicate interest in intimacy. High power people tend to be socially disinhibited when it comes to sexual behavior and sexual concepts. Consistent with this expectation, a study working with male and female participants found that when the male and female felt equally powerful they tended to interact socially with one another in a disinhibited manner.
Further, the research suggests that as a result of their reduced social inhibition, powerful individuals will be guided to behave in a way that fits with their personality traits in a social situation in which they feel powerful. Similarly, in a laboratory study it was found that when one person in a group feels powerful their reduced social inhibition can result in decreased manners. The study found that, when offered food, the powerful individual is more likely to take more than the other individuals in the room. This can be seen as the powerful individual exhibiting reduced social inhibitions, as they reduce their attention to common social niceties such as manners and sharing.
Increase
Power
Certain factors can increase social inhibition in individuals. Increased inhibitions can occur in different situations and for different reasons. One major factor that contributes to the increase of social inhibition is power. Reduced power is linked to an array of negative affect, one of which being increased social inhibitions. Power, in this instance, can be defined as a fundamental factor in social relationships that is central to interactions, influencing behavior and emotional display. Further, power is such an essential factor in social relationships because power determines who is the giver and who is the receiver in the exchange of rewards and resources. Power is present in all social relationships, not just typical hierarchical establishments such as in employment or school settings. Power, then, is related to increased social inhibitions when an individual feels that they are in a powerless or diminished power position. Those who are deemed to be high in power are generally richer in resources and freedom, as well as decreased levels of social inhibition, whereas those who are deemed to be low in power are generally low in resources, constrained, and prone to experiencing increased social inhibition.
Research shows that individuals who are considered to be low in power experience more social threats and punishments, and generally have less access to social resources. As a result of this these individuals are prone to developing more sensitivity to criticism from others, and are more susceptible to accepting when someone constrains them. These factors contribute to increasing social inhibition in those individuals. Similarly, studies have shown that the absence of power can heighten the processes associated with social inhibition. Experiments on the interaction between power and inhibition have shown that when participants are in a situation where they perceive more punishments and threats their cognition and behavior will show more signs of social inhibition related affect. Environments which distinguish the differences between the powerful and the powerless can lead to the social inhibition of the power reduced individuals as a response to their social interactions with the heightened power individuals.
Some of the social inhibited behaviors that a low-power individual will experience in these social situations will be embarrassment and fear and they may even go on to feel guilt, sadness, and shame (C. Anderson, Langner, & Keltner). Further, low power individuals can be seen socially inhibiting themselves in ways that can, in the end, favor the high-power individuals. These can include inhibiting themselves from providing input on ideas, hesitating in normal speech, and even increasing their facial muscle actions in order to keep themselves from displaying emotions. When the low-power individuals are in a social situation with a high-power individual they will also commonly exhibit social inhibition by inhibiting their postural constriction and reducing their gestures (Ellyson & Dovidio). Researchers have generalized these suggestions of interaction between a high-power individual and low-power individuals to say that these expressions of social inhibition are expected to carry over into all areas of social interaction for the low-power individual. That is to say that low-power individuals will not only exhibit social inhibition when in the presence of a high-power individual. They will continue to be socially inhibited in all social aspects of their lives as a result of their low-power status. Further, low-power individuals tend to devote increased attention to the actions and behaviors of others.
Biological factors
Another possible explanation for increased social inhibition has to do with biological factors. A study of brain activity in those who rate high on the scale for social inhibition showed a number of brain areas that are related to the heightened inhibitions. In their study the researchers aimed to find the link between socially inhibited individuals and an over activation of the cortical social brain network. The researchers did this by examining the brain activity of individuals who rate high in social inhibition as they respond to video clips of facial and bodily expressions that were potentially threatening. What the researchers found was that those who rate high in social inhibition show an overactive orbitofrontal cortex, left temporo-parietal junction, and right extrastriate body area. When the threat -related activity was being presented to the participants, these areas of the brain showed increased activity in comparison to those who do not rate high for social inhibition. What the researchers speculate is that, in this instance, hyperactivity in these brain structures does not mean better functioning. Further, "the orbitofrontal cortex is connected with areas that underlie emotional function and empathy". This relates to one's ability to stimulate how another person feels in their own facial displays. The over activity and decreased function of these brain structures can affect individuals by increasing social inhibition and behaviors related to social inhibition.
Personality traits
Further, there is speculation that social inhibition can also be increased by the type of personality an individual has and behaviors that those individuals inherently display. Namely, those who are dependent and reassurance seeking are more commonly likely to display increased social inhibition.
Clinical levels
Although social inhibition can occur as part of ordinary social situations, a chronically high level of social inhibition may lead some individuals to develop other social or anxiety disorders that would also need to be handled clinically. Through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, clinical levels of social inhibition can be measured. Social inhibition can be a precursors for other social disorders that can develop in adolescence or adulthood.
Measures
There are many implications for the diagnoses of social inhibition, however there are many cost-efficient ways to measure and treat this social disorder. One measure that has reliably assess the traits of social inhibition is the seven-item inhibition scale of the Type D Scale–14. Another measure is the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System (BIOS). In clinical trials this measure is to be used for children completed by parents, teachers, and clinicians. Other scales are the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ), Behavioral Inhibition Instrument (BII), the Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BIS), The Preschool Behavioral Inhibition Scale (P-BIS), and the Behavioral Inhibition Scale for children ages 3–6. There are also many versions of these scales that are specifically for parents, teachers, or even the child or possibly an inhibited individual to take.
There are also times when these measures are grouped together; in many cases the Behavioral Inhibition System scale and Behavioral Activation System scale are used together. These two measure are the most widely used and together they consist of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales that deal with reward response and fun seeking. The Behavioral Paradigm System is an observation system that allows measurements of behavioral inhibition in systematic natural environments. With this system researchers will observe cessation of play and vocalization, long latencies to approaching the unfamiliar person, signs of fear and negative affect, and security seeking in environments such as classrooms, playgrounds, and in home settings. This paradigm was followed by many adaptations, one specifically was the adaptation of the Observational Paradigm. In an additional study by Ballespi and colleagues the paradigm was changed to be more suitable for a school environment. The adapted paradigm met three important criteria, the tests were suitable for a school environment, there had to be materials for the test that could be transported easily, and the observation of behavioral inhibition signs had to have the potential to be seen in a short period of time.
Ballespi and colleagues discussed one of the most recent measurement systems in the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System. This new system will allow clinicians to provide a quick measure for behavioral inhibition. This system is used during the first meeting with the child. In this first meeting, the child will be exposed to a strange, unfamiliar situation. The scale will then be completed after the therapist has time to observe the child in an interview setting. Researchers want to find a way to have an actual measure for inhibition, however this is difficult. There is a difference in observations, a parent or teachers is going to observe the child over long periods of time in several natural situations. The parents do not actually observe the child but instead rate the behavior inhibition on the ideas they have formed about the child. The clinician will not have all this information and will base his or her first measure on observation alone; they measure state while parents and teachers measure traits. This is where the differences come up in measure however after several visits the measures of the clinicians, teachers, and parents become more similar.
Treatments
Treatments used for social inhibition are primarily assertive trainings introduced by therapies. These treatments are about teaching the inhibited individual to express and assert their feeling instead of inhibiting them. Assertiveness training is an important operation for behavioral therapist because it can help with behavioral issues, as well as interpersonal inadequacies, and anxiety in adults. In some cases this training can go by a different name because assertiveness is sometimes categorized by aggression therefore it can also be called appropriate expression training.
In one study discussing assertive training Ludwig and Lazarus found irrational cognitive patterns that inhibited individuals have to deal with and how to overcome them. The four patterns are self-criticism/Perfectionism, unrealistic approval needs, unrealistic labeling of aggression/assertive behavior, and criticism of others. There are three different phases that work to combat the irrational cognitive patterns and inhibitory actions during social situations. These phases are meant to be actively practiced. The individual will receive homework assignments, and have to do role-playing exercises to overcome their inhibitions. The first phase discussed was about talking more. Ludwig states that there cannot just be an increase in talking but also an increase in expressing and talking about how one feels. The point of this phase is to get an individual talking no matter how ridiculous or trivial it may seem. Phase two is about dealing with the responses that come from talking more. When an inhibited individual starts talking more they may become embarrassed. However, with positive reactions from others they will learn that being embarrassed about some of the comments made is not devastating, and in turn the individual may talk and act more freely. In addition to the positive feedback the individual will review particularly embarrassing moment to assess why they were embarrassed to help combat those thoughts. If the inhibited person can understand the irrational thoughts they will eventually feel less embarrassed and act more freely. Role playing is also a way to help the individual understand different social behaviors. Mirroring is a way some therapist will show the client their own behavior. The last phase deals with additional strategies that can help through social situation such as expressing disagreement, dealing with interruptions, initiating more conversations topics, and more self-disclosure. Ludwig and colleagues also make sure to explain that no one should compulsively apply these behavioral techniques in all situations. An individual should not go over board using them; additionally there are times when initiating some conversation topics and talking more are inappropriate.
Group therapies are also used in the treatment using assertiveness. Hedquist and Weinhold investigated two group counseling strategies with socially anxious and unassertive college students. The first strategy is a behavioral rehearsal group, which aims to assist members to learn more efficient responses in social situations. This was to be accomplished by rehearsing several difficult social situations. The second strategy was a social learning group that was about honesty about everything; any withholding behaviors were seen as being dishonest. Another rule was every individual had to take responsibility for everything that said. The results of this study showed that both strategies helped significantly in treating the anxiety and unassertiveness.
See also
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Sexual inhibition
Social anxiety
Social facilitation
References
Shyness
Majority–minority relations |
4031809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Mwila | Keith Mwila | Keith Mwila (November 1966 – 9 January 1993) was a Zambian boxer, who won the bronze medal in the men's Light flyweight (-48 kg) category at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. He became the first Olympic medalist from Zambia.
Olympic results
Round of 32: bye
Round of 16: Defeated Chung Pao Ming (Taiwan/Chinese Taipei) Referee stopped contest in second round
Quarterfinal Defeated Mamoru Kuroiwa (Japan) by decision, 5-0
Lost to Salvatore Todisco (Italy) by decision, 0-5 (was awarded bronze medal)
References
External links
Article on Keith Mwila
1966 births
1993 deaths
Light-flyweight boxers
Olympic boxers of Zambia
Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Zambia
Olympic medalists in boxing
Zambian male boxers
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics |
4031828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchagua%20Province | Colchagua Province | Colchagua Province () is one of three provinces of the central Chilean region of O'Higgins (VI). Its capital is San Fernando. It is bordered on the north by Cachapoal Province, on the east by the Argentine Republic, on the south by Curicó Province, and on the west by Cardenal Caro Province.
Geography and demography
The area of Colchagua is officially estimated at with a population (2002 census) at 196,566. Extending across the central valley of Chile, the province has a considerable area devoted to traditional agriculture and wine-growing. Its principal rivers are the Rapel River and its tributary, the Tinguiririca.
The principal towns are San Fernando, the provincial capital, Santa Cruz, Chimbarongo, Nancagua and Palmilla. San Fernando is one of the several towns founded in 1742 by the governor-general José Antonio Manso de Velasco, and it had a population of 64,000 in 2002.
Administration
As a province, Colchagua is a second-level administrative division of Chile, governed by a provincial delegate who is appointed by the president.
The province comprises ten communes, each governed by a municipality consisting of an alcalde and municipal council.
Chépica
Chimbarongo
Lolol
Nancagua
Palmilla
Peralillo
Placilla
Pumanque
San Fernando
Santa Cruz
Transport
The state central railway (EFE) from Santiago to the south crosses the province and has a regular stop in San Fernando. It used to have a branch running from San Fernando via Palmilla to Pichilemu on the coast. This is now closed, although one section of it has recently opened a limited service aimed at the tourist trade.
The more local Metrotrén service runs between Santiago and San Fernando stopping at most of the towns in between. There are frequent trains between these two points.
The Pan-American Highway runs through the San Fernando commune, passing close to the east side of the town.
See also
Tinguiririca River
Maipo Valley
Colchagua Valley (wine region)
References
Provinces of Chile
Provinces of O'Higgins Region |
4031836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilith%20%28magazine%29 | Lilith (magazine) | The magazine Lilith is an independent, Jewish-American, feminist non-profit publication that has been issued quarterly since 1976. The magazine features award-winning investigative reports, first-person accounts (both contemporary and historical), entertainment reviews, fiction and poetry, art and photography. Topics include everything from rabbinic sexual misconduct, to new rituals and celebrations, to deconstructing the JAP (Jewish American Princess) stereotype, to understanding the Jewish stake in abortion rights.
History
The magazine was founded in 1976 by a small group of women led by Susan Weidman Schneider: “to foster discussion of Jewish women’s issues and put them on the agenda of the Jewish community, with a view to giving women—who are more than fifty percent of the world’s Jews—greater choice in Jewish life." Amy Stone served as the magazine's first senior editor. Aviva Cantor Zuckoff served as the acquisitions editor. Those consulted as part of the creation of the magazine included Sally Priesand, the first female rabbi in the United States, and Letty Cottin Pogrebin of Ms. Magazine.
Weidman Schneider and her colleagues founded Lilith to fill the gap in the feminist movement and feminist press with a publication that focuses on religion and specific experiences of women from minority populations. This aim was explained in the editorial of the magazine’s first issue in 1976:“As women we are attracted to much of the ideology of the general women’s movement; as Jews, we recognize that we have particular concerns not always shared by other groups. How do we reconcile our sense of ourselves as worthy individuals while identifying with a religious and social structure that has limited women’s options in the synagogue, the home, and the community at large?”During its early years, Lilith focused on religious topics and the organizational establishment of the Jewish community. They chronicled the fight to ordain women at the Jewish Theological Seminary and published frequent updates and articles on the topic. Lilith also publishes fiction, poetry and reviews of books, films, theater, and music.
Name
The publication is named after Lilith, a character said to be Adam's first wife. Though not mentioned in the Bible, Talmudic scholars later wrote that Lilith was banished from Eden after refusing to be submissive to Adam. Lilith has been interpreted by modern feminists as a symbol of independence and social activism geared towards women's rights.
Staff and Contributors
Susan Weidman Schneider has been Lilith′s editor-in-chief since 1976. She is the author of the books Jewish and Female and Intermarriage: The Challenge of Living with Differences between Christians and Jews, and co-author of Head and Heart, about money in the lives of women. Writers, editors and contributors to Lilith include Cynthia Ozick, Grace Paley, Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Nessa Rapoport, Blu Greenberg, Allegra Goodman, Myla Goldberg, Rabbi Susan Schnur (Lilith's senior editor), Naomi Danis (Lilith's managing editor), Dara Horn, Jennifer Baumgartner, Marge Piercy (Lilith's poetry editor), Sarah Blustain, Leela Corman, Liana Finck, Danya Ruttenberg, Shira Spector, Rachel Kadish, Anat Litwin, Ilana Stanger-Ross, Leslea Newman, Yona Zeldis McDonough (Lilith′s fiction editor), Alice Sparberg Alexiou, Amy Stone, Ilana Kurshan, Francine Klagsbrun, Lori Hope Lefkowitz, Tova Hartman, and more. Lilith has also published the work of visual artists, including Judy Chicago, Miriam Schapiro, Elana Maryles Sztokman, Joan Roth (Lilith′s photographer), Maira Kalman, Roz Chast, and Eva Hesse.
References
External links
Official website
Political magazines published in the United States
Women's magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Feminism in the United States
Feminist magazines
Judaism and women
Magazines established in 1976
Jewish feminism
Jews and Judaism in New York City
Jewish magazines published in the United States
1976 establishments in New York City
Magazines published in New York City |
4031837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia%20at%20the%201968%20Summer%20Olympics | Zambia at the 1968 Summer Olympics | Zambia competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. Previously, the nation had competed as Northern Rhodesia.
Athletics
Men
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Boxing
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics
1968
1968 in Zambia |
4031845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopolis%20%28Pisidia%29 | Sozopolis (Pisidia) | Sozopolis in Pisidia (), which had been called Apollonia (Ἀπολλωνία) and Apollonias (Ἀπολλωνίας) during Seleucid times, was a town in the former Roman province of Pisidia, and is not to be confused with the Thracian Sozopolis in Haemimonto in present-day Bulgaria.
Location
Sozopolis in Pisidia must have been situated in the border region of that province, since some ancient accounts place it in Phrygia. Its site may correspond to present-day Uluborlu in Isparta Province, Turkey. Older sources put it "Souzon, south of Aglasoun". Modern scholars locate its site near Uluborlu, Isparta Province.
History
Stephanus of Byzantium says that Apollonia in Pisidia (Sozopolis) was originally called Mordiaeon or Mordiaïon (Μορδιάιον), and was celebrated for its quinces. The coins of Apollonia record Alexander the Great as the founder, and also the name of a stream that flowed; by it, the Hippopharas. Two Greek inscriptions of the Roman period copied by Francis Arundell give the full title of the town in that age, "the Boule and Demus of the Apolloniatae Lycii Thraces Coloni," by which he concluded that the city was founded by a Thracian colony established in Lycia, but that conclusion is not universally accepted.
Sozopolis in Pisidia was the birthplace of Severus of Antioch (born around 456).
The icon of the Theotokos of Pisidian Sozopolis, celebrated by Eastern Orthodox Christians on 3 September, originated in this city.
Fragments of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti in Greek have been found in the area.
Bishopric
Sozopolis sent its bishop and possibly two other representatives to the Council of Constantinople in 381, and its bishop attended the Council of Ephesus in 431.
The see is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.
References
Sources
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Former populated places in Turkey
Populated places in Pisidia
Roman sites in Turkey
Titular sees in Asia |
4031846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingal%20Head%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Fingal Head, New South Wales | Fingal Head is a village on the Tasman Sea coast in the far northeast of New South Wales, Australia, about 5 km south of the New South Wales and Queensland border. The village is often just called Fingal. The headland and the small off-shore Island (Cook Island) were first sighted by James Cook about 17:00 on 16 May 1770 (log date and time). At the time of the 2016 census, Fingal Head had a population of 592 people.
Geography
The Tweed River, (named by John Oxley in October 1823) on the north coast of New South Wales runs northwards close to the coast for about 6 km before reaching its mouth just south of present-day Point Danger. A spit about 500–800 metres wide called "Letitia Spit" (named after the first ship to enter the river in July 1840) runs south for 2 km to Fingal Head. Longshore drift moves 500,000 cubic metres of sand per year northwards past Letitia Spit. The sand would fill the Tweed River entrance unpredictably and sometimes completely. In response the New South Wales government implemented the Tweed Sand Bypassing to transport sand under the river by pump on to northern beaches.
The headland,Cook Island and the Danger Reefs, were made from a lava flow from the now extinct Tweed Volcano. The rock composition in the area is mainly basalt or andesite. There are walking tracks all over this area. About 500 metres offshore from the headland is Cook Island, a rocky uninhabited island first charted by James Cook in 1770. The interlocking basalt columns on the north-east side of Fingal Head
were called the "Giants Causeway", named after the famous Giants Causeway between Northern Ireland and Western Scotland. The Fingal Caves located on the south side of Fingal Head, were destroyed and used in the early 1900s for the Tweed Break water. Cook Island was made a marine reserve in 1998 and as such fishing is prohibited in the waters nearby.
History
There has been controversy over the naming of Fingal Head by James Cook in May 1770 for many years. Strong evidence suggests that Fingal Head was, in fact, the point James Cook named Point Danger.
In 1823, John Oxley took shelter from Southerly winds, while sailing North from Port Macquarie.
John Uniack and later Oxley went onto the island, where they found some sea turtles and called the island "Turtle Island". In 1828 Henry John Rous (Captain of HMS Rainbow) surveyed Oxley's Tweed River, the name used today. A chart published in 1831 by the Master of the "Rainbow" showing the island as "Cook's Isle" and the river named the "Clarance River" - the unnamed headland, North of the river was also named Point Danger. However the off-shore reefs East of the Island were not marked. Fingal Head would be named as such by Surveyor Robert Dixon who mapped the coastal districts between Brisbane Town and the Brunswick River in the winter months of 1840. It first appears on a map published By Dixon in Sydney in 1842. Dixon's party was also assisted at that time by the master and crew of the schooner Letitia, which they found had entered the Tweed. Hence the naming of Letitia Point. There is also every suggestion that Dixon made reference to the Giant's Causeway. It is highly probable that "Fingal Head" was named after Fingal's Cave on the island of Staffa in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland because of the similarity in appearance due to naturally formed Columnar Basalt outcrops which extend above the ocean surface.
The local aboriginal people were the Minjungbal, but white settlement significantly impacted the population in the late 19th to early 20th century. In 1933, the last female full-blood Aborigine on the Tweed was laid to rest in Fingal's Aboriginal cemetery following a service conducted at the mission church.
Fingal Head Post Office opened on 15 March 1912, uprated from a telegraph office opened in October 1911.
Demographics
In the , Fingal Head recorded a population of 544 people, 48% female and 52% male.
The median age of the Fingal Head population was 42 years, 5 years above the national median of 37.
77% of people living in Fingal Head were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 3.1%, New Zealand 2.8%, Hong Kong 0.6%, Germany 0.6%, Czech Republic 0.6%.
88.8% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% Bandjalang, 0.6% Italian, 0.6% Gumbaynggir, 0.6% Czech.
Lighthouse
A provisional light station was established on the head in 1872 and in 1878 a proper lighthouse, built as a sandstone construction in a round design, was inaugurated. It was part of a series of five such lighthouses established between 1878 and 1880. The tower stands only seven metres high, but that suffices since the headland itself adds additional height. Thus the focal plane of the lightsource is situated 24 m above sea level. In 1920 the lightsource was changed from kerosene to acetylene and became automated. It was electrified in 1980. The light characteristic is a single flash every five seconds. Depending on the bearing, red light is shown in the east sector while the other sectors show white.
Surfing
Since 1996 Fingal has hosted an annual surfing competition for indigenous surfers. The first year attracted 90 surfers from across Australia. In 1999, SBS television commissioned a documentary called Surfing the Healing Wave about that competition, as part of an Unfinished Business - Reconciling the Nation series. It won Best Australian Documentary at the 2000 Real Life on Film Festival.
Fingal is not particularly noted as a surf spot as such. The headland does not form a point break on either side, so it is just beach breaks that occur there, but the southern side is one of the few places near the Gold Coast with any protection from northerly winds.
See also
List of Irish place names in other countries
List of places with columnar jointed volcanics
References
External links
Fingal Head page at Geoscience Australia
Fingal Head travel, in The Age newspaper 8 February 2004
Northern Rivers Geology Blog - Fingal Head
Headlands of New South Wales
Suburbs of Tweed Heads, New South Wales
Tweed Volcano
Surfing locations in New South Wales
Coastal towns in New South Wales |
4031847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Browning%20Scripps | Ellen Browning Scripps | Ellen Browning Scripps (October 18, 1836 – August 3, 1932) was an American journalist and philanthropist who was the founding donor of several major institutions in Southern California. She and her half-brother E. W. Scripps created the E. W. Scripps Company, America's largest chain of newspapers, linking Midwestern industrial cities with booming towns in the West. By the 1920s, Ellen Browning Scripps was worth an estimated $30 million (or $388 million in 2020 dollars), most of which she gave away.
In 1924, she founded the Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA. She appeared on the cover of Time magazine after founding Scripps College in Claremont, California. She also donated millions of dollars to organizations worldwide that promised to advance democratic principles and women's education.
Family history
Ellen Browning Scripps was born on October 18, 1836, on South Molton St. in St. George Parish, London. Her father, James Mogg Scripps (1803–1873), was the youngest of six children born to London publisher William Armiger Scripps (1772–1851) and Mary Dixie (1771–1838). He was apprenticed to Charles Lewis, the leading bookbinder of London, where he learned the trade. James married his cousin Elizabeth Sabey in 1829 and had two children, only one of whom lived to maturity, Elizabeth Mary (1831–1914). Elizabeth Sabey Scripps died the day after the latter's birth. Two years later, James Mogg married Ellen Mary Saunders. They had six children, five of whom lived to adulthood: James E. Scripps (1835–1906), Ellen Browning (1836–1932), William Arminger (1838–1914), George Henry (1839–1900) and John Mogg (1840–1863). Ellen Mary Scripps died of breast cancer in 1841.
After the failure of his bookbinding shop and the death of his second wife, James Mogg emigrated to the United States with his six children in April 1844. They headed to Rushville, Illinois, where other members of the Scripps family owned property. James Mogg married his third wife Julia Osborn in November 1844. They had five children: Julia Anne (1847–1898), Thomas Osborn (1848–53), Frederick Tudor (1850–1936), Eliza Virginia (1852–1921), and Edward Willis or E.W. Scripps (1854–1926), the well-known newspaper tycoon and founder of The E.W. Scripps Company.
Biography
Early life
Born in London and raised on the Illinois prairie, Ellen Browning Scripps was an avid reader and learner at an early age. In 1855, a year before attending college, she was granted a teaching certificate and started teaching in Schuyler County, IL. She was the only one of her ten siblings to attend college, studying science and mathematics at Knox College in Galesburg, IL, one of the few educational institutions to admit women, even if it did not yet grant college degrees. She graduated in 1859 with a certificate from the Female Collegiate Department and honors in mathematics. Afterwards, she returned to Rushville, Illinois, to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.
Newspaper journalist
After the American Civil War, Scripps gave up her job as a schoolteacher and headed to Detroit, at that time a burgeoning industrial center in the West. She joined her brother James E. Scripps in publishing The Detroit Evening News, a short, inexpensive, and politically independent newspaper pitched to the city's working class, becoming a writer and copyeditor for the family paper. This was to be the start of the Scripps family fortune. She wrote a daily column, nicknamed "Miss Ellen's Miscellany," that reduced local and national news to short sound bites. According to Gerald Baldasty, "Her columns of "Miscellany" and other topics became the inspiration for the Newspaper Enterprise Association, a news features service that Edward Scripps established in 1902." In the 1870s and 1880s, the Scripps papers expanded to include The Cleveland Press, The Cincinnati Post, and the St. Louis Chronicle.
A shareholder, Ellen B. Scripps played an important role in Scripps councils. She gave business advice to her younger half-brother E.W. and sided with him in family financial disputes. He credited her with saving him from financial ruin in more than one instance. In the 1880s, E.W.'s attempt to seize control of the Scripps Publishing Company failed, resulting in a divisive lawsuit and a break with his half-brother James.
Travels
In 1881, Ellen and E.W. travelled to Europe so that the latter could take a break from work and recover his health, and Ellen kept records of her travels in a travel diary. They took the railroad through France to the Mediterranean Sea, crossed by ship to Algeria, then headed north into Italy, Austria, and Germany. Ellen wrote weekly letters back to The Detroit Evening News about their travels, describing her impressions of people and places.
When Ellen returned to her job at the News, she found that she was no longer needed at the copy desk. She began a decade of travel, heading to the American South, New England, Cuba, and Mexico. In 1888–1889 she made a second trip to Europe that included a visit to L'Exposition Universelle in Paris and three months in Spain. A decade later, she toured France, Belgium, and England.
California
In 1887, Ellen's sister Julia Anne moved to Alameda, California, to seek a remedy for crippling rheumatoid arthritis. She found a home at the Remedial Institute and School of Philosophy, also known as the New Order of Life, in Alameda, one of the many utopian communities founded in the late nineteenth century. Concerned about her sister's welfare, Ellen made her first trip to California in the winter of 1890. Soon afterwards, Ellen and E.W. bought land in San Diego and established Miramar Ranch with their brother Fred. Miramar Ranch encompassed what is now Scripps Ranch, a suburban community, and the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. The ranch house was torn down in 1973.
Ellen lived, on and off, at Miramar until 1897 when she moved into a seaside cottage that she had built in La Jolla. She named it South Molton Villa (sometimes spelled South Moulton Villa) after the street on which she had been born. Ellen hosted many events in South Molton Villa and allowed others to visit her home, keeping a guest book where guests would leave their impressions of the area.
In 1909, she and her sister Virginia helped Joseph H. Johnson, the bishop of the Los Angeles Diocese of the Episcopal Church, to establish The Bishop's School as a preparatory school for girls.
Ellen gradually stepped out of her intimate family circle and began to acquire a large set of female acquaintances. La Jolla had a growing number of summer and year-round residents, many of whom were unmarried women or widows. She remarked that in the early days, "It was a woman's town." She was a frequent member of the La Jolla Woman's Club and participated in the club's many discussions about literature and politics. Through the club, she became involved with a variety of progressive movements and delivered many speeches to the club members, including a speech responding to the San Diego free speech fight in 1912.
South Molton Villa, located on Prospect St. in La Jolla, was located next to Wisteria Cottage, a bungalow owned by Virginia Scripps. Wisteria Cottage was renovated in 1910 by architect Irving J. Gill a pioneer in the modernist movement. It now serves as the gallery and exhibition space of the La Jolla Historical Society.
On August 7, 1915, an arsonist set fire to South Molton Villa, destroying the building and many of its invaluable documents. Scripps received much support from her friends and neighbors. She promptly commissioned Irving J. Gill to redesign South Molton Villa and to build new, fireproof concrete structures in the same modern architectural language as The Bishop's School, the La Jolla Woman's Club, and the La Jolla Recreational Center. It has been described as one of Gill's "masterworks." In 1941, Ellen's trustees donated her house to The Art Center, later the Museum of Contemporary Art in La Jolla. The structure was altered beyond recognition. In 1996, a renovation by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown exposed the original facade.
Wealth
Ellen Browning Scripps made a fortune by investing in E.W. Scripps's growing chain of newspapers in the West. In 1894, E.W. formed a partnership with Milton A. McRae, who had risen through the ranks to become one of Scripps's top lieutenants. George H. Scripps joined the partnership in 1895. The group managed The Cincinnati Post, The Cleveland Press, The St. Louis Chronicle, The Toledo News-Bee, and the Kansas City Star. They also acquired newspapers in Memphis, Oklahoma City, Evansville, Terre Haute, Columbus, Denver, Dallas, and Houston. In the late 1890s, E.W. began to acquire papers in California, including The Los Angeles Record, The San Diego Sun, and The San Francisco News. In the Pacific Northwest, the growing profitability of working-class newspapers led to the development of The Seattle Star, The Spokane Press, The Tacoma Times, and The Portland News, all pitched to dock workers, miners, lumbermen, and cannery workers. By 1905, E.W. estimated that profits on "my little Western papers" were many times greater than those of his Eastern ones.
George H. Scripps died in 1900, leaving behind a will described as "a legacy of hate." He gave his shares of Evening News stock to E.W., whom James E. Scripps considered his nemesis. Ellen, meanwhile, received George's shares of the Scripps Publishing Co. This led to an eleven-year legal battle that E.W. and Ellen ultimately won.
Philanthropy
Interested in science and education, Ellen Browning Scripps donated the bulk of her fortune to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, The Bishop’s School in La Jolla, and the Scripps College in Claremont, California. She also financed the construction of the La Jolla Women's Club, the La Jolla Recreational Center, the La Jolla Playground and Clubhouse (later renamed the Ellen Browning Scripps Park), and the La Jolla Children's Pool. Scripps funded many wildlife preservation and education initiatives, including the Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, San Diego Natural History Museum, select wildlife books and collections (including William Leon Dawson's Birds of California), and the San Diego Zoo. After a stay in the hospital due to a broken hip, Ellen helped found the Scripps Memorial Hospital and funded the Scripps Research Clinic. These organizations eventually became The Scripps Research Institute, and two of the core providers now comprising Scripps Health—Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla and Scripps Clinic. The New York Times estimated that, during her lifetime, she gave gifts and donations to charitable causes that totaled more than $2 million, a conservative estimate dollars.
Although Scripps garnered much public attention from her philanthropic projects, she avoided publicizing her gifts and drawing attention to herself, since "publicity is distasteful to Miss Scripps."
Death
Ellen Browning Scripps died in her La Jolla home on August 3, 1932, a few weeks before her ninety-sixth birthday. Shortly thereafter, the leading newspaper trade journal Editor & Publisher praised her contributions to American journalism: "Many women have contributed, directly and indirectly, to the development of the American press, but none more influentially and beneficently than Ellen Browning Scripps." The New York Times, meanwhile, recognized her as "one of the pioneers in modern American journalism." Her obituary described her as a woman who had perfected "the art of living" as well as the art of giving.
Legacy
Scripps was nominated and inducted into the Women's Hall of Fame in 2007 hosted by the Women's Museum of California; Commission on the Status of Women; University of California, San Diego Women's Center; and San Diego State University Women's Studies.
From the 1920s, Scripps was the major benefactor of the San Diego Natural History Museum, financing its building and education programs. In 1933, the Scripps estate donated over 1,000 watercolor paintings of California wildflowers by A. R. Valentien to the San Diego Natural History Museum. Over 2500 books of her library's book collection were donated to the Claremont Colleges, where they can now be accessed from the Claremont Colleges Library and Denison Library.
The following are institutions Scripps helped to establish or fund:
Scripps College in Claremont, CA
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, est. 1903, formerly known as the Marine Biological Association
Scripps Research Institute
Scripps Aquarium, La Jolla (now Birch Aquarium at Scripps)
The Bishop's School in La Jolla, San Diego, CA
Scripps Memorial Hospital
Scripps Metabolic Clinic
La Jolla Woman's Club
Torrey Pines State Reserve
The Children's Pool, est. 1931
Donations to
Pomona College
Knox College
Cleveland College and Cleveland Museum of Natural History
Constantinople Women's College
San Diego State University (Scripps Cottage)
City of Rushville, Illinois
San Diego Museum Association
The Children's Home, San Diego
St. James by-the-Sea Episcopal Church, La Jolla
La Jolla Athenaeum Music & Arts Library
La Jolla-Riford Branch Library
San Diego Society of Natural History
San Diego Museum of Man's Ancient Egypt exhibit
San Diego Zoo
San Diego YMCA and YWCA
Asilomar Conference Center (YWCA)
Community Welfare Building
Travelers Aid Society of San Diego
See also
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s - 22 Feb. 1926
References
Further reading
Molly McClain, Ellen Browning Scripps: New Money and American Philanthropy (University of Nebraska Press, 2017)
Molly McClain, "The La Jolla of Ellen Browning Scripps," The Journal of San Diego History 57, no. 4 (2011)
Bruce Kamerling, "How Ellen Scripps Brought Ancient Egypt to San Diego", The Journal of San Diego History 38, no. 2 (1992)
Elizabeth N. Shor, "How Scripps Institution Came To San Diego," The Journal of San Diego History 27, no. 3 (Summer 1981)
Ellen Browning Scripps, in Carl Heilbron, History of San Diego (San Diego: San Diego Press Club, 1936), pp. 92–94
"In California," Time magazine, February 22, 1926
External links
https://ellenbrowningscripps.com
Ellen Browning Scripps — Scripps Health.
E.W. Scripps Papers, Mahn Center for Archives & Special Collections, Ohio University Libraries, Athens, Ohio. — Manuscript collection, primarily correspondence.
Ellen Browning Scripps Collection, Ella Strong Denison Library, Scripps College, Claremont, CA. — Manuscript collection, primarily correspondence.
Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego — on the site of her residence in La Jolla.
The San Diego Natural History Museum Research Library houses a significant collection of Ellen Browning Scripps’ papers.
Ellen Browning
American women journalists
20th-century American philanthropists
Philanthropists from California
1836 births
1932 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
People from La Jolla, San Diego
People from San Diego
People from Alameda, California
People associated with the San Diego Natural History Museum
History of San Diego
Scripps Research
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Knox College (Illinois) alumni
The Detroit News people
American investors
American women investors
19th-century American journalists
20th-century American journalists
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American writers
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century women philanthropists |
4031859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%E2%80%93Q%20plot | Q–Q plot | In statistics, a Q–Q plot (quantile-quantile plot) is a probability plot, a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions by plotting their quantiles against each other. A point on the plot corresponds to one of the quantiles of the second distribution (-coordinate) plotted against the same quantile of the first distribution (-coordinate). This defines a parametric curve where the parameter is the index of the quantile interval.
If the two distributions being compared are similar, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on the identity line . If the distributions are linearly related, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on a line, but not necessarily on the line . Q–Q plots can also be used as a graphical means of estimating parameters in a location-scale family of distributions.
A Q–Q plot is used to compare the shapes of distributions, providing a graphical view of how properties such as location, scale, and skewness are similar or different in the two distributions. Q–Q plots can be used to compare collections of data, or theoretical distributions. The use of Q–Q plots to compare two samples of data can be viewed as a non-parametric approach to comparing their underlying distributions. A Q–Q plot is generally more diagnostic than comparing the samples' histograms, but is less widely known. Q–Q plots are commonly used to compare a data set to a theoretical model. This can provide an assessment of goodness of fit that is graphical, rather than reducing to a numerical summary statistic. Q–Q plots are also used to compare two theoretical distributions to each other. Since Q–Q plots compare distributions, there is no need for the values to be observed as pairs, as in a scatter plot, or even for the numbers of values in the two groups being compared to be equal.
The term "probability plot" sometimes refers specifically to a Q–Q plot, sometimes to a more general class of plots, and sometimes to the less commonly used P–P plot. The probability plot correlation coefficient plot (PPCC plot) is a quantity derived from the idea of Q–Q plots, which measures the agreement of a fitted distribution with observed data and which is sometimes used as a means of fitting a distribution to data.
Definition and construction
A Q–Q plot is a plot of the quantiles of two distributions against each other, or a plot based on estimates of the quantiles. The pattern of points in the plot is used to compare the two distributions.
The main step in constructing a Q–Q plot is calculating or estimating the quantiles to be plotted. If one or both of the axes in a Q–Q plot is based on a theoretical distribution with a continuous cumulative distribution function (CDF), all quantiles are uniquely defined and can be obtained by inverting the CDF. If a theoretical probability distribution with a discontinuous CDF is one of the two distributions being compared, some of the quantiles may not be defined, so an interpolated quantile may be plotted. If the Q–Q plot is based on data, there are multiple quantile estimators in use. Rules for forming Q–Q plots when quantiles must be estimated or interpolated are called plotting positions.
A simple case is where one has two data sets of the same size. In that case, to make the Q–Q plot, one orders each set in increasing order, then pairs off and plots the corresponding values. A more complicated construction is the case where two data sets of different sizes are being compared. To construct the Q–Q plot in this case, it is necessary to use an interpolated quantile estimate so that quantiles corresponding to the same underlying probability can be constructed.
More abstractly, given two cumulative probability distribution functions and , with associated quantile functions and (the inverse function of the CDF is the quantile function), the Q–Q plot draws the -th quantile of against the -th quantile of for a range of values of . Thus, the Q–Q plot is a parametric curve indexed over [0,1] with values in the real plane .
Interpretation
The points plotted in a Q–Q plot are always non-decreasing when viewed from left to right. If the two distributions being compared are identical, the Q–Q plot follows the 45° line . If the two distributions agree after linearly transforming the values in one of the distributions, then the Q–Q plot follows some line, but not necessarily the line . If the general trend of the Q–Q plot is flatter than the line , the distribution plotted on the horizontal axis is more dispersed than the distribution plotted on the vertical axis. Conversely, if the general trend of the Q–Q plot is steeper than the line , the distribution plotted on the vertical axis is more dispersed than the distribution plotted on the horizontal axis. Q–Q plots are often arced, or "S" shaped, indicating that one of the distributions is more skewed than the other, or that one of the distributions has heavier tails than the other.
Although a Q–Q plot is based on quantiles, in a standard Q–Q plot it is not possible to determine which point in the Q–Q plot determines a given quantile. For example, it is not possible to determine the median of either of the two distributions being compared by inspecting the Q–Q plot. Some Q–Q plots indicate the deciles to make determinations such as this possible.
The intercept and slope of a linear regression between the quantiles gives a measure of the relative location and relative scale of the samples. If the median of the distribution plotted on the horizontal axis is 0, the intercept of a regression line is a measure of location, and the slope is a measure of scale. The distance between medians is another measure of relative location reflected in a Q–Q plot. The "probability plot correlation coefficient" (PPCC plot) is the correlation coefficient between the paired sample quantiles. The closer the correlation coefficient is to one, the closer the distributions are to being shifted, scaled versions of each other. For distributions with a single shape parameter, the probability plot correlation coefficient plot provides a method for estimating the shape parameter – one simply computes the correlation coefficient for different values of the shape parameter, and uses the one with the best fit, just as if one were comparing distributions of different types.
Another common use of Q–Q plots is to compare the distribution of a sample to a theoretical distribution, such as the standard normal distribution , as in a normal probability plot. As in the case when comparing two samples of data, one orders the data (formally, computes the order statistics), then plots them against certain quantiles of the theoretical distribution.
Plotting positions
The choice of quantiles from a theoretical distribution can depend upon context and purpose. One choice, given a sample of size , is for , as these are the quantiles that the sampling distribution realizes. The last of these, , corresponds to the 100th percentile – the maximum value of the theoretical distribution, which is sometimes infinite. Other choices are the use of , or instead to space the points evenly in the uniform distribution, using .
Many other choices have been suggested, both formal and heuristic, based on theory or simulations relevant in context. The following subsections discuss some of these. A narrower question is choosing a maximum (estimation of a population maximum), known as the German tank problem, for which similar "sample maximum, plus a gap" solutions exist, most simply . A more formal application of this uniformization of spacing occurs in maximum spacing estimation of parameters.
Expected value of the order statistic for a uniform distribution
The approach equals that of plotting the points according to the probability that the last of () randomly drawn values will not exceed the -th smallest of the first randomly drawn values.
Expected value of the order statistic for a standard normal distribution
In using a normal probability plot, the quantiles one uses are the rankits, the quantile of the expected value of the order statistic of a standard normal distribution.
More generally, Shapiro–Wilk test uses the expected values of the order statistics of the given distribution; the resulting plot and line yields the generalized least squares estimate for location and scale (from the intercept and slope of the fitted line).
Although this is not too important for the normal distribution (the location and scale are estimated by the mean and standard deviation, respectively), it can be useful for many other distributions.
However, this requires calculating the expected values of the order statistic, which may be difficult if the distribution is not normal.
Median of the order statistics
Alternatively, one may use estimates of the median of the order statistics, which one can compute based on estimates of the median of the order statistics of a uniform distribution and the quantile function of the distribution; this was suggested by .
This can be easily generated for any distribution for which the quantile function can be computed, but conversely the resulting estimates of location and scale are no longer precisely the least squares estimates, though these only differ significantly for small.
Heuristics
Several different formulas have been used or proposed as affine symmetrical plotting positions. Such formulas have the form for some value of in the range from 0 to 1, which gives a range between and .
Expressions include:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
For large sample size, , there is little difference between these various expressions.
Filliben's estimate
The order statistic medians are the medians of the order statistics of the distribution. These can be expressed in terms of the quantile function and the order statistic medians for the continuous uniform distribution by:
where are the uniform order statistic medians and is the quantile function for the desired distribution. The quantile function is the inverse of the cumulative distribution function (probability that is less than or equal to some value). That is, given a probability, we want the corresponding quantile of the cumulative distribution function.
James J. Filliben uses the following estimates for the uniform order statistic medians:
The reason for this estimate is that the order statistic medians do not have a simple form.
See also
Empirical distribution function
Probit analysis was developed by Chester Ittner Bliss in 1934.
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Cleveland, W.S. (1994) The Elements of Graphing Data, Hobart Press
Gnanadesikan, R. (1977) Methods for Statistical Analysis of Multivariate Observations, Wiley .
External links
Probability plot
Alternate description of the QQ-Plot: http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/probability_distributions.html#qqplot
Statistical charts and diagrams |
4031861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics | Zambia at the 1972 Summer Olympics | Zambia competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.
Athletics
Men
Track & road events
Women
Track & road events
Field events
Boxing
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics
1972
1972 in Zambia |
4031862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark%20Publications | Spark Publications | Spark Publications was a short-lived comic book publisher in the mid-1940s, during the Golden Age of Comic Books. The company was established and owned by Ken Crossen, who was the creator and writer of the Green Lama. Most of their comics was produced by a studio run by Jerry Robinson and Mort Meskin. Other creators who worked for Spark included Joseph Greene and Mac Raboy. The combination of Robinson, Meskin, and Raboy, using similar styles, gave Spark's books a sort of house style.
During their short existence Spark put out fifteen issues of three titles: two issues of Atoman, eight of The Green Lama (a series they picked up from Crestwood Publications), and five of Golden Lad.
Solely a publisher of superhero comics, the company was too small to survive the shrinking of the market post-World War II.
Characters
Atoman
Golden Girl
Golden Lad
Green Lama (first published by Crestwood/Prize Comics and in pulp magazines)
Lieutenant Hercules
Magga the Magnificent
Marvin the Great
Shaman & Flame
Swift Arrow
Titles published
Atoman Comics (2 issues, 1946)
Golden Lad (5 issues, 1945/46)
Green Lama (8 issues, 1944–46)
References
External links
Spark characters at International Superheroes
Comic book publishing companies of the United States
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies |
4031865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziska%20Scanagatta | Franziska Scanagatta | Franziska Scanagatta (also called Francesca Scanagatta) (1 August 1776 – 1865) was an Italian woman who disguised herself as a man in order to attend an Austrian officer school in 1794. She served during the French Revolution and was promoted to Leutnant (lieutenant) in 1800. In 1801 she left the army and was granted a pension by Francis I, Emperor of Austria, when he learned of her story.
Life
Born in Milan in 1776, which was then under Austrian rule, Scanagatta dreamt of joining the Imperial Austrian army. Fortunately, she was said to be "ugly and small, with a moustache that had developed through repeated shaving." Born with a rather weak body, she did exercises throughout her childhood to develop her muscles. She also read widely and went to an excellent convent school - apparently, all this exercising of her mind and body made her feel "like a man."
Military studies
Scanagatta's brother Giacomo was very different from her; he had always been quite effeminate. He was supposed to go to Vienna and train to become a soldier, but he confided in her that this was the last thing he wanted. Francesca made the most of a great opportunity: in 1794, dressed as a man, she travelled with Giacomo to Vienna and on 1 July, she joined the Theresian Military Academy in his place as a "externer Hörer" (external student - new to the army). When he realized what had happened, Francesca's father was flabbergasted and intended to go to Wiener Neustadt to bring her home, but she was so ardent in her wish to be an officer that he relented and allowed her to remain at the academy, where she gained excellent grades and graduated on 16 January 1797 as a Fähnrich (cadet/ensign).
Military service
In that rank, Scanagatta joined the 6th composite battalion, Warasdin Grenz District (combined Infanterie Regimenter No. 65 & 66), leading a reinforcement troop from Hungary to the battalion at Kehl on the Rhine just as the war ended in April 1797. In December, she marched with them to winter quarters in Troppau, Silesia and then to Klagenfurt in Styria. Always taking great care not to be discovered and trying to be amongst new people, she took the opportunity to take up a fellow cadet's posting to Infantry Regiment No.56 'Wenzel Graf Colloredo' in the autumn of 1798. She also fulfilled her wish to see various parts of the Empire, as she first visited the regiment's base in Moravia before joining the 'Aushilfsbezirk' (supplementary recruiting area) for the regiment in Galicia, where she arrived in September. She would regularly frequent the casino in Sandomir, where local society would gather, and was almost discovered when challenged by a local young man, who told her that some women thought Scanagatta was a woman. Her response was that she was glad to be judged by his wife, which was enough to persuade him to disbelieve the gossip. In February 1799, she marched with her company to the War of the Second Coalition, but en route suffered a severe attack of rheumatism. After two months' ill health and recuperation, she was transferred to the Deutsch-Banater Grenz Regiment No.12 and travelled to its base at Pancsova in the area, which is now northern Serbia.
With GR12, Scanagatta marched to Italy, where she continued to show her determination and endured exhausting marches, relying on her motto: "Una verace risoluta virtù non trova impresa impossibile a lei" (Real strength of mind finds nothing impossible.) When one of Francesca's army comrades teased her for being small, she challenged him to a duel and wounded him. In December 1799, she led the attack on the French trenches at Barbagelata. Over the winter, she spent time with her family and they tried to persuade her to leave the army. Promoted to Leutnant in March 1800, Francesca returned to the siege of Genoa in April, but her father informed the Austrian authorities of his daughter's presence in the army. She was obliged to resign on the very day Genoa fell, 4 June 1800. Her commander, Friedrich Heinrich von Gottesheim held a party in her honour, where she was still treated as an ordinary officer.
Later life
Back in Milan, Scanagatta met Lieutenant Spini of the Italian Presidential (later Royal) guard, whom she married on 16 January 1804. They had four children, two boys and two girls, and when the boys were old enough, they were allowed to wear their mother's medals, which she wasn't allowed to wear. She died aged 89. Her painting hangs in the Neustadt Academy
See also
Johanna Sophia Kettner
Eleonore Prochaska
Marie Schellinck
References
Sources
"Gendered War and Military", last accessed February 10, 2006
"Austria's Military Academy Founded By Maria Theresa", last accessed February 10, 2006
"Women Soldiers: The Historical Record", last accessed March 10, 2006
"Europe and Me Magazine" No.33, article by Lucy Duggan, last accessed August 11 2016
Militär-Zeitung 23 January 1865
1776 births
1865 deaths
Female wartime cross-dressers
Italian military personnel in Austrian armies
Women in 18th-century warfare
Women in 19th-century warfare
18th-century Italian women
19th-century Italian women
Italian people of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Women in European warfare
Women in war in Italy |
4031882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-loss%20expectancy | Single-loss expectancy | Single-loss expectancy (SLE) is the monetary value expected from the occurrence of a risk on an asset. It is related to risk management and risk assessment.
Single-loss expectancy is mathematically expressed as:
Where the exposure factor is represented in the impact of the risk over the asset, or percentage of asset lost. As an example, if the asset value is reduced by two thirds, the exposure factor value is 0.66. If the asset is completely lost, the exposure factor is 1.
The result is a monetary value in the same unit as the single-loss expectancy is expressed (euros, dollars, yens, etc.):
exposure factor is the subjective, potential percentage of loss to a specific asset if a specific threat is realized. The exposure factor is a subjective value that the person assessing risk must define.
See also
Information assurance
Risk assessment
Annualized loss expectancy
References
External links
Information Security Risk Analysis Paper from Digital Threat
Data security
Financial risk |
4031895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histria | Histria | Histria may refer to:
Histria ("land of the Histri"), the ancient name of the Istrian Peninsula
Venetia et Histria, a region (regio) of Roman Italy
Histria (ancient city), a Greek colony on the western shore of the Black Sea
Battle of Histria (-61 BC) |
4031907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Association%20of%20Actors | National Association of Actors | The National Association of Actors (, ANDA) is the Mexican actors guild. It is a member of the Bloque Latinoamericano de Actores (BLADA, the Latin American Actors' Block) that includes all of the actors' unions in Latin America.
The ANDA is headquartered in the colonia (borough) San Rafael of Mexico City and currently presided by Yolanda Cianí as general secretary.
ANDA began in 1934 as an independent union of actors guilds from throughout Mexico. When Angel T. Sala became its secretary general in 1936, the union was subsumed into the Union of Cinema Studio Workers (Unión de los Trabajadores de Estudio Cinematográficos, UTEC), which was under the control of the CTM, a labor confederation with allegiance to the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party. The actors, however, continued their struggle for independence and for union democracy.
In 2005, the ANDA had a conflict with Grabaciones y Doblajes Internacionales, which is in charge of the Spanish language-dubbing of the show The Simpsons. The conflict revolved around changing voice actors of the Mexican version of the show. Raymundo Capetillo, Secretary of Work and Conflict promised to defend the cause of the voice actors.
General Secretaries
Some of the most famous General Secretaries of the ANDA are:
Fernando Soler (1934-1935)
Mario Moreno Reyes "Cantinflas" (1942-1944)
Jorge Negrete (1944-1947) (1949-1953)
Rodolfo Echeverría, brother of President Luis Echeverría
David Reynoso (1977-1984)
Ignacio López Tarso (1984-1990)
Julio Alemán (1990-1994)
Humberto Elizondo (1994-1998)
Juan Imperio (1998-2002)(2002-2006)
Lilia Aragón (2006-2010)
Silvia Pinal (2010-2014)
Yolanda Cianí (2014-2018)
See also
SAG-AFTRA – United States actors guild
Associación Nacional de Intérpretes (ANDI) – Singers guild of Mexico
Footnotes
External links
BLADA
Actors' trade unions
Trade unions in Mexico
1936 establishments in Mexico
Trade unions established in 1936 |
4031908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiele%27s%20interpolation%20formula | Thiele's interpolation formula | In mathematics, Thiele's interpolation formula is a formula that defines a rational function from a finite set of inputs and their function values . The problem of generating a function whose graph passes through a given set of function values is called interpolation. This interpolation formula is named after the Danish mathematician Thorvald N. Thiele. It is expressed as a continued fraction, where ρ represents the reciprocal difference:
References
Finite differences
Articles with example ALGOL 68 code
Interpolation |
4031910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetius%20of%20Dacia | Boetius of Dacia | Boetius de Dacia, OP (also spelled Boethius de Dacia) was a 13th-century Danish philosopher.
Name
The rendering of his name Danske Bo ("Bo the Dane") into Medieval Latin as Boetius de Dacia stems from the fact that the toponym Dania, meaning Denmark, was occasionally confused with Dacia during the Middle Ages.
Life and accomplishments
Boetius was born in the first half of the 13th century. Not much is known of his early life. The attempt to connect him to known persons from Denmark or Sweden has been unsuccessful. All that is known is that he went to France to teach philosophy at the University of Paris. At the university, he associated with Siger of Brabant. He continued to teach for some time as arts masters rather than quickly moving on to study in the theology faculty or finding non-academic employment. He shared this unusual career path with Siger and others like Roger Bacon and Jean Buridan. He was condemned by Stephen Tempier in 1277 for being a leading member of the Averroist movement. Boetius fled Paris with Siger and appealed to Pope Nicholas III. He was detained at the pontifical curia at Orvieto. He went on to join the Dominicans in Denmark.
Boetius was a follower of Aristotle and Averroes. He wrote on logic, natural philosophy, metaphysics, and ethics, though some of his works have not survived. His central position was that philosophy had to follow where the arguments led, regardless of their conflict with religious faith. For him, philosophy was the supreme human activity, and in this world only philosophers attained wisdom. In his book On the Highest Good, or On the Life of the Philosopher he offers a fervently Aristotelian description of man's highest good as the rational contemplation of truth and virtue. Among the controversial conclusions that he reached are the impossibility of creation ex nihilo, the eternity of the world and of the human race, and that there could be no resurrection of the dead.
Despite his radical views, Boetius remained a Christian; he attempted to reconcile his religious beliefs with his philosophical positions by assigning the investigation of the world and of human nature to philosophy, while to religion he assigned supernatural revelation and divine miracles. He was condemned for holding the doctrine of "double truth", though he was careful to avoid calling philosophical conclusions that ran contrary to religion true simpliciter: in each branch of knowledge, one must be careful to qualify one's conclusions. The conclusions that the philosopher reaches are true "according to natural causes and principles" (De Aeternitate Mundi, p. 351).
Works and translations
Boethii Daci Opera:
Modi significandi sive quaestiones super Priscianum maiorem, edited by John Pinborg & Henry Roos with the collaboration of Severino Skovgaard Jensen, Hauniae (Copenhague), G. E. C. Gad, Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi, 4, 1969.
Quaestiones de generatione et corruptione – Quaestiones super libros physicorum, edited by Géza Sajó, Hauniae (Copenhague), G. E. C. Gad, Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi, 5, 1976.
Topica – Opuscola, Pars 1. Quaestiones super Librum Topicorum, edited by Nicolas George Green-Pedersen and John Pinborg; Pars 2. Opuscula: De aeternitate mundi. De summo bono. De somniis, edited by Nicolas George Green-Pedersen, Hauniae (Copenhague), G. E. C. Gad, Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi, 6, 1976.
Quaestiones super IV Meteorologicorum, edited by Gianfranco Fioravanti, Hauniae (Copenhague), G. E. C. Gad, Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi, 8, 1979.
Boethius of Dacia, On the Supreme Good; on the Eternity of the World; on Dreams. Edited by John F. Wippel, Mediaeval Sources in Translation. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1987.
Boetius of Dacia, "The Sophisma 'Every Man Is of Necessity an Animal'", in Norman Kretzmann and Eleonore Stump [edd. & trans.] The Cambridge Translations of Medieval Philosophical texts. Volume One: Logic and the Philosophy of Language (1988, Cambridge University Press; )
Notes
References
G. L. Bursill-Hall, Speculative Grammars of the Middle Ages: The Doctrine of the partes orationis of the Modistae, Mouton: The Hague, 1971.
John Marenbon, Later Medieval Philosophy (1150–1350), New York: Routledge, 1991 .
Armand A. Maurer, "Boetius of Dacia", in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards, Collier Macmillan, 1967.
External links
Scholastic philosophers
Danish philosophers
University of Paris faculty
13th-century philosophers
13th-century births
Year of death unknown
Latin commentators on Aristotle
13th-century Latin writers |
4031918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungmen%20Nuclear%20Power%20Plant | Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant | The Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant (), formerly known as Gongliao and commonly as the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant (), is an unfinished nuclear power plant in New Taipei City, Taiwan. It consists of two ABWRs each of 1,300 MWe net. It is owned by Taiwan Power Company (Taipower).
It was intended to be the first of these advanced Generation III reactors built outside Japan. The preceding four reactors in Japan were completed in four to five years. Taipower, however, did not award the contract to a single architect/engineering firm, but split the procurement amongst multiple vendors, complicating the project management and increasing costs. In 2000, the project was canceled due to political opposition when it was approximately 10–30% complete, but restarted in February 2001.
A national referendum was proposed in 2014 to decide if construction of the plant should continue, but the referendum was rejected from the ballot for contradictory and confusing language. Taipower submitted a plan to mothball Unit 1, which was by then complete, and freeze construction of Unit 2, starting in 2015. In 2018, Taipower started removing unused fuel from Unit 1 and returned the fuel to the United States. In December 2021, the proposal to continue construction of Unit 2 was narrowly rejected in a referendum. Given that Tsai Ing Wen of the ruling DPP opposes nuclear power and wishes to complete a nuclear phaseout by 2025 (one year after the 2024 Taiwanese presidential election), it is unlikely that construction will ever restart even though it is technologically feasible in principle and not without precedent to finish construction of a nuclear power plant after decades of no construction activity on a legacy construction project.
History
The Fourth Nuclear Power Plant was first proposed in 1978, and Taipower selected the ABWR in 1996 after a competitive bidding process. The reactor is designed by General Electric, but is supported by Hitachi, Shimizu Corporation, Toshiba, and other American, Taiwanese, and other Chinese and international companies.
The application to start construction was submitted on October 16, 1997, and after the license was granted on March 17, 1999, construction of the plant began in 1999 and was expected to be completed in 2004. The preceding four ABWR units in Japan were completed in four to five years each. Taipower, however, did not award the contract to a single architect/engineer, but hired General Electric to build the reactors, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to supply the turbines and the generators, and other contractors for the rest, making the project difficult to manage. Construction has been delayed by legal, regulatory and political obstacles. The delays in schedule also have increased the cost of the project, due to the inflation of the costs of raw materials.
Initial cancellation
The 921 earthquake in 1999 prompted three legislators to inspect construction progress; they cited rusty rebar and potential seawater seepage into the plant's foundation as potential issues. President Chen Shui-bian was elected along with other Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) legislators in March 2000 on an anti-nuclear platform which included stopping plant construction. DPP legislators called for a halt to the project in April 2000, which led to the suspension of construction in October 2000 by Premier Chang Chun-hsiung when it was approximately 10–30% complete, only to restart the following year. Contractors were idled for 111 days (from 27 October 2000 to 14 February 2001), which caused a 576-day delay towards commercial operation.
Taipower constructed a wharf in 2003 to accommodate delivery of heavy components, such as the reactor vessel. The wharf was beset with construction delays and may have contributed to local beach erosion, prompting further protests. Each reactor vessel delivery was greeted with activist protests and construction delays resulted in the vessels being stored longer than expected, with Unit 1's reactor vessel not installed until 2005.
Design of the plant was carried out by Stone & Webster (S&W), but Taipower canceled its contract with S&W in 2007, leading to protracted litigation from 2007 to 2011. In 2010, aboriginal artifacts were found at the construction site, prompting calls to halt construction again.
In 2011 the Taiwan Atomic Energy Council (AEC) criticized Taipower's management of the project. Taipower was fined by the AEC twice, in 2008 and 2011, for completing design changes without first obtaining approval from the plant's designer, General Electric. Taipower later stated the changes were executed to stay on schedule, and approval was later obtained from GE for 97% of the changes.
The temporary cancellation by the Government and other project management difficulties caused significant delays, pushing the price tag of the plant to more than US$7.5 billion by 2009. , the total price tag was close to US$10 billion, or NT$300 billion.
2012 referendum attempts
Environmental groups called for a national referendum in April 2011, following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. By obtaining the signatures of a certain percentage of registered voters, or by legislative action, a referendum may be referred to the national ballot for voter action. However, due to the politically sensitive nature of the Fourth Nuclear Plant issue, legislatively-referred and voter-referred referendums had failed to enter the national ballot.
Because of the controversy over the plant, in February 2013 the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government proposed that a referendum should be issued, which would allow the people of the country to decide the fate of the plant. The proposed referendum was sponsored by 32 KMT lawmakers led by Lee Ching-hua and asked "Do you agree that the construction of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant should be halted and that it not become operational?" Referendums must have good voter turnout (greater than 50% of registered voters must participate in the referendum vote), and a majority of participating voters must vote yes in order for the referendum to become binding, meaning that poor voter turnout would ensure referendum defeat (and in the case of the Lee referendum, continued construction). The opposition DPP claimed that getting better than 50% voter turnout in a non-Presidential election year was too difficult, and barricaded the legislative chamber to prevent a vote to place the Lee referendum on the national ballot. This led to a scuffle when KMT legislators attempted to break through the barricade, and the Lee referendum was not voted on. In the following legislative session, protesters called on the government to withdraw the Lee referendum, and it was subsequently withdrawn.
Annette Lu used the local referendum process to debate the plant's fate as early as 2012. Her petition for a local referendum gathered 50,000 signatures by March 2013, but the proposed referendum was rejected by the Executive Yuan Referendum Review Committee in May 2013, ruling the issue was of national importance, and could not be decided by local referendum. She launched another local referendum in June 2013 in opposition to the KMT-authored Lee referendum. Meanwhile, Lu filed suit in 2014 in the Taipei High Administrative Court over the Executive Yuan's rejection of the earlier referendum. The court's decision is expected in August 2014. Taipower applied for the initial fuel loading of Unit 1 on December 31, 2013.
A competing referendum was launched in 2012 by National Taiwan University professor Kao Cheng-yan, initially as a local referendum and then a national one in July 2014, once sufficient signatures had been gathered. The language of the Kao referendum was formulated to require positive action: "Do you agree to allow Taiwan Power Co to insert fuel rods into the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant in New Taipei City for a test run" so poor voter turnout would result in referendum defeat, and thus create binding opposition to starting the plant.
Unit 1 completion and 2014 referendum
In April 2014, the government decided to halt construction. The first reactor was sealed after the completion of safety checks, and construction of the second reactor was halted. A final decision on whether to proceed with construction would be subject to another referendum. The ruling KMT stated the purpose of a new referendum was to have the people decide the plant's fate while weighing the consequences of not bringing a major power source on-line. Electricity prices are estimated to rise by 14–40%, and electricity rationing could be imposed as early as 2021. Completely cancelling the plant would force Taipower to book the construction budget as a total loss and force it into insolvency.
Meanwhile, also in April 2014, the opposition DPP planned to introduce special legislation to bypass the provisions of the Referendum Act, allowing a simple majority vote (with no threshold of participation) to decide the plant's fate. Premier Jiang Yi-huah cited the prior 2000 precedent when construction was interrupted by executive order which was later ruled unconstitutional as the reason why he rejected the proposed special legislation. The Executive Yuan stated the plant could start operations if the referendum on halting construction was not held, assuming safety tests were passed first. Former DPP chairman Lin Yi-hsiung went on a hunger strike for two weeks to oppose continued construction, reflecting a popular poll, which favored lowering the threshold of participation and opposed continued construction.
The proposed Kao referendum was rejected by the Executive Yuan Referendum Review Committee in August 2014, citing the language as confusing and contradictory, since the reason given for the referendum is in opposition to nuclear power, while the referendum itself asks to start a nuclear reactor, despite the referendum gathering more than 120,000 signatures. Undaunted, supporters of the Kao referendum vowed in October 2014 to initiate another referendum. That same month, Unit 1 completed the required safety tests before the start of operations. 126 systems were tested including cooling, shutdown, containment, control and power generation. Minister of Economic Affairs Chang Chia-juch said, "Passing the rigorous review illustrates the high standards of care invested in the design and construction of the facility."
Past polls in Taiwan have showed more support for nuclear power among educated than uneducated people. The China Times poll taken in 2000 showed 60% support among those with higher degrees, and only 40% among those with only primary education.
Three-year deferment
The Ministry of Economic Affairs proposed in August 2014 that further construction be halted for three years until a national referendum could be held; Taipower estimated the three-year cost of sealing Unit 1 as less than 2 billion.
In September 2014 Taiwan Power Co. submitted its plan to the Atomic Energy Council (AEC) to mothball Unit 1 and halt construction on Unit 2 of the No. 4 nuclear power plant for three years, beginning in 2015. The plan, written in accordance with the April 2014 government directive to halt construction, underwent several revisions until its final submission in January 2015; the AEC approved Taipower's final plan in February, and it will take effect in July 2015 and run through 2017. Of the 126 systems which passed safety testing, 80 will remain in operation, 14 require periodic testing to ensure they can support their safety functions and 32 will be kept in low-humidity storage. It was estimated the cost of maintaining the mothballed reactor is 1.3 billion NT Dollars per year. With the formal entry into mothball status on July 1, Unit 1 is required to resubmit the application for initial fuel loading.
In September 2015 GE started International Court of Arbitration proceedings over withheld payments.
Continued freeze
In 2018, Taipower started shipping unused fuel rods back to the US. Taipower is required to remove all fuel rods from the plant by 2020. The ruling Democratic Progressive Party plans to shut down all nuclear plants in Taiwan by 2025. The removal of the fuel rods may mean that the plant's construction will never be restarted. Taipower stated it would take at least six years to start commercial operations at Unit 1 due to fuel removal, obsolescence of components in the ABWR NSSS, and startup testing.
In December 2021, the proposal of the re-construction of the plant was rejected, further ensuring that the construction would not be restarted in near future.
Design
Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant consists of two identical ABWR units, each with a rated thermal power of ; the core is composed of 872 GE14 fuel assemblies, and water is circulated using ten reactor internal pumps at a rate of , generating of steam at full power.
Safety
A Generation III nuclear reactor has a 72-hour capability of passive cooling to prevent damage to its core should the plant face a total blackout after an emergency shut down. If core overheating and meltdown became unavoidable, these reactors have core catchers that will trap the molten fuel and stop the nuclear reaction (although Lungmen, as other ABWR does not have a core catcher but rely on passive cooling of the corium). Finally, a tight containment ensures that no evacuation zone is required around a Generation III nuclear power plant.
The ABWR was designed to a 0.3G earthquake acceleration standard with the Lungmen units seismic hardening increased to 0.4G.
Reliability
Some custom made power plants have lower reliability in the first few years of operation. Some parts may prove unsuitable and need replacement or modifications may be necessary. ABWR uses standardized parts to avoid this, but the 3rd and 4th units displayed low reliability (45% - 70%). It is believed this experience provided knowledge that will give better results in future units. The first two units built, Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 & 7 fared much better than the following two, Hamaoka 5 and Shika 2.
See also
Nuclear power in Taiwan
List of power stations in Taiwan
Electricity sector in Taiwan
References
External links
Taiwan AEC website
Power Technology - Lungmen (Dragon Gate) Nuclear Project, Taiwan
Nuclear power stations in Taiwan
Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction
Nuclear power stations using advanced boiling water reactors
Buildings and structures in New Taipei |
4031919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua%20Line | Aqua Line | The Aqua Line is a name common to a number of rail systems around the world. It can refer to:
Aqua Line (Noida Metro) Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro) Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Aqua Line (Pune Metro) Pune, Maharashtra, India
Canada Line, Vancouver SkyTrain
Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, Japan
A proposed color and name for the Metro Expo Line, Los Angeles, California, USA
See also
Aqua (color) |
4031925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20note | Circular note | In banking, a circular note is a document request by a bank to its foreign correspondents to pay a specified sum of money to a named person. The person in whose favour a circular note is issued is furnished with a letter (containing the signature of an official of the bank and the person named) called a letter of indication, which is usually referred to in the circular note, and must be produced on presentation of the note. Circular notes are generally issued against a payment of cash to the amount of the notes, but the notes need not necessarily be cashed, but may be returned to the banker in exchange for the amount for which they were originally issued.
It is the duty of the payer to see that payment is made to the proper person and that the signature is valid; he cannot recover the amount of a forged note from the banker who issued the note.
See also
Cheque
Circular letter of credit
Letter of credit
Traveler's cheque
References
Payment systems
Interest-bearing instruments |
4031944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope-ratio%20mass%20spectrometry | Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry | Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample.
This technique has two different applications in the earth and environmental sciences. The analysis of 'stable isotopes' is normally concerned with measuring isotopic variations arising from mass-dependent isotopic fractionation in natural systems. On the other hand, radiogenic isotope analysis involves measuring the abundances of decay-products of natural radioactivity, and is used in most long-lived radiometric dating methods.
Introduction
The isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) allows the precise measurement of mixtures of naturally occurring isotopes. Most instruments used for precise determination of isotope ratios are of the magnetic sector type. This type of analyzer is superior to the quadrupole type in this field of research for two reasons. First, it can be set up for multiple-collector analysis, and second, it gives high-quality 'peak shapes'. Both of these considerations are important for isotope-ratio analysis at very high precision and accuracy.
The sector-type instrument designed by Alfred Nier was such an advance in mass spectrometer design that this type of instrument is often called the 'Nier type'. In the most general terms the instrument operates by ionizing the sample of interest, accelerating it over a potential in the kilo-volt range, and separating the resulting stream of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Beams with lighter ions bend at a smaller radius than beams with heavier ions. The current of each ion beam is then measured using a 'Faraday cup' or multiplier detector.
Many radiogenic isotope measurements are made by ionization of a solid source, whereas stable isotope measurements of light elements (e.g. H, C, O) are usually made in an instrument with a gas source. In a "multicollector" instrument, the ion collector typically has an array of Faraday cups, which allows the simultaneous detection of multiple isotopes.
Gas source mass spectrometry
Measurement of natural variations in the abundances of stable isotopes of the same element is normally referred to as stable isotope analysis. This field is of interest because the differences in mass between different isotopes leads to isotope fractionation, causing measurable effects on the isotopic composition of samples, characteristic of their biological or physical history.
As a specific example, the hydrogen isotope deuterium (heavy hydrogen) is almost double the mass of the common hydrogen isotope. Water molecules containing the common hydrogen isotope (and the common oxygen isotope, mass 16) have a mass of 18. Water incorporating a deuterium atom has a mass of 19, over 5% heavier. The energy to vaporise the heavy water molecule is higher than that to vaporize the normal water so isotope fractionation occurs during the process of evaporation. Thus a sample of sea water will exhibit a quite detectable isotopic-ratio difference when compared to Antarctic snowfall.
Samples must be introduced to the mass spectrometer as pure gases, achieved through combustion, gas chromatographic feeds, or chemical trapping. By comparing the detected isotopic ratios to a measured standard, an accurate determination of the isotopic make up of the sample is obtained. For example, carbon isotope ratios are measured relative to the international standard for C. The C standard is produced from a fossil belemnite found in the Peedee Formation, which is a limestone formed in the Cretaceous period in South Carolina, U.S.A. The fossil is referred to as VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) and has 13C:12C ratio of 0.0112372. Oxygen isotope ratios are measured relative the standard, V-SMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water).
It is critical that the sample be processed before entering the mass spectrometer so that only a single chemical species enters at a given time. Generally, samples are combusted or pyrolyzed and the desired gas species (usually hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), or sulfur dioxide (SO2)) is purified by means of traps, filters, catalysts and/or chromatography.
The two most common types of IRMS instruments are continuous flow and dual inlet. In dual inlet IRMS, purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparison measurements are made of both gases. In continuous flow IRMS, sample preparation occurs immediately before introduction to the IRMS, and the purified gas produced from the sample is measured just once. The standard gas may be measured before and after the sample or after a series of sample measurements. While continuous-flow IRMS instruments can achieve higher sample throughput and are more convenient to use than dual inlet instruments, the yielded data is of approximately 10-fold lower precision.
Static gas mass spectrometry
A static gas mass spectrometer is one in which a gaseous sample for analysis is fed into the source of the instrument and then left in the source without further supply or pumping throughout the analysis. This method can be used for 'stable isotope' analysis of light gases (as above), but it is particularly used in the isotopic analysis of noble gases (rare or inert gases) for radiometric dating or isotope geochemistry. Important examples are argon–argon dating and helium isotope analysis.
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry
Several of the isotope systems involved in radiometric dating depend on IRMS using thermal ionization of a solid sample loaded into the source of the mass spectrometer (hence thermal ionization mass spectrometry, TIMS). These methods include rubidium–strontium dating, uranium–lead dating, lead–lead dating and samarium–neodymium dating.
When these isotope ratios are measured by TIMS, mass-dependent fractionation occurs as species are emitted by the hot filament. Fractionation occurs due to the excitation of the sample and therefore must be corrected for accurate measurement of the isotope ratio.
There are several advantages of the TIMS method. It has a simple design, is less expensive than other mass spectrometers, and produces stable ion emissions. It requires a stable power supply, and is suitable for species with a low ionization potential, such as Strontium (Sr), and Lead (Pb).
The disadvantages of this method stem from the maximum temperature achieved in thermal ionization. The hot filament reaches a temperature of less than 2500 degrees Celsius, leading to the inability to create atomic ions of species with a high ionization potential, such as Osmium (Os), and Tungsten (Hf-W). Although the TIMS method can create molecular ions instead in this case, species with high ionization potential can be analyzed more effectively with MC-ICP-MS.
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry
An alternative approach used to measure the relative abundance of radiogenic isotopes when working with a solid surface is secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). This type of ion-microprobe analysis normally works by focusing a primary (oxygen) ion beam on a sample in order to generate a series of secondary positive ions that can be focused and measured based on their mass/charge ratios.
SIMS is a common method used in U-Pb analysis, as the primary ion beam is used to bombard the surface of a single zircon grain in order to yield a secondary beam of Pb ions. The Pb ions are analyzed using a double focusing mass spectrometer that comprises both an electrostatic and magnetic analyzer. This assembly allows the secondary ions to be focused based on their kinetic energy and mass-charge ratio in order to be accurately collected using a series of Faraday cups.
A major issue that arises in SIMS analysis is the generation of isobaric interference between sputtered molecular ions and the ions of interest. This issue occurs with U–Pb dating as Pb ions have essentially the same mass as HfO2+. In order to overcome this problem, a sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) can be used. A SHRIMP is a double-focusing mass spectrometer that allows for a large spatial separation between different ion masses based on its relatively large size. For U-Pb analysis, the SHRIMP allows for the separation of Pb from other interfering molecular ions, such as HfO2+.
Multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
An MC-ICP-MS instrument is a multiple collector mass spectrometer with a plasma source. MC-ICP-MS was developed to improve the precision achievable by ICP-MS during isotope-ratio measurements. Conventional ICP-MS analysis uses a quadrupole analyser, which only allows single-collector analysis. Due to the inherent instability of the plasma, this limits the precision of ICP-MS with a quadrupole analyzer to around 1%, which is insufficient for most radiogenic isotope systems.
Isotope-ratio analysis for radiometric dating has normally been determined by TIMS. However, some systems (e.g. Hf-W and Lu-Hf) are difficult or impossible to analyse by TIMS, due to the high ionization potential of the elements involved. Therefore, these methods can now be analysed using MC-ICP-MS.
The Ar-ICP produces an ion-beam with a large inherent kinetic energy distribution, which makes the design of the mass-spectrometer somewhat more complex than it is the case for conventional TIMS instruments. First, different from Quadrupole ICP-MS systems, magnetic sector instruments have to operate with a higher acceleration potential (several 1000 V) in order to minimize the energy distribution of the ion beam. Modern instruments operate at 6-10kV.
The radius of deflection of an ion within a magnetic field depends on the kinetic energy and the mass/charge ratio of the ion (strictly, the magnet is a momentum analyzer not just a mass analyzer). Because of the large energy distribution, ions with similar mass/charge ratio can have very different kinetic energies and will thus experience different deflection for the same magnetic field. In practical terms one would see that ions with the same mass/charge ratio focus at different points in space. However, in a mass-spectrometer one wants ions with the same mass/charge ratio to focus at the same point, e.g. where the detector is located. In order to overcome these limitations, commercial MC-ICP-MS are double-focusing instruments. In a double-focusing mass-spectrometer ions are focused due to kinetic energy by the ESA (electro-static-analyzer) and kinetic energy + mass/charge (momentum) in the magnetic field. Magnet and ESA are carefully chosen to match the energy focusing properties of one another and are arranged so that the direction of energy focusing is in opposite directions. To simplify, two components have an energy focus term, when arranged properly, the energy term cancels out and ions with the same mass/charge ratio focus at the same point in space. It is important to note, double-focusing does not reduce the kinetic energy distribution and different kinetic energies are not filtered or homogenized. Double-focusing works for single as well as multi-collector instruments. In single collector instruments ESA and magnet can be arranged in either forward geometry (first ESA then magnet) or reversed geometry (magnet first then ESA), as only point-to-point focusing is required. In multi-collector instruments, only forward geometry (ESA then magnet) is possible due to the array of detectors and the requirements of a focal plane rather than a focal point.
Accelerator mass spectrometry
For isotopes occurring at extremely low levels, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) can be used. For example, the decay rate of the radioisotope 14C is widely used to date organic materials, but this approach was once limited to relatively large samples no more than a few thousand years old. AMS extended the range of 14C dating to about 60,000 years BP, and is about 106 times more sensitive than conventional IRMS.
AMS works by accelerating negative ions through a large (mega-volt) potential, followed by charge exchange and acceleration back to ground. During charge exchange, interfering species can be effectively removed. In addition, the high energy of the beam allows the use of energy-loss detectors, that can distinguish between species with the same mass/charge ratio. Together, these processes allow the analysis of extreme isotope ratios above 1012.
Moving wire IRMS
Moving wire IRMS is useful for analyzing carbon-13 ratios of compounds in a solution, such as after purification by liquid chromatography. The solution (or outflow from the chromatography) is dried onto a nickel or stainless steel wire. After the residue is deposited on the wire, it enters a furnace where the sample is converted to CO2 and water by combustion. The gas stream finally enters a capillary, is dried, ionized, and analyzed. This process allows a mixture of compounds to be purified and analyzed continuously, which can decrease the analysis time by a factor of four. Moving wire IRMS is quite sensitive, and samples containing as little as 1 nanomole of carbon can yield precise (within 1‰) results.
See also
Bainbridge mass spectrometer
Isoscapes
Isotopomers
Table of nuclides
References
Bibliography
Geochemistry
Mass spectrometry |
4031948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAST%20Team | FAST Team | FAST Team may refer to:
Firefighter Assist and Search Team
Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team, an elite branch of the U.S. Marine Corps
Drug Enforcement Administration#Foreign-deployed Advisory and Support Teams |
4031981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Blockading%20Squadron | Atlantic Blockading Squadron | The Atlantic Blockading Squadron was a unit of the United States Navy created in the early days of the American Civil War to enforce the Union blockade of the ports of the Confederate States. It was formed in 1861 and split up the same year for the creation of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
History
American Civil War
Following President Abraham Lincoln’s proclamation of a blockade of Southern ports on April 19, 1861, the Navy Department found it necessary to subdivide the territory assigned to the Home Squadron. This resulted in the creation of the Coast Blockading Squadron and the Gulf Blockading Squadron in early May 1861.
In orders sent on May 1, 1861 Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles appointed Flag Officer Silas H. Stringham to command the Coast Blockading Squadron. Stringham received this order and took command on May 4, 1861. His new command was to be headquartered at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and was given responsibility for the blockading of the coast from the capes of the Chesapeake to the southern extremity of Florida and Key West. On May 17, 1861, the Coast Blockading Squadron was re-designated the Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
On September 16, 1861, Stringham tendered his resignation as commander of the squadron following his receipt of a letter from Acting Secretary of the Navy Gustavus V. Fox that he felt indicated disapproval of his measures to enforce the blockade. Stringham’s resignation was accepted on September 18, 1861, and the same day Flag Officer Louis M. Goldsborough was appointed as his replacement. The transfer of command took place on September 23, 1861, when Goldsborough arrived at Hampton Roads. In communicating to Goldsborough about his appointment Gideon Welles stated that “more vigorous and energetic action must be taken” to enforce the blockade.
During the summer of 1861 a four-person board, chaired by Captain Samuel F. Du Pont, was formed to study the implementation of the blockade and make recommendations to improve its efficiency. In the board’s report of July 16, 1861, it was recommended that the Atlantic region be divided into northern and southern sectors. On September 18, 1861, the Navy Department reached the decision to implement this division with the dividing line being the border between North Carolina and South Carolina. The implementation of this was delayed for a time and on October 12, 1861, the Navy Department informed Flag Officer Goldsborough that the division of his command would be effective as of the date Flag Officer Samuel F. Du Pont, who was appointed commander of the southern squadron, departed from Hampton Roads with the expedition to capture Port Royal, South Carolina. Du Pont departed on October 29, 1861, upon which date the squadron was divided to form the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
The only major operation conducted by the Atlantic Blockading Squadron was the expedition that led to the capture of Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina August 26–29, 1861. This goal of the operation was to deny use of the inlet to Confederate shipping and this was accomplished with few casualties. The operation was also significant for giving the Union a badly needed victory following the Battle of Bull Run, being the first amphibious landing and the first large scale combined Army-Navy operation of the war.
Ships of the Squadron
On May 17, 1861, there were only fourteen ships assigned to the squadron, along with the Flying Flotilla (later the Potomac Flotilla) which was being formed by Commander James H. Ward who had departed for the Chesapeake from the New York Navy Yard on May 16, 1861. In effect Ward's flotilla acted independently under the direct orders of the Navy Department, though there was some transfer of vessels between the commands. With the acquisition and arming of civilian vessels the Atlantic Blockading Squadron grew to about three times its original allocated strength.
Commanders
References
In these notes the abbreviation ORN is used for the work Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
Notes
Bibliography
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Volume 5. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1897).
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Volume 6. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1897).
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Volume 12. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1901).
Anderson, Bern. By Sea and by River: The Naval History of the Civil War. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1989).
Silverstone, Paul H. Warships of the Civil War Navies. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989).
Union Navy
Ship squadrons of the United States Navy
1861 establishments in the United States |
4031983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%20Island%20Aquatic%20Reserve | Cook Island Aquatic Reserve |
Cook Island Aquatic Reserve is a marine protected area located in the South Pacific Ocean, located around Cook Island about from the Fingal Head mainland of New South Wales.
The aquatic reserve consists of the waters around the island within a radius of of a survey marker located on the island up to the Mean High Water Mark. It was declared on 23 October 1998 under the state's Fisheries Management Act 1994. As of 2016, its area was .
The aquatic reserve consists of two zones – one extending from Mean High Water Mark on the island to a "boundary defined by five marker buoys" where fishing is prohibited and another extending from the "marker bouys" to the outer boundary of the aquatic reserve where fishing is permitted.
The waters within the aquatic reserve are used for recreational activities including swimming, boating and diving. Thirteen moorings have been located within the aquatic reserve for use by boats to eliminate the need to anchor and therefore minimise damage to the seabed.
The aquatic reserve contains a wide variety of fish species, anemonefish, bullseyes, groupers, leatherjackers, parrotfish, pufferfish, surgeonfish, sweetlips and trevally. It also has a mass of additional species, including brittle stars, flatworms, shrimps, nudibranchs, and is frequented by migratory shark species, blind sharks (Brachaelurus waddi), leopard sharks (Stegostoma semifasciatum) and wobbegongs. Other native animals include crustaceans, green turtles, jellyfish, molluscs and stingrays. It hosts diverse fauna and has been noted in 2009 by Tweed Shire Council's Coast and Waterways Officer, Tom Alletson as an important habitat of sharks.
As of 2016, the aquatic reserve had been classified under International Union for Conservation of Nature system of protected area categories with the no-fishing zone is IUCN Category II and the line fishing only zone is IUCN Category IV.
See also
Cook Island Nature Reserve
Protected areas of New South Wales
References
External links
Official webpage
Webpage on the Protected Planet webpage
Tweed Heads, New South Wales
Tweed Shire
IUCN Category II
IUCN Category IV
Marine protected areas of New South Wales
Protected areas established in 1998
1998 establishments in Australia |
4031992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque%20languages | Mixe–Zoque languages | The Mixe–Zoque (also: Mixe–Zoquean, Mije–Soke, Mije–Sokean) languages are a language family whose living members are spoken in and around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. The Mexican government recognizes three distinct Mixe–Zoquean languages as official: Mixe or ayook with 188,000 speakers, Zoque or o'de püt with 88,000 speakers, and the Popoluca languages of which some are Mixean and some Zoquean with 69,000 speakers. However, the internal diversity in each of these groups is great. Ethnologue counts 17 different languages, and the current classification of Mixe–Zoquean languages by Wichmann (1995) counts 12 languages and 11 dialects. Extinct languages classified as Mixe–Zoquean include Tapachultec, formerly spoken in Tapachula, along the southeast coast of Chiapas.
History
Historically the Mixe–Zoquean family may have been much more widespread, reaching into the Guatemalan Pacific coast (i.e. the Soconusco region). Terrence Kaufman and Lyle Campbell have argued, based on a number of widespread loanwords in other Mesoamerican languages, that it is likely that the Olmec people, generally seen as the earliest dominating culture of Mesoamerica, spoke a Mixe–Zoquean language. Kaufman and John Justeson also claim to have deciphered a substantial part of the text written in Isthmian script (called also by them and some others 'Epi-Olmec') which appears on La Mojarra Stela 1, based upon their deciphering of the text as representing an archaic Mixe–Zoquean language.
Both of these claims have been criticized: Michael D. Coe and David Stuart argue that the surviving corpus of the few known examples of Isthmian inscriptions is insufficient to securely ground any proposed decipherment. Their attempt to apply Kaufman's and Justeson's decipherments to other extant Isthmian material failed to produce any meaningful results. Wichmann (1995) criticizes certain proposed Mixe–Zoquean loans into other Mesoamerican languages as being only Zoquean, not Mixean, which would put the period of borrowing much later than the Proto-Mixe–Zoquean time-frame in which the Olmec culture was at its height. The date of the Mixe–Zoque split has however since been pushed back, and the argument is therefore much weaker than it once was thought to be.
Later, Kaufman (2001), again on the basis of loans from Mixe–Zoque into other Mesoamerican languages, argues a Mixe–Zoquean presence at Teotihuacan, and he ascribes to Mixe–Zoquean an important role in spreading a number of the linguistic features that later became some of the principal commonalities used in defining the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area.
Genetic relations with other families
The Mixe–Zoque languages have been included in several long-range classification proposals, e.g. in Edward Sapir's "Mexican Penutian" branch of his proposed Penutian linguistic superfamily, or as part of the Macro-Mayan proposal by Norman McQuown with puts together the Mixe–Zoque languages with the Mayan languages and the Totonacan languages. At the end of the last century, Lyle Campbell dismissed most earlier comparisons as methodologically flawed, but considered the Macro-Mayan proposal the most promising, but yet unproven hypothesis. In two more recently published articles, evidence is presented for linking the Mixe–Zoque languages either with the Totonacan languages ("Totozoquean"), or with the Mayan languages.
Classification
Wichmann (1995)
The following internal classification of the Mixe–Zoquean languages is by Søren Wichmann (1995).
Proto-Mixe-Zoquean
Proto-Mixean
Tapachultec
Sayula Popoluca (Sayultec)
Oluta Popoluca (Olutec)
Proto-Oaxaca Mixean
North Highland Mixe
South Highland Mixe
Midland Mixe, Lowland Mixe
Proto-Zoquean
Proto-Gulf Zoquean
Chimalapa Zoque
Chiapas Zoque
Kaufman & Justeson (2000)
The following internal classification of the Mixe–Zoquean languages is by Kaufman & Justeson (2000), cited in Zavala (2000). Individual languages are marked by italics.
Mixe-Zoque
Mixe
Tapachultec
Olutec
Mixe Proper
Sayultec
(branch)
Lowland Mixe
Highland Mixe
Zoque
Gulf Zoquean
Soteapan Zoque (Sierra Popoluca)
(branch)
Texistepec Zoque
Ayapanec Zoque
Zoque
Chiapas Zoque
Oaxaca Zoque
Justeson and Kaufman also classify Epi-Olmec as a Zoquean language, although this claim is disputed by Andrew Robinson.
Phonology
The phoneme inventory of Proto-Mixe–Zoquean as reconstructed by Wichmann (1995) can be seen to be relatively simple, but many of the modern languages have been innovative; some have become quite vowel rich, and some also have introduced a fortis–lenis contrast in the stop series. Although the lateral phoneme is found in a few words in some of the languages, these are probably of onomatopoeic origin.
has also been reconstructed .
Syllables
Mixe–Zoquean languages are characterized by complex syllabic nuclei made up of combinations of vowels together with the glottal stop and in the proto-language. Complex syllable-final consonant clusters are also typical in the daughter languages and can be reconstructed for the proto-language.
Proto-Mixe–Zoquean syllable nuclei could be either:
V – short vowel
V' – short vowel with glottal stop
VV – long vowel
V'V – long vowel with medial glottal stop
VV' – long vowel with final glottal stop
Vh – short vowel with h
Grammatical features
The Mixe–Zoquean languages are head-marking and polysynthetic, with morphologically complex verbs and simple nouns. Grammatical subjects as well as objects are marked in the verb. Ergative alignment is used, as well as direct–inverse systems triggered by animacy and topicality. In Mixe–Zoquean verbs, a morphological distinction is made between two basic clause-types, independent and dependent; verbs take different aspectual and personal affixes, depending on the type of clause in which they appear. There are two different sets of aspect-markers, one used in dependent clauses and another used in independent clauses. Three aspects are distinguished within each clause-type: incompletive, completive, and irrealis.
Ethnologue classification and SIL ISO-codes
Ethnologue still uses the earlier pre-Wichmann classification, based on surveys of mutual intelligibility and comparative work by William Wonderly, as a basis for their work. This classification is not used by historical linguists, and Lyle Campbell's authoritative 1997 presentation uses Wichmann's classification.
Mixe languages — an estimated 90,000 native speakers
Eastern Mixe — An estimated 72,000 native speakers
Dialects: Coatlán (mco), Istmo (mir), Quetzaltepec (pxm), Juquila (mxq), Mazatlán (mzl)
Veracruz Mixe — An estimated 4,000 native speakers
Dialects: Oluta (plo) nearly extinct – only 100 speakers, Sayula (pos)
Western Mixe
An estimated 10,000 native speakers
Dialects: Totontepec (mto), Tlahuitoltepec (mxp)
Zoque languages — an estimated 60,000 native speakers
Chiapas Zoque — An estimated 22,000 native speakers
Dialects: Copainalá (zoc), Rayón (zor), Francisco León (zos)
Oaxaca Zoque – An estimated 4,500 native speakers
Dialect: Chimalapa (zoh)
Veracruz Zoque — An estimated 30,000 native speakers
Dialects: Highland (poi), Texistepec (poq) nearly extinct – only 450 speakers, Tabasco (zoq) nearly extinct – only 40 speakers
Notes
References
Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman (1976), "A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs", American Antiquity, 41 pp. 80–89.
Justeson, John S., and Kaufman, Terrence, (1997),"A Newly Discovered Column in the Hieroglyphic Text on La Mojarra Stela 1: a Test of the Epi-Olmec Decipherment", Science, 07/11/97, Vol. 277 Issue 5323, p. 207.
Justeson, John S., and Kaufman, Terrence (2001) Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts.
Kaufman, Terrence, (2001) Nawa linguistic prehistory, published at website of the Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project
Brigham Young University press release on behalf of Brigham Young University archaeologist Stephen Houston and Yale University professor emeritus Michael Coe disputing Justeson/Kaufman findings.
External links
Mixe–Zoque language family
Language families
Mesoamerican languages
Indigenous languages of Mexico |
4031996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Ontario%20Junior%20Hockey%20League | Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League | The Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL) is a Canadian Junior ice hockey league and member of the Canadian Junior Hockey League and Northern Ontario Hockey Association. The winner of the NOJHL playoffs competes for the Dudley Hewitt Cup with the winners of the Ontario Junior Hockey League and the Superior International Junior Hockey League. The winner of the Dudley Hewitt Cup then moves on to compete for the Royal Bank Cup.
The modern NOJHL
The current incarnation of the NOJHL comprises twelve teams located in Ontario and Michigan. The teams are currently located in: Blind River, Cochrane, Elliot Lake, Espanola, Hearst, Kirkland Lake, Noelville, Powassan, Rayside-Balfour, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Timmins the league is spread across the southern region of Northeastern Ontario.
The current NOJHL origins were in 1970 when the previous NOJHL was unstable footing while competing as a Junior "A" league. In Southern Ontario, the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League was looking to expand north and the league's two top teams, the Sudbury Wolves and Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds, accepted an invitation from the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League to compete in the higher league. The next best team, the North Bay Trappers, then chose to leave and joined the Ontario Hockey Association's new Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. With the top tier of talent gone, the only remaining team in the league was the Chelmsford Canadiens. A season before, the Espanola Screaming Eagles had been a member of the league, but opted to drop to the NOHA Jr. B Hockey League in 1971; the Canadiens joined them in 1972.
The NOHA Jr. B Hockey League was formed in 1970 with a North and South division and teams in Capreol, Levak, Kapuskasing, amongst others. In their first season, the Capreol Hawks won the league championship. In 1971, Espanola jumped on board, followed by Chelmsford in 1972. In 1973, the Canadians moved to Rayside-Balfour and became the Canadians. The Onaping Falls Huskies moved from Levack in 1974, and the Nickel Centre Native Sons, Coniston Flyers, and Sudbury North Stars joined in 1976 when the NOHA merged their small Juvenile league into Jr. B.
In 1978, the top teams of the NOHA Jr. B Hockey League created the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League and were promoted to Tier II Junior "A". With the five former Jr. "B" clubs and the Sudbury Cubs, the league was back in action. In 1981, the Elliot Lake Vikings jumped into the fold. In 1983, the Onaping Falls Huskies dropped out despite winning three league titles in the past four seasons. After a one-season hiatus, they came back for two more years and then folded for good. In 1986, Rayside-Balfour went on hiatus and Capreol folded, dropping the league down to four teams. The Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League, also down to four teams, operated with the NOJHL as essentially two divisions of the same league. With an interlocking schedule, the NOJHL survived the 1986–87 season, the OPJHL did not and folded after the season concluded. Also, after 8 years of trying and failing, an NOJHL champion defeated an OPJHL champion for the Ontario Hockey Association championship. The Nickel Centre Power Trains defeated the Owen Sound Greys 4-games-to-2 for the right to compete for the Dudley Hewitt Cup—the Central Canadian Junior "A" Championship. The next year, the Canadians were back and a new team known as the Thessalon Flyers entered the league. In 1988, the Haileybury 54's joined the league and in 1989 so did the Rouyn-Noranda Capitales. Thessalon folded in 1990, Haileybury moved to Powassan in 1991 and the Timmins Golden Bears joined as well. A season later, Sudbury became Nickel Centre and then later folded. In 1994, Powassan moved to Sturgeon Falls and the Parry Sound Shamrocks joined the league. In 1996, Rouyn-Noranda folded to make way for a new Quebec Major Junior Hockey League team that was moving to their town. In 1999, Timmins moved to Iroquois Falls, Elliot Lake moved to Nickel Centre, and the Soo Thunderbirds were founded. Also in 1999, Parry Sound moved to a new OPJHL (founded in 1993). A year later, Nickel Centre moved to Blind River and the Sudbury Northern Wolves were founded. In 2002, Sturgeon Falls moved to North Bay. A season after that, a team from Manitoulin joined and Espanola jumped over to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Finally, in 2005, the league's most dominant team in history and the last remaining shred of the original NOJHL, Rayside-Balfour, folded. They did not go without leaving their mark. Early in the 2005–06 season, the Sudbury Northern Wolves became heavily involved with the OHL's Sudbury Wolves and the Northern Wolves became the Sudbury Jr. Wolves. The remaining players from the Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats joined the Jr. Wolves. From 1996 until 2002, the Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats won 7 straight NOJHL Championships, three Dudley Hewitt Cups, and once came within one win of winning the Royal Bank Cup as national champions.
There were six teams in the NOJHL as of 2007. The 2006–07 league champions, the Soo Indians, took a year off in an attempt to sell the franchise. A year later, in 2008, they came back as the Soo Eagles. Also, in the summer of 2008, the Temiscaming Royals jumped from the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League to the NOJHL to expand the league to eight teams. Temiscaming was the second Québécois team in NOJHL history, after the Rouyn-Noranda Capitales who were in the league from 1989 to 1996. In the spring of 2011, the Royals failed to find new ownership and folded. The Manitoulin Islanders left Little Current, Ontario at the end of the 2010–11 season and relocated to Kirkland Lake, Ontario. At the same time, Temiscaming Royals owner Steve McCharles was attempting to sell his team, but folded after a deal fell through with a group from Kirkland Lake.
With the Manitoulin Islanders relocated to Kirkland Lake, the team became the Kirkland Lake Blue Devils to commemorate the 1940 Allan Cup champions by the same team name. However, in December 2011, the Blue Devils were folding mid-season as a result of owner Bob Kasner being suspended for 6 months for roster violations. Days later, a new group came and created the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners to keep the team in the league.
During the 2011–12 season, the NOJHL implemented concussion safety policy and drug testing programs. The NOJHL is the first league in Canadian Junior A hockey to target either of these hot button issues.
In 2012, the Soo Thunderbirds became only the second NOJHL franchise to qualify for the Royal Bank Cup, ending a 10-year drought that saw no NOJHL franchise at the Royal Bank Cup, despite making the Dudley-Hewitt Cup finals three times since the round-robin format in 2002. Over the summer of 2012, the Sudbury Jr. Wolves severed ties with the OHL's Wolves and became the Sudbury Cubs, and that moniker only lasted one season and became the Sudbury Nickel Barons. The Michigan-based Soo Eagles would also leave to join the USA Hockey Tier II North American Hockey League.
In 2013, the NOJHL granted expansion to Espanola. A community that have been without an NOJHL team since 2003 when the Screaming Eagles relocated to Northern Michigan. The re-addition brought the league up to 8 teams - the most since the 2004–05 season. The North Bay Trappers relocated out of North Bay to Mattawa at the end of the 2013–14 season and became the Mattawa Blackhawks because the Trappers were denied a lease renewal with West Ferris Arena and also because of the thriving OHL market with the North Bay Battalion. The Espanola Rivermen were added to the NOJHL for 2013–14, but left after one season to join the non-Hockey Canada sanctioned Canadian International Hockey League. The Elliot Lake Bobcats relocated to Cochrane, Ontario and became the Cochrane Crunch, who became the league's most-northern team. Weeks later, the Elliot Lake market was replaced with the Elliot Lake Wildcats.
Over the summer of 2015, the league saw the resurrection of the Rayside-Balfour Canadians, who were the Sudbury Nickel Barons from 2012 to 2015. The Sudbury Nickel Barons, for the second time pulled out of hosting the Dudley-Hewitt Cup due to the relocation and the lack of support in the community. The 2016 tournament was allocated to Kirkland Lake, Ontario and hosted by the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners. The Abitibi Eskimos left Iroquois Falls after 13 years to move to Timmins and become the Timmins Rock. Mattawa, the smallest market in the NOJHL lost the Mattawa Blackhawks to Iroquois Falls to replace the departed Abitibi Eskimos and became known as the Iroquois Falls Eskimos. The league grew to 10 teams with the addition of the French River Rapids of Noelville, Ontario. Weeks after the French River Rapids joined the league, the Espanola Express joined the league putting membership to a record 11 teams - the most the league has carried. In May 2015, the Soo Eagles of the North American Hockey League applied and were approved to return to the NOJHL after leaving in 2012 due to the Michigan-based NAHL teams either folding or relocating.
In April 2017, the Iroquois Falls Eskis announced they were moving to Hearst, Ontario, and became the Hearst Lumberjacks.
Teams
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Copeland-McNamara Trophy and Division Champions
In 2008–09, the NOJHL instituted divisions. Overall champions are bolded.
Dudley Hewitt Cup Central Canadian Champions
Trophy gallery
Former teams
Notable alumni
Todd Bertuzzi - Sudbury Cubs
Brian Savage - Sudbury Cubs
Steve Sullivan - Timmins Golden Bears
Alex Auld - Sturgeon Falls Lynx
Chris Thorburn - Elliot Lake Ice
Jeremy Stevenson - Elliot Lake Vikings
Jake Muzzin - Soo Thunderbirds
Alex Henry - Timmins Golden Bears
Dan Cloutier - Timmins Golden Bears
Trevor Halverson - Thessalon Flyers
Shannon Hope - Elliot Lake Vikings
Lonnie Loach - Haileybury 54's
Tyler Kennedy - Soo Thunderbirds
Derek MacKenzie - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats
Colin Miller - Soo Thunderbirds
Andrew Desjardins - Espanola Screaming Eagles
League records
Team season
Best Record, One Season:
40-0-0 - Sudbury Cubs, 1989-90
40-0-0 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats, 1999-00
Worst Record, One Season:
0-51-0-1 Blind River Beavers 2014-15
Most Goals Scored, One Season:
482 - Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 1991-92
Fewest Goals Scored, One Season:
97 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats, 2003-04
Fewest Goals Against, One Season:
80 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats, 1999-00
Most Goals Against, One Season:
708 - Elliot Lake Vikings, 1991-92
Team game
Largest margin of victory:
Rayside-Balfour Canadiens 30 - Elliot Lake Vikings 3 on January 28, 1992
Individual season
Most Goals, One Season:
97 - Denis Castonguay, Rayside Balfour Canadians, 1983-84
Most Assists, One Season:
106 - John Stos, Rayside Balfour Canadians, 1991-92
Most Points, One Season:
196 - Denis Castonguay, Rayside Balfour Canadians, 1983-84
Most Penalty Minutes, One Season:
384 - Andy Hodgins, Espanola Eagles, 1991-92
Lowest Goals Against Average, One Season:
1.99 - Justin Dumont, Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats, 1999-00
Most Shutouts, One Season:
9 - Connor Rykman, Soo Thunderbirds, 2015–16
Individual career
Most Games Played, Career:
244 - Matthew Neault, Blind River Beavers/Sudbury Nickel Barons/Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 2013-2018
Most Goals, Career:
197 - Denis Castonguay, Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 1979-84
Most Assists, Career:
237 - Brian Verreault, Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 1979-84
Most Points, Career:
409 - Brian Verreault, Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 1979-84
Most Penalty Minutes, Career:
919 - Dean Bowles, Elliot Lake Vikings, 1986-91
Timeline of teams in the NOJHL
1978 - NOHA Jr. B Hockey League is promoted to Junior A and renamed Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League - League includes: Sudbury Cubs, Nickel Centre Native Sons, Onaping Falls Huskies, Capreol Hawks, Rayside-Balfour Canadians, and Espanola Eagles
1981 - Elliot Lake Vikings join from International Junior B Hockey League
1982 - Sudbury Cubs become Sudbury North Stars
1983 - Onaping Falls Huskies leave league
1983 - Sudbury North Stars return to Sudbury Cubs
1984 - Onaping Falls Huskies rejoin league
1984 - Nickel Centre Native Sons leave league
1985 - Nickel Centre Native Sons rejoin league
1986 - Nickel Centre Native Sons renamed Nickel Centre Power Trains
1986 - Rayside-Balfour Canadians, Capreol Hawks, and Onaping Falls Huskies leave league
1987 - Rayside-Balfour Canadians rejoin league
1987 - Thessalon Flyers join league
1987 - Nickel Centre Power Trains leave league
1988 - Espanola Eagles leave league, franchise sold to Haileybury 54's
1989 - Rouyn-Noranda Capitales join league
1990 - Thessalon Flyers leave league
1990 - Haileybury 54's move and become Powassan Passport
1991 - Timmins Golden Bears and Espanola Eagles join league
1992 - Sudbury Cubs become Nickel Centre Cubs
1992 - Powassan Passport become Powassan Hawks
1993 - Nickel Centre Cubs leave league
1994 - Parry Sound Shamrocks join league
1994 - Powassan Hawks move and are renamed Sturgeon Falls Lynx
1995 - Espanola Eagles leave league
1995 - Rayside-Balfour Canadians renamed Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats
1996 - Rouyn-Noranda Capitales disband to make way for Rouyn-Noranda Huskies of Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
1997 - Elliot Lake Vikings become Elliot Lake Ice
1998 - Espanola Eagles rejoin league
1999 - Timmins Golden Bears relocate and become Iroquois Falls Jr. Eskis
1999 - Soo Thunderbirds join league
1999 - Elliot Lake Ice leave league, franchise sold to Nickel Centre Barons
1999 - Parry Sound Shamrocks move to the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League
2000 - Sudbury Northern Wolves join league
2000 - Nickel Centre Barons move and are renamed Blind River Barons
2001 - Blind River Barons renamed Blind River Beavers
2002 - Iroquois Fals Jr. Eskis are renamed Abitibi Eskimos
2002 - Sturgeon Falls Lynx move to North Bay and become the North Bay Skyhawks
2002 - Soo Thunderbirds are renamed Sault Ste. Marie Jr. Greyhounds
2003 - Espanola Eagles move to St. Ignace, Michigan and become the Northern Michigan Black Bears
2003 - Little Current awarded expansion franchise Manitoulin Wild
2003 - Sault Ste. Marie Jr. Greyhounds return to Soo Thunderbirds
2005 - Manitoulin Wild become Manitoulin Islanders
2005 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats are granted a one-year leave of absence
2005 - Sudbury Northern Wolves become Sudbury Jr. Wolves
2006 - Northern Michigan Black Bears are relocated and renamed Soo Indians
2006 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats officially fold
2007 - Soo Indians take one-year leave in search of new ownership
2008 - Temiscaming Royals join from Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League
2008 - Soo Indians return, renamed Soo Eagles
2009 - North Bay Skyhawks are renamed North Bay Trappers
2011 - Temiscaming Royals leave league
2011 - Manitoulin Islanders move and become Kirkland Lake Blue Devils
2011 - Sudbury Jr. Wolves are renamed Sudbury Cubs
2012 - Kirkland Lake Blue Devils fold/return as Kirkland Lake Gold Miners
2012 - Soo Eagles leave and join North American Hockey League
2012 - Elliot Lake Bobcats join from Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League
2012 - Sudbury Cubs are renamed Sudbury Nickel Barons
2013 - Espanola Rivermen join league as expansion
2014 - Espanola Rivermen leave league and join CIHL
2014 - Elliot Lake Bobcats move to Cochrane Ontario and become Cochrane Crunch
2014 - North Bay Trappers move to Mattawa Ontario and become Mattawa Blackhawks
2014 - Elliot Lake Wildcats join league as expansion
2014- Powassan Voodoos join league as expansion
2015- Abitibi Eskimos relocate to Timmins and become Timmins Rock
2015- Mattawa Blackhawks relocate to Iroquois Falls and become Iroquois Falls Eskis
2015- Sudbury Nickel Barons relocate to Chelmsford and become Rayside-Balfour Canadians
2015- French River Rapids join league as expansion
2015- Espanola Express join league as expansion
2015- Soo Eagles rejoin league
2017- Iroquois Falls Eskis relocate to Hearst and become Hearst Lumberjacks
See also
Northern Ontario Hockey Association
Ontario Hockey Federation
Canadian Junior A Hockey League
Hockey Canada
References
External links
NOJHL's Official Website
A
Sport in Northern Ontario
Sports leagues established in 1970
A
Canadian Junior Hockey League members
1970 establishments in Ontario |
4032000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20de%20Solf%C3%A9rino | Rue de Solférino | Rue de Solférino is a street in the Left Bank area of Paris. It was most commonly heard as a reference to the headquarters of the French Socialist Party, which were located there until 2018. The street is named after the Battle of Solferino, fought by Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II against Francis Joseph of Austria in 1859.
Access
Socialist Party (France) |
4032009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxford | Tuxford | Tuxford is a historic market town and a civil parish in the Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 2,516, increasing to 2,649 at the 2011 census.
Geography
Nearby towns are Ollerton, Retford, Worksop, Mansfield and Newark-on-Trent. The nearest cities are Lincoln and Nottingham. The town is located near the border with Lincolnshire in The Dukeries.
The Great North Road runs through the town (now B1164), though the majority of traffic now uses the modern A1 trunk road, which splits the town in two. The town was bypassed in July 1967, opened by Stephen Swingler. The section of road, known as Carlton to Markham Moor, or the Sutton-on-Trent, Weston and Tuxford Bypass, was built by Robert McGregor & Sons, with concreting aggregates supplied by Hoveringham Gravels (later bought by Tarmac). The eight-mile section was authorised by Tom Fraser with a contract for £2.7 million, but ended up costing £3.4 million. The section is notable for the first use in British construction of the slip form paver using pervious concrete. The bridge sections came from Boulton & Paul Ltd in Norwich.
The A6075 passes through east–west and connects the A57 to Ollerton and Mansfield. The East Coast Main Line passes close to the east. The A611 previously went east–west through the town; this is now the A6075; the A611 now goes from Mansfield to Hucknall.
History
Tuxford is listed in the Domesday Book as Tuxfarne, and was also historically known as 'Tuckers Ford'. In Daniel Defoe's eighteenth century work, A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, Tuxford is referred to as 'Tuxford in the Clays'; Defoe writes: 'Passing Newark Bridge, we went through the lower side of Nottinghamshire, keeping within the River Idle. Here we saw Tuxford in the Clays, that is to say, Tuxford in the Dirt, and a little dirty market town it is, suitable to its name.'
The Church of England parish church of St Nicholas dates from the 12th century. From 1824 to 1849 the incumbency at St Nicholas was held by Rev. Edward Bishop Elliott, a distinguished theologian who, while in residence at Tuxford, authored an authoritative and widely read commentary on the biblical Book of Revelation, titled Horae Apocalypticae. Tuxford also has a Methodist church, whose current building was erected for another Free church in 1841.
Tuxford's local library is housed in a 17th-century building that was originally the Read Grammar School. The school was founded in 1669 by the bequest of Charles Read (1604–1669), who was born at Darlton about from Tuxford, and became a wealthy shipper in Hull. Students at the Free Grammar School were drawn from the local parish, and their education was free. Read also founded grammar schools at Corby Glen in Lincolnshire and Drax in Yorkshire. Read Grammar School in Tuxford closed in either 1912 or 1915. The building served for a time as a child welfare centre before becoming the local library.
Tuxford has a town lock-up: one of only three in Nottinghamshire. Built in 1823 it stands in Newcastle Street. It has two separate cells, one each for men and women, each with its own earth closet. Ventilation to each cell is via two circular holes, with iron bars on the front and back walls. In 1884 an extension was added to the back of the lock-up to house Tuxford's fire engine. Early maps show that also behind the lock-up was the town pinfold, which remained in use until the 1920s.
Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation (Dosco) make mining equipment in the town.
Tuxford Windmill is a tower windmill, built in 1820 and restored to working order between 1982 and 1993. It is open to visitors daily except Tuesdays throughout the year. The mill with its large white sails dominates Tuxford's skyline. The mill produces flour which is sold from the mill shop. The mill bakery produces cakes, soups & rolls. A wooden post mill once stood close by. It was moved from Grassthorpe in 1874, continued working until about 1926 and was demolished in 1950.
Stone Road End Mill was a brick-built four-storey tower windmill, built before 1840. The mill was out of use by 1906 and now only the 38-foot high tower remains.
In January 1454, Tuxford was the site of a meeting between the Duke of Exeter and Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont, in order to make a sworn confederation in furtherance of their common aims against the Neville family and Lord Cromwell. This was a critical alliance and event in ramping up the violence and tension of the period, which would help lead to the outbreak of the Cousins War (Wars of the Roses) in 1455.
Railway stations
Despite its size, Tuxford had three railway stations but all are now closed. The Great Northern Railway opened the East Coast Main Line through Tuxford in 1852. The GNR's station at Tuxford was served by local trains between Newark-on-Trent and Retford. In 1897 The Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway opened its line through Tuxford, linking Sheffield and Chesterfield with Lincoln. The LDECR called its station Tuxford Town, and the GNR renamed its station Tuxford North. In 1907 the Great Central Railway took over the LDECR and renamed Tuxford Town Tuxford Central. Dukeries Junction station was built where the two railways cross, and was a split-level affair with platforms on both lines, existing solely as an interchange point surrounded by open fields with no proper road access. Its name was taken from The Dukeries district of Nottinghamshire.
In March 1950 British Railways closed Dukeries Junction station. It had had minimal use throughout its life. In July 1955 BR closed Tuxford North and withdrew passenger services from the former LDECR line in September of the same year, resulting in the closure of Tuxford Central. The former LD&ECR railway line has since been reopened by Network Rail in 2009 as the High Marnham Test Track for testing trains between Thoresby Jn and High Marnham at speeds of up to 75 mph, with extensive sidings and mock OHL electrification being built at Tuxford approximately 5 miles away from the former Tuxford Central Station.
Amenities
The town contains small shops and three pubs as well as the local church.
Education
Tuxford Academy opened as a County Secondary School (secondary modern school) in 1958 and became a comprehensive in 1976. It performs very well compared with most of Nottinghamshire, and especially with most of Bassetlaw. Tuxford School recently underwent a full re-build, completed in March 2007. A company called Transform Schools (mainly represented by building company Balfour Beatty) spent millions of pounds re-building six secondary schools within the Bassetlaw area as part of a PFI funded project. The new Tuxford School is located on what used to be the old school field along with a field next to it which has been bought over. The site where the old school stood has now been converted into the new school playing field and nature areas.
Tuxford Academy has, surprisingly, only had four head teachers during its lifetime to date: Bernard Woodward, Keith Atkinson, Geoff Lloyd, and Chris Pickering and current principal, David Cotton. The school has steadily increased in size (now 1450 students) and reputation, and is one of the highest performing state secondary schools in Nottinghamshire, having gained an OfSTED grade of 'outstanding' in May 2009 and in May 2012. It has been designated as a National Support School, is a specialist Technology College and Training School, and leads loose federations of secondary and primary schools in Nottinghamshire. It is well known for its welcoming atmosphere and innovative practices in education. Tuxford also has a community primary school.
Sport
The footballer Craig Disley comes from Tuxford. He played for Mansfield Town 1999–2004 and now plays for Alfreton Town.
On 7 November 2011, the London 2012 Olympic Organising Committee announced that the Olympic Torch would travel through Tuxford on 28 June 2012 on its way from Lincoln to Nottingham.
References
External links
Tuxford Mine of Information
Tuxford and its stations on a navigable 1947 OS map
PC abducted girls in 2003
Windmill starts again in 2005
Towns in Nottinghamshire
Civil parishes in Nottinghamshire
Bassetlaw District |
4032012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Haynes | Jerry Haynes | Jerome Martin "Jerry" Haynes (January 31, 1927 – September 26, 2011) was an American actor from Dallas, Texas. He is most well known as Mr. Peppermint, a role he played for 30 years as the host of one of the longest-running local children's shows in television, the Dallas-based Mr. Peppermint (1961–1969), which was retitled Peppermint Place for its second run (1975–1996). He also had a long career in local and regional theater and appeared in more than 50 films. A 1944 graduate of Dallas' Woodrow Wilson High School, he was the father of Butthole Surfers frontman Gibby Haynes.
Early life
He was born in Dallas, Texas to Louise Schimmelpfennig Haynes and Fred Haynes. In 1990, Haynes was inducted into Woodrow Wilson High School's Hall of Fame. Jerry graduated from Southern Methodist University after attending Louisiana State University and Yale.
Family
Jerry was father of Butthole Surfers frontman, Gibby Haynes, and his brother was Major General Fred E. Haynes Jr., USMC.
Acting career
The "Mr. Peppermint" years
Haynes began his most famous role in 1961, playing a character who wore a red- and white-striped jacket and straw hat and carried a candy-striped magic cane. The original show ran for nine years as a live show on WFAA-TV (Channel 8, the ABC affiliate in Dallas owned by the parent company of the Dallas Morning News), with Mr. Peppermint talking with a variety of puppet characters and including everything from cartoons to French lessons.
Early in the run of his show, an accident of fate made Haynes the first to report the Kennedy assassination on local news, together with his WFAA program director, Jay Watson. During lunch on the day of the shooting, the two men watched the Presidential motorcade pass on Main Street, and less than a minute later heard the deadly shots after the limousine turned onto Elm Street. The men quickly located and interviewed eyewitnesses, going on the air shortly later:
During these early years, Mr. Peppermint began at 7:30 AM and ran for one hour, competing in its last half-hour with the national CBS broadcast of Captain Kangaroo but usually winning its time slot. National trends shifted, however, and in 1970, the show was replaced by a talk program for the adult audience. Haynes moved back to the Channel 8 news team, reporting on sports (as he did for a few years in the 1950s before the Mr. Peppermint assignment) alongside sports director Verne Lundquist (later of CBS Sports fame); included among the sports legends Haynes interviewed (in much the same "subdued and respectful manner" as his Mr. Peppermint persona) were Joe Namath, Merlin Olsen, Hayden Fry, the then-head football coach of Southern Methodist University, Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry and their then-star quarterback Roger Staubach. Haynes reported on the Cowboys' home of Texas Stadium as it neared completion and prepared for its inaugural season in 1971.
After the Federal Communications Commission called in 1975 for more educational programming for children, Haynes donned the candy-striped suit again, this time for a retooled Peppermint Place, a taped half-hour kids' magazine-style program, still originating from the WFAA studios. The show continued in that format for over 20 years, eventually being syndicated to 108 markets nationwide before ending its run in 1996.
Other television and film work
Most of Haynes' film career was in made-for-television films, especially those set in his native Texas. His first film role was in the 1981 docudrama Crisis at Central High, about the integration of Little Rock's Central High School, filmed in Dallas. Texas-themed films in which he has appeared — mostly based on true stories — include Houston: The Legend of Texas (1986), A Killing in a Small Town (1990, aka Evidence of Love), Bonnie & Clyde: The True Story (1992), Texas Justice (1995), Don't Look Back (1996), and It's in the Water (1997).
His chief feature film roles included 1984's Places in the Heart, as Deputy Jack Driscoll, and in the 1985 Patsy Cline biopic Sweet Dreams as Owen Bradley, Cline's record producer. He also played minor roles in RoboCop (1987) and Boys Don't Cry (1999).
He also appeared as himself, partly through archive footage, in four documentary films discussing the Kennedy assassination: Rush to Judgment (1967), 11-22-63: The Day the Nation Cried (1989), Stalking the President: A History of American Assassins (1992), and Image of an Assassination: A New Look at the Zapruder Film (1998).
In 1996 the Lone Star Film & Television Awards honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award. He regularly appeared in the Red River, New Mexico, Fourth of July parade in a candy-striped Jeep.
Health
Haynes was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in early 2008, and then was later diagnosed with a heart condition for which he received an artificial pacemaker. His doctors later revised their opinions to determine that he had a less aggressive form of Parkinson's. Haynes died on September 26, 2011, from complications due to the diseases. He was 84.
Partial filmography
Places in the Heart (1984) - Deputy Jack Driscoll
Sweet Dreams (1985) - Owen Bradley
Papa Was a Preacher (1985) - Jack Murphy
RoboCop (1987) - Dr. McNamara
Heartbreak Hotel (1988) - Mr. Hansen
Hard Promises (1991) - Walt's Dad
Steele's Law (1991) - Ben Slade
Bonnie & Clyde: The True Story (1992) - Arvin
My Boyfriend's Back (1993) - Minister At Funeral
Walker Texas Ranger (1993-2001) - Hank Sweet \ Judge Abe Stiegler
The Stars Fell on Henrietta (1995) - George (farmer #2)
It's in the Water (1997) - Mr. Adams
The Locusts (1997) - Harlan
Possums (1998) - Bob
The Outfitters (1999) - Father John
Abilene (1999) - Pete
Boys Don't Cry (1999) - Judge
The Keyman (2002) - Canman
Balls Out: Gary the Tennis Coach (2009) - Stringerman (final film role)
References
External links
Jerry Haynes footage, including Mr. Peppermint reels, in the Southern Methodist University Jones Film Archive
(includes interview content)
1927 births
2011 deaths
Male actors from Texas
American male film actors
American male television actors
Neurological disease deaths in Texas
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
People from Dallas
Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy |
4032023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck%20Small%20Speakers%20on%20Expensive%20Stereos | Wreck Small Speakers on Expensive Stereos | Wreck Small Speakers on Expensive Stereos was a band from New Zealand consisting of Michael Morley and Richard Ram. During the early 1980s they released numerous cassettes through the Wrecked Music and Every Secret Thing labels. In 1986 the Flying Nun label released their River Falling Love EP, which was reissued in 1993 by the Ajax Records label. The reissue featured bonus tracks culled from their earlier cassettes, some featuring vocals by Denise Roughan of Look Blue Go Purple. Roughan later went on to form the 3Ds in the late eighties, while Morley went on to perform with The Dead C.
Discography
External links
Profile and Discography at The Big City
[ AMG Entry]
New Zealand rock music groups
Flying Nun Records artists
Dunedin Sound musical groups |
4032040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Performing%20Arts%20Center | Tennessee Performing Arts Center | The Tennessee Performing Arts Center, or TPAC, is located in the James K. Polk Cultural Center at 505 Deaderick Street in downtown Nashville, Tennessee. It occupies an entire city block between 5th and 6th Avenues North and Deaderick and Union Streets. The cultural center adjoins the 18-story James K. Polk State Office Building.
History
In the early 1800s, the site was where the fourth mayor of Nashville, Joseph T. Elliston, lived with his wife Louisa and their son William R. Elliston until they moved to Burlington, their plantation in mid-town Nashville.
The idea for a large-scale performing arts facility developed in 1972 when Martha Rivers Ingram was appointed to the advisory board of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. She proposed a similar center for her home city of Nashville. Ingram's proposal involved a public-private partnership that would operate within a state-owned facility. Her idea met with considerable resistance, but she persevered, for eight years and throughout the terms of three governors. The result is the Tennessee Performing Arts Center, a three-theater facility located beneath a state office building across the street from the Tennessee State Capitol. In 1980, TPAC opened as the state's premier theater venue.
Among its operations, TPAC presents a series of touring Broadway shows and special engagements, and administers a comprehensive education program.
Martha Rivers Ingram and her supporters also raised an endowment to defray operating losses and to fund a program that grooms future audiences for TPAC performances. The endowment goal was $3.5 million, and they surpassed it, raising $5 million. Today, the endowment has grown to $20 million. Each year, more than 100,000 students, from kindergarten through 12th grade, are brought to Nashville for performances by the Nashville Ballet, the Nashville Opera, and the Nashville Repertory Theatre, which are all resident performing arts groups of TPAC and provide year-round programming. Other companies also use TPAC's facilities for plays, dance performances, concerts and other cultural programs.
The Tennessee Performing Arts Center Management Corporation is governed by a 27-member Board of Directors. Directors serve for a term of three years.
Performance venues
The performance venues are named for the three Presidents of the United States who hailed from Tennessee:
Andrew Jackson Hall
Andrew Jackson Hall is the largest of TPAC's multi-purpose theaters with a seating capacity of 2,472 seats, including 47 pit seats. The stage is more than 130 feet wide by 53 feet deep. The stage has a proscenium opening of more than 57 feet by 36 feet. Up to 112 performers can be accommodated in 14 dressing rooms, including a star suite, two onstage quick change rooms, and high-capacity choral spaces. Expansive wings, fly space, rigging and catwalks provide for productions of every size.
James K. Polk Theater
James K. Polk Theater is amazingly intimate for its size, with a seating capacity of 1,075 seats, including 44 pit seats. The stage is more than 87 feet by 50 feet, with a proscenium opening of nearly 47 feet by 30 feet. The theater features spacious wings and expansive fly space. Up to 86 performers can be accommodated in 10 dressing rooms, including one quick change room and two high-capacity choral spaces.
Andrew Johnson Theater
Andrew Johnson Theater is TPAC's smallest theater, ideal for adventurous and experimental art and entertainment. The 59 feet by 54 feet center open floor performing space is surrounded by three sides with banks of theater seating. With seating up to 256 configurable seats, this theater can host a variety of seating arrangements. Wing and storage space adjoin the theater, which features a 22-foot catwalk. Two dressing rooms can accommodate up to 24 performers. Designed for live theater and intimate performances, Johnson Theater has hosted a variety of acoustic concerts, "in the round" performances, readings, lectures, and video shoots.
War Memorial Auditorium
TPAC also governs the War Memorial Auditorium (1,661 seats), a historic building that anchors the War Memorial Plaza, adjacent to Nashville's capitol building and across 6th Avenue from the Tennessee Performing Arts Center.
Resident companies
Nashville Ballet
Nashville Opera
Nashville Repertory Theatre
References
External links
TPAC Website
TPAC's War Memorial Auditorium
Buildings and structures in Nashville, Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Nashville, Tennessee
Performing arts centers in Tennessee
1980 establishments in Tennessee |
4032051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20simulation | Business simulation | Business simulation or corporate simulation is simulation used for business training, education or analysis. It can be scenario-based or numeric-based.
Most business simulations are used for business acumen training and development. Learning objectives include: strategic thinking, decision making, problem solving, financial analysis, market analysis, operations, teamwork and leadership.
The business gaming community seems lately to have adopted the term business simulation game instead of just gaming or just simulation. The word simulation is sometimes considered too mechanistic for educational purposes. Simulation also refers to activities where an optimum for some problem is searched for, while this is not usually the aim of an educational game. On the other hand, the word game can imply time wasting, not taking things too seriously and engaging in an exercise designed purely for fun. The concept of simulation gaming seems to offer the right combination and balance between the two. Simulation gaming is also the term that the educational gaming community has adopted.
Games and business simulation games
Partly, the terminology of business simulation games is not well established. The most common term used is business game but several other terms are also in use. Here we will define the most common terms used in context of (computer-based) business learning environments.
Klabbers (1999) notes that gaming is sometimes associated with something that is frivolous, just for the fun of it. This hampers its scientific endeavor and the more serious connotations of gaming in the scientific arena. The term game is used to describe activities in which some or all of these characteristics are prominent:
human, humanly controlled, opponents, whose actions have an effect upon each other and upon the environment,
an emphasis on competitiveness and winning,
an emphasis on pleasure, humour and enjoyment,
a repetitive cycle of making decisions and encountering a result, allowing the hope of improvement and 'doing better next time'.
Games are played when one or more players compete or cooperate for payoffs, according to an agreed set of rules. Players behave as themselves though they may well display exceptional behavior. Games are social systems and they include actors (players), rules and resources, which are the basic building blocks of social systems. In each game, the players (actors) interact with one another, while applying different rules, and utilizing different resources.
Tsuchiya and Tsuchiya note that the simulation gaming community is still struggling to establish itself as a discipline, although 35 years have passed since the International Simulation and Gaming Association (ISAGA) was established. To be a discipline, simulation gaming needs a theory, methodology, and application and validation. Of these, forming a theory is the most difficult challenge. Similar comments come from Wolfe and Crookall. Referring to prior research they conclude that the educational simulation gaming field has been unable to create a generally accepted typology, let alone taxonomy, of the nature of simulation gaming. According to them this is unfortunate because the basis of any science is its ability to discriminate and classify phenomena within its purview, based on underlying theory and precepts. Without this, the field has been stuck, despite its age, at a relatively low level of development.
In most cases, the terms business (simulation) game and management (simulation) game can be used interchangeably and there is no well-established difference between these two terms. Greenlaw et al. determine a business game (or business simulation) as a sequential decision-making exercise structure around a model of a business operation, in which participants assume the role of managing the simulated operation. The descriptions given for a management game, for example, by Forrester and Naylor do not differ from the previous. However, Elgood determines that in a management game profit is not the dominant measure of success. Keys and Wolfe define a management game as a simplified simulated experiential environment that contains enough verisimilitude, or illusion of reality, to include real world-like responses by those participating in the exercise.
Gredler divides experiential simulations into the following four categories:
Data management simulations,
Diagnostic simulations,
Crisis management simulations, and
Social-process simulations.
Business simulation games are most often of the first kind. A participant in a data management simulation typically functions as a member of a team of managers or planners. Each team is managing a company allocating economic resources to any of several variables in order to achieve a particular goal.
Business strategy games are intended to enhance students' decision-making skills, especially under conditions defined by limited time and information. They vary in focus from how to undertake a corporate takeover to how to expand a company's share of the market. Typically, the player feeds information into a computer program and receives back a series of optional or additional data that are conditional upon the player's initial choices. The game proceeds through several series of these interactive, iterative steps. As can be noted, this definition does not consider continuous (real-time) processing an alternative.
In business simulation games players receive a description of an imaginary business and an imaginary environment and make decisions – on price, advertising, production targets, etc. – about how their company should be run. A business game may have an industrial, commercial or financial background (Elgood, 1996). Ju and Wagner mention that the nature of business games can include decision-making tasks, which pit the player against a hostile environment or hostile opponents. These simulations have a nature of strategy or war games, but usually are very terse in their user interface. Other types of managerial simulations are resource allocation games, in which the player or players have to allocate resources to areas such as plant, production, operations, marketing, and human resources, in order to produce and sell goods.
According to Senge and Lannon in managerial microworlds – like business simulation games – unlike in the actual world, managers are free to experiment with policies and strategies without fear of jeopardizing the company. This process includes the kind of reflection and inquiry for which there is no time in the hectic everyday world. Thus, Senge and Lannon argue, managers learn about the long-term, systemic consequences of their actions. Such "virtual worlds" are particularly important in team learning. Managers can learn to think systemically if they can uncover the subtle interactions that thwart their efforts.
Naylor in 1971 gives quite a detailed view of the contents, structure, and operating of management games. Today, this description by Naylor is still valid for most of the business simulation games. Business simulation games are built around a hypothetical oligopolistic industry consisting of three to six firms, whose decision-makers or managers are the participants of the game. Each firm or team is allocated a specific amount of resources in the form of cash, inventories, raw materials, plant and equipment, and so forth. Before each operating period the players make decisions. Naylor mentions that these decisions can concern, e.g., price, output, advertising, marketing, raw material acquisition, changes in plant capacity, and wage rate. This information is read into a computer that has been programmed on the basis of a set of mathematical models that provide a link between the operating results and operating decisions of the individual firms, as well as the external environment (the market). On the basis of (a) a set of behavioral equations, such as demand and cost functions, and a set of accounting formulas that have been programmed into the computer, and (b) the individual decisions of each firm, operating results are generated by the computer in the form of printed reports – for example, profit and loss statements, balance sheets, production reports, sales reports, and total industry reports – at the end of each operating period. Usually the environment can be changed by the administrator of the game by altering the parameters of the operating characteristics of the game. In each case, the firms find it necessary to react according to the magnitude and the nature of the change imposed by the external environment. Naylor mentions that some of the more complicated and more realistic games even permit multiple products, plants, and marketing areas, stochastic production periods, stochastic demand, labor negotiations, and the sale of common stock. For more information about this topic see Lainema (2003).
History
The first use of games for education and development was the war game simulations in China in about 3,000 B.C. These games bore a vague similarity to the early 17th century chess. In the Western world, war games date back to at least the German Kriegspiel of the mid-nineteenth century (Faria and Dickinson). Faria and Dickinson note that different war games have also been conducted in Japan before the Second World War and war games have been long used by the British and the Americans to test battle strategies. Military officers trained with war games in the 1930s and 1940s started to use their military training to manage civilian businesses. Some of the business game evolution can be traced to a 1955 Rand Corporation game, which simulated the U.S. Air Force inventory management within its supply system. Greenlaw et al. state that business simulation exercises may be considered an outgrowth of earlier developments in three fields: military war gaming, operations research, and educational role-playing.
According to Naylor, the use of games in business and economics goes back to 1956 when the American Management Association developed the first so-called management decision-making game, called the Top Management Decision Game. Faria and Dickinson and Greenlaw et al. also find this the first widely known business decision-making simulation, although Greenlaw et al. date the origin of the game to 1957 and further specify that it was the first non-military competitive business game. Greenlaw et al. note that the Top Management Decision Simulation stimulated the design and use of dozens of other games. In this simulation five teams of players operated firms competing in a hypothetical, one-product industry. Teams made quarterly decisions covering price, production volume, budgets, research and development, advertising, and sales force and could request selected marketing research information. During the period 1955-1957 only one or two new games appeared each year (Faria, 1990).
A rapid growth in the number of business games occurred over the years from 1958 to 1961. Greenlaw et al. had made a summary of some business games available by the beginning of the 1960s. The summary includes 89 different business games or different versions of a certain business game developed by industrial firms, business associations, educational institutes, or governmental units. Naylor mentions already in 1971 that hundreds of management games have been developed by various universities, business firms, and research organizations. These management games have been used both for research purposes and for training people in diverse disciplines such as management, business operation, economics, organization theory, psychology, production management, finance, accounting, and marketing. Also Faria (1990) and Dickinson note that the number of simulation games grew rapidly in the 1960s. McRaith and Goeldner list 29 marketing games, of which 20 had been developed by business firms and nine by academians for university teaching. In 1969 Graham and Gray listed nearly 200 business games of different varieties. Horn and Cleaves provided a description of 228 business games. Faria (1989) mentions that over 200 simulations were in use in the United States in over 1,700 business schools. Overall, taking advantage of computer games in education increased enormously through the 1960s to the 1980s, see for example Ju and Wagner.
At the end of the 1980s Faria (1990) estimated that there were approximately 228 games available in the United States, and that there were around 8,500 instructors using business games. At that point, Faria also believes that there is a large and growing number of business schools instructors and business firm users of simulation games. Still, Faria estimated that only 12.5% of all US business firms with training and development managers used computerized business games.
The penetration of business gaming in academia is fuelled by the following factors: the increase in student numbers, the increase in new courses, increased adoption of methods supporting diverse learning styles, and the increasing availability of technology. Dickinson and Faria state that in US over 200 business games are being used by nearly 9,000 teachers at over 1,700 colleges offering business programmes.
Larsen and Lomi describe the shift of the objectives of management gaming. They state that until the early 1980s simulation was used to forecast the behavior of a variety of sub-system level variables, ranging from the cash flow and financial performance of a company, to the inflation and unemployment rates of an economy. They state further, that during the last 15 years a new way of thinking about simulation emerged. Instead of focusing on predicting, simulation progressively became a tool to help management teams understand their company and industry's problems and opportunities. Simulations could prepare for the future and reduce the sensitivity of possible strategies to changes in alternative frames of reference – or mental models. Larsen and Lomi further note, that the emphasis of computer-based simulation models has shifted:
from predicting the future, to understanding how multiple possible futures might be linked to decisions and actions that must be taken today, and
from designing the best strategy, to analyzing how robust our preferred strategy would be under different assumptions about how the future might unfold, or about how the past actually produced the events that we perceive.
In the late 1990s, training and consulting companies began designing and customizing business simulations for individual companies to augment their corporate leadership development programs. The business simulations often focused on strategy and business acumen. The business simulations allowed participants to test their decision-making skills, make mistakes, and safely learn from their experience. Some refer to this type of employee education as "experiential learning". By 2000, business simulations were available that blended the traditional business acumen (financial) skills with the softer – interpersonal – skills required for effective leadership development.
Scenario simulations
In a business game or business simulation game, a scenario is played out in a simulated environment and the learner or user is asked to make individual or team based decisions on how to act in the simulations. Often multiple choice alternatives are used and the scenario is played out following a branching tree based on which decisions the learner makes. Throughout or at certain intervals feedback is provided. These are similar to role-play simulations.
Numeric simulations
A numeric simulation can mimic a whole company on a high level or it can be more detailed and mimic specific organizational units or processes. In a numeric simulation the learner or user makes decisions by pulling levers and dialers as well as through inputting numbers. The decisions are processed and the outcomes are calculated and shown in reports and graphs, e.g. price and volume as well as number of employees can be decisions and the outcome can be viewed in e.g. an income statement, a balance sheet and a cash flow statement. Feedback is given throughout the simulation or at certain intervals, such as when a year has passed. Many numeric business simulations include elements of competition against other participants or against computer generated competitors.
Types of business simulation games
Business simulation games can be classified according to several properties. The first taxonomies were introduced already in the beginning of the 1960s (see e.g. Greenlaw et al., 1962). Here we introduce the taxonomy from Biggs, which is practically identical with the taxonomy from Greenlaw et al.
The simulation gaming process
Business simulation game developers regard their artifacts to be learning environments. When arguing for this, they most often refer to David A. Kolb's influential work in the field of experiential learning. During the last decades ideas from constructivism and authentic e-learning have also provided new perspectives for considering the role of business simulations in learning.
The activities carried out during a simulation game training session are:
Theoretical instruction: the teacher goes through certain relevant aspects of a theory and participants can intervene with questions and comments.
Introduction to the game: the participants are told how to operate the computer and how to play the game.
Playing the game: participants get the opportunity to practice their knowledge and skills by changing different parameters of the game and reflecting on the possible consequences of these changes. Permanent contact with the participants is advisable, as well as keeping the training going to maintain a positive atmosphere and to secure that the participants feel engaged.
Group discussions: Each of the participants is given a possibility to present and compare their results from the game with the results of others. The participants are encouraged to present their results to others. The teacher should continually look for new ways of enriching the discussions and to help the participants to find the connection between the game results and the problems in real world. The quality of this group discussion plays a relevant role in the training as it will affect the participants' transfer of knowledge and skills into the real world.
The last phase in the list above is usually called debriefing. Debriefing is the most important part of the simulation/gaming experience. We all learn from experience, but without reflecting on this experience the learning potential may be lost. Simulation gaming needs to be seen as contrived experiences in the learning cycle, which require special attention at the stages of reflection and generalization.
Thiagarajan lists six phases of debriefing, presented as a flexible suggestion and not as rigid requirements:
How do you feel? Gives the participants an opportunity to get some of their strong feelings about the simulation game off their chest.
What happened? Makes it possible for the participants to compare and to contrast participant recollections and to draw some general conclusions during the next phase.
What did you learn? Encourage the generation and testing of different hypotheses. Ask the participants to come up with general principles based on their experiences from the game and to offer evidence to support or to reject the principles.
How does this relate to the real world? Encourage a discussion of the relevance of the game to the participants' real world workplace.
What if…? Encourage the participants to apply their insights to new contexts.
What next? Participants use their insights to come up with strategies for the simulation game and for the workplace.
Van Ments notes that the aim of debriefing is to: deal with factual errors and to tie up loose ends (including scoring); draw out general conclusions about the session; and deduce general lessons which can be extrapolated to the real world. Furthermore, the participants should not be allowed to conclude what was learned without receiving feedback (Gentry, 1990). The participants need to articulate their perception of what was learned, and the instructor needs to put things into a broader perspective. Gentry also expresses that process feedback is much more valuable than outcome feedback. As games are less-than-perfect representations of the real world, it should be the decision process used that needs to be applauded or critiqued, not the gaming outcome.
The importance of reflection, debriefing and feedback highlight the need for business simulations to supported by carefully considered learning outcomes, pedagogy and assessment tasks. Student factors such as low motivation to engage and prior skill weaknesses can undermine the ability of authentic assessment regimes to achieve the purported learning benefits. The Online Business Simulations Project funded by the Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching has developed a range of resources to help educators embed simulations into their classes.
See also
Marketing simulation game
Project management simulation
Simulations and games in economics education
Training simulation
References
External links
American Economic Association (AEA) list of Tutorials, Exercises and Games
Online Business Simulations Project (Australia)
Association for Business Simulation and Experiential Learning
Learning methods
Management education
Business software |
4032072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeaderDoc | HeaderDoc | HeaderDoc is a documentation generator developed and maintained by Apple Inc. Using specially commented source code files as input, HeaderDoc generates documentation for the code in HTML or XML format. Syntax for HeaderDoc comment tags is largely similar to, and as of HeaderDoc version 8, supportive of Javadoc tags. HeaderDoc 8.7 and later also provides partial support for many Doxygen tags (@ form only, and must conform to HeaderDoc tag ordering rules). Apple's HeaderDoc project is free, open source software distributed under the Apple Public Source License.
Supported plain text languages
AppleScript
Bash
Bourne Shell
C Shell
C
C++
Korn Shell
Java
JavaScript
Mach MIG definitions
Objective-C
Pascal
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Tcl
The HeaderDoc tool set consists of the main utility, headerdoc2html, and gatherheaderdoc. The headerdoc2html tool generates a directory of either HTML (or optionally XML) files from the commented source files specified. Afterwards, the gatherheaderdoc utility may be executed to create a table of contents file for the documentation. Finally, the resolveLinks utility may be used to resolve cross-references between multiple documentation collections.
Apple's Xcode development environment contains features designed to assist the process of creating documentation using the HeaderDoc syntax and tools.
Additional features
HeaderDoc has the following core features:
C preprocessing, allowing user-selected #define macros to alter the content, and allowing the user to pass command-line flags to ignore portions of the input.
Syntax coloring with user-defined styles.
Template-driven landing pages for indices.
Cross-platform (written mostly in Perl).
The HeaderDoc suite also includes several tools that may be used independently:
MPGL—a set of tools designed to simplify creation of UNIX manual pages using a lightweight XML syntax consisting of a subset of XHTML plus section tags, parameter tags, etc. HeaderDoc also provides a bridging tool that helps generate manual pages from header comments for functions via HeaderDoc's XML output mode.
resolveLinks—a tool that allows for rapid web site relinking when content moves to a different address through the use of embedded anchors and link requests.
filtermacros.pl—a tool that can be used to filter out sections of headers based on C preprocessor macros. This is currently available only by downloading the source tarball. As of HeaderDoc 8.9, this functionality is built into the headerdoc2html tool itself.
See also
Comparison of documentation generators
Standard interface documentation
External links
Legacy Documentation: HeaderDoc User Guide
http://opensource.apple.com Latest version] (currently 8.9.28)
HeaderDoc mailing list (commonly used for getting help, patches, etc.)
Free documentation generators |
4032074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godiva%20%28album%29 | Godiva (album) | Godiva is the debut album by Godiva, released September 22, 2003. The album is produced by Tom Naumann, who is most famous for his work with Primal Fear.
Track listing
"Tha Gate" (Mitch Koontz, Peter Gander) - 1:01
"Razorblade Romantic" (Sammy Lasagni, Anthony de Angelis) - 4:37
"Heavy Metal Thunder" (Lasagni, de Angelis) - 4:54
"One Shot" (Koontz, Tom Naumann, de Angelis) - 4:01
"Nightmare" (Lasagni, de Angelis, Koontz, Gander) - 4:53
"Cold Blood" (Koontz, Naumann, de Angelis) - 4:30
"Where Angels Die" (Naumann, de Angelis) - 4:29
"Riding Through Time" (Lasagni, Koontz, Gander) - 5:07
"Let the Tanks Roll" (Lasagni, de Angelis) - 4:35
"Bullshit Lover" (Koontz, Gander, de Angelis) - 3:03
"Sinner" (Koontz, Gander) - 3:45
Personnel
Band members
Anthony de Angelis - vocals
Sammy Lasagni - guitars
Mitch Koontz - bass, backing vocals
Peter Gander - drums
Additional musicians
Klaus Sperling - drums on "Where Angels Die"
References
2003 debut albums
Limb Music albums |
4032093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingoli | Cingoli | Cingoli is a town and comune of the Marches, Italy, in the province of Macerata, about by road from the town of Macerata. It is the birthplace of Pope Pius VIII.
History
The town occupies the site of the ancient Cingulum, a town of Picenum, founded and strongly fortified by Julius Caesar's lieutenant Titus Labienus (probably on the site of an earlier village) in 63 BCE at his own expense. Its lofty position at an elevation of about made it of some importance in the civil wars, but otherwise little is heard of it. Under the Roman Empire it was a municipium.
Main sights
Cingoli is also known as the "Balcony of Marche" ("Il Balcone delle Marche") because of its belvedere (viewpoint) from which, on a clear day, the sight may encompass all of the Marche and further across the Adriatic Sea to the Croatian mountain tops.
Religious buildings
Cingoli Cathedral (Concattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta)
Collegiate church of Sant'Esuperanzio, Cingoli (Collegiata di Sant'Esuperanzio): Gothic church
Santuario di Santa Sperandia
San Benedetto
San Francesco
San Filippo Neri
San Giacomo
San Girolamo
San Nicolò
Santo Spirito
Santa Caterina d'Alessandria
San Domenico
Secular buildings
Palazzo municipale
Biblioteca comunale Ascariana http://www.bibliotecacingoli.it/
Museums
Pinacoteca comunale "D. Stefanucci" named after Donatello Stefanucci
Museo archeologico statale di Cingoli
Museo del Lago
Museo del Sidecar
Sport
Cingoli has been host to the Italian Sidecarcross Grand Prix a number times and will be hosting it again in 2010, on 16 May.
Twin towns — sister cities
Cingoli is twinned with:
Aprilia, Lazio, Italy (2004)
References
External links
Cingoli news
Cingoli sport
History of Cingoli: http://www.antiqui.it/cingoli.htm
Cingoli
Cities and towns in the Marche
Roman sites of the Marche |
4032105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%27s%20Causeway%20%28disambiguation%29 | Giant's Causeway (disambiguation) | The Giant's Causeway is an area of 40,000 interlocking basalt columns resulting from a volcanic eruption on the coast of Northern Ireland.
Giant's Causeway may also refer to:
Giant's Causeway (horse), Europe's Horse of the Year in 2000
Giant's Causeway, New South Wales, stretch of water in between Cook Island and Fingal Head in Australia
Giant's Causeway and Bushmills Railway, Heritage railway in Northern Ireland
Giant's Causeway Tramway, predecessor of the above
A variant of the Baguenaudier puzzle, called Giant's Causeway
Giant's Causeway (song), the B Side of Scooter's single Maria (I Like It Loud)
Giant's Causeway (band), German gothic-doom band of the 1990s |
4032117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa%20McAuliffe%20Space%20Education%20Center | Christa McAuliffe Space Education Center | The Christa McAuliffe Space Center (known as the McAuliffe Space Center or CMSC), in Pleasant Grove, Utah, teaches school children about space and is visited by students from around the world. It has a number of space flight simulators.
The center, named for educator Christa McAuliffe, who was killed in the Challenger disaster, was started in 1990 by Victor Williamson, an educator at Central Elementary School. It is a building added onto Central Elementary. It aims to teach astronomy and social studies through the use of simulators; the first, Voyager, proved itself popular, and a new planetarium built in 2020. As the years passed, the demand for flights expanded and new ships were commissioned. In October 2012, the space center was temporarily closed at Central Elementary, but re-opened following several district-mandated upgrades, closures, and maintenance procedures in Spring 2013. The original simulators, along with the school that housed them, was demolished on May 5, 2020 to make way for a new space center built behind the original property. The new Space Center was built housing the 2nd largest planetarium in the State of Utah that started running shows in November of 2020. The Christa McAuliffe Space Education Center switched its name and took out the word Education from the title in 2018. In 2018, they also updated their logo to a new stylized version of the original. (New version not shown)
The simulators employed by the center have included the following (in order of original construction):
The USS Voyager (Original 1990) (Decommissioned 2012/2013, New 2018) The Voyager appears as the USS Enterprise-D. It held from nine to eleven people. The new Voyager is now located at Renaissance Academy in Utah, a separate Space Center than the Christa McAuliffe Space Center.
The USS Odyssey (Original 1995, New 2013, Current 2021) The Odyssey's appearance was created by Paul S. Cargile, an independent sci-fi artist. It takes on the appearance of the Banzai-class fighter. It holds six to eight people.
The USS Galileo (Original Mark-5: 1998, New Mark-6: 2009, Current 2021) The Galileo is a shuttle craft. It usually goes on stealth missions. It can hold five to six people. The original simulator could be physically seen from the outside.
The USS Magellan (Original Space Station: 1998, Renovated: 2006, Starship: 2012, Current 2021) – The Magellan had the appearance of Deep Space 9. The Magellan has been transformed into a starship with the appearance of a Daedalus-class starship from Stargate. The bridge crew can be anywhere from ten to twelve people.
The Falcon (Original 2000) (Decommissioned) – The Falcon showed students what space travel might be like in the future.
The USS Phoenix (Original 2005, Current 2021) – The Phoenix is a Defiant-class escort, like DS9's USS Defiant. It is the Space Center's only battleship. It could hold five to six people. It has been updated to an Astrea Class Destroyer, which can now hold six to seven people.
The IMS Falcon (New 2021) – The Falcon Is the only ship in the fleet that does not belong to the United Federation of Planets. It holds six to eight crew members.
The USS Cassini (New 2021) – The Cassini is a deep space exploration vessel. It holds nine to elevens crew members.
Each simulator has its own plaque. The plaque displays the ship's names and other things about that specific simulator. Some are inside the simulator, and some of them are hidden out of plain sight.
Most missions are based on, or at least contain aspects similar to the Star Trek universe. The Simulators themselves are replicas of Star Trek ships and various races (like the Romulans) are often involved in missions.
The center, and its founder were honored in a ceremony in its 15th year by many individuals, including Gary Herbert, the Lieutenant Governor of Utah. At that time, with its five spaceship simulators, it was educating 16,000 students a year.
The center's mission statement is A Utah Arts, Sciences, Technology Education Initiative. We Practice the Discipline of Wonder.
Teaching method
The Space Center uses it simulators in order to create interactive stories, usually applicable to historical events, in which the students are involved. Since November of 2020, they also use the planetarium that was built during their 2020 rebuild.
Students also learn and apply different aspects of astronomy and science in missions. They get the chance to learn about black holes, nebulae, asteroids, planets, planetary systems, moons, and a variety of other phenomena.
Students who attended the Space Center 15 years ago are now pursuing fields in science, technology, space exploration, programming, and electrical engineering. Students at the local Brigham Young University have the opportunity to develop consoles and equipment for the Space Center; gadgets such as Tricorders, touch panel equipment, fiber optics systems, ships, and digital/analog control interfaces all help to give a more realistic effect to the experience.
The center's staff hopes that its visitors are tomorrow's scientists.
Simulator Technology
The Space Center employs technologies and equipment to achieve its simulations. In each ship, there is a powerful sound system (including a powerful bass response to simulate the feeling of the reactor core) hooked up to an industry standard mixing board which combines input from a combination of sound sources heard through the main speakers, such as, sound effects, music, DVD players, CD players, microphones, and voice distorters.
The video system is just as complex. Each mission available has a story DVD with clips compiled for scenes in a story and other visual effects. These video sources are all controlled by a video switcher so that it appears to be a seamless video. In addition to movie clips, the Space Center also makes its own tactical screens. Tactical screens are in essence complex power points that can be networked to display real time information about the ship. This information may include information about things related to the current story such as ship systems while others may be maps or other mission information. Various programs have been used to create these screens including HyperCard, Runtime Revolution, and Thorium.
Each simulator is also equipped with a lighting system allowing both red and white lights to be displayed; red during alerts and white during normal alert levels. Each set of lights is attached to a dimmer in the control room allowing the lights to manually fluctuate in different events during a mission, such as a torpedo impact or power failure. The most advanced set of lights at the Space Center is installed in the Galileo. The lighting system in the Galileo is capable of being controlled via computer making effects seem more realistic.
In order to ensure that campers are safe, a network of closed circuit cameras is also installed at key points on the set to monitor their positions. Each simulator has part of the bridge and connected areas of the set monitored at all times.
The most complex part of each simulator is the computer systems. Each ship has several computers installed. The smallest set, the Galileo, has five, while the largest set, the Magellan, has 13. Each one of these computers (excluding sound effect computers and tactical [main viewer] computers) is connected to a network allowing communication between computers. In this way, the programs on each of the computers are also able to communicate with each other, allowing the control room to monitor the simulation and for computers on the bridge to update each other with information sent from the control room. The programming on each of the computers used to be programmed in HyperCard, which was in use on the USS Voyager until the simulator was decommissioned. Later however, the Space Center switched to Revolution by Runtime Revolution. The next generation of programs at the Space Center were programmed in Cocoa, Apple Inc's own programming language for their Macintosh computer platform. Since 2018, the space center has used the Thorium open-source starship simulator platform, developed by a former volunteer.
Private donations paid for the simulators, while the school district pays the salary of the center's director. 181 volunteers and part-timers help to operate the simulators.
Staff
The Space Center's full-time employee is the Director. Flight Directors, Set Directors, and Bridge Supervisors are part-time employees. The volunteering organization is divided into guilds and classes of volunteers as follows:
The Flight Directors – (Dark Blue Collared Shirts) The Flight Directors (FD's) "run" the mission, --- giving cues to the actors, telling the staff when to do certain things, assigning roles, etc. The FD also is the voice of the Main Computer and the Main Engineer (whom the crew cannot see), giving them hints and tips along the way. Besides the center's director, they have the most authority, along with the Set Directors.
The Set Directors – There are six Set Directors (One for each of the simulators). The Set Directors make major decisions for the simulators that they are Set Director of. They are usually the main FD for that ship.
The Supervisors – (Bright Blue Collared Shirts) The Supervisors supervise the mission. They are the FD's right-hand men and women. They relay orders, help get the story moving, coordinate volunteers, etc. They are second in command, but are only used on missions in Magellan and Cassini, and previously in the Voyager. They work with the crews to answer any questions they may have during a mission. Many FD's start out as supervisors but not all, and many FD's still supervise even after they have been passed off as a Flight Director.
The Volunteers – (Black shirts) The Volunteers are the arms and legs of the Flight Directors. They can be assigned by the Flight Director to be the ship's doctor character, be an alien actor, be Second Chair (The Second Chair switches the lights on and off, respond to sensor scans, change what is showing on the viewscreen, send messages, etc.), or pretty much anything else the FD wants them to do.
The Guilds
(Note: All of the classes of Volunteers above except for the regular Volunteers have their own guild.
The Programming Guild – The Programming Guild (Light Blue Collared Shirts) programs the ship's controls and all they other computer programs used at the Space Center. (See above)
The Maintenance Guild – The Maintenance Guild creates the simulators, does repairs, installs new features, and pretty much holds the simulators together.
The Acting Guild – The Acting Guild is a special set of volunteers that are trained in the "prestigious" art of acting at the Space Center.
Programs and Camps
The Space Center offers a variety of programs that provide varying mission lengths and experiences. Continuing the educational aim of the Space Center, there are field trip programs for school classes that provide education about science, space and teamwork/leadership. These programs also offer educational experience missions on the simulators. For the general public, there are also private missions, and summer camps. Private missions are available to be reserved in 2 lengths: 2.5 hour and 5 hour missions. These time blocks include time for briefing and training in preparation for the actual mission on the simulator. In Space Center history, they used to have Overnight Camps. Overnight camps used to start on Friday nights and end on the following morning: all missions were 'paused' for the night, campers sleep at the Space Center overnight, and then missions are resumed in the morning. These missions however, are no longer available. They also had Super Saturday camps that provided the same missions as overnight camps, but occurred during the day on Saturdays. The Leadership Camp is made for an older audience of ages 15–17. It differs from the other summer camps in the way that the whole camp is a campaign and every mission is part of a bigger picture. This camp may not be flown every summer due to the amount of planning that goes into it since it runs through multiple days. Summer camps usually happen in 1 day with a variety of activities from missions to classroom activities and planetarium shows. The Space Center provides further information on their website, http://spacecenter.alpineschools.org/
References
External links
Official website
Space organizations
Tourist attractions in Utah
Education in Utah County, Utah
1990 establishments in Utah
Educational institutions established in 1990
Buildings and structures in Pleasant Grove, Utah
Scientific organizations established in 1990 |
4032118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski | Jan Tęczyński | Jan Tęczyński may refer to:
Jan Tęczyński (1581–1637), voivode of Kraków (1620–1637), Cup-Bearer of the Crown in 1618
Jan Tęczyński (died 1405), member of the Tęczyński family, starost and castellan of Kraków
Jan Tęczyński (died 1470), member of the Tęczyński family, castellan of Kraków, voivode of Kraków and Lublin
Jan Tęczyński (1485–1553), Chamberlain and voivode of Sandomierz, Castellan and governor of Lublin, Speaker of the court of the Crown, Castellan of Wojnicki, and Count of the Holy Roman Empire |
4032121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moanalua%20Gardens | Moanalua Gardens | Moanalua Gardens is a privately owned public park in Honolulu, Hawaii. The park is the site of the Kamehameha V Cottage which used to be the home of Prince Lot Kapuāiwa, who would later become King Kamehameha V. It is also the site of the annual Prince Lot Hula Festival, and the home of a large monkeypod tree that is known in Japan as the Hitachi tree.
The gardens
The gardens are located just off Interstate H-201 in the Moanalua district near Tripler Army Medical Center at . Once owned and operated by the estate of local businessman and landowner Samuel Mills Damon (1841–1924), the garden was bought by Kaimana Ventures, whose president John Philip Damon is a great-grandson of Samuel Damon.
Kamehameha V Cottage
The Kamehameha V Cottage, located at the western end of the garden, was originally built in the 1850s by Prince Lot Kapuāiwa, who would later become King Kamehameha V. The three separate units of the cottage (a kitchen and dining room unit, a living room/bedroom unit, and an entertainment unit) are connected via a series of roofed porches.
Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop willed the cottage, along with the rest of the ahupuaa (traditional land division) of Moanalua to Damon when she died in 1884. Damon renovated the cottage and used it as a residence. The cottage was moved to its present location in 1960; it had been in three locations in Moanalua before then.
Hitachi tree
The Hitachi tree, a large monkeypod tree with a distinctive umbrella-shaped canopy, grows in the middle of a grassy area in the middle of the park. The tree is registered as an exceptional tree by the City and County of Honolulu and cannot be removed or destroyed without city council approval.
Japanese electronics manufacturer Hitachi, Ltd. has used the tree as a corporate symbol since 1973. An agreement between the Damon Estate and Hitachi gave Hitachi exclusive worldwide rights to use the tree's image for promotional purposes in exchange for annual payments of US$20,000. The status of the agreement was called into question when the Damon Estate was dissolved after the last remaining grandchild died in 2004. Hitachi negotiated with the new owner and reached an agreement with Kaimana Ventures in December 2006 where Hitachi would pay US$400,000 annually for promotional rights until 2016. The revenue from Hitachi is expected to only partially defray the US$600,000 annual expenses for the park.
References
External links
Moanalua Gardens
Moanalua Gardens Foundation
Geography of Honolulu
Parks in Hawaii
Protected areas of Oahu
Tourist attractions in Honolulu |
4032123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20EOS-1N | Canon EOS-1N | The EOS-1N is a 35mm single lens reflex (SLR) camera body produced by Canon. It was announced by Canon in 1994, and was the professional model in the range, superseding the original EOS-1. The camera was itself superseded by the EOS-1v in 2000.
The original EOS-1 had been launched in 1989, two years after the company had introduced their new EOS autofocus system. It was the company's first professional-level EOS camera and was aimed at the same photographers who had used Canon's highly regarded, manual focus professional FD mount SLRs, such as the Canon New F-1 and the Canon T90. On a physical level the EOS-1 resembled the T90, which had been designed for Canon by Luigi Colani. The EOS-1N was a revision of the EOS-1, with five autofocus points spread across the frame rather than a single centrally-mounted autofocus point, plus more effective weather sealing, a wider exposure range, and numerous other improvements. In common with the EOS-1, the 1N used Canon's A-TTL automatic flash system, and does not support the more modern E-TTL.
Features
At the time of its creation, The Canon EOS-1N was placed at the top of Canon's EOS camera line. The camera featured polycarbonate external construction with weather-resistant seals around buttons, dials and its Canon EF lens mount.
The fixed eye-level pentaprism viewfinder has 100-percent vertical and horizontal coverage, has dioptric viewfinder adjustment from –3 to +1 diopter and has as a viewfinder eyepiece blind to block stray light when on a tripod.
For automatic focusing, the camera used a 5-point BASIS auto focus system with the sensors arranged horizontally across the middle of the viewing area. The center point is a cross-type, which detects horizontal and vertical lines, while the outer four detect vertical lines only.
Metering modes include a 16-zone evaluative, center-weighted average, partial, selectable spot, and fine central spot metering mode. Film speeds can be set from ISO 6-6400 either manually or automatically by DX codes on the film canisters.
The camera allows variable Program autoexposure, as well as aperture-priority and shutter-priority automatic exposure and manual exposure. Another option is Depth-of-field AE (DEP), an automatic mode that selects the focusing distance and aperture f-number to place the depth of field between two user-specified near and far points.
Shutter speeds range from 30 seconds to 1/8000 of a second in all exposure modes. A non-timed bulb speed is available. Flash X-sync is available up to a shutter speed of 1/250 of a second.
There are 14 custom functions to change the way the camera operates, which set options like exposure steps and mirror lock-up.
The camera has user-interchangeable focusing screens, interchangeable with those out of other EOS-1-series cameras, and a now-discontinued interchangeable Canon Command Back E1.
Power comes from one 2CR5 battery, an optional BP-E1 Battery Pack housing four AA alkaline or lithium batteries or the PB-E1 Power Booster drive housing eight AA batteries and allowing for 6 frames per second to be photographed, depending on the type of battery and the shutter speed selected.
The camera weighs in at 855 grams, or 1 lb and 14.15 oz.
Background
There were several versions of the EOS-1N available. The base model EOS-1N consisted of the standard camera body with significant upgrades over the EOS 1, launched in 1989. The EOS-1N DP comprised the standard body and the BP-E1 pack (see below) and the EOS-1N HS comprised the standard body plus booster (see below).
One feature the EOS-1N (and previous/subsequent '1' models) lacks, which lower models in the range have, is built-in flash, intentionally omitted to provide an overall very rigid camera body able to withstand severe treatment by professionals. Weather sealing was incorporated after feedback from working professionals. Other notable omissions are the eye-controlled focus feature of the EOS 5 and the bar code reader of the EOS 10, neither of which are professional-level cameras.
Another feature of the EOS-1N, and other professional models in the range, is the provision for a precise viewfinder indication of exposure in manual mode. This had previously been provided in fully manual cameras such as the F-1, but older Canon cameras with automatic exposure modes merely provided a recommended exposure reading in manual mode, leaving the user to accept the offered settings or not. The EOS-1N provides a viewfinder readout similar to the old F-1's needle display, but in electronic LCD form showing steps in 0.3, 0.5 or 1 stops. Like the EOS 5, the internal displays of the EOS 1N self-adjust in brightness in response to the brightness level of the subject.
The optional Power Booster PB-E1 or Battery Pack BP-E1 attach to the base of the camera. The booster (PB-E1) holds 8 AA batteries or an optional Ni-Cad pack, and boosts the standard drive from 3 frames per second to 6(AI Servo AF: 5). The Power Booster E1 has its own shutter release and input dial for use when shooting in the vertical format. The battery pack (BP-E1) is a lighter and simpler accessory. This holds 4 AA cells and a lithium battery, and the user can select between the two power sources with a switch. It provides a grip for vertical shots but no additional controls. The major appeal of the Battery Pack BP-E1 is that is lighter and less expensive than the power booster. There is also a PB-E2 (has AF-field-button, a wheel around the shutter-button). ATT: Statement about input dial on PB-E1 is wrong. PB-E1 has 2 buttons (shutter button, AE-lock) and vertical control switch (on/oFF) and nothing else. Input Dial is then only on PB-E2!Also called Power Drive Booster PDB. AA-Lithium -Batteries only if AE-Lock-button has a star * imprinted.
In addition to the standard EOS-1N there was another, specialised model in the range — the EOS-1N RS, introduced in 1995, with a permanently attached power drive booster. This camera has a fixed pellicle mirror so there is no viewfinder black-out at the moment of exposure. The fixed mirror allows high-speed continuous shooting at a top speed of 10 frames per second, with a shutter release lag as low as 6 ms. There is a cost to this however: slightly less light reaches the film, as some is always being directed up to the viewfinder and optical quality loss. By the time of the release of the next generation EOS 1V, considerable technical improvements to the standard camera design meant that Canon no longer offered RS model variants.
The EOS 1N was discontinued in 2001 with the arrival of the EOS 1V.
Digital
During the late 1990s, Canon and Kodak collaborated on a range of professional digital SLRs which combined Canon EOS-1N bodies with Kodak digital sensors and electronics. They were Canon's first ventures into the digital SLR marketplace and divided into two distinct generations.
The first generation was the Kodak EOS DCS series of 1995, which encompassed the 6 mp EOS DCS 1, the 1.5 mp DCS 3, and the 1.3 mp DCS 5. The EOS 1N camera bodies were almost unmodified from stock configuration, and were mounted on a removable Kodak digital back.
The relationship continued with the Kodak DCS 500 series, which fully integrated the EOS-1N body with Kodak's imaging components. The range consisted of the 2 mp DCS 520 and the 6 mp DCS 560. The two cameras were also sold by Canon, as the Canon EOS D2000 and D6000 respectively. Canon's subsequent professional digital SLRs were produced independently of Kodak, and were initially based on the Canon EOS-1V, before moving to custom-designed digital bodies.
References
External links
1N
Products introduced in 1994 |
4032127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperscore | Hyperscore | Hyperscore is a computer-assisted music composition program intended to make the creation of music readily accessible to experienced musicians as well as those without any musical training. To accomplish this, the software maps complex musical concepts to intuitive visual representations. Color, shape, and texture are used to convey high-level musical features such as timbre, melodic contour, and harmonic tension.
Hyperscore has received international media attention and awards. It has been featured in numerous news and journal publications, including the New York Times, as well as television programs such as Scientific American Frontiers.
Composing
Users of Hyperscore compose music by first creating simple melodies or sequences of notes. A library of predefined elements is also provided. These melodies are assigned unique colors. The user then creates a musical sketch composed of colored lines, where each line instances the notes from the corresponding melody. The contour and position of the line alters the pitch at which notes are played back.
The software can optionally use different classes of automated harmonization to organize the given notes, in order to easily generate more pleasing results. The effects of the harmony algorithms can be controlled by contours in a special line presented throughout the sketch. Modulations and sections of harmonic tension and resolution can be introduced in this manner, adding interest and variation to the music.
Hyperscore also provides users with control over tempo and dynamics. MIDI synthesis is used for audible output from within the application and all General MIDI voices are available for use.
History
Hyperscore was originally developed by Morwaread Farbood in Tod Machover's Opera of the Future group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab. Early versions of the software allowed users to generate novel compositions from predefined motives by sketching lines indicating patterns of musical tension. In 2021, Hyperscore was re-developed by Peter Torpay, who earned his PhD in Machover's group at the MIT Media Lab. In the new version, scheduled for release in 2022, the graphical user interface has been updated and the application is web-based so that it will be broadly accessible.
The application evolved to play a prominent role in the Toy Symphony. During an international tour of this project, children were given the opportunity to compose orchestral pieces using Hyperscore, which were then performed in concert along with other works utilizing traditional and technologically enhanced instruments and approaches. Hyperscore was also used extensively in Machover's series of City Symphonies, in which children and adults in cities around the world composed original music that was incorporated by Machover into orchestral works performed by major symphony orchestras.
Current applications
In 2004, Hyperscore became a commercial product under Harmony Line, Inc. The company created H-Lounge, an online music and ring tone-oriented social networking website dedicated to music makers who can upload mp3's or songs they have created with Hyperscore. The company closed in 2017. Subsequently, a nonprofit, New Harmony Line, was formed and acquired the license to Hyperscore. New Harmony Line is focused on re-developing Hyperscore as a web-based software application for music education, which it plans to make available to educators and the general public.
References
External links
Harmony Line, Inc. - Composing Music Software
Hyperscore Ringtone Community
Hyperscore Development Details
Musical training software
Scorewriters |
4032134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade%20%28film%29 | Jade (film) | Jade is a 1995 American erotic thriller film written by Joe Eszterhas, produced by Robert Evans, directed by William Friedkin, and starring David Caruso, Linda Fiorentino, Chazz Palminteri, Richard Crenna, and Michael Biehn. The original music score was composed by James Horner based on a song composed by Loreena McKennitt. The film was marketed with the tagline "Some fantasies go too far."
Plot
Assistant District Attorney David Corelli (Caruso) is called to the murder scene of prominent businessman Kyle Medford, found bludgeoned to death in his San Francisco home by an antique hatchet. Police detectives Bob Hargrove and Petey Vesko find photographs in Medford's safe of Governor Lew Edwards (Crenna) having sex with a prostitute, later identified as Patrice Jacinto. During questioning, Patrice reveals that she and several other women were paid by Medford to have sex with wealthy men at his beach house in Pacifica. She also informs them that the most desired prostitute among the clients was a woman known only as "Jade". In a private meeting with Governor Edwards and aide Bill Barrett, Corelli is warned not to make the photographs public. Corelli is then almost killed when his brake line is deliberately cut and his vehicle goes out of control while driving down a steep hill.
The detectives find fingerprints on the hatchet belonging to Katrina Gavin, a clinical psychologist and former lover of Corelli's who eventually married his close friend, defense attorney Matt Gavin. When interviewed, Katrina explains that Medford gave her a tour of his antique collection on the day in question, but claims to have nothing to do with his death. At Medford's beach house, Corelli and the detectives find various drugs, alcohol, and sex toys, as well as hidden video cameras. They conclude Medford was recording the sex sessions to blackmail the men. Corelli is shocked to discover Katrina on one of the tapes; the revelation renews the detectives' interest in her as a suspect.
Patrice arranges to meet Corelli at a restaurant to discuss Jade's identity, but she is murdered in a hit-and-run attack by an unknown assailant driving a black Ford Thunderbird. Corelli, witnessing the murder first-hand, chases the assailants' vehicle in vain. The detectives discover the Gavins own a similar Thunderbird, so suspect Katrina of killing Patrice, but then find the actual vehicle used in the hit-and-run abandoned, suggesting that someone is trying to frame Katrina. Katrina is again brought in for questioning and is shown the sex tape. Matt, in his capacity as her attorney, ends the interrogation before she fully explains her involvement. When confronted at their home, Katrina admits to her husband that she did have sex with the man on the tape, due in part to her knowledge of Matt's many affairs.
Katrina visits Corelli at his apartment and tries unsuccessfully to seduce him. She admits having felt sexually liberated by sleeping with several men at the beach house. Meanwhile, the only witness to identify Katrina at the Pacifica beach house, a man named Henderson, is found murdered. Corelli informs the detectives at the crime scene that Katrina could not have killed him because he was with her at the time. Back at his apartment, Corelli is confronted by Matt, who holds him at gunpoint and angrily accuses him of sleeping with Katrina. Corelli denies it and persuades Matt that his wife's life is in danger. They hurry to the Gavin home, where Det. Hargrove, Barrett, and Pat Callendar have come to kill Katrina and search for the incriminating photos of the governor. Callendar is shot by Matt, but Barrett manages to escape. In the meantime, Hargrove tries to rape and kill Katrina, but Corelli and Matt arrive and Hargrove is shot by Matt.
Corelli goes to the governor for a guarantee of Katrina's safety by leveraging his possession of the photographs. The governor denies any knowledge of Hargrove or Callendar's actions, but insinuates they were both acting on his behalf. As she gets ready for bed at home, Katrina finds photographs laid out in her bathroom of her having sex at the beach house. Matt admits to Katrina that he killed Medford, certain that Medford eventually would blackmail them both. He then tells Katrina to "introduce me to Jade" the next time they "make love".
Cast
Production
Warren Beatty was the first choice to play the role of David Corelli, but turned it down. After his sudden departure from NYPD Blue, David Caruso was hoping to break through with a film career and accepted the role. The part of Matt Gavin was offered to Kenneth Branagh, before Chazz Palminteri was eventually cast. Julia Roberts and Sharon Stone were considered to play Katrina Gavin, but both rejected it. Linda Fiorentino was then asked, but she originally turned it down because she did not want to play a prostitute, but changed her mind once her character was changed through rewrites.
According to Joe Eszterhas' autobiography, Hollywood Animal, William Friedkin changed the script so much that Eszterhas threatened to remove his name from the credits. He claimed Paramount settled by giving him a "blind script deal" worth $2–4 million.
In an interview in Linda Ruth Williams' book The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema, Friedkin admitted that he had virtually rewritten the script. Friedkin also said that Jade was the favorite of all the films he had made. He later wrote the movie had "a terrific cast. A wonderful script. Great locations. How could it miss?"
Release
A year prior to the film's release, Caruso decided that his popularity as star of the hit ABC TV series NYPD Blue would provide enough momentum to successfully make the risky jump from television to feature-film leading man. Although he did play an assistant district attorney, this film was a departure from his more heroic role on TV.
Despite a large marketing campaign, moviegoers did not seem to accept Caruso in this character, or the dark and overtly sexual themes of the film.
Comeback roles in television failed until he landed the lead role in CBS' 2002 spin-off series, CSI: Miami.
Reception
Box office
The film, with an estimated production budget of $50 million, earned $9,851,610 at the North American domestic box office, taking in $4,284,246 in its opening weekend and ranking number five in the box-office charts.
Critical response
The film received negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 30 reviews and gave the film an approval score of 13%, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's consensus reads: "An ostensible erotic thriller that's largely neither erotic nor thrilling, Jade marks one of several unfortunate low points for aggressively sexual mid-'90s cinema". On Metacritic it has a score of 33% based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale. Gene Siskel singled the film out as the worst one he saw in 1995.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times responded to Siskel's worst-of selection by mounting a very mild defense where he said that he didn't think the movie was amongst the worst of 1995, although he added that he gave it a thumbs-down grade on their show and said that the plot was incomprehensible; in his print review, Ebert awarded it 2 out of 4 stars, and wrote: "There's only one character we can identify with - a San Francisco police detective played by David Caruso - and he doesn't drive the plot so much as get swept along by it."
Brian Lowry of Variety called it "A muddled mix of sex, political corruption and murder, Jade is a jigsaw puzzle that never puts all the pieces together."
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote: "Though the combination of Linda Fiorentino, Chazz Palminteri and David Caruso promised Jade some fire, it winds up with no more spark than a doused campfire."
Awards
It earned two Golden Raspberry Award nominations, for Worst Screenplay and Worst New Star (for Caruso, who was nominated for both Jade and Kiss of Death), but lost both categories to Showgirls, also written by Joe Eszterhas.
Other response
Friedkin admitted the film was "a critical and financial disaster", although it "contained some of my best work. I felt I had let down the actors, the studio, and most of all, Sherry (Sherry Lansing, his wife, an executive at Paramount). I went into a deep funk. Was it the Exorcist curse, as many have suggested, a poor choice of material, or simply that whatever talent I had was ephemeral? Maybe all of the above."
Michael Biehn was not fond of the film: "Well, on Jade, I had no idea what I was doing. I don't think anybody had any idea what they were doing. It was a Joe Eszterhas script. To me, none of it ever really made any sense. I didn't realize until the read-through that I was the bad guy in it. It was like a jumbled mess. And the movie came out a mess, too. It had great people on it, though. It had William Friedkin directing, it had Chazz Palmenteri, who was nominated that year for an Academy Award, it had Linda Fiorentino, who had just come out with that famous movie she did The Last Seduction, and it had David Caruso, who's a brilliant actor when given the right material, and a very smart guy. So a great cast, great director... everything but a script."
Director's cut
An unrated "director's cut" version featuring additional scenes and more explicit sexual footage with an additional 12 minutes was later released to VHS, though it is now out of print; the theatrical cut was used for the subsequent DVD and Blu-ray editions. The planned unrated versions for DVD, LaserDisc, and Blu-ray were cancelled, due to poor sales of the unrated VHS version.
In one alternate version of Jade, rather than having Gavin get away with murder, Corelli returns to the house, clearly planning to place him under arrest.
Cable channels USA, Cinemax, and WGN air the director's cut, including some scenes originally cut to avoid a possible NC-17 rating and for length.
References
Further reading
Friedkin, William, The Friedkin Connection, Harper Collins 2013
External links
1995 films
1995 crime thriller films
1990s erotic thriller films
American crime thriller films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by William Friedkin
Films with screenplays by Joe Eszterhas
American erotic thriller films
Films about prostitution in the United States
Films set in San Francisco
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in San Francisco
American police detective films
Paramount Pictures films
Films scored by James Horner
Films produced by Robert Evans
1990s American films |
4032138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthmann%20of%20Steyning | Cuthmann of Steyning | Saint Cuthmann of Steyning (8th century), also spelt Cuthman, was an Anglo-Saxon hermit and church-builder.
Life
Birth
In the biography of the saint in the Acta Sanctorum which was preserved at the Abbey of Fécamp in Normandy it is said that he was born about 681, either in Devon or Cornwall, or more probably at Chidham, near Bosham, about 25 miles from Steyning. It is speculated that his birth in Chidham at that date would place him in the right time and area to be preached to by Saint Wilfrid, the Apostle of Sussex (680–685), and would probably make Wilfrid the man who converted and baptised Cuthmann and his parents,
Travels to Steyning
His legend states he was a shepherd who had to care for his paralysed mother after his father's death. When they fell on hard times and were forced to beg from door to door, he built a one-wheeled cart or wheelbarrow (with a rope from the handles over his shoulders taking part of the weight) in which he moved her around with him. They set out east, towards the rising sun, from his home and, even though the rope broke, he improvised a new one from withies, deciding that when that rope broke he would accept it as a sign from God to stop at that place and build a church. The withy rope broke at the place now called Steyning, upon which (according to his biography) he prayed:
"Father Almighty, you have brought my wanderings to an end; now enable me to begin this work. For who am I, Lord, that I should build a house to name? If I rely on myself, it will be of no avail, but it is you who will assist me. You have given me the desire to be a builder; make up for my lack of skill, and bring the work of building this holy house to its completion."
After building a hut to accommodate his mother and himself, he began work on the church (now St Andrew's, Steyning, which in the 20th century instituted a Cuthmann chapel in his honour), with help from the locals. As the church was nearing completion and Cuthmann was having difficulty with a roof-beam, a stranger showed him how to fix it. When Cuthmann asked his name, he replied:
"I am he in whose name you are building this church."
Whatever date is ascribed to Cuthmann, this church was in existence by 857, when King Æthelwulf of Wessex, the father of Alfred the Great, was buried there.
Other legends
According to one legend, Chanctonbury Ring near Steyning was created by the Devil who became so angry at the conversion of England thanks to 'apostles' like Cuthmann that he decided to dig a channel by night to let in the sea and drown the Christians of Sussex. Fortunately, Cuthmann found out the Devil’s plan and tricked him by holding a candle behind a sieve and knocking the local cock off its perch. When the Devil saw the light and heard the cock crow, he fled the scene, leaving his great plan unfinished and giving us a complex of hills (the mounds of earth from his digging), including Chanctonbury Ring and the nearby ‘Devil's Dyke.’
According to another, whilst he was a shepherd, one day he drew a line around his sheep with his staff so that he could get away to collect food. On his return, he found that the flock had not left the invisible boundary. This miracle may have taken place in a field near Chidham, which for centuries was known as ‘St Cuthman’s Field’ or ‘St Cuthman’s Dell.’ It was said that a large stone in the field, ‘on which the holy shepherd was in the habit of sitting,’ held miraculous properties.
Veneration
Cuthmann was venerated as a saint in the Steyning area before the Norman Conquest. In charters of William the Conqueror, Steyning is sometimes called "St Cuthman's Port" or "St Cuthman's Parish".
The translation of his relics to Fécamp led to his becoming well known on the continent and even to his feast being celebrated at many of the religious houses of Normandy. This can be seen most clearly in a German engraving of him with his "cart" by Martin Schongauer, and the inclusion, transcription (from an anonymous source) and printing of his Life in the saints' lives collected in 1658 in the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum, giving his feast day as 8 February.
There is also a choir seat carving at Ripon Cathedral dating from a few decades after 1450 (with him and a three-wheeled wheelbarrow) and at his birthplace of Chidham there was a Guild of St Cuthman, subject to a tax in 1522 under Henry VIII.
Though the church he founded at Steyning was later re-dedicated to Andrew not Cuthmann, moves began in January 2007 within the parish to have it rededicated to "St Andrew and St Cuthman", giving the apostle Andrew precedence but reincluding Cuthmann – these moves succeeded and the church is now dedicated to "St Andrew and St Cuthman".
The church also has a Cuthmann chapel and a statue of him outside by artist Penny Reeve, while a picture of him with his wheelbarrow also continues to be Steyning's logo on its town sign.
Christopher Fry wrote a play on him in 1938 called The Boy with a Cart, performed at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, in 1950, directed by John Gielgud and with Richard Burton as Cuthman, from which the following is a quote:
Gallery
See also
History of Christianity in Sussex
Notes
References
Bibliography
Acta Sanctorum February volume II, Feb. 8th, p.197-199
G. R. Stephens, W. D. Stephens, 'Cuthman: A Neglected Saint', Speculum, Vol. 13, No. 4 (October, 1938), pp. 448–453
C. Grant Loomis, 'The American Tall Tale and the Miraculous', California Folklore Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April, 1945), page 119 – tells of Cuthmann hanging his gloves upon a sunbeam
External links
Latin text and English translation of the medieval "Life" of St Cuthman (BHL 2035)
Patron Saints Index entry on Saint Cuthman
Saint Cuthmann of Steyning
Possible text from the life of Cuthman
681 births
8th-century deaths
South Saxon saints
People from Steyning
8th-century Christian saints
Steyning
English hermits
7th-century English people
8th-century English people
People from Chidham and Hambrook |
4032141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate%20Odomes | Nate Odomes | Nathaniel Bernard Odomes (born August 25, 1965) is a former professional American football cornerback who played for the Buffalo Bills (1987–1993), Seattle Seahawks (1994–1995), and the Atlanta Falcons (1996). Before his NFL career, he played for the University of Wisconsin–Madison, returning 36 punts for 359 yards and intercepting 9 passes. His 7 interceptions in the 1986 season led the Big Ten Conference. He was selected by the Bills in the second round of the 1987 NFL Draft.
Odomes was one of the top defensive backs in the NFL during the early 1990s, assisting the Bills to four consecutive Super Bowl appearances, and making the Pro Bowl twice (1992 and 1993). One of his more memorable plays was in a 1992 playoff game known as The Comeback, where he intercepted a pass from future Hall of Fame quarterback Warren Moon to set up Buffalo's game-winning field goal. In the following season, Odomes led the NFL with 9 interceptions, and made a key interception in the second quarter of Super Bowl XXVIII to help his team build a 13–6 halftime lead. However, his team still lost the game 30–13.
After the 1993 season, Odomes signed with Seattle and spent two injury-plagued years with the Seahawks. He never suited up for Seattle. Before concluding his NFL career, he played one final season with the Atlanta Falcons in 1996. In his eight NFL seasons, Odomes intercepted 26 passes, which he returned for 224 yards and a touchdown. He also recorded 3 sacks and recovered 8 fumbles, returning them for 86 yards and 2 touchdowns.
References
American football cornerbacks
Buffalo Bills players
Players of American football from Columbus, Georgia
Seattle Seahawks players
Atlanta Falcons players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Wisconsin Badgers football players
1965 births
Living people |
4032147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Ellis | Walter Ellis | Walter Ellis (born September 7, 1948) is a Northern Ireland-born, United States-based writer. He spends his summers in France.
Ellis is the author of The Beginning of the End: The Crippling Disadvantage of a Happy Irish Childhood, the story of his early life in Belfast, Durham, Cork, and Brussels, and his uneasy relationship with his cousin, Ronnie Bunting, a leading member of the Irish National Liberation Army, shot dead in 1980. He also wrote The Oxbridge Conspiracy: How the Ancient Universities Have Kept Their Stranglehold on the Establishment (/), a study of elitism in higher education in England.
He has lived in New York since 2001. His wife Louisa is a graphic designer and painter. His son, Jamie Ellis, is a record producer.
Walter Ellis, formerly a journalist and foreign correspondent for several British and Irish newspapers, now writes obituaries for The Times of London. He is also moving into the field of fiction. His thriller, The Fleeing Man, was published in Italy in 2010 (as Il Codice Caravaggio) and came out in Ireland in the summer of 2012, achieving excellent reviews.
External links
References
Ellis, W. (2006). The Beginning of the End: the Crippling Disadvantage of a Happy Irish Childhood. Edinburgh: Mainstream Press.
1948 births
Living people
Journalists from Northern Ireland
Male non-fiction writers from Northern Ireland
Writers from Belfast
Writers from New York City
21st-century writers from Northern Ireland
21st-century non-fiction writers from Northern Ireland |
4032158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Terminals | The Terminals | The Terminals were a New Zealand alternative rock band. They released material on the Xpressway and Flying Nun labels.
History
The band was formed in 1988, with several members being veterans of other bands. Vocalist Stephen Cogle and drummer Peter Stapleton had both been members of The Victor Dimisich Band in the early 1980s, Stapleton also playing with The Pin Group and Scorched Earth Policy. Guitarist Ross Humphries was an ex-member of The Pin Group, and Mick Elborado played bass and keyboards with Scorched Earth Policy. Signing to Flying Nun, the band's debut release was the Disconnect EP in 1988, followed by two albums for the label. Humphries was replaced by former Scorched Earth Policy guitarist Brian Crook. The band moved to the Xpressway label for their third album, Touch. Little Things followed in 1995.
Drummer and lyricist Peter Stapleton died in 2020.
Band members
Original line-up
Stephen Cogle (guitar/vocals)
Ross Humphries (guitar/vocals)
Susan Heney (bass)
Mick Elborado (organ)
Peter Stapleton (drums)
Middle line-up
Stephen Cogle (guitar/vocals)
Brian Crook (guitar/vocals)
John Chrisstoffels (bass)
Mick Elborado (organ)
Peter Stapleton (drums)
Last line-up
Stephen Cogle (guitar/vocals)
Nicole Moffat (violin/vocals)
John Chrisstoffels (bass)
Mick Elborado (organ)
Peter Stapleton (drums)
Discography
Featured appearances
The group have appeared on a few compilations since their inception in New Zealand and Australia. The following is a list of these albums that have featured tracks by The Terminals.
(1992) – What's That Noise (xpressway)
Singles
References
External links
Interview with The Terminals
The Terminals entry at Trouser Press
Flying Nun Records artists
New Zealand indie rock groups |
4032163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Kuskokwim%20language | Upper Kuskokwim language | The Upper Kuskokwim language (also called Kolchan or Goltsan or Dinak'i) is an Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené language family. It is spoken by the Upper Kuskokwim people in the Upper Kuskokwim River villages of Nikolai, Telida, and McGrath, Alaska. About 40 of a total of 160 Upper Kuskokwim people (Dichinanek’ Hwt’ana) still speak the language.
A practical orthography of the language was established by Raymond Collins, who in 1964 began linguistic work at Nikolai.
Since 1990s, the language has also been documented by a Russian linguist Andrej Kibrik.
Bibliography
Alaska Native Language Center. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
Collins, Raymond and Sally Jo Collins. 2004. Dichinanek' Hwt'ana: A History of the people of the Upper Kuskokwim who live in Nikolai and Telida, Alaska. (Online: Alaska Native Language Archive item UK964C2004)
References
Links
Upper Kuskokwim Language and Culture Preservation (website in development)
Dinak'i | Upper Kuskokwim Dictionary iOS app
Northern Athabaskan languages
Indigenous languages of Alaska
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
Endangered Athabaskan languages |
4032170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk%20Money%20%28film%29 | Milk Money (film) | Milk Money is a 1994 American romantic comedy film directed by Richard Benjamin and starring Melanie Griffith and Ed Harris. The film is about three suburban 11-year-old boys who find themselves behind in "the battle of the sexes," believing they would regain the upper hand if they could just see a real, live naked lady.
The film received generally negative reviews from critics.
Plot
Three junior high school boys—Brad (Adam LaVorgna), Frank (Michael Patrick Carter) and Kevin (Brian Christopher)—travel from their bedroom suburb of Middleton to the city, bringing money with hopes of seeing a woman naked. They find a hooker named "V" (Melanie Griffith) who is willing to show her breasts. However, when they decide to head home, they find their bikes have been stolen, leaving them broke and stuck in the city. V speaks with her drug dealing pimp named "Cash" (Casey Siemaszko), and another hooker, Betty (Anne Heche). Cash has been skimming money that he sends to mob collector Waltzer (Malcolm McDowell), who in turn steals from his own boss, Jerry "The Pope" (Philip Bosco). V notices the boys outside in the rain and offers them a ride back home in Cash's car.
After they arrive at Frank's house, the car V was using suddenly breaks down so she goes inside to use the phone. Tom (Ed Harris), Frank's father, comes home and is surprised to find a woman in the house. Unbeknownst to V, Frank tells Tom that V is a math tutor and that she's giving lessons to Brad. Tom offers to repair her car in a few days when he is free from his science classes at school. With no other option, she accepts Frank's offer to stay in his tree house without Tom's knowledge. Frank begins a close friendship with V, hoping to set her up with his father. He tells her Tom has no problem with her "job," meaning the tutoring ruse, but she thinks he means her prostitution.
V learns from television that Cash has been murdered by Waltzer. She phones Betty only to discover that Waltzer is looking for her - Cash told him that she stole the money. She realizes that he is overhearing the conversation and hangs up. With V's car still broken down, she gets Tom's old bike from the garage and rushes to find him. He is on a field trip to the town's wetlands, undeveloped natural land that he is attempting to save from development. He is unable to repair her car any sooner, but she realizes that she is probably safer in Middleton, since Waltzer doesn't know where she is.
At school, Frank flunks a biology test about sex education and must give his class an oral presentation. He decides to use V as a mannequin and through a ruse distracts his teacher long enough to draw a relatively accurate female reproductive system on her skin-colored bodysuit. Tom and V go out on a date and both realize they are developing feelings for each other. While walking through town on their date, Tom and V run into Kevin's family. V recognizes Kevin's father, who is a client, but he initially says she has him mixed up with someone else before admitting to remembering her and says she was a dance teacher. Tom is impressed with how busy V is being a tutor and dance teacher; V then realizes that Frank had actually lied about Tom knowing about her prostitution. V explains herself to Tom, and their relationship grows. She reveals that her real name is Eve, which she thought was too biblical so she removed the “e”s. Kevin's father unwittingly calls her home phone number, which he had in his pocket notebook, in an attempt to purchase her services again. He talks to Betty; and Waltzer, who happens to be there also, learns from Betty about the trip to Middleton, thus finding out where V is hiding.
V is terrified that Waltzer will find her so she decides to leave town but attends a school dance to say goodbye to Frank. Waltzer shows up to spoil their fun. A chase ensues, with Waltzer finally being eliminated. Anxious about her status and afraid to return to her old job, V goes to Waltzer's boss and relates how he has been cheating him. She asks to be "forgotten" by them. The older crime boss succumbs to her charms and he tells her he'll take care of things and that she doesn't need to be afraid anymore, while also allowing her to walk away from prostitution for good. V finds the stolen money in a backpack and uses it to buy the wetlands in Tom's name; it is also revealed that she purchased the ice cream parlor in town, so she can carry on with her new relationship.
Cast
Melanie Griffith as Eve "V"
Ed Harris as Tom Wheeler
Michael Patrick Carter as Frank Wheeler
Malcolm McDowell as Waltzer
Anne Heche as Betty
Philip Bosco as Jerry "The Pope"
Casey Siemaszko as "Cash"
Brian Christopher as Kevin
Adam LaVorgna as Brad
Margaret Nagle as Mrs. Fetch
Kevin Youkilis as Kid (uncredited)
Production
The screenplay written by John Mattson was sold to Paramount Pictures in 1992 for $1.1 million, a record for a romantic comedy spec script. Mattson was sued by Dino De Laurentiis (DDLC); the lawsuit alleged that Mattson's agent had made a verbal agreement to sell the script to DDLC for $1 million, before selling the script to Paramount for $1.1 million.
The film was originally set up with Joe Dante to direct and his frequent partner, Michael Finnell, to produce, but they left the project over disputes regarding the budget and their fees. Paramount had wanted Dante to work for less than his normal directing fee, and to shoot the film in Canada using a non-union crew with a budget of $14 million.
Shot in various locations in Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Lebanon, Ohio, the story is set in a Pennylvania suburb named "Middleton", outside of an unnamed city (for which parts of Pittsburgh and Cincinnati were used).
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 12% based on reviews from 42 critics with the consensus: "Ill-conceived and cheap when it comes to cleverness, Milk Money is a more than a few cents short of a good time." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B" on scale of A to F.
Siskel & Ebert speculated that it may have been made by Hollywood executives with an affinity for hookers. In print, Roger Ebert opted not for a conventional negative review, but to portray it as the result of a fictional conversation between two studio executives. Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave it a negative review and suggested "Milk Money may be the first brainless American comedy that deserves to be remade by the French". Maslin said Griffith "brings a certain irrepressible gusto to her role" and "Harris manages to be improbably charming". Variety called it "a misguided comedy with Hall of Shame pedigree" and "The film is obvious, loud, mean-spirited and has its mind in the gutter."
At the 15th Golden Raspberry Awards, the film was nominated for Worst Screenplay, but it lost to The Flintstones.
Year-end worst-of lists
2nd – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
4th – Dan Craft, The Pantagraph
6th – Janet Maslin, The New York Times
9th – Robert Denerstein, Rocky Mountain News
Top 10 (not ranked) – Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News-Sentinel
Home media
The film was released on VHS in March 1995 and DVD on September 9, 2003. It was presented in anamorphic widescreen in its original 1.85:1 aspect ratio.
References
External links
1994 films
1990s coming-of-age films
1994 romantic comedy films
American coming-of-age films
American crime comedy films
American romantic comedy films
1990s coming-of-age comedy films
American coming-of-age comedy films
1990s English-language films
Films about children
Films about prostitution in the United States
Films about puberty
Films directed by Richard Benjamin
Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy
Films produced by Frank Marshall
Films scored by Michael Convertino
Films set in Ohio
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Ohio
Films shot in Pittsburgh
Paramount Pictures films
The Kennedy/Marshall Company films
1994 comedy films
1990s American films |
4032178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbuprenorphine | Norbuprenorphine | Norbuprenorphine is a major active metabolite of the opioid modulator buprenorphine. It is a μ-opioid, δ-opioid, and nociceptin receptor full agonist, and a κ-opioid receptor partial agonist. In rats, unlike buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine produces marked respiratory depression but with very little antinociceptive effect. In explanation of these properties, norbuprenorphine has been found to be a high affinity P-glycoprotein substrate, and in accordance, shows very limited blood-brain-barrier penetration.
See also
Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
Buprenorphine-3-glucuronide
Loperamide
Noroxymorphone
References
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Phenols
Tertiary alcohols
Ethers
Kappa-opioid receptor agonists
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Delta-opioid receptor agonists
Nociceptin receptor agonists
Opioid metabolites
Peripherally selective drugs |
4032180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20cruiser%20Vittorio%20Veneto | Italian cruiser Vittorio Veneto | Vittorio Veneto was a helicopter cruiser that served with the Italian Navy. Originally intended to be a class of two ships specifically designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW), only Vittorio Veneto entered into service in 1969, its sister ship Italia being cancelled. Vittorio Veneto was decommissioned in 2003. This ship has the same general layout as the smaller helicopter cruisers, but with two elevators in the flight deck and the hangar below, rather than with the hangar as part of the superstructure. It was named for the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto which ended World War I on the Italian front.
History
Although the Andrea Doria-class helicopter cruisers proved a useful addition to the fleet, it was judged that a larger ship was necessary. Such a vessel would be able operate a larger airwing and provide helicopter support in bad weather conditions. These considerations led to the Vittorio Veneto class, of which two ships were originally planned, though only one was actually built. The second ship of the class, Italia, was cancelled.
The ship was laid down on 10 June 1965 and launched on 5 February 1967. The cruiser was completed on 12 July 1969 at the Italcantieri plant of Castellammare di Stabia. It entered in service in the October of the same year, at the naval base of Taranto. Vittorio Veneto remained the flagship of the Italian Navy until the aircraft carrier was commissioned in 1985.
Design
Vittorio Veneto has a displacement of 7,500 tons standard and 8,850 tons fully loaded. Unlike the Andrea Dorias, which had separate funnels, it has two combination mast/funnels. The second major difference in design is the location of the helicopter facilities. Vittorio Veneto has a raised rear deck to accommodate a hangar beneath the helicopter platform, rather than a frigate/destroyer style hangar in the superstructure. There are two elevators to transfer the helicopters between the hangar and the deck.
Originally the ship carried armament similar to the Andrea Dorias comprising a Terrier anti-aircraft system situated in front of the bridge, which could also be used to launch ASROC antisubmarine rockets. Compared to the Andrea Dorias, Vittorio Venetos missile magazine has a third drum, increasing magazine capacity by a half to sixty rounds. The secondary armament comprised eight dual-purpose guns in a ring around the superstructure, similar to the Andrea Dorias. Finally, the vessel was armed with two triple 324 mm torpedo launchers. Vittorio Veneto could operate up to nine light helicopters, of the types Agusta-Bell AB-204 or later AB-212 or six heavy helicopters of the type AB-61, which could be housed in the hangar beneath the long rear deck.
The electronics were rather advanced for the time, comprising a three-dimensional AN/SPS-52 B radar and an SPS-768 (RAN 3L) air search radar. For anti-submarine warfare an AN/SQS-23 sonar set was installed.
Vittorio Veneto was propelled by two steam turbines providing , for a maximum speed of . Like the previous class, the cruiser had a set of stabilizing fins to improve stability for helicopter operations.
Upgrades
The ship underwent an extensive update between 1981 and 1984. The electronics were updated, and launchers for Otomat missiles were installed, together with three OTO Melara twin DARDO CIWS compact gun mounts for AA defence and Standard SM-1ER SAM missiles to replace the Terrier SAM. The engine feeding system was shifted from nafta to diesel fuel for standardisation and environmental reasons.
Accidents
Vittorio Veneto ran aground in bad weather off the port of Vlorë on 22 April 1997. At the time it was acting as the flagship of a multinational task-force that protected aid deliveries to Albania. It took four tugboats to pull its free. No damage to the ship or injuries to the crew were reported by the Italian navy.
Decommissioning
After 1995 Vittorio Veneto served mainly as a training ship. It was decommissioned in 2003. At the time, it was the second to last cruiser in service with any Western European fleet, leaving only the , which remained in service until 2010. Its air coverage capability is now supplied by the V/STOL aircraft carrier .
See also
References
Sources
Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. .
External links
Vittorio Veneto (550) Marina Militare website
GlobalSecurity.org
Vittorio Veneto-class cruisers
Cruisers of the Italian Navy
Ships built by Fincantieri
1967 ships
Helicopter carrier classes
Cold War cruisers of Italy
Ships built in Castellammare di Stabia |
4032183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix%20position | Crucifix position | The crucifix position is a ground grappling position that involves being perpendicularly behind the opponent, chest against back, and controlling the opponent's arms. One of the opponent's arms is controlled using the legs, and the other using the arms, hence effectively putting the opponent in a position resembling a crucifix. This position allows for elbow strikes to the head, or if the opponent is wearing a gi, it allows for a collar strangle called the crucifix choke (in Judo known as jigoku jime, 地獄絞, "hell strangle"). It is also possible to have the crucifix position in such a way that a crucifix neck crank can be applied.
References
Gracie Barra Tampa. A Confusion of Crucifixes, Crucifix Choke. tampabjj.com. accessed February 11, 2006.
External links
The Crucifix. Shows the basic crucifix position.
Crucifix. Shows the crucifix position being used to set up a crucifix neck crank.
Chris Kirby and Chris Russo demonstrating completed jigoku jime (hell strangle)
Grappling positions
Wrestling
Chokeholds |
4032198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BClich%20radio%20transmitter | Jülich radio transmitter | The Jülich shortwave transmitter operated by Deutsche Telekom / T-Systems, was a part of the shortwave broadcasting facility at Jülich, Germany.
In 1956 WDR broadcaster established the first shortwave transmitter near Mersch, and in subsequent years this site was expanded. On 1 September 1961 this site was handed over to the Deutsche Bundespost (German Federal Post) to establish the German foreign broadcasting service, "Deutsche Welle". In time 10 transmitters of 100 kilowatts were installed. These were transmitting antennas with enormous dipole arrays between free-standing steel framework towers which were installed. Today these transmitters are rented predominantly to non-German broadcasting organisations. In the 1990s a mediumwave transmitter was installed on the site, using a long wire antenna which is spun at a tower on the transmitter site. It was intended to be used for transmission of the programmes of "Radio Viva" on 702 kHz, but it never went into regular service for this broadcaster. Since 6 December 2004, the mediumwave transmitter has been used to broadcast the programme of the German commercial broadcaster "TruckRadio" on 702 kHz.
In 2006, the British multi-millionaire Bob Edmiston from West Bromwich, acquired the entire transmitter. The car dealer and founder of the Christian missionary vision is regarded as creationist and had, amongst other things, bought a radio transmitter in Darwin, Australia 6 years ago.
In January 2008 the broadcasting facility was sold by T-Systems to the religious broadcaster CVC / Christian Vision.
When the broadcasting had been discontinued a recreation area with camping and hotels was to be built there.
Meanwhile, all antennas have been removed. (1 December 2010)
References
Radio masts and towers in Germany
Düren (district) |
4032210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine%20Australia | Wine Australia | Wine Australia is an Australian Government statutory corporation that promotes and regulates the Australian wine industry. It was created as the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation (AWBC) in 1981 to replace the Australian Wine Board by the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980, and had its name changed by the amended Wine Corporation Act 1980, passed in December 2010. Wine Australia is now governed by the superseding law, Wine Australia Act 2013. Wine Australia determines the boundaries of Australia's wine regions and sometimes names them. Wine Australia also regulates wine exports, ensuring the quality and integrity of each shipment of wine exported. Wine Australia has three main departments; Compliance, Market Development and Knowledge Development.
Wine Australia has its headquarters in Adelaide.
History
Wine Australia is a type of statutory authority known as a statutory corporation, established by the Australian Government. It was originally created as the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation, which was established to provide strategic support to the Australian wine sector. It was established as an Australian Government statutory corporation directed by a board appointed by the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry at the time.
Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980
In 1980, the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980 was passed, forming the AWBC authority that has progressed to the present. With the passing of this act, the functions of the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation, and thus the purpose of its formation were declared. Holistically, this act lists out its explicit objectives Part 1 s3 (1):
(1) The objects of this Act are:
(a) to promote and control the export of grape products from Australia; and
(b) to promote and control the sale and distribution, after export, of Australian grape products; and
(c) to promote trade and commerce in grape products among the States, between States and Territories and within the Territories; and
(d) to improve the production of grape products, and encourage the consumption of grape products, in the Territories; and
(e) to enable Australia to fulfil its obligations under prescribed wine‑trading agreements and other international agreements;
and this Act shall be construed and administered accordingly.
The Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980 was passed in Australian federal parliament to lawfully govern the operational activities of the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation and the Australian wine regions respectively. This process involved the act being presented to the House of Representatives as a bill. In this form, it was subject to three readings and once ministers are satisfied, the bill was then sent to the Senate by the Sarjeant-at-Arms where the same three reading process is followed. The bill was then passed by both houses and given royal assent by the Governor General. The act itself, however came into effect 28 days after consent (in compliance with the legal policy) - known as date of proclamation.
The Wine Corporation Act 1980, an amended version of the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980, passed in December 2010, enacting a change of name to Wine Australia.
In 2013, this piece of legislation was amended and thus recompiled to include up to date modifications and to respond to the changing demands of the wine industry in Australia. As such, it now stands as the Wine Australia Corporation Act 2013 (Cth).
RDCs
The organisation is one of 15 Rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs) in Australia, and one of the five that is a statutory corporation, along with AgriFutures, the Cotton Research and Development Corporation, the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation and the Grain Research and Development Corporation (the rest are industry-owned). They are funded largely by the government for the purposes of investing in R&D (research and development), with the aim of improving "profitability, productivity, competitiveness and long-term sustainability of Australia's primary industries".
Aims
The aims of Wine Australia include:
export regulation compliance
integrity maintenance
define wine region boundaries
strategic marketing
negotiating trade barrier reduction
provide statistics and analysis
Funding
Funding of all of the Wine Australia corporation’s endeavours is sourced primarily from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment.
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
The Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE) was previously structured in separate government departments as the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Environment and Energy. These two departments were then brought together to establish the current department on 1 February 2020. As well as this, ministers responsible for the department were appointed. These being; David Littleproud as Minister for Agriculture, Drought and Emergency Management; Keith Pitt as Minister for Resources and Water; and Sussan Ley as Minister for the Environment. Along with this, Andrew Metcalfe AO was appointed as the secretary for the department.
The department itself stands as the national representative of the country’s interests in agriculture, water and the environment whilst leading efforts to protect and strengthen the nation’s agriculture, water resources, the environment and heritage.
Funding Initiatives
DAWE is responsible for the practical funding of Wine Australia’s business plans for the maintenance and sustainable achievement of their main objective. This being investing in practices to expand domestic and international markets. They intend to achieve this by conducting research, development and extension to protect and administer Australian wine exports and the wine industry itself.
DAWE has provided monetary funding to establish and phase in Wine Australia’s “Export and Regional Wine Support Package”, which is at the forefront of their role. Explicitly stated in their 2017-18 Grants Report, DAWE states that they intend to provide this funding “to implement the government approved business plan for the Export and Regional Wine Support Package”. Through this, sum of $54,263,000 has been granted to Wine Australia with a grant term of 32months (2.5years) commencing 11 December 2017.
Departments
Wine Australia states its different areas of departmental focus to be:
compliance
market development
knowledge development
Compliance
This department of Wine Australia is responsible for ensuring that the practices and activities undertaken by stakeholders to the Australian wine industry are lawful and comply with the obligations set out in the Wine Australia Act 2013. This department is concerned with the legalities of running the corporation and their compliance regime is administered by the appointed staff in this department. The areas of compliance that this department particularly monitor and assess include the; Label Integrity Program, Winemaking, Wine labelling, Exporting, Wine Export Levy & fees, Shipping and Logistics. All of which play a role in this department being able to contribute to establishing a wine regulatory system that protects consumers; and ensures a fair trading environment for producers and exporters.
Label Integrity Program
The "Label Integrity Program" is one of the main operational initiatives of the Compliance department within Wine Australia. Its role is to: ensure the truth, and the reputation for truthfulness, of statements made on wine labels, or made for commercial purposes in other ways, about the vintage, variety or geographical indication of wine manufactured in Australia This program sets out multiple controls on wine labelling in compliance and adherence to the Geographic Indications regulations explicit in Part 6B of the Wine Australia Corporation Act. In doing so, the compliance department are able to hold administrative control over truth in labelling by ensuring winemakers keep records and by imposing audits where required. These audits under the program can occur randomly, but are also scheduled annually for each region.
Compliance protocols under this program stipulate that the minimum labelling information on wine sold in Australia is:
producers name
producers address
alcohol level
number of standard drinks
'contains sulfites' statement
'Wine of Australia' or 'Product of Australia'
prescribed allergenic substances - milk and casein, egg whites, nuts, isinglass
Market development
This department of Wine Australia is responsible for ensuring that the growth of domestic and international markets for wine is maintained and maximised through research, development and extension measures that are undertaken.
This department is responsible for measures and initiatives which promote a movement to greater capacity of trade relations. This includes projects of different scale and magnitude that are organised, developed and implemented by the market development department. All of which share a common aim to improve and strengthen export opportunities for Australian wine with favourable trading conditions and increased investment internationally.
This department makes practical efforts to achieve the above under the impetus of the '$50million package' that they have been provided through funding from Department of Water, Agriculture and the Environment. Through this, market development team puts into place certain measures focused particularly on helping Australian wine businesses capture market opportunities specifically in China and USA. These projects involve print, broadcast, online and social media, key influencer engagement and events, and consumer education which work together to develop a portfolio and presence for Australian wine exports with enhanced perception to consumers and potential investors.
Knowledge development
This department of Wine Australia is responsible for performing the more strategic and tactical operations of the corporation to allow the board to make decisions which accurately reflect the complexity of the modern Australian wine industry. This department is more practical in nature with many projects that are worked on to strategise and tactically evaluate all of the initiatives undertaken. The bulk of this department's focus is put to enabling wine businesses to be assisted in their information obtaining processes to make it a lot easier for the industry as a whole to collect and manage information in an efficient manner.
In terms of its operational objectives, this department is positioned to focus on: providing information on the wine sector, collecting and providing global wine market intelligence, regularly projecting and updating wine sector data and trends, responding to inquiries on their publications, initiating and collaborating with others on data collection, contributing and collaborating with related publications and forums.
More specifically, this department is able to achieve this through the collection and analysis of Australian and foreign wine industry statistics. From this, the department then also organises and hosts an information centre, which is readily accessible and in place to attend to different demands of wine businesses that may arise. Along with this, the knowledge department also develops, adds to and administers an extensive data base on Australian and international wine export information that is also accessible to those in the industry to access and benefit from should they require.
Headquarters
The Wine Australia corporation has its headquarters in Adelaide, South Australia. The Wine Australia head office address is: Industry House: Corner of Hackney and Botanic Roads, Adelaide, South Australia.
See also
Agriculture in Australia
Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal
Australian Wine
Australian Wine Research Institute
Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology
Australia's First Families of Wine
Langton's Classification of Australian Wine
National Wine Centre of Australia
References
External links
Companies established in 1981
Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
Wine industry organizations
Australian distilled drinks
Australian wine
1981 establishments in Australia
Australian legislation |
4032215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael%20Ravenscroft | Raphael Ravenscroft | Raphael Ravenscroft (4 June 1954 – 19 October 2014) was a British musician, composer and author. He is best known for playing the saxophone on Gerry Rafferty's song "Baker Street".
Early life
While his place of birth is disputed, the England and Wales Birth Index places it at Stoke-on-Trent. He was the eldest son of Trevor Ravenscroft, author of the 1972 occult book The Spear of Destiny, and spent much of his young life in Dumfries, where his father lived.
Career
Gerry Rafferty and "Baker Street"
In January 1978, Scottish singer-musician Gerry Rafferty released his first solo material since 1972 and first material of any kind since the demise of Stealers Wheel in 1975. As a then-unheralded session musician, Ravenscroft was asked to play the saxophone on the album City to City (1978). His contribution included the sax riff on the best-known song from the album and of Rafferty's career, "Baker Street". The song was an international hit, charting at number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US. "Baker Street" was reported in 2010 as having received 5 million air plays worldwide to date. City to City reached number 1 in the US album charts and went platinum. In the UK the album reached number 6 and went gold.
Ravenscroft told the BBC's The One Show in 2010 that he was only paid £27.50 for the "Baker Street" session, which was the Musicians' Union rate at the time. It has been (falsely) reported that the cheque bounced and that it was kept on the wall of Ravenscroft's solicitors; in contrast, the song is said to have earned Rafferty £80,000 a year in royalties.
The saxophone break on "Baker Street" has been described as "the most famous saxophone solo of all time", "the most recognizable sax riff in pop music history", and "one of the most recognisable saxophone solos of all time".
In a radio interview in 2011, Ravenscroft said that his performance on the song annoyed him. "I'm irritated because it's out of tune", he said. "Yeah, it's flat. By enough of a degree that it irritates me at best." Ravenscroft mostly refused to play "Baker Street" during interviews. The last time Ravenscroft played "Baker Street" was in the summer of 2014 when he organised a charity gala concert in Exeter for Nicole Hartup, a 12-year-old city schoolgirl who had died in a fall.
Ravenscroft worked with Rafferty from 1977 to 1982. As well as the songs he worked on for City to City he contributed to Rafferty's next two albums, Night Owl (1979) on which he played the lyricon on the title track of the album, and follow-up album Snakes and Ladders (1980).
In 2011, he recorded a tribute to commemorate the funeral of Gerry Rafferty called "Forgiveness", which combined his saxophone playing with the voices of Grammy-nominated choir Tenebrae.
While Ravenscroft falsely claimed to have made the decision to incorporate the riff (based, he said, on "an old blues riff") into "Baker Street", earlier demo recordings for "Baker Street" have the same refrain, played by Rafferty on guitar, which were recorded before Ravenscroft became involved in the sessions for the song, indicating that Ravenscroft was not responsible for including the melody in the song. An almost identical riff had actually been written ten years earlier for the 1968 Steve Marcus jazz track "Half a Heart", and it has been suggested by Gary Burton, a friend of Marcus, that Ravenscroft's performance on "Baker Street" was likely influenced by the earlier song.
Other work
From his breakthrough with "Baker Street" he went on to perform with Pink Floyd (The Final Cut, 1983), ABBA and Marvin Gaye. Other Ravenscroft performing credits include work with America, Maxine Nightingale, Daft Punk, Kim Carnes, The Only Ones, Mike Oldfield, Chris Rea, Robert Plant, Brand X, Hazel O'Connor and Bonnie Tyler. In 1979, he released the solo album Her Father Didn't Like Me, Anyway (CBS Portrait JR 35683). In 1983, Ravenscroft released the track "Maxine" which gained airplay, but performed poorly on the charts. In 1987, he was credited, along with Max Early and Johnny Patrick for the new theme to the Central Television soap opera Crossroads.
In 2010, Ravenscroft played on albums and on sessions with Duffy, Mary Hopkin and Jamie Hartman. In 2011–12, Ravenscroft contributed to the album Propeller by Grice.
Ravenscroft wrote several books on saxophone technique, including The Complete Saxophone Player (1990).
In 2012, Ravenscroft created the music for a series of films featuring photographer Don McCullin, and during 2011–2012 composed for several major advertising campaigns around the world. In summer 2012 he took a break due to ill-health, and moved back to Devon.
In 2014, Ravenscroft went to Belgium to help and set up the saxophone project Wie is Sax4Pax? with the company Adolphe Sax & Cie.
Personal life and death
He married and divorced twice, and separated from his third wife in 2009. His daughter is the artist Scarlett Raven. Ravenscroft died on 19 October 2014 at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, aged 60, of a suspected heart attack.
Collaborations
City to City - Gerry Rafferty (1978)
Night Owl - Gerry Rafferty (1979)
Romance Dance - Kim Carnes (1980)
Snakes and Ladders - Gerry Rafferty (1980)
In Our Lifetime - Marvin Gaye (1981)
The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking - Roger Waters (1984)
Pictures at Eleven, Robert Plant, Pledge Pin
References
External links
Raphael Ravenscroft on Myspace
LinkedIn profile
1954 births
2014 deaths
English rock saxophonists
British male saxophonists
English male writers
People from Stoke-on-Trent
People from Dumfries
Musicians from Staffordshire
20th-century saxophonists |
4032221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Schulman | Tom Schulman | Thomas H. Schulman (born October 20, 1951) is an American screenwriter best known for his semi-autobiographical screenplay Dead Poets Society based on his time at the Montgomery Bell Academy (MBA), a college-preparatory day school located in Nashville, Tennessee.
Following high school, Schulman earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in philosophy, graduating in 1972 from Vanderbilt University in Nashville. Schulman pursued his interest in film at the University of Southern California's Graduate School of Cinema.
Dead Poets Society won the Best Screenplay Academy Award in 1989, and was nominated for Best Picture and Best Director (Peter Weir). The character of John Keating was inspired by one of Schulman's teachers at MBA.
Prior to Dead Poets Society, Schulman had already written a number of telemovies. However, Dead Poets Society was his first movie script to reach the screen. He was hired to rewrite the hit movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids shortly before the film was due to begin shooting; Schulman had just seven days to turn it from a drama into a comedy.
Other scripts written or co-written by Schulman include comedies Welcome to Mooseport, What About Bob?, Second Sight (which Schulman sold the same day as Dead Poets Society) and Holy Man, which stars Eddie Murphy. The Sean Connery drama Medicine Man, originally entitled The Stand, proved a critical failure. Schulman executive produced the movie Indecent Proposal.
Schulman's only film as director to date is 1997 black comedy 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag, which stars Joe Pesci as a gangster attempting to transport a bag of severed heads across the United States.
In 2009, Schulman was elected vice president of the Writers Guild of America, West.
Filmography
References
External links
Dead Poets Society's Tom Schulman on the Art of Surviving Hollywood, March 15, 2004
Tom Schulman Biography (1951–)
1951 births
Living people
People from Nashville, Tennessee
American male screenwriters
Film producers from Tennessee
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
Film directors from Tennessee
Screenwriters from Tennessee |
4032228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim%20Hisami | Karim Hisami | Karim Hisami or Kerîmî Hisamî, (1926–2001) was an Iranian-Kurdish writer. He was born in the village of Beyrem near Mahabad. His real name was Karimi Mirza Hamed. Karim Hisami was his pen-name. At early age, he became involved in politics, and was registered as the 18th member of Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd party. He was a member of political bureau of Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran until 1984. He lived most of his life in exile. In 1958, he fled to Iraq. In 1960, he moved to Czechoslovakia, where he studied in university. In the 1970s, he was working in Radio Peyk Iran (Radio Iranian Messenger) in Bulgaria. He went back to Iran in 1978 after the revolution. In 1985 he moved to Sweden, where he stayed until his death on October 6, 2001. In Sweden, he published a Kurdish journal titled Serdemî Nwê from 1986 to 1990. He was also closely affiliated with the Iraqi Communist Party.
He is famous for his memoires, titled Le Bîreweriyekanim (From my memoires). He published eleven volumes of his massive memoires, between 1986 and 2001. This work is an important source for the study of Kurdish political movements in Iran. He has also translated literary works of Maxim Gorky, Ignazio Silone and Nikos Kazantzakis into Kurdish.
Publications
Karwanêk le şehîdanî Kurdistanî Êran (The martyrs of the Iranian Kurdistan), 1971
Pêdaçûnewe (Review), Mardin Publishers, Sweden. / 9188880230
Le Bîreweriyekanim (From my memoires), Vol. I, 316 pp., Jîna Nû Publishers, Uppsala, Sweden, 1986.
Komarî Dêmokratî Kurdistan yan Xudmuxtarî (The Kurdistan Democratic Republic or Autonomy), 112 pp., Azad Publishers, Sverige, Sweden, 1986.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1957–1965, Vol.II., 164 pp., Stockholm, 1987.
Yadî Hêmin, 97 pp., Kista, 1987.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1965–1970, Vol. III, 250 pp., Stockholm, 1988.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1970–1975, Vol. IV, 235 pp., Stockholm, 1990.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1975–1979, Vol. V, 291 pp., Stockholm, 1991.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1979–1983, Vol. VI, 295 pp., Stockholm, 1992.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1983–1985, Vol. VII, 275 pp., Stockholm, 1994.
Seferê bo Kurdistan (A Travel to Kurdistan), Stockholm, 1994.
Geştêk benêw Bîreweriyekanda, 303 pp., Solförl. Publishers, Sullentuna, 1997.
Dîmokrasî çiye? (What is Democracy?), 230 pp., Mukriyani Publishers, Arbil, 2001.
Translation
Dayik, translation of Mother by Maxim Gorky.
Azadî yan Merg, translation of Freedom or Death by Nikos Kazantzakis
Nan û şerab, translation of Bread and Wine by Ignazio Silone, Ministry of Education Publishers, Arbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, 2003.
References
Karim Hisami, Immigrant Institute (in Swedish)
External links
List of Author's books- WorldCat.org
Interview- University of Toronto
1926 births
2001 deaths
Iranian writers
Kurdish-language writers
Iranian Kurdish people
Kurdish scholars |
4032239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Launer | Dale Launer | Dale Launer (born May 19, 1952) is an American screenwriter, film director and producer, best known for his work in comedy films. His films include Ruthless People, Blind Date, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels and My Cousin Vinny.
Biography
Launer was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and brought up in the San Fernando valley. He is Jewish. He attended California State University, Northridge, where, after changing his major to Film, he recognised his desire for a job writing and directing films. His first successful screenplay was Ruthless People (1986).
In May 2007, his film Tom's Nu Heaven, which he produced, wrote and directed, won Best Picture at the Monaco Film Festival.
Launer was friends with the family of murderer Elliot Rodger. At the behest of Rodger's father, Launer attempted to advise Rodger on how to be more confident with women. After Rodger's death, Launer wrote an article for the BBC about his experience.
Filmography
Ruthless People (1986) - writer
Blind Date (1987) - writer
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988) - executive producer, writer
My Cousin Vinny (1992) - producer, writer
Love Potion No. 9 (1992) - producer, director, writer
Tom's Nu Heaven (2005) - producer, director, writer
References
External links
Dale Launer's Official Website
American male screenwriters
1952 births
Living people
Writers from Los Angeles
William Howard Taft Charter High School alumni
Screenwriters from California |
4032249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20McFarlane%27s%20Spawn | Todd McFarlane's Spawn | Todd McFarlane's Spawn, also known as Spawn: The Animated Series or simply Spawn is an American adult animated superhero television series that aired on HBO from 1997 through 1999 and reran on Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block in Japan. It has also been released on DVD as a film series. The show is based on the Spawn character from Image Comics, and won an Emmy Award in 1999 for Outstanding Animation Program (Longer Than One Hour).
Plot
The series revolves around the story of former Marine Force Recon Lieutenant Colonel Al Simmons, who worked as a government assassin in covert black ops. He was betrayed and killed by a man whom he believed to be his close friend (the man, later to be revealed as Chapel, burned him alive with a flamethrower during a mission). Upon his death, Simmons vowed revenge on Chapel and hoped that he would one day return to his beloved wife Wanda.
Because of his life as an assassin, Simmons' soul goes to Hell. In order to accomplish his vow, he makes a pact with the devil Malebolgia (who was the overlord on the eighth plane of Hell). The pact was a simple one: Simmons would become a soldier in Malebolgia's army (known as a "Hellspawn" or "Spawn" for short) in return for the ability to walk the earth once again in order to see Wanda. However, Simmons was tricked by Malebolgia: his body was not returned to him and he is returned to Earth five years after his death. He had been given a different body which was a festering, pungently cadaverous, maggot-ridden walking corpse that had a massive living red cape attached to it. Because his new body had been rotten for some time and was in an advanced state of decay, his face had become heavily malformed, to the point that he barely appeared human, which led to Simmons donning a mask in order to cover its grotesque appearance.
Upon his return to "life", Spawn seeks out Wanda, who had apparently got over the grief of having lost Al and married another man, Al's best friend Terry Fitzgerald with whom she had had a daughter, Cyan. Terry, a respectable man, works as an analyst for a man named Jason Wynn. Wynn is a powerbroker in the CIA and secretly a black market arms dealer, amongst other things (such as the head of secret government organizations within the NSA and National Security Council). Wynn is revealed to be the man responsible for the death of Al Simmons due to a disagreement that the two had between each other concerning their "work". Jason's actions would also prove dangerous to the lives of Terry, Wanda, and their daughter as well. Realizing that he is no longer the man in Wanda's life, Al swears to protect her and her new family.
The series depicts Spawn nesting in the dark alleyways, killing any who invade his newfound territory. Rejecting these actions as unworthy of Spawn's time and power, Malebolgia then dispatches another of his minions (a demonic creature known as the Violator that assumes the form of a short, obese clown) to try to persuade Spawn to commit acts of violence and savagery in the name of Hell.
Spawn struggles to fight the lure of evil, as well as seeking to escape being hunted by not only the forces of Hell, but by assailants from Heaven, who have a need to destroy the Hellspawns in order to cripple the forces of Hell so that they do not gain an edge in the escalating war between the two spiritual hosts. As the war intensifies, the line between the forces of good and evil become increasingly blurry. Spawn finds help along the way in the form of a disheveled old man named Cogliostro who was once a Hellspawn that overcame the demonic powers resting within, amongst a number of other characters.
In the last episodes of the series, Spawn learns how to shapeshift and, appearing as Terry, makes love to Wanda, impregnating her. It is revealed that there is a prophecy that the child of a Hellspawn will play the deciding factor in Armageddon, and may be the real reason Spawn was allowed to return to Earth.
Episodes
Todd McFarlane's Spawn
Todd McFarlane's Spawn 2
Todd McFarlane's Spawn 3: The Ultimate Battle
Voice cast
Production
Regarding his initial meeting with HBO executives for the project, Todd McFarlane recalled, "I wanted to ask one question . . . can I say the word, "f_-?" If they let me do that, there's 100 other things I could get away with, too." He also remarked in 1997, "People have such a stereotype about animation — they immediately think cartoons and Disney. They're not used to seeing Silence of the Lambs, The Godfather and Seven all in one cartoon, but that's what they're getting." HBO granted the show a six million dollar budget for its first season. It was produced in Los Angeles, although McFarlane lived in Phoenix, Arizona at the time, stating in a 2021 interview, "I was flying into Century City every week while we were doing that, for three years."
The score and opening theme was handled by Shirley Walker, who also composed background music for Batman: The Animated Series. While Batman: The Animated Series featured traditional movie orchestra-type music, the producers of Todd McFarlane's Spawn requested that Walker give the series a more organic and subtle electronic soundtrack, with only minimal usage of orchestral sounds. J. Peter Robinson composed the score for the third and final season.
The series included live action intros by McFarlane. The intros for the first season were shot inside a castle-like location, and feature McFarlane asking rhetorical questions to the viewer, before introducing the episodes. Live action intros continued to be made for the remaining seasons. The intros were included on VHS and DVD releases which packaged the show's episodes individually, but are removed from releases which present the seasons in a singular movie format.
The first season concluded on HBO in late June 1997, a month after it had begun airing. At the beginning of August 1997, a live action Spawn film was released by New Line Cinema. It was noted for having a more mainstream tone than the animated series. Shortly after the release of the film, work on a second season of episodes began, which would begin airing the following year.
On October 31, 1997, St. Louis Blues hockey player Tony Twist filed a successful lawsuit against HBO and Todd McFarlane Productions, after finding out that a mob boss character from the first season was named after him. He stated, "I'm in pink thong underwear, smoking a cigar, ordering the kidnapping of a child while two women are naked on the couch making love to each other. I obviously didn't want any part of that. Even if I was a good guy I wouldn’t have participated. You’ve got kids being kidnapped, you’ve got nudity, you’ve got police raping women. It’s nothing I want to be affiliated with." The Tony Twist character originally appeared in the Spawn comics, but was not included in New Line's live action film.
It ended in 1999 following the conclusion of the third season. A fourth season was originally planned, but never came to fruition. John Leekley who served as the head writer and showrunner for the second and third season revealed that some of the ideas for the scrapped fourth season involved the return of Angela looking to avenge the death of Jade who was her previous lover, several one time characters would've returned and had larger roles, a gang war spiraling out of control led by the ruthless Barrabas, Spawn befriending a runaway teenage girl named Kristen with a case of pyrophobia, a now disfigured Wynn looking for redemption, Chapel breaking out of the asylum and winds up a pawn for Angela, Merrimack having to team up with Twitch to save her daughter, and most of the characters coming to the realization of Spawn's identity.
Reception
Some critics believe that the series was overshadowed by the poorly received film adaptation of Spawn, which also debuted in the summer of 1997. It has achieved a small but loyal cult following who praise the animation, writing, voice acting, music, and dark tone, whereas the graphic violence and intentional unresolved cliffhanger has attracted criticism. Variety stated in 1997 that "It's as dark and complex as anything HBO has attempted in the live-action arena. And visually, it's quite the stunner. HBO wanted different, and it surely got it." A more mixed review at the time came from The Dallas Morning News, they questioned why anyone would "want to subject themselves to such a relentlessly grim, gruesome dehumanizing experience." The Tampa Bay Times remarked that the first three episodes "unfold in a disjointed, abstract style that owes as much to the animated movie Heavy Metal as the Batman trilogy."
NowThis News claimed it was "one of the most shocking shows on TV in the ‘90s" and that it "set a new bar for mature animation." Bloody Disgusting stated in 2018 that it was "still the character's best incarnation", while the Comic Book Herald commented in 2021 that "it almost plays like an adult extrapolation of Batman: The Animated Series". In 2017, CBR praised the show's music, stating "[Shirley] Walker’s work on Spawn takes the gothic elements of her Batman: The Animated Series compositions to an even darker place. The epic heroic themes are gone, replaced with long, low notes and eerie hints of ethereal threats lurking in the distance. Some of the more “adult” elements of the series were dismissed as juvenile attempts at maturity, but the score isn’t one of them. It’s moody beyond belief, the perfect musical companion for the bleakness of the series."
Legacy
Todd McFarlane's Spawn was ranked 5th on IGN's list of "The Greatest Comic Book Cartoons of All Time", and 23rd on IGN's list of "Top 25 Primetime Animated Series of All Time" (despite the fact the show was aired at midnight on HBO). In 2011, Complex ranked it 8th on their 2011 list of "The 25 Most Underrated Animated TV Shows of All Time".
Series producer Eric Radomski reflected in a retrospective interview that "Spawn TAS was a personal triumph for me. Very rarely do artists get the opportunity to have as much uncensored creative freedom as I did at HBO on Spawn."
A sequel series titled Spawn: The Animation was in development in 2004 and was set to be released in 2007 with Keith David reprising his role, but due to McFarlane wanting to push the animation further, the project ended up in production limbo until it was quietly cancelled. Keith David would go on to reprise Spawn as a guest character for Mortal Kombat 11 in 2019.
Home media
All three seasons have been released separately on DVD and VHS as three two-hour movies, under the titles Todd McFarlane's Spawn, Todd McFarlane's Spawn 2, and Todd McFarlane's Spawn 3: The Ultimate Battle.
On July 24, 2007, HBO Video released a 4-disc 10th-anniversary signature collector's edition on DVD with all 18 episodes and multiple bonus features.
When the show's first and second seasons were released on video they were released in two formats. The first format was called the "Uncut Collector's Edition", which is the version that was shown on TV and held a TV-MA rating, and the other was a special edited version called the "Special Edited Edition" which held a PG-13 rating by toning down the violence and sexual content.
The first movie was also released in the UMD format for Sony's PSP handheld video game system, but the other two movies were not.
On July 5, 2016, HBO added all three seasons to its streaming services, HBO GO and HBO NOW. It also available on HBO Max as of 2021.
See also
Spawn (character)
Spawn (film)
References
External links
Todd McFarlane's Spawn at Toon Zone
1990s American adult animated television series
1990s American black cartoons
1997 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
American adult animated action television series
American adult animated drama television series
American adult animated fantasy television series
American adult animated horror television series
American adult animated science fiction television series
American adult animated superhero television series
American animated science fantasy television series
American black superhero television shows
Animated thriller television series
Anime-influenced Western animated television series
Dark fantasy television series
Emmy Award-winning programs
English-language television shows
HBO original programming
Religious drama television series
Spawn (comics)
Superhero horror television shows
Television shows based on comics
Television series about demons
Television series based on Image Comics
Television shows set in New York City |
4032255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestockings%20%28bookstore%29 | Bluestockings (bookstore) | Bluestockings is a radical bookstore, café, and activist center located in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City. It started as a volunteer-supported and collectively owned bookstore; and is currently a worker-owned bookstore with mutual aid offerings/free store. The store started in 1999 as a feminist bookstore and was named for a group of Enlightenment intellectual women, the Bluestockings. Its founding location was 172 Allen Street, and is currently located a few blocks east on 116 Suffolk Street.
Influences
Bluestockings actively supports "movements that challenge hierarchy and all systems of oppression" and is one of 13 identified feminist bookstores in the United States and Canada. Ideologically, Bluestockings has been influenced by intersectional feminism, anti-capitalism, and the anti-globalization movement of the early 2000s, and conceptually, by other collectively run spaces and infoshops like Time's Up! Its collective members see Bluestockings as an experiment in self-managed autonomous space that challenges the neoliberalist economic organization of New York City, creating a community for queer or femme activists. Inspired by feminist consciousness-raising reading groups, Bluestockings provides information on social oppression through its books, zines, and events.
Structure
Bluestockings is a collectively owned independent bookstore that contains a small fair trade café serving coffee from Zapatista coffee cooperatives. The Bluestockings collective is a small group of worker-owners. They make decisions based on consensus, with the input and support of volunteers and community members. As of 2017, the store is registered as an S corporation in which no one person can own a majority of shares. Volunteers contribute through self-directed projects and working groups. At its peak, Bluestockings had over 70 active volunteers.
Bluestockings serves as a community meeting space for literary, activist, feminist, and intellectual gatherings. In this public space, guests can relax and socialize as long as they want without purchasing anything. Most nights, Bluestockings hosts author readings, discussions, screenings, workshops, open mics, and panels, all of which are free to attend. Some notable speakers include members of the band Pussy Riot, poet Eileen Myles, Transgender Vanguard, and the Icarus Project.
History
Bluestockings opened in 1999 as a feminist bookstore. Founder Kathryn Welsh cited a lack of women's bookstores in New York among her reasons for founding Bluestockings. She started the store with the help of an anonymous investment of $50,000, and at the start, only women could be members of the collective. At the end of 2002, Bluestockings' revenue was negatively affected by the desertion of New York City's downtown following the September 11 attacks. This caused the store to incur debt, and its informal collective broke up.
Welsh put the bookstore up for sale in February 2003, which she described as a personal, not business, decision. Brooke Lehman, a former member of Direct Action Network, and Hitomi Matarese, an artist, bought the store from Welsh, and formed a new collective. Bluestockings reopened in May 2003 with a new model as a worker-owned bookstore and activist center. Its intersectional, leftist mission included male and transgender collective members. The founding collective members expanded Bluestockings' titles and event programming to include more social justice topics, including more books on race, class, queer politics, and the environment, in addition to fiction and poetry. Bluestockings expanded into an adjacent storefront in 2005 and began running more social programs like its "Foodstockings" cropsharing initiative.
The store was particularly successful following a 2015 Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign, held to make repairs and replace the store's awning, all of which had been delayed due to high rent in the store's gentrifying neighborhood. They also received increased support after the 2016 United States elections.
The collective hoped to remain in the Lower East Side to oppose the effects of gentrification and keep the store open as a queer safer space. In 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic, Bluestockings was forced to move from its original location at 172 Allen Street. After extensive fundraising, the bookstore announced that it would remain in the Lower East Side and moved to 116 Suffolk Street. As of April 2021, the bookstore is now run as a worker coop.
See also
ABC No Rio
Firestorm Cafe & Books
Lucy Parsons Center
LGBT culture in New York City
List of anarchist communities
References
Further reading
External links
Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States
Feminism in New York City
Infoshops
Organizations established in 1999
Feminist bookstores
Bookstores in Manhattan
Independent bookstores of the United States
History of women in New York City
Feminist organizations in the United States
1999 establishments in New York City |
4032261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20C.%20Burleigh | Edwin C. Burleigh | Edwin Chick Burleigh (November 27, 1843June 16, 1916) was an American politician from the state of Maine.
Life and career
Burleigh was born on November 27, 1843, in Linneus, Maine, the son of Caroline Peabody (Chick) and Parker Prescott Burleigh. He attended the common schools and Houlton Academy before becoming a teacher himself. He also worked as a surveyor and farmer before entering government. He served first as a clerk in the state adjutant general's office and then was clerk in the State land office at Bangor, Maine from 1870 to 1876. He moved to Augusta, Maine and became the state land agent from 1876 to 1878 and then assistant clerk in the Maine House of Representatives in 1878. He then served four years (1880–1884) in the office of the State treasurer before becoming Maine State Treasurer himself in 1884 and serving for four years. During this time he also became principal owner of the Kennebec Journal newspaper. His great grandson is currently a writer for the paper.
In 1889 he was elected the 42nd Governor of Maine, a position he held for three years subsequent. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1897 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Seth L. Milliken and served in that body for 14 years. Unsuccessful in his campaign for reelection in 1910 he returned to business for three years until he was elected to the United States Senate in 1912. He served until his death three years later in Augusta, Maine in 1916.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)
References
Sources and external links
The Burleigh family of Linneus
Bio of Edwin C. Burleigh, as found in Representative Men of Maine (1893)
Edwin C. Burleigh, late a senator from Maine, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1917
1843 births
1916 deaths
Governors of Maine
People from Linneus, Maine
Republican Party United States senators from Maine
State treasurers of Maine
Ricker College alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
Republican Party governors of Maine
19th-century American politicians |
4032265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeley%20Davis | Keeley Davis | Keeley Davis (born January 4, 1976) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter and graphic designer. He is best known as a member of the post-hardcore band At the Drive-In, with whom he has recorded one studio album, In•ter a•li•a (2017). Davis is also a former member of the rock bands Sparta and Engine Down.
Career
He was the primary lead singer of the band Engine Down, in which he also played guitar. He was also in the band Denali with his sister, Maura Davis. He played bass and synthesizer.
Engine Down disbanded (under friendly circumstances) after a farewell tour in 2005, and Davis joined Sparta as lead guitarist. Davis has since recollaborated with Maura in the ambient indie rock side-project Glös, formed by him and former Engine Down drummer Cornbread Compton. Their debut album, Harmonium, was released in April 2007 on Lovitt Records. As of 2009, he is working with new band, Heks Orkest, which features longtime collaborators, Jonathon Fuller and Cam DiNinzio. As of March 2016, Davis is a touring member of At the Drive-In, following the sudden departure of guitarist and founding member Jim Ward. Since 2005, Davis has performed alongside Ward in Sparta.
With Bughummer
Getaway With (1998)
Drummer Brian Lackey
Guitar Jon Proctor
With Engine Down
Under the Pretense of Present Tense (1999)
To Bury Within the Sound (2000)
Demure (2002)
Engine Down (2004)
With Denali
Denali (2002)
The Instinct (2003)
With Sparta
Threes (2006)
With Glös
Harmonium (2007)
With Heks Orkest
(2 songs free) (2009)
With at the Drive-In
in•ter a•li•a (2017)
Diamanté (2017)
Equipment with Sparta
Unlike bandmate Jim Ward, Davis keeps relatively the same guitar and amp setup on each tour. All of Davis' pedals, two guitars and one amplifier were stolen when their storage facility in Los Angeles was broken into, so the equipment he performs with as of May 2007 is mostly new.
Guitars
Rickenbacker 330
Gibson Les Paul Special Double Cut
Epiphone 50th Anniversary 1961 SG Special
Amplifiers
Orange 100 Watt Rockerverb Amp
Orange 4x12 Cab
Effects
Line 6 DM-4
Line 6 DL-4
Line 6 MM-4
Digitech Whammy
Equipment with at the Drive-In
Gretsch G2622T TG Streamliner
References
External links
Sparta's Official Site
Keeley's Post Production Company – MONDIAL
The Liberty Movement Zine – Interview with Keeley
Sparta (band) members
Living people
American rock guitarists
Alternative rock guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Alternative rock singers
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Virginia
1976 births
Guitarists from Virginia
American male guitarists
21st-century American singers
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers |
4032267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20National%20Bank | First National Bank | First National Bank may refer to:
Worldwide
Lebanon
First National Bank (Lebanon)
Japan
Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, formerly
South Africa
First National Bank (South Africa)
United States
Banking institutions (existing)
First National Bank of Florida
First National Bank of Layton, Utah
First National Bank of Omaha, Nebraska
FNB Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Banking institutions (former)
First National Bank (Brooksville, Florida)
First National Bank (Clinton, Iowa)
First National Bank of Davenport, Iowa
First National Bank (Iowa Falls, Iowa)
First National Bank of Mason City, Mason City, Iowa
First National Bank (Mount Pleasant, Iowa)
First National Bank (Bolivar, Missouri)
First National Bank, Hoboken, New Jersey
First National Bank (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
First National Bank (New Cumberland, West Virginia)
First National Bank of Arizona, became part of First Interstate Bancorp
First National Bank of Boston, acquired by Fleet Bank and merged into Bank of America
First National Bank of Brooklyn, acquired by Bank of the Manhattan Company and merged into JPMorgan Chase
First National Bank of Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
First National Bank of Dubuque, merged into US Bancorp
First National Bank of Minneapolis and First National Bank of St. Paul, Minnesota, now part of US Bank
First National Bank of New York, now part of Citibank
First National Bank of Oregon, became part of First Interstate Bancorp
First National Bank of San Francisco, merged with Crocker National Bank
First National Bank of Whitestone, acquired by Bank of the Manhattan Company and merged into JPMorgan Chase
First Bank of the United States, first private central bank of the United States
First Chicago Bank, formerly First National Bank of Chicago, Illinois
First Financial Bank, formerly First National Bank of Terre Haute, Indiana
First Maryland Bancorp, now part of M&T Bank
PNC Financial Services, formerly First National Bank of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Regions Bank, formerly First National Bank of Little Rock, Arkansas
Seafirst Bank or Seattle-First National Bank; acquired by Bank of America
Security Pacific Bank, formerly Security-First National Bank of Los Angeles, California
Southeast Banking Corporation, formerly First National Bank of Miami, Florida
Wachovia Bank of Georgia, formerly First National Bank of Atlanta, Georgia
See also
First National Bank Building (disambiguation)
First Bank (disambiguation)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti |
4032280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Health%20Improvement%20Network | The Health Improvement Network | The Health Improvement Network (THIN) is a large database of anonymised electronic medical records collected at primary care clinics throughout the UK. The THIN database is owned and managed by The Health Improvement Network Ltd in collaboration with In Practice Systems Ltd.
The Health Improvement Network Ltd & In Practice Systems Ltd are both subsidiary companies of Cegedim SA
History
The THIN database is similar in structure and content to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD, previously known as GPRD), which is now managed by the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
Between 1994 and 2002, EPIC (UK), a not-for-profit company, held a non-exclusive licence to use GPRD for research benefitting public health. On the expiry of that licence, THIN was developed by EPIC as an alternative to the GPRD, and a substantial number of primary care practitioners now contribute data to both resources. In 2005 EPIC was acquired by Cegedim, a global technology and services company specialising in the healthcare field.
THIN data are made available under more permissive terms than other similar resources (such as the CPRD, which does not allow for-profit use by private companies), but access is subject to ethical approval by an independent Scientific Review Committee.
Data
Data collection commenced in January 2003, using information extracted from VISION a widely used general practice management software package developed by In Practice Systems Ltd a company also owned by Cegedim SA.
The database is regularly updated and currently contains data on over 10 million individuals living in the United Kingdom.
Clinical data in THIN are catalogued using Read codes, a comprehensive and searchable classification scheme for medical conditions, symptoms and important background information. This system is complemented by a set of Additional Health Data (AHD) codes which provide a standardised system for the recording of a wide variety of clinical measurements, and by drug codes which identify prescribed medications.
Since 2004, the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework, a performance-related pay scheme for primary care practitioners, has effectively mandated the use of computer systems (such as Vision) to maintain patient medical records, and has imposed standardised recording methods for a wide range of important medical conditions. In addition, practitioners contributing data to THIN receive training to ensure consistent recording of important clinical outcomes and indicators including:
Asthma
Coronary heart disease
Diabetes mellitus
Epilepsy
Menopause
Hypertension
Hypothyroidism
Leg ulcers
Heart failure
Warfarin use
Lithium use
Use of hormonal contraception
Pernicious anaemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Secondary stroke prevention
Lower back pain
Mental health
Smoking status
THIN is an important resource in the fields of epidemiology, drug safety and health outcomes research, providing an inexpensive means to study the causes of disease and effectiveness of interventions in a large, representative population.
References
External links
The Health Improvement Network (THIN)
Cegedim SA
Medical and health organisations based in the United Kingdom
Medical databases in the United Kingdom |
4032309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Hamadani | Yusuf Hamadani | Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Hamadānī, best simply known as Yusuf Hamadani (born 1048 or 1049 / 440 AH - died 1140 / 535 AH), was a Persian figure of the Middle Ages. He was the first of the group of Central Asian Sufi teachers known simply as Khwajagan (the Masters) of the Naqshbandi order. His shrine is at Merv, Turkmenistan.
Life
Born in Buzanjird near Hamadan in 1062, he moved to Baghdad when he was eighteen years of age. He studied the Shafi'i school of fiqh under the supervision of the master of his time, Shaykh Ibrahim ibn Ali ibn Yusuf al-Fairuzabadi. He kept association in Baghdad with the great scholar, Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi, who gave him greater deference than to any of his other students although he was the youngest. But he was a Hanafi Maturidi unlike his teachers.
According to Ibn Khallikan, he began his religious career with the cultivation of the religious sciences, becoming both a respected scholar of hadith and fiqh and a popular preacher in Baghdad. He was so brilliant a jurisprudent that he became the Marja of his time for all scholars in that field. He was known in Baghdad, the center of Islamic knowledge, in Isfahan, Bukhara, Samarqand, Khwarazm, and throughout Central Asia.
Later he abandoned these pursuits, adopting an intensely ascetic way of life and travelled east, first settling in Herat and later in Merv, where his tomb is still reputed to exist. He became an ascetic and engaged in constant worship and mujahada (spiritual struggle), instructed by Shaykh Abu 'Ali al-Farmadhi. He associated with Shaykh Abdullah Ghuwayni and Shaykh Hasan Simnani. He named four khalifas or successors, a pattern that repeated itself for several succeeding generations of the Khwajagan, including Ahmad Yasawi and Khwaja Abdul Khaliq Gajadwani, the next link in the Naqshbandi silsila.
See also
Naqshbandi
References
Sources
Abu Ya`qub Yusuf ibn Ayyab ibn Yusuf ibn al-Husayn al-Hamadani——May Allah Sanctify His Soul; https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111446/http://www.naqshbandi.org/chain/9.htm
Further reading
Sufi teachers
1140 deaths
Iranian Sufis
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century jurists
12th-century jurists
1062 births
Hanafis
Maturidis
Naqshbandi order
11th-century Iranian people
People from Hamadan
Mystics from Iran
12th-century Iranian people |
4032312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjit%20Singh%20Chohan | Jagjit Singh Chohan | Dr. Jagjit Singh Chohan was the founder of the Khalistan movement that sought to create an independent Sikh state in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
Politics
Jagjit Singh grew up in Tanda in Punjab's Hoshiarpur district, about 180 km from Chandigarh. He was a dentist. Chohan was first elected to the Punjab Assembly from the Tanda as a candidate of the Republican Party of India in 1967. He became Deputy Speaker when the Akali Dal-led coalition Government took office in Punjab. When Lachhman Singh Gill became Chief Minister, Chohan was made Finance Minister. In 1969, he lost the Assembly election.
Activity Overseas
Two years after losing the Punjab Assembly elections in 1969, Chohan moved to the United Kingdom to start his campaign for creation of Khalistan. In 1971, he went to Nankana Sahib in Pakistan to attempt to set up a Sikh government. Chohan was invited by Pakistani army dictator Yahya Khan and was proclaimed as a Sikh leader. Certain Sikh relics that were in Pakistan were handed down to him and taken to UK. The relics had helped Chohan to gather Sikh supporters and followers. He then visited the United States at the invitation of his supporters among the Sikh diaspora.
On 13 October 1971, he paid for an ad in the New York Times claiming an Independent Sikh state. Advertisement of Khalistan enabled him to collect millions of dollars from the Sikh diaspora.
In later part of 1970s, Chohan was in touch with the Pakistani diplomatic mission in Pakistan with objective of encouraging Sikh youths to travel to Pakistan for pilgrimage and indoctrination for separatist propaganda.
On 12 April 1980, he declared the formation of a "National Council of Khalistan", at Anandpur Sahib. He declared himself the President of the Council and Balbir Singh Sandhu as its Secretary General.
In 1977, he returned to India. Chohan travelled to Britain in 1979, and established the Khalistan National Council.
In May 1980, Jagjit Singh Chohan travelled to London and announced the formation of Khalistan. A similar announcement was made by Balbir Singh Sandhu, in Amritsar, who released stamps and currency of Khalistan. Operating from a building termed "Khalistan House", he remained in contact with the Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who was campaigning for a Sikh theocratic homeland. Chohan also maintained contacts among various groups in Canada, the US, and Germany. He visited Pakistan as a guest of leaders like Chaudhuri Zahoor Elahi. Chohan declared himself president of the "Republic of Khalistan", named a Cabinet, and issued symbolic Khalistan "passports", "postage stamps", and "Khalistan dollars".
It is reported that with the assistance of a wealthy Californian supporter, a peach magnate, he opened an Ecuadorian bank account to support his operation.
Operation Blue Star and later
In June 1983, Bhindranwale was asked: "If Jagjit Singh Chohan attacks India with assistance from England, America, and Canada, whom will you help?" Bhindranwale hedged and did not indicate his support.
On 12 June 1984, in London Chohan was interviewed by BBC. The interviewer asked: "Do you actually want to see the downfall of Mrs Gandhi's Government?" Chohan answered: "..within a few days you will have the news that Mrs Gandhi and her family have been beheaded. That is what Sikhs will do..". After this interview, the Thatcher government curtailed Chohan's activities.
On 13 June 1984, Chohan announced a government in exile. On 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated.
Chohan visited Punjab in 1989 and hoisted the flag of Khalistan at a gurdwara in Anandpur Sahib. Chohan's Indian passport was cancelled on 24 April 1989. India protested when he was allowed to enter USA using the canceled passport. Vancouver fundamentalists Talwinder Singh Parmar and Surjan Singh Gill were at one time aligned with Chohan.
He had assisted the Tamil Tigers International Federation in setting up the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. The Nanavati Commission considered him a co-conspirator in the assassination.
Softening and return
Chohan gradually softened his stance. He supported India's attempts to defuse the tension by accepting surrenders by the militants. Other organizations, mainly in UK and North America, continue to work for a Khalistan. The Indian government first permitted his wife to return and after he was pardoned by the Atal Bihari government, he was allowed to return to India in June 2001, after having been exiled for 21 years. The government decided to overlook his past activities.
After his return, in an interview Chohan said he would keep the Khalistan movement alive democratically and pointed out that he has always been against violence.
Khalsa Raj Party
After Chohan returned to India, he started a political party in 2002 named the Khalsa Raj Party and became its president. The stated aim of the political party was to continue his campaign for Khalistan. Chohan could not attract the support from the new generation of Sikhs. The Pioneer (newspaper) stated that his party was a 'Letterhead organization'.
Death
Chohan withdrew himself from the public life in his later years. He died on 4 April 2007, aged 78 due to heart attack at his native village Tanda in Hoshiarpur District of Punjab.
After his death, the Khalistan movement gradually died down.
See also
Gurmit Singh Aulakh
Separationist
Separation of church and state
References
http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mai02/artlg.pdf The globalization of identity politics : the Sikh experience, International Journal of Punjab Studies, 7 (2), July–December 2000 (page 29).
THE KHALISTAN MOVEMENT IN PUNJAB, Meredith Weiss, Yale, 25 June 2002.
External links
Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's Speech June 1983
HC allows Sikh separatist to return after 21 years
Return of the Khalistan protagonist
Childhood Chum
1920s births
2007 deaths
Punjab, India politicians
Punjabi people
Sikh politics
People from Hoshiarpur district
Khalistan movement people
Indian Sikhs
British people of Indian descent
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi |
4032343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltillo%20Institute%20of%20Technology | Saltillo Institute of Technology | The Saltillo Institute of Technology (), or ITS, is located in the city of Saltillo, state capital of Coahuila, Mexico. It is a college level technological institution. Founded in July 1950 by Mexican President Miguel Alemán Valdez, it started operations on January 3, 1951.
History
Since its foundation, the institute has changed names several times. It was founded as Instituto Tecnológico de Coahuila, but then changed in 1968 to Instituto Tecnológico Regional de Coahuila. Again, by 1977, it was renamed to Instituto Tecnológico Regional de Saltillo and, finally, since 1981, as Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo.
In 1951, the objective of the institution was to provide students technical degrees suitable for the industry; however, due to expansion, it later offered high school, engineering and graduate degrees. By 1951, enrollment consisted of barely 314 students, but after 55 years of existence, it currently amounts to 7,016 students: (6,963 at the undergraduate level and 53 at the postgraduate level) in addition to the school staff (4 directors, 23 department heads, 424 professors, 16 researchers, 357 administrative staff and 74 service staff).
The institute campus is made up of 35 buildings, 153 classrooms, 20 laboratories and 4 auditoriums.
Academics
Nowadays ITS offers the following degrees:
Undergraduate
Electrical Engineering
Electronic Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Materials Engineering
Computer Systems Engineering
Mechatronics Engineering
Computer Engineering
Business Management
Mechanical Engineering
Graduate
Ph.D. in materials
Master's degree in Materials Engineering
Master's degree in Industrial Engineering
List of directors
Its directors have been:
Santiago Tamez Anguiano (1950–1951)
Narciso Urrutia Lozano (1951–1952)
Segundo Rodríguez Alvarez (1952)
Oscar Peart Pérez (1952–1960)
Gabriel H. Acosta (1960–1961)
Jorge Fernández Mier (1961–1966)
Benjamín Rodríguez Zarzosa (1966–1967)
Jorge Fernández Mier (1967–1973)
Rodolfo Rosas Morales (1973–1976)
David Hernandez Ochoa (1976)
Luis Rosales Celis (1976–1981)
Carlos Herrera Pérez (1981–1983)
Manuel F. Flores Revuelta (1983–1986)
Jesús H. Cano Ríos (1986–1988)
José Claudio Tamez Saénz (1988–1991)
Manuel F. Flores Revuelta (1991–1996)
Juan Francisco Mancinas Casas (1996–2001)
Enriqueta Gonzalez Aguilar (2001–2005)
Jesús Contreras García (current, since August 2005)
External links
Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo's Official Site
Universities and colleges in Coahuila
Saltillo
Educational institutions established in 1951
1951 establishments in Mexico |
4032347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20B.%20Seibert | Florence B. Seibert | Florence Barbara Seibert (October 6, 1897 – August 23, 1991) was an American biochemist. She is best known for identifying the active agent in the antigen tuberculin as a protein, and subsequently for isolating a pure form of tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD), enabling the development and use of a reliable TB test. Seibert has been inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame and the National Women's Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Seibert was born on October 6, 1897, in Easton, Pennsylvania, to George Peter Seibert and Barbara (Memmert) Seibert. At age three, Florence contracted polio. She had to wear leg braces and walked with a limp throughout her life. As a teenager, Seibert is reported to have read biographies of famous scientists which inspired her interest in science.
Seibert did her undergraduate work at Goucher College in Baltimore, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1918. She and one of her chemistry teachers, Jessie E. Minor, did war-time work at the Chemistry Laboratory of the Hammersley Paper Mill in Garfield, New Jersey.
Seibert earned her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Yale University in 1923. At Yale she studied the intravenous injection of milk proteins under the direction of Lafayette Mendel. She developed a method to prevent these proteins from being contaminated with bacteria. She was a Van Meter Fellow from 1921 - 1922 and an American Physiological Society Porter Fellow from 1922 - 1923, both at Yale University.
Professional achievements and awards
In 1923 Seibert worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Otho S.A. Sprague Memorial Institute at the University of Chicago. She was financed by the Porter Fellowship of the American Philosophical Society, an award that was competitive for both men and women. She went on to work part-time at the Ricketts Laboratory at the University of Chicago, and part-time at the Sprague Memorial Institute in Chicago.
In 1924, she received the University of Chicago's Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize for work she began at Yale and continued in Chicago. At Yale she reported a curious finding: intravenous injections often caused fever in patients. Seibert determined that the fevers were caused by toxins produced by the bacteria. The toxins were able to contaminate the distilled water when spray from the boiling water in the distillation flask reached the receiving flask. Seibert invented a new spray-catching trap to prevent contamination during the distillation process. She published her pyrogen-free process in the American Journal of Physiology. It was subsequently adopted by the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and various pharmaceutical firms. She was further recognized in 1962 with the John Elliot Memorial Award from the American Association of Blood Banks for her work on pyrogens.
Seibert served as an instructor in pathology from 1924 to 1928 at the University of Chicago and was hired as an assistant professor in biochemistry in 1928. In 1927, her younger sister Mabel moved to Chicago to live and work with her, employed variously as her secretary and her research assistant.
During this time, she met Esmond R. Long MD PhD, who was working on tuberculosis.
In 1932 she agreed to relocate, with Long, to the Henry Phipps Institute at the University of Pennsylvania. He became professor of pathology and director of laboratories at the Phipps Institute, while she accepted a position as an assistant professor in biochemistry. Their goal was the development of a reliable test for the identification of tuberculosis. The previous tuberculin derivative, Koch's substance, had produced false negative results in tuberculosis tests since the 1890s because of impurities in the material.
With Long's supervision and funding, Seibert identified the active agent in tuberculin as a protein. Seibert spent a number of years developing methods for separating and purifying the protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, obtaining purified protein derivative (PPD) and enabling the creation of a reliable test for tuberculosis.
Her first publication on the purification of tuberculin appeared in 1934. Some sources credit her with successfully isolating the tuberculosis protein molecule during 1937–38, when she visited the University of Uppsala, Sweden, as a Guggenheim fellow to work with Nobel-prize winning protein scientist Theodor Svedberg. She developed methods for purifying a crystalline tuberculin derivative using filters of porous clay and nitric-acid treated cotton. In 1938, she was awarded the Trudeau Medal of the National Tuberculosis Association.
In the 1940s, Seibert's purified protein derivative (PPD) became a national and international standard for tuberculin tests.
In 1943, Seibert received the first Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women.
She remained at the Henry Phipps Institute at the University of Pennsylvania from 1932 to 1959. She was an assistant professor from 1932 to 1937, an associate professor from 1937 to 1955, a full professor of biochemistry from 1955 to 1959, and professor emeritus as of her official retirement in 1959.
She and her sister Mabel then moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where Florence continued to research the possible relationships between bacteria and types of cancers, working with Mound Park Hospital and with the Bay Pines V.A. Research Center. She continued to publish scientific papers until 1977. Theories relating bacteria to cancer continue to be controversial.
In 1968, Seibert published her autobiography - Pebbles on the Hill of a Scientist.
Siebert received the Trudeau Medal from the National Tuberculosis Association in 1938, the Francis P. Garvan Medal from the American Chemical Society in 1942, and induction into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1990. A historic marker was placed in her honor in Easton in 1993.
She died at the Palm Springs Nursing Home in St. Petersburg, Florida on August 23, 1991.
On November 15, 1993, a historical marker was dedicated at the location of her birth at 72 N. 2nd Street, Easton, PA.
References
External links
"Electrodialysis of Tuberculin", Florence B. Seibert and Milton T. Hanke
Florence B. Seibert Papers: An Inventory at Goucher College
National Women's Hall of Fame page on Florence B. Seibert (with photo)
Further reading
1897 births
1991 deaths
American women biochemists
Goucher College alumni
People from Easton, Pennsylvania
People with polio
Recipients of the Garvan–Olin Medal
American women chemists
University of Chicago faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Yale University alumni
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American chemists
American women academics |
4032398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%27s%20Hospital | The King's Hospital | The Hospital and Free School of King Charles II, Oxmantown, also called The King's Hospital (KH; ) is a Church of Ireland co-educational independent day and boarding school situated in Palmerstown, Dublin, Ireland. It is on an 80-acre campus beside the River Liffey, called Brooklawn, named after the country houses situated on the site and in which the headmaster and his family reside. The school is also a member of the HMC Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the BSA.
Founded in 1669, it is one of the oldest schools in Ireland and was also known as the Blue Coat School. Although priority is given to those of the main Protestant tradition, as a Christian school, it is attended by students of other denominations and faiths. The school's colours are navy and gold. The school crest is three burning castles with the date "1669", almost identical to the crest for Dublin city. The current headmaster is Mark Ronan.
History
Founding
The school was founded in 1669 as The Hospital and Free School of King Charles II and was located in Queen Street, Dublin. King's Hospital was a continuation of the old Free School of Dublin. On 5 May 1674, the school opened with 60 pupils, including 3 girls. From 1783 to 1971, the school was located in Blackhall Place, Dublin, currently the headquarters of the Law Society of Ireland.
During the early seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries it was used as the site of elections to the Irish Parliament's Dublin City. When this was changed to the Tholsel for the 1713 general election, it led to the Dublin election riot.
Morgan's takeover
The take-over of Morgan's School (1957) contributed to steadily increasing numbers of students, and by 1970, a need for extra space and facilities led to the move from the city centre to a modern purpose-built school set in its own site on the banks of the River Liffey in Palmerstown, County Dublin.
Erwin Schrödinger
A 57-year-old manuscript by renowned Nobel Prize in Physics winning physicist Erwin Schrödinger recently resurfaced at the school. Entitled "Fragment From An Unpublished Dialogue Of Galileo", it was written for the School's 1955 edition of the annual Blue Coat magazine to coincide with Schrödinger leaving Dublin to take up his appointment as Chair of Physics at the University of Vienna. Schrödinger wrote the manuscript for the school's former English teacher and Editor of the Blue Coat magazine, Ronnie Anderson (now deceased), a friend of Schrödinger when he lived in Dublin. It is now in the possession of Professor Jonathan Coleman in CRANN at Trinity College, Dublin.
Structure
The school is co-educational and caters for some 720 pupils, roughly 440 day pupils and 280 boarders in 2018/19. The King's Hospital has students from all over Ireland and from overseas. Students from Germany and Spain are the most common international students.
The School is divided into five boarding houses: Bluecoat, Mercer, Grace, Morgan and Ormonde and five day pupil houses. Each boarding house has its own resident housemaster or housemistress.
Sport
The school has a gymnasium and sports hall with an advanced fitness center. The school also has access to a swimming pool, grass hockey pitch, rugby pitches and tennis courts.
Various sports (with a focus on rugby) are played on campus and training is provided by staff. The school has teams for rugby, hockey, cricket, athletics, cross-country, badminton, soccer, basketball and swimming.
Notable past pupils
Jack Boothman - President of the GAA (1994 and 1997);
Jonathan Coleman (physicist), lecturer in the School of Physics in CRANN at Trinity College Dublin and the 2011 Science Foundation Ireland 'Researcher of the Year'
Natalya Coyle is an Irish athlete who competed for Ireland at the 2012 Summer Olympics London 2012 where she finished 9th in the modern pentathlon.
Harvey du Cros - financier; the founder of the pneumatic tire industry based on the discovery of John Boyd Dunlop
Robert Dowds - politician; a former Irish Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Mid-West constituency from 2011 to 2016.
Ian Fitzpatrick - Rugby player, domestically as a full back for Leinster and internationally as a forward for the Irish rugby sevens side.
John and Edward Grimes - members of the pop duo Jedward
Lisa Hannigan - Irish folk/pop singer famous for her recordings with Damien Rice
Niall Hogan - co-founder of Touchtech Payments, bought by billion dollar online global payments company Stripe in 2019
Heike Holstein - is the most successful ever dressage rider based in Ireland and was a three times competitor equestrianism at the Olympics in Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004.
Noel Mahony - First-class cricketer for Ireland and president of the Irish Cricket Union, also taught mathematics at the school.
Angus McKeen - Former Leinster and Ireland rugby prop forward;
Tom Murphy - Tony Award-winning Irish actor;
Carlos O'Connell Irish athlete, who competed in the 1988 Olympic Games.Irish record holder for the decathlon.
Roderic O'Gorman - Cllr and Chairman of The Green Party (Ireland)
Andy Orr - member of the pop group Six
Randal Plunkett, 21st Baron of Dunsany - film producer
Judy Reynolds, Irish Olympic dressage rider
Robin Roe - captain of the Ireland national rugby union team. Also capped with The Lions and The Barbarians;
Camilla Speirs - competed in equestrianism for Ireland at the 2012 Summer Olympics London 2012 Summer Olympics;
Kathryn Thomas - Irish television presenter;
Leo Varadkar - 14th Taoiseach of Ireland (2017–2020);
Robert Alexander Warke (born 1930), Bishop of Cork, Cloyne and Ross;
John Weir - Loyalist murderer and member of the Glenanne gang;
Notable headmasters
1922–1927: John Mason Harden
References
External links
The King's Hospital website
The King's Hospital Past Pupil Union website
Secondary schools in South Dublin (county)
Educational institutions established in the 1660s
Boarding schools in Ireland
Private schools in the Republic of Ireland
Anglican schools in the Republic of Ireland
Bluecoat schools
1669 establishments in the British Empire |
4032431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Richards%20%28snowboarder%29 | Todd Richards (snowboarder) | Todd Richards is a snowboarder from Paxton, Massachusetts. Richards helped introduce "skate style" at a time when the sport was mainly influenced by alpine racing events. Richards grew up skateboarding on the East Coast and translated his skills on four wheels to riding a halfpipe made of snow.
During his career, Richards won multiple US Open halfpipe titles, X Games gold medals, and World Championship firsts. He was a member of the 1998 US Olympic Halfpipe Team in Nagano. In 2003, Richards published an autobiography titled P3: Parks, Pipes, and Powder. He has done color commentary for NBC's coverage of the Torino, Vancouver, Sochi, Pyeongchang, and Beijing Olympic Games and has produced a series of webisodes entitled "Todcasts for Quiksilver."
Richards is the subject of a documentary entitled "Me, Myself and I" that was released in 2009.
Actor
He played a former professional snowboarder in the 2001 movie Out Cold.
References
External links
Athlete Bios: Snowboard Halfpipe
Todd Richards on Snowboard Videos
American male snowboarders
Living people
Olympic snowboarders of the United States
People from Paxton, Massachusetts
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Worcester County, Massachusetts
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4032432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski%20%281581%E2%80%931637%29 | Jan Tęczyński (1581–1637) | Jan Tęczyński (1581–1637), of the Topór coat-of-arms, was governor of Kraków (1620–37), Crown Cupbearer (czesnik koronny) from 1618, starosta of Płock, and owner of Tenczyn and Rytwiany.
He was the son of Andrzej Tęczyński. In 1606 he married Dorota Mińska. As his three sons died young, he became the last of this line of the Tęczyński family.
In his youth Jan Tęczyński traveled throughout Europe and studied under Galileo. This experience led him to become a patron of the arts and sciences. He expanded the palace at Rytwiany, and his court was always open to writers and philosophers, such as Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, one of the most celebrated poets of the Polish Baroque. Piotr Kochanowski dedicated to Tęczyński his translation of Torquato Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. Tęczyński was a patron of Jan Brożek, professor at the Kraków Academy. Tęczyński himself was also a writer.
His library and much of his wealth were inherited by the son-in-law of his brother Andrzej Tęczyński, Łukasz Opaliński, husband of Izabela, who was also a famous writer and patron of the arts and sciences.
See also
House of Tęczyński
1581 births
1637 deaths
Jan |
4032435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting%20%28magazine%29 | Scouting (magazine) | Scouting magazine is a publication of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). The target audience is adult leaders of Cub Scouts, Scouts, and Venturers. It carries news on Scouting events, articles on aspects of Scouting such as service, outdoor skills and activities, and features about Scouting activities. It began publication on April 15, 1913, with five-times-a-year mail subscriptions included in the registration fee for all volunteer leaders registered with the BSA. The last print edition was the May–June 2020 issue, although online content continues to be updated.
Recurring content includes: Feature articles, Trailhead, What I've Learned, Advancement FAQs, Cub Scout Corner, Nature of Boys, What Would You Do?, Merit Badge Clinic, Ethics, Great Gear, Health & Wellness, Survive This!, Fuel Up, Dutch Treat, Boys' Life Preview, and Cool Camp.
See also
Scout Life
References
External links
Scouting, official Web site
Bryan on Scouting, official blog
Scouting, archives
Scouting archives at Ten Mile River Scout Museum
Scouting archives at the Portal to Texas History
1913 establishments in the United States
2020 disestablishments in Texas
Boy Scouts of America
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Literature of the Boy Scouts of America
Magazines established in 1913
Magazines disestablished in 2020
Magazines published in Texas
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Online magazines published in the United States
Online magazines with defunct print editions |
4032441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry%20Creek%20%28Missouri%20River%20tributary%29 | Perry Creek (Missouri River tributary) | Perry Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River in the state of Iowa. It rises in central Plymouth County and flows generally to the south-by-southwest, crossing the Woodbury County line at the city limits of Sioux City, north of Briar Cliff University and the Sioux City Country Club. At Sixth Street, the creek enters a conduit near , which then takes the flow underground to its mouth at the Missouri on the western edge of the downtown riverfront area. Perry Creek courses through residential neighborhoods, and has been plagued by past flooding; it has recently been at the center of a major federally funded flood control project.
See also
List of rivers of Iowa
References
External links
Perry Creek Flood Control
Rivers of Iowa
Rivers of Plymouth County, Iowa
Rivers of Woodbury County, Iowa
Tributaries of the Missouri River |
4032443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alh%C3%B3ndiga%20de%20Granaditas | Alhóndiga de Granaditas | The Alhóndiga de Granaditas (Regional Museum of Guanajuato) (public grain exchange) is an old grain storage building in Guanajuato City, Mexico. This historic building was created to replace an old grain exchange near the city's river. The name Alhóndiga translates roughly from both Arabic and Spanish as grain market or warehouse. It is equivalent to the regional grain exchange. Its construction lasted from 1798 to 1809, by orders of Juan Antonio de Riaño y Bárcena, a Spaniard who was the quartermaster of the city during the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla helped build it. The building received World Heritage listing as part of the Historic Town of Guanajuato in 1988.
Architecture
The Grain Exchange is an example of Neoclassical ideas. The original design was drafted in 1796 by Josė Alejandro Durán y Villaseñor, who was the master of public works. Josė de Mazo y Avilés modified the plans later.
It measures 72 by 68 metres, with a height of 23 metres, and occupies an area of 4,828 square metres. It is constructed on the side of a hill and two of its sides are surrounded by elevations. There are no ornamental facets on the exterior, except for a few windows at the top of each storage room. It has cornices built in a Doric style, constructed with two types of regional stone—reddish and greenish. This gives it a curious appearance, resembling a stronghold or a castle, which it has come to be called by the people of Guanajuato. In the interior, there is a porch that leads to a spacious central patio. The porch contains Tuscan columns and adornments. There are two staircases that lead to the upper floor. The Grain Exchange building has only two access doors, a small one facing the east, adorned by two columns, and a large door of the same basic style, facing the north. The edifice was used for the buying and selling of wheat, corn, and other grains. Prior to the Mexican independence from Spain, it was used as a warehouse, military barracks, and prison. Currently it serves as a regional museum.
History
Battle for Grain Exchange at Granaditas
When Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's insurgent troops threatened to take over this city during the Mexican War of Independence, Riaño secured himself in the Grain Exchange on 28 September 1810, along with many other Spaniards and some rich criollos. There were about 300 loyalists who took refuge from 20,000 rebels led by Hidalgo. Riaño believed that the strength of the building, its ample supplies and its positioning would make it easy to repel the insurgents' attacks. In addition to the corn the building already held, other provisions and twenty-four women were brought in to "make tortillas."
At first the building held, but soon the insurgents surrounded the building and began throwing rocks. Riaño died in this attack. His death caused "division and discord among the defenders of the Grain Exchange." The insurgents decided to burn down the eastern door to be able to enter and attack those that were inside. According to a popular tradition the man chosen to perform this task was Juan José Martínez "El Pípila", an extraordinarily strong local miner. He is said to have tied a large flat stone to his back to protect himself from the bullet and rock storm expected once he entered. He poured petroleum on the door and lit it using a torch. When the door burnt down, the attackers stormed into the Grain Exchange, led by Martínez. Everyone inside the Grain Exchange was killed and the building sacked. Reportedly, blood stains from the attack could still be seen on the pillars of the building and the main staircase as late as 1906. At the end of the day, hundreds of bodies were buried, and the whole city of Guanajuato pillaged. This event would encourage Hidalgo not to attack Mexico City, afraid his followers would repeat the massacres and looting of Guanajuato.
These first insurgents eventually fell. The four main participants - Hidalgo, Ignacio Allende, Juan Aldama, and José Mariano Jiménez - were shot by Spanish firing squads, and their bodies decapitated. The four heads were hung from the corners of the Grain Exchange, to discourage other independence movements. The heads remained hanging for ten years, until Mexico achieved its independence. They were then taken to Mexico City and eventually put to rest under el Ángel de la Independencia in 1910.
In 1867, during the French Intervention in Mexico, the Emperor Maximilian ordered the Grain Exchange building to be converted into a prison. It remained a prison for nearly a century.
Between 1955 and 1966, artist José Chávez Morado painted murals on the building reflecting the historical significance of the place. In 1958, the Grain Exchange opened officially as a museum.
Public venue
Attached to one side of the Grain Exchange is a large plaza with a set of wide steps that rise to meet the edge of the building. During the annual International Cervantino Festival, this space is converted into a large open air auditorium for live performances. The shows (often music and dance by groups of worldwide acclaim) are free to the general public, with reserved seats directly below the stage.
Inside of the museum are exhibits and art honoring heroes of the Independence. The museum also holds a collection of Pre-Columbian art donated by Morado and his wife in 1975.
References
External links
Guanajuato Regional Museum
Buildings and structures in Guanajuato
History museums in Mexico
Museums in Guanajuato
Mexican War of Independence
1798 establishments in New Spain
1809 in New Spain
Buildings and structures completed in 1809
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico
Guanajuato City
Alhóndigas |
4032466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst%20Infoshop | Catalyst Infoshop | The Catalyst Infoshop was an infoshop and bookshop at 109 N. McCormick Street, Prescott, Arizona, founded in 2004. It had closed by 2010.
Foundation
Catalyst Infoshop was founded in an old railroad cabin in Prescott, Arizona in 2004, by Katie Rose Nelson and William C. Rodgers. The space was used for a reading group, a philosophy salon, a knitting circle, a high school girl club, a free school and an all ages venue. It was fostered by Prescott College. By 2010, the infoshop had closed down.
Raid
On December 7, 2005, Catalyst Infoshop was raided by federal agents working on information provided by Jacob Ferguson. Rodgers and Nelson were both arrested. The raid was part of Operation Backfire investigating an eco-terrorist unit within the Earth Liberation Front that caused upwards of $20 million in damage across numerous states. Rodgers was charged by Federal Bureau of Investigation with masterminding the arson that destroyed the Two Elk Lodge in Vail, Colorado in 1998.
Rodgers committed suicide by self-asphyxiation, in jail, two weeks after his arrest and before standing trial.
References
External links
The Catalyst Infoshop (archive)
Infoshops
Prescott, Arizona |
4032491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Eugene%20Carl | Marion Eugene Carl | Major General Marion Eugene Carl (November 1, 1915 – June 28, 1998) was an American military officer, World War II fighter ace, record-setting test pilot, and naval aviator. He was the United States Marine Corps' first ace in World War II.
Early years
Born on the family dairy farm near Hubbard, Oregon, Carl was always attracted to aviation. He learned to fly while attending college and soloed after only 2½ hours of instruction; eight to ten hours is typical. He studied aeronautical engineering at Oregon State College (now a university) and, in 1938, graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree as a lieutenant in the Army Reserve.
Marine Corps career
Carl resigned his Army commission to become a naval aviation cadet and received his "Wings of Gold" and Marine Corps commission in December 1939. His first posting was to Marine Fighting Squadron One (VMF-1) at Quantico, Virginia. After a year there, he was posted back to Pensacola as an instructor pilot helping to train the rapidly growing number of naval aviators, before receiving orders to the newly formed Marine Fighting Squadron 221 (VMF-221) at NAS North Island in San Diego, California.
World War II
The 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor found VMF-221 preparing to embark aboard the aircraft carrier for transport to Marine Corps Air Station Ewa on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The unit was rushed to Hawaii, then to Wake Island as part of the WI Relief Task Force, still aboard Saratoga. After the relief attempt was cancelled, VMF-221 was deployed to Midway Atoll on Christmas Day, 1941. Carl's first combat occurred six months later during the Battle of Midway on June 4, 1942, when 15 of the 25 aircraft VMF-221 put into the air that morning were destroyed. Nevertheless, Carl was credited with destroying one enemy aircraft, a Mitsubishi Zero. All the survivors of VMF-221 were returned to Hawaii shortly after the battle.
After a short rest, Carl was reassigned to Marine Fighting Squadron 223 (VMF-223), led by former VMF-221 pilot Captain (later Major) John L. Smith. On August 20, VMF-223 was deployed to Guadalcanal, the first fighter unit ashore with the Cactus Air Force. Over the next two months, Carl became the Marines' first ace, running his tally to 16.5 victories, during which time he had to bail out once from a badly-damaged airplane. It is believed that on August 26 Carl shot down the famous Japanese Navy Tainan Kōkūtai ace Junichi Sasai over Henderson Field. When the squadron left Guadalcanal in October, Carl was America's second-ranking ace behind Major Smith.
In 1943, then-Major Carl returned to the Pacific and led VMF-223 until the following summer. During combat in the Solomon Islands, he claimed two more enemy planes, finishing as the Corps' seventh-ranking ace with 18.5 victories.
Aerial victory credits
Test pilot
In 1945, Carl graduated in the first test pilot class at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland. As a Lieutenant Colonel, he conducted pioneering jet operations from aircraft carriers and later commanded VMF-122, the first Marine jet squadron.
In 1947, Carl was one of two pilots selected to fly the Douglas D-558/I Skystreak in record-setting speed attempts. That August, he was recorded at , establishing a new world record for a conventional aircraft. When Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in October, he also broke Carl's record.
At Patuxent River on April 1, 1952, Carl had a close brush with death. He was performing a series of check spins in the new Grumman AF-2S Guardian anti-submarine attack aircraft. The anti-spin parachute that had been fitted in earlier tests had been removed. Climbing to over Chesapeake Bay, Carl commenced the spin. The aircraft entered a flat spin with strong centrifugal forces. Carl could not break the spin and rode it down to . He tried to operate the ejection seat, but the face blind ripped away in his hands and the seat failed to fire. He climbed out at . He then tried the wind-tunnel approved method of getting out on the inside of the spin, but was forced back due to airflow. He finally got out on the other side and felt his parachute open as he fell into the splash of the aircraft. The success of this proved bailing out on the inside of the spin to avoid being hit by the tail was an incorrect theory.
During a second test pilot tour in 1953, Carl set an unofficial altitude record of in the Douglas D-558/II.
Between test pilot duties, Carl commanded other units including a reconnaissance squadron based on Taiwan. In 1954, he led missions over Mainland China, photographing Communist forces along the coast. After his death, an incorrect version of his reconnaissance missions appeared in several obituaries, stating that he had flown U-2 spy planes.
Vietnam War
Though still a colonel, Carl became Director of Marine Corps Aviation for five months in 1962. In 1964 he was promoted to brigadier general; in 1965, he took the 1st Marine Brigade to Danang, South Vietnam. Despite his seniority, he repeatedly flew combat missions in helicopter gunships and jet fighters.
Carl received his second star as a major general in 1967, commanding the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing at MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina from 1968 to 1970. He subsequently served as Inspector General of the Marine Corps, until retiring in 1973. By then he had logged some 13,000 flying hours, more than twice as much as most contemporaries.
Murder
Carl returned to his native Oregon, where he and his wife Edna settled near Roseburg. Marion Carl's memoir, Pushing the Envelope, coauthored with his friend Barrett Tillman, was published in 1994. In 1998, at age 82, he was shot to death during a robbery, defending Edna from a home invader. Carl had entered his living room late one evening and had found an intruder pointing a shotgun at his wife and demanding money and car-keys. Carl lunged at the intruder who fired his weapon, the shot grazing Edna's head and leaving her injured. The attacker then turned the weapon on Carl, fatally shooting him and the former then fled, stealing cash and the couple's car. Carl was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.
His murderer, 19-year-old Jesse Fanus, was apprehended one week later. In April 1999, he was convicted on two counts of aggravated murder (and 11 additional felony charges) and sentenced to death. In 2003, his conviction and death sentence were upheld by the Oregon Supreme Court. In December 2011, the sentence was overturned based on the prisoner's inadequate legal representation. Fanus was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole on May 7, 2015.
Carl's widow Edna passed away in 2007. His two children were Bruce and Lyanne.
Awards and legacy
Carl's decorations include (having declined any personal medals for service in Vietnam):
First Navy Cross citation
Citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Captain Marion Eugene Carl (MCSN: 0-6053), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession while serving Section Leader and a Pilot in Marine Fighting Squadron TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-ONE (VMF-221), Marine Air Group TWENTY-TWO (MAG-22), Naval Air Station, Midway, during operations of the U.S. Naval and Marine Forces against the invading Japanese Fleet during the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942. Leading his section in a dauntless and aggressive attack against a vastly superior number of Japanese bomber and fighter planes, Captain Carl aided in the disruption of enemy plans and lessened the effectiveness of their attack. As a result of his daring tactics, he succeeded in destroying one OO Isento KI Navy Fighter. The courageous leadership and utter disregard for personal safety displayed by Captain Carl in this attack were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
Second Navy Cross citation
Citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Cross to Captain Marion Eugene Carl (MCSN: 0-6053), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession while serving as a Pilot in Marine Fighting Squadron TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-THREE (VMF-223), Marine Air Group TWENTY-THREE (MAG-23), FIRST Marine Aircraft Wing, in aerial combat against enemy Japanese forces in the Solomons Islands Area from 24 August 1942 to 9 September 1942. With utter disregard for his own personal safety, Captain Carl, during the period of sixteen days, shot down ten enemy aircraft unassisted, and with the help of another Marine Corps pilot, succeeded in shooting down the eleventh plane. His brilliant daring and conspicuous skill as an airman served as an inspiration to other pilots of his squadron and contributed greatly to the security of the positions of the United States Forces in the Solomon Islands. His courageous and loyal devotion to duty is in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
In 1992 Carl was inducted into the Lancaster Aerospace Walk of Honor.
On July 21, 2001, Carl was enshrined at Dayton, Ohio, in the National Aviation Hall of Fame class of 2001, along with North American X-15 pilot Joe Engle, USAF ace Robin Olds, and Albert Ueltschi.
In 1984, 1986, 1989, and 1992, Carl was honored at the Air Command and Staff College's Gathering of Eagles at Maxwell Air Base, Montgomery Alabama. This program encourages the study of airpower history by emphasizing the contributions of air and space pioneers.
Roseburg Regional Airport, in Roseburg, Oregon, was named the Marion E. Carl Memorial Field in his honor.
MATSG-23 holds an annual "Mud Run" in honor of Carl at the Naval Air Station, Lemoore, California. The 5-mile run includes mud pits, climbing walls, and other military obstacles to challenge the runners. The 13th Annual Mud Run was held on June 6, 2006.
The airfield at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay was named for Carl.
See also
United States Marine Corps Aviation
References
Sources
Major General Marion E. Carl, USMC, Who's Who in Marine Corps History, History Division, United States Marine Corps.
External links
Arlington National Cemetery
1915 births
1998 deaths
American aviation record holders
American test pilots
American World War II flying aces
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Aviators from Oregon
Battle of Midway
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths by firearm in Oregon
Flight altitude record holders
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
Oregon State University alumni
People from Hubbard, Oregon
People from Roseburg, Oregon
People murdered in Oregon
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Shot-down aviators
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II
United States Naval Aviators
Military personnel from Oregon |
4032493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s%20Luck | Murphy's Luck | Murphy's Luck may refer to:
"Murphy's Luck", an episode from the television series Charmed
An alternate term for the phrase Murphy's Law |
4032494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Dieter | Paul Dieter | Paul Dieter (born May 23, 1959) is an American sound engineer and record producer. He has been the staff engineer at Groove Masters, the Santa Monica, California recording studio owned by Jackson Browne, since 1990.
Dieter's first major job was as an audio engineer on tour with 10,000 Maniacs from 1985 to 1987, and he has since worked as an audio engineer on various projects with Linda Ronstadt, David Lindley, Fleetwood Mac, and David Crosby. He also mixed the sound for Vonda Shepard's performances on Ally McBeal.
In 1994, Dieter was a co-nominee for a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical (along with Ed Cherney and Rick Pekkonnen) for the Jackson Browne album I'm Alive. A great deal of his work in the past decade has been with Browne, at Groove Masters and on tour, most recently co-producing Browne's Solo Acoustic, Vol. 1.
References
Paul Dieter's archived bio
Record producers from California
American audio engineers
Living people
1959 births |
4032498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipi%20Tales | Tipi Tales | Tipi Tales was a Canadian children's television series about a First Nations family living in a woodlands cottage, and focused on teaching children about the importance of family and friends, as well as First Nations culture.
The show premiered on 5 February 2003, and ended in 2007. The series had three seasons, each consisting of twenty-six 10- to 14-minute episodes (a total of 78 episodes). The characters were represented by puppets.
The show was co-produced by APTN and Treehouse TV, and filmed by Eagle Vision in their dedicated studio in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Both networks aired the show simultaneously; the show was also broadcast in New Zealand and Australia. Reruns were cancelled from Treehouse TV on 6 September 2009, while APTN's reruns continued until 2010.
Characters
The series centers around four Ojibway cousins who learn various wisdoms of life during their visits to their great-grandfather’s home.
Russell
Russell (voiced by Herbie Barnes) is four years old. He is big for his age but is a very gentle and sensitive boy. People often expect more from him because of his size. He loves to eat and is always hoping that Great-Grandmother has something cooking in the kitchen, especially cookies or pies.
Russell has many fears. He tries hard to keep them to himself, but they usually surface in some type of disaster. He looks up to Junior and Elizabeth and wants to be "grown-up" just like them.
Russell counts on Sam to be his accomplice. Junior is his hero and Russell takes great pride in playing drums for Junior's dancing or even being asked to play with him. He is goofy and loud and his enthusiasm for life is contagious. But his greatest gift is the joy he brings to others.
Sam
Samantha "Sam" (voiced by Jan Skene) is a three-year-old who is a mischievous, funny, free spirit living in the moment. She thinks everything is "the bestest!" She's cute and snuggly with a curly bob of black hair flopping carelessly on top of her head. Sam can get away with just about anything. Her cousins find her a little annoying but would do anything for her.
Sam always pushes the limits and rarely listens to anyone. She thinks she doesn't need anyone's advice, but that usually gets her into her biggest scrapes.
In a way that only a three-year-old can, Sam always tells it like it is. She's smart, quick, and has sudden bolts of great big ideas. As a result, she can persuade her cousins to do wild and crazy things. She lives with joy and abandon.
Elizabeth
Elizabeth (voiced by Rebecca Gibson) is a precocious and confident five-year-old. She is artistic, expressive, and has an opinion on everything. She sees herself as the leader of the group. She can sometimes be self-absorbed and often ends up being excluded.
The "princess" of the group, Elizabeth wants things to go her way and is determined to see that happen. She has many fears but usually manages to hide them well. She fights for what she believes in (even when she is wrong) and periodically has meltdowns, but she has a good heart and loves her cousins very much.
While she can be nurturing, she often plays the martyr, complete with whole body sighs. "I have to do everything myself I guess...." Elizabeth knows she is destined for greatness. Even though she drives them crazy, her cousins all look up to her.
Junior
Junior (voiced by Ryan Rajendra Black) is a five-year-old Ojibway boy who stays at his great-grandparents' house in the every week while his parents work. His real name is Eugene, which he hates, so everyone calls him Junior. Junior is traditional and proud of it. He wears long braids and loves everything about being Native. He is very spiritual. Focused and serious, his feelings often get hurt. He and Elizabeth frequently clash over leadership issues. He can be very self-righteous, even a bulldozer at times, but he has great passion for life and nature.
Great-Grandfather is his hero and like him, Junior is a great dancer and loves telling traditional stories. He is sincere, loving, and hungry for life.
Great-Grandparents
The great-grandparents are wonderful caregivers. They love and support their great-grandchildren and are essential to their learning. They often open the door to new ways of thinking. They have gentle humour and great wisdom but never preach. They listen, understand and guide the children to the animal who will help them discover the best course of action.
Great-Grandmother
Great-Grandmother (voiced by Michelle St. John) is wise and kind, but often enigmatic. Great-Grandmother has a sense of humour and the kids make her laugh all the time.
Great-Grandmother makes the best saskatoonberry pies in the world. She makes quilts and gardens with equal passion.
Great-Grandfather
Great-Grandfather (voiced by Jules Desjarlais) is a fairly traditional man, but is willing to accept the modern world through the children. Great-Grandfather is a dreamer and storyteller but lives the seven principles.
Great-Grandfather listens well and understands. He doesn't judge. He has endless stories that enchant and inform the kids. He loves playing his drum and teaching the children to do a Native dance. His laugh is infectious and he never seems to get riled.
He is tender and humble and has a wonderful sense of humour. He has a respect for the natural world and teaches the kids about the voice in the wind, the spirit of the tree and giving a gift of thanks. He knows the stars, moon, and sun personally.
Animals
When the children have a problem, the great-grandparents instruct them to speak with an animal guide to help solve the problem. They would usually sing songs with the children. Each animal represents one of the Seven Sacred Laws, or teachings:
Wolf is Humility
Sabe (Bigfoot) is Honesty
Bear is Courage
Eagle is Love
Buffalo is Respect
Turtle is Truth
Beaver is Wisdom
References
External links
2000s Canadian children's television series
Television series about Indigenous people in Canada
Treehouse TV original programming
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network original programming
Canadian television shows featuring puppetry
Television series about children
Television series about bears
Television series about birds
Television series about turtles
Television series about wolves
Television shows filmed in Winnipeg
Canadian preschool education television series
Television shows set in Manitoba
Fictional characters from Manitoba |
4032505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal%20conservatism | Fiscal conservatism | Fiscal conservatism is a political and economic philosophy regarding fiscal policy and fiscal responsibility with an ideological basis in capitalism, individualism, limited government, and laissez-faire economics. Fiscal conservatives advocate tax cuts, reduced government spending, free markets, deregulation, privatization, free trade, and minimal government debt. Fiscal conservatism follows the same philosophical outlook of classical liberalism. This concept is derived from economic liberalism and can also be referred to as fiscal liberalism outside the United States.
The term has its origins in the era of the American New Deal during the 1930s as a result of the policies initiated by modern liberals, when many classical liberals started calling themselves conservatives as they did not wish to be identified with what was passing for liberalism in the United States. In the United States, the term liberalism has become associated with the welfare state and expanded regulatory policies created as a result of the New Deal and its offshoots from the 1930s onwards.
Fiscal conservatives form one of the three legs of the traditional American conservative movement that emerged during the 1950s together with social conservatism and national defense conservatism. Many Americans who are classical liberals also tend to identify as libertarian, holding more cultural liberal views and advocating a non-interventionist foreign policy while supporting lower taxes and less government spending. As of 2020, 39% of Americans polled considered themselves "economically conservative".
Because of its close proximity to the United States, the term has entered the lexicon in Canada. In many other countries, economic liberalism or simply liberalism is used to describe what Americans call fiscal conservatism.
Overview
Principles
Fiscal conservatism is the economic philosophy of prudence in government spending and debt. The principles of capitalism, limited government, and laissez-faire economics form its ideological foundation. Fiscal conservatives advocate the avoidance of deficit spending, the lowering of taxes, and the reduction of overall government spending and national debt whilst ensuring balanced budgets. In other words, fiscal conservatives are against the government expanding beyond its means through debt, but they will usually choose debt over tax increases. They strongly believe in libertarian principles such as individualism and free enterprise, often advocating deregulation, privatization, and free trade.
In his Reflections on the Revolution in France, Edmund Burke argued that a government does not have the right to run up large debts and then throw the burden on the taxpayer, writing "it is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged. The claim of the citizen is prior in time, paramount in title, superior in equity. The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditor's security, expressed or implied. ... [T]he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large".
Factions or subgroups
Although all fiscal conservatives agree generally on a smaller and less expensive government, there are disagreements over priorities. There are three main factions or subgroups each advocating for a particular emphasis. Deficit hawks emphasize balancing government budgets and reducing the size of government debt, viewing government debt as economically damaging and morally dubious since it passes on obligations on to future generations who have played no part in present-day tax and spending decisions. Deficit hawks are willing to consider tax increases if the additional revenue is used to reduce debt rather than increase spending.
A second group put their main emphasis on tax cuts rather than spending cuts or debt reduction. Many embrace supply-side economics, arguing that as high taxes discourage economic activity and investment, tax cuts would result in economic growth leading in turn to higher government revenues. According to them, these additional government revenues would reduce the debt in the long term. They also argue for reducing taxes even if it were to lead to short term increases in the deficit. Some supply-siders have advocated that the increases in revenue through tax cuts make drastic cuts in spending unnecessary. However, the Congressional Budget Office has consistently reported that income tax cuts increase deficits and debt and do not pay for themselves. For example, the CBO estimated that the Bush tax cuts added about $1.5 trillion to deficits and debt from 2002 to 2011 and it would have added nearly $3 trillion to deficits and debt over the 2010–2019 decade if fully extended at all income levels.
A third group makes little distinction between debt and taxes. This group emphasizes reduction in spending rather than tax policy or debt reduction. They argue that the true cost of government is the level of spending not how that spending is financed. Every dollar that the government spends is a dollar taken from workers, regardless of whether it is from debt or taxes. Taxes simply redistribute purchasing power, doing so in a particularly inefficient manner, reducing the incentives to produce or hire and borrowing simply forces businesses and investors to anticipate higher taxes later on.
History
Classical liberalism
Classical liberalism in the United States forms the historical foundation for modern fiscal conservatism. Kathleen G. Donohue argues that classical liberalism in the 19th century United States was distinct from its counterpart in Britain:
[A]t the center of classical liberal theory [in Europe] was the idea of laissez-faire. To the vast majority of American classical liberals, however, laissez-faire did not mean no government intervention at all. On the contrary, they were more than willing to see government provide tariffs, railroad subsidies, and internal improvements, all of which benefited producers. What they condemned was intervention in behalf of consumers.
Economic liberalism owes its ideological creation to the classical liberalism tradition in the vein of Adam Smith, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, Ayn Rand, and Ludwig von Mises. They provided moral justifications for free markets. Liberals of the time, in contrast to modern ones, disliked government authority and preferred individualism. They saw free market capitalism as the preferable means of achieving economic ends.
Early to mid 20th century
In the early 20th century, fiscal conservatives were often at odds with progressives who desired economic reform. During the 1920s, Republican President Calvin Coolidge's pro-business economic policies were credited for the successful period of economic growth known as the Roaring Twenties. However, his actions may have been due more to a sense of federalism than fiscal conservatism as Robert Sobel notes: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards".
Contrary to popular opinion, then-Republican President Herbert Hoover was not a fiscal conservative. He promoted government intervention during the early Great Depression, a policy that his successor, Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt, continued and increased despite campaigning to the contrary. Coolidge's economic policies are often popularly contrasted with the New Deal deficit spending of Roosevelt and Republican Party opposition to Roosevelt's government spending was a unifying cause for a significant caucus of Republicans through even the presidencies of Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Barry Goldwater was a famous champion of both the socially and fiscally conservative Republicans.
In 1977, Democratic President Jimmy Carter appointed Alfred E. Kahn, a professor of economics at Cornell University, to be chair of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). He was part of a push for deregulation of the industry, supported by leading economists, leading think tanks in Washington, a civil society coalition advocating the reform (patterned on a coalition earlier developed for the truck-and-rail-reform efforts), the head of the regulatory agency, Senate leadership, the Carter administration and even some in the airline industry. This coalition swiftly gained legislative results in 1978.
The Airline Deregulation Act (Pub.L. 95–504) was signed into law by President Carter on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to remove government control over fares, routes and market entry of new airlines from commercial aviation. The CAB's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing market forces to determine routes and fares. The Act did not remove or diminish the Federal Aviation Administration's regulatory powers over all aspects of airline safety.
In 1979, Carter deregulated the American beer industry by making it legal to sell malt, hops and yeast to American home brewers for the first time since the effective 1920 beginning of Prohibition in the United States. This Carter deregulation led to an increase in home brewing over the 1980s and 1990s that by the 2000s had developed into a strong craft microbrew culture in the United States, with 3,418 micro breweries, brewpubs and regional craft breweries in the United States by the end of 2014.
Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except under Carter and Bill Clinton. The United States national debt rose during the 1980s as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. The numbers of public debt as % of GDP are indicative of the process:
Reagan era
Fiscal conservatism was rhetorically promoted during the presidency of Republican Ronald Reagan (1981–1989). During Reagan's tenure, the top personal income tax bracket dropped from 70% to 28% while payroll taxes and the effective tax rates on the lower two income quintiles increased. Reagan cut the maximum capital gains tax from 28% to 20%, though in his second term he raised it back up to 28%. He successfully increased defense spending, but conversely liberal Democrats blocked his efforts to cut domestic spending. Real GDP growth recovered strongly after the 1982 recession, growing at an annual rate of 3.4% for the rest of his time in office. Unemployment dropped after peaking at over 10.7% percent in 1982, and inflation decreased significantly. Federal tax receipts nearly doubled from $517 billion in 1980 to $1,032 billion in 1990. Employment grew at about the same rate as population.
According to a United States Department of the Treasury nonpartisan economic study, the major tax bills enacted under Reagan caused federal revenue to fall by an amount equal to roughly 1% of GDP. Although Reagan did not offset the increase in federal government spending or reduce the deficit, his accomplishments are more notable when expressed as a percent of the gross domestic product. Federal spending fell from 22.2% of the GDP to 21.2%. By the end of Reagan's second term, the national debt held by the public increased by almost 60% and the total debt equalled $2.6 trillion. In fewer than eight years, the United States went from being the world's largest creditor nation to the world's largest debtor nation.
Ross Perot
In the 1992 presidential election, Ross Perot, a successful American businessman, ran as a third-party candidate. Despite significant campaign stumbles and the uphill struggles involved in mounting a third-party candidacy, Perot received 18.9% of the popular vote (the largest percentage of any third-party candidate in modern history), largely on the basis of his central platform plank of limited-government, balanced-budget fiscal conservatism.
Clinton era
While the mantle of fiscal conservatism is most commonly claimed by Republicans and libertarians, it is also claimed in some ways by many centrist or moderate Democrats who often refer to themselves as New Democrats. Although not supportive of the wide range tax cut policies that were often enacted during the Reagan and Bush administrations, the New Democrat coalition's primary economic agenda differed from the traditional philosophy held by liberal Democrats and sided with the fiscal conservative belief that a balanced federal budget should take precedence over some spending programs.
Former President Bill Clinton, who was a New Democrat and part of the somewhat fiscally conservative Third Way advocating Democratic Leadership Council, is a prime example of this as his administration along with the Democratic-majority congress of 1993 passed on a party-line vote the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 which cut government spending, created a 36% individual income tax bracket, raised the top tax bracket which encompassed the top 1.2% earning taxpayers from 31% to 39.6% and created a 35% income tax rate for corporations. The 1993 Budget Act also cut taxes for fifteen million low-income families and 90% of small businesses. Additionally during the Clinton years, the PAYGO (pay-as-you-go) system originally introduced with the passing of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (which required that all increases in direct spending or revenue decreases be offset by other spending decreases or revenue increases and was very popular with deficit hawks) had gone into effect and was used regularly until the system's expiration in 2002.
In the 1994 midterm elections, Republicans ran on a platform that included fiscal responsibility drafted by then-Congressman Newt Gingrich called the Contract with America which advocated such things as balancing the budget, providing the President with a line-item veto and welfare reform. After the elections gave the Republicans a majority in the House of Representatives, newly minted Speaker of the House Gingrich pushed aggressively for reduced government spending which created a confrontation with the White House that climaxed in the 1995–1996 government shutdown. After Clinton's re-election in 1996, they were able to cooperate and pass the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 which lowered the top capital gains tax rate from 28% to 20% and the 15% rate to 10%.
After this combination of tax hikes and spending reductions, the United States was able to create budget surpluses from fiscal years 1998–2001 (the first time since 1969) and the longest period of sustained economic growth in United States history.
Modern fiscal conservatism
American businessman, politician and former Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg considers himself a fiscal conservative and expressed his definition of the term at the 2007 British Conservative Party Conference, stating:
To me, fiscal conservatism means balancing budgets – not running deficits that the next generation can't afford. It means improving the efficiency of delivering services by finding innovative ways to do more with less. It means cutting taxes when possible and prudent to do so, raising them overall only when necessary to balance the budget, and only in combination with spending cuts. It means when you run a surplus, you save it; you don't squander it. And most importantly, being a fiscal conservative means preparing for the inevitable economic downturns – and by all indications, we've got one coming.
While the term "fiscal conservatism" would imply budget deficits would be lower under conservatives (i.e., Republicans), this has not historically been the case. Economists Alan Blinder and Mark Watson reported in 2016 that budget deficits since WW2 tended to be smaller under Democratic Party presidents, at 2.1% potential GDP versus 2.8% potential GDP for Republican presidents, a difference of about 0.7% GDP. They wrote that higher budget deficits should theoretically have boosted the economy more for Republicans, and therefore cannot explain the greater GDP growth under Democrats.
Rest of the world
As a result of the expansion of the welfare state and increased regulatory policies by the Roosevelt administration beginning in the 1930s, in the United States the term liberalism has today become associated with modern rather than classical liberalism. In Western Europe, the expanded welfare states created after World War II were created by socialist or social-democratic parties such as the British Labour Party rather than liberal parties. Many liberal parties in Western Europe tend to adhere to classical liberalism, with the Free Democratic Party in Germany being one example. The Liberal Democrats in the United Kingdom have a classical liberal and a social liberal wing of the party. In many countries, liberalism or economic liberalism is used to describe what Americans call fiscal conservatism.
Fiscal conservatism in the United Kingdom was arguably most popular during the premiership of Conservative Margaret Thatcher. After a number of years of deficit spending under the previous Labour government, Thatcher advocated spending cuts and selective tax increases to balance the budget. As a result of the deterioration in the United Kingdom's public finances—according to fiscal conservatives caused by another spate of deficit spending under the previous Labour government, the late-2000s recession and by the European sovereign debt crisis—the Cameron–Clegg coalition (Conservative–Liberal Democrats) embarked on an austerity programme featuring a combination of spending cuts and tax rises in an attempt to halve the deficit and eliminate the structural deficit over the five-year parliament.
In Canada, the rise of the socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation pushed the Liberal Party to create and expand the welfare state before and after World War II. Fiscal conservatism in Canada is generally referred to as blue Toryism when it is present within the Conservative Party of Canada. In Alberta, fiscal conservatism is represented by the United Conservative Party. In Ontario, fiscal conservatism is represented by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.
See also
Balance of payments
Balance of trade
Capitalism
Citizens Against Government Waste
Classical liberalism
Concord Coalition
Criticism of welfare
Economic freedom
Economic liberalism
Market economy
Minarchism
Republican Main Street Partnership
Right-wing politics
Trickle-down economics
Notes
References
Further reading
Barber, William J. (1985). From New Era to New Deal: Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy. Cambridge University Press.
Beito, David (1989). Taxpayers in Revolt: Tax Resistance During the Great Depression. University of North Carolina Press.
Brownlee, W. Elliot (1996). Federal Taxation in America: A Short History. Cambridge University Press.
Kimmel, Lewis (1959). Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy, 1789–1958. Brookings Institution Press.
Left, Mark (September 1983). "Taxing the "forgotten man": The politics of Social Security finance in the New Deal". Journal of American History. 70: 359–81. Online in JSTOR.
Morgan, Iwan W. (1995) Deficit Government: Taxing and Spending in Modern America. Ivan Dee.
Sargent, James E. (Winter 1980) "Roosevelt's Economy Act: Fiscal conservatism and the early New Deal". Congressional Studies. 7: 33–51.
Savage, James D. (1988) Balanced Budgets and American Politics. Cornell University Press.
Herbert Stein (1994). Presidential Economics, 3rd Edition: The Making of Economic Policy From Roosevelt to Clinton.
Julian E. Zelizer (2000). "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1938". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 30 (2): pp. 331. Online.
Capitalism
Classical liberalism
Conservatism
Conservative liberalism
Conservatism in the United States
Criticisms of welfare
Economic liberalism
Conservatism
Political theories |
4032508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia%20%28Cyrenaica%29 | Apollonia (Cyrenaica) | Apollonia () in Cyrenaica (modern Libya) was founded by Greek colonists and became a significant commercial centre in the southern Mediterranean. It served as the harbour of Cyrene, to the southwest.
Apollonia became autonomous from Cyrene at latest by the time the area came within the power of Rome, when it was one of the five cities of the Libyan Pentapolis, growing in power until, in the 6th century A.D., it became the capital of the Roman province of Libya Superior or Libya Pentapolitana. The city became known as Sozusa, which explains the modern name of Marsa Susa or Susa, which grew up long after the cessation of urban life in the ancient city after the Arab invasion of AD 643.
Sozusa was an episcopal see and is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.
Ruins
The early foundation levels of the city of Apollonia are below sea level due to submergence in earthquakes, while the upper strata of the later Byzantine Christian periods are several meters above sea level, built on the accumulated deposits of previous periods. The existence of buildings in the sea was noted by Beechey (1827), with some rough drawings, and Goodchild (1950s) and André Laronde also published archaeological surveys of the site. In 1958 and 1959 Nicholas Flemming, then an undergraduate at Cambridge University, led teams of undergraduates trained in scuba diving and underwater surveying to map the large sector of the city beneath the sea. The results of this work were published, complete with maps and diagrams of underwater buildings in the references cited below. Carlo Beltrame and colleagues have recently made an underwater photographic survey of some of the buildings.
The Crete earthquake and tsunami of 21 July 365 AD apparently caused extensive damage to the city and harbor.
The Apollonia (Susa) Museum houses many artifacts found on the ancient site.
The ancient port
The remains of the ancient port in Apollonia are extremely well preserved because they are underwater. The difference in sea level, indeed, was estimated to be around 3.70-3.80 m.
The port is relatively early in date, dating from the 6th/7th Century BC, and this makes it unique as no other complete port is this old.
Churches
Apollonia is particularly known for its ruins of three churches (out of five originally standing) dating from the Byzantine period. They are located at the south, center and east of the governor's palace. The eastern one, dating the 5th century, was the most important. The marble columns used in the nave were reused as Spolia and come originally from Euboea.
Palace
The Palace of the Dux was excavated by Goodchild between 1959 and 1962. It was last used as the Byzantine Duke's Palace and contains over 100 rooms. A marble inscription testifyies its use as a Roman military commander's house, however the identification of the name and status of the man who edified the palace is problematic.
Theatre
The well-preserved Greek theatre stands facing the sea outside the old city walls. This monument dates to the 3rd century BCE and is therefore one of the oldest sites in Apollonia. The structure was modified under Domitian, suggesting its use as an arena for gladiatorial fights.
The 5th century saw the abandonment of the theatre and the re-use of the columns from the stage as spolia in the eastern basilica. The cavea has 28 seat levels.
Christian bishopric
Apollonia was also the seat of an ancient Christian bishopric
of the Roman province of Libya Pentapolitana (Cirenaica). Before the advent of the emperor Diocletian, the city called Apollonia: with Diocletian became the capital of Libya Superior.
Today Sozusa of Libya survives as a bishopric holder; The seat is vacant from 11 December 1989. Known bishops include:
Eliodorus (fl.359)
Zosimo (mentioned in 449)
Hailé Mariam Cahsai (1951–1961)
Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (1962–1964) of Bangalore
Guido Attilio Previtali (1969–1989)
Present
Since 2011, vandals have smeared graffiti on columns. Artifacts have also been looted. Various treasures e.g. heads or entire torsos of statues listed in guidebooks issued in 2011 are stolen. According to the head of the antiquities department of a parallel administration in charge of eastern Libya, "many artifacts have been smuggled abroad".
There was better site protection before 2011.“There has been a lot of destruction in recent years,” said Ismail Miftah, a farmer living next to Cyrene.
Apollonia is featured as the chief port city for Cyrene in the 2017 video game Assassin's Creed Origins.
Apollonia is the main site of the graphic novel Alix - Le Dieu Sauvage by Jacques Martin, published originally in 1969 in Tintin magazine in Belgium.
See also
Barca
Ptolemais, Cyrenaica
List of ancient Greek cities
References
LookLex
Beechey, F.W. 1827. Proceedings of an Expedition to Explore the North African coast. John Murray, London.
Flemming, N.C. 1959. "Underwater adventure in Apollonia". Geographical Magazine, v. 31, pp. 497–508.
Flemming, N.C. 1971. Cities in the Sea. Doubleday, New York, 222 pp; New English Library, London, 222pp.
Flemming, N.C. and Webb, C.O, 1986. "Tectonic and eustatic coastal changes during the last 10,000 years derived from archaeological data". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. December, Suppl – Bd62, p. 1 29.
The ancient port of Apollonia is an archaeological treasure to be preserved.
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Libya
Jabal al Akhdar
Ancient Cyrenaica
Former populated places in Libya
Sozusa in Libya
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Greek colonies in Libya
Crete and Cyrenaica |
4032514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Khaliq%20Ghijduwani | Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani | Abdul Khaliq Ghijduvani (died 1179) was one of a group of Central Asian Sufi teachers known simply as Khwajagan (the Masters) of the Naqshbandi order.
Abdul Khaliq was born in the small town of Ghijduvan, near Bukhara. His father had migrated to Central Asia from Malatya, in eastern Anatolia where he had been a prominent faqih. While Abdul Khaliq was studying tafsir in Bukhara he first had an awakening of interest in the path. He received further training at the hands of Yusuf Hamdani, and was the next link in the Naqshbandi silsila following him.
The way Abdul Khaliq taught became known as the way of the Khojas - teachers.
Abdul Khaliq bequeathed to subsequent generations of the Naqshbandi silsila a series of principles governing their Sufi practice, concisely formulated in Persian and known collectively as "the Sacred Words" (kalimat-i qudsiya), or the "Rules" or "Secrets" of the Naqshbandi Order.
See also
Eleven Naqshbandi principles
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
References
Bibliography
External links
Eleven Principles Of The Naqshbandi Sufi Order
Eleven Principles in Order (first eight from Gajadwani) from the Khwajagan Masters of Love
1179 deaths
Sufi teachers
Naqshbandi order
Year of birth unknown |
4032542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-verse%20TV | U-verse TV | U-verse TV is a DirecTV brand of IPTV service. Launched on June 26, 2006, U-verse included broadband Internet (now AT&T Internet or AT&T Fiber), IP telephone (now AT&T Phone), and IPTV (U-verse TV) services in 48 states.
In September 2016, AT&T announced that the "U-verse" brand would no longer apply to its broadband and phone services, renaming them "AT&T Internet" and "AT&T Phone", respectively.
On February 25, 2021, AT&T announced that it would spin off DirecTV, U-verse and AT&T TV into a separate entity, selling a 30% stake to TPG Capital while retaining a 70% stake in the new standalone company. The deal was closed on August 2, 2021.
History
SBC Communications announced its plans for a fiber-optic network and Internet Protocol television (IPTV) deployment in 2004 and unveiled the name "U-verse" (formerly "Project Lightspeed") for the suite of network services in 2005. SBC eventually became AT&T in late 2005, and the AT&T name was applied for the service. Beta testing began in San Antonio in 2005 and AT&T U-verse was commercially launched June 26, 2006, in San Antonio. A few months later on November 30, 2006, the service was launched in Houston. In December 2006, the product launched in Chicago, San Francisco, Oakland, Hartford, Indianapolis, and other cities in their vicinities. In February 2007, U-verse was launched in Milwaukee. One month later, service was initiated in Dallas and Kansas City. In May 2007, U-verse launched in Detroit, Los Angeles, and surrounding areas. Launch continued in Cleveland, Akron, and San Diego in June 2007. The Oklahoma City and Sacramento launches occurred in August 2007. In November 2007, service was started in Austin. In December 2007, U-verse was launched in Orlando and St. Louis. A controlled launch was also initiated in Atlanta that month marking the first launch in the Southeastern United States. On December 22, 2008, the product debuted in Birmingham. On January 25, 2010, AT&T announced that U-verse was available to over 2.8 million households.
AT&T Phone (formerly known as AT&T U-verse Voice) was added on January 22, 2008, and was first available in Detroit. In 2008, U-verse availability approached 8 million households and over 225,000 customers had been enrolled, with new installations reaching 12,000 per week. By 2009, 1 million Phone customers and 2.1 million U-verse TV customers had been enrolled.
At the end of 2011, U-verse was available to more than 30 million living units in 22 states and U-verse TV had 3.8 million customers. By mid-2012, AT&T had 4.1 million U-Verse TV subscribers, 2.6 million Phone subscribers, and 6.5 million Internet subscribers.
By the third quarter of 2012, AT&T had 4.3 million TV subscribers, 2.7 million Phone subscribers and 7.1 million Internet. This represents 7% growth quarter on quarter. The actual number of customers is lower, as most customers subscribe to a bundle (such as TV and Phone) and so are counted in both categories.
At an analyst meeting in August 2015, following AT&T's acquisition of satellite provider DirecTV, AT&T announced plans for a new "home entertainment gateway" platform that will converge DirecTV and U-verse around a common platform based upon DirecTV hardware with "very thin hardware profiles". AT&T Entertainment and Internet Services CEO John Stankey explained that the new platform would offer "single truck roll installation for multiple products, live local streaming, improved content portability, over-the-top integration for mobile broadband, and user interface re-engineering."
In February 2016, Bloomberg reported that AT&T was in the process of phasing out the U-verse IPTV service by encouraging new customers to purchase DirecTV satellite service instead, and by ending the production of new set-top boxes for the service. An AT&T spokesperson denied that U-verse was being shut down and explained that the company was "leading its video marketing approach with DirecTV" to "realize the many benefits" of the purchase, but would still recommend U-verse TV if it better-suited a customer's needs. AT&T CFO John Stephens had also previously stated that DirecTV's larger subscriber base as a national service gave the service a higher degree of leverage in negotiating carriage deals, thus resulting in lower content costs.
On March 29, 2016, AT&T announced that it would increase data caps on its Internet service on May 23, 2016.
On May 16, 2016, AT&T acquired Quickplay Media, a cloud-based platform that powers over-the-top video services.
On September 19, 2016, AT&T announced that the "U-verse" brand would no longer apply to its broadband and phone services, renaming them "AT&T Internet" and "AT&T Phone", respectively. AT&T adopted "AT&T Fiber" as the new brand name for its fiber-based internet service, with the "AT&T Internet" brand continuing to be used for its DSL internet service.
On April 25, 2017, AT&T reported that it had lost 233,000 subscribers in the first quarter of 2017.
In selected markets, AT&T began to replace AT&T U-verse TV with a new service based on its DirecTV Now platform, AT&T TV, in August 2019.
On April 3, 2020, AT&T began announcing that U-verse would no longer be available to new customers. New customers ended up receiving AT&T TV for TV service. However, by September 2020 AT&T spokesman Ryan Oliver, when asked if AT&T was still selling U-verse, said that “U-verse is available in select locations,” and "AT&T never stopped selling U-verse", even though an AT&T customer attempted to order U-verse, but ended up receiving 2 boxes of AT&T TV instead.
On August 2, 2021, the spin off of DirecTV, AT&T TV, and U-verse was completed. It is now a wholly owned subsidiary of DirecTV.
Services
Television
AT&T used the Ericsson Mediaroom platform to deliver U-verse TV via IPTV from the headend to the consumer's receiver, required for each TV. Transmissions use digital H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC) encoding, compared to the existing deployments of MPEG-2 codec and the discontinued analog cable TV system. The receiver box does not have a RF tuner, but is an IP multicast client that requests the channel or "stream" desired. U-Verse TV supports up to four/six active streams at once, depending on service tier. The system uses individual unicasts for video on demand, central time shifting, start-over services and other programs.
U-verse TV packages
AT&T grouped its general channels into progressive packages (U-family, U200, U300, and U450); each adds channels to the package before it, with rare exceptions. All subscribers receive at least the equivalent of the U-family package, which also includes 65 of the 75 Stingray Music channels. Many U-family channels were also available on the historical U-basic package. The historical U400 package is identical to the U450 package, except that U450 automatically includes the HD Services package.
Specialty channels were grouped into a la carte packages, which can be combined with the general packages: The Sports Package; ESPN College Extra; Fox Soccer Plus HD; NBA League Pass; HD Services; HD Premium Tier; Paquete Español; and Adult. Paquete Español can be combined with a higher-tier package and is then called U200 Latino, U300 Latino, or U450 Latino. Additionally, channels grouped as Internationals are available a la carte in language groups or singly, and a number of premium movie packages are available to premium package or higher-tier subscribers. High-definition TV technology is required to access HD channels.
U-verse during most of its lifespan had 5 member channels: ATTention (channels 400, 962 in SD and 1100, 1400, 2500 in HD), Buzz (channels 300, 851, 961 in SD and 1000, 1300, 1851 in HD), Front Row (channels 100, 847 in SD and 1847 in HD), Showcase (channels 800, 964 in SD and 1800 in HD), Sports (channels 600, 801, 963 in SD and 1600, 1801 in HD), and U-verse Movies (channels 200, 800, 945, 960 in SD and 1200, 1850 in HD) . These removed from the AT&T U-verse TV channel lineup on February 26, 2016.
Channel groupings
Time-delayed: Some channels have both East Coast and West Coast feeds, airing the same programming with a three-hour delay on the latter feed; the delay represents the time-zone difference between Eastern (UTC -5/-4) and Pacific (UTC -8/-7). The west feed is specified by adding "- West" to the name of the east feed. For certain time-delayed channels, both the east and west feeds are available to all subscribers; otherwise only the east feed (for the Central and Eastern time zones) or only the west feed (for the Pacific and Mountain time zones) is available, even though two channel numbers are assigned to the feeds. With the exception of California, Nevada, and westernmost parts of Texas and Kansas, the U-verse 22-state availability region is available within the Central and Eastern time zones.
High-definition: With few exceptions, the numbers of high-definition TV channels are found by adding 1000 to the standard-definition television channel number, and HD callsigns are found by appending "HD" to the callsign of the SD channel (with or without a space). West feed callsigns typically append "-W" (or "HDW"). Most HD channels appear in the HD Services package, while the HD Premium Tier package contains approximately 25 additional premium channels.
Local: All local broadcast channels are identified by the station's callsign and over-the-air virtual digital channel number (e.g., "WDAF-4" for Fox affiliate WDAF-TV in Kansas City, Missouri), with a few exceptions (WDJT-TV, the CBS affiliate in Milwaukee is carried on its preferred cable channel 5/1005 slot on U-verse rather than its actual channel number 58 to keep it grouped with major network affiliates, for instance). Local stations appear in the ranges 2–69 and 1002–1069. A national channel may also appear as a local channel or affiliate in the minimum package in available markets; in some such cases, the national channel is not available in the market where the local channel or affiliate appears.
Sports: Channels in the 600s are national sports channels, available to varying tiers. The Sports Package is included with the U450 package or can be added onto a lower-tier package.
Regional: Channels in the 700s are regional (excluding non-premium movie channels in the 790s). Subscribers each automatically receive channels that are regional to them, based on geography, in standard- and high-definition. Subscribers who wish to receive out-of-market regional channels (typically for sporting) must subscribe to the HD Premium Tier package, which includes most of the other regional channels. According to league rules, sports blackouts do apply, but rebroadcasts of games may be available out-of-market.
Carriage negotiations
AT&T removed Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Movie Channel from AT&T U-verse TV effective September 1, 2010, due to a carriage dispute. An AT&T spokesperson stated, "Hallmark has refused to provide AT&T and its customers with a fair deal—one that is no worse than similarly-sized and smaller providers—and refused to adhere to key obligations under our current deal", while Hallmark Channel's president and CEO Bill Abbott said he was "...stunned by the apparent disregard for the facts ... If they are really serious, my team and I are ready for truly fair negotiations." After the removal, the channels temporarily provided free previews of Starz Kids & Family and Turner Classic Movies. Crown Media Holdings operates the two Hallmark channels in the United States.
Univision tlnovelas and Univision Deportes Network began on U-verse on May 11, 2012, after a carriage agreement was signed with Univision Communications.
Just prior to the 2010 series premiere of the AMC program Mad Men, AT&T and Rainbow Media resolved a carriage dispute without interruption to any channels. AT&T stated that Rainbow, "...had been trying to force the renegotiation of a contract for one of their other channels that is not yet expired." It was speculated that this additional contract renegotiation was for Sundance Channel and was successfully concluded, due to Rainbow Media's summation, "We're pleased to have reached an agreement with AT&T for AMC, WE tv, IFC and Sundance Channel that truly recognizes the value of our networks."
HGTV, the Food Network, the DIY Network, the Cooking Channel, and Great American Country were temporarily inaccessible between November 5 and November 7, 2010, due to a carriage dispute with Scripps Networks. U-verse vice president Brian Shay stated afterward that AT&T had received a "fair deal".
U-verse picked up the Longhorn Network on August 31, 2012, increasing its availability to 12.9% of the Austin, Texas television market.
On January 15, 2013, U-verse came to terms with Disney on a new wide-ranging multiple-year carriage agreement for all Disney, ESPN and ABC Networks, which included the addition of Disney Junior.
On February 28, 2015, 46 Music Choice channels and MC Play were removed and were replaced by 75 Stingray Music channels.
On October 26, 2015, U-verse came to terms with Tribune Media on a new wide-ranging multiple-year carriage agreement for all Tribune stations, which includes the addition of WGN America.
AT&T removed Univision, UniMás, Galavisión, Univision Deportes Network and Univision tlnovelas from AT&T U-verse effective March 4, 2016, due to a carriage dispute. Although U-verse was in an integration process with DirecTV, which became a subsidiary of AT&T, it did not affect DirecTV customers during the process. All of Univision's channels were later returned to the U-verse lineup on March 24, 2016.
See also
DirecTV
Verizon Fios
Prism TV
Fiber-optic communication
Optik TV
Vonage
Bell Fibe TV
Fibe
Voice over IP
Google Fiber
References
External links
AT&T U-verse Community
DSLReports.com U-verse Forum
DirecTV
Former AT&T subsidiaries
Streaming television
Telecommunications in the United States |
4032571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare%20de%20Lyon%20%28Paris%20M%C3%A9tro%29 | Gare de Lyon (Paris Métro) | Gare de Lyon () is a station on Line 1 and Line 14 of the Paris Métro. It is connected to the Gare de Lyon mainline rail and RER platforms within one complex and is the third-busiest station on the network with 30.91 million entering passengers in 2004, made up of 15.78 million on Line 1 and 15.13 million on Line 14.
Line 1
The line 1 station was one of the eight original stations opened as part of the first section of line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900. It was built with a length of 100 metres instead of the 75-metre length used for the stations of the line before their extension during the rebuilding of the line for rubber-tyre operation. The station was built cut and cover and is covered by a 23.90-metre-wide metal deck, which supports the streets above. It originally had four lines flanking two 6-metre-wide platforms in order to accommodate the proposed circular line (then called Line 2), although this was never completed. From 1 August 1906 the northern terminus of Line 5 was temporarily located at the spare platforms, requiring a reversal at Quai de la Rapée. On 17 December 1906 Line 5 was extended to Jacques Bonsergent and the section between Quai de la Rapée and Gare de Lyon was closed. The route of the closed line and the spare platforms at Gare de Lyon were used as part of a 60 cm (24 in) gauge railway, known as the Voie des Finances, operated by the Ministry of Finance to move currency from 1937 to 1957.
The Line 1 platforms were raised during the weekend of 18 and 19 July 2009 as part of the line's automation.
Line 14
The station of Line 14 was opened on 15 October 1998. It is located south of the Gare de Lyon in the Rue de Bercy, next to the stations of RER lines A and D. It has two lines on either side of a large central platform. Between the eastbound lane from Olympiades and the RATP headquarters is an exotic garden.
The STIF board of directors decided on 27 May 2009 to provide funding in 2010 for a third access in the middle of the platform to facilitate movement within the busy and relatively narrow station. This new access will join the existing bridge over the tracks, which currently provides access to the RER, but is not used to access Line 14. This would separate the flow of arriving and departing passengers.
Station layout
Gallery
References
Accessible Paris Métro stations
Paris Métro stations in the 12th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900
Railway stations located underground in France |
4032579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isavella%20Dara | Isavella Dara | Isavella Dara (; Athens, 1978) is a Greek and
French model (Isabelle Darras) and beauty contestant. She won the title of Miss Europe in 1997.
Career
In 1997 the then 19-year-old was crowned 'B Miss Hellas' (Β Μις Ελλάς) in the Miss Star Hellas Pageant, sponsored by ANT1. A few months later, in Kyiv, Ukraine, she won the title of Miss Europe 1997, for the fourth time for Greece. After the competition, she was quoted as saying, "The competition was tough, but the support of the people at Antenna helped me a lot, even in Kyiv".
Isavella speaks 5 languages (Greek, French, English, Italian and some German) and aside from modeling, she also has moved into the fields of acting and music. She has obtained a piano diploma (June 2007) with the best possible grade and the compliments of the jury.
She composes music and aspires to be a classical composer and conductor. She has a degree from the Athens Conservatory as well as one from the Conservatory of Nakas. She has also performed in Greek productions such as Life of 1500 Drachmas and The Musical Library of Lilian Voudouri.
Her popularity is always important and is shown by audiences she attracts when on television (noted on the show "Proinos Cafes" an ANT1 Greek TV channel).
She is married and has a son named Achilles. Pictures of little Achilles and his mother were published in most Greek magazines during 2006, notably in "OK!" magazine published in the week of 13–19 December 2006. Achilles is the grandson of Theofillou Achilles, an important music manager.
A new career has begun for her, that of politics.
On November the 7th she got elected as a Municipal adviser.
News
During the 2004 Summer Olympics, the model visited the Water Plaza fun park, an Olympic venue, which housed the sculpture "The Olive: The Tree of Athens", on which she and many other celebrities signed their names. Isavella also visited the Pin Trading Center.
Job appearances
Triumph International - Triumph Bra
Gala
Madame magazine
Maxim
Playboy
References
External links
Diva Models
1978 births
Living people
Greek female models
Miss Europe winners
Greek people of French descent
Greek beauty pageant winners
Models from Athens |
4032583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary%20search | Ternary search | A ternary search algorithm is a technique in computer science for finding the minimum or maximum of a unimodal function. A ternary search determines either that the minimum or maximum cannot be in the first third of the domain or that it cannot be in the last third of the domain, then repeats on the remaining two thirds. A ternary search is an example of a divide and conquer algorithm (see search algorithm).
The function
Assume we are looking for a maximum of and that we know the maximum lies somewhere between and . For the algorithm to be applicable, there must be some value such that
for all with , we have , and
for all with , we have .
Algorithm
Let be a unimodal function on some interval . Take any two points and in this segment: . Then there are three possibilities:
if , then the required maximum can not be located on the left side – . It means that the maximum further makes sense to look only in the interval
if , that the situation is similar to the previous, up to symmetry. Now, the required maximum can not be in the right side – , so go to the segment
if , then the search should be conducted in , but this case can be attributed to any of the previous two (in order to simplify the code). Sooner or later the length of the segment will be a little less than a predetermined constant, and the process can be stopped.
choice points and :
Run time order
Recursive algorithm
def ternary_search(f, left, right, absolute_precision) -> float:
"""Left and right are the current bounds;
the maximum is between them.
"""
if abs(right - left) < absolute_precision:
return (left + right) / 2
left_third = (2*left + right) / 3
right_third = (left + 2*right) / 3
if f(left_third) < f(right_third):
return ternary_search(f, left_third, right, absolute_precision)
else:
return ternary_search(f, left, right_third, absolute_precision)
Iterative algorithm
def ternary_search(f, left, right, absolute_precision) -> float:
"""Find maximum of unimodal function f() within [left, right].
To find the minimum, reverse the if/else statement or reverse the comparison.
"""
while abs(right - left) >= absolute_precision:
left_third = left + (right - left) / 3
right_third = right - (right - left) / 3
if f(left_third) < f(right_third):
left = left_third
else:
right = right_third
# Left and right are the current bounds; the maximum is between them
return (left + right) / 2
See also
Newton's method in optimization (can be used to search for where the derivative is zero)
Golden-section search (similar to ternary search, useful if evaluating f takes most of the time per iteration)
Binary search algorithm (can be used to search for where the derivative changes in sign)
Interpolation search
Exponential search
Linear search
N Dimensional Ternary Search Implementation
References
Search algorithms
Optimization algorithms and methods |
4032584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%E2%80%93Clemenceau%20%28Paris%20M%C3%A9tro%29 | Champs-Élysées–Clemenceau (Paris Métro) | Champs-Élysées–Clemenceau () is a station on Line 1 and Line 13 of the Paris Métro in the 8th arrondissement.
Location
The station is located under Avenue des Champs-Élysées and Place Clemenceau, the platforms are established:
on line 1, along an approximate east–west axis of the said avenue, between the Franklin D. Roosevelt and Concorde metro stations;
on line 13, along an approximate north–south axis west of the square, almost parallel to Avenue Winston-Churchill, between Miromesnil and Invalides.
History
The stations platforms and access tunnels lie beneath Avenue des Champs-Élysées and Place Clemenceau. It is one of the eight original stations opened as part of the first section of line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900. The line 13 platforms were opened on 18 February 1975 as part of the line's extension from Miromesnil. It was the southern terminus of the line until its extension under the Seine to connect with old Line 14, which was then incorporated into Line 13 on 9 November 1976.
From May 1963 to December 1964, like the majority of stations on line 1, its platforms were extended to 90 meters to accommodate trainsets of six cars. At the same time, the walls were covered with a metallic bodywork with yellow horizontal uprights and golden illuminated advertising frames, an arrangement which was subsequently supplemented with red Motte style seats.
In 2005, the corridors of the station were completely renovated and received on this occasion a specific cultural plan, as well as the platforms of line 1, resulting in the removal of the bodywork of the latter.
As part of the automation of line 1, the latter's platforms were raised during the weekend of April 18 and 19, 2009 in order to be fitted with platform screen doors, which were installed in December 2010. The same year and until March 24, the station of line 13 was, with Opéra and Concorde on line 8 as well as Saint-Lazare on line 12, one of the four on the network equipped on certain platforms with Ikea sofas, the usual seats being removed for the occasion. The following year, it also received platform screen doors, along with eleven other stopping points for line 13, as part of the action plan defined in 2010 aimed at improving regularity.
On 16 July 2018, part of the nameplates of the station were temporarily replaced to celebrate the victory of the France team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, as in five other stations. Champs-Élysées - Clemenceau is humorously renamed Deschamps - Élysées - Clemenceau (thus losing its subtitle "Grand Palais") in homage to the coach Didier Deschamps, who is simultaneously honoured at Notre-Dame-des-Champs on the line 12.
In 2020, with the COVID-19 crisis, 1,735,350 passengers entered this station, which places it in 140th position among metro stations for its use.
Passenger services
Access
The station has two entrances, each consisting of a fixed staircase coupled with an escalator ascending to the exit:
entrance 1 - Place Clemenceau - Petit Palais, adorned with a balustrade by Joseph Cassien-Bernard and a Dervaux candelabra, emerging to the south of the said square. A plaque in tribute to Georges Clemenceau is affixed to it.
entrance 2 - Avenue du Général-Eisenhower - Palais de la Découverte, opened in October 2019, located in the immediate vicinity of this monument and the Théâtre du Rond-Point. A long corridor was created from this entrance to lead to a staircase lined with an escalator from level -3 at the exit of line 13. The renovated station, more watertight, has public toilets.
In the corridor connecting line 1 to line 13, a decoration painted on tiles, the Azulejo géométrique, by the Portuguese artist Manuel Cargaleiro, has been installed in 1995. This work is the result of an artistic exchange organized between Lisbon Metro companies and RATP. The city of Paris offered Lisbon a Guimard metro entrance, installed at the Picoas metro station on the Lisbon Metro. In return, the RATP received a decoration in Azulejo.
Station layout
Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. There are two per stopping point, separated by the metro tracks located in the centre. Each is equipped with platform screen doors.
Line 1 station is flush with the ground. The ceiling is made up of a metal deck, the silver-coloured beams are supported by vertical walls. Light blue glass blocks cover the latter, a unique case on the network, and are complemented by advertising screens as well as special panels from the Palais de la Découverte. The tunnel exits are painted white, as is the ceiling extension of the station since the 1960s when the line was extended to six-car trains. The lighting is semi-direct, projected onto the walls and the vaults above the platforms. The name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques. The seats are Akiko style in cream colour.
Line 13 station has an elliptical vault on its northern part, the second, longer part consisting of a concrete ceiling and vertical walls. The decoration is a variation of the Andreu-Motte style with two suspended light canopies and orange Motte seats. The white stretched sandstone tiles are flat and thin, laid vertically on the walls and the vault, while the concrete ceiling is covered with black fire-flocking. The tunnel exits are fitted with thin flat orange ceramic tiles, also laid vertically. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates.
Nearby
North of the station is the Théâtre Marigny and the Élysée Palace. Towards the top of the Champs-Élysées is the Carré Marigny, an outdoor philatelic market. Erected along the outside of Place Clemenceau are statues of victorious world leaders involved in the two world wars: Georges Clemenceau, Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill.
To the west of the station is the Théâtre du Rond-Point.
To the south of the station are:
the Grand Palais, which houses the Palais de la Découverte, the 8th arrondissement police station and the Galeries nationales du Grand Palais;
the Petit Palais, which houses the Palace of Fine Arts of the city of Paris.
Gallery
References
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.
Paris Métro stations in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900
Railway stations located underground in France |
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