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4029812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20R.%20D.%20Burman%20Award | Filmfare R. D. Burman Award | The Filmfare R. D. Burman Award is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films. Named in honour of music director R. D. Burman, the award recognises new and upcoming talent in the Bollywood music industry. The first R. D. Burman Award was given in 1995.
Winners
See also
Bollywood
Filmi
References
External links
Official website
Burman
Indian music awards |
4029813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylomandibular%20ligament | Stylomandibular ligament | The stylomandibular ligament is the thickened posterior portion of the investing cervical fascia around the neck. It extends from near the apex of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle and posterior border of the angle of the mandible, between the masseter muscle and medial pterygoid muscle. The stylomandibular ligament limits mandibular movements, such as preventing excessive opening.
Structure
The stylomandibular ligament extends from near the apex of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle and posterior border of the angle of the mandible, between the masseter muscle and medial pterygoid muscle. From its deep surface, some fibers of the styloglossus muscle originate. Although classed among the ligaments of the temporomandibular joint, it can only be considered as accessory to it.
Function
The stylomandibular ligament, along with the sphenomandibular ligament, limits mandibular movements, such as preventing excessive opening.
Clinical significance
The stylomandibular ligament is important for maintaining stability of the mandible after maxillofacial surgery.
References
External links
Ligaments of the head and neck |
4029823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Four%20Mountain | Big Four Mountain | Big Four is a mountain summit in the Cascade Range, located about east of Granite Falls, Washington. It is situated west of Barlow Pass along the Mountain Loop Highway, near the Monte Cristo area, on land administered by the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. Debris piles on the mountain's northern flank form as a result of avalanche activity. These fields of disturbed snow are able to remain year round in the shadow of the mountain. During the summer months snow-melt streams flow beneath the debris piles and cause caves to form in the ice. The caves vary in size from season to season and are unpredictably dangerous. The mountain is open to the public and a large snowfield can be reached by a short trail, but the snowfield itself is off-limits due to cave-ins and slides which have killed hikers in incidents in 1998, 2010, and 2015.
History
Big Four is not named for the five peaks on its top. Possible origins for its name include a figure four that is visible in one of its snowfields and a group of four brothers who were known to prospect and trap in the valley. The snow accumulation at the location of the ice caves was known as "Rucker's Glacier" (not actually a glacier), and is considered the lowest elevation permanent ice in the Cascades.
Big Four Inn was a resort near the base of the mountain built by the Rucker Brothers in 1921 until it was destroyed by fire in 1949.
The first ascent of Big Four was made July 19, 1931, by Forest Farr and Art Winder via the northwest ridge.
Climate
Big Four Mountain is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades (Orographic lift). As a result, the west side of the Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in avalanche danger. The months July through September offer the most favorable weather for viewing or climbing this peak.
Geology
The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The “U”-shaped cross-section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.
See also
Big Four Ice Caves
Gallery
References
External links
Big Four weather: Mountain Forecast
Big Four And Hall Peak from picnic area: Flickr photo
Cascade Range
Mountains of Washington (state)
Mountains of Snohomish County, Washington |
4029826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusions%20to%20Poe%27s%20%22The%20Raven%22 | Allusions to Poe's "The Raven" | Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven" has been frequently referenced and parodied in contemporary culture. Immediately popular after the poem's publication in 1845, it quickly became a cultural phenomenon. Some consider it the best poem ever written. As such, modern references to the poem continue to appear in popular culture.
Print
Writer James Russell Lowell, a contemporary of Poe's, references "The Raven" and its author in his poem, A Fable for Critics: "Here comes Poe with his Raven, like Barnaby Rudge, / Three fifths of him genius, two fifths sheer fudge." This mention alludes to the belief that Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty inspired Poe to write "The Raven".
In Edmund Clerihew Bentley's Trent's Own Case (1913), Trent, standing at an open French door and reciting the fifth stanza to himself, receives an unexpected reply:
"Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before;
But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,
And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, ..."
"Guv'nor!"
In the magazine Mad issue 9 (March 1954), "The Raven" is reprinted in full with absurd illustrations by Will Elder. Another parody appeared in a Mad collection, We're Still Using That Greasy MAD Stuff (1959). It was titled as "The Spaniel." Rather than "Nevermore," the author was bombarded with famous commercial taglines. A more recent parody in Mad by Frank Jacobs, titled "The Reagan", appeared in issue 265 (September 1986). Even more recently, the poem was used to parody horror movies, and how successful ones often have sequels made that are of low quality. The recurring line is, "Quoth Wes Craven, let's make more!"
In the Donald Duck 10-pager "Raven Mad" by Carl Barks, published in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #265 in 1962, Huey, Dewey and Louie play with a raven who can only say "Nevermore." As in the poem, the raven often repeats the word throughout the story.
Sections of "The Raven" are quoted in Hubert Selby Jr's 1964 novel Last Exit to Brooklyn. In the story entitled "The Queen is Dead" the lead character, Georgette, reads the poem aloud to her acquaintances.
"The Raven" has been the subject of constrained writing. Georges Perec's novel A Void (1969), written entirely without the letter 'E' in French and subsequently translated into English by Gilbert Adair under the same constraint, contains a full-length "translation" of "The Raven" entitled "Black Bird." It is attributed to "Arthur Gordon Pym."
Mathematician Mike Keith has also referenced the poem in three examples of constrained writing:
"Near a Raven" is a reworking of Poe's poem in which the length of words correspond to the first 740 digits of pi (1995)
Cadaeic Cadenza, a longer work under the same constraint, begins with the full text of "Near a Raven" (1996)
"Raven-Two", a poetic anagram of the original (1999)
In Joan Aiken's novel Arabel's Raven (1972), as well as further books from the Arabel and Mortimer series, a young girl named Arabel has a pet raven named Mortimer who often says the word "Nevermore!" Aiken won an Edgar Award in 1972.
The Calvin & Hobbes collection "The Essential Calvin and Hobbes: A Calvin and Hobbes Treasury" (released September 1988) contains an original illustrated poem, "A Nauseous Nocturne," which is clearly patterned after "The Raven."
In Stephen King's novel Insomnia (1994), Ralph compares an omen to the raven of the poem. The novel Black House (2001), written by King and Peter Straub, also features a talking crow reminiscent of the raven in Poe's poem. Part III of the novel is entitled "Night's Plutonian Shore."
In Robin Jarvis's Tales from the Wyrd Museum trilogy (1995–1998), Woden has two raven servants named Thought and Memory. Memory is known as Quoth throughout the stories, and occasionally says "Nevermore".
Drew Hayes's illustrated poem The Crow, is an adaptation of "The Raven", telling the story of the separation of the main character of the comic book Poison Elves, Lusiphur, and his wife, the sorceress Hyena'. B&W version in Mythography #1, an anthology book also featuring work from other independent comics creators, Bardic Press, 1996. Color version in Poison Elves Color Special, Sirius Entertainment, December 1998
"The Raven", the fourth story in the anthropomorphic comic book Mouse Guard: Legends of the Guard, volume 1, issue 3 (2010), is an adaptation of Poe's poem with art by Jason Shawn Alexander.
In the seventh book of Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, The Vile Village (2001), a tree in the center of the village covered with crows is called the "Nevermore Tree."
Neil Gaiman references "The Raven" in two of his works:
In the novel American Gods (2001), the protagonist, Shadow, asks one of Odin's ravens, "Hey, Hugin or Munin, or whoever you are. Say 'Nevermore.'" The raven responds, "Fuck you."
The comic book series The Sandman features a raven named Matthew, who has been transformed into a raven as an alternative to death. At one point in the series, he flaps his wings and screams, "Nevermore!", only to explain that he was "being Peter Lorre in that one Roger Corman movie".
Level Ground Press and artist Bill Fountain published an illustrated re-imagining of "The Raven" in 2005. The book incorporates raven myths and legends from around the world into the visual interpretation of the story.
Holly Black quotes the poem in her 2005 novel Valiant: A Modern Tale of Faerie, alluding to it as the source for the name of the drug called 'Nevermore'. However, this is later contradicted, when one of the characters asserts that the name comes from the limitations of its use: "Never more than once a day, never more than a pinch at a time, and never more than two days in a row."
The fantasy novel The Eyre Affair by Jasper Fforde features a villainous character named Jack Schitt who is ultimately trapped inside a copy of "The Raven".
The first of the books based on the hit TV series Supernatural is called Nevermore. Poe is also very important for the rest of the book, as the murders that the main characters, Sam and Dean Winchester are investigating are reenactments of "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Tell-Tale Heart", respectively, and it all turns out to be part of a ritual to bring Poe back to life.
Terry Pratchett's Discworld series contains a talking raven named Quoth, named by a wizard who "thought he was funny." Quoth's first injunction to new acquaintances is that he "won't say the N-word."
James Patterson's and Chris Tebbet's Middle School: Get Me Out of Here! has a Raven on the cover atop a building screaming "Nevermore!"
Film
"The Raven" was recreated as a hallucination of Poe's in the 1915 silent film The Raven. A fictionalized biography, it starred Henry B. Walthall as Poe.
The 1935 film The Raven has Bela Lugosi as a Poe-obsessed doctor and costars Boris Karloff. The film has an interpretive dance of "The Raven".
In 1942, Fleischer Studios created A Cartoon Travesty of The Raven. A two-reel Technicolor cartoon based upon "The Raven" which turned the story of the poem into a lighthearted comedy.
A Bugs Bunny cartoon, No Parking Hare, has Bugs reading a few lines from the poem, starting with the words, "While I nodded nearly napping". The comic he reads them from is stated as "Poe's Kiddie Comics".
In 1963, Roger Corman directed The Raven, a comedy with Karloff and Vincent Price, very loosely based on the poem.
In the 1967 stop-motion film Mad Monster Party, Baron von Frankenstein tests his new potion on a raven, and lets it fly until it lands on a tree branch. Watching the resulting explosion, he says with a chuckle, "Quoth the raven... nevermore. Ah, I've done it – created the means to destroy matter!"
The stop-motion short film Vincent (1982), by Tim Burton, features a protagonist named Vincent Malloy, whose "favorite author is Edgar Allan Poe." As Vincent lies, seemingly dying, at the end of the film, he quotes the final couplet of "The Raven".
In the 1983 film The Dead Zone, schoolteacher Johnny Smith quotes "The Raven" to his class during a lesson.
In the 1986 film Short Circuit, the robot Number 5 makes the comment "nevermore" in reference to a pet raven of Stephanie Speck's.
In the 1989 film Batman, The Joker quotes "The Raven" to Vicky Vale when he says, "Take thy beak from out my heart."
In the 1994 film The Crow, Eric, the tragic protagonist, references "The Raven" after breaking down the door to Gideon's pawn shop: "'Suddenly, I heard a tapping, as of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.' You heard me rapping, right?"
In The Pagemaster (1994), when Richard and his books enter Dr. Jekyll's mansion and the door closes behind them, a raven flies down past them and says "Nevermore".
Hannes Rall directed an animated, German-language version of The Raven (Der Rabe) in 1998.
In Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001), starring Eddie Murphy, when Dolittle holds a meeting with all the animals about how Archie the bear can help save their forest, most of the animals walk away because Archie seems like an idiot who won't be of much help. An irritated raven flies away saying "Nevermore".
The poem was translated to film by Trilobite Pictures and director Peter Bradley in 2003. The short was released on DVD in 2005 by Lurker Films. As of 2012, the full film can be viewed online.
The film Nightmares from the Mind of Poe (2006) adapts "The Raven" along with three Poe short stories: "The Tell-Tale Heart", "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Premature Burial".
In the 2005 film The Crow: Wicked Prayer, the third sequel to The Crow, during the final battle between Jimmy and Luc, Jimmy tauntingly shouts "Quoth the raven nevermore, motherfucker!"
In The Expendables (2010), numerous references are made to ravens and, obliquely, to "The Raven". Sylvester Stallone's character is in the process of getting a tattoo completed which features a raven, and the seaplane which his team travels in also features an oversize picture of a raven.
A film entitled The Raven, which stars John Cusack as a fictionalized Poe, was released in March 2012.
Television
The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror" parodies the poem in its third segment as Lisa reads the story to Bart and Maggie. In the animated segment, Homer serves as the protagonist, Bart takes the raven's form, Marge appears in a painting as Lenore and Lisa and Maggie are angels. Bart complains that the poem is not scary, and, at one point, the Raven says his catchphrase "Eat my shorts" instead of "Nevermore." Homer provides the spoken dialogue for the narrator, while James Earl Jones voices his thoughts. Much of the story is cut for time for this segment. The story culminates (after the last two lines of stanza 17 are repeated again) with Homer chasing the Bart-Raven around the study before the last stanza (before said last stanza is told, the Bart-Raven drops books of other stories by Poe onto Homer). Poe and "The Raven" are also referenced in the episode "Saturdays of Thunder", when Dr. Nick Riviera appears in an infomercial promoting a cleaning product that will clean dirty grave stones. Troy McClure responds to Riviera with: "Quoth the raven, 'What a shine'."
Night Gallery, hosted by Rod Serling, featured a brief, humorous story entitled "Quoth the Raven". It featured Poe, portrayed by Marty Allen, being constantly maligned by a talking raven (an uncredited Mel Blanc) on a bust of Pallas as Poe is trying to write the original "Raven" poem.
Garfield and Friends parodied the poem in the form of a U.S. Acres short titled "Stark Raven Mad", in which Orson narrates, to the tune of the poem, guarding the harvest against Roy's attempts to steal it.
The Histeria! episode "Super Writers" featured a sketch in which a Peter Lorre-esque Poe attempts to pitch his poem to Sammy Melman, who wants a brighter poem with a happy narrator and a bunny instead of a raven. This frustrates Poe to no end and eventually drives him to publish the poem independently. Later in the episode, in a sketch featuring Poe as a villain, the raven serves as his sidekick.
Tiny Toon Adventures parodies the poem, with Sweetie Pie playing the role of the Raven while Vincent Price performs the narration voice-over.
The Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain episode "The Ravin!" parodies the poem, with the Brain narrating and Elmyra using a phrase repetitively.
In the TV show The Addams Family, Morticia uses "The Raven" as a bed-time story to her son Pugsley, reciting it as a nursery rhyme. (Episode 1.2 "Morticia and the Psychiatrist", original air date: 25 September 1964)
The 1960s sitcom The Munsters featured a cuckoo clock with a wise-cracking raven (who had named himself "Charlie") instead of a cuckoo, which would emerge and say, "Nevermore, Nevermore" – usually as a comic foil for Herman Munster.
The animated series Beetlejuice fourth season episode "Poe Pourri" featured Poe as one of the eccentric residents of the Neitherworld who comes to Beetlejuice's Roadhouse searching for his lost Lenore, and with him comes a talking raven who does his verse rapper-style.
An episode of Teen Titans entitled "Nevermore" follows Beast Boy and Cyborg as they use a magical mirror to enter the mind of their friend Raven.
In the Gilmore Girls episode, "A Tale of Poes and Fire", "The Raven" is recited by two men dressed like Edgar Allan Poe for a Poe convention.
In a fourth season episode of Alton Brown's Good Eats ("Fry Hard II: The Chicken"), Brown's prologue shows him rummaging through his cookbooks ("forgotten lore") looking for chicken recipes accompanied by a voice-over of him reciting a parody of the first few stanzas of the poem, during which a plastic chicken, taking the raven's place, perched on the bust of Julia Child and repeatedly says "Fry some more".
The DuckTales character Poe De Spell is a raven who often says "nevermore".
The Muppet Babies episode "Quoth the Weirdo" is featured around poetry. Gonzo found much appeal in the spooky atmosphere of "The Raven".
The Gothic animated series Ruby Gloom based on the apparel franchise of the same name features three ravens named Edgar, Allan and Poe, with Poe being the most prominent.
In one episode of "Bullwinkle's Corner" from The Bullwinkle Show, the poem parodied is "The Raven". The bird which comes into Bullwinkle's "chamber spooky" is a woodpecker instead of the expected raven. Bullwinkle pursues the imposter bird with a fireplace poker and ends up hitting himself on the head. The narration concludes "Now the room is round me wavin'/ feels like I've been in a cave-in/ When will next I read "The Raven"?/I can tell you...nevermore!"
In the 11th episode (called "Nevermore") of television series Warehouse 13, many Poe poems feature, including "The Tell-Tale Heart" and, of course, "The Raven".
In the Star Trek episode "Charlie X", a youth with strange powers forces Mr. Spock to recite the first verse of "The Raven", after he had moments previously recited the first verse of William Blake's poem "The Tyger".
In The Following the message "Neverwhere" is found in multiple murder scenes and the murders are strongly connected to Poe's work. Additionally, Joe Carroll, the series' primary antagonist and an admirer of Poe, says "Quoth the raven... Nevermore." as his last words, just prior to his execution by lethal injection.
On Mama's Family, the local high school was named for Edgar Allan Poe (Edgar Allan Poe High School), with their team nickname being the Ravens. In an early episode, Vint and Naomi recall their days at EAPHS by singing the school fight song: "GO! GO! GO! EDGAR ALLAN POE! We will leave'em weak and weary, we will give'em midnight dreary, will they ever top our score? Quoth the raven, NEVERMORE!".
The sixth season of Teen Wolf references it on multiple occasions. The first time shows ravens flying alongside the Wild Hunt in a painting, symbolizing the Wild Hunt's ability to steal souls and take them into the state between life and death. The poem is more obviously referenced in episode 6 ("Ghosted") with a character named Lenore who refuses to let go of her own past, hallucinating much like the narrator in the poem, bemoaning the loss of someone she loved.
In the third season episode of The 100, "Fallen", Raven Reyes recites stanza 85–90 in an attempt of sensory overload to block A.L.I.E. from her brain. Also in season 3 is an episode titled "Nevermore", in which Raven succeeds in removing A.L.I.E. from her brain.
In Altered Carbon, the AI proprietor of The Raven Hotel is called Poe, whose appearance is similar to Edgar Allan Poe. In the second series, Poe manages The Nevermore Hotel.
In the final episode of Young Justice: Outsiders entitled "Nevermore", when Jefferson Pierce hacks in to The Light's base of operations with Cyborg's help and finds Lex Luthor, he says "While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping."
In Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure in the episode "Destinies Collide", after being attacked by a group of ravens, the character Lance remarks "Nevermore."
Music
The psychedelic band The Glass Prism released an album in 1969 entitled Poe Through the Glass Prism, with the lyrics coming entirely from various poems by Poe. "The Raven" was the single from the album.
The band Kennelmus released the song "The Raven" on their 1971 album Folkstone Prism with lyrics derived from the poem.
The Alan Parsons Project album Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1976) includes a song based on "The Raven" and entitled the same, but with only two verses.
A musical variation of "The Raven" was performed by the Grateful Dead during Space on April 19, 1982.
The black metal band Carpathian Forest used the first two verses of the poem for "The Eclipse / The Raven" on their EP Through Chasm, Caves and Titan Woods (1995).
The gothic metal band Tristania released a track titled "My Lost Lenore" on Widow's Weeds (1998). It is clearly inspired by this poem, but does not incorporate the poem as part of the lyrics. The entire album is in fact reminiscent of "The Raven". "The Ravens" is another song inspired by the poem, although its main theme is terrorism.
The German black metal band Agathodaimon quotes "The Raven" in the song "Les Posédes" on their 1999 album Higher Art of Rebellion.
A song based on "The Raven" appears on the Grave Digger album The Grave Digger (2001), alongside other songs based on the work of Edgar Allan Poe.
Blues Traveler's 1995 hit "Run-Around" opens with an allusion to the opening line of "The Raven": "Once upon a midnight dreary".
Lou Reed's 2003 album The Raven is based on Poe's work, including his own version of The Raven in a song by the same name.
The song "Kremlin Dusk", from Japanese American pop star Hikaru Utada's English-language album Exodus (2004), begins "All along, I was searching for my Lenore/In the words of Mr. Edgar Allan Poe/Now I'm sober and "Nevermore"/Will the Raven come to bother me at home." It also refers to the "dying ember" line in the poem.
Seattle, Washington metal band Nevermore got its name from the repeated refrain in "The Raven". The band also referenced it in the title track from their 2005 album This Godless Endeavor.
The Dutch neoceltic pagan folk band Omnia put a slightly edited version of the poem to music as the second track on their 2007 album Alive!.
The American gothic horror band Nox Arcana released a CD entitled Shadow of the Raven in 2007. Three songs – "Midnight Dreary", "The Raven" and "Nevermore" – as well as the album's title, are direct references to the poem.
The German symphonic metal band Xandria included the quote "Thus spoke the raven, 'Nevermore'" in their song "Ravenheart", which is inspired by the poem as well.
The Christian third-wave ska band Five Iron Frenzy quotes many of Poe's lines in "That's How The Story Ends", from The End Is Near, and alludes ironically to the mysterious and somber mood of "The Raven".
The song "Campanas en la Noche" ("Bells in the Night") by the Argentine rock band Los Tipitos, the tale of a man wishing for the return of his lover, is loosely based on the poem. This relationship is even more evident in the song's video, which features the bust of Pallas and the titular raven itself.
Rapper MC Lars released the track "Mr. Raven" on The Laptop EP, quoting some lines directly from the poem and modifying others (e.g. "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I kicked it weak and weary").
The Canadian artist Nash the Slash included an instrumental track called "Lost Lenore" on his vinyl album The Million Year Picnic.
Jean Sibelius based an early conception of his fourth symphony on "The Raven."
The Devil Wears Prada used a track of a man reading a part of "The Raven" as a part of an introduction to concerts during a 2008 tour with Underoath. The piece led into the ending breakdown in the song "Goats on a Boat".
The Dutch based hardstyle artist DJ Pavo released a track entitled "Raven", which quotes various lines from the poem.
Buddy Morrow and His Orchestra recorded an album of songs based on Poe's works. The album, Poe for Moderns, includes a condensed, jazzy version of "The Raven".
The hip hop group Cyne included a track called "The Raven" on their 2009 album Water for Mars. The group paraphrases Poe's famous line in a few cynical lines (e.g. "Nevermore said the raven, goodbye to innocence").
Recording artist Natalia Kills released a Halloween inspired, abridged reading of the poem with backing from Space Cowboy for 2009. She then released a version with the full poem for 2010, with no backing from Space Cowboy or vocal effects, instead, there were sound effects to reflect the poem.
Swiss folk metal band Eluveitie released a track titled "Quoth the Raven" on their 2010 release Everything Remains (As It Never Was) portraying the Raven as the harbinger of death.
The Darren Criss song "High School Rock Out" made a reference to "The Raven" with the line "And you think he might be waiting but behind him is your raven singing 'Nevermore' I'm laying him down".
The Band known as "Circus Contraption" had the lyric "Nevermore the raven said and then he fell upon his head the poor bird lost his balance in flight" in their song "We Are All Mad".
In his song "Now Is Now", Reverend Flash uses the line "Vainly, I had sought to borrow" in a verse which ironically addresses purported plagiarism in the song itself.
Spoken at the end video for the Thirty Seconds to Mars song "Hurricane" are the lines "Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before".
In 2013, English musician Steven Wilson released The Raven That Refused to Sing (And Other Stories), featuring songs based on Edgar Allan Poe's works, with the title track "The Raven That Refused to Sing" based directly off the poem.
In 2014, the Oregon Crusaders Drum and Bugle Corps performed their program entitled "Nevermore", using selected stanzas from the original poem and using musical selections by Zack Hemsey, Kevin Walczyk, Paul Bissell, Vienna Teng and Samuel Barber.
In 2018, American composer/violinist Edward W. Hardy composed a solo violin piece called "Nevermore" which was inspired by The Raven.
The Greek Black Metal band Rotting Christ released a track titled "The Raven" on their 2019 album The Heretics. The song's lyrics feature excerpts from the poem.
Russian Goth Rock band "Raven Said", whose name and oeuvre are inspired by this and other works of Edgar Allan Poe.
Other
The video game Eternal Darkness for the GameCube opens with a quote from "The Raven": "Deep into that darkness peering/Long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting..." A large theme of the game is the characters' slowly collapsing sanity. It sets up the games "sanity meter" mechanic where things in the game itself make less and less sense as your sanity depletes: walls start to bleed, screams are heard. Sometimes the game will make the player think the game itself has reset and will show you the quote again appearing to show that the player lost all his or her progress only for the screen to flash and put you right back where he or she was were as if nothing happened.
In the interactive fiction game by Infocom, A Mind Forever Voyaging, Part II begins with a line from the poem: "Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, / Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before..."
Lord Buckley recorded a "hipsemantic" version of "The Raven" in 1956 ("It was a real drugged midnight... dreary.").
Computer scientist Guy L. Steele, Jr. wrote a parody entitled "The HACTRN" about a hacker haunted by a phantom process.
The Raven Society, founded in 1904, is the University of Virginia's most prestigious honor society, combining requirements of high-level scholarship, service, leadership, and "promise of further advancement in the intellectual field." New members must supply a parody of the poem for initiation, which takes place in the room where Poe lived when studying at the university, now under the curatorship of the Society. The Society also maintains several other Poe sites, including the grave marker of his mother Eliza Poe in Richmond, Virginia.
Professional wrestler Scott Levy has used the ring name Raven from the title of the poem since he joined ECW, and often quotes from the poem in interviews, ending with "...Quoth the Raven...Nevermore..."
The comic strip Shoe ran a strip in which a large, strange, black bird was sitting at Roz's bar, uttering random words starting with "never-" or ending in "-more" (e.g., "Livermore!"; "Nevertheless!"), when one of the regular characters announced that the raven was bombed.
Poe lived in Baltimore for a time and is buried there. Residents of the city elected to honor Poe by naming their National Football League team the Baltimore Ravens after the poem. Furthermore, the three mascots for the team are three ravens, appropriately named "Edgar", "Allan" and "Poe." For many years, pre-game introductions of the Ravens' starting lineup would be preceded by a stanza from the poem, usually one which ended with the word "Nevermore," referring to the opposing team's putative inability to score when facing the powerful Raven defense. In 2000, when the Ravens were on their way to winning their first Super Bowl primarily on the strength of that record-setting defense, Chris Berman of ESPN's NFL PrimeTime would often punctuate highlights of the team's results that day by saying, "Quoth the Ravens, Never score!". Another example is the all-haiku 2008 NFL season preview of ESPN.com columnist Gregg Easterbrook (who often calls the team the "Nevermores" in his column), which reads: "Awk! No offense. Awk! / Quoth the raven: "No offense." / Bal-a-mer Ravens".
In another PC game, Nancy Drew: Ransom of the Seven Ships, if you find pieces of paper in the bottles while sailing, they will be automatically pieced together to form a passage from "The Raven", the one just before the raven appears. Certain letters in red will tell you to go to and dive to one of the sunken ships where the sharks are, and, using the metal detector from Johnny Rolle, you will find an Easter egg. This is also a reference of the next game, Warnings at Waverly Academy, as Corine mentions that she is a Poe fan, as well as Leela having the missing Poe book, "The Black Cat and Other Stories", which includes "The Raven" and other works, as well as the pendulum challenge, a reference of "The Pit and The Pendulum, which is also in Leela's book.
RavenCon, an annual science fiction convention in Richmond, Virginia, was named in honor of Poe, who grew up in Richmond.
In the video game mod Defense of the Ancients, a hero is named Nevermore, after the word the raven sequentially spoke. Nevermore the Shadow Fiend is a demon who collects and traps the souls of his enemies and his ultimate ability Requiem of Souls, releases the souls collected into an area to damage his enemies in a line. In the stand-alone sequel Dota 2, his description is reminiscent of the poem; his background story says Nevermore has the soul of a poet, as well as warriors, criminals, slaves, and priests.
In the game League of Legends, the champion Swain has a spell called Nevermove which immobilizes his enemies.
The original version of Epcot's Journey Into Imagination included an open book with the shadow of the raven in the "Tales of Terror" sequence.
Variations using the DOS error message "Abort, Retry, Ignore?" were written in the 1980s and 90s and were quite popular, distributed by bulletin board and email. The original and best known version has been credited to Cleveland poet Marcus Bales. It has been adapted numerous times, attributed to Anonymous, Rob Collins, and others.
A Penny Arcade comic parodies the poem by making the raven say "Jersey Shore" as a comment on the ad supported Amazon Kindle.
The webcomic xkcd parodies the poem by playing on the term "rapping", showing the first stanza followed by a picture of popular rapper Eminem
A parody of the poem appears upon the poker forum operated by Two Plus Two Publishing in the Bing Bland Blaow thread. The parody was subsequently made into a YouTube video.
In the universe of Warhammer 40.000, Corvus Corax, the primarch of the Raven Guard legion of the Space Marines, says "Never more" as his last words before he goes into the Eye of Terror and never returns.
A style of parody on messageboards involves mimicking the style of the poem to some degree, with the line "quoth the raven 'never more' replaced by "quoth the server, '404'", referencing a commonly seen http error code
A parody by John A. Carroll about the Viking lander, entitled "What's In Store..." and starting with the line "Once Upon a Planet Dreary", was published in Analog magazine in May 1977.
Chamber Door is a game on Newgrounds that is a clear reference to "The Raven". It involves waking someone named Lenore while passing through rooms with ravens that have been experimented on.
In RWBY, an American web-anime animated by Monty Oum and distributed by Rooster Teeth Productions LLC, one of the Grimm is identified as a Nevermore, a Grimm that bears a strong resemblance to a giant raven with four eyes. Nevermore is also the title of a track from Volume 6.
Peter Sellers of the website Deeko made a review of Dementium: The Ward in the form/parody of the poem.
A 2008 episode of The Now Show on BBC Radio 4 featured a parody of the poem called "The Gordon", about Gordon Brown.
An alternate world extension of the poem, titled "For Evermore", appears in the independent comic, "Raven Nevermore" by XEI
A Hallowe'en-themed cosmetic item in the multiplayer online First-Person Shooter Team Fortress 2 named "Quoth" appears as a small crow following the player.
In the 2016 video game Overwatch, the hero/playable character Reaper has two skins available that directly reference "The Raven". The skins feature bird-head shaped masks and are titled Plague Doctor and Nevermore, the latter referencing the poem's refrain, "Quoth the raven, Nevermore.", and the former being a recolor of Nevermore.
In the Collector's Edition of the episodic video game The Last Door, itself heavily influenced by Poe and Lovecraft, there is an easter egg in the 4th episode of season one – "Ancient Shadows", where a raven can be triggered to utter the phrase, "Nevermore".
In the video game Fallout 4, Nick Valentine will quote "Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing..." towards the end of the quest 'Reuinions' as you exit Fort Hagen.
In the video game Fortnite Battle Royale, players are able to purchase the cosmetic item titled "Raven" with the description listing it as part of the "Nevermore Set", referencing the Raven's quote.
See also
Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture
References
External links
The End of Raven, by Edgar Allan Poe's Cat (a parody)
The official site of the 2003 short film version, with full VIDEO HERE.
Poe, E.: Near a Raven - a constrained reworking of "The Raven" that encodes the digits of pi
Transcript of Food Network's Good Eats episode Fry Hard II: The Chicken
www.hetvrijevers.nl The Raven Parodies, free E-book, over 100 pages
Works of Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture
Parodies of literature
American literature
Poems in popular culture |
4029834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20IV%2C%20Count%20of%20Enghien | Walter IV, Count of Enghien | Walter IV of Enghien (died 1381), Hainault nobleman and soldier, was the son of Sohier of Enghien. He was Count of Brienne as Walter VII and Lord of Enghien in 1364–1381.
Appointed Marshal of Flanders by Louis II of Flanders, he energetically prosecuted the war against the rebellious Ghentois. He is notorious for his sack of the city of Geraardsbergen on July 7, 1381, wherein his troops burned and destroyed the town, killing many of its inhabitants.
Rejoining the Flemish army besieging Ghent, he and a handful of companions were trapped by an ambush laid by the Ghentois, perhaps composed of survivors of Geraardsbergen. He and his illegitimate half-brother John were both cut down in the fighting.
He was succeeded by his heir in proximity of blood, his uncle Louis of Enghien.
References
Froissart's Chronicles, Book II, Chapter 81
1381 deaths
Counts of Brienne
Brienne, Walter IV d'Enghien, comte de
Year of birth unknown |
4029836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evi%20Sachenbacher-Stehle | Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle | Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle (; born 27 November 1980) is a retired German cross-country skier and biathlete from Reit im Winkl who has competed since 1998. She was born in Traunstein, West Germany. Competing in three Winter Olympics, she won five medals with two golds (Team sprint: 2010, 4 × 5 km relay: 2002) and three silvers (Individual sprint: 2002, 4 × 5 km relay: 2006, 2010).
Sachenbacher-Stehle has also won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold (4 × 5 km relay: 2003) and four silvers (5 km + 5 km double pursuit: 2003, team sprint: 2007 with Claudia Künzel-Nystad, 4 × 5 km relay: 2009) and a bronze. She also has fourteen individual victories at various levels in distances up to 5 km in her career from 1998 to 2006.
She received a five-day suspension at the beginning of the 2006 Winter Olympics due to a high hemoglobin level. She was one of twelve athletes given five-day suspensions for health reasonsthe International Ski Federation decided they could not safely compete due to an abnormally high red blood cell counts.
From the 2012/2013 season, she switched to biathlon, citing motivational problems, and was given a slot in the German B-team. Members of the B-team are eligible to compete in IBU Cup races. Her results in the IBU-Cup made her eligible to compete in the Biathlon World Cup. In her first World Cup race, on 14 December 2012 in Pokljuka, Sachenbacher-Stehle finished 59th. On 6 January 2013 she achieved the first IBU Cup podium, finishing second in the 7.5 km sprint in Otepää. As of January 2014, her best individual performance in a World Cup race remains sixth place in 7.5 km sprint in Sochi on 10 March 2013. She finished fourth in the 12.5 kilometre mass start biathlon competition of the Sochi 2014 Olympic Games on 17 February 2014.
On 21 February 2014, it was confirmed that Sachenbacher-Stehle had tested positive for methylhexanamine during the Sochi Olympic Games. She was stripped of her Olympic accreditation, and her results were annulled. In July 2014, she was banned for two years for doping. In November 2014 it was announced that the Court of Arbitration for Sport had ruled that her ban should be cut to six months after she appealed, on the grounds that her failed test was due to contamination of food supplements. However shortly afterwards she announced her retirement from the sport in an interview on the television programme Sportschau.
She married German alpine skier Johannes Stehle in July 2005.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
5 medals – (2 gold, 3 silver)
World Championships
6 medals – (1 gold, 4 silver, 1 bronze)
a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
3 victories – (3 )
12 podiums – (12 )
Team podiums
7 victories – (4 , 3 )
25 podiums – (19 , 6 )
Note: Until the 1999 World Championships, World Championship races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
Overall record
a. Classification is made according to FIS classification.
b. Includes individual and mass start races.
c. Includes pursuit and double pursuit races.
Note: Until 1999 World Championships, World Championship races are part of the World Cup. Hence results from the 1999 World Championships are included in the World Cup overall record.
Biathlon results
Olympic Games
References
McCauley, Janie. "2002 champ loses appeal of high hemoglobin suspension", Ski Racing, 11 February 2006.
External links
1980 births
Living people
People from Traunstein
Sportspeople from Upper Bavaria
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
German female cross-country skiers
German female biathletes
Olympic cross-country skiers of Germany
Olympic biathletes of Germany
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Doping cases in biathlon
German sportspeople in doping cases |
4029839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasifield | Quasifield | In mathematics, a quasifield is an algebraic structure where + and are binary operations on Q, much like a division ring, but with some weaker conditions. All division rings, and thus all fields, are quasifields.
Definition
A quasifield is a structure, where + and are binary operations on Q, satisfying these axioms :
is a group
is a loop, where
(left distributivity)
has exactly one solution
Strictly speaking, this is the definition of a left quasifield. A right quasifield is similarly defined, but satisfies right distributivity instead. A quasifield satisfying both distributive laws is called a semifield, in the sense in which the term is used in projective geometry.
Although not assumed, one can prove that the axioms imply that the additive group is abelian. Thus, when referring to an abelian quasifield, one means that is abelian.
Kernel
The kernel K of a quasifield Q is the set of all elements c such that :
Restricting the binary operations + and to K, one can shown that is a division ring.
One can now make a vector space of Q over K, with the following scalar multiplication :
As a finite division ring is a finite field by Wedderburn's theorem, the order of the kernel of a finite quasifield is a prime power. The vector space construction implies that the order of any finite quasifield must also be a prime power.
Examples
All division rings, and thus all fields, are quasifields.
A (right) near-field that is a (right) quasifield is called a "planar near-field".
The smallest quasifields are abelian and unique. They are the finite fields of orders up to and including eight. The smallest quasifields which are not division rings are the four non-abelian quasifields of order nine; they are presented in and .
Projective planes
Given a quasifield , we define a ternary map by
One can then verify that satisfies the axioms of a planar ternary ring. Associated to is its corresponding projective plane. The projective planes constructed this way are characterized as follows;
the details of this relationship are given in .
A projective plane is a translation plane with respect to the line at infinity if and only if any (or all) of its associated planar ternary rings are right quasifields. It is called a shear plane if any (or all) of its ternary rings are left quasifields.
The plane does not uniquely determine the ring; all 4 nonabelian quasifields of order 9 are ternary rings for the unique non-Desarguesian translation plane of order 9. These differ in the fundamental quadrilateral used to construct the plane (see Weibel 2007).
History
Quasifields were called "Veblen-Wedderburn systems" in the literature before 1975, since they were first studied in the
1907 paper (Veblen-Wedderburn 1907) by O. Veblen and J. Wedderburn. Surveys of quasifields and their applications to projective planes may be found in and .
References
.
See also
Near-field
Semifield
Alternative division ring
Hall systems (Hall planes)
Moufang plane
External links
Quasifields by Hauke Klein.
Non-associative algebra
Projective geometry |
4029869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maplewood%20South%E2%80%93North%2C%20Houston | Maplewood South–North, Houston | Maplewood South/North is a group of subdivisions in Houston, Texas.
It is southwest of Downtown Houston and south of Uptown Houston.
In 2007 S.K. Bardwell of the Houston Chronicle said that Maplewood South "has one of the largest, most powerful civic associations in Houston, and its residents reap the benefits each year in increased property values."
The community has The MapleLeaf, the community newsletter.
History
A group of investors platted Maplewood South/North. By Sunday May 2, 1965, Maplewood South was about 80% complete. At the time, all of the lots in the subdivision addition were owned by the builders.
Composition
The homeowners association covers Maplewood South and Maplewood North.
Maplewood South is south of South Braeswood Boulevard and lies on both sides of Hillcroft Avenue. Maplewood South is in proximity to U.S. Route 59 (Southwest Freeway), which connects the subdivision to Downtown Houston. Maplewood South is in proximity to Bellaire, Meyerland, and Sharpstown.
When Maplewood South opened, houses were required to have at least of living area. The Houston Post stated in 1965 that houses required "designs that blend with an overall community scheme."
Government and infrastructure
The neighborhood is within the Houston Police Department's Southwest Patrol Division .
Maplewood South/North is in Texas's 7th congressional district .
Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated Valbona Health Center (formerly People's Health Center) for ZIP code 77096. The nearest public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.
Education
Primary and secondary schools
Public schools
Maplewood South/North is zoned to Houston ISD schools.
Maplewood North is zoned to Herod Elementary School, Fondren Middle School, and Bellaire High School.
Portions of Maplewood South west of Hillcroft (sections 6-8) are zoned to Horace W. Elrod Elementary School, Fondren Middle School, and Westbury High School. Portions of Maplewood South east of Hillcroft (sections 1-5) are zoned to either Parker or Herod Elementary Schools. All of Maplewood South east of Hillcroft is zoned to Meyerland Middle School (formerly Johnston Middle School), with Pin Oak Middle School as an option, and Westbury High School.
Elrod Elementary School is in Maplewood South Section 7.
Fondren Middle School, the Maplewood-area middle school, had a scheduled completion date in the northern hemisphere fall of 1965. Fondren was built in 1966.
Private schools
St. Thomas More Catholic School of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston is located in Maplewood South Section 6. Many other private schools are in the area. The Schlenker School, an early childhood through 5th grade private school affiliated with Congregation Beth Israel, is adjacent to Maplewood North.
Also in the area is St. Vincent de Paul Catholic School, K-8.
Parks and recreation
Ron Meek Park is a private park in Maplewood South. Next to Ron Meek Park is the Lloyd Johnson Community Pool. Both the pool and the park are operated by the subdivision group. The community has a swim team, the Maplewood Marlins.
See also
References
External links
Maplewood South-North
Civic goals pace Maplewood South
Neighborhoods in Houston |
4029891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Box%20%E2%80%93%20Wax%20Trax%21%20Records%3A%20The%20First%2013%20Years | Black Box – Wax Trax! Records: The First 13 Years | Black Box – Wax Trax! Records: The First 13 Years is a box set album compiling songs released on Wax Trax! Records between 1980 and 1993. Black Box commemorates Wax Trax!'s output as an independent record label prior to its purchase by TVT Records. In particular, Black Box celebrates Wax Trax!'s place as the seminal American industrial label, featuring acts such as Ministry (and its numerous side projects), KMFDM, Meat Beat Manifesto, Coil, Laibach, and many others.
Black Box is notable for containing the Trent Reznor Vocal Version of 1000 Homo DJs' "Supernaut". Reznor's vocal recording was not used on the original Wax Trax! release because of pressure from his then-current record label—conspicuously, TVT Records. Absent from Black Box is the work of Front 242, whose releases on Wax Trax! (originally licensed from Play It Again Sam) are not represented because of disputes with Epic Records, which had recently obtained the rights to Front 242's catalogue.
A numbered limited edition run of 10,000 of this box set was also released. The packaging was an electroplated galvanized steel box, enclosed in a black nylon mesh that was tied off at each end by heavy gauge metal wire. A card that had information about the release, including the limited edition numbering, was attached to the packaging via a wire tie. The top lid was stamped with the "Black Box" logo. Inside the packaging were the following items (stacked from top to bottom in this order): a single sided poster, the information booklet (the same that was included in the regular release), disc 1, a coaster with the "Black Box" logo on it, disc 2, a "Black Box" patch, disc 3, and a postcard you could mail in for a free catalogue from Wax Trax! / TVT. All of this sat on a bedding of "69 feet of audio tape outtakes". Each of the three CDs came in their own opaque black jewel case that had no printing on it.
A pair of companion VHS tapes were released in conjunction with the CD release.
Track listing
Disc one
"Supernaut (Trent Reznor Vocal Version)" – 1000 Homo DJs
"No Devotion" – Revolting Cocks
"Beers, Steers and Queers (12" Version)" – Revolting Cocks
"Addiction" – Sister Machine Gun
"Violent Peace" – Excessive Force
"Envoyé (12" Version)" – The Young Gods
"I Will Refuse (12" Version)" – Pailhead
"Faster Than Light" – Lead into Gold
"Digital Tension Dementia" – Front Line Assembly
"Your God Is Dead" – Mussolini Headkick
"Now Is the Time" – Greater Than One
"Shit for Brains" – PIG
"Cop Out" – Peter Hope and Richard H. Kirk
"Atomic Dog" – Wreck
"Elephant's Graveyard (12" Version)" – Strike Under
Disc two
"Stowaway" – Chris Connelly
"Come Down Here" – Chris Connelly
"Love's Secret Domain" – Coil
"The Snow (Answers Come In Dreams II Version)" – Coil
"The Hacker" – Clock DVA
"Virus (12" Version)" – KMFDM
"Godlike (12" Version)" – KMFDM
"Every Day (Is Halloween) (Original 12" Version)" – Ministry
"Rigor Mortis" – A Split Second
"Butterfly Potion (12" Version)" – Foetus
"Father Don't Cry" – Doubting Thomas
"Nothing Stays" – Cyberaktif
"Words (Of The Dying)" – Controlled Bleeding
"Compulsion" – In The Nursery
Disc three
"Rubber Glove Seduction (12" Version)" – PTP
"No Name, No Slogan (12" Version)" – Acid Horse
"What Time Is Love? (12" Version)" – The KLF
"Silicon Jesus (Duality Mix)" – Psykosonik
"Cuz It's Hot (12" Version)" – My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult
"Do You Fear (for Your Child)" – My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult
"Geburt Einer Nation" – Laibach
"God O.D." – Meat Beat Manifesto
"Mindblower" – Fred
"I.C. Water" – Psychic TV
"Me and My Ding Dong" – Pankow
"The Name Game (7" Version)" – Divine
References
External links
Black Box at Discogs
Record label compilation albums
1994 compilation albums
Industrial compilation albums
TVT Records compilation albums |
4029918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20guard | Winter guard | Winter guard (sometimes spelled "winterguard") is an indoor color guard sport and performance art derived from military ceremonies. Modern winter guard is a competitive, performance-based activity which incorporates choreographed staging, dance, and manipulation of equipment such as flags and prop rifles and sabres (also known as "spinning"). Unlike traditional color guard, winter guard performances and contests are held indoors, usually in a gymnasium or an indoor arena. Performances typically last three to seven minutes and are generally accompanied by recorded soundtracks rather than live music. However, the use of live instrumentation (acoustic and electronic) and vocalization have grown in popularity. Winter guard is most present in the United States; independent units have also been formed in Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Winter guard ensembles often perform at judged competitions officiated by local and regional associations using criteria developed by Winter Guard International, host of the annual Winter Guard International World Championships in Dayton, Ohio. The World Championships event purportedly attracts in 60,000 visitors to the event annually. Scoring attempts to rank units on the repertoire and achievement of aspects of each performance such as unity, quality, range, precision, skill, design, and effect.
Team roles
A winter guard generally consists of performing members under the direction of instructional staff. The staff of a winter guard team are drawn from many different specialties, which sometimes overlap: there are equipment instructors (sometimes one for the unit, sometimes broken out into the individual sections), dance instructors, and drill instructors. The equipment instructors create the choreography performed with equipment and teach it to the guard. The dance instructors create and teach the movement choreography in the show. The drill instructors focus on the position of the guard members relative to one another and to the boundaries of the performance area, in addition to where each member goes at which specific time during the performance. In some cases, all of these roles are fulfilled by one sole director.
A winter guard team usually has one or multiple captains who serve as leaders as well as performing members. The captain may assume minor administrative duties and lead the team when instructors are not available. The captain is also the representative of the guard during awards ceremonies.
Most regional color guard circuits adopt the minimum and maximum performer requirements set by WGI, which varies by division. The Independent World classification has no maximum number of performers.
Performance conventions
The duration of winter guard shows depends on the class in which the guard is performing. In competition settings, each winter guard team is allotted a set amount of time to set up staging (including a vinyl floor if the guard is using one, and any props associated with the performance), place all equipment, perform the show, and remove staging, props, and equipment. Setup and tear-down typically run two minutes each, and performances run around five minutes. Judges impose penalties on teams that run past the allotted time.
Unlike traditional color guard teams, which perform outdoors on a football field or parade route accompanied by a marching band or drum corps, winter guard teams perform indoors to recorded music.
In competitions, winter guard teams are judged in the areas of talent, precision, creativity, and horizontal orchestration (how all the elements create the larger picture/effect). Performances incorporate equipment, props, and dance moves.
Judges must keep a running commentary on a tape recorder or digital recorder. The judges record the score on a designated sheet to be reviewed by the individual guard instructor(s). After every one in a class has competed and their scores have been tallied, if the instructor(s) so choose they may meet with all the judges to discuss in depth why they received the score they did, ways to improve, what they are doing right etc. The goal of all parties involved, is to have the performers, staff, and the programs grow and learn.
Equipment
Three primary types of equipment are used in winter guard: flags, rifles, and sabres. Flags may appear in a variety of sizes and formats. Such equipment is used in shows to demonstrate a team's technical ability. Rubber tape, such as electrical tape, is often used to cover the equipment and give it a uniform appearance and protect it from damage during the activity.
Flags
Arguably, the foundational equipment in color guard or winter guard is the flag. While winter guard flags take many different sizes and shapes, a standard size is a six-foot metal, fiberglass, or plastic pole with a 36 inch tall by 54 in wide silk, often including custom sewn or digitally printed designs. Flags with shorter poles and larger silks, called "swing flags", are popular for creating large visual impact as performers can manipulate two flags at once. These flags are often incorporated into the artistic element of the performance, even though they are not practical for tossing or spinning, due to the weight and length of the silk. Other flags may range from 5 feet to 7 feet depending upon the intended effect of the piece of equipment. Longer flags are not practical to spin or toss but generally serve as holders for large pieces of material.
Rifles
Designed visually similarly to actual rifles, the rifles used in winter guard often weigh between 2 and 5 pounds (about 1–2.25 kilograms). Most winter guard rifles have a length of 30–39 inches (about 76–99 centimeters) and are composed of seven parts:
The neck of the rifle. The neck is where the trigger would be on a firearm rifle. Right-handed drop-spins are performed using the neck of the rifle as the axis for the spin, and the neck is also used in common tosses.
The bolt is a long silver or black strip of metal or plastic connected to the body of the rifle by screws, made to look like the bolt on a firearm.
The body of the rifle is the middle section and the majority of the mass of the rifle.
The strap, a long leather strap that reaches from the butt end of the rifle to about two-thirds of the way to the nose of the rifle. The strap has functional and visual purposes, and it is also used to produce a snapping sound. The strap is similar to a firearm's sling.
The swivel or clip is the metal piece that attaches the strap to the body of the rifle. This is the most common location for left-hand placement when executing a regular left-handed toss.
The butt is the heavier back end of the rifle.
The tip is at the end of the thin, long part of the rifle (the equivalent of the barrel on a real rifle), and is located opposite the butt.
Rifles can be made out of either wood or plastic. Some prefer plastic rifles because they are much more often the same weight and size if they are meant to be so. Others prefer wooden rifles because the material is heavier and more durable. Additionally, wood is less slick and can be weighed custom to someone's specifications.
Plastic rifles
Plastic rifles tend to be a little more forgiving and easier to handle. Some people may not like plastic rifles because they can become slick and hard to handle, either when it's raining or just from the sweat from the user's hands. Some plastic rifles come with a manufacture's guarantee that they will not break under normal usage. Most are made out of a material called polyethylene, making the rifle sturdier and harder to break. The material can also be colored so that different teams can use different colored rifles. Sometimes, though, the material can warp after several bad drops, which can lead to a bad spin while the rifle is in the air. Some say that, after a prolonged period of regular use, a plastic rifle will tend to smell like sweat because of the performer's hands.
Wooden rifles
Wooden rifles can be more challenging to use because each rifle is slightly different and may not be weighted precisely the same. Most wooden rifles are made of either poplar or aspen wood. It is recommended to tape wooden rifles as to keep the ends protected and make it more durable, as well as for cosmetics. Electrical tape is the first choice of most winter guards because you can get the tape in any color to match the show. Water is the main antagonist to wooden rifles; it can destroy a rifle and make it completely unusable. However, if cared for properly and used correctly, rifles can last for a long time.
Sabres
Sabres, which are designed much like the real sabres with the same name, are elegant sword-like pieces of equipment used in winter guard, with length ranging from about 30–39 inches (about 76–99 centimeters). They can either be plastic or metal, though metal is more commonly used. Other metal sabres are decorated with intricate engravings or etchings along the blade, which most often carries a much higher price.
Sabres have two main parts: the blade and the hilt. The blade has a pointed but dull end, and the length of the blade is dull as well. Like the wooden rifles, electrical tape can be used to improve the grip on the blade of the sabre, which is useful in choreography involving catching or holding the sabre by its blade. As with rifles, a piece of black or non-white tape placed near the center of rotation is used as a "spotter", making it easier to locate the fast-moving blade while it is rotating in the air. Sabres are used primarily by more advanced guard members.
Dance
Guard members incorporate many different styles of dance into their shows. The most common styles of dance used are modern, contemporary, lyrical, jazz, and ballet. The different styles of dances are chosen depending on the different types of music chosen and the themes of the shows. Dance is incorporated into the show to complement equipment work and drill, and is performed as seamlessly throughout the show as any other movements.
Winter Guard International
Winter Guard International is not only a national competition but it is also an organization that has been around for many years. Unlike other traditional sports, the rules and regulations have been changed and altered many times since the activity has started. There are judges who judge separate elements of a show – such as general effect, movement, equipment, and penalty points – and score the groups accordingly.
Because this activity not only exists in the United States but all around the world, major competitions worldwide are sanctioned and managed by Winter Guard International. This is the governing organization that makes and changes the rules and regulations for this activity. The rules that are written by WGI apply to every winter guard group competing in the World Championships no matter what country they are from. The World Championships are held every year in the United States. Most recently they have been held at the University of Dayton Arena in Dayton, Ohio with some prelims and semi-finals held elsewhere around the Dayton area and Cincinnati area.
The phrase "Sport of the Arts" is frequently associated with WGI. Winter guard is described by saying "it brings music to life through performance in a competitive format."
Divisions and classes
Because not every color guard has the same skill level, population, or resources available, WGI uses a class division system to help remedy this. There are two divisions, Scholastic and Independent. These divisions include the classes (in descending order) Independent: Independent World Class, Independent Open Class, Independent A Class. Scholastic: Scholastic World, Scholastic Open, Scholastic National A Class, Scholastic Regional A, AA, and AAA. Novice Class and Cadet Class.
Guard teams can be chosen to move to a higher class, but they can only move down a class after a period of inactivity or after a WGI review. For every competition, any team which achieves a score higher than a predetermined threshold is automatically moved up, or "bumped", to the class above its current position, even mid-season.
The Scholastic division is made up of guards that have members that all attend the same high school or a feeder school of that high school. There are many colleges and universities that sponsor their own winter guards as well, but these guards typically compete as Independent guards. Scholastic guards vary greatly in their ability and resources because they are more dependent on support from sources other than the members themselves, such as their school's band and school funding.
In the Scholastic division, there are three classes: Scholastic A, Scholastic Open, and Scholastic World. More divisions may exist at the local/regional level, such as Regional A, or Novice. In many places there is also a middle school class, often called Cadet. Scholastic A teams tend to be a step above the regional level and are the lowest level to compete in WGI. Scholastic Open teams are an intermediate level for competition. The Scholastic World division includes the highest caliber of winter guard teams.
The Independent division is composed of winter guard teams that do not associate themselves with a school (the exception being university teams). Additionally, these kinds of guards can be much more selective of their members, choosing to be gender-specific or to only have certain numbers of members.
In the Independent division, much like the Scholastic division, there are the three classes: Independent A, Independent Open and Independent World. The breakdown of skill level and placement mirrors that of the Scholastic division. There are age restrictions in the Independent A and Open classes. A member can perform with an Independent A class group if they are 22 or younger as of March 31 of that year. A member can perform with an Independent Open class group if they are 23 or younger as of March 31 of that year.
Winter guard circuits
Although the goal of many winter guards is to compete in the WGI World Championships, most guard competitions take place in regional winter guard circuits. One such circuit is the Mid-York Colorguard Circuit, established in 1965. Another is the AIA circuit, or Atlantic Indoor Association circuit in which teams across Virginia, Washington D.C., and North Carolina participate. These circuits are loosely organized and may not be formally affiliated with WGI. In many cases the circuits predate WGI by a number of years. For example, the Midwest Color Guard Circuit celebrated their 50th anniversary season in 2007. They may also have different competitive structures with additional classes to those in WGI. Circuit classes often will include beginner or novice guards such as Cadet, Novice, B, Regional AAA, Regional AA, Regional A, Regional Open, and Senior. Circuits generally score using WGI standards and judges whether they are formally affiliated with WGI or not.
In addition, the winter guard activity is growing outside of the United States. In Europe, Color Guard Nederland (Netherlands) (CGN) and Winter Guard United Kingdom (WGUK) have recently affiliated with organizations from France and Germany to form the European Indoor Arts Alliance (EIAA) with the goal of creating a European Union-wide platform for the growth of the color guard activity in Europe, where the scholastic branch of the activity does not exist.
References
External links
Winter Guard International (WGI) official website
South Florida Winter Guard Association (SFWGA) official website
Florida Federation of Colorguards Circuit (FFCC) official website
Winter Guard Association of Southern California (WGASC) official website
CGN - Color Guard Nederland
WGUK - Winter Guard UK
Colorguard Historical Society (CGHS) website
Atlantic Indoor Association (AIA) website
Ohio Indoor Performance Association (OIPA) website
Mid-York Color Guard Circuit (MYCGC) website
Northeast Color Guard Circuit (NECGC) website
Michigan Color Guard Circuit (MCGC) website
Mid-Atlantic Indoor Network (MAIN) website
New England Scholastic Band Association (NESBA) website
Southern Association for performance arts
Midwest Color Guard Circuit
Southeastern Colorguard Circuit
Eastern Massachusetts Drum and Bugle Corps Association*
Keystone Indoor Drill Association - MD & PA
North Texas Colorguard Association (NTCA) website
Northwest Pageantry Association (NWPA) website
Sample Winterguard movement (Youtube)
Rocky Mountain Color Guard
Ohio Circuit
Credits
Winter Guard International (WGI) official website
South Florida Winter Guard Association (SFWGA) official website
Florida Federation of Colorguards Circuit (FFCC) official website
Winter Guard Association of Southern California (WGASC) official website
CGN - Color Guard Nederland
WGUK - Winter Guard UK
Colorguard Historical Society (CGHS) website
Atlantic Indoor Association (AIA) website
Ohio Indoor Performance Association (OIPA) website
Mid-York Color Guard Circuit (MYCGC) website
Northeast Color Guard Circuit (NECGC) website
Michigan Color Guard Circuit (MCGC) website
Mid-Atlantic Indoor Network (MAIN) website
New England Scholastic Band Association (NESBA) website
Southern Association for performance arts
Midwest Color Guard Circuit
Southeastern Colorguard Circuit
Eastern Massachusetts Drum and Bugle Corps Association*
Keystone Indoor Drill Association - MD & PA
North Texas Colorguard Association (NTCA) website
Northwest Pageantry Association (NWPA) website
Sample Winterguard movement (Youtube)
Rocky Mountain Color Guard
Ohio Circuit
Performing arts
Marching bands |
4029921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil%20Embry | Basil Embry | Air Chief Marshal Sir Basil Edward Embry, (28 February 1902 – 7 December 1977) was a senior Royal Air Force commander. He was Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command from 1949 to 1953.
Early life and career
Basil Embry was born in Gloucestershire, England, in 1902 and as a young boy at Bromsgrove School he developed an avid interest in aviation. In 1921 he joined the Royal Air Force with a short service commission as an Acting Pilot Officer. In 1922 he was sent to Mandatory Iraq, serving under future Air Marshals Arthur Harris and Robert Saundby. By 1926 Embry's enthusiasm, professional application, boundless energy and flair for the unconventional had put him on the fast track for promotion within the RAF, and he was rewarded with the Air Force Cross in that year's New Year Honours, and appointment to a permanent commission.
Promoted to flight lieutenant, Embry returned to Britain in 1927 and soon became an instructor at the Central Flying School, Uxbridge.
In 1934 he was posted to India to serve in the Indian Wing on the North West Frontier. He was promoted Squadron Leader in 1935, and served in the Second Mohmand Campaign of 1935. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for operations in Waziristan in 1938. He was further promoted in 1938 to wing commander. After five years' service he returned to Britain in 1939. On the outbreak of the Second World War Embry was Commanding Officer of No. 107 Squadron flying the Bristol Blenheim bomber.
Second World War
The energetic Embry led his squadron from the front, and he saw extensive action during the campaigns in Norway and France, often in the face of heavy losses and overwhelming opposition. On 25 September 1939 Embry led a 3-plane formation on a reconnaissance sortie into Germany. Intercepted by German fighters, Embry's aircraft suffered serious damage to wings and fuselage and he carried out a one-wheel forced landing on returning to RAF Wattisham in Suffolk. Throughout the remainder of 1939 and into early 1940 the unit made numerous attacks by day and night on a variety of targets, including U-boats.
On 6 April 1940 RAF photo-reconnaissance revealed that a German naval force, including the battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst, was at anchor off Wilhelmshaven. Embry and his 107 Squadron crews were soon involved in a series of attacks on these ships.
With the German invasion of Norway, 107 Squadron were detached to Scotland, and there carried out ten raids in just eight days on Stavanger and airfields in the area, often in treacherous weather conditions. Embry suffered from frostbite during this time. In April 1940 Embry was awarded a bar to his DSO.
The German invasion of France and the Low Countries began on 10 May 1940 and Embry's Squadron flew intensively against the German advance, each crew flying two or three sorties daily across the English Channel to France. His leadership and personal gallantry resulted in the award of a second bar to his DSO. On 12 May he led No. 107 Squadron and No. 110 Squadron RAF in an attack on two heavily defended bridges across the Albert Canal at Maastricht; the formation was savaged by ground fire and intercepted by numerous Messerschmitt fighters, losing seven Bristol Blenheims from the original force of 24. Two No. 107 Squadron aircraft crash-landed at Wattisham, and every surviving Blenheim had suffered some damage.
Due to the tremendous pressure of his operational flying in recent months Embry was then ordered to take an operational 'rest' and was given command of RAF West Raynham, with a promotion to group captain. He was to fly one more sortie before relinquishing command. On 27 May 1940, Embry was shot down from by anti-aircraft fire over Saint-Omer during a low-level bombing mission against advancing German Army columns. His aircraft crashed at Eperlecques. Of his crew, observer Pilot Officer T. A. Whiting was made prisoner while Air Gunner Corporal G. E. Long was killed.
Captured by the German Army, Embry was being marched away in column of Allied prisoners when he saw a road sign "Embry, 3 km." Taking this as a good omen, he rolled down a bank unnoticed by the column's guards and made his escape. He successfully evaded recapture for two months in occupied France before eventually getting back to England via Spain and Gibraltar. His adventures while on the run are detailed in the book Wingless Victory by Anthony Richardson and originally published in 1950.
After two months' sick leave, Embry was posted to No. 6 Group as Senior Air Staff Officer with the rank of group captain. After only three weeks he was offered command of a night-fighter wing in RAF Fighter Command, which was accepted, although he reverted to the rank of wing commander. The wing disbanded in December 1940 and Embry became AOC RAF Wittering, returning to the rank of group captain in March 1941. Embry kept his hand in operationally by flying radar-equipped night-fighters with No. 25 Squadron. In July 1941 Embry was given the ceremonial title of an Air Aide-de-Camp to the King, and was Mentioned in Despatches in September.
In October 1941 he was seconded to the Desert Air Force as an adviser and saw action in the North Africa campaign.
Embry returned to Britain in March 1942 and served as AOC Wittering again and as AOC No. 10 Group, Fighter Command. In June he was again Mentioned in Despatches, but he was passed over as the prime candidate for leading RAF Bomber Command's newly formed Pathfinder Force in July 1942, before being given command of No. 2 Group Bomber Command, which was about to join the Second Tactical Air Force (2AF), in June 1943. Although he was now an air vice marshal, Embry continued to fly on operations where possible, usually as a 'wingman' in a formation and flying under the name of "Wing Commander Smith". By piloting each type of aircraft in his service, he felt better able to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of the tools available to his aircrews. This ensured that the men under Embry's command were aware that he was willing to take the same risks they were taking, and he was well liked by them. However, within the Air Ministry's hierarchy his frank, unguarded criticisms made few friends.
He pushed fervently for 2 Group's re-equipment with the high-speed De Havilland Mosquito FB VI, which became the highly potent workhorse of the group by 1944. By October 1943, Embry's efforts had made 2 Group highly effective, with its precision daylight bombing and serviceability rates among the best in the Allied Air Forces. The group bombed V-1 flying bomb launch sites in France and transport targets before the Allied landings in Normandy June 1944. In December 1944, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath.
Embry's Mosquitoes undertook further bombing operations such as the attack on Amiens jail in February 1944. On 31 October 1944, Embry took part in a successful low-level attack by Mosquitoes of Nos. 21, 464 and 487 Squadrons in the Aarhus Air Raid targeting the Aarhus University, Denmark, which housed the Gestapo HQ for the whole of Jutland. In March 1945, Embry's command carried out Operation Carthage on the Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen, and in April those in Odense.
The three operations led to Embry being awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for "[pressing] home his attacks with a skill and gallantry in keeping with his outstanding reputation." He was also honoured after the war by the Danish Government for his part in these operations, being awarded the Commander 1st Class of the Order of Dannebrog. On 20 July 1945 he was awarded a third Bar to his DSO. Other nations to honour Embry included the Netherlands (Grand Officer with Swords of the Order of Orange Nassau) and France (Croix de guerre, Commander of the Legion of Honour).
Post-war career and later life
Shortly after the end of the war Embry was knighted with his appointment as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was later to receive further knighthoods with higher precedence: in 1952 he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and in 1956 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
He was Commander-in-Chief Fighter Command from 1949 to 1953. Embry was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Allied Air Forces Central Europe. His outspoken criticism of the NATO chain of command and organisation framework ensured however that he was retired early from the Royal Air Force in 1956.
In 1956 Embry briefly relocated to New Zealand where he wrote his autobiography, titled Mission Completed.
In March 1956, accompanied by his wife Hope, he emigrated to Western Australia and began a new life as a sheep farmer, purchasing a property at Chowerup. He also acquired land at Cape Riche, east of Albany, and moved there in the late 1960s.
Embry became active in the politics of agriculture through the Farmers' Union of Western Australia. He was elected General President in 1971 and held office for two years. In 1972 he led a delegation through South-east Asia and instigated the establishment of the Rural Traders Co-operative (W.A.) Ltd.
He was the president of the Royal Air Forces Escaping Society and worked himself at a punishing pace until he became ill in 1975. Embry died in Boyup Brook, Western Australia, in 1977, and was survived by his wife, daughter, and three of his four sons.
"He was both charming and rude, prejudiced and broad-minded, pliable and obstinate, dedicated and human." (Group Captain Peter Wykeham, No 2 Group 1944–45)
On 19 April 2007 Spink auctioned the medal group of Air Chief Marshal Sir Basil Embry, selling for £155,350 to Michael Naxton, an agent.
Personal life
Embry married Australian-born Lady Margaret Hope Elliot on 1 August 1928, and went on to have five children with her, including Western Australian politician Paddy Embry.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
|-
1902 births
1977 deaths
Australian farmers
British military personnel of the Second Mohmand Campaign
British World War II pilots
British World War II bomber pilots
Commanders First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People educated at Bromsgrove School
People from Gloucestershire
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II
Military personnel from Gloucestershire |
4029934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881%20in%20Ireland | 1881 in Ireland | Events from the year 1881 in Ireland.
Events
16 January – the lowest temperature ever recorded in Ireland, −19.1C (−2.4F) at Markree, County Sligo.
3 February – arrest of Michael Davitt.
William Ewart Gladstone's second Land Act secures the three "f"s (fair rents, fixity of tenure and freedom of sale), and gives the courts the authority to reconsider judicial rents every three years and to adjust them in line with shifts in agricultural prices.
June – the submarine "Fenian Ram" (Holland Boat No. II), designed by Irish-born John Philip Holland and financed by the American Fenian Brotherhood, is first submersion-tested in New York City.
Coercion Acts.
October – arrest of Charles Stewart Parnell and other leaders.
18 October – No Rent Manifesto.
19 October – Irish National Land League proclaimed as an unlawful association.
Kilmacud Monastery established by Carmelite nuns.
Approximate date – St John Ambulance Ireland establishes its first centre, in Dublin.
Arts and literature
Sport
Football
Irish Cup
Winners: Moyola Park 1–0 Cliftonville (first ever Irish Cup winners)
Golf
9 November – Royal Belfast Golf Club founded, the oldest in Ireland.
Births
23 January – William O'Brien, politician and trade unionist (died 1968).
10 February – Ken McArthur, winner of the marathon race at the 1912 Summer Olympics for South Africa (died 1960).
15 February – Piaras Béaslaí, member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, member of Dáil Éireann, author, playwright, biographer and translator (died 1965).
14 March – Robert Barton, Sinn Féin MP, Cabinet Minister and signatory of Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 (died 1975).
21 March – Seán O'Hegarty, Irish Republican Army member during the Irish War of Independence (died 1963).
25 March – Moya Llewelyn Davies, born Mary Elizabeth O'Connor, Republican activist and Gaelic scholar (died 1943).
28 March – Martin Sheridan, Olympic gold medallist for the United States (died 1918).
10 April – William John Leech, painter (died 1968).
24 April – John Joe O'Reilly, Cumann na nGaedheal and Fine Gael TD (died 1967).
20 May – Robert Gregory, cricketer, artist and airman (shot down 1918 in Italy).
26 July – James Cecil Parke, international rugby player, tennis player, golfer and Olympic medallist (died 1946).
21 September – Éamonn Ceannt, nationalist, rebel and Easter Rising leader (executed 1916).
13 November
Con Collins, Sinn Féin MP (died 1937).
John Tudor Gwynn, cricketer (died 1956).
8 December – Padraic Colum, poet, novelist and dramatist (died 1972).
25 December – John Dill, British Army field marshal (died 1944 in the United States).
Full date unknown
William Conor, artist (died 1968).
Seumas O'Kelly, journalist and author (died 1918)
Deaths
30 January – Anna Maria Hall, novelist (born 1800).
January – Alfred Elmore, painter (born 1815).
5 February – Richard Graves MacDonnell, lawyer, judge and colonial governor (born 1814).
1 August – Nathaniel Thomas Hone, cricketer (born 1861).
9 September – Robert Carew, 2nd Baron Carew, politician (born 1818).
10 October – Richard Turner, iron-founder (born 1798).
5 November – Robert Mallet, geologist, civil engineer and inventor (born 1810).
7 November – John MacHale, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam, Irish Nationalist and writer (born 1791).
References
1880s in Ireland
Years of the 19th century in Ireland
Ireland
Ireland |
4029940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20cleaning | Infrared cleaning | Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting.
Method
The three color dyes in typical color film emulsions are largely transparent to infrared light, so the infrared image is almost uniformly clear, unlike the RGB images. On the other hand, dust absorbs and scratches scatter the infrared. Any dust spots or scratches appear as dark marks in the infrared, making them easy to find and compensate for.
Pixels that are partially occluded (for example, the dust only obscures a small portion of the pixel) may be corrected by scaling. The infrared pixel value indicates the fractional amount of the occlusion, and RGB values can be scaled appropriately.
If most or all of a pixel is occluded, scaling is not feasible. Instead, the pixel value may be interpolated from nearby good pixels (inpainting).
Infrared cleaning is not possible with media which are not transparent to infrared. In particular the silver particles in silver halide black-and-white film respond equally to visible and infrared light, with no difference between dark pixels and dust, and infrared cleaning is not possible. Infrared cleaning does work with chromogenic black-and-white films, which do not contain silver particles.
Some film dyes also block infrared to a considerable extent; infrared cleaning works with Ektachrome slide film, but it is more difficult to find dust spots with the infrared-blocking dyes used in Kodachrome. Some software algorithms, such as the latest ICE implementation (Nikon Super Coolscan LS-9000 ED with Digital ICE Professional), VueScan's and SilverFast's, claim to use infrared cleaning to find dust spots even when scanning Kodachrome.
Infrared scanning
Scanners use three different techniques for doing this:
Nikon film scanners use four colored light-emitting diodes which are pulsed on and off, one at a time. These LEDs are pulsed on and off at each scan position, the light is gathered by a linear array and then the CCD is moved to the next scan line.
Minolta film scanners use a constant visible light source with a pulsed infrared light source. At each scan position, the scanner uses an RGB linear array to scan the film in RGB and RGB+Infrared. This is as fast as the Nikon approach, since only one physical pass over the film needs to be done.
Flatbed scanners and some film scanners have two different light sources, an RGB light source and an infrared light source. These scanners make two passes over the film - once for RGB and once for infrared. This is slower than the Nikon or Minolta approach, since two passes need to be made over the film. It also produces lower quality since software methods need to be used to align the two passes. In addition, the two light sources usually have a different focus position and produce images that are stretched in the CCD direction, which results in another source of lower quality.
History
IBM originally developed and patented infrared cleaning, and subsequently licensed this patent to Applied Science Fiction (ASF). Canon had a patent cross-licensing agreement with IBM, and thus was able to use IBM's infrared cleaning patent. Canon could not use the trademarked Digital ICE name, so instead called it Film Automatic Retouching and Enhancement (FARE). Other companies, including Hamrick Software and LaserSoft Imaging, independently developed infrared cleaning algorithms which are completely different from IBM's patented algorithm.
ASF subsequently went out of business, having spent all their money trying to develop dry film development in a kiosk at a time when digital photography was replacing film. Kodak purchased the assets of ASF, but did not use any of its technologies.
References
. IR dust removal patent. Column 3–4: "Accordingly, the infrared image may serve [a]s an indicator or map of the spatial position of these non-image imperfections on and in the media, thereby allowing recovery of the underlying desired image."
External links
Kodak official Digital ICE site
Digital ICE: Defect Detection and Correction Using Infrared-enabled Scanners Dr. Gabriel Fielding, Eastman Kodak Company
J. L. C. Sanz, F. Merkle, and K. Y. Wong, " Automated digital visual inspection with dark-field microscopy" J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 1857-1862 (1985)
Michael J. Steinle, K. Douglas Gennetten Designing a Scanner with Color Vision (pdf) Hewlett-Packard Journal Aug. 1993 pg 52-58
http://andreas.rick.free.fr/sane/dustremove.html
http://support.nikonusa.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/16055/~/sdk-online-procedure
.
.
Photographic processes
Image scanning |
4029946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDU | SDU | SDU is a three-letter abbreviation that may refer to:
Communications
Satellite Data Unit, a part of a satellite telecommunication system for aircraft
Service Data Unit, a telecommunications term related to the layered protocol concept
Universities
University of Southern Denmark, Danish: Syddansk Universitet (SDU)
Süleyman Demirel University, a university in Isparta, Turkey
Suleyman Demirel University, a university in Almaty, Kazakhstan
Shandong University (山东大学 SDU), a university in Shandong, China
Other
Single dwelling unit, a single-family, free-standing residential building (home). It is defined in opposition to a multi-family residential dwelling (e.g. apartment).
Special Detective Unit, a specialist branch of the Garda Síochána, Ireland's national police
Special Duties Unit, a paramilitary special force of the Hong Kong Police Force
Surveillance Detection Unit, a surveillance program connected to US embassies.
Santos Dumont Airport, the smaller of the two airports in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IATA code)
SDU: Sex Duties Unit, a 2013 Hong Kong action comedy film
Social Development Unit, a matchmaking agency in Singapore
Social Democratic Union (disambiguation), a name of a number of political parties
Sonic Diver Unit, special mecha unit piloted by the Sky Girls (Japanese anime)
Sodium diuranate, a uranium salt that is an intermediate in the production of the metal
Sdu (publishing company), a Dutch publishing company, formerly the Staatsdrukkerij en Uitgeverij
Sewer Dosing Unit, a plumbing device that facilitates sewage disposal with low liquid-flow rates
Sweden Democratic Youth, the former youth league of the Swedish political party Sweden Democrats
State Disbursement Unit, a government agency in the United States that handles child support payments
NHS Sustainable Development Unit in the United Kingdom |
4029947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth%20planet%20%28hypothetical%29 | Fifth planet (hypothetical) | In the history of astronomy, a handful of Solar System bodies have been counted as the fifth planet from the Sun. Under the present definition of a planet, Jupiter is counted as the fifth.
Hypotheses
There are three main ideas regarding hypothetical planets between Mars and Jupiter.
Asteroids
During the early 19th century, as asteroids were discovered, they were considered planets. Jupiter became the sixth planet with the discovery of Ceres in 1801. Soon, three more asteroids, Pallas (1802), Juno (1804), and Vesta (1807) were discovered. They were counted as separate planets, despite the fact that they share a single orbital spacing given by Titius–Bode law. Between 1845 and 1851, eleven additional asteroids were discovered and Jupiter had become the twentieth planet. At this point, astronomers began to classify asteroids as minor planets. Following the reclassification of the asteroids in their own group, Jupiter became the fifth planet once again. With the redefinition of the term planet in August 2006, Ceres is now considered a dwarf planet.
Disruption theory
The disruption theory suggests that a planet which was positioned between Mars and Jupiter was destroyed, resulting in the asteroid belt between these planets. Scientists in the 20th century dubbed this hypothetical planet "Phaeton". Today, the Phaeton hypothesis, superseded by the accretion model, has been discarded by the scientific community; however, some fringe scientists regard this theory as credible and even likely.
Planet V theory
Based on simulations, NASA space scientists John Chambers and Jack J. Lissauer have proposed the existence of a planet between Mars and the asteroid belt, going in a successively eccentric and unstable orbit, 4 billion years ago. They connect this planet, which they name Planet V, and its disappearance with the Late Heavy Bombardment episode of the Hadean era. Chambers and Lissauer also claim this Planet V most probably ended up crashing into the Sun. Unlike the disruption theory's fifth planet, "Planet V" is not credited with creating the asteroid belt.
Fifth planet in fiction
The concept of a fifth planet which had been destroyed to make the asteroid belt, as in the Disruption Theory, has been a popular one in fiction.
See also
Disrupted planet
Hypothetical planetary object
Planets beyond Neptune
Trans-Neptunian object
Trans-Neptunian objects in fiction
Notes
References
Ancient astronomy
Early scientific cosmologies
Hypothetical bodies of the Solar System
Hypothetical planets
Ceres (dwarf planet) |
4029962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Asia | Planet Asia | Jason Cullen Green (born October 24, 1976), better known as Planet Asia, is a rapper from Fresno, California. He is prominent for being one half of the now reunited hip-hop duo the Cali Agents and is currently a member of the groups Gold Chain Military and Durag Dynasty. He is also well known for his vast discography of mixtapes.
History
Originally from Fresno, California, Planet Asia moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1998 and began working with local producer, Fanatik. Between 1997 and 2001, Planet Asia released several 12" singles, including "Definition of Ill" (Stones Throw) and "Place of Birth" (ABB Records). He reached full acclaim in 2001 when The Source gave him the First Round Draft Pick and Independent Album of the Year awards for How the West Was One. How The West Was One was recorded with fellow rapper Rasco under the group name Cali Agents and landed him a deal with Interscope Records. While signed to Interscope Records, Planet Asia was not promoted much and stayed with Interscope until 2003 without releasing an album. He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2002 for the song "W" by Mystic.
In 2003, Avatar Records signed Planet Asia and in 2004 released Planet Asia's debut album, The Grand Opening, to positive feedback. It earned him another Independent Album of the Year award from The Source. Avatar also released 12" vinyl records including "Summertime In The City" b/w "G's & Soldiers" featuring Kurupt produced by J. Wells, "Its All Big" b/w "Right or Wrong", and "Real Niggaz" featuring Ghostface. His record "G's & Soldiers" featuring Kurupt was prominently featured in John Travolta's 2005 film Be Cool released by MGM.
After leaving Avatar, Planet Asia started his own record label, Gold Chain Music, with Walt Liquor. His next album, The Medicine, was released on October 3, 2006, on ABB Records and produced by Evidence of Dilated Peoples, along with co-production credits from The Alchemist, Nucleus and Bravo. On June 26, 2007, he released "The Jewelry Box Sessions: The Album" on Gold Chain Music. The album featured the single "Havin' Things" and in 2010, he collaborated with Malaysian artist, Mizz Nina, on a song called Hope. In 2011, Planet Asia was a judge on the Ultimate MC TV show alongside Royce da 5'9", Sean Price, Organik, and Pharoahe Monch.
Personal Life
Planet Asia is a member of the Five Percent Nation
Discography
Solo albums
1999: Still in Training
2002: The Grand Opening
2006: The Medicine
2007: Jewelry Box Sessions: The Album
2010: Crack Belt Theatre
2012: Black Belt Theatre
2016: Egyptian Merchandise
2017: Dirty Planet
2018: The Golden Buddha
2018: Mansa Musa
2019: Initials on my Jewelry
2020: Bodhidharma
2021: Block Shaman
2021: Holy Water
2021: Rule of Thirds
EPs
1998: Planet Asia
2000: The Last Stand
2011: The Bar Mitzvah
2014: Zapco Exp
2016: Asiatic Prince
2017: Velour Portraits
2019: Medallions
2019: AGE: All Gold Everything
2020: Arctic Plus Degrees: The Sun Don't Chill Allah
As Cali Agents
2000: How the West Was One (Ground Control)
2004: Head of the State (Pockets Linted/Groove Attack)
2006: Fire & Ice (Pockets Linted Entertainment)
Collaboration albums
1997: Representation (EP) -
2002: A New Way of Thinking
2008: Planet F.L.O.
2008: Pain Language
2008: Pain Language: The Mixtape
2010: Chain of Command
2011: Camouflage Jackets
2011: Cracks in the Vinyl (EP)
2011: Each Step becomes Elevated
2012: Everyday Is Christmas (EP)
2012: Respeta at Santa Barbarie (EP)
2012: The Arrival
2013: Abrasions
2013: The 2nd Coming
2013: High End Cloths (EP)
2013: 360 Waves
2014: Via Satellite
2015: The Tonight Show: Starring Planet Asia
2015: 2010 A.D. (EP)
2015: Nautica Nagas
2016: Seventy Nine
2017: Anchovies
2017: Unfinished & Untitled
2019: Blak Majic
2019: Jackpot
2019: The Planet Asia & Milano Constantine EP
2020: Yard to the Last Song (EP)
2020: Trust the Chain (EP)
2020: Cashmere Corners (EP)
2020: Camo Jackets
2020: Pharoah Chain
2021: No Exit Plans (EP)
2022: Duffle Gods (EP)
Guest appearances
References
External links
Planet Asia's Official Website
Planet Asia's Official Twitter Account
Planet Asia's Official Instagram Account
Discography
Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Five percenters
African-American male rappers
Living people
1976 births
Musicians from Fresno, California
Underground rappers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American men
21st-century African-American men |
4029973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%20Pebl | Motorola Pebl | The Motorola Pebl (styled PEBL, pronounced pebble) is a series of clamshell/flip mobile phones from Motorola, and is one of the series in the 4LTR line.
U6
The Pebl U6 was announced in early 2005. Pebl is named for its small and sleek appearance, as well as to evoke comparisons to a "pebble," which has been worn smooth over time.
The U6 sold in the millions of units.
Design and appearance
The body of the Pebl U6 is primarily made out of metal, although everything other than the hinge has a colour coating which makes it matte rather than shiny. The external texture is polished but not quite smooth, resisting finger prints and smudges. Buttons and connectors are kept flush in order to maintain the phone's smooth appearance. In contrast to many other products with a one line external display, the external screen is mounted vertically, rather than horizontally.
The unit is held closed by magnets, and can be opened with a single hand by pushing the lid of the phone away from the hinge mechanism. The hinge itself is spring-loaded, so that when cracked it actively swings fully open.
Initially, the product was available only in black, but in the second quarter of 2006, Motorola launched four additional colours. It was produced in black, blue, green, red, orange and pink, although the exact colour selection varied per country. Shortly before the new colors became available, Motorola commissioned photographer David LaChapelle to capture the new Pebl phones in a colourful photo shoot.
Additional features
Java ME MIDP 2.0 compatible
MMS, Wireless Village instant messaging and e-mail
Motorola SCREEN3 push technology for dynamic news and content
MPEG-4 video and JPEG still image capture
Speaker-independent voice dialing
WAP 2.0 web browser
Integrated speakerphone (handsfree)
U9
Three years later, the U9 was released. It features Motorola's MotoMagx OS, a better display, an improved 2.0-megapixel camera, a microSD card slot and touch-sensitive music keys. The phone was made available in the first half of 2008.
U3
December 2008 saw the release of the U3. This was a more basic version - it did not have a memory card slot, no Bluetooth and a lower screen resolution.
See also
Motorola RAZR
Motorola ROKR
Motorola SLVR
Notes and references
External links
Motorola Pebl - Page on Motorola's website detailing the PEBL
Super Bowl commercial - Ad for the Pebl on Google Video that aired during the 2006 Super Bowl
Motorola's Pebl Pond
Motorola Pebl U6 - Mobiledia
Motorola Pebl U6 Review - PhoneRev
Pebl
Mobile phones introduced in 2005 |
4029996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanky%C5%AB%20Imazu%20Line | Hankyū Imazu Line | The is a 9.3 km long commuter rail line in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan owned and operated by the private railway operator Hankyu Railway. It is the longest of three branchlines of the Hankyu Kobe Line. The line connects the cities of Nishinomiya and Takarazuka.
Operation
The Imazu Line runs between Imazu Station and Takarazuka Station. However, no trains run directly from one end to the other because the tracks have split since 1984 at Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi Station, where the line crosses the Kobe Line. Typical Imazu Line trains stop every station between Imazu and Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi (south section) or Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi and Takarazuka (north section).
A small number of trains, called Semi-Express (junkyū), run from Takarazuka Station to Umeda Station (Hankyu's main terminal in Osaka) on weekdays not via the Takarazuka Line, but via the Imazu Line and the Kobe Line. Semi-Express trains of this route do not stop at Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi Station because of the layout of the track in the station; there is no platform for through trains. The distance between Takarazuka and Umeda stations via the Imazu Line is shorter than the route via the Takarazuka line.
Stations
All stations are in Hyōgo Prefecture
Stops:
S: Semi-Express
E: Express (Rinji-Kyūkō)
Pass: |
Connections
Hanshin Main Line at Imazu
Hankyu Kobe Line at Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi
Hankyu Takarazuka Line at Takarazuka
Fukuchiyama Line at Takarazuka
History
The section between Takarazuka and Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi opened on 2 September 1921, named the . The section from Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi to Imazu opened on 18 December 1926, and the line was renamed the Imazu Line.
Attractions along the line
Hanshin Racecourse near Nigawa Station
Kwansei Gakuin University near Kotoen Station
Culture
Hankyū Densha
References
Imazu Line
Rail transport in Hyōgo Prefecture
Standard gauge railways in Japan
Railway lines opened in 1926 |
4029998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeg%2C%20County%20Antrim | Lambeg, County Antrim | Lambeg (historically Lanbeg, ) is a small village and civil parish in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Located between Belfast and Lisburn, it was once a small rural village, but is now within the Greater Belfast conurbation. Lambeg is also an electoral ward of Lisburn Council. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 60 people. The civil parish of Lambeg covers areas of County Down as well as County Antrim.
History
Lambeg was originally one townland, but was split into Lambeg North (188 acres, in the barony of Belfast Upper) and Lambeg South (187 acres, in the barony of Massereene Upper). The old village of Lambeg was in the northern half.
The River Lagan flows alongside the village and it was because of the river and the damp climate of the Lagan Valley, that flax was first grown there. This resulted in Lambeg becoming a centre for the Linen industry in the area. The fertile land of the Lagan Valley was part of the manor granted in 1611 to Sir Fulke Conway. English tenants, mainly from the north of England according to Rankin, were brought over by Conway to settle on his estate. It is suggested that they also brought experience of textile making with them. The earliest documentary evidence of the textile industry in Lambeg records the setting up of a bleach green in 1626.
By 1760, Mr John Williamson owned most of the village and played a prominent role in the development of the linen trade, through ownership of the Lambeg bleach green.
The Wolfendens were another foreign family who went into exile in Lambeg and assisted in the establishing of the manufacture of linen cloth in the village. The bridge over the River Lagan is still referred to as Wolfenden's Bridge. The Wolfenden family are buried in Lambeg graveyard.
Lambeg church itself is generally accepted to be on the site of an early monastic settlement. A church is recorded as being present here in 1598, but it has been rebuilt at least twice, including in 1737 (to which the current tower still dates) and in 1849, when most of the current Church of Ireland building was built. Also buried in the graveyard are the Reverend John Johnson and his wife Dorothea Johnson, who both led the Methodist Chapel that was on Market Street in Lisburn. There are four Catholic priests buried in Lambeg parish church.
Aberdelghy was a mid-19th century two storey house in Lambeg. It was the seat of Alexander Airth Richardson, the son of Jonathan Richardson (MP), of Lambeg, and his wife, Margaret Airth.
Leigh's New Pocket Road-Book of Ireland, published 1827, states:
In 1920 the Government of Northern Ireland set up a "Linen Industry Research Association" (LIRA) in Glenmore House, a 17-18th century manor house, for the scientific and technical research of textiles, especially linen. Due to the decline of the industry the centre closed in 1993, although its library of books and journals are now housed in the Lisburn Museum. Glenmore House has been converted into residential apartments.
Other locally significant buildings include Lambeg Old National School (1849), which is now converted to a dwelling and is a listed building.
The Lambeg drum is named after Lambeg.
Transport
Lambeg railway station opened on 1 September 1877.
Civil parish of Lambeg
The civil parish covers areas of both County Down and County Antrim. It lies in the historic baronies of Castlereagh Upper (3 townlands) in County Down and Belfast Upper (1 townland) and Massereene Upper (1 townland) in County Antrim. It contains the villages of Lambeg and Tullynacross.
Townlands
Ballyskeagh
Lambeg North
Lambeg South
Lisnatrunk
Tullynacross
See also
List of civil parishes of County Antrim
List of civil parishes of County Down
Notes
References
History from Headstones
NI Neighbourhood Information System
Down Your Way at Lambeg
Townlands of County Antrim
Wards of Northern Ireland |
4030007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos%20%28magazine%29 | Eos (magazine) | Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, is a weekly magazine of Earth science published by John Wiley & Sons for the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The magazine, based in Washington, DC, publishes news, book reviews, AGU journal and meeting abstracts, meeting programs and reports, a comprehensive meetings calendar, and announcements of grants, fellowships, and employment opportunities, as well as peer-reviewed articles on current research and on the relationship of geoscience to social and political questions. Since 2015 it is published in magazine form and is available electronically. A hardcover edition of Eos is published once each year and contains the articles, news, and editorials from the tabloid issues. Eos accepts both display and classified advertising.
History
Transactions of the American Geophysical Union began publication as proceedings of the organization's meetings. In 1920, the first volume was reprinted from volume 6, number 10 of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences as National Research Council Reprint and Circular Series, number 11, and appeared under the title Scientific papers presented before the American Geophysical Union. It compiled papers from the AGU's second annual meeting. AGU's fourth and sixth through ninth annual meetings were also published as bulletins of the National Research Council. The third and fifth annual meetings were devoted to discussion and no scientific papers presented. These transactions were not printed but were mimeographed for limited distribution only.
The current name of the publication is taken from Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn, representing for AGU the new light continually being shed by basic geophysical research on the understanding of Earth and its environment in space. The name was added in 1969.
Abstracting and indexing
Eos is indexed by GeoRef, GEOBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and several other databases. It is a GeoRef priority journal.
References
External links
Official website - eos.org
1920 establishments in the United States
American Geophysical Union academic journals
Wiley (publisher)
Magazines established in 1920
Magazines published in Washington, D.C.
Professional and trade magazines
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Weekly magazines published in the United States |
4030010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis%20Calling | Atlantis Calling | Atlantis Calling is a compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in 1999 (Rockartoon 5212).
History
In 1999, Rockartoons released a compilation of Donovan's 1984 Lady of the Stars album and his 1990 live album Rising. The liner notes erroneously claim the concert is Donovan's 1973 live album Live in Japan: Spring Tour 1973.
Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.
"Lady Of The Stars"
"I Love You Baby"
"Bye Bye Girl"
"Every Reason"
"Season Of The Witch"
"For Every Boy There Is A Girl"
"Local Boy Chops Wood"
"Sunshine Superman"
"Living For The Love Light In Your Eyes"
"Till I See You Again"
"Universal Soldier" (Buffy Sainte-Marie)
"Colours"
"Jennifer Juniper"
"Catch the Wind"
"Hurdy Gurdy Man"
"Sadness"
"Cosmic Wheels"
"Atlantis"
"Wear Your Love Like Heaven"
"To Susan On The West Coast Waiting"
"Young Girl Blues"
References
External links
Atlantis Calling – Donovan Unofficial Site
1999 compilation albums
Donovan compilation albums |
4030012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland%20After%20Dark | Disneyland After Dark | "Disneyland After Dark" is an episode of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color that aired on April 15, 1962. Later, it was released theatrically overseas as a short subject.
As the name of the episode implies, Walt Disney himself presents a view of Disneyland at night. It features some nighttime entertainment, including a fireworks display (complete with Tinker Bell flying across the sky) and Tahitian dancers performing for Adventureland dinner patrons. However, this episode focuses less on Disneyland itself and more on the many celebrity singers at the different sections of the park, including the Osmond Brothers, former Mouseketeers Annette Funicello and Bobby Burgess, teen heartthrob Bobby Rydell, Monette Moore, and Louis Armstrong. In a running gag, Walt Disney introduces but is unable to attend these attractions and performances, being pinned down by an endless supply of autograph seekers (including a repeat customer) throughout the program.
Home media
The short was released on December 4, 2001, on Walt Disney Treasures: Disneyland, USA and presented in its original, uncut NBC broadcast presentation.
References
External links
Walt Disney anthology television series episodes
Disneyland
1962 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Hamilton Luske |
4030017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter%20pilot | Fighter pilot | A fighter pilot is a military aviator trained to engage in air-to-air combat, air-to-ground combat and sometimes electronic warfare while in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft. Fighter pilots undergo specialized training in aerial warfare and dogfighting (close range aerial combat). A fighter pilot with at least five air-to-air kills becomes known as an ace.
Recruitment
Fighter pilots are one of the most highly regarded and desirable positions of any air force. Selection processes only accept the elite out of all the potential candidates. An individual who possesses an exceptional academic record, physical fitness, healthy well-being, and a strong mental drive will have a higher chance of being selected for pilot training. Candidates are also expected to exhibit strong leadership and teamwork abilities. As such, in nearly all air forces, fighter pilots, as are pilots of most other aircraft, are commissioned officers.
Fitness
Fighter pilots must be in optimal health to handle the physical demands of modern aerial warfare. Excellent heart condition is required, as the increased "G's" a pilot experiences in a turn can cause stress on the cardiovascular system. One "G" is equal to the force of gravity experienced under normal conditions, two "G"s would be twice the force of normal gravity. Some fighter aircraft can accelerate to up to 9 G’s. Fighter pilots also require strong muscle tissue along the extremities and abdomen, for performing an anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM, see below) when performing tight turns and other highly accelerated maneuvers. Better-than-average visual acuity is also a highly desirable and valuable trait.
Tactics
Offensive
Modern medium and long range active radar homing and semi-active radar homing missiles can be fired at targets outside or beyond visual range. However, when a pilot is dogfighting at short-range, his position relative to the opponent is decidedly important. Outperformance of another pilot and that pilot's aircraft is critical to maintain the upper-hand. A common saying for dogfighting is "lose sight, lose fight".
If one pilot had a greater missile range than the other, he would choose to fire his missile first, before being in range of the enemy's missile. Normally, the facts of an enemy's weapon payload is unknown, and are revealed as the fight progresses.
Some air combat maneuvers form the basis for the sport of aerobatics:
Basic
Split S
Immelmann turn
Thach Weave
The Scissors
Chandelle
Complex
Pugachev's Cobra
Herbst maneuver
Defensive
Pilots are trained to employ specific tactics and maneuvers when they are under attack. Attacks from missiles are usually countered with electronic countermeasures, Flares and chaff. Missiles like the AIM-120 AMRAAM, however, can actively home in on jamming signals.
Dogfighting at is considered "close". Pilots perform stressful maneuvers to gain advantage in the dogfight. Pilots need to be in good shape in order to handle the high G-forces caused by aerial combat. Pilots flex their legs and torso to keep blood from draining out of the head. This is known as the AGSM or the M1 or, sometimes, as the "grunt".
Defense against missiles
Many early air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles had very simple infrared homing ("heat seeking") guidance systems with a narrow field of view. These missiles could be avoided by simply turning sharply, which essentially caused the missile to lose sight of the target aircraft. Another tactic was to exploit a missile's limited range by performing evasive maneuvers until the missiles had run out of fuel.
Modern infrared missiles, like the AIM-9 Sidewinder, have a more advanced guidance system. Supercooled infrared detectors help the missile find a possible exhaust source, and software assists the missile in flying towards its target. Pilots normally drop flares to confuse or decoy these missiles by creating more multiple heat signatures hotter than that of the aircraft for the missile to lock onto and guide away from the defending aircraft.
Radar homing missiles could sometimes be confused by surface objects or geographical features causing clutter for the guidance system of either the missile or ground station guiding it. Chaff is another option in the case that the aircraft is too high up to use geographical obstructions. Pilots have to be aware of the potential threats and learn to distinguish between the two where possible. They use the RWR (radar warning receiver) to discern the types of signals hitting their aircraft.
G-force
When maneuvering fiercely during engagements, pilots are subjected to high G-force. G-forces express the magnitude of gravity, with 1G being equivalent to Earth's normal pull of gravity. Because modern jet aircraft are highly agile and have the capacity to make very sharp turns, the pilot's body is often pushed to the limit.
When executing a "positive G" maneuver like turning upwards the force pushes the pilot down. The most serious consequence of this is that the blood in the pilot's body is also pulled down and into their extremities. If the forces are great enough and over a sufficient period of time this can lead to blackouts (called G-induced loss of consciousness or G-LOC), because not enough blood is reaching the pilot's brain. To counteract this effect pilots are trained to tense their legs and abdominal muscles to restrict the "downward" flow of blood. This is known as the "grunt" or the "Hick maneuver". Both names allude to the sounds the pilot makes, and is the primary method of resisting G-LOCs. Modern flight suits, called G-suits, are worn by pilots to contract around the extremities exerting pressure, providing about 1G of extra tolerance.
Notable fighter pilots
Some notable fighter pilots, including some for being flying aces and others who went on to non-fighter pilot notoriety (record breaking test pilots, astronauts and cosmonauts, politicians, business leaders, etc.):
Abbas Babaei
Jalil Zandi
Yadollah Sharifirad
Shahram Rostami
Ali Eghbali Dogahe
Abbas Doran
Gregory "Pappy" Boyington
Adolf Galland
Adolph Malan
Adolphe Pégoud
Ahmet Ali Çelikten
Alexander Pokryshkin
Alexandru Șerbănescu
Antonio Bautista
Billy Bishop
Buzz Aldrin
Charles Nungesser
Chuck Yeager
Clive Caldwell
Constantin Cantacuzino
Douglas Bader
Indra Lal Roy
Erich Hartmann
Ernst Udet
Brendan Finucane
Francesco Baracca
Francis Gabreski
Saiful Azam
Frank Luke
Gerhard Barkhorn
George Beurling
George H. W. Bush
George W. Bush
Georges Guynemer
Georges Madon
Giora Epstein
Günther Rall
Hans-Joachim Marseille
Heinrich Bär
Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer
Hermann Göring
Hiromichi Shinohara
Hiroyoshi Nishizawa
Ivan Kozhedub
James Jabara
Ilmari Juutilainen
Joaquín García Morato
Johannes Steinhoff
John Boyd
Karl W. Richter
Kurt Welter
Manfred von Richthofen
Martha McSally
Matt Hall
Monath Perera
M M Alam
Matiur Rahman
Maurice Boyau
Michel Coiffard
Neil Armstrong
Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon
Nguyễn Văn Bảy
Nguyễn Văn Cốc
Oswald Boelcke
Marcel Albert
Max Immelmann
Mohommed Rayyan
Pierre Clostermann
R. Stephen Ritchie
Randy "Duke" Cunningham
René Fonck
Richard Bong
Roald Dahl
Robin Olds
Sabiha Gökçen
Saburo Sakai
Scott Speicher
Stanisław Skalski
Tetsuzō Iwamoto
Władysław Turowicz
Walter Nowotny
Werner Mölders
Rashid Minhas
Abhinandan Varthaman
Yekaterina Budanova
Franz Stigler
Female fighter pilots
Until the early 1990s, women were disqualified from becoming fighter pilots in most of the air forces throughout the world. The exceptions being Turkey where Sabiha Gökçen became the first female fighter pilot in history in 1936 and went on to fly fast jets well into the 1950s, and the USSR during the Second World War 1942–1945 where many women were trained as fighter pilots in the 586th Fighter Aviation Regiment including Lilya Litvyak who became the top scoring woman ace of all time with 12 kills and Katya Budanova a close second with 11 kills, although both were killed in combat. During the 1990s, a number of air forces removed the bar on women becoming fighter pilots:
– On 30 October 1912 Rayna Kasabova has become the world's first woman in the world who participated in a military flight on a Voisin aircraft above Edirne during the First Balkan War.
– Marie Marvingt was a record-breaking balloonist, an aviator, and during World War I she became the first female combat pilot. Marie Marvingt received a pilot's license from the Aéro-Club de France (Aero Club of France) on 8 November 1910. Licensed No. 281, she was the third Frenchwoman to be registered after Raymonde de Laroche (No. 36) and Marthe Niel (No. 226). In her first 900 flights she never "broke wood" in a crash, a record unequaled at that time. Marie flew in a number of air meets, bombed a German airbase twice as an unofficial pilot in World War I, flew on reconnaissance missions in the "pacification" of North Africa, and was the only woman to hold four pilot's licenses simultaneously: balloon, airplane, hydroplane and helicopter. In 1915 Marvingt became the first woman in the world to fly combat missions when she became a volunteer pilot flying bombing missions over German-held territory and she received the Croix de guerre (Military Cross) for her aerial bombing of a German military base in Metz.
– In 1936 Sabiha Gökçen became world's first female combat pilot while in 1958 Leman Altınçekiç was first female accredited jet pilot in NATO.
- Lydia Vladimirovna Litvyak was a fighter pilot in the Soviet Air Force during World War II. She was the first female fighter pilot to shoot down an enemy aircraft, the first of two female fighter pilots who have earned the title of fighter ace and the holder of the record for the greatest number of kills by a female fighter pilot. She was shot down near Orel during the Battle of Kursk as she attacked a formation of German aircraft. She was nicknamed the “White Lily of Stalingrad”.
- Yekaterina "Katya" Budanova was another fighter pilot in the Soviet Air Force during World War II and along with Lydia Litvyak, she is often considered one of the world's two female fighter aces credited with five or more aerial victories, She was shot down by either Luftwaffe ace Georg Schwientek of JG 52 or ace Emil Bitsch, of JG 3.
- Mariya Kuznetsova was a Soviet fighter pilot who originally flew with the women's 586th Fighter Aviation Regiment but was later transferred to the 437th Fighter Aviation Regiment with Yekaterina Budanova, Lydia Litvyak, and several other members of the unit in September 1942. She flew over 100 sorties.
- Raisa Belyaeva was one of the first Russian female fighter pilots. She fought alongside Lydia Litvyak and was credited with up to three aerial victories. She died in combat in a crash on 19 July 1943.
- Mariya Tolstova a Soviet flight commander in the 175th Guards Attack Aviation Regiment, and one of the few women to fly the Il-2.
- Tamara Kazarinova was a Soviet pilot and the commander of the 586th Fighter Aviation Regiment during the Second World War.
- Olga Yamshchikova was Soviet fighter pilot squadron commander, credited with three shootdowns during World War II who became a test pilot after the war. During her postwar aviation career she became the first woman to fly the MiG-19.
- Tamara Konstantinova was Ilyushin Il-2 pilot and deputy squadron commander in the Soviet Air Force during the Second World War.
- Lidiya Shulaykina was one of the few women Ilyushin Il-2 pilots and the only female ground-attack pilot in naval aviation during the Second World War.
- Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran was a pioneer in women's aviation, one of the most prominent racing pilots of her generation. She set numerous records and was the first woman to break the sound barrier on 18 May 1953 in an F-86 Sabrejet. She was the wartime head of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) (1943–1944), which employed about 1000 civilian American women in a non-combat role to ferry planes from factories to port cities. On September 9, 1948, Cochran joined the U.S. Air Force Reserve as a lieutenant colonel. She was promoted to colonel in 1969 and retired in 1970. Postwar, Cochran began flying new jet aircraft, setting numerous records. She became the first woman pilot to "go supersonic". Among her many record accomplishments, from August to October 1961, as a consultant to Northrop Corporation, Cochran set a series of speed, distance and altitude records while flying a Northrop T-38A-30-NO Talon supersonic trainer. On the final day of the record series, she set two Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) world records, taking the T-38 to altitudes of 55,252.625 feet (16,841 m) in horizontal flight and reaching a peak altitude of 56,072.835 feet (17,091 m). Cochran was also the first woman to land and take off from an aircraft carrier, the first woman to pilot a bomber across the North Atlantic (in 1941) and later to fly a jet aircraft on a transatlantic flight, the first woman to make a blind (instrument) landing, the only woman ever to be president of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (1958–1961), the first woman to fly a fixed-wing, jet aircraft across the Atlantic, the first pilot to fly above 20,000 feet (6,096 m) with an oxygen mask, and the first woman to enter the Bendix Transcontinental Race. She still holds more distance and speed records than any pilot living or dead, male or female.
- Jacqueline Auriol was a French aviator who set several world speed records. She earned a military pilot license in 1950 then qualified as one of the first female test pilots. She was among the first women to break the sound barrier and set five world speed records in the 1950s and 1960s in French fighter jets like the Mystère and Dassault Mirages.
- In late 1952, with the Korean War in full swing, the North Korean Air Force was the only one in the world with female jet fighter pilots. One of them, Tha Sen Hi, flew MiG-15s in combat and eventually rose to squadron leader. She was honoured with the title of Hero of the Korean People's Democratic Republic.
– Asli Hassan Asli Hassan Abade – on 9 September 1976, is the first African female pilot in the (Somali Air Force – SAF). She soloed her first flight – MiG-21.
– Captain Rosemary "Sabre" Bryant Mariner was an American jet pilot and one of the first six women to earn their wings as a United States Naval Aviator in 1974. She was the first female military pilot to fly a tactical jet and the first to achieve command of an operational aviation squadron. She was designated a Naval Aviator in June 1974 and became one of the first six women to earn their wings as a United States Naval Aviator, alongside Barbara Allen Rainey, Jane Skiles O'Dea, Judith Ann Neuffer, Ana Marie Fuqua, and Joellen Drag. In 1975, Mariner was one of the first female military aviators to fly a tactical strike aircraft, a single seat A-4L Skyhawk. In 1976, she transitioned to the A-7E Corsair II, making her the first woman to fly a front-line tactical strike aircraft. During Operation Desert Storm in 1990, she commanded US Navy Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron Thirty Four (VAQ-34).
- Until the 1970s, aviation had been a traditionally male occupation in the United States. Commerce Department regulations virtually required pilots to have flown in the military to acquire sufficient flight hours, and until the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force and Navy barred women from flying and they were routinely denied work in commercial piloting. The US military did not open fighter jet flights to women until 1993. In the 1970s, women were again, for the first time since WWII, permitted to fly in the United States Armed Forces, beginning with the Navy and the Army in 1974, and then the Air Force in 1976. The first graduating class of ten female Air Force officers earned their Silver Wings on September 2, 1977. These ten women were part of Class 77-08 and graduated at Williams Air Force Base. These female aviators were Captains Connie Engel, Kathy La Sauce, Mary Donahue, Susan Rogers and Christine Schott; First Lieutenants Sandra Scott and Victoria Crawford; Second Lieutenants Mary Livingston, Carol Scherer and Kathleen Rambo.
- On 2 May 1977 First Lieutenant Christine E. Schott, USAF, was the first woman in the Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training Program to solo in the Northrop T-38A Talon supersonic flight trainer at Williams AFB, Arizona. She was a member of Class 77-08, which entered on 19 September 1976.
- Svetlana Savitskaya is a Russian former jet aviator and Soviet cosmonaut who flew aboard Soyuz T-7 in 1982, becoming the second woman in space. On her 1984 Soyuz T-12 mission she became the first woman to fly to space twice, and the first woman to perform a spacewalk. After graduating from the Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI) in 1972, she trained as a test pilot at the Fedotov Test Pilot School, graduating in 1976. In May 1978 she start working for aircraft manufacturer Yakovlev, as a test pilot. Between 1969 and 1977 she was a member of the Soviet national aerobatics team. Savitskaya retired in 1993 from the Russian Air Force in the rank of Major. She set several FAI world records as a MiG-21 & MiG-25 pilot.
– In 1982 Hakima Abdessamad became the first Algerian female fighter pilot in the Algerian Air Force after qualifying to fly the MiG-15, the MiG-17 and the MiG-21.
– In 1989 Dee Brasseur and Jane Foster became the first female fighter pilots in the Royal Canadian Air Force after qualifying to fly the CF-18 Hornet.
– In 1991 Anna Dellham became Sweden's first female fighter pilot serving with a Viggen squadron, before in 2011 qualifying to fly the Gripen.
– In 1992 Mette "Jet-Mette" Grøtteland became the first female fighter pilot in the Royal Norwegian Air Force after qualifying to fly the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon.
– Between 1993 and 1997 Manja Blok the first female fighter pilot in the Royal Netherlands Air Force was active flying a General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon over Bosnia enforcing the no fly zone.
– In 1993 Jeannie "Tally" Leavitt became the first female USAF fighter pilot, initially being assigned to a McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle squadron, and subsequently flying 300 combat hours, mostly over Afghanistan and Iraq. She was the first woman to command a USAF combat fighter wing, the 4th Fighter Wing on June 14th, 2012 . She became commander of a second fighter wing on April 16, 2016, taking command of the 57th Wing at the Nellis Air Force Base. She is the first woman fighter pilot in the USAF who got promoted to the high rank of Major General on September 2, 2019. She logged more than 3,000 fight hours as pilot in command, including over 300 combat hours.
– In 1994 Jo Salter was declared combat ready by the Royal Air Force flying a Panavia Tornado in 617 Squadron becoming Britains first female fighter pilot.
– In 1994 Anne-Marie "Mie" Jansen becomes the first Belgian female fighter pilot, flying the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. She also survived a F-16 mishap, ejecting safely, after running of the runway and collapsing inverted on May 12th, 1995.
– Then Lieutenant Bobbi J. Doorenbos became the first female USAF Air National Guard F-16 fighter pilot with the 185th Fighter Wing in June 1997. In 2015, by then promoted to Colonel, she became the first female commander of the 188th Fighter Wing of the Arkansas Air National Guard. Doorenbos a senior fighter pilot with more than 1,200 hours in the F-16C got promoted to the first female Brigadier General of the USAF Air National Guard on September 28, 2017.
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– In August 1999 Lieutenant Colonel Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell became the first female African-American fighter pilot in the history of the US Air Force. She flew the F-16 Fighting Falcon during combat missions in Operation Northern Watch and is stationed at Nellis Air Force Base.
– In 1999 Caroline Aigle became the first woman to receive the French Air Force's coveted fighter pilot wings. She was assigned to fly the Mirage 2000-5.
– In November 2000, Maryse Carmichael was selected to fly with the Canadian Forces Snowbirds aerobatic team, becoming the first woman on the team. In May 2010 she was named the commander of the Snowbirds, becoming the first female pilot to lead the squad.
– Catherine "Siren" Labuschagne got her wings in 2000 and flew the Impala and Hawk before in 2010 completing her maiden solo flight in the South African Air Force's Gripen Jas 39C, becoming the first woman fighter pilot ever to fly the Gripen.
– In 2001 Roni Zuckerman became the first Israeli woman to qualify as a fighter pilot.
– In 2002 Inka Niskanen became Finland's first female fighter pilot, flying BAE Hawks and F/A-18 Hornets. In January 2019, Niskanen took command of the Karelia Air Command 31 Squadron, as the first woman to hold such a post in Finland.
– In 2002 María Eugenia Etcheverry, A-37B Dragonfly pilot and Carolina Arévalo, IA 58 Pucará pilot became first female fighter pilots in both Uruguayan Air Force and Latin America.
– In 2003 Khoo Teh Lynn became Singapore's first female fighter pilot, flying General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons.
– In 2005 Line Bonde graduated from the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program at Sheppard Air Force Base in Texas, USA, as Denmark's first female fighter pilot.
- Samantha Cristoforetti is an Italian European Space Agency astronaut, and former Italian Air Force fighter pilot and engineer. She holds the record for the longest uninterrupted spaceflight by a European astronaut (199 days, 16 hours), She graduated in Aeronautics Sciences (University 'Federico II', Naples) at the Accademia Aeronautica in Pozzuoli, becoming one of the first women to be a lieutenant and fighter pilot in the Italian Air Force. In 2005/2006 as part of her training in the USA, she completed the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training (ENJJPT) program. She has logged over 500 hours and has flown six types of military aircraft: SF-260, T-37, T-38, MB-339A, MB-339CD and AM-X. She was assigned to 51° Stormo, 132° Gruppo.
– From November 2005 till November 2007 (now retired) Colonel Nicole "Fifi" Malachowski was the first female pilot selected to fly as part of the USAF Air Demonstration Squadron, better known as the Thunderbirds in their F-16 Fighting Falcons. Prior to that she was an F-15E Pilot, Instructor Pilot, Chief of Life Support, Assistant Chief of Scheduling, Weapons Flight Electronic Combat Pilot, Functional Check Flight Pilot, Supervisor of Flying at the 336th Fighter Squadron. On 18 November 2011, she took command of the 333d Fighter Squadron at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina. After successfully completing her tour with the USAF Thunderbirds in November 2007, including approximately 140 performances, Malachowski served on staff of the Commander, United States Air Force Warfare Center, at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, to June 2008.
- In March 2006, the Pakistan Air Force officially inducted a batch of 34 fighter pilots which included the organization's first four female fighter pilots. Three years of fighter pilot training had been completed by the pilots at PAF Academy - Risalpur flying amongst other the Cessna T-37 Tweet basic jet trainer and K-8 intermediate jet trainer, before they graduated and were awarded their Flying Badges during the ceremony. Certificates of honour were handed to the successful cadets by General Ahsan Saleem Hayat, then the vice-chief of the Pakistan Army, who acknowledged that the PAF was the first branch of the Pakistani military to introduce women to its combat units. One of the women, Flying Officer Nadia Gul, was awarded a trophy for best academic achievement. The other female graduates were Mariam Khalil, Saira Batool and Cadet Saba Khan. A second batch of pilots, including three female pilots, graduated from the 117th Pilot course at PAF Academy - Risalpur in September 2006. The Sword of Honour for best all-round performance was awarded to Aviation Cadet Saira Amin, the first female pilot to win the award. Aviation Cadet Saira Amin also had won the Asghar Hussain Trophy for best performance in academics.
- Rosa García-Malea López became the first female fighter pilot in the Spanish Air Force after qualifying to fly F/A-18 Hornet jet fighter aircraft in 2006. With more than 1,250 flight hours and after participating in the Libyan war in 2011, after 15 years service in Spanish air force, she joined Patrulla Águila the aerobatic demonstration team as a Casa C-101 pilot.
– In 2006 Karina Miranda started her flight training on Northrop F-5 and made her solo flight with F-5 Tiger III on April 29, 2010, became first female fighter pilot in Chilean Air Force.
– In 2007 Patricia Yapp Syau Yin from Royal Malaysian Air Force became the first asian female fighter Pilot for Mikoyan MiG-29 after four years for flying an Aermacchi MB-339CM. She also performed inside RMAF aerobatics team, Smokey Bandits inside the squadrons.
– In 2007 Ulrike Flender graduated from Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training program to become Germany's first female fighter pilot.
– In 2007 then Oberleutnant Nicola "Niki Bam Bam" Winter – Baumann became the second female fighter pilot in the history of the German Air Force flying both Tornado and Eurofighter Typhoon in the German Air Force. As a fighter pilot, now Major, Nicola Baumann applied to be Germany's first female astronaut among 86 candidates on the list as of September 2016 and was one of 30 women taking part in the final selection process as of December 2016. She was selected as one of two winners, but later withdrew from the programme.
- In 2007 Sub-Lieutenant Hanae Zarouali became the first Moroccan female jet pilot in service of the Royal Moroccan Air Force.
– In 2008 Ha Jeong-mi became the first South Korean female fighter pilot, flying the KF-16 fighter.
- On 13 May 2009, the Red Arrows announced including their first female display pilot. Flt. Lt. Kirsty Moore (née Stewart) joined for the 2010 season. She joined the Royal Air Force in 1998 and was a qualified flying instructor on the Hawk aircraft at RAF Valley. Prior to joining the team, she flew the Tornado GR4 at RAF Marham.
– Nadiya Savchenko is a former Army aviation pilot in the Ukrainian Ground Forces, one of Ukraine's first women to train as a military aeroplane pilot in 2009, and is the only female aviator to pilot the Sukhoi Su-24 bomber and the Mil Mi-24 helicopter.
– Commandant Virginie Guyot a Mirage F1-CR fighter pilot of the Armée de l'Air who achieved an historical first when she was appointed leader of the Patrouille de France, becoming the first woman in the world to command a precision aerobatic demonstration team on 25 November 2009. At the same time, she was the first woman to join the Patrouille de France, one of the world's oldest and most skilled demonstration teams.
– In 2011 the first all-female U.S. Air Force combat mission is flown by Maj. Christine Mau, Maj. Tracy Schmidt, Capt. Leigh Larkin, and Capt. Jennifer Morton, called the "Strike Eagles of 'Dudette 07'." They fly two F-15E jets in a sortie over Afghanistan.
– On May 3, 2011, Carla Alexandre Borges became the first woman to fly an FAB AMX A-1 fighter aircraft.
– In 2011 Lt. Col. (then Major) Caroline "Blaze" Jensen was the third woman and the first mother to fly in the USAF Air Demonstration Squadron Thunderbirds team. As the daughter of a Marine helicopter pilot in Vietnam, she graduated from the Air Force Academy with a bachelor’s degree in English and spent more than 10 years on active duty as a reservist with more than 3500 flying hours. She’s the first female reserve officer to fly with the Thunderbirds. She also flew over 200 combat hours in the F-16 Fighting Falcon over Iraq. Jensen also became the first qualified female pilot in the T-7A Red Hawk.
– In 2012 it was reported that Katarzyna Tomiak had become a Mig-29 fighter pilot in the Polish Air Force.
– In 2013 China publicised the graduation of six of the PLAAF's first-batch of female fighter pilots.
– In 2013 Ayesha Farooq became Pakistan's first female fighter pilot flying the Chinese-made F-7PG fighter jet. Out of six female fighter pilots in the PAF, Flight Lieutenant Farooq is the first qualified for combat and to fly sorties along the border. Farooq is one of 19 women to have become pilots in the PAF since the 2000s.
– On 22 December 2013 Cmdr. Sara Annette "Clutch" Joyner became the first female strike fighter pilot to command a Navy carrier air wing after earlier commanded a US Navy fighter squadron. She became a fighter pilot in 1996, flying an F/A-18 Hornet with VFA-147. She assumed command of Strike Fighter Squadron 105 from Cmdr. Douglas C. Verissimo on 2 March 2007 as the first female to do so. She turned over command to Cmdr. Thomas R. Tennant on 9 June 2008. She later became deputy commander of Carrier Air Wing Three, assuming full command from Capt. Michael S. Wallace on 4 January 2013. The air wing embarked on a deployment aboard USS Harry S. Truman on 22 July 2013. She commanded the air wing until relieved by Capt. George M. Wikoff.
- On February 2014 Major General Sherrie L. McCandless became the first woman to command the 124th Fighter Wing and, therefore, the first female wing commander in Idaho Air National Guard history. She is an experienced F-16C/D Fighter Pilot and Instructor Pilot and has commanded units at the squadron levels. She is the Commanding General, District of Columbia National Guard.
– In 2014 Lt. Katerina Hlavsova became the first female Czech Air Force Aero L-39 Albatros and L-159 Fighter Pilot.
– In 2014 Mariam al-Mansuri was UAEs first female fighter pilot, flying General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons in combat missions against ISIS in Syria.
– In 2014 three female aviators graduated from the Taiwanese Air Force Academy’s class, becoming the nation’s first female fighter pilots Cpt. Chiang Ching-hua pilots the Mirage 2000, Cpt. Chiang Hui-yu pilots the F-16 Fighting Falcon, and Cpt. Fan Yi-lin who pilots the Indigenous Defense Fighter (IDF) the AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo.
- Lt. Col. Christine "Grinder" Mau of the U.S. Air Force became the first U.S. female pilot to fly the F-35 Lightning II jet in 2015.
– In June 2016 Flight cadets Avani Chaturvedi of Madhya Pradesh, Mohana Singh of Rajasthan and Bhawana Kanth of Bihar, all in their early-20s, bring in a new era for the Indian defense forces. Mohana Singh Jitarwal became the first Indian women fighter pilot fully operational on the Hawk Mk.132 advance jet trainer. Chaturvedi became the first Indian woman pilot to take a solo flight in a MIG-21 Bison and was promoted to the rank of Flight Lieutenant in 2018. Chaturvedi is now part of Indian Air Force No. 23 Squadron Panthers. Kanth, who like the two others first trained on BAE Hawk Mk.132 advance jet trainers, is now flying the MIG-21 Bison with the Indian Air Force's No. 3 Squadron Cobras.
- In 2016 Ioanna Chrysaugi became the first Greek female fighter pilot flying the RF-4E Phantom II in the Hellenic Air Force. Squadron Leader Chrysaugi now is a pilot trainer.
– In 2016 Thokozile Muwamba became the first female fighter pilot in Zambia, flying the K-8 and the L-15Z in the Zambian Air Force.
– In 2016 Capt. Sarah Dallaire, made history as the first husband-and-wife team to fly with the same Canadian Snowbirds 431 Air Demonstration Squadron. Dallaire, only the 2nd Snowbird female pilot ever, flew in the Canadair CT-114 Tutor as Snowbird 2 on the inner right wing, while her husband Capt. Kevin Domon-Grenier, flew as Snowbird 5 in the second line astern position.
– In 2017 Capt. Kelsey "Pug" Casey became the United States Marine Corps’ only female AV-8B Harrier "jump jet" pilot. She also made another unique move. She was selected to enter training to join the Joint Strike Fighter F35B Lightning II program as the first female Harrier pilot in 2019.
– In December 2017 Australia graduated its first female jet fighter pilots.
– Squadron Leader Angeline Bosha qualified as a fighter jet pilot after she completed a year-long training course in China in the year 2018 flying the K-8 Karakorum as Zimbabwe’s first female fighter jet pilot.
– In August 2018 First lieutenant Misa Matsushima became the first Japanese female fighter pilot, flying the F-15J Eagle with the 305th Tactical Fighter Squadron.
– Major Michelle "Mace" Curran was the first woman to fly as part of the 335th Fighter Squadron of the USAF. She was an F-16 instructor before joining the USAF Air Demonstration Squadron Thunderbirds in 2019 as the Lead Solo Pilot for the Squadron. Curran was the fifth woman to fly with the Thunderbirds for three years till October 2021.
– In February 2019 Fanny Chollet became the first Swiss female fighter pilot, flying the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet in the Swiss Air Force.
– Lieutenant Karen Vanessa Velázquez Ruiz, the first Mexican female pilot to fly the Northrop F-5 fighter plane at the Mexican Military Parade Day on 16 September 2019.
– United States Air Force fighter pilot Captain Melanie Ziebart became the first female exchange pilot flying with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Marine Fighter Attack Squadron (VMFA) 121 Green Knights, reinforcing Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM) 265, aboard the amphibious assault ship USS America (LHA 6). Operating the US Marine Corps F-35B Lightning II aircraft aboard the ship. Ziebart was chosen for the Euro-NATO Joint Jet pilot training program at Sheppard Air Force Base where she was officially selected as a fighter pilot and chosen to fly the F-16C Viper at the 80th Fighter Squadron at Kunsan Air Base, Korea. Accidentally the same aircraft her father, a retired USAF fighter pilot with the 35th Fighter Squadron also at Kunsan Air Base, flew. Ziebart’s inter-service experience has been eye-opening. After her exchange with the Marines, she returns to an Air Force squadron and her goal is to teach and mentor young fighter pilots as an instructor.
– In May 2020 Second lieutenant became the first Indonesian female fighter pilot, flying the KAI T-50 Golden Eagle.
– In February 2020 then Captain Kristin "Beo" Wolfe was announced as the new Commander and Demo Pilot of the F-35A Lightning II Demonstration Team and became the first female USAF F-35A Demo Team Pilot. Her father was an F-4 Phantom WSO and later became an F-15 pilot. After graduating pilot training she started her career flying the F-22A Raptor at the 94th Fighter Squadron "Hat in the Ring" at Langley Air Force Base (VA) for three years before eventually transitioning to the F-35A. When she is not busy with F-35A Demo tasks, she integrates back in to the 421st Fighter Squadron "Black Widows" and acts as an instructor and flies regular combat training missions in the rank of Major.
- 1st Lt. Jul Laiza Mae Camposano-Beran was introduced by the Philippine Air Force as its first ever female jet fighter pilot on March 30, 2022. She is regarded as an SIAI-Marchetti A-211 jet combat mission ready pilot and wingman as of April 2022. She is a member of PAF’s 5th Fighter Wing stationed at the Cesar Basa Air Base in Floridablanca, Pampanga. Camposano-Beran graduated from the Philippine Air Force Flying School in 2017 after completing her military pilot training. She was the first combat ready out of three female pilots undergoing training on flying and handling the AS-211 fighter jet.
– On May 25, 2022 Lt. Amanda "Stalin" Lee was named as the first ever woman selected for the US Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron Blue Angels as a demo F/A-18E/F Super Hornet fighter pilot.
See also
Fighter aircraft
Flying aces
List of aces of aces
Military aviation
Operation Red Flag
United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program
References
Further reading
Non-fiction
Amir, Amos. Brig Gen.Fire in the Sky : Flying in Defence of Israel. Pen & Sword Aviation (2005).
Franks, Norman, Bailey, Frank, and Guest, Russell. Above the Lines : A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914–1918. Grub Street (1994).
Bell, Ken. 100 Missions North : A Fighter Pilots Story of the Vietnam War. Brassey's, Inc (1993).
Lewis, Cecil Sagittarius Rising. Warner Books (1936).
O'Grady, Scott with Coplan, Jeff. Return with Honour. Harper (1995).
Olynk, Frank.Stars & Bars : A Tribute to the American Fighter Ace 1920–1973. Grub Street (1995).
Romm, Giora. Major Gen. Solitary: The Crash, Captivity and Comeback of an Ace Fighter Pilot. Black Irish (2014).
Shores, Christopher and Williams, Clive. Aces High : A Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Forces in WWII. Grub Street (1994).
Shores, Christopher, Franks, Norman, and Guest, Russell. Above the Trenches : A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. Grub Street (1990).
Spector, Iftach. Brig Gen. Loud and Clear : The Memoir of an Israeli Fighter Pilot. Zenith Press (2009).
Toliver, Raymond F and Constable, Trevor J. Horrido : Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe. Arthur Barker Ltd (1968).
Toliver, Raymond F and Constable, Trevor J. The Blonde Knight of Germany : A Biography of Erich Hartmann. TAB Aero (1970).
Jackson, Robert. Fighter : The Story of Air Combat 1936–1945. Arthur Baker Ltd (1979).
Olds, Robin with Olds, Christina, and Rasimus, Ed. Fighter Pilot: The Memoirs of Legendary Ace Robin Olds. St Martins Press (2010).
Rosenkranz, Keith.Diary of a Gulf War Fighter Pilot. McGraw Hill (2002).
Polak, Tomas with Shores, Christopher.Stalins Falcons : The Aces of the Red Star. Grub Street (1999).
Ward, Nigel 'Sharkey'.Sea Harrier Over the Falklands. Orion (1992).
Yeager, Chuck with Janos, Leo.Yeager : An Autobiography. Century Huitchinson (1985).
Chesire, John Flitetime: A U.S. Navy Fighter Pilot Autobiography, by John Chesire
Fiction
Berent, Mark. Eagle Station. G P Putnam's Sons (1992).
Berent, Mark. Phantom Leader. Jove Books (1991).
Berent, Mark. Rolling Thunder. Corgi Books (1989).
Berent, Mark. Steel Tiger. Jove Books (1990).
Berent, Mark. Storm Flight. G P Putnam's Sons (1993).
Deighton, Len. Goodbye, Mickey Mouse. Hutchinson and Co (1982).
Robinson, Derek. A Good Clean Fight. Harper Collins (1993).
Robinson, Derek. A Splendid Little War. Maclehose Press (2013).
Robinson, Derek. Goshawk Squadron. Maclehose Press (1971).
Robinson, Derek. Hornet's Sting. The Harvill Press (1999).
Robinson, Derek. Piece of Cake. Pan (1983).
Robinson, Derek. War Story. Pan (1987).
Salter, James. The Hunters. Vintage International (1956).
Smith, Frederick E. A Killing for the Hawks. Harrap (1966) ISBN B0000CN76J
Yeates, V M. Winged Victory. Jonathon Cape (1934).
External links
Air Aces Homepage (A. Magnus)
Air Aces Website (Jan Šafařík)
Air Combat Information Group Website
An Autobiographical Sketch of a U. S. Naval Aviator and Fighter Pilot
Fly like a fighter: Minimum fuel
New Zealand Fighter Pilots Museum
Military aviation occupations
Combat occupations |
4030018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Michael%20Smith | Jon Michael Smith | Jon Michael Smith (born September 6, 1938) is an American scientist/engineer, retired NASA officer, and author, who developed the numerical integration technique known as T-integration.
Biography
Born in 1938, Smith holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the Jesuit Seattle University. He attended the Harvard Business School's six-week Advanced Management Program, and a past member of the MIT Sloan School of Management Complex Organizations Program.
Smith worked for NASA on their Space Shuttle program. He was the first marketing manager for the Space Shuttle. His contributions included the preparation of the pricing and use policy for the Shuttle and the first launch agreements with commercial users. Later he managed the Advanced Communication Technology Satellite experiments program and the commercialization of the NASA polar communications network. Mike retired from the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas in January 2007.
When at NASA, Smith managed the special projects office in the Space Shuttle Program Strategic Planning office. His work dealt with NASA's response to the recommendations made by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board and with NASA's terminating the Space Shuttle Program. Prior to this assignment, he served as the Commercialization Manager for the Space Operations Management Office at JSC and served as the program manager for the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite Program.
Currently Smith is the proprietor of Jon M. Smith and Associates (JMSA), a Galveston Texas-based consulting firm whose expertise includes space commercialization initiatives & launch vehicle flight guidance and control systems. Also, JMSA is involved with commercialized telescopes and space based energy initiatives. His clients include NASA and Wyle Labs.
Selected publications
Mathematical Modeling and Digital Simulation for Engineers and Scientists,
Scientific Analysis on the Pocket Calculator,
Financial Analysis & Business Decisions on the Pocket Calculator
Quantitative Methods in Business, McGraw Hill.
References
21st-century American engineers
American science writers
NASA people
1938 births
Living people
MIT Sloan School of Management faculty |
4030028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred%20Heart%20Catholic%20High%20School%2C%20Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne | Sacred Heart Catholic High School, Newcastle upon Tyne | Sacred Heart High School is a secondary school with academy status for girls. It is located on Fenham Hall Drive in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
General Information
The school educates around 1,400 girls between the ages of eleven and eighteen on the site which has had a near £10 million makeover. The school consists of the main building, a technology and art building, a P.E. block, a maths and modern foreign languages building, a geography building, the sixth form centre, a small pottery and a dance studio. The uniform is currently (2015) a navy blue blazer and jumper, and a Douglas Tartan kilt or trousers(dark blue, light blue, green and white).
History
A private college was founded in Fenham Hall in 1903 becoming a Government-recognised boarding and day school in 1905, taking ex-pupil-teachers, scholarship and fee-paying pupils. The college initially opened with 60 pupils and was under the sponsorship of the Society of the Sacred Heart nuns. It went through a number of changes until 1926 when it obtained Direct Grant status and became a grammar school.
The grammar school lasted until 1977 when it became the Sacred Heart Comprehensive School, taking girls from 11 – 18 years old. In 1998 it was renamed the Sacred Heart Roman Catholic High School.
In 2007 the school signed up to the Building Schools for the Future initiative.
Alumni
Donna Air, actress and television presenter
Aimee Kelly, actress
Catherine McKinnell (née Grady), Labour MP since 2010 for Newcastle upon Tyne North
Sacred Heart Grammar School
Mary Glindon (née Mulgrove), Labour MP since 2010 for North Tyneside
Frances Lannon FRHistS, Principal from 2002 to 2015 of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Dr Mo O'Toole, Professor of Creativity and Innovation at Newcastle University Business School, Labour MEP for North East England from 1999 to 2004
Former teachers
Sister Bernadette Porter CBE (taught 1975–78), Vice-Chancellor from 1999 to 2004 of Roehampton University
References
External links
Sacred Heart Catholic High School Website
Edubase
Catholic secondary schools in the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle
Girls' schools in Tyne and Wear
Educational institutions established in 1905
Academies in Newcastle upon Tyne
1905 establishments in England
Sacred Heart schools
Secondary schools in Newcastle upon Tyne |
4030029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaledge | Portaledge | A portaledge is a deployable hanging tent system designed for rock climbers who spend multiple days and nights on a big wall climb. An assembled portaledge is a fabric-covered platform surrounded by a metal frame that hangs from a single point and has adjustable suspension straps. A separate cover, called a stormfly, covers the entire system in the event of bad weather.
History
1950–1960
Warren Harding slept on natural ledges during his first ascent of El Capitan in Yosemite in 1958.
1960–70
The multiple day routes on El Capitan pushed climbers to invent structures for sleeping. They began securing traditional two point hammocks to cliff walls. Warren Harding invented the first hammock suspended from a central point, which he called a B.A.T. (Basically Absurd Technology) Tent. Central suspension facilitates deployment, prevents the tipping that occurs with two point hammocks, and has since been integrated into every significant big wall sleeping structure. Harding almost died during his 1968 attempt on Half Dome in Yosemite after being trapped in a three-day storm, where his B.A.T Tent filled with freezing rain and snow. Single point hammocks allowed little sleep because they offered no weather resistance and crushed climber's shoulders.
1970–1980
During the early 1970s, climbers Billy Westbay and Bruce Hawkins created the first portaledges by re-appropriating steel and canvas cots stolen from park lodges in Yosemite. These were a vast improvement from single point hammocks with regard to comfort, but they were not collapsible and weighed up to thirty kilograms (almost three times the weight of today's models). During this period climbers also used Submarine Ledges, made from U.S. Navy aluminum tube cots that had been purchased from army surplus stores.
In 1972 the climber brothers Gregg and Jeff Lowe designed the LURP, a highly innovative portaledge prototype. The design's collapsible frame allowed the Lowes to climb without the bulk of a cot. Every significant portaledge since the LURP has had a collapsible frame. Another pioneering feature of this design was its nylon fly tent, which provided an enclosed shelter from the elements. Fly tents quickly became a standard element of portaledges. Jeff Lowe used the LURP on the first winter ascent of Yosemite's Half Dome. Although the prototype was never sold to others, the brothers included it in their catalogue of climbing products, which circulated widely among climbers.
By the late 1970s the term "portaledge", which combines the words "portable" and "ledge", had become the common name for the typology. The originator of the term remains unknown to this day. Mike Graham, a famous American climber, founded his climbing gear company Gramicci in 1977. Over the next five years Graham sold over five hundred of the first commercially available portaledges, called Cliff Dwellings, to climbers in California and Europe. Graham made his Cliff Dwellings using equipment that he carried in his truck, and would set up his shop in friend's garages and basements. Graham's frame tubes slotted into each other at their corners, which allowed the frame to collapse into the smallest bag possible. His minimal corner connections were an important innovation, but they also made the Cliff Dwelling vulnerable to structural failure under extreme forces of nature. For an expedition to Patagonia in 1979 Graham designed the Fortress, the first portaledge large enough for two people. This model was constructed with ballistic nylon, a fabric strong enough to deflect small pieces of falling ice and rock. During the same year Graham made, but never tested, a prototype of a Windshield: a tent, suspended below the Cliff Dwelling that would deflect upward winds away from the portaledge.
1980–1986
The first portaledges used in Yosemite were non-collapsible cots purloined from Housekeeping Camp, a Yosemite Valley campground that featured primitive metal framed bunks for the campers. These heavy cots were used on multi-day climbs on granite monoliths like El Capitan, and then sometimes tossed off the summit for later retrieval. Mike Graham is credited with the first collapsible portaledge models available for retail purchase under the name of his company, Gramicci Products based in Ventura, California. The Gramicci Portaledge appeared in the very early 1980s and revolutionized multiday big wall comfort. There were a few minor manufacturers that also dabbled in portaledge design in the early 1980s but could not get any traction in this niche market and soon faded from sight. In 1985 a small California based company called Fish Products, founded by Russ Walling, started to manufacture one person single portaledges. Other early Portaledge manufacturers were Fig, Frog (Ray Olsen), Lowe (never commercially available), and C&S Engineering.
1986–1998
In 1986, John Middendorf, a Stanford-trained mechanical engineer, founded A5 Adventures. Previously, Middendorf and his companions Steve Bosque and Mike Corbett had nearly died due to portaledge failure during a three-day storm on the 2000 foot South Face of Half Dome, prompting Middendorf to redesign the modern portaledge. A5 portaledges were constructed of highly weatherproof fabrics and engineered to be structurally stable and strong. The company produced three models: the Single, the Alpine Double, and the Cliff Cabana. The A5 portaledges were the first that could withstand the severe weather conditions in remote areas such as the Himalayas and the Karakoram, enabling climbers to expand their horizons to the largest rock faces in the world. Middendorf himself used A5 portaledges on some of the hardest and remote big walls of the world, including during the first ascent of The Grand Voyage on the Great Trango Tower in 1992, the longest vertical big wall (1350m) in the world. The A5 Portaledge was sold worldwide.
1998–2016
The North Face (TNF) acquired the assets of A5 Adventures, including the A5 portaledge design, in 1998. Middendorf continued to steer the product for an additional two years at TNF before moving on to other pursuits outside of the climbing industry. The A5 portaledge designs were subsequently transferred to Black Diamond Equipment of Salt Lake City, Utah, who continue to produce the A5 designs with many added features.
As of 2016, there were four major commercial suppliers of portaledges, making the following popular models:
Black Diamond Single (81" × 31.5", 21.7 pounds with fly, modified clone of the A5 Single).
Black Diamond Double (84" × 51", 28.4 pounds with fly and spreader bar, modified clone of the A5 Cliff Cabana).
Runout Customs Double (75" × 42.25", 15 pounds with fly and haulsack, clone of the A5 Alpine Double).
Metolius Single (84" × 30", 18.5 pounds with fly, haulsack, similar to the A5 block corner design.).
Metolius Double (84" × 45", 21.5 pounds with fly, haulsack and spreader bar, similar to A5 design).
Fish Single/Double (77" × 42", 13/16 pounds with fly; rigid corner ledge design, steel frame).
2017
In 2017, John Middendorf introduced a new portaledge design, called the D4 Portaledge (82" × 47", 16.5 pounds with haulsack, fly, and flypole). Instead of block corners, which has been the de facto standard since they were first introduced, the new D4 Portaledge has rounded curved tubing corners, which offer more rigidity and are lighter than the traditional block corners. The D4 portaledge brings many more innovations, including a newly engineered hybrid diameter tube design, which provides strength and rigidity without the need for a spreader bar, a new integrated haulsack/deployment system, and a completely simple but new concept for the stormfly—a single vertical zipped opening which enables the quickest deployment while also allowing full opening between storms. Also around this time, Middendorf introduces the D4 "bullet-joiner" which is a simple yet effective way to create a joint with overlapping tube strength, and rounded nose for quick self-assembling joints. The D4 has been produced in several sizes and besides being lighter and stronger, pack smaller (29" × 10" for the full size D4) than previous designs of portaledges.
2020
Middendorf develops the "Delta2p" portaledge, a cantilevered design. Named for its delta shape and 2-person design, this design solves many longstanding issues with portaledges, including improved ergonomics and increased stability. The rigid six-piece frame design with curved corners and "D4 bullet-joiners" enables quick assembly, and folds compactly. Six prototypes which were sent to Yosemite and the Himalaya for testing, and an additional 24 Delta2p's were crafted in Tasmania in 2020/2021 and distributed worldwide; these weighed 6.5kg. with haulsack and stormfly. Photos and open-source design notes available online: See also:
Other uses
Portaledges have been used by tree-sitters during anti-logging civil disobedience protests, enabling them to remain aloft in trees for weeks, months, or sometimes years. They are also used in recreational tree camping.
References
External links
Climbing equipment |
4030049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Time%20Around%20%28TV%20series%29 | Second Time Around (TV series) | Second Time Around is an American sitcom that aired on UPN during the 2004–05 season. The series was canceled after one season.
Premise
Set in Los Angeles, the show is centered on newlyweds Jackson (an architect) and Ryan Muse (an artist) who remarried after getting divorced three years earlier. Through the run of the show, Jackson and Ryan go through things that normal married couples go through: everything from past relationships to property ownership arguments when moving in with each other. Other characters include Jackson's brother, Nigel, a well-to-do dentist, and his extravagant, gold-digging fiancée Paula. Also included is Coco, a restaurant owner who is Ryan's best friend.
Cast
Boris Kodjoe as Jackson Muse
Nicole Ari Parker as Ryan Muse
Brian J. White as Nigel Muse
Danielle Nicolet as Paula
Melissa De Sousa as Coco Herrera
Mailon Rivera as Omar K. Bone
Christina Vidal as Gabrielle Herrera
Episodes
References
External links
2004 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2000s American black sitcoms
English-language television shows
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows set in Los Angeles
UPN original programming |
4030054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okada | Okada | Okada (written: 岡田 literally "hill rice-paddy") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the name include:
, Japanese painter
Doris Okada Matsui, American politician of the Democratic Party
, Japanese painter in the Edo period
, Japanese cyclist
Izō Okada, Japanese samurai and assassin
Jisaku Okada, an IJN Captain
John Okada, Japanese-American writer
Junichi Okada, Japanese singer and actor
Junko Okada, Japanese voice actress
Katsuya Okada, former Democratic Party of Japan president and foreign minister of Japan
Kazuchika Okada, Japanese professional wrestler
Kazuo Okada, Japanese businessman and billionaire, the biggest project of whom is Okada Manilla (see below)
Keisuke Okada, 31st Prime Minister of Japan
, Japanese photographer
Mari Okada, Japanese screenwriter
Masaki Okada, Japanese actor
Masumi Okada, Japanese-Danish actor
Mokichi Okada, founder of the Church of World Messianity
Nana Okada (born 1997), Japanese idol, model and actress
, Japanese snowboarder
, Japanese painter
Satoru Okada, general manager of Nintendo Research & Engineering
, Japanese Samurai
, Japanese architect
, Japanese slalom canoeist
Tadahiko Okada (1878–1958), Japanese politician
Tadayuki Okada, former Grand Prix motorcycle racing and Superbike racing motorcycle racer
Takeshi Okada, coach of the Japanese national football team
, Japanese general
Tokihiko Okada, a silent Japanese actor
Tomohiro Okada, Japanese new media art and design curator, thinker of creative economics
Toshio Okada, founder of the anime company Gainax
Yaichiro Okada, Japanese zoologist
Yoshiko Okada, Japanese actress
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese footballer
Yukiko Okada, Japanese idol
Other uses
Okada Domain, a Japanese domain in the Edo period
Okada Station (Ehime), a railway station in Ehime, Japan
Okada Station (Kagawa), a railway station in Kagawa, Japan
Okada Museum of Art, an art museum in Kanagawa, Japan
Okada Manila, a casino resort and hotel complex in Parañaque City, Metro Manila which is the biggest project of Kazuo Okada (see above)
Okada (motorcycle taxi), a motorcycle taxi used in western Africa
Okada Air, a now defunct airline in Nigeria
Japanese-language surnames |
4030076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqui%20Wood | Jacqui Wood | Jacqui Wood (born 4 January 1950) is a British experimental archaeologist and writer, specialising in the daily life of prehistoric Europeans.
As of 2001, she is director of Saveock Water Archaeology, and also the director and founder of Cornwall Celtic Village, a reconstructed Bronze to Iron Age settlement, at Saveock.
Wood was a member of the National Education Committee of the Council for British Archaeology (CBA) for three years, and secretary of the CBA for the south west region for another three years. As of 1995, she was a member of the General Committee of the Cornwall Archaeological Society and consultant to the Eden Project in Cornwall.
Wood has published papers in archaeology journals and conferences, and given lectures. She has also appeared on TV programmes about prehistoric dwellings and cooking, including episode 8 of series 11 of Time Team.
She has also given demonstrations of Bronze Age technology for English Heritage, researched the grass cloak of Ötzi the Iceman, as well as his shoes (which she believes are actually snowshoes), and made replicas of them for the Bolzano museum devoted to the mummy. She also made a replica of the Orkney Hood (Britain's oldest textile) for the Orkney Council, and replicas of various prehistoric dwellings. She has published on food history.
Wood has excavated a site at Saveock Water which she has interpreted as evidence of early modern witchcraft.
She has written two fantasy novels set in prehistory, Cliff Dreamers and Return to the Temple of the Mother.
Bibliography
Prehistoric Cooking. Stroud, Tempus, 2001.
Cliff Dreamers, e-book.
Tasting the Past: Recipes from the Stone Age to the Present. History Press.
A new perspective on West Cornwall courtyard houses, Cornish Archaeology, 1997, number 36.
Return to the Temple of the Mother, e-book, 2020.
References
External links
Jacqui Wood's site.
Cliffdreamer's site
British archaeologists
1950 births
Living people
British women archaeologists
People from Cornwall |
4030083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Passport | World Passport | The World Passport is a fantasy travel document sold by the World Service Authority, a non-profit organization founded by Garry Davis in 1954.
Appearance and price
The World Passport is similar in appearance to a genuine national passport or other such authentic travel document. In 1979 the World Passport was a 42-page document, with a dark blue cover, and text in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Esperanto. It contained a five-page section for medical history and a six-page section for listing organisational affiliation. The fee charged at that time was US$32 plus postage for a three-year World Passport that could be renewed for a further two years.
The version of the World Passport current was produced in January 2007. It has an embedded "ghost" photo for security, covered with a plastic film. Its data page is in the format of a machine-readable passport, with an alphanumeric code bar in the machine-readable zone (MRZ) enabling it to be scanned by an optical reader. However, in place of a valid ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code in the MRZ "issuer" and "nationality" fields, it uses the non-standard code "WSA".
According to the WSA website, the fee is $75 for a three-year World Passport, $100 for five years, and $125 for ten years. A "World Donor Passport" valid for fifteen years with a special cover is issued gratis to donors of at least $500 which, according to the WSA, is used to provide free documents to refugees and stateless persons. In addition, the customer can choose between two World Passport covers: "World Passport" or "World Government Passport". The WSA recommends their customers purchase the second option.
A potential customer must provide as proof of identity a notarized certification of the details on the form, a copy of their national identity papers, or a fingerprint from their right index finger. People have been known to obtain World Passports in names other than their legal names; see the relevant section below.
As a travel document
The appearance is so similar to a genuine passport that in 1974 a criminal case was lodged against Garry Davis in France regarding his sale of World Passports.
According to the WSA, the version of the document introduced in 2007 was filed as a Machine Readable Travel Document (MRTD) with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). However, ICAO documents on MRTDs cite the World Service Authority and its World Passport as an example of "Fantasy Documents".
Notable acceptances
Success in crossing a border using a World Passport is generally attributable to the whim or ignorance of individual immigration officers, not official recognition of the document. The World Service Authority website has scans of letters dating from many decades ago from six countries (Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Mauritania, Tanzania, Togo and Zambia) which the WSA claims is legal recognition of the World Passports. These letters of recognition are several decades old (1954 for Ecuador, 1972 for Burkina Faso, 1975 for Mauritania, 1995 for Tanzania, 1983 for Togo, 1973 for Zambia).
According to the World Service Authority website, some World Passports have reportedly been accepted on a case-by-case basis by over 180 countries (i.e., they have been stamped with a national visa or entry or exit stamp), and according to the World Service Authority some countries in the past accorded the document legal recognition.
The World Passport came under increased international scrutiny in 1996, after the hijacking of the MS Achille Lauro. In the aftermath of the incident, one of the captured hijackers, Youssef Majed al-Molqi, escaped imprisonment in Italy and used a World Passport which he had purchased in 1988 to leave the country and travel to Spain before he was recaptured.
Notable rejections
Many countries and territories say they do not recognize the World Passport because it is not issued by a competent government authority, and thus does not meet the definition of a passport. By 1975, Garry Davis had already been detained twenty times for his attempts to cross international borders with a World Passport.
Commonwealth of Independent States
The Russian government states that it does not recognise the World Passport. In a 1995 interview with Kommersant, a spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Department of Consular Services stated that the World Passport is not an acceptable document for proving identity or citizenship status at Russian border crossings; only a diplomatic passport, official passport, seaman's passport, or general civil passport are accepted. However, one Russian media report claims that some members of the House of Romanov, travelling to Saint Petersburg for the reburial of the remains of one of their ancestors, were permitted by Russian authorities to obtain visas in their World Passports, in light of the special situation.
In December 2008, a man claiming to be a Russian citizen attempted to cross the border from Latvia into Belarus at the Urbany checkpoint using a World Passport; he stated he lost his Russian documents while in Sweden. He was arrested by the Belarusian border guards. A spokesman for Belarus' State Border Committee in an interview with a local newspaper stated that Belarus does not accept the World Passport at border crossings. He also claimed it was the first known case of its kind in the country.
United States
The United States Department of State's official position on the World Passport is that it is a booklet produced by a private organisation upon payment of a fee, and not a passport. As early as 1991, the US Air Transport Association specifically included the World Passport in a training film as an example of unacceptable travel papers. In 2012, a Belizean man attempted to enter the U.S. through the Veterans International Bridge at Los Tomates using a World Passport. The man in question had prior felony convictions for drug trafficking and immigration offences, and had previously been deported from the United States multiple times. He claimed that he wanted to speak with President Obama about genocide in Belize. In a bench trial, Judge Andrew S. Hanen found the man guilty of felony attempted re-entry after deportation.
Other countries
Activist Kenneth O'Keefe tried to travel to Iraq using a World Passport in 2003, but was rejected transit rights by Turkey, and had to apply for an American passport to continue his journey.
In 2004, two men from China on board Cathay Pacific Flight 302 from Hong Kong to Guangzhou attempted to pass through immigration at Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport using World Passports. The officers at the airport arrested them for illegal entry.
Also, though Garry Davis claims to have traveled to India using a World Passport and to have given one personally to Jawaharlal Nehru, in May 2007 an Indian citizen was arrested for attempting to leave India at Begumpet Airport using a World Passport. The man, intending to travel to the United States, had purchased what he believed was a genuine passport and visa. His travel agency and Air India staff both accepted his World Passport, but Indian immigration did not. The Times of India called it a clear case of "internet fraud" and stated that the man had been "duped".
The Council of the European Union has a table of travel documents entitling the holder to cross external borders of Schengen states and which may be endorsed with a visa; the World Passport is listed as a fantasy passport to which a visa may not be affixed.
In February 2013, both Panama and Costa Rica rejected the use of the World Passport by Sage Million, a fugitive from Hawaii.
Hip-hop artist and actor Yasiin Bey (Mos Def) was arrested in South Africa on January 15, 2016 for attempting to leave the country using a World Passport. He had entered the country using an American passport and had lived in Cape Town since May 2013. South Africa's Department of Home Affairs released a statement saying that Mr. Bey would be allowed to appeal the immigration action and possibly seek permanent residency.
Use by refugees and stateless persons
The World Service Authority sells World Passports to refugees and other people who are unable to obtain valid, authentic travel documents. According to the WSA, refugees in camps are given free World Passports. WSA reports that it "has [given out] more than 10,000 free World Passports to refugees residing in camps throughout the world" and that it "has documentary evidence that the issuance of such passports may permit refugees to leave such camps to seek asylum elsewhere or to claim other rights often denied to refugees". However, many of those refugees have found World Passports to be useless. According to statements by Garry Davis in the mid-1970s, major users of World Passports at the time included persons in Southeast Asia fleeing from wars, as well as holders of Rhodesian passports who were otherwise unable to travel internationally as no other country accepted their documents besides South Africa.
Many East African refugees arriving in Nordic countries in the early 1990s had World Passports. In July 2011, a Georgian citizen attempted to pass through Latvian border control with a World Passport, though he also had a valid Georgian passport in his possession; after presenting his World Passport, he requested asylum in Latvia.
Another category of users of World Passports are stowaways on ships. Vessel owners are legally responsible for the stowaways until they can find a country to let them ashore, but countries are often reluctant due to questions over the validity of the stowaways' documents. From 1992 to 2006 the WSA sold their document to such individuals on five occasions.
As an identity document
The World Service Authority promotes the World Passport not just as a document for international travel, but a "neutral, apolitical document of identity". Investor Doug Casey, himself a World Passport customer, has suggested that a World Passport is useful at hotels and other non-governmental institutions where security is uncertain; if one is asked to hand over one's real passport in such situations, one can provide the World Passport instead of a genuine national passport. Governmental authorities do not share this assessment.
The Criminal Records Bureau of the United Kingdom Home Office states that registered bodies should not accept the World Passport as a proof of identity, warning that "a fake 'World Passport' can be purchased online by members of the public and should not be confused with a genuine passport". The Isle of Man's Financial Supervision Commission, which regulates the isle's banks and company formation agents, states that the World Passport is not an acceptable document to prove either the nationality or identity of the bearer. Specifically, it classifies it as a spurious or fantasy passport, a term which it defines to mean as documents which "have the appearance of a passport, but are issued by organisations with no authority and to which no official recognition has been given".
The United States Social Security Administration will also not accept any World Service Authority document (including the World Passport and World Donor Passport) as evidence of identity, age, citizenship, alien status, or marital status for either claims or enumeration purposes. The Virginia Department of Social Services explicitly classifies all World Service Authority documents as "unacceptable documents" for verification of identity. The United States Department of State instructs all U.S. embassies and consulates not to provide any notarial, apostille, or other authentication services in respect of World Passports, whether regarding the World Passport itself or documents relating to the purchase of a World Passport. They warn that such documents could be used for fraudulent or criminal purposes. In 1996 a man was able to buy a World Passport in a name that was not his own, but was detected after repeated attempts to use it to prove his identity when opening accounts at various banks in Indiana, without providing a verifiable address or telephone number. He was convicted of fraud on a financial institution.
As a political statement
Regardless of its almost universal lack of acceptance, an individual may also seek to obtain a World Passport as part of a political statement. A number of Russian citizens have obtained the World Passport as a form of protest against the "red tape" imposed by the Russian government on their own citizens aiming to travel abroad. In 1977, two mayors of West Bank towns bought World Passports during a visit by Garry Davis.
Sale by third parties
Despite its limited acceptance, other entities have also sought to manufacture and sell the fantasy travel document, without the consent of the WSA. The Isle of Man's Financial Supervision Commission reports that they have identified counterfeit World Passports. Also, the first cross-jurisdictional fake passport case ever found in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, involved counterfeit World Passports. In February 1981, the local Public Security Bureau identified some Hong Kong criminals who were charging World Passport customers HK$18,000 plus CN¥50-100 (roughly US$3,300 at the official exchange rate at that time) in processing fees, and misrepresenting to them that World Passport customers could settle in any country in the world.
As mentioned above, Russia does not accept World Passports, but in the 1990s, many company formation agents in Russia sold the World Passport together in a package-deal with the setup of an offshore company (international business company), and falsely claimed that all countries of the world accept it as an identity document. In some cases, such companies charged up to US$1,000 for the document alone.
In Malaysia in 1994, a Nigerian man was arrested at the Central Market, Kuala Lumpur by tourist police during an identity check, after he showed a World Passport. A search of his belongings showed that he carried a total of five World Passports, as well as a real Nigerian passport that had been used by another person to travel to Malaysia and Hong Kong. Authorities suspected he might have been trying to sell the fantasy travel documents to other foreign nationals lacking valid travel documents.
Notable World Passport owners
Many notable people have owned World Passports. Although some may have purchased them, the WSA typically gives them to prominent people. Garry Davis, the WSA founder, owned World Passport No. 1, originally manufactured in 1954.
Entertainers who have been given or purchased World Passports include violinist Yehudi Menuhin, actor Patrick Stewart, and actor LeVar Burton. Other World Passport holders include activists such as whistleblower Edward Snowden and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange.
Criminals and terrorists who have owned World Passports include Triston Jay Amero, an American man charged with hotel bombings in Bolivia, and Youssef Majed al-Molqi, one of the hijackers of the MS Achille Lauro in 1985. The WSA has awarded a number of "honorary World Passports", though these are without approval from those who received them. These honorary documents have been given to figures including Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, 34th president of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower, and last president of Czechoslovakia and first president of the Czech Republic Václav Havel.
See also
Camouflage passport
References
External links
Asylum seekers try their luck with 'world passport', article by Matthew Vella in Malta Today (7 February 2010)
The World Passport on the World Service Authority website
UNHCR document written by the Refugee and Immigration Board of Canada
Mark Charles Thomas' case:
Passports
World government
Global citizenship
1954 introductions |
4030152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Constance | Angela Constance | Angela Constance (born 15 July 1970) is a Scottish politician serving as Minister for Drug Policy since 2020, having previously served in the Scottish Cabinet from 2014 to 2018. A member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), she has been the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Almond Valley since 2007.
Constance stood as a candidate for Deputy leader of the SNP in the party's 2014 leadership contest, but lost to Stewart Hosie.
Early life
Angela Constance was born on 15 July 1970 in Blackburn, West Lothian, the daughter of Simon Constance, a coalminer, and Mary Baird Constance (née Colquhoun). She was educated at West Calder High School and later Bo’ness Academy.
Constance attended the University of Glasgow, where she gained an MA in Social Science. At Glasgow University, she served on the Students' Representative Council, becoming president of the council in 1991. Alastair Allan was her sabbatical vice president. She earned a Certificate of Welfare Studies from West Lothian College and an MSc in Social Work from the University of Stirling.
Before her election to Holyrood, Constance worked as a social worker and was a Councillor for West Lothian Council where she was the SNP spokesperson for children's services and lifelong learning. She also stood for the SNP in the 2005 Livingston by-election.
Political career
Training, Youth and Women's employment
During the 2014 SNP spring conference, First Minister and SNP leader Alex Salmond promoted Constance to the Scottish Cabinet in the position of Cabinet Secretary for Training, Youth and Women’s Employment. In the position, Constance was somewhat criticised by the opposition Scottish Labour Party in the Scottish Parliament, claiming that since Constance, youth unemployment in Scotland had actually risen. In response to this, Constance stated:
These figures, based on data for 2013, show that the employment prospects are improving across much of Scotland, with women’s employment driving much of this improvement. “They also show that Scotland continues to outperformed the UK across all headline labour market indicators, with a lower unemployment rate, higher employment rate and lower economic inactivity rate.
Previously, Constance was a junior Scottish cabinet member.
SNP Depute leadership bid, 2014
Following defeat in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Scottish National Party leader and First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond announced his resignation as SNP leader and First Minister of Scotland. In the aftermath of his resignation, a leadership bid was launched, and current Deputy First Minister of Scotland and SNP Depute leader Nicola Sturgeon was widely tipped to become Salmond's successor.
On 30 September 2014, Constance officially launched her bid to become the Depute leader of the Scottish National Party, competing against Stewart Hosie and Keith Brown. It was later revealed by Constance that she was "not seeking the position of Deputy First Minister".
The results of the election were announced at the SNP Autumn Conference on 14 November, with Constance losing the contest to Stewart Hosie, after being eliminated in the first round.
Cabinet Secretary for Education
Following the election of Nicola Sturgeon as the First Minister, in November 2014, Constance was promoted as the Cabinet Secretary for Education within the Scottish Cabinet.
Cabinet Secretary for Communities, Social Security and Equalities
After the 2016 Scottish Parliament election, Nicola Sturgeon reshuffled her Cabinet. On 18 May, Constance was appointed as Cabinet Secretary for Communities, Social Security and Equalities.
Minister for Drugs Policy
In December 2020 First Minister Nicola Sturgeon sacked Joe FitzPatrick as Public Health Minister after official figures revealed that 1,264 people in Scotland had died from drugs in 2019. The number of deaths was three and a half times higher the figure for England and Wales and by some margin the highest in Europe. Sturgeon described the SNP's record on drugs as "indefensible" and Constance was given a full time ministerial portfolio with responsibility for the crisis. The appointment was not universally welcomed; journalist Alex Massie opined in The Times that: "It says something, mind you, about the depth of talent available to Sturgeon that... she felt compelled to hand the drugs brief to Angela Constance, a minister she had previously demoted. Twice."
At the Scottish Parliament election on 6 May 2021, Constance was re-elected as MSP for Almond Valley. On 19 May 2021, she was re-appointed to the new government, retaining the post of Minister for Drugs Policy.
Personal life
Constance has been married to Garry Know since 2000. After her election to Holyrood, Constance announced she was expecting her first child in October 2007.
References
External links
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1970 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
People from Blackburn, West Lothian
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2021–2026
Ministers of the Scottish Government
Women members of the Scottish Government
Scottish social workers |
4030174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatominae | Pentatominae | Pentatominae is a subfamily of Pentatomidae, a family of shield bugs. This subfamily is the largest one within the Pentatomidae, having 4937 species classified in 938 genera. Species in this subfamily are phytophages and several of them are considered agricultural pests. Some invasive pentatomines such as Halyomorpha halys and Bagrada hilaris have been considered household pests. Higher systematics of the group have been revised by Rider et al.
Tribes and selected genera
Tribes within this subfamily include:
Aelini Douglas & Scott, 1865
Aelia Fabricius, 1803
Neottiglossa Kirby, 1837
Aeptini Stål, 1871
Aeschrocorini Distant, 1902
Agaeini Cachan, 1952
Agonoscelidini Atkinson, 1888
Amyntorini Distant, 1902
Antestiini Distant, 1902
Aulacetrini Mulsant & Rey, 1866
Axiagastini Atkinson, 1888
Bathycoeliini Atkinson, 1888
Cappaeini Atkinson, 1888
Halyomorpha Mayr, 1864
Tolumnia Stål, 1867
Adelolcus - Benia (insect) - Boerias - Cappaea - Caura - Cauromorpha - Erlangerella - Halycorypha - Halydicoris - Halyoides - Homalogonia - Hymenomaga - Lerida (insect) - Leridella - Lokaia - Massocephalus - Paralerida - Prytanicoris - Tenerva - Tripanda - Tropicorypha - Veterna
Carpocorini Mulsant & Rey, 1866
Antheminia Mulsant & Rey, 1866
Carpocoris Kolenati, 1846
Chlorochroa Stål, 1872
Dolycoris Mulsant & Rey, 1866
Graphorn
Peribalus Mulsant & Rey, 1866
Rubiconia Dohrn, 1860
Thestral
Catacanthini Atkinson, 1888
Catacanthus Spinola, 1837
Caystrini Ahmad & Afzal, 1979
Chlorocorini
Coquereliini Cachan, 1952
Degonetini Azim & Shafee, 1984
Diemeniini Kirkaldy, 1909
Diplostirini Distant, 1902
Diploxyini Atkinson, 1888
Eurysaspidini Atkinson, 1888
Eysarcorini Mulsant & Rey, 1866
Carbula Stål, 1864
Eysarcoris Hahn, 1834
Halyini Amyot & Serville, 1843
Hoplistoderini Atkinson, 1888
Lestonocorini hmad & Mohammad, 1980
Mecideini Distant, 1902
Memmiini Cachan, 1952
Menidini Atkinson, 1888
Myrocheini Stål, 1871
Nealeriini Cachan, 1952
Nezarini Atkinson, 1888
Palomena Mulsant & Rey, 1866
Opsitomini Cachan, 1952
Pentamyrmexini
Pentamyrmex spinosus
Pentatomini Leach, 1815
Pentatoma Olivier, 1789
Phricodini Cachan, 1952
Piezodorini Atkinson, 1888
Rhynchocorini Stål, 1871
Rolstoniellini Rider, 1997
Sciocorini Amyot & Serville, 1843
Sciocoris Fallén, 1829
Strachiini Mulsant & Rey, 1866
Stenozygum coloratum (Klug, 1845)
Eurydema Laporte, 1833
Notable species include:Acrostemum hilare – green stink bugBagrada hilaris – bagrada bugHalyomorpha halys – brown marmorated stink bugPentatoma rufipes – forest bugPiezodorus lituratus'' – gorse shield bug
References
Hemiptera subfamilies |
4030181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuga%20Conference%20Center | Kanuga Conference Center | Kanuga Conference Center (Cherokee: ᎧᏄᎦ) is affiliated with the Episcopal Church, USA and the Anglican Communion. It is located on near Hendersonville, North Carolina, with scenic Kanuga Lake at its center. Yearly, more than 35,000 guests utilize the facilities, which include the Conference Center, Camp Kanuga (for Boys and Girls), Camp Bob, and the Mountain Trail Outdoor School.
The word Kanuga is of Cherokee origin referring to both a former place of a Cherokee settlement in South Carolina and to a Cherokee tool resembling a short comb with seven teeth used in preparation of players in a Cherokee ritual stick ball game. The description 'gathering place' also came to be associated with the term, which led to its selection as the name of a new vacation colony in 1909.
History
Kanuga Lake Club
Kanuga began in 1909 as "Kanuga Lake Club," the dream of George Stephens, a Charlotte banker, real estate developer, and newspaper publisher. Kanuga Lake Club was designed to be a place for families from the "low country" of South Carolina and North Carolina to take vacation. Stephens employed John Nolen as his planner, and Richard Sharp Smith as his architect.
After were purchased, a dam was built over Mud Creek, creating a lake (much larger than the current Lake Kanuga). Thirty-nine cottages, an inn with dining rooms, and a lakeside pavilion were built, usable only during the summer months. Utilizing his successful businesses, American Trust Company (now Bank of America and his newspapers, the Charlotte Observer, and the Asheville Citizen, Stephens attracted people to Kanuga.
In 1916, tragedy struck. After heavy rains, the dam to Lake Kanuga broke, sending water through Hendersonville and Asheville. Modern innovations such as the automobile also made single destination vacation sites increasingly obsolete. Subsequently, Kanuga went broke and was closed. A new dam that shortened the lake to its present size would eventually be built, but over the following 12 years four attempts at reorganizing the facility ended with four bankruptcies.
Kanuga, an Episcopal Center
In 1928 Bishop Kirkman George Finlay of the Episcopal Diocese of Upper South Carolina spearheaded the effort to purchase the land and open a camp and conference center for the North Carolina and South Carolina Episcopal dioceses. Money was raised for the operation, and with the support and backing of the neighboring Episcopal dioceses, the property was purchased and in that summer six weeks of youth and clergy conferences were followed by six weeks of guest period.
Church services were held in outdoor chapels or inside the lounge of the inn until 1940, when the Chapel of the Transfiguration was dedicated in the memory of Bishop Finlay who had died two years earlier. Scottish architect S. Grant Alexander was commissioned to design and build the Chapel out of yellow pine wood harvested on the property. The soft wood was not as strong a wood as Alexander had hoped, so support beams were added to prevent the walls from collapsing.
By the 1960s, age and decay were catching up with the original buildings and the inn was torn down and replaced in 1968 by a modern inn and dining area which allowed Kanuga to operate year-round. The original 39 cottages were kept and eventually winterized in the 1990s while retaining their original appearance. Nearly all of the original cottages and the outdoor Chapel of St. Francis are on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Kanuga Lake Historic District. The district encompasses 40 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site.
From its earliest days Kanuga has also operated separate overnight summer camps for boys and girls. In 1931, a summer camp facility for boys was built near the inn. A new boys camp facility was built on another part of the property in 1962, allowing the first facility to be used as a girls' camp. In the 1970s the boys' and girls' camps were combined on the second campus, and the first campus was first rented to the National Wildlife Federation and eventually redesigned as the Bob Campbell Youth Campus for underprivileged children in the summer and as an outdoor education facility throughout the rest of the year. Camp Kanuga currently has 9-day and 13-day sessions for boys and girls ages 7–15. The Trailblazers program is offered to ages 15–17 which includes off-campus rafting and an 8-day hiking adventure on the Appalachian Trail.
Kanuga has continued to grow, adding many buildings for meetings and recreation to the campus facility. Conferences held during the year are sponsored by Kanuga and outside groups, and churches from many denominations within a few hours drive will use the campus for Parish weekends in the non-summer months. The House of Bishops of the Episcopal Church have used Kanuga as a multi-day meeting site as have the Primates of the Anglican Communion. The seven weeks of Summer Guest Period in July and August attract visitors to capacity each year, including multi-generational families attending since Kanuga's beginning. Guest periods in the Fall, Thanksgiving weekend and at Christmas have also proved to be popular.
References
Further reading
External links
Kanuga Conferences official website
Episcopal Church USA official website
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Episcopal Church (United States)
Buildings and structures in Henderson County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Henderson County, North Carolina |
4030214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Funnel%20Line | Blue Funnel Line | Alfred Holt and Company, trading as Blue Funnel Line, was a UK shipping company that was founded in 1866 and operated merchant ships for 122 years. It was one of the UK's larger shipowning and operating companies, and as such had a significant role in the country's overseas trade and in the First and Second World Wars.
Its seafarers later went to fill various roles in the British maritime shore based establishment, including Malcolm Machlachlan, a lecturer in Glasgow and a popular author of books on Maritime business.
History
Foundation and expansion
Alfred Holt founded the business on 16 January 1866.
The main operating subsidiary was the Ocean Steam Ship Company, which owned and operated the majority of the company's vessels.
A Dutch subsidiary, the Nederlandsche Stoomvaart Maatschappij Oceaan, was founded in 1891, as was the East India Ocean Steam Ship Company, operated from Singapore. This latter was sold in 1899 to Norddeutscher Lloyd. The company acquired the competing China Mutual Steam Navigation Company in 1902, keeping it as a subsidiary company but operating it as part of Blue Funnel Line. The company's ships connected the major ports of Shanghai and Hong Kong to Liverpool. The ship's crews were Chinese as well as European. As a consequence, some Chinese seamen settled in Liverpool from the 1860s to found the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
Ships of the Blue Funnel fleet all had names from classical Greek legend or history. The majority were cargo ships, but most of the Ocean SS Co cargo ships also had capacity for a few passengers. The line also had a small number of purely passenger vessels.
, launched 7 December 1912, and , launched 5 July 1913, are examples of large cargo/passenger vessels entering the line's service at the time. Both ships were built in Belfast by Workman, Clark and Company with a length of and 14,500 gross tons. Passenger accommodations were for first class only and seven cargo holds, one and a 'tween decks space fitted for refrigerated meat, dairy and fruit cargoes, provided accommodation of the largest consignments.
In the 1920s, Blue Funnel became the first British shipping company to employ a woman marine engineer. Victoria Drummond served with the company three times: firstly as Tenth Engineer on the liner 1922–24, then as refrigeration engineer on the refrigerated cargo ship in 1943 and finally as resident engineer at Caledon Shipbuilding in Dundee supervising the completion of and in 1946. These were two of the first new ships built for Blue Funnel to replace its Second World War losses.
The company expanded in 1937 through acquisition of the Glen Line in 1935, that provided cargo and passenger service to the Far East from eastern English ports such as London. The overall managing director, C. E. Wurtzburg, brought Herbert Gladstone McDavid to London from the company's Liverpool office as director of the new acquisition and profits increased. Eight new Glenearn class ships were ordered, four from UK shipyards and four from abroad but not all were delivered when the Second World War started.
Outward Bound
The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdyfi, Wales in 1941 with the support of the Blue Funnel Line. Outward Bound's founding mission was to improve the survival chances of young seamen after their ships were torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic.
Captain JF "Freddy" Fuller of the Blue Funnel Line took over the leadership of the Aberdyfi school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971. Fuller was seconded following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive U-boat attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic Ocean for 35 days without losing a single member of the crew.
After the World Wars
Blue Funnel lost 16 ships in the First World War and 30 in the Second. After each war it restored its fleet with new ships. After the Second War it regained tonnage rapidly by buying six Victory ships from the United States Maritime Commission in 1946 and eight "Sam-" ships from the Ministry of War Transport in 1947. Six of the eight new ships ordered by Glen Line in 1938 were reacquired, resulting in a fleet of 15 ships by September 1948. The twice-monthly fast service and a slower secondary service to the Far East resumed.
Two Blue Funnel ships, Agapenor and Melampus were trapped by the Six-Day War of 1967 and became part of the Yellow Fleet in the Great Bitter Lake, remaining there until 1975.
Decline
From 1947 to 1970, as Britain's empire began to shrink, so did its trade. Simultaneously, companies from other parts of the world began to operate more competitively. Cabotage regulations prevented British flag companies from trading on routes that were previously their monopolies. Several factors resulted in a decreased number in the Blue Funnel's fleet.
The company finally came to an end in 1988 when Ocean Group withdrew from the Barber Blue Sea Service, its last shipping line.
Legacy
The Merseyside Maritime Museum Archive and Library holds the company archive.
See also
References
Bibliography
Links
The Blue Funnel Line 1866 - 1986 (archived)
Alfred Holt & Co The Blue Funnel Line (archived)
kbolton.btinternet.co.uk
– 1913 brochure for Nestor and Ulysses, with period interior photographs
1866 establishments in England
1988 disestablishments in England
British companies established in 1966
British companies disestablished in 1988
Defunct companies based in Liverpool
Defunct shipping companies of the United Kingdom
Holt family
Outward Bound
Transport companies established in 1966
Transport companies disestablished in 1988 |
4030232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Hospital%20of%20North%20Norway | University Hospital of North Norway | The University Hospital of North Norway () or UNN is a hospital and health trust.
UNN is a university hospital for the region which includes the counties of Nordland, Troms and Finnmark. It is part of the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority (Norwegian: Helse Nord). Its service area has a combined population of 465,000. Patient treatment and diagnostic investigation as well as training and research takes place at eleven clinics. The hospital system provides local hospital services to the 110,000 inhabitants of the Tromsø area, as well as the inhabitants of southern Troms and northern Nordland from facilities located in Harstad, Longyearbyen and Narvik.
UNN also serves the regional Emergency Medical Communication Center (Akuttmedisinsk kommunikasjonssentral) and operates a number of ambulance stations in Nordland and Troms.
References
External links
UNN website
Helse Nord website
Buildings and structures in Tromsø
Hospitals in Norway
Health trusts of Norway
Hospitals with year of establishment missing
2002 establishments in Norway
Organisations based in Tromsø |
4030253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism%20in%20political%20science | Postmodernism in political science | Postmodernism in political science refers to the use of postmodern ideas in political science.
Postmodernists believe that many situations which are considered political in nature can not be adequately discussed in traditional realist and liberal approaches to political science. Postmodernists cite examples such as the situation of a Benedictine University “draft-age youth whose identity is claimed in national narratives of ‘national security’ and the universalizing narratives of the ‘rights of man,’” of “the woman whose very womb is claimed by the irresolvable contesting narratives of ‘church,’ ‘paternity,’ ‘economy,’ and ‘liberal polity.’ In these cases, postmodernists argue that there are no fixed categories, stable sets of values, or common sense meanings to be understood in their scholarly exploration.
In these margins, postmodernists believe that people resist realist concepts of power which is repressive, in order to maintain a claim on their own identity. What makes this resistance significant is that among the aspects of power resisted is that which forces individuals to take a single identity or to be subject to a particular interpretation. Meaning and interpretation in these types of situations is always uncertain; arbitrary in fact. The power in effect here is not that of oppression, but that of the cultural and social implications around them, which creates the framework within which they see themselves, which creates the boundaries of their possible courses of action.
Postmodern political scientists, such as Richard Ashley, claim that in these marginal sites it is impossible to construct a coherent narrative, or story, about what is really taking place without including contesting and contradicting narratives, and still have a “true” story from the perspective of a “sovereign subject,” who can dictate the values pertinent to the “meaning” of the situation. In fact, it is possible here to deconstruct the idea of meaning. Ashley attempts to reveal the ambiguity of texts, especially Western texts, how the texts themselves can be seen as "sites of conflict" within a given culture or worldview. By regarding them in this way, deconstructive readings attempt to uncover evidence of ancient cultural biases, conflicts, lies, tyrannies, and power structures, such as the tensions and ambiguity between peace and war, lord and subject, male and female, which serve as further examples of Derrida's binary oppositions in which the first element is privileged, or considered prior to and more authentic, in relation to the second. Examples of postmodern political scientists include post-colonial writers such as Frantz Fanon, feminist writers such as Cynthia Enloe, and postpositive theorists such as Ashley and James Der Derian.
See also
Postmodernism (international relations)
References
Political science theories
Postmodernism |
4030254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando%20Sarmi | Ferdinando Sarmi | Count Ferdinando Sarmi (February 14, 1912 – 1982) was an Italian-born American fashion designer and businessman. He headed the Sarmi fashion design house in New York City.
Early years
Sarmi was born into a wealthy Italian family and raised in Trieste. He expressed interest in fashion as a youth but was discouraged from pursuing a design career by his father. Sarmi stated in a 1965 interview with Time magazine, "in Italy, when the oldest son tells his father he wants to be a dress designer, it's like a woman saying she intends to be a prostitute". His father sent him to study at the University of Siena, where he received a doctor of law degree. Despite his professional training, he desired a career in fashion. He became a costume designer and created costumes for two Italian films: Musica Proibita (released as Forbidden Music in the US) in 1942 and Cronaca di un Amore (released as Story of a Love Affair in the US) in 1950. It was his first and only known on-screen performance. He left Italy in 1951 to work in New York fashion.
New York
From 1951–1959, Sarmi was head designer for Elizabeth Arden. He then opened his own high quality ready-to-wear salon in New York in 1959, using the label Sarmi. In 1960, he won a Coty Award. It was during this time that he developed a reputation as a top designer, wooing an influential clientele that included celebrities, New York socialites, and foreign dignitaries. Pat Nixon wore a Sarmi for Arden gown to her husband's second inaugural ball in 1957. He was best known for his opulent evening looks, and for his use of extravagant fabrics such as swansdown. He became a naturalized United States citizen on January 12, 1959.
Sarmi left Arden and opened his own Seventh Avenue boutique in 1959. In 1960, he was awarded the prestigious Coty Award for fashion design. His collection included haute couture and ready-to-wear apparel that set the pace for 1960s fashion in New York. His designs commonly featured intricate embroideries, vivid colors, and racy hemlines as well as hand-silkscreened silks and the first-ever tie-dyed silk chiffons used in haute couture, designed and produced by Tzaims Luksus. During the late 1960s, the house fell upon financial difficulties. In 1972, his business was renamed Ferdinando Sarmi, but it closed shortly thereafter. By 1977, Sarmi had resettled in Italy, and he died in Verona in 1982.
References
1912 births
1982 deaths
American fashion designers
Businesspeople from Trieste
Clothing brands
Design companies established in 1959
High fashion brands
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian fashion designers
Luxury brands
Naturalized citizens of the United States
University of Siena alumni
Date of death missing |
4030255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Department%20of%20Transportation | Texas Department of Transportation | The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT ) is a government agency in the American state of Texas. Though the public face of the agency is generally associated with the construction and maintenance of the state's immense state highway system, the agency is also responsible for overseeing aviation, rail, and public transportation systems in the state.
At one time, TxDOT also administered vehicle registration; but this function transferred to the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles, a state agency which began operations in November 2009.
The agency has been headquartered in the Dewitt C. Greer Building at 125 East 11th Street in Downtown Austin, Texas, since 1933.
History
The Texas Legislature created the Texas Highway Department in 1916 to administer federal highway construction and maintenance. In 1975, its responsibilities increased when the agency merged with the Texas Mass Transportation Commission, to form the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation.
In 1986, the department started using "Don't Mess with Texas" as its slogan to reduce littering on Texas roadways, as part of a statewide advertising campaign. The phrase was prominently shown on road signs on major highways, as well as in television, radio, and print advertisements. The slogan is still in use and remains very popular.
In 1991, the Legislature combined the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, the Department of Aviation, and the Texas Motor Vehicle Commission to create the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).
In 1997, the pre-existing Texas Turnpike Authority (TTA) was divided into two successor agencies: the North Texas Tollway Authority took responsibility for TTA assets in four North Texas counties, while the Turnpike Authority Division of Texas DOT was given jurisdiction over toll facilities in the rest of the state.
In 2009, the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles was created by the state legislature, taking over some functions from TxDOT.
Administration
With approximately 12,000 employees, the executive director is currently Marc Williams. Previously Marc served as deputy executive director since 2015. He is assisted by one deputy director, Brandye Hendrickson. The department is organized into 25 geographical districts and 34 divisions.
Districts
TxDOT is one of the state's largest departments in terms of the number of subordinate offices – it maintains 25 geographical districts throughout the state. The large number of departments is needed due to the large size of the state, the widely varying climate and soil conditions affecting public roads, and the differing needs of the local populace (urban vs. suburban vs. rural). In 2010, TxDOT was reorganized into four regions, North, South, East, and West. The regions are designated as Regional Support Centers. The number of districts remained the same. Each district, managed by a district engineer, is responsible for the design, location, construction, and maintenance of its area transportation systems. Local field offices within districts are known as area offices, and many districts also have separate maintenance offices, usually on a county-by-county basis. Functional divisions and offices headquartered in Austin provide administrative and technical support to the districts.
Divisions
Publications
Every month, TxDOT publishes Texas Highways, a magazine aimed at showcasing various aspects of the state, often by providing interesting travel information on a specific stretch of highway (or highways) in the state. TxDOT also publishes the annual Texas Travel Guide, which offers points of interests for all regions of Texas.
Horizon is a quarterly journal focusing on transportation policy issues and financing in particular.
Gallery
See also
References
External links
Department of Transportation, Texas
State departments of transportation of the United States
United States railroad regulation
Motor vehicle registration agencies
Government agencies established in 1991
1991 establishments in Texas |
4030259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika%20Srpska%20dinar | Republika Srpska dinar | The dinar was the currency of the Republika Srpska between 1992 and 1994, during and following the Bosnian War. There were two distinct currencies issued by the National Bank of the Republika Srpska. The first was introduced in 1992 in conjunction with the Yugoslav dinar of that year, to which it was equal. The second was introduced on 1 October 1993, replacing the first at a rate of one million to one and matching the revaluation of the Yugoslav currency. Following this, the Republika Srpska used Yugoslav currency (first the "1994 dinar" and then "novi dinar") until 1998, when the convertible mark was introduced.
The two currencies were only issued in note form, with the first issued in denominations of 10 dinars up to 10 billion dinars and the second in denominations of 5000 dinars up to 50 billion dinars. The designs of the banknotes varied very little within the issues of the two currencies. The "1992 dinar" notes featured the arms of the republic on both sides, whilst the "1993 dinar" notes had a portrait of Petar Kočić on the obverse. Some of the issues in 1993 were overprints on 1992 banknotes.
See also
Yugoslav dinar
Krajina dinar
Croatian dinar
Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
Hyperinflation
dinar
History of Republika Srpska
Currencies of Europe
Modern obsolete currencies
1992 establishments in Europe
1998 disestablishments in Europe
1990s economic history |
4030267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrani%20Arabic | Bahrani Arabic | Bahrani Arabic (also known as Bahrani and Baharna Arabic) is a variety of Arabic spoken by the Baharna in Eastern Arabia and Oman. In Bahrain, the dialect is primarily spoken in Shia villages and some parts of Manama. In Saudi Arabia, the dialect is spoken in the governorate of Qatif.
The Bahrani Arabic dialect has been significantly influenced by the ancient Aramaic, Syriac, and Akkadian languages.
An interesting sociolinguistic feature of Bahrain is the existence of two main dialects: Bahrani and Sunni Arabic. Sunni Bahrainis speak a dialect which is most similar to urban dialect spoken in Qatar.
The Persian language has the most foreign linguistic influence on all the Bahraini dialects. The differences between Bahrani Arabic and other Bahraini dialects suggest differing historical origins. The main differences between Bahrani and non-Bahrani dialects are evident in certain grammatical forms and pronunciation. Most of the vocabulary, however, is shared between dialects, or is distinctly Bahraini, arising from a shared modern history. Many Bahrani words have also been borrowed from Urdu, Ottoman Turkish, or English.
Examples of words borrowed from other languages
bānka 'ceiling fan' from Persian
sōmān 'equipment' from Urdu.
lētar 'lighter' from English.
wīl 'wheel' from English
tēm 'time' from English
dareesha 'window' from Ottoman Turkish
dowshag 'mattress' from Persian
orradi 'already' from English
leitāt 'lights' from English
Bahrani dialect has borrowed some vocabulary from Persian, Urdu, Ottoman Turkish, and more recently from English.
Features
Holes divides the sedentary dialects of the Gulf to two types:
Type A, which includes the dialects of Sunni tribes that settled in Eastern Arabia between the 17th and 19th century, and the Huwala. This group includes the standard Gulf Arabic dialects of Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and UAE.
Type B, which includes the dialects of Omani Ibadis and Eastern Arabian Shia (the Baharna).
Bahrani Arabic (called Baħrāni by its speakers) shares many features with surrounding Type A dialects (e.g. Kuwait, UAE, Qatar). Some general features:
Classical Arabic /q/ becomes /g/, for example gamar (moon).
Classical Arabic /ð/ becomes /d/, for example danab (tail).
/q/ and /ð/ is preserved for some Classical Arabic borrowings, for example [ðulqaʕdah] (Dhu Al-Qa'dah).
Affrication of /k/ to /tʃ/ in many words, for example [tʃalb] (dog).
/θ/ has the free variant /f/, and in some dialects /t/, for example falāfeh or talāteh (three).
/dʒ/ becomes /j/ in some rural dialects, for example yiħħe (watermelon).
Usage of -sh suffix (/ʃ/) as a feminine second-person pronoun akin to masculine -k, for example babish (your door).
Usage of sentence-final particle e (pronounced [ɛː]) to indicate questions, for example 'inzaine (OK?).
Phonology
See also
Varieties of Arabic
Peninsular Arabic
References
Further reading
Mahdi Abdalla Al-Tajir. 1983. Language and Linguistic Origins in Bahrain: The Bahrani Dialect of Arabic.
Clive Holes. 1983. "Bahraini Dialects: Sectarian Differences and the Sedentary/Nomadic Split," Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik 10:7-38.
Clive Holes. 1987. Language Variation and Change in a Modernising Arab State: The Case of Bahrain.
Clive Holes. 2001. Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary.
Clive Holes, "Dialect and National Identity. The Cultural Politics of Self-Representation in Bahraini Musalsalat", in Paul Dresch and James Piscatori (eds), Monarchies and Nations: Globalisation and Identity in the Arab states of the Gulf, London: I.B. Tauris, 2005, p. 60.
External links
Baharna Arabic Travel Phrases
Dialects of the Arabian Peninsula
Languages of Saudi Arabia
Languages of Bahrain
Languages of Oman
Arabic languages
Mashriqi Arabic
Peninsular Arabic |
4030279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang%20%28Unix%29 | Shebang (Unix) | In computing, a shebang is the character sequence consisting of the characters number sign and exclamation mark () at the beginning of a script. It is also called sharp-exclamation, sha-bang, hashbang, pound-bang, or hash-pling.
When a text file with a shebang is used as if it is an executable in a Unix-like operating system, the program loader mechanism parses the rest of the file's initial line as an interpreter directive. The loader executes the specified interpreter program, passing to it as an argument using the path that was initially used when attempting to run the script, so that the program may use the file as input data. For example, if a script is named with the path path/to/script, and it starts with the following line, #!/bin/sh, then the program loader is instructed to run the program /bin/sh, passing path/to/script as the first argument.
In Linux, this behavior is the result of both kernel and user-space code.
The shebang line is usually ignored by the interpreter, because the "#" character is a comment marker in many scripting languages; some language interpreters that do not use the hash mark to begin comments still may ignore the shebang line in recognition of its purpose.
Syntax
The form of a shebang interpreter directive is as follows:
#!interpreter [optional-arg]
in which interpreter is generally an absolute path to an executable program. The optional argument is a string representing a single argument. White space after is optional.
In Linux, the file specified by interpreter can be executed if it has one of the following:
the execute right and contains code which the kernel can execute directly,
a wrapper defined for it via sysctl (such as for executing Microsoft .exe binaries using wine),
a shebang.
On Linux and Minix, an interpreter can also be a script. A chain of shebangs and wrappers yields a directly executable file that gets the encountered scripts as parameters in reverse order. For example, if file /bin/A is an executable file in ELF format, file /bin/B contains the shebang , and file /bin/C contains the shebang , then executing file /bin/C resolves to , which finally resolves to .
In Solaris- and Darwin-derived operating systems (such as macOS), the file specified by interpreter must be an executable binary and cannot itself be a script.
Examples
Some typical shebang lines:
#!/bin/sh – Execute the file using the Bourne shell, or a compatible shell, assumed to be in the /bin directory
#!/bin/bash – Execute the file using the Bash shell
#!/usr/bin/pwsh – Execute the file using PowerShell
#!/usr/bin/env python3 – Execute with a Python interpreter, using the env program search path to find it
#!/bin/false – Do nothing, but return a non-zero exit status, indicating failure. Used to prevent stand-alone execution of a script file intended for execution in a specific context, such as by the . command from sh/bash, source from csh/tcsh, or as a .profile, .cshrc, or .login file.
Shebang lines may include specific options that are passed to the interpreter. However, implementations vary in the parsing behavior of options; for portability, only one option should be specified without any embedded whitespace. Further portability guidelines are found below.
Purpose
Interpreter directives allow scripts and data files to be used as commands, hiding the details of their implementation from users and other programs, by removing the need to prefix scripts with their interpreter on the command line.
A Bourne shell script that is identified by the path some/path/to/foo, has the initial line,
#!/bin/sh -x
and is executed with parameters bar and baz as
some/path/to/foo bar baz
provides a similar result as having actually executed the following command line instead:
/bin/sh -x some/path/to/foo bar baz
If /bin/sh specifies the Bourne shell, then the end result is that all of the shell commands in the file some/path/to/foo are executed with the positional variables $1 and $2 having the values bar and baz, respectively. Also, because the initial number sign is the character used to introduce comments in the Bourne shell language (and in the languages understood by many other interpreters), the whole shebang line is ignored by the interpreter.
However, it is up to the interpreter to ignore the shebang line; thus, a script consisting of the following two lines simply echos both lines to standard output when run:
#!/bin/cat
Hello world!
Strengths
When compared to the use of global association lists between file extensions and the interpreting applications, the interpreter directive method allows users to use interpreters not known at a global system level, and without administrator rights. It also allows specific selection of interpreter, without overloading the filename extension namespace (where one file extension refers to more than one file type), and allows the implementation language of a script to be changed without changing its invocation syntax by other programs. Invokers of the script need not know what the implementation language is as the script itself is responsible for specifying the interpreter to use.
Portability
Program location
Shebangs must specify absolute paths (or paths relative to current working directory) to system executables; this can cause problems on systems that have a non-standard file system layout. Even when systems have fairly standard paths, it is quite possible for variants of the same operating system to have different locations for the desired interpreter. Python, for example, might be in /usr/bin/python3, /usr/local/bin/python3, or even something like /home/username/bin/python3 if installed by an ordinary user.
A similar problem exists for the POSIX shell, since POSIX only required its name to be sh, but did not mandate a path. A common value is , but some systems such as Solaris have the POSIX-compatible shell at /usr/xpg4/bin/sh. In many Linux systems, /bin/sh is a hard or symbolic link to /bin/bash, the Bourne Again shell (BASH). Using bash-specific syntax while maintaining a shebang pointing to sh is also not portable.
Because of this it is sometimes required to edit the shebang line after copying a script from one computer to another because the path that was coded into the script may not apply on a new machine, depending on the consistency in past convention of placement of the interpreter. For this reason and because POSIX does not standardize path names, POSIX does not standardize the feature. The GNU Autoconf tool can test for system support with the macro AC_SYS_INTERPRETER.
Often, the program can be used to circumvent this limitation by introducing a level of indirection. is followed by , followed by the desired command without full path, as in this example:
#!/usr/bin/env sh
This mostly works because the path is commonly used for the utility,
and it invokes the first found in the user's $PATH, typically .
This still has some portability issues with OpenServer 5.0.6 and Unicos 9.0.2 which have only and no .
Character interpretation
Another portability problem is the interpretation of the command arguments.
Some systems, including Linux, do not split up the arguments; for example, when running the script with the first line like,
#!/usr/bin/env python3 -c
all text after the first space is treated as a single argument, that is, will be passed as one argument to , rather than two arguments. Cygwin also behaves this way.
Complex interpreter invocations are possible through the use of an additional wrapper. FreeBSD 6.0 (2005) introduced a option to its as it changed the shebang-reading behavior to non-splitting. This option tells to split the string itself. The GNU utility since coreutils 8.30 (2018) also includes this feature. Although using this option mitigates the portability issue on the kernel end with splitting, it adds the requirement that supports this particular extension.
Another problem is scripts containing a carriage return character immediately after the shebang line, perhaps as a result of being edited on a system that uses DOS line breaks, such as Microsoft Windows. Some systems interpret the carriage return character as part of the interpreter command, resulting in an error message.
Magic number
The shebang is actually a human-readable instance of a magic number in the executable file, the magic byte string being , the two-character encoding in ASCII of . This magic number is detected by the "exec" family of functions, which determine whether a file is a script or an executable binary. The presence of the shebang will result in the execution of the specified executable, usually an interpreter for the script's language. It has been claimed that some old versions of Unix expect the normal shebang to be followed by a space and a slash (), but this appears to be untrue; rather, blanks after the shebang have traditionally been allowed, and sometimes documented with a space (see the 1980 email in history section below).
The shebang characters are represented by the same two bytes in extended ASCII encodings, including UTF-8, which is commonly used for scripts and other text files on current Unix-like systems. However, UTF-8 files may begin with the optional byte order mark (BOM); if the "exec" function specifically detects the bytes and , then the presence of the BOM () before the shebang will prevent the script interpreter from being executed. Some authorities recommend against using the byte order mark in POSIX (Unix-like) scripts, for this reason and for wider interoperability and philosophical concerns. Additionally, a byte order mark is not necessary in UTF-8, as that encoding does not have endianness issues; it serves only to identify the encoding as UTF-8.
Etymology
An executable file starting with an interpreter directive is simply called a script, often prefaced with the name or general classification of the intended interpreter. The name shebang for the distinctive two characters may have come from an inexact contraction of SHArp bang or haSH bang, referring to the two typical Unix names for them. Another theory on the sh in shebang is that it is from the default shell sh, usually invoked with shebang. This usage was current by December 1989, and probably earlier.
History
The shebang was introduced by Dennis Ritchie between Edition 7 and 8 at Bell Laboratories. It was also added to the BSD releases from Berkeley's Computer Science Research (present at 2.8BSD and activated by default by 4.2BSD). As AT&T Bell Laboratories Edition 8 Unix, and later editions, were not released to the public, the first widely known appearance of this feature was on BSD.
The lack of an interpreter directive, but support for shell scripts, is apparent in the documentation from Version 7 Unix in 1979, which describes instead a facility of the Bourne shell where files with execute permission would be handled specially by the shell, which would (sometimes depending on initial characters in the script, such as ":" or "#") spawn a subshell which would interpret and run the commands contained in the file. In this model, scripts would only behave as other commands if called from within a Bourne shell. An attempt to directly execute such a file via the operating system's own exec() system trap would fail, preventing scripts from behaving uniformly as normal system commands.
In later versions of Unix-like systems, this inconsistency was removed. Dennis Ritchie introduced kernel support for interpreter directives in January 1980, for Version 8 Unix, with the following description:
From uucp Thu Jan 10 01:37:58 1980
>From dmr Thu Jan 10 04:25:49 1980 remote from research
The system has been changed so that if a file being executed
begins with the magic characters #! , the rest of the line is understood
to be the name of an interpreter for the executed file.
Previously (and in fact still) the shell did much of this job;
it automatically executed itself on a text file with executable mode
when the text file's name was typed as a command.
Putting the facility into the system gives the following
benefits.
1) It makes shell scripts more like real executable files,
because they can be the subject of 'exec.'
2) If you do a 'ps' while such a command is running, its real
name appears instead of 'sh'.
Likewise, accounting is done on the basis of the real name.
3) Shell scripts can be set-user-ID.
4) It is simpler to have alternate shells available;
e.g. if you like the Berkeley csh there is no question about
which shell is to interpret a file.
5) It will allow other interpreters to fit in more smoothly.
To take advantage of this wonderful opportunity,
put
#! /bin/sh
at the left margin of the first line of your shell scripts.
Blanks after ! are OK. Use a complete pathname (no search is done).
At the moment the whole line is restricted to 16 characters but
this limit will be raised.
The feature's creator didn't give it a name, however:
From: "Ritchie, Dennis M (Dennis)** CTR **" <dmr@[redacted]>
To: <[redacted]@talisman.org>
Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2009 18:37:37 -0600
Subject: RE: What do -you- call your #!<something> line?
I can't recall that we ever gave it a proper name.
It was pretty late that it went in--I think that I
got the idea from someone at one of the UCB conferences
on Berkeley Unix; I may have been one of the first to
actually install it, but it was an idea that I got
from elsewhere.
As for the name: probably something descriptive like
"hash-bang" though this has a specifically British flavor, but
in any event I don't recall particularly using a pet name
for the construction.
Kernel support for interpreter directives spread to other versions of Unix, and one modern implementation can be seen in the Linux kernel source in fs/binfmt_script.c.
This mechanism allows scripts to be used in virtually any context normal compiled programs can be, including as full system programs, and even as interpreters of other scripts. As a caveat, though, some early versions of kernel support limited the length of the interpreter directive to roughly 32 characters (just 16 in its first implementation), would fail to split the interpreter name from any parameters in the directive, or had other quirks. Additionally, some modern systems allow the entire mechanism to be constrained or disabled for security purposes (for example, set-user-id support has been disabled for scripts on many systems).
Note that, even in systems with full kernel support for the #! magic number, some scripts lacking interpreter directives (although usually still requiring execute permission) are still runnable by virtue of the legacy script handling of the Bourne shell, still present in many of its modern descendants. Scripts are then interpreted by the user's default shell.
See also
binfmt_misc
CrunchBang Linux
File association
URI fragment
Notes
References
External links
Details about the shebang mechanism on various Unix flavours
#! - the Unix truth as far as I know it (a more generic approach)
FOLDOC shebang article
Unix |
4030280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang | Shebang | Shebang may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
The Shebang, an Australian radio show
She-Bang, a character from the cartoon Static Shock
Shebang, a mid 1960s dance show hosted by Casey Kasem
Other uses
shebang (Unix), the #! syntax used in computer programs to indicate an interpreter for execution
See also
"She Bangs", a song performed by Ricky Martin
The Whole Shebang (disambiguation) |
4030295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Aquatones | The Aquatones | The Aquatones were an American doo-wop group in the 1950s. The group's lead singer was 17-year-old Lynne Nixon, a soprano who had had formal operatic training.
The Aqua-Tones had one Billboard Hot 100 hit, entitled "You", for the Fargo label. Their subsequent releases all failed to reach the Hot 100. They were issued in the early 1960s and finally on an album that gathered together most of their songs, which was issued three years after their hit single, and just before their final Fargo release in July 1961, a remake of The Heartbeats' "Crazy For You". That song was not on the original album, but was included in the reissue in the 1980s.
In the late 1990s, the group reformed with a new lead singer, Colette Delaney. They released a number of CDs on the Debra label of remakes and new material, including a Christmas album in 2006.
Sound
The Aquatones were a four-part harmony group with a female lead vocalist, Lynne Nixon (22 March 1941 – 9 January 2001). The group began in 1956 as three males from Valley Stream, New York, United States, called the Rhythm Kings; the members were Dave Goddard, Larry Vannata and Gene McCarthy. They came together to record a song written by Goddard for their junior class play at Valley Stream Central High School. All of the men played instruments as well as singing vocals — McCarthy on the clarinet and tenor sax, Vannata the alto and tenor saxophones and Goddard on piano. Bob Boden played drums when they performed live. A classmate's father, a record distributor, heard the group and suggested that they add a high falsetto voice. Shortly thereafter Vannata met Lynne Nixon at a dance and asked McCarthy and Goddard to give her an audition. Upon hearing her voice they agreed to add her to the group. At first Nixon only sang backgrounds, until Vannata wrote the song "You" for her to sing.
The group later changed its name to the Aquatones. In 1957, the three original members decided to add Nixon as a fourth member to give the group some versatility. It was not long after the group became a foursome that they found themselves performing at a talent contest at Malverne High School. The contest, entitled "Stairway to the Stars", was just that for the group, as local real estate mogul-turned-music-promoter Lou Fargo heard them and liked what he saw and heard. In December 1957, he signed the group and they went to record on Fargo's own label.
First record
Their first song was "You" (Fargo 1001 b/w "She's the One For Me"). It was a group harmony recording. The record hit on the Billboard chart in April 1958. "You" gained attention again in 1973 when it was used in the crime thriller Mean Streets, written and directed by Martin Scorsese. Such classics as "I Met Him on a Sunday" by The Shirelles, "Zoom Zoom Zoom" by The Collegians and "Sweet Little Sixteen" by Chuck Berry were out at the same time. While "You" did very well in the East, it only managed to hit No. 21 across the United States.
More recently the song was featured in the TV series Mad Men, in the episode "Five G", during a scene where Don meets his younger brother at a diner, offering him money and telling him he does not want to have anything to do with him. Later the brother commits suicide. Previously, the song was used in a very similar context on the TV series The Sopranos, in the episode "Everybody Hurts", accompanying a disturbing dream sequence in which a character, Gloria Trillo, commits suicide.
"You" is also featured in the television series, Vampire Diaries, season 5, episode 7 ("Death and the Maiden"). The character Silas is sitting at a bus stop talking to a young couple. He is telling them the truth about himself, which makes them believe he is crazy. He then makes the man in the couple very ill and the woman runs away. Silas then gets on a bus going to Virginia. The song plays out over opening title card.
Follow up
Their follow-up record was "Say You'll Be Mine" b/w "So Fine" (Fargo 1002). Their third single was "Our First Kiss" b/w "Drive In" (Fargo 1003). Their next release in October 1958 was "My Treasure" b/w "My One Desire" (Fargo 1005) but it received little interest. "My Darling" b/w "For You, For You" (Fargo 1111) followed, as did "Crazy For You" b/w "Wanted" (Fargo 1016) in 1961. "Crazy For You" was a cover of the original Heartbeats' tune.
Fargo released an album of the group's material in 1964, as the Aquatones went their separate ways.
Lynne Nixon died in January 2001.
Colette Delaney
In 1998, Goddard heard a young lady sing who sounded similar to Nixon. A year later he approached the girl, Colette Delaney, about singing in a new Aquatones group. Delaney had had a career in musical comedy and was interested in singing with the group. They started making "demo" recordings of some of the Aquatones' old music. The result was a new CD, released on Debra Records. The CD included performances from the original Aquatones — Dave Goddard, Gene McCarthy and Larry Vannata.
References
External links
AllMusic biography by Cub Koda
Color Radio's entry
Matt The Cat Interview
Aquatones biography and discography
Aquatones biography
Musical groups from New York (state)
Doo-wop groups |
4030297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock%20Dodds | Jock Dodds | Ephraim Dodds (7 September 1915 – 23 February 2007) was a Scottish professional footballer. He played in the 1936 FA Cup Final, and, at the time of his death was the oldest surviving player to have played in a final at Wembley Stadium.
Club career
Dodds was born in Grangemouth. His father died when he was two years old. His family moved to Durham in 1927 after his mother remarried. Four years later, at the age of 16, he began his career at First Division Huddersfield Town as a centre forward.
In 1934, after just two years with the Terriers, and via a short spell with Lincoln City, he took a free transfer to Second Division Sheffield United. Dodds later became the Blades''' leading scorer for four successive seasons, netting a total of 130 goals in just 203 appearances.
His debut came on 15 September 1934, against Burnley but despite playing and scoring regularly in the following months, the club was unconvinced that he was yet of first-team quality. The club made an enquiry into the return of former player Jimmy Dunne, who found himself out of favour at Arsenal after he had been sold, but this came to nothing due to a cartilage injury. Dodds secured his position by scoring four goals in the next game, a 6–1 victory against Southampton on 16 February 1935. His prolific goalscoring helped the club reach the 1936 FA Cup Final, in which he almost scored, hitting the crossbar with a header. It was said by Ernest Jackson that he would have scored nine times out of ten from such a position and Dodds himself claimed that he had been pushed in the back by Wilf Copping. United ultimately lost the final to Arsenal, 1–0, thanks to a goal by Ted Drake.
Big, strong and quick, Dodds worked hard at his game and was duly rewarded. His 100th league goal came in his 154th appearance, against Tottenham Hotspur on 12 September 1938. His last appearance for the Blades came against city rivals Sheffield Wednesday on 4 March 1939.
Dodds moved to First Division Blackpool in March 1939 for £10,000, citing family reasons as the source of his transfer request. At the time it was the second highest transfer fee, to the record fee of £14,000 paid to Wolverhampton Wanderers by Arsenal for Bryn Jones. Dodds agreed terms of £6 a week plus a £2 bonus for every first-team appearance.
On his move to Blackpool Dodds later said, "It was a lovely sunny day and after the sooty streets of Sheffield I remember thinking it was like coming to paradise." He made his Seasiders debut on 11 March 1939, in a defeat at Charlton Athletic, scoring Blackpool's only goal. He went on to score four in a home win over Middlesbrough and quickly became a favourite. The Second World War intervened, and the Football League programme was abandoned. Dodds joined the Royal Air Force, and was stationed in Blackpool as a PT instructor sergeant. He continued to play for Blackpool, with most of his goals in the war years coming in regional competitions. In the North Regional League, he scored 65 goals in 1941–2, and then 47 goals in 1942–3. In 1943, Blackpool beat Sheffield Wednesday over two legs to win the League Cup North, and then defeated League Cup South champions Arsenal 4–2, mainly thanks to right winger Stanley Matthews. He scored eight goals against Stockport County in 1941, and seven goals against Tranmere Rovers in 1942, including a hat-trick in just minutes. For over 60 years it stood as the fastest hat-trick in the Football League, before James Hayter bettered it by ten seconds in 2004.
During World War II, Dodds played guest matches for Manchester United, Fulham and West Ham United. He also made one guest appearance for Clapton Orient, against Queens Park Rangers on 14 October 1944. Orient lost 0-3 before 3,000 spectators.
In seven years at Bloomfield Road, Dodds scored well over 200 goals, including 66 in 1941-2 alone.
He signed for Irish side Shamrock Rovers in August 1946 and scored twice on his debut at Milltown on 8 September . In total he played five games, two in the Dublin City Cup and three in the League of Ireland Shield scoring four goals before being sold to Everton in November 1946 for £7,750 . Everton were in desperate need of a centre forward after Dixie Dean retired and Tommy Lawton moved to Chelsea. Dodds scored 36 goals in 55 league appearances for the Toffees in 1946–8. He was sold to his former club Lincoln City in October 1948 for £6,000, where he ended his playing career.
International career
Dodds made all eight of his international appearances for Scotland during the wartime period, and thus they are unofficial. On 18 April 1942, he netted a hat-trick in a 5–4 win over England at Hampden Park in front of a crowd of 91,000. Bill Shankly hit Scotland's winning goal. Dodds scored 8 goals in his 6 games versus England.
Post-retirement
After retiring as a player, he tried to recruit players to go to Bogotá, to play in a new league outside FIFA control. He was banned by the Football Association in July 1950 for bringing the game into disrepute, but was later cleared. He decided against taking up positions in football management, and concentrated on business interests in Blackpool, where he said of the town in 1989, "I have lived here ever since [his move from Sheffield in 1939] and love the place."
On 22 February 1989 Dodds was given a certificate for his two-and-a-half-minute hat-trick against Tranmere Rovers in 1942, which had for many years been listed in the Guinness Book of Records. "I have been listed in the Guinness Book of Records for years but I never thought about a certificate until I read about a woman receiving one for being the oldest golfer to hit a hole in one. A friend wrote to the GBR asking if I could have a certificate and they sent one to me."
Dodds' wife died in 2005, and he died two years later, on 24 February 2007 at Blackpool's Victoria Hospital. At the time of his death he was the oldest living FA Cup finalist, aged 91.
Blackpool F.C. Hall of Fame
Dodds was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road, when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006. Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association, Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes. Five players from each decade are inducted; Dodds is in the 'pre-1950s'.
Career statistics
Sheffield United
References
Further reading
External links
Jock Dodds in the Blackpool Supporters Association Hall of Fame
Obituary, The Independent, 7 March 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 9 May 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 13 May 2007
1915 births
2007 deaths
Scottish footballers
Association football forwards
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Shamrock Rovers F.C. players
League of Ireland players
People from Grangemouth
West Ham United F.C. wartime guest players
Scotland wartime international footballers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Footballers from Falkirk (council area)
Clapton Orient F.C. wartime guest players
Manchester United F.C. wartime guest players
Fulham F.C. wartime guest players
Anglo-Scots
Royal Air Force airmen
FA Cup Final players |
4030302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%20Love | Grimm Love | Grimm Love (original German title Rohtenburg, a pun on roh "raw" + Rotenburg) is a 2006 psychological horror film inspired by the Armin Meiwes cannibal murder case.
Plot
Keri Russell plays Katie Armstrong, an American student in Germany studying criminal psychology. She chooses a notorious subject for her thesis: the cannibal killer Oliver Hartwin (played by Thomas Kretschmann). Oliver dreamed of eating a willing victim and, thanks to the internet, he was able to find a volunteer, a young man named Simon Grombeck (played by Thomas Huber).
The story is told in flashbacks as Katie researches these men and their pasts. Events culminate in Katie's discovery of a snuff tape that documents the crime.
Cast
Production
The film is directed by music-video specialist Martin Weisz and written by T. S. Faull.
Release
The film had its world premiere at London FrightFest Film Festival on 27 August 2006 under the title Grimm Love.
In October 2006, the film won four awards at the Festival de Cine de Sitges: Best Director, Best Actor (Thomas Kretschmann and Thomas Huber), and Best Cinematography. It won the Melies d'Argent at the Luxembourg International Film Festival. In July 2007, the film won Best Director and Best Actor (Thomas Kretschman and Thomas Huber) at the Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival.
Rohtenburg was scheduled for release in Germany on 9 March 2006. In March 2006, the film was banned by a German court for infringing the personal rights of Armin Meiwes, but the film has been sold for international release and will be shown worldwide. In May 2009, the Federal Court of Justice annulled the ban in favor of freedom of arts.
The film has also screened at Austin's South by Southwest festival, among others, in advance of its US release. It is part of the 2010 Fangoria FrightFest.
Notes
External links
2006 films
2000s crime drama films
English-language German films
German LGBT-related films
2000s crime thriller films
Crime films based on actual events
Films about snuff films
Films about cannibalism
2000s exploitation films
2006 LGBT-related films
2006 drama films
Films directed by Martin Weisz
Film censorship in Germany
Film controversies in Germany
Obscenity controversies in film
2000s English-language films |
4030329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorduGrid | NorduGrid | NorduGrid is a collaboration aiming at development, maintenance and support of the free Grid middleware, known as the Advanced Resource Connector (ARC).
History
The name NorduGrid first became known in 2001 as short for the project called "Nordic Testbed for Wide Area Computing and Data Handling" funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers via the Nordunet2 programme. That project's main goal was to set up a prototype of a distributed computing infrastructure (a testbed), aiming primarily at the needs of the High Energy Physics researchers in the ATLAS experiment.
Following evaluation of the then existing Grid technology solutions, NorduGrid developers came up with an alternative software architecture. It was implemented and demonstrated in May 2002, and soon became known as the NorduGrid Middleware. In 2004 this middleware solution was given a proper name, the Advanced Resource Connector (ARC).
Until May 2003, NorduGrid headquarters were in the Niels Bohr Institute; at the 5th NorduGrid Workshop it was decided to move them to the Oslo University. The present-day formal collaboration was established in 2005 by five Nordic academic institutes (Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark, Helsinki Institute of Physics in Finland, Oslo University in Norway, and Lund and Uppsala Universities in Sweden) with the goal to develop, support, maintain and popularize ARC. Deployment and support of the Nordic Grid infrastructure itself became the responsibility of the NDGF project, launched in June 2006. This marked clear separation between Grid middleware providers and infrastructure services providers. To further support ARC development, NorduGrid and several other interested partners secured dedicated funding through EU FP6 project KnowARC.
NorduGrid Collaboration is based upon a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding and is open for new members.
Goals
The NorduGrid Collaboration is the consortium behind the ARC middleware, and its key goal is to ensure that ARC is further developed, maintained, supported and widely deployed, while remaining a free open-source software, suitable for a wide variety of high-throughput Grid computational tasks.
The ultimate goal is to provide a reliable, scalable, portable and full-featured solution for Grid infrastructures, conformant with open standards, primarily those developed in the framework of the Open Grid Forum.
While ARC software development may and does often take place outside NorduGrid, the Collaboration coordinates contributions to the code and maintains the code and software repositories, as well as a build system, an issue tracking system and other necessary software development services.
NorduGrid defines strategical directions for development of ARC and ensures financial support for it.
ARC Community
The term "ARC Community" is used to refer to various groups of people willing to share their computational resources via ARC. A tit-for-tat user group is formalized as a virtual organisation (VO), allowing the mutual use of such community resources.
Contrary to the popular belief, NorduGrid members are not required to provide computing or storage resources; neither offering such resources grants an automatic membership.
Still, ARC community as a whole owns a substantial amount of computing and storage resources. On a voluntarily basis, and for the purpose of the open-source development process, community members may donate CPU cycles and some storage space to the developers and testers. Such resources constitute the testbed for the ARC middleware.
Other than such donated community resources, NorduGrid does not provide or allocate any computational resources and does not coordinate worldwide deployment of ARC.
Actual deployment and usage of ARC-based distributed computing infrastructures is coordinated by the respective infrastructure projects, such as e.g. NDGF, Swegrid (Sweden), Material Sciences National Grid Infrastructure (M-grid) (Finland), NorGrid (Norway) etc..
Apart from contributing computational resources, many groups develop higher-level software tools on top of ARC (e.g.). This kind of development is not coordinated by NorduGrid, but assistance is provided by the Collaboration upon request.
NorduGrid Certification Authority
NorduGrid Certification Authority (CA) is currently the only major infrastructure service provided by the NorduGrid. This Authority issues electronic certificates to users and services, such that they can work in Grid environments. Present day Grid implementations require X.509 certificates to validate identity of Grid participants. NorduGrid CA provides such certificates to individuals and machines associated with research and/or academic institutions in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The NorduGrid Certification Authority is a member of the European Policy Management Authority for Grid Authentication (EUGridPMA).
Related projects
EU KnowARC project
Nordic Data Grid Facility
NGIn: Innovative Tools and Services for NorduGrid
Swegrid (Sweden)
Dansk Center for Grid Computing (Denmark)
Material Sciences National Grid Infrastructure (M-grid) (Finland)
Eesti Grid (Estonia)
NorGrid (Norway)
Swiss National Grid Association
See also
Advanced Resource Connector
KnowARC
Nordic Data Grid Facility
Enabling Grids for E-sciencE
European Grid Initiative
European Middleware Initiative
Open Science Grid
UNICORE
Open Grid Forum
External links
NorduGrid Web site
NorduGrid Certification Authority
KnowARC EU project contributing to the ARC middleware development
Nordic DataGrid Facility, a Nordic project contributing to the ARC middleware development
References
Grid computing projects
Grid computing products
Information technology organizations based in Europe |
4030331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pif%20Gadget | Pif Gadget | Pif Gadget was a French comic magazine for children that ran from 1969 to 1993 and 2004 to 2009. Its readership peaked in the early 1970s.
Predecessors
Pif has its origins in Le Jeune Patriote, a youth magazine published by French Communists during the German occupation of France during World War II. It was published illegally from January 1942 but became legal from 1944. In 1945 it was renamed Vaillant, Le Jeune Patriote. In 1946 its title was shortened to Vaillant, with the tag, "le journal le plus captivant" (The Most Captivating Magazine). For the April issue of 1965, the title was changed to Vaillant, le journal de Pif, due to the popularity of its character Pif, a dog character created by José Cabrero Arnal. Until 1969, Vaillant had, like its competitors, serialized some stories over several issues, but the magazine in this incarnation ended with issue number 1238 on February 23, 1969.
Publication history
Pif Gadget started again as a weekly magazine with issue number 1, released on February 24, 1969, but retained the old number relative to Vaillant. The magazine was called Pif et son gadget surprise for the first few months. The gadget was a "free gift" toy with each issue, including Pifises (brine shrimp in stasis, which readers could raise as minuscule pets - known in English as sea monkeys).
The cover of Pif Gadget had the strapline Tout en récits complets (all in complete stories) indicating that none of the comic strips were serialized over multiple issues.
Its featured comics included:
Rahan
Doc Justice
Hugo Pratt's Corto Maltese
Marcel Gotlib's Gai-Luron
Nikita Mandryka's Les Aventures potagères du Concombre masqué
Raymond Poïvet and Roger Lecureux's Les Pionniers de l'Espérance
Le Grêlé 7/13, Nasdine Hodja, Arthur le fantôme justicier, Les Rigolus et les Tristus, Corinne et Jeannot, Dicentim le petit Franc.
Documentary filmmaker Fredric Lean created a series based on 'Docteur Justice' for French TV network M6.
Pif Gadget'''s record print run was one million copies, first on April 6, 1970, and again in September 1971. This set a record for a European comic strip that still stands. The paper also benefited from being able to reach the newly industrialized countries, and was one of the select few Western magazines allowed to be sold behind the Iron Curtain due to its left-wing credentials. It went into rapid decline at the same time as the Soviet Union faded, with content thinning and stories extended over several issues. Its last major feature was during the bicentennial of the French Revolution in 1989. The original version was last printed in February 1993.Pif Gadget was revived as a monthly magazine in July 2004 under the aegis of Pif Editions, with runs of approximately 100,000 units. Saddled with about 4 million euros of debt, the 6-person company went into receivership (redressement judiciaire) in March 2007 and was wound up (liquidation judiciaire) on January 15, 2009. The last issue was published in November 2008.
It has been relaunched in 2015 as a quarterly named "Super Pif".
Similar comics
Pif inspired similar comics in other countries including Yps in Germany and Jippo in Scandinavia.
Notes
References
Richard Médioni, Pif Gadget : la véritable histoire des origines à 1973'', édition Vaillant collector, 2003.
La mémoire de Vaillant et Pif BD oubliées
External links
Pif Gadget, 27th issue
Pif Collection
Le bozo-bozo, génial casse-tête/tour de magie
Rahan's site
Vaillant/Pif – on Lambiek Comiclopedia
1969 establishments in France
2009 disestablishments in France
Communist magazines
Comics magazines published in France
French Communist Party
French-language magazines
Defunct magazines published in France
1969 comics debuts
1993 comics endings
2004 comics debuts
2009 comics endings
Magazines established in 1969
Magazines disestablished in 1993
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines disestablished in 2009
Weekly magazines published in France
Monthly magazines published in France |
4030339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranuma | Hiranuma | Hiranuma is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Kiichirō Hiranuma (1867–1952), 35th Prime Minister of Japan
Takeo Hiranuma (born 1939), Japanese politician
Japanese-language surnames |
4030342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%20Day%20Reflection%20Songs | Summer Day Reflection Songs | Summer Day Reflection Songs is a compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released on 25 April 2000.
History
In 2000, Castle Records released every song of Donovan's 1965 Pye Records recordings on one collection. Summer Day Reflection Songs features all of the tracks from What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid and Fairytale, as well as all of Donovan's Pye single recordings, B-sides and EP tracks. Castle also included "Every Man Has His Chain", a song that had only previously appeared as a track on a French EP dating from 1965.
Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.
Disc one
"Catch the Wind" (original single version with strings) – 2:21
"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do" – 2:57
"Josie" – 3:29
"Catch the Wind" (album version without strings] – 2:57
"Remember the Alamo" (Jane Bowers) – 3:06
"Cuttin' Out" – 2:21
"Car Car" (Woody Guthrie) – 1:33
"Keep On Truckin'" (traditional; arranged by Donovan Leitch) – 1:52
"Goldwatch Blues" (Mick Softley) – 2:34
"To Sing for You" – 2:46
"You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond" (traditional; arranged by Donovan Leitch) – 4:05
"Tangerine Puppet" – 1:53
"Donna Donna" (Aaron Zeitlin, Sholom Secunda, Arthur S Kevess, Teddi Schwartz) – 2:58
"Ramblin' Boy" – 2:36
"Every Man Has His Chain" – 2:14
"Colours" (original single version) – 2:44
Disc two
"Universal Soldier" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 2:16
"The Ballad of a Crystal Man" – 3:19
"The War Drags On" (Mick Softley) – 3:44
"Do You Hear Me Now" (Bert Jansch) – 1:51
"Colours" (album version without harmonica) – 2:47
"To Try for the Sun" – 3:41
"Sunny Goodge Street" – 2:58
"Oh Deed I Do" (Bert Jansch) – 2:10
"Circus of Sour" (Paul Bernath) – 1:54
"Summer Day Reflection Song" – 2:10
"Candy Man" (traditional; arranged by Donovan Leitch) – 3:30
"Jersey Thursday" – 2:17
"Belated Forgiveness Plea" – 2:59
"The Ballad of a Crystal Man" (alternative version) – 3:54
"The Little Tin Soldier" (Shawn Phillips) – 3:03
"Ballad of Geraldine" – 4:43
"Turquoise" – 3:32
"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" – 3:09
References
External links
https://www.discogs.com/Donovan-Summer-Day-Reflection-Songs/release/1566605
Summer Day Reflection Songs – Donovan Unofficial Site
2000 compilation albums
Donovan compilation albums |
4030343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Johns%20Light | St. Johns Light | The St. Johns Light is an active lighthouse in Jacksonville, Florida, marking the mouth of the St. Johns River. Built in 1954, it is located on Naval Station Mayport in the Mayport area. It was erected to replace a lightship, which itself replaced the still-standing Old St. Johns River Light. It is the fourth lighthouse built at the mouth of the St. Johns since 1830. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
History
The St. Johns Light was erected in 1954 on the grounds of Naval Station Mayport, about south of the mouth of the St. Johns River. It is the fourth lighthouse to have stood at Mayport. The first lighthouse was erected in 1830, after the U.S. purchase of Florida, but it was built too close to the water and had to be demolished just three years later. A second lighthouse was erected about a mile upriver in 1835. However, shifting sand dunes often made the light difficult to discern from sea, and by 1853 its foundation had been so affected by erosion that plans were made to replace it. It was abandoned, but its ruins could still be seen in the early 20th century.
In 1858 the Old St. Johns River Light was erected. In order to avoid the problems of its predecessors, it was constructed away from the shoreline and was substantially taller. It was in service for over 70 years until finally being decommissioned in 1929. That year it was replaced by the St. Johns Lightship (LV-84), moored about offshore of the river's mouth. The oldest surviving building in Mayport, the Old St. Johns River Lighthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and restored in 1980.
In 1954 the current St. Johns Light was built to replace the lightship. It was automated in 1967. The structure is made of concrete, poured in one continuous operation. It has never had a traditional lantern, but had an airway-beacon style light from the beginning until 1998 when it was replaced by a Vega VRB-25 system. The structure is tall and can be seen for .
The east wing was renovated by the United States Coast Guard Northeast Florida Chapter of the Chief Petty Officers Association (CPOA). On September 26, 2014 it was dedicated to retired BMCM John G. Cathey for his hard work dedication and commitment to the Northeast Florida CPOA.
Notes
References
Further reading
Lighthouses completed in 1954
1954 establishments in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Duval County, Florida
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida |
4030353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Rajasthan | University of Rajasthan | University of Rajasthan is a public and state university in Jaipur, Rajasthan and is one of the oldest universities in the state. It was set up on 8 January 1947 as the University of Rajputana and was given its current name in 1956.
Campus
Spread in approximately on Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, also known as the central spine of Jaipur, the central campus incubates various departments, libraries, sports complexes etc. The university has always accorded a high priority to games and sports. The university has a modern sports complex, and also a swimming pool, the latter has been the venue of many national swimming meets and inter university-national tournaments.
Organisation and administration
Constituent Colleges
University Commerce College
University Maharani College
University Maharaja College
University Five Year Law College
University Law College
University Law College CENTRE-II
University Rajasthan College
Notable alumni
Arts, Cinema And Literature
Ramkumar Singh : Journalist, fiction writer and screenwriter
Politics and Law
Science, Technology and Medicine
Sports
References
External links
Universities and colleges in Jaipur
Universities in Rajasthan
Educational institutions established in 1947
1947 establishments in India |
4030358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%20and%20Beyond | Mars and Beyond | "Mars and Beyond" is an episode of Disneyland which aired on December 4, 1957. It was directed by Ward Kimball and narrated by Paul Frees. This episode discusses the possibility of life on other planets, especially Mars. The show was also released in theaters in 1957.
Plot
The film begins with an introduction by Walt Disney and his robot friend Garco, providing a brief overview of the episode. The overview starts with an animated presentation about mankind seeking to understand the world in which he lives, first noticing patterns in the stars, and developing certain beliefs regarding the celestial bodies. Theories from scientists and philosophers are discussed, including Ptolemy's inaccurate, but formerly-accepted geocentrism-related theories, as well as those of Copernicus's accurate and, now, confirmed heliocentric model. Life on other planets is considered, soon focusing on Mars. Ideas from science-fiction authors H.G. Wells and Edgar Rice Burroughs are brought to life with more colorful animation, and, as done before, science fiction comics of the time are parodied. This segment also features Kimball's comic tone and a cameo appearance by Donald Duck.
Later on, the program adopts a serious tone as it profiles each of the planets in the Solar System, explaining what would happen if a human were to live on each of them. The program claims that, whereas most of the planets are either too cold or too hot for life as we know it, life on Mars could almost be normal. This importance becomes the main focus of the rest of the film. Dr. E.C. Slipher then discusses the possibility of life currently on Mars. An extended sequence speculates at what the conditions on Mars might be like given sufficient water: cannibalistic plants, a trilobite-like creature which eats the dust left behind by dust storms, silicon-based lifeforms which rely solely on minerals for nutrition, leaving behind amazing and strange if ephemeral formations, and a slew of predators, including one that has radial symmetry and magnifies the Sun's rays to burn its hapless prey, and another which stuns with ultrasonics.
The program wraps up with what a trip to Mars would entail for a space crew and its vessels. Contributor/spacecraft designer Ernst Stuhlinger (accompanied by Wernher von Braun) presents his design and details regarding a unique umbrella-shaped Mars Ship: The top portion would be a revolving outer quarters ring providing artificial gravity for the crew of 20 under 'parasol' coolant tubes. At the other end, a sodium-potassium reactor would provide power to the midsection electric/ion drive. Attached upright would be a chemically-fueled winged tail-lander. The mission shown involves six Mars Ships with top speeds up to that take a 400-day spiral course to Mars. There, a crew would spend 412 days on the surface before returning to Earth.
Additional releases
An educational film titled Cosmic Capers was edited out of this episode in 1979. It was shorter than the original and ran 18 minutes.
In 2003, with the cooperation of Disney, a 35mm five-minute excerpt from Mars and Beyond was restored and presented in Don Hertzfeldt's Animation Show theatrical tour.
Two clips from the episode are shown as part of a movie loop at the Sci-Fi Dine-In Theater Restaurant at Disney's Hollywood Studios, with the clips being the introduction with Garco and the science fiction parody.
Home media
The episode was released on May 18, 2004 on Walt Disney Treasures: Tomorrow Land.
It was added to Disney+ in June 2020.
See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!"
References
External links
Walt Disney anthology television series episodes
1957 American television episodes
Space advocacy
Television episodes directed by Ward Kimball
Wernher von Braun |
4030366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana%20%28singer%29 | Ivana (singer) | Vanya Todorova Kaludova (; born 31 January 1969), known professionally as Ivana (), is a popular Bulgarian singer. She is one of the most prolific performers in the pop-folk music genre in Bulgaria.
Biography
Ivana was born on January 31, 1969 in Aytos, Bulgaria. A Svishtov University of Economics graduate, she then briefly studied at the Bourgas Free University, before dropping out. Meanwhile, Ivana was married and had a daughter named Teodora (Теодора).
Career
Ivana's father worked along the Black Sea coast with his orchestra. One night during a concert, after their lead singer had gotten sick, she was offered to substitute for her, singing several Bulgarian folklore songs. Ivana had great response from the audience and she was immediately offered to perform with the orchestra for the summer. She was 14 years old at the time and really liked being on stage. Later on she formed a band called "Prima +", consisting of herself, Stoyana and Rumen Radoinov. The group was invited to sing at the hotel estate `Prikazkite`, where Ivana’s talent was noticed by Payner music company owner – Mitko Dimitrov (), who shortly after offered her to sign a contract with the studio. Vanya Todorova Kaludova adopted the stage name Ivana and it didn't take long before she started making hits. Her first single was `Idol`. The second single - a duet with Kosta Markov, called `Darvo bez koren`(A tree without roots) - was released soon after. Her third single – `100 patrona` (100 bullets), which also served as her debut album title, became one of the biggest hits in the pop-folk genre in Bulgaria and still one of the biggest hits in pop-folk to date. The album was released in 2000, making her one of the hottest names in the music industry in the country. The following 8 years with her work and hits Ivana proved to be one of the biggest Bulgarian stars. Often cited "the people's singer" by the media and her fans, she is loved by many, not only for her music, but also for her cheerful persona and easy communication with her fans.
Discography
CDs
A Hundred Bullets (in Bulgarian – 100 патрона) (2000)
Ivana – Live (in Bulgarian – Ивана – Live) (2001)
Smells of... love (in Bulgarian -Мирише на... любов) (2003)
No limits (in Bulgarian -Без Граници) (2003)
Non-stop (in Bulgarian – Няма спиране) (2004)
A Dose of love (in Bulgarian – Доза любов) (2005)
Single best collection (2006)
Every day is holiday (in Bulgarian – Празник всеки ден) (2006)
Hit collection – MP3 (2007)
A Sparkle in the eyes (in Bulgarian – Блясък в очите) (2008)
10 years of love... and then some more love (in Bulgarian – 10 години любов... и пак любов) (2010)
I Give no explanations (in Bulgarian – Обяснения не давам) (2012)
Golden hits of Payner 2 – Ivana (in Bulgarian – Златните хитове на Пайнер 2 – Ивана) (2012)
I won't let us give up (in Bulgarian – Не давам да се даваме) (2015)
Still the same, yet not quite (in Bulgarian – Същата и не съвсем) (2019)
DVDs
Ivana – Live (in Bulgarian – Ивана – Live) (2002)
No limits (in Bulgarian – Без Граници) (2004)
Ivana Best Video Selection 1 (2005)
Stars on the stage-live(in Bulgarian -Звезди на сцената-live) (2005)-A concert with the Serbian singer Indira Radić
Ivana Best Video Selection 2 (2007)
Everything is love (in Bulgarian -Всичко е любов) (2008)
Ivana Live Party (2008)
Awards
2000 – Debut of the year – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2001 – Best Female Singer – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2002 – Best live singing – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2003 – Best live singing – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2003 – Best song of the year – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2003 – Best Female Singer – Planeta TV Awards
2004 – Best clip (Нещо НеТипично (Something atypical)) – Planeta TV Awards
2004 – Most loved song of the audience – Planeta TV Awards
2004 – Best Female Singer – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2004 – Best Female Singer – Planeta TV Awards
2005 – "Star of the year" – The awards of "Блясък" magazine
2005 – Best live singing – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2005 – Album of the year(Няма спиране(Non-stop)) – Planeta TV Awards
2005 – Best Female Singer – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2005 – Best Female Singer – Planeta TV Awards
2006 – Best Female Singer – The musical awards of "Нов фолк" magazine
2006 – Best Female Singer – Planeta TV Awards
2007 – Album of the year(Доза любов(Dose of love)) – Planeta TV Awards
2007 – Superstar(A special award for the best singer in the last 5 years) – Planeta TV Awards
2008 – Album of the year(Празник всеки ден(Every day is a holiday)) – Planeta TV Awards
2010– The best singer for last 10 years
Tours
In 2005 Ivana and Serbian singer Indira Radić embarked on a mini-tour, performing in 5 Bulgarian cities to great success. She sang her newest and older hits, traditional Bulgarian folk songs and duets with Indira Radić.
In 2005, 2006 and 2007 Ivana toured with 8 other famous Bulgarian singers - including Kamelia, Emilia, Maria, etc - for the Planeta TV and Payner national tours.
"Ivana LIVE Tour USA 2008" took place in Atlantic city, New York, Atlanta, Las Vegas, Tampa, Chicago and Washington. She held seven concerts for the Bulgarians living in the USA.
References
External links
Ivana at the catalogue of Payner music
The official forum of Ivana
Professional photos of Ivana
1969 births
Living people
21st-century Bulgarian women singers
Bulgarian folk-pop singers
People from Aytos
Payner artists |
4030371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio%20Ciol | Elio Ciol | Elio Ciol (born 1929) is an Italian photographer and publisher who was born in Casarsa della Delizia in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the region where he has principally lived and worked. His father was a photographer who kept a studio in their hometown and Elio was fascinated by the technical aspects and worked in the darkroom as a boy. A formative experience was when, during the Nazi occupation, a German doctor brought in films with photographs of the countryside rather than of people, "photographs that I myself should have been able to do and which I had not done or even imagined." He began practising photography at fifteen, worked full-time in the studio from nineteen, and spent an increasing amount of his free time taking photographs for his own interests. A trip to Assisi in 1951 made a great impression; Ciol subsequently spent much time there, taking many photographs.
Dissatisfied with the conventions demanded in Italian photographic contests, Ciol ambitiously entered contests abroad; in 1955 and 1956 he was encouraged by favorable mentions in the American magazine Popular Photography.
Ciol was greatly influenced by the ideas of Luigi Crocenzi, emphasizing sequence rather than single images when illustrating a book or other story (an example had been Crocenzi's Conversazione in Sicilia, with text by Elio Vittorini). Ciol moved to Milan in 1963 to work on projects for the firm of Altimani; this soon ran into financial difficulties and Ciol returned to Casarsa, but invigorated with new ideas for the illustration and layout of books. He has illustrated dozens of books since that time.
Ciol has concentrated on creating a photographic record and archive of Italian works of art, architecture, landscapes, and archaeological sites and artefacts, particularly in Friuli. His works are black and white, sometimes employing infrared-sensitive film. Some of his photographs show people so close as to be recognizable, but more often people appear as small figures within landscapes. More often still the landscapes are devoid of people.
Notes
Bibliography
Ciol, Elio. Italia Black and White, ed. Giovanni Chiaramonte. Milan: Jaca ("Punto e Virgola"), 1985. A survey of Ciol's work, with about a hundred full-page prints, and all texts and captions in both Italian and English.
Ciol, Elio. Assisi. Milan: Motta, 1991.
Ciol, Elio. Venezia. Milan: Motta, 1995.
Ciol, Elio. Dove l'infinito è presente / The Presence of Infinity. Tricesimo, Udine: Roberto Vattori, 1996. Ten portfolios, each of between ten and twelve black and white photographs on a theme or of a place, published on the occasion of their exhibition in September/October 1996 at the Galleria della Loggia, Assisi. The photographs are of Italy (especially Assisi), Yosemite (California), Yemen (notably Sanʻāʼ), and Greece. Captions are in Italian only, but each portfolio has an introductory text (by one of a number of critics) in both Italian and English.
Ciol, Elio. Cinquant'anni di fotografia, ed. Giuseppe Bergamini. Milan: Motta, 1999.
Ciol, Elio. L'enchantement de la vision. Campanotto, 2000.
Ciol, Elio, and Stefano Ciol. La facciata del Duomo di Orvieto: Teologia in figura. Silvana, 2002.
Ciol, Elio. Concrete astrazioni, a cura di Sergio Momesso e Carlo Sala, Punto Marte Edizioni, 2007.
References
Anglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. "Ciol, Elio", LC Control Number n 79055042, cited 10 February 2006
Union List of Artists Names, s.v. "Ciol, Elio", cited 10 February 2006
1929 births
Living people
People from Casarsa della Delizia
Italian photographers |
4030382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold%20Englisch | Berthold Englisch | Berthold Englisch (9 July 1851, Hotzenplotz – 19 October 1897, Vienna) was a leading Austrian chess master.
Englisch was born in Austrian Silesia (then Austria-Hungary) into a Jewish family. He earned his living as a stock-market agent.
He won the tournaments at Leipzig 1879 (the 1st DSB Congress), at Wiesbaden 1880 (ex-equo with Blackburne and A. Schwarz, ahead of Schallopp, Mason, Bird, Winawer, etc.) and at Vienna 1896 (Quadrangular).
He lost two matches against Vincenz Hruby in 1882 and to Emanuel Lasker in 1890, both scoring 1.5 : 3.5, and drew a match with Harry Nelson Pillsbury 2.5 : 2.5 (+0 –0 =5) in 1896, all in Vienna.
References
See also
List of Jewish chess players
External links
1851 births
1897 deaths
Austrian Jews
People from Bruntál District
Austrian chess players
Jewish chess players
People from Austrian Silesia
19th-century chess players |
4030397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tool%20manufacturers | List of tool manufacturers | This is a list of manufacturers of Woodworking hand tools, hand-held power tools and stationary machines
References
Tool manufacturers
Woodworking tools
Store brands |
4030416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaihae%2C%20Hawaii | Kawaihae, Hawaii | Kawaihae is an unincorporated community on the west side of the island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii, north of Kailua-Kona. Its harbor is one of only two on the island, together with that of Hilo.
Description
The town's harbor includes a fuel depot, shipping terminal and military landing site. Outside of the man-made breakwall of the harbor is a popular surf spot and the Pua Kailima o Kawaihae Cultural Surf Park. The small town features a handful of restaurants and art galleries. To the north of the harbor is the Kawaihae Canoe Club and a small boat ramp. To the south is Puukoholā Heiau national historic site, built by King Kamehameha I in 1791. Also to the south is the smaller Mailekini Heiau and the Hale o Kapuni Heiau (shark heiau), which is submerged.
History
Kawaihae served as the seat of kingdom of Hawaii island during the reign of the usurper king Alapainuiakauaua, whose family, the Mahi's, hailed from the Kohala district; he was the king that sought to kill the infant Kamehameha at his birth. His successor Kalaniʻōpuʻu, who overthrew Alapai's son Keaweopala, moved the capital back to the Kona district where his family originated.
In the late 1700s, Kawaihae's naturally sheltered bay was considered one of the more suitable commercial harbor for western ships on the Big Island. Its harbor and proximity to the fertile uplands of Waimea ensured its status as an important stopover for many early European voyagers and merchantmen needing to make repairs and resupply their ships during the early period of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Kawaihae or "Too-yah-yah" was first sighted by James King, serving under Captain Cook, on February 6, 1779, after departing from Cook's initial visit to Kealakekua Bay. Failure to find anchorage prompted them to return to Kealakekua Bay, where Cook met his demise. King returned a few months later after Cook's death, but was not impressed with the area he deemed "little cultivated" or the people, whom he called "of the lowest class that inhabited [the islands]".
Residence of King Kamehameha I
It became the principal residence of King Kamehameha I from 1790 to 1794 where he built the Puukoholā Heiau and sacrificed Keōua Kuahuula, his last opponent on the Big Island, and where he plotted out his conquest of the remaining islands in the archipelago.
He lived in the royal compound of "Pelekane" on the shoreline northwest of Mailekini Heiau, which he named after the Hawaiianized name for Britain.
Kamehameha's British advisor John Young also resided in the vicinity of Kawaihae with his family, and the ruins of their homestead, the remains of what is believed to be the first western-style house in Hawaii, could still be seen today near the Puukoholā Heiau.
Another British explorer, George Vancouver, the first to successfully anchor off Kawaihae Bay on February 14, 1793, paid a visit to King Kamehameha and John Young and gave the king cattle, introducing the species for the first time to Hawaii. After the development of Parker Ranch by John Palmer Parker, Kawaihae served as the main center for loading and shipping cattle and beef in Hawaii.
It was in Kawaihae, on April 1, 1820, that the first company of American missionaries to Hawaii led by Asa and Lucy Goodale Thurston, who later founded Mokuaikaua Church in Kailua Kona, arrived aboard the Thaddeus and set foot on the islands. Kawaihae thrived for the duration of the sandalwood trade, which depleted its forest, and the whaling age. Whalers and merchant ships annually visited its harbor, where they would stock up on agricultural products and beef from the region. But by the late 1800s, Kawaihae had declined in importance due to the end of whaling, the decimation of its population by foreign diseases and migration of its people to other parts of Hawaii; it became a sleeping and forgotten village serving mainly as a cattle landing.
Construction of harbor
The United States Army Corps of Engineers dredged the harbor and built the breakwall between 1957 and 1959 and brought the village back from obscurity. In 1970, construction of a small boat harbor began to the south of the main harbor entrance by several institutions under the name of Project Tugboat. It was designed as a test of the use of high explosives to create harbors in hard substrate and as a proof of the concept that small nuclear charges could be used for civil works projects. Over 100 tons of conventional explosives (roughly equivalent to the smallest nuclear charge that could be built at that time) were buried in the Kawaihae reef and detonated to clear the basin and the entrance. It is the home of Kawaihae Canoe Club. It also served as the launching point for the film Waterworld with Kevin Costner. The artificial reef or floating island was just off the coast with headquarters for the movie at the harbor.
References
Ports and harbors of Hawaii
Unincorporated communities in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Populated places on Hawaii (island)
Port cities and towns in Hawaii
Unincorporated communities in Hawaii
Beaches of Hawaii (island) |
4030419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%27s%20Knights | Arthur's Knights | Arthur's Knights: Tales of Chivalry () is an adventure role-playing video game developed by Cryo Interactive and released for Microsoft Windows in October 2000 in North America and November 2000 in Europe. The game's story revolves around the legendary King Arthur in medieval Britain. The player can choose to play the same main character, Bradwen, from either of two perspectives: as a Celt or as a Christian. In both storylines, Bradwen is the illegitimate son of the dying King Cadfanan, leader of the Atrebates tribe shortly following the Roman occupation. Bradwen's goal is to foil the attempts of his evil half-brother Morganor (heir to the throne) at securing a malevolent kingship for himself, through which enactment of his evil intentions will be made possible.
Gameplay
Plot
Bradwen has two alternate paths that can be played through in Arthur's Knights: Tales of Chivalry. Prior to choosing which path shall be followed, the game opens with the player in control of a young page (newly a squire) who trots off to converse with a gentleman by the name of Master Foulque, who, it would appear, is a librarian and historiographer. After some discourse with Master Foulque, the player is presented with the choice of deciding between a red book and a white book (determining which story, Celtic or Christian, respectively, of Bradwen shall be told).
Both stories take place shortly after the departure of the Romans from Britain. This epoch marks a time in which Christianity has been somewhat imposed upon the native populace of Britain thus majorly extinguishing what in the game is described as "an age of Kings and Queens, Monsters and Magic" (not to mention fairies and otherwise traditionally Celtic and pagan concepts). Controversy erupts when the decampment of the Romans leaves the British tribes in conflict over political power (thus leaving them disunited and therefore vulnerable to their common enemies, the Saxons). The barbaric Saxons pose a particular threat to reestablishing a semblance of order in the land. Bradwen's role in all this is to embark on a series of missions when his half-brother informs him of the necessity for a cure for Cadfanan, their father and king.
Ultimately, both Bradwens encounter fairies, dragons, King Arthur, Merlin, and even the Devil during travels through Camelot, the mystical realm of Avalon, and a plethora of other lands. Bradwen also, regardless of the religion to which he cleaves, eventually seek justice against the treacherous actions of his half-brother which develop during gameplay. Throughout the game are interspersed some historical facts about Roman Britain, post-Roman Britain, tidbits on the legend of King Arthur, and several allusions to Marion Zimmer Bradley's novel The Mists of Avalon.
Development
Reception
Sequel
Arthur's Knights: Tales of Chivalry was followed in 2002 by Arthur's Knights II: The Secret of Merlin.
References
External links
Arthur's Knights: Tales of Chivalry at Microïds
Dreamcatcher Interactive's official website
Screenshots from ''Arthur's Knights: Tales of Chivalry
More information on Arthur's Knights: Tales of Chivalry at Programmers in Black: Game Reviews
Arthur's Knights: Tales of Chivalry at GameFAQs
2000 video games
Adventure games
Fantasy video games set in the Middle Ages
Cryo Interactive games
DreamCatcher Interactive games
Role-playing video games
Video games based on Arthurian legend
Video games based on Celtic mythology
Video games developed in France
Windows games
Windows-only games |
4030439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopon%20Tsechu | Lopon Tsechu | Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche (1918, Bhutan - June 10, 2003) was a master of Tibetan Buddhism, widely regarded in the Himalayas, with many students in both the East and the West.
Overview
As a young boy, he was ordained as a monk in the largest monastery in Bhutan, Punakha Dzong. When he was 13 years old, he left Bhutan to study and practice under the spiritual guidance of his uncle Lama Sherab Dorje in Nepal. He trained with important teachers from all of the main Tibetan Buddhist schools, especially the Drukpa Kagyu and Karma Kagyu lineages. After meeting the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa in Bhutan in 1944, Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche became his close student and received from him the most essential teachings of the Karma Kagyu lineage. Karmapa expressed following about Rinpoche: "If I am Buddha, then he is Ananda". Ananda was the main student of Buddha. Besides from the transmissions received by Karmapa, Rinpoche received high transmissions from various great masters within the other 3 lineages (Gelug, Sakya, Nyingma) of Tibetan Buddhism.
Activity
From his base in Kathmandu, Nepal Lopon Tsechu was a key figure in nurturing the development of Buddhism in Nepal following the occupation of Tibet by China. He exerted a formidable influence throughout the diverse Buddhist community in Nepal and was respected both as a great lama and also a skilled politician. In the 1980s the Nepalese king, and government appointed Rinpoche as responsible for the Buddhist activity in Nepal. Thereby Rinpoche sought to share the government donations between 2,000 monasteries in Nepal. Further Rinpoche used much time and energy to help the existing monasteries and giving advice on new projects. Rinpoche had this position for more than 20 years. Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche first came to the West in 1988 to give teachings and transmissions to many students. Over the next fifteen years Lopon Tsechu ministered to thousands of people in Europe, Russia and America.
In 1997 Rinpoche established the Buddha Dharma Centre, a monastery near the Swayambhunath in Kathmandu.
Lopon Tsechu built many stupas, monuments symbolising the Enlightened mind of the Buddha, in both the East and the West. The crown jewel of his career, and one of his greatest legacies, is Benalmádena Stupa, located in Benalmádena, Spain. Inaugurated in 2003, it stands at 33 metres (or 108 feet) tall, making it the largest stupa in the Western world.
Lopon Tsechu became the first teacher of Ole Nydahl, the founder and leader of Diamond Way Buddhism in the West.
Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche died on June 10, 2003. He was one of the last of his generation of Lamas trained in the old Tibet.
References
External links
Short Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche bio at Diamond Way Buddhism website
Benalmádena Stupa - official website
1918 births
2003 deaths
Karma Kagyu lamas
Rinpoches
Tibetan Buddhists from Bhutan |
4030447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th%20Street%20%28Manhattan%29 | 4th Street (Manhattan) | 4th Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It starts at Avenue D as East 4th Street and continues to Broadway, where it becomes West 4th Street. It continues west until the Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue), where West 4th Street turns north and confusingly intersects with West 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th Streets in Greenwich Village. Most of the street has the same width between curbstones as others in the prevailing street grid, striped as two curbside lanes and one traffic lane, with one-way traffic eastbound. The portion from Seventh to Eighth Avenues is westbound (northbound geographically) and is approximately wide, a legacy of the original Greenwich Village street grid. The section of four short blocks from MacDougal Street to University Place which forms the southern border of Washington Square Park is called Washington Square South.
The north/south portion (from Sixth Avenue to 13th Street) was formerly called Asylum Street, after the Orphan Asylum Society, which stood on Asylum Street between Bank Street and Troy Street (now West 12th Street). The asylum was demolished in 1833 and the street was renamed West 4th Street. Later, the cross streets (Amos, Hammond, and Troy) were renamed West 10th, 11th, and 12th Streets, causing the current confusion.
Landmarks
Located near Washington Square Park's south-west corner, between MacDougal Street and Sixth Avenue, The Washington Square Methodist Church (135 West Fourth) is an early Romanesque Revival marble edifice designed by Gamaliel King and built in 1859–60. Dubbed the "Peace Church" for its support of Vietnam War protesters, Washington Square Church long provided a neighborhood base for activist groups such as the Black Panthers and Gay Men's Health Crisis. The church was sold in 2005 to a developer for conversion into residential units. During construction, parts of the church were salvaged to form the furniture and interior architecture of Urban Spring, a cafe in Fort Greene, Brooklyn.
Judson Memorial Church, located at the corner of Thompson Street and Washington Square South, was designed by architect Stanford White and stained glass master John La Farge.
The West Fourth Street subway station () at Sixth Avenue is one of the major transfer points in the New York City Subway.
The street is home to the basketball and handball West Fourth Street Courts, known as "The Cage", a hangout for some of New York's best basketball players and the site of a citywide streetball tournament.
Historic locations and residents
West 4th Street has always been a center of the Village's bohemian lifestyle. The Village's first tearoom, The Mad Hatter, was located at 150 West 4th Street and served as a meeting place for intellectuals and artists.
The infamous Golden Swan bar (known as the "Hell Hole"), at the corner of Sixth Avenue, was a famous haunt of Eugene O'Neill and the setting and inspiration for his play The Iceman Cometh. Writer Willa Cather's first New York residence was at 60 Washington Square South (4th Street between LaGuardia Place and Thompson Place) and radical journalists John Reed and Lincoln Steffens lived nearby at 42 Washington Square South. Reed later worked in a room in the Studio Club building to complete the series of articles that became his account of the Bolshevik Revolution, Ten Days That Shook the World, later the source for the film Reds.
Sculptor and art patron Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney established the Whitney Studio Club in a brownstone at 147 West 4th Street in 1918 as a place for young artists to gather and show their work. The facility operated for ten years and was the second incarnation of what would later become the Whitney Museum of American Art. It started the careers of such artists as Ashcan School painter John Sloan, Edward Hopper, whose first one-man exhibit was held there in 1920, and social realists Reginald Marsh and Isabel Bishop. Sloan lived at 240 West 4th St and painted locations on the street including the Golden Swan.
The street was later home to the famous folk club Gerde's Folk City (11 West 4th Street), which hosted the New York debuts of Bob Dylan in 1961 and Simon & Garfunkel. Dylan also lived from early-1962 until late-1964 in a small $60-per-month studio apartment at 161 West 4th Street; the cover of The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan was photographed at nearby Jones Street at West 4th, and the street may have inspired his 1965 hit song "Positively 4th Street". Louis Abolafia, the 1968 hippie candidate for the presidency, had his artists' studio and campaign headquarters at 129 East 4th St.
Music venue The Bottom Line was at 15th West 4th Street from 1974 to 2004.
References
"Memoirs of a Girl From the East Country (O.K., Queens)", The New York Times, Anthony DeCurtis: May 11, 2008
External links
"New York Songlines: 4th Street"
NY Parks department history of the Golden Swan and other West 4th Street sites
Gerde's Folk City photo and info
Greenwich Village
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4030456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20EF-S%2010%E2%80%9322mm%20lens | Canon EF-S 10–22mm lens | The Canon EF-S 10–22mm 3.5–4.5 USM lens is a wide to ultra-wide angle zoom lens for Canon digital single-lens reflex cameras with a Canon EF-S lens mount.
The field of view has a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 16–35mm, which is analogous to the EF 16–35mm 2.8L on a full-frame camera. The 10–22mm is an internal focusing lens. Of the 13 elements, one is of Canon's Super Ultra-Low Dispersion glass and three are aspherical elements.
Reception
Praise
The 10–22 is considered to have good image quality (sharp and low distortion) and build. The optical construction is similar to L-series lenses, but it is not designated as L-series (as reflected in the build quality), which some have argued is for marketing reasons, as with the 17–55.
"This is an extremely sharp lens, at all three tested focal lengths."
"There is moderate barrel distortion at 10mm, a negligible amount at 15mm, and only a tiny amount of pincushion distortion at 22mm. Overall, exemplary performance in this measure."
"This lens is small, light and solidly built. Sometimes Canon's non-L series lenses can feel a bit cheap, but not this one. … there is little to fault about it with regard to either fit or finish."
Criticism
Cost is the biggest criticism; until fairly recently, the 10–22 cost as much as many L-series lenses, but is only usable on APS-C cameras, and thus is questionable as a long-term investment. Others think this less of a concern.
Chromatic aberration is somewhat high at 10mm, and vignetting is measurable at 10mm and maximum aperture (0.85 EV units), but not terribly noticeable in normal use.
Use
Optimal aperture (for sharpness and to reduce vignetting) is 5.6 to 8; 8 is particularly recommended at 22mm.
Filters exacerbate vignetting, hence thin filters are recommended at 10mm, and stacking filters is discouraged.
Similar lenses
In May 2014, Canon announced a less expensive alternative wide-angle zoom for APS-C bodies, the EF-S 10–18mm. The new lens, which is being sold alongside the 10–22, is slower than the 10–22 (maximum aperture range of 4.5–5.6) and also lacks a USM motor, but adds both image stabilization and Canon's stepping motor technology. It is also smaller and lighter than the 10–22.
Sigma offers two ultra-wide angle lenses for APS-C sensors—the 8–16 DC and 10–20 DC. Tamron also offers a 10–24mm ultra-wide zoom lens for APS-C cameras as well as an older 11–18mm lens.
In May 2008, "PhotoZone" considered the Tokina 11–16mm, f/2.8, introduced in 2008, to be the best ultra-wide angle lens available for Canon APS-C Format cameras.
References
External links
Specifications
Press release on DPreview
Canon Technical Specifications
Camera lenses introduced in 2004
10-22mm lens |
4030458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse%20%28video%20game%29 | Apocalypse (video game) | Apocalypse is a third-person shooter video game released for the PlayStation, developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. It features actor Bruce Willis, who provides the main character's likeness and voice.
Plot
A brilliant evil scientist named "The Reverend" has created a powerful theocracy based on the idea of a rapidly approaching apocalypse. He uses his expertise to create four powerful "Horsemen of the Apocalypse", War, Plague, Beast and Death, in order to ensure this comes to pass. His former colleague, Trey Kincaid (voiced by Bruce Willis), is the only man with the know-how to stop the Reverend, but is locked up in jail and must escape in order to save the world.
Gameplay
Apocalypse is a 3D multidirectional shooter. The character is moved using the DualShock controller's left analog stick, and shooting is handled independently by pressing the right stick in a given direction, which automatically fires the current weapon in said direction. Alternately, movement may be controlled through the directional pad and shooting performed by using the four face buttons on a typical PlayStation controller (which lack analog sticks), where the buttons' placement on the controller correspond with the fire direction. Using the shoulder buttons it is also possible to duck or jump, and a selection of different weapons are available.
Development
The game engine for Apocalypse was completed in January 1996. Initially, the player character was a mercenary accompanied by an AI-controlled partner, Trey Kincaid, in an effort to create the video game equivalent of a buddy film. Activision later signed a multi-million-dollar deal for Bruce Willis to provide Trey Kincaid's voice and likeness, using "cyber-scanning" and motion capture. Trey Kincaid's role was eventually changed to that of the main playable character, thus reducing the necessity for him to have as much spoken dialogue as was originally intended as the scope of Bruce Willis' involvement decreased as development went on. In the finished game, Willis' vocal contributions are limited mostly to the occasional one-liner and a few brief lines of dialogue in story sequences. Willis' face was photo-mapped onto Trey Kincaid's character model. His motion capture performance was recorded at House of Moves, a film studio in Venice, CA. The sessions were held in mid-January 1997 and took two days. During voice recording, Willis made a number of suggestions of changes to the dialogue, which the developers agreed to.
Poe was cast as the character Plague using the same combination of cyber-scanning, motion capture, and voice recording as done with Willis. Apocalypse features several songs from various artists, including Poe and System of a Down. Technology developed for the game allowed live-action music videos from these artists to be projected on large screens within the game's environments.
A three-level "buddy AI" was developed for Kincaid, enabling Kincaid to take up aggressive or defensive approaches and attempt to get power-ups before the player character.
The game was demonstrated at the June 1997 Electronic Entertainment Expo, with Willis present to help promote it. At this time the AI-controlled partner mechanic was still in place, and the game was set to release in September, but the game had been delayed to a later release date of November 17, 1998.
The Apocalypse game engine was reworked for use on Neversoft's next title, the seminal Tony Hawk's Pro Skater. Already having in mind that they were going to begin work on Tony Hawk following completion of Apocalypse, the team said they had developed rough in-house playable demos of Trey Kincaid skateboarding around Apocalypses game environments in order to experiment with the way they wanted Tony Hawk to feel. Even though Neversoft continued to develop and evolve the engine primarily to suit the needs of the Tony Hawk series, it was also put to use in another action title by the team, the popular Spider-Man game they released in 2000. The aspect of the engine that allowed for the live-action music videos to be displayed within Apocalypses game world was also utilized in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater as well as other subsequent Neversoft titles.
Reception
The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings
Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot praised the game's gameplay as a shooter while criticising the voice acting for lacking any feeling and variety. Next Generation called it "an action title that is average at best. There really is nothing new or innovative here. And in this fourth generation of PlayStation games, this is simply not acceptable". In Japan, where the game was ported and published by Success on September 22, 1999, Famitsu gave it a score of 22 out of 40.
References
External links
1998 video games
Activision games
Neversoft games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Success (company) games
Third-person shooters
Video games scored by Tommy Tallarico
Video games developed in the United States |
4030471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josipdol | Josipdol | Josipdol is a village and municipality in Karlovac County, Croatia. It is part of Lika region.
Geography
Josipdol is situated in the Ogulin-Plaški valley which together with Lika and Gorski Kotar forms Mountainous Croatia. The town is located at the crossroads of state roads D-23, which connects Karlovac and Senj (Jozefin road), and D-42, which connects Vrbovsko and Plitvice. Josipdol is located 10 km southeast from Ogulin, 14 km northwest from Plaški and 45 km southwest from Karlovac.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the town had a population of 879 with a total municipality population of 3,773, of which 90% were Croats and 9% were Serbs. Serbs form the majority in the village of Trojvrh.
History
Scarce archaeological remains near Oštarije village show that the area was settled in the Neolithic. Remains from the Copper Age show that the area was the southernmost part of Lasinja culture. The first known inhabitants of the area were the Illyrian tribe of Japods, which lived here from the late Bronze Age. In this area the Japods had two strongholds, Tetrapones, east of today's town Josipdol and Metulum, north of the town. On the north the Japods bordered with Celts and random remains of Celtic coins were found in the area.
In the period 35-33 B.C. future Roman Emperor Octavian conquered the Japod areas and incorporated them into the Roman Empire. Although no physical remains of any Roman road has been found it is believed that through this area passed the Yantar road, which connected the Baltic with the Adriatic. During this period Metulum had municipality status which is proved by a script from Diocletian's time.
In the 7th century Slavs came to colonize the Balkan area and founded a settlement Modruš in the Josipdol area. In the 9th century, Modruš is mentioned as the site of the Borna and Ljudevit Posavski confrontation. In 1102 Croatia joined personal union with Hungary and the Hungarians formed new territorial units called Župas; Modruš became the seat of one of these Župas and soon became the seat of the Krbava-Modruš episcopacy.
In the 12th century, Modruš became a possession of the Frankopan family. Because it was on a road that connected the interior with the coast, Modruš became an important traffic and trade center. This was the golden age for Modruš, which lasted until wars with the Ottomans in the 15th century, when it was raided several times.
As Croatia became part of the Habsburg empire Modruš became part of the Military Frontier and a new population settled the area. In 1775, emperor Joseph II visited Josipdol. In 1776, Austrian authorities began to build the road that would connect Karlovac with Senj and Josipdol was founded as a traffic and trade center on the road. The road was named Josephina and it is still in use today.
During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, a railway from Ogulin to Split was built which passed Josipdol. The railway accelerated the industrial growth of the town and a wood industry was founded.
The Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) affected the south-eastern part of the municipality, which led to depopulation of the area.
In the 21st century it was one of the centers where the Zagreb-Split motorway was built and many locals found jobs in constructing it. In 2003 the first part of the road was opened on the Bosiljevo-Josipdol part.
Economy
Economy is mostly based on agriculture, harvesting potatoes, mushrooms and fruit. There also couple of smaller sawmills. In 2003 municipality experienced economic boom because of building motorway Zagreb-Split nearby. Josipdol was one of the construction centers and many locals found job in construction of motorway.
Towns and villages in municipality
References
External links
Municipalities of Croatia
Populated places in Karlovac County |
4030473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Millett | Lewis Millett | Lewis Lee Millett Sr. (December 15, 1920 – November 14, 2009) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor during the Korean War for leading the last major American bayonet charge.
He enlisted in the U.S. National Guard while still in high school and then in 1940 joined the U.S. Army Air Corps. When he thought that the United States would not participate in World War II he deserted and went to Canada with a friend where they joined the Canadian Army and were sent to London. He served briefly with the Canadian Forces in London but soon transferred to the U.S. Army, which had since joined the war. While serving with the Army in World War II, he received a Silver Star for driving a burning ammunition truck away from a group of soldiers before it exploded.
During the Korean War, he was awarded the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. The citation explains that he successfully led a bayonet charge against the enemy. He later served in the Vietnam War as well. He retired from the Army in 1973 and died of congestive heart failure in 2009.
Early life
Millett was born on December 15, 1920, in Mechanic Falls, Maine. He grew up in South Dartmouth, Massachusetts, having moved there with his mother after his parents divorced and his mother remarried. His grandfather had served in the American Civil War and an uncle fought in World War I with the 101st Field Artillery Regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard.
World War II
While still attending high school in Dartmouth, he enlisted in the Massachusetts National Guard in 1938 and joined his uncle's old regiment, the 101st Field Artillery. In 1940, he joined the United States Army Air Corps and entered gunnery school. When it appeared that the U.S. would not enter World War II, Millett, eager to fight, deserted in mid-1941. With a friend who had received a bad conduct discharge from the U.S. Marine Corps, Millett hitchhiked to Canada and enlisted in the Canadian Army. Assigned to the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, he was sent to the United Kingdom, where he served as an anti-aircraft radar operator in London during the Blitz. Once the U.S. had entered the war; Millett transferred to the U.S. Army in 1942.
Assigned to the 27th Armored Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Armored Division, Millett served in Tunisia as an anti-tank gunner during Operation Torch. During an engagement there, he drove a burning ammunition-filled half-track away from Allied soldiers, jumping to safety just before it exploded. For this action, he was awarded the U.S. military's third-highest decoration, the Silver Star. He later shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter plane using half-track mounted machine guns.
Millett, by then a sergeant, next took part in the Allied invasion of Italy and fought in the Battle of Salerno and the subsequent Battle of Anzio. It was at this time that the U.S. Army discovered Millet's 1941 desertion; he was court-martialed, convicted, ordered to pay a 52 fine (roughly $825 in 2022) and stripped of his leave privileges. Only weeks later, he was given a battlefield commission to second lieutenant.
Korean War
After World War II, Millett attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, for three years before being called up to serve in the Korean War.
On 5 December 1950 Capt Millett was flying as an observer in a Stinson L-5 Sentinel when Capt J.F.O. Davis DFC, 2 Sqn SAAF attached to 18 Fighter Bomber Wing, crash landed his F-51D Mustang in North Korea.
The pilot of the L-5 landed on a road near the downed Mustang and Millett gave up his seat to Capt Davis. This was an outstanding act of bravery as the area was surrounded by enemy troops.
When the pilot of the L-5 returned to the scene, no trace of Millett could be found. Just before dark the L-5 returned, found and picked Millet up.
By February 7, 1951, Millett was serving in South Korea as a captain and commander of Company E of the 2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment. On that day, near Soam-Ni, he led his company in an assault on an enemy position atop Hill 180 near Anyang. When one platoon became pinned down by heavy fire, Millett took another platoon forward, joined the two groups, and led them up the hill. Wielding his bayonet and throwing hand grenades, Millett yelled encouragement to his soldiers throughout the hand to hand fight. Upon reaching the top of the hill, his men stormed the enemy position and forced the opposing soldiers to withdraw. Although wounded in the shin by grenade fragments, Millett refused to be evacuated until the position was secured. Historian S.L.A. Marshall described the attack as "the most complete bayonet charge by American troops since ". Out of about 50 enemy dead, roughly 20 were found to have been killed by bayonets, and the location subsequently became known as Bayonet Hill.
For his leadership during the assault, Millett was awarded the Medal of Honor. The medal was formally presented to him by President Harry S Truman in July 1951.
Vietnam War
After the Korean War, Millett attended Ranger School at Fort Benning, Georgia. He served in the 101st Airborne Division as an intelligence officer and later served in the Vietnam War as a military advisor to the controversial Phoenix Program, which aimed to root out and kill Viet Cong sympathizers. While at the 101st Airborne in 1959 he was the commander of the first "Recondo" (reconnaissance–commando) school which trained NCOs in small unit tactics and patrolling skills. In the mid-1960s, he commanded the Army Security Agency training center at Fort Devens, Massachusetts. In 1963, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Park College (now known as Park University) in Missouri.
Millett retired from the military in 1973 at the rank of colonel. He later stated that he retired because he felt the U.S. had "quit" in Vietnam.
Later years and family
After his military career, Millett served as a deputy sheriff in Trenton, Tennessee. He eventually moved to Idyllwild, California, where he would remain for the rest of his life. He regularly appeared at events celebrating veterans, both in the Riverside County area and elsewhere around the country. He was a member of the Congressional Medal of Honor Society and the California Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars.
Millett's first marriage, to Virginia Young, ended in divorce. During the festivities surrounding his Medal of Honor award in 1951, he met Winona Williams. The two were later married and had four children: Lewis Lee Jr., Timothy, John, and Elizabeth. By the time of Winona Millett's death in 1993, the couple had been married over 40 years. Millett's son John, an Army staff sergeant, was among more than 240 U.S. military members killed in 1985 when their airplane, Arrow Air Flight 1285, crashed in Gander, Newfoundland, while carrying them home from peacekeeping duty in the Sinai Peninsula.
Millett died of congestive heart failure on November 14, 2009, one month short of his 89th birthday. He died at the Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center in Loma Linda, California, after being hospitalized four days earlier. He had experienced various health problems over the last few years of his life, including diabetes. His funeral was held December 5, 2009 at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California and his grave can be found in section 2, grave #1910.
Awards and honors
Millett's military decorations include the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star, two Legions of Merit, three Bronze Star Medals, four Purple Hearts, and three Air Medals.
His other United States military awards include the Combat Infantryman Badge, Ranger Tab, Good Conduct Medal, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, Army of Occupation Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Korean Service Medal, Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal and the Vietnam Service Medal.
His international military awards include the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal with Overseas Clasp, the Canadian Victory Medal, the Vietnam Cross of Gallantry, the Croix de Guerre, the United Nations Korea Medal, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal.
Medal of Honor citation
Millett's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Capt. Millett, Company E, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action. While personally leading his company in an attack against a strongly held position he noted that the 1st Platoon was pinned down by small-arms, automatic, and antitank fire. Capt. Millett ordered the 3d Platoon forward, placed himself at the head of the 2 platoons, and, with fixed bayonet, led the assault up the fire-swept hill. In the fierce charge Capt. Millett bayoneted 2 enemy soldiers and boldly continued on, throwing grenades, clubbing and bayoneting the enemy, while urging his men forward by shouting encouragement. Despite vicious opposing fire, the whirlwind hand-to-hand assault carried to the crest of the hill. His dauntless leadership and personal courage so inspired his men that they stormed into the hostile position and used their bayonets with such lethal effect that the enemy fled in wild disorder. During this fierce onslaught Capt. Millett was wounded by grenade fragments but refused evacuation until the objective was taken and firmly secured. The superb leadership, conspicuous courage, and consummate devotion to duty demonstrated by Capt. Millett were directly responsible for the successful accomplishment of a hazardous mission and reflect the highest credit on himself and the heroic traditions of the military service.
Other honors
At Osan Air Base in South Korea, "Millett Road" is named after Colonel Millett. It runs up Hill 180, where the Battle of Bayonet Hill / Hill 180 Memorial is located. An annual memorial ceremony is hosted at this site under the lead of the US Army 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade and the Colonel Lewis L. Millett Hill 180 Memorial VFW (Veterans of Foreign War) Post 8180. This hill was previously believed to be the location of where he led the legendary bayonet charge. Additional research supports that the location of the battle was actually north of Suwon, near Anyang.
A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to Millet for Veterans Day in 1999, recognizing him as one of five Medal of Honor recipients from the Southern California desert area.
In 2009, a park in San Jacinto, California, was named in honor of Millett.
At the US Army Infantry Museum at Fort Benning, Georgia, one of the life size dioramas depicting notable Infantry actions is of Millett's bayonet charge up Hill 180 during the Korean War. Millett is clearly visible leading the charge preparing to bayonet a North Korean soldier.
See also
List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients
List of Bates College people
References
External links
1920 births
2009 deaths
Korean War recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Canadian Army soldiers
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
Bates College alumni
People from Mechanic Falls, Maine
Burials at Riverside National Cemetery
People from Dartmouth, Massachusetts
People from Trenton, Tennessee
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Massachusetts |
4030479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Joseph%20Napier%2C%201st%20Baronet | Sir Joseph Napier, 1st Baronet | Sir Joseph Napier, 1st Baronet (26 December 1804 – 9 December 1882) was an Irish Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament. He was also a barrister and judge, who served briefly as Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
Career
He was the son of William Napier and Rosetta MacNaghten of Ballyreagh House, County Antrim, and was born in Belfast, Ireland, where his father was a prosperous brewer. The family had emigrated to Ulster from Scotland: they were descended from John Napier, inventor of the logarithm. He attended the Belfast Academical Institution and Trinity College Dublin, before being called to the Irish Bar in 1831. He had contemplated remaining at Trinity and seeking a fellowship, but his marriage in 1831 disqualified him, as Trinity required its fellows to be celibate. He built up a very large practice, and acquired an impressive reputation for learning, especially in the area of pleading. He became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1844.
He was MP for Dublin University from 1848 to 1858, after failing to be elected in 1847. He became Attorney General for Ireland from March to December 1852. He was also made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland 1852. He received a Doctorate of Civil Law in 1853.
Napier was a staunch Tory in politics, and exceptionally diligent in attending to his political duties. He left the House of Commons when he was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1858, an office he held until 1859. His appointment caused some surprise, since he had made his reputation in the courts of common law, although he also did some chancery work. Some embarrassent was caused by the revelation that a previous holder
of the office, Francis Blackburne, had been offered it a second time, and after an initial refusal had been willing to accept; Blackburne took his rejection very badly. Napier was created a Baronet in 1867 and appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1868, which entitled him to sit on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Despite his obvious wish to return to office, he never became Chancellor again: even in the Tory party his strong Evangelical views had made him enemies, while the Bar complained that his deafness made it impossible for him to conduct business efficiently. He accepted the position of Lord Justice of Appeal, but the reaction from the Bar was so unfavourable (his deafness rather than his religious beliefs seems to have been the issue here) that he withdrew his name. His publications include educational, mathematical and legal works.
In 1880, following the death of his eldest
son William, a blow from which he never recovered, he retired to St Leonards-on-Sea in Sussex and died there on 9 December 1882. He was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery, Dublin with a tablet to his memory placed in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.
Reputation
He was remembered as a learned jurist and a diligent Parliamentarian, but above all as a devout Protestant with a deep devotion to the Church of Ireland, whose disestablishment he fiercely opposed. When young he was an extreme Evangelical, and strongly opposed to Catholic Emancipation, but it is said that his views mellowed as he grew older. His earlier religious views led to a clash with Daniel O'Connell, who nicknamed him "Holy Joe". He was sometimes accused of hypocrisy, and certainly knew how to dissemble: candidates for office who were assured of his support sometimes found to their outrage that he had been blocking them all along.
Family
He married Charity (Cherry) Grace, daughter of John Grace of Dublin (from an old Kilkenny family), on 20 August 1831. Described as "an impulsive love match", the marriage
was a very happy one. They had 2 sons: William John Napier, who predeceased
his parents, to their intense grief, and Sir Joseph Napier, 2nd Baronet, and 3 daughters: Grace, Rosetta and Cherry.
Lady Napier died 4 March 1901.
One of his sisters, Rosetta Napier, married James Whiteside, Attorney General for Ireland and later Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. The warm friendship between the two men
ended in a bitter quarrel which was never made up. Another sister, Mary Napier, married Echlin Molyneux who later became a Professor of English Law at Queen's University Belfast; she died young in 1831, leaving a son, James Henry.
John Robinson, founder and proprietor of the Dublin Daily Express, was a cousin: this assured Napier of favourable press coverage in a wide-circulation Unionist newspaper.
References
Bibliography
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. I 1832-1885, edited by Michael Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
Andrew Shields, The Irish Conservative Party, 1852-1868: Land, Politics and Religion (Dublin, 2007)
Authorized Report of the Proceedings of the Church Congress held at York, 1866. with speech from Napier
Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A. 2003
Copy of confirmation of arms to the descendants of Joseph Napier of St. Andrews, Co. Down and to his grandson, the Rt. Hon. Joseph Napier, M.P., Lord Chancellor of Ireland, son of William Napier of St. Andrews, 16 March 1867. Dublin: National Library of Ireland, Genealogical Office: Ms. 109, pp. 143–4
Our portrait gallery - No. LXIX: The Rt. Hon. Joseph Napier, M. P. (With etching). The Dublin University magazine: a literary and political journal, Vol. XLI, pp. 300–314, March, 1853. National Library of Ireland.
Ewald, Alexander Charles. The Life of Sir Joseph Napier, Bart., ex Lord Chancellor of Ireland: from his private correspondence. Longmans, Green. London, 492pp. 1887
External links
1804 births
1882 deaths
Lord chancellors of Ireland
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Lawyers from Belfast
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish Conservative Party MPs
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
Attorneys-General for Ireland
Burials at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Politicians from Belfast |
4030485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jollof%20rice | Jollof rice | Jollof (), or jollof rice, is a rice dish from West Africa. The dish is typically made with long-grain rice, tomatoes, onions, spices, vegetables and meat in a single pot, although its ingredients and preparation methods vary across different regions.
History and origin
The origins of jollof rice can be traced to the Senegambian region that was ruled by the Wolof or Jolof Empire in the 14th century, spanning parts of today's Senegal, The Gambia and Mauritania, where rice was grown. The dish has its roots in a traditional dish called thieboudienne, containing rice, fish, shellfish and vegetables.
Food and agriculture historian James C. McCann considers this claim plausible given the popularity of rice in the upper Niger valley, but considers it unlikely that the dish could have spread from Senegal to its current range since such a diffusion is not seen in "linguistic, historical or political patterns".
Instead he proposes that the dish spread with the Mali empire, especially the Djula tradespeople who dispersed widely to the regional commercial and urban centers, taking with them economic arts of "blacksmithing, small-scale marketing, and rice agronomy" as well as the religion of Islam.
Marc Dufumier, an emeritus professor of agronomy, proposes a more recent origin for the dish, which may only have appeared as a consequence of the colonial promotion of intensive peanut cropping in central Senegal for the French oil industry, and where commensurate reduction in the planted area of traditional millet and sorghum staples was compensated by forced imports of broken rice from Southeast Asia.
It may then have spread throughout the region through the historical commercial, cultural and religious channels linking Senegal with Ghana, Nigeria and beyond, many of which continue to thrive today, such as the Tijāniyyah Sufi brotherhood bringing thousands of West African pilgrims to Senegal annually.
Geographical range and variants
Jollof rice is one of the most common dishes in West Africa. There are several regional variations in name and ingredients; for example, in Mali it is called zaamè in Bamanankan. The dish's most common name of Jollof derives from the name of the Wolof people, though in Senegal and Gambia the dish is referred to in Wolof as ceebu jën or benachin. In French-speaking areas, it is called riz au gras. Despite the variations, the dish is "mutually intelligible" across the regions and has become the best known African dish outside the continent.
Ingredients
Jollof rice traditionally consists of rice, cooking oil, vegetables such as tomato, onion, red pepper, garlic, ginger and Scotch bonnet chilli peppers. To enhance the colour of the dish, tomato paste (purée) is added. As seasoning, spices, salt, stock cubes (a blend of flavour enhancers, salt, nutmeg and herbs), curry powder and dried thyme are used. To complement the dish, chicken, turkey, beef or fish are often served with the dish.
Regional variations and rivalry
Each West African country has at least one variant form of the dish, with Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Cameroon particularly competitive as to which country makes the best jollof. This is especially prominent between Nigeria and Ghana, in a rivalry dubbed the "Jollof Wars".
Nigerian jollof
Although considerable variation exists, the basic profile for Nigerian jollof rice includes long-grain parboiled rice, tomatoes and tomato paste, pepper, vegetable oil, onions, and stock cubes. Most of the ingredients are cooked in one pot, of which a rich meat stock and a fried tomato and pepper puree characteristically forms the base. Rice is then added and left to cook in the liquid. The dish is then served with the protein of choice and very often with fried plantains, moi moi, steamed vegetables, coleslaw, salad, etc. In the riverine areas of Nigeria where seafood is the main source of protein, seafood often takes the place of chicken or meat as the protein of choice.
Ghanaian jollof
Ghanaian jollof rice is made of vegetable oil, onion, ginger, cloves of pressed garlic, chillies, tomato paste, beef or goat meat or chicken (some times alternated with mixed vegetables), local or refined rice, typically jasmine rice and black pepper. The method of cooking jollof begins with first preparing the beef or chicken by seasoning and steaming it with a pureé of ginger, onions and garlic and frying it until it is well-cooked. The rest of the ingredients are then fried all together, starting from onions, pepper, tomato paste, tomatoes and spices in that order. After all the ingredients have been fried, rice is then added and cooked until the meal is prepared. Ghanaian jollof is typically served with side dishes of beef, chicken, well-seasoned fried fish, or mixed vegetables.
Jollof in Ghana is also served alongside shito, a popular type of pepper which originates from Ghana, and salad during parties and other ceremonies.
Bissau-Guinean jollof
Jollof rice made in Guinea-Bissau is carefully prepared with ingredients such as tomatoes, onions, tomato paste, red bell peppers, yellow bell peppers, garlic and bay leaves. These ingredients are slowly cooked with vegetable oil and spices to enhance the common jollof flavor. Typically this dish incorporates ginger to bring a spicy flavor to the white rice. In the end, this dish is usually served on its own but sometimes it is served with chicken, okra and/or fried plantains.
Worldwide popularity
Since the 2010s there has been increasing interest in West African foods in the western world. Jollof food festivals have been held in Washington, DC, in the US, and Toronto, Canada. "World Jollof Day" has been celebrated since 2015 on 22 August, gaining traction on social media.
See also
Charleston red rice
Concoction rice
Jambalaya
List of African dishes
Thieboudienne
References
Further reading
West Africa steams over jollof rice war (BBC News, 2017)
Rice dishes
Nigerian cuisine
Beninese cuisine
Ghanaian cuisine
Senegalese cuisine
Gambian cuisine
Togolese cuisine
West African cuisine |
4030492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Wright | Randy Wright | Randall Steven Wright (born January 12, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback and color commentator who played for the Green Bay Packers from 1984 to 1988 and covered Big Ten football for ESPN for 12 years. In 2016, USA Today named Wright the worst starting quarterback in Packers' history.
High school
Randy Wright attended St. Charles High School in St. Charles, Illinois. He is a member of the St. Charles Saints Hall of Fame.
Randy Wright attended Acton-Boxborough Regional High School in Acton Massachusetts as a sophomore (1976-1977). He was the Colonial's starting quarterback.
College career
Wright played college football at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Professional career
Wright occasionally had the starting role in the 1985 season, sharing this duty with Jim Zorn and Lynn Dickey. Wright played the entire 1986 NFL season as the starter, and shared starting quarterback duties with his successor, Don Majkowski, from 1987 to 1988.
Personal life
After his football career ended, Randy Wright founded and still owns the vending machine company Wright Vending with his wife Kelli. He also coaches high school football in Sturgeon Bay, WI, as an offensive coordinator and helps run the Trickey Wright quarterback and wide receiver camp.
References
1961 births
Living people
People from St. Charles, Illinois
Players of American football from Illinois
American football quarterbacks
Wisconsin Badgers football players
Green Bay Packers players
College football announcers |
4030517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th%20Maine%20Infantry%20Regiment | 27th Maine Infantry Regiment | The 27th Maine Infantry Regiment was a nine-month regiment raised for service in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Service
One of eight regiments raised by Maine in the fall of 1862 under the call for men to serve nine-month terms, the 27th Maine was formed primarily of volunteers from York County, Maine. They went into camp at Portland, Maine, on 10 September, with the officers being mustered into service on the 19th and the enlisted men on the 30th. After a short furlough home, and the addition of a few later enlistments to complete the regiment, they left for Washington, D.C. on 20 October 1862. The unit was attached to the XXII Corps, first belonging to Casey's Division and later to the division of General John Joseph Abercrombie. They served as pickets in the defenses of the capital through their entire term.
First encamped on East Capitol Hill upon their arrival in Washington, they soon moved to Arlington Heights, Virginia and afterward to Hunting Creek, where they went into winter quarters until March 1863. In the spring, they relocated along with the 25th Maine to Chantilly, Virginia and were there until 25 June, when they were transferred into the Army of the Potomac and ordered to report to General Slocum and the XII Corps at Leesburg, Virginia. This order was quickly changed, as it had not been known that the 1st Brigade (25th Maine and 27th Maine) were only nine-month units and their terms were about to expire, so they were instead sent to Arlington Heights for preparations to their mustering out and subsequent return to Maine.
Volunteer service and the Medal of Honor
On the request of President Abraham Lincoln, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton sent letters on 28 June 1863 to the commanding officers of the 25th Maine and 27th Maine regiments, asking for them to remain beyond their contracted service due to the invasion of Pennsylvania by Robert E. Lee and his army. Declined first by the 25th Maine, the 27th was then asked, and over 300 men volunteered to remain beyond their service time in the defenses of Washington during what became the Gettysburg Campaign. When Colonel Wentworth delivered the message to Secretary Stanton, he was informed that "Medals of Honor would be given to that portion of the regiment that volunteered to remain". With the battle soon over, they left Washington for home on 4 July, reuniting with the rest of the regiment in Portland for their mustering out on 17 July 1863. Following the end of the war, when the promise to award medals to the volunteers was fulfilled, there was a lack of an agreeable list of those who stayed behind in Washington. This resulted in some 864 medals being made, and it was left up to Wentworth to distribute them to those members he remembered staying behind with him. The MOH awarded to George Washington Emmons can be seen at Old Gordon Gravestones These medals were later purged by Congress in 1917 as the actions of the regiment did not meet the criteria for receiving such a medal.
Commanders
With Colonel Rufus Tapley leaving the regiment in January 1863, Lieutenant Colonel Mark F. Wentworth resumed command of the unit. He was formerly of the Kittery militia, and stationed at Fort McClary during the early part of the Civil War. Following his service in the 27th Maine, he became commanding officer of the 32nd Maine Infantry Volunteers in February 1864, but had to resign on October due to being seriously wounded at the Battle of the Crater in July.
Complement and casualties
There were a total of 949 men listed on the muster rolls for the 27th Maine. During their service, the regiment lost nineteen men by disease and one was killed by the accidental discharge of his musket.
See also
Medal of Honor
List of Maine Civil War units
Maine in the American Civil War
Bibliography
Hodsdon, John L, Adj Gen (1863). Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Maine for the Year Ending 31 December 1863. Augusta, ME: Stevens & Sayward, State Printers.
Pullen, John J. (1966). A Shower of Stars. Philadelphia: J B Lippincott Co.
Stone, Lieut.Col. James M (1895). The History of the Twenty-Seventh Regiment Maine Volunteer Infantry. Portland, ME: The Thurston Print.
Notes
External links
The 27th Maine
Photograph of veterans of the 27th Maine Infantry from the Maine Memory Network
27th Maine Infantry Regiment
1862 establishments in Maine
Military units and formations established in 1862
Military units and formations disestablished in 1863 |
4030536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry%20poison-dart%20frog | Strawberry poison-dart frog | The strawberry poison frog, strawberry poison-dart frog or blue jeans poison frog (Oophaga pumilio, formerly Dendrobates pumilio) is a species of small poison dart frog found in Central America. It is common throughout its range, which extends from eastern central Nicaragua through Costa Rica and northwestern Panama. The species is often found in humid lowlands and premontane forest, but large populations are also found in disturbed areas such as plantations. The strawberry poison frog is perhaps most famous for its widespread variation in coloration, comprising approximately 15–30 color morphs, most of which are presumed to be true-breeding. O. pumilio, while not the most poisonous of the dendrobatids, is the most toxic member of its genus.
Diet
The diet of O. pumilio causes the skin of the amphibian to become toxic in nature when certain subspecies of mites and ants are ingested. Alkaloid toxins are organic in nature and contain nitrogenous bases that react with carbon and hydrogen groups. Pumiliotoxin 251D is the specialized toxin that is sequestered by this species of frog. This toxin has a negative stimulating effect on cardiac function and is a severe disruptor of the sodium potassium ion channels within cells. Upon ingestion of Pumiliotoxin 251D, organisms preying on O. pumilio experience convulsions, paralysis, and death.
It has been found that once O.pumilio reaches sexual maturity, their granular glands significantly increase in size and their diet shifts. In females, it is common to find about 53% more alkaloids than adult males.
Oribatida mites belonging to the glandulate suborder Brachypylina are an important origin of pumiliotoxins in O. pumilio. Hexane-extraction techniques indicate presence of alkaloid toxins in Brachypylina. Toxins appear to be biosynthesized in adult mites, as nymph and larval stages of the arachnid do not carry the toxins. Experimental analysis of this species of mite show alkaloid toxins are found almost exclusively in the opisthonotal glands of mites of the Scheloribatidae. Oil glands of the mite contain the toxins and are then released internally as the amphibian digests the arthropod.
O. pumilio can also attribute its cutaneous toxicity to its rich diet of formicinae ants. Species of the formicine genus Brachymyrmex contain pumiliotoxins which the frogs incorporate and accumulate poison from. There is a variability of alkaloid profiles among populations and individuals of O. pumilio, which is indicative of varying levels of available prey within their infraspecific habitats. Research and physical analysis reveal that maternally derived alkaloids exist in young tadpoles. The increase in alkaloids in tadpoles suggests that the females are providing more chemical defenses to their more vulnerable young. This being one of the first found examples of provisioning that occurs after hatching. During tadpole-rearing, mother frogs feed their young an unfertilized egg from their ovaries after dropping each individual tadpole into a repository of water usually found in a bromeliad. Tadpoles lacking the obligate nutritive egg diet do not contain the alkaloid. This step is crucial for the tadpoles to sequester the alkaloid from their mother; without such, young tadpoles become susceptible to predation by arthropods and other frogs.
Behavior
Oophaga pumilio is diurnal and primarily terrestrial, and can often be found in leaf litter in both forested and disturbed areas. Studies have shown that the optimal habitat is determined by the male, considering the resource benefits and defense costs. Males tend to expend more energy defending smaller but higher quality areas. There has also been evidence that the better competitors and fighters are the males guarding smaller sites with higher female density. In most Anura the louder the vocalization when competing usually means they are larger in size and in better health. However, in the O. pumilio species researchers have determined that these frogs call out at a lower rate to limit their energetic expenditures. Females, on the other hand, simply distribute themselves according to tadpole rearing sites.
Though brightly colored and toxic, these frogs are relatively small, growing to approximately in standard length.
Reproduction and parental care
Oophaga pumilio is an external breeder, and other species of the genus Oophaga are notable in the amphibian world for exhibiting a high degree of parental care. The strawberry poison frog has dual parental care. The males defend and water the nests, and the females feed the oophagous tadpoles their unfertilized eggs. Although both male and female contribute to parental care, females invest more heavily in terms of energy expenditure, time investment, and loss of potential reproduction. When choosing a partner for mating, females will choose the closest calling male rather than the highest quality male. Females provide energetically costly eggs to the tadpoles for 6–8 weeks (until metamorphosis), remain sexually inactive during tadpole rearing, and care for only one clutch of four to six tadpoles at a time. The males contribute via the relatively "cheap" (in terms of energy) act of watering and protecting the eggs for a relatively short period (10–12 days), and can care for multiple nests at one time. The extreme maternal investment in their offspring is believed to be the result of high egg mortality. Only 5–12% of the clutch develops into tadpoles, so the female's fitness may be best increased by making sure those few eggs that form tadpoles survive.
After mating, the female lays three to five eggs on a leaf or bromeliad axil. The male then ensures the eggs are kept hydrated by transporting water in his cloaca. After about 10 days, the eggs hatch and the female transports the tadpoles on her back to some water-filled location. In captivity, on rare occasions, the male is observed transporting the tadpoles, though whether this is intentional, or the tadpoles simply hitch a ride, is unknown. Bromeliad axils are frequently used tadpole deposition sites, but anything suitable can be used, such as knots in trees, small puddles, or human trash such as aluminum cans.
Tadpoles are deposited singly at each location. Once this has been done, the female will come to each tadpole every few days and deposit several unfertilized food eggs. In captivity, tadpoles have been raised on a variety of diets, ranging from algae to the eggs of other dart frogs, but with minimal success. O. pumilio tadpoles are considered obligate egg feeders, as they are unable to accept any other form of nutrition.
After about a month, the tadpole will metamorphose into a small froglet. Generally, it stays near its water source for a few days for protection as it absorbs the rest of its tail.
Taxonomy
Oophaga pumilio belongs to the genus Oophaga, although the name Dendrobates pumilio is still sometimes used. There is evidence that the species of Oophaga (previously classified as the "female parental care group" of Dendrobates) are a monophyletic evolutionary group. Due to the low level of genetic divergence between the species analyzed in this genus, it is estimated that they speciated relatively recently, after the formation of the current Panamanian land bridge in the Pliocene (3–5 million years ago). Oophaga pumilio is believed to be most closely related to Oophaga arborea.
Evolution
Strawberry poison frog, Oophaga pumilio, shows extreme variation in color and pattern between populations that have been geographically isolated for more than 10,000 years. When populations are separated by geographic distances and landscape barriers, they frequently experience restricted gene flow, which can enable phenotypic divergence between populations through selection or drift. Their variety in warning coloration is used for their visibility, toxicity and resistance to predators. When divergent phenotypes are mostly restricted to separate islands, the biogeography of color polymorphism suggests a major role for neutral process. However, Summers et al. (1997) provide evidences that neutral divergence alone is unlikely to have caused the variation in color patterns. As shown by Lande, rapid evolution in sexually selecting species is led by the interaction of random genetic drift with natural and sexual selection such as random genetic drift in female mating preferences. Color is known to play a role in male–female signaling, mate attraction, and male–male signaling in anurans. Based on Tazzyman and Iwasa's study that involved collections of samples from main islands in the Bocas del Toro archipelago, its results proved that female preference on male calls led to call divergence and therefore divergence was driven by sexual selection. Mate choice plays a critical role in generating and maintaining biodiversity. Furthermore, spatial variation in predators or habitat features could exert divergent natural selection on coloration in response to its subjection to predator selection. It is still unclear to what extent sexual selection has driven the evolution of color morphs rather than reinforcing the reproductive isolation of morphs. In an aposematic organism such as Oophaga pumilio, we cannot attribute a phylogenetic signal of selection to female mate choice alone but is quite possible that genetic drift would interact with female color preferences to trigger divergence Researchers Maan and Cummings had also found that in some cases female Oophaga Pumilio preferred male mates that had very different coloration than their own phenotype. In nature the equality of color through evolution is very unlikely considering the various sensory biases of predators and the different background colors of the environments these frogs habitat. Due to this variability in color evolution, it is unlikely to say there is superiority of aposematic purpose of color selection in the OophaSpecies such as Oophaga Pumilio have been known to thrive and compete very well on disturbed and converted land. With temperatures rising in many different biomes, the success of many species is going to be determined by its ability to acclimate and adapt. In the study done by Rivera and Nowakowski, they discovered that in many cases O.pumilio is experiencing greater temperature stress in converted habitats than forestsga Pumilio species.
Habitat Niche
These frog species utilize scattered structures throughout these disturbed lands to relieve some of the thermal stress, yet it was found that O. pumilio is still warmer than any other species in the forested areas, being exposed to temperatures up to 27 degrees Celsius. These findings suggest that this species of dart frog acts as an ecological buffer and is predicted to be more successful than other species as land use changes and temperatures rise.
Captivity
Oophaga pumilio is a popular frog in captivity, due to its striking colors and unique life cycle. They have been imported in vast quantities to the United States and Europe since the early 1990s, when they would typically be available for around US$75 each. However, these shipments have since stopped, and O. pumilio is much less common and available in reduced diversity. In Europe, O. pumilio is much more diverse and available due to an increased frequency of smuggling and the resulting offspring of smuggled animals. Smuggling of dart frogs is less common elsewhere, but still problematic as it kills large numbers of animals and frequently degrades or destroys viable habitat.
Recently, O. pumilio has been exported from Central America again in small numbers from frog farms. Because of this, they have seen a huge increase in numbers in the dart frog community and are regularly available.
Common color morphs in captivity
One example of a color morph is the blue jeans morph. It is most common throughout the species range, but is relatively rare in the United States pet trade. Most of these animals came from imports during the 1990s, or are their descendants. As of 2003, it was observed that this morph could be found throughout Costa Rica, as well as in mainland Panama.
References
External links
Ask Questions and get answers from experts : Dart Frog Experts
Amphibiaweb, Amphibiaweb entry for Oophaga pumilio
Dendrobates.org, Information site for poison frogs
Media
Oophaga pumilio at CalPhotos
Amphibians described in 1857
Poison dart frogs
Oophaga
Amphibians of Costa Rica
Amphibians of Nicaragua
Amphibians of Panama |
4030537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped%20%28song%29 | Warped (song) | "Warped" is a song by the American alternative rock group Red Hot Chili Peppers, from their 1995 album, One Hot Minute. It was released as the first single from the album. It is the first track on One Hot Minute, beginning with an unusually quiet intro, before suddenly kicking into a very heavy, crunching riff, and ends with a mellow, melodic outro. Anthony Kiedis' vocals are distorted and echoed throughout, and contrast dramatically with the rapping present on the band's previous material, especially on their more fast-paced songs such as this; short lines are stretched to fill an entire measure. The musical style is of an unpredictable and unsettling nature, which is generally maintained throughout the entire album. The lyrics describe Kiedis' confused feelings about drugs, starting already in the first lines with: "my tendency/for dependency/is offending me".
Despite being the album's first single, neither the song nor the accompanying video was included on the Red Hot Chili Peppers' Greatest Hits compilation. The B-side "Melancholy Mechanics" also appears on the soundtrack to the 1996 movie, Twister, as well as on the Japanese pressing of One Hot Minute.
During live performances of "Warped", the band sometimes played a sample of the song "Three Days" by Jane's Addiction (former band of then-guitarist Dave Navarro) at the end of the song. This song made its live debut at the Woodstock Festival in 1994, although with much different lyrics.
Music video
While piecing together the final components of the album, the band recorded a video for "Warped", which was released on August 9, 1995. They asked Flea's brother-in-law, Gavin Bowden, to direct it. The video featured members of the band scantily clad and posing in rather sexual manners and it involved Kiedis and Navarro kissing towards the end as a way of breaking the monotony of cumbersome video recording. Thinking nothing of it, they continued to shoot and finished several days later. Warner Bros., however, saw the video and instantly wanted it thrown away, considering it to be unmarketable and that the kiss and homoerotic imagery would alienate a large portion of the band's fan base. The band came to a consensus to let the kiss remain on the final cut, prompting a backlash from the more conservative segments of their audience, who took offense at the action. Kiedis said of the situation: "If they couldn't accept what we were doing, we didn't need them anymore."
Track listing
CD single (1995)
"Warped" (edit)
"Pea" (album)
"Melancholy Mechanics" (previously unreleased)
Personnel
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Anthony Kiedis – vocals
Dave Navarro – guitar
Flea – bass
Chad Smith – drums
Additional musicians
Stephen Perkins – percussion
Charts
Release history
References
Red Hot Chili Peppers songs
1995 singles
1995 songs
Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin
Songs written by Anthony Kiedis
Songs written by Chad Smith
Songs written by Dave Navarro
Songs written by Flea (musician) |
4030545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge%20railways%20in%20the%20Czech%20Republic | Narrow-gauge railways in the Czech Republic | The Czech Republic formerly had a large number of narrow-gauge railways. Apart from the public lines listed below, there were many non-public industrial, forest and agricultural narrow-gauge systems; only a few of these are still running.
Current public lines
Obrataň–Jindřichův Hradec–Nová Bystřice; gauge , total length 79 km, 30 stations and stops, partly operated by steam locomotives, maximum permitted speed 50 km/h, privately owned by JHMD
Třemešná ve Slezsku–Osoblaha; gauge , total length 20 km, maximum permitted speed 40 km/h, infrastructure operator is Správa železniční dopravní cesty, regular passenger trains are operated by České dráhy
Liberec–Jablonec nad Nisou; gauge, operated by trams
Abandoned public lines
Frýdlant–Heřmanice; 1900–1976; gauge , used to be connected to Zittau–Reichenau line
Moravský Beroun–Dvorce; 1898–1933; gauge (cs)
Most–Litvínov–Janov; 7 Aug 1901 – 24 Mar 1961; gauge , operated by trams
Network of gauge tram lines around Ostrava, Bohumín, Orlová and Karviná; 1902–1973 (last remaining line closed)
References |
4030557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions%20and%20interventions%20in%20Hungary%20%281918%E2%80%931920%29 | Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920) | There was a period of revolutions and interventions in Hungary between 1918 and 1920. The First Hungarian Republic was founded by Mihály Károlyi during the Aster Revolution in 1918. In March 1919, the republic was overturned by another revolution, and the Hungarian Soviet Republic (also known as Hungarian Republic of Councils) was created. The unresolved conflicts led to wars between Hungary and its neighbor states (Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the evolving Czechoslovakia) in 1919. The Hungarian Soviet Republic ceased to exist after the Romanian occupation. The Treaty of Trianon in Versailles chilled the conflicts and beneficiaries for this event were Romania, the newly formed states of Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Background
With the volatile and politically unstable atmosphere of Central Europe in the inter-war years, the establishment of independent governments of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire in November 1918 would see the struggle to regain territories of the former empire. However, the Hungarian President of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, Mihály Károlyi, resigned within four months (on March 20, 1919) in favor of Béla Kun, a pro-Bolshevik who had been sent by Lenin, quickly seizing power and establishing a revolutionary government.
Military conflicts
During the war, the Hungarian red army fought separate battles against troops from Czechoslovakia and Romania, while France was also highly involved diplomatically in the conflicts, too. By its final stage, more than 120,000 troops on both sides were involved.
Appealing to Hungarians with promises of regaining the land lost to neighboring countries within a week of his rise to power, Kun declared war upon Czechoslovakia as Hungarian forces invaded Upper Hungary on May 20, capturing southern territories within weeks. In the face of advancing Hungarian troops, the Allies began to put pressure on the Hungarian government and, within three weeks with Kun's assurances of Russian support failing to materialize, Hungary was forced to withdraw from the just proclaimed Slovak Soviet Republic after having been given an ultimatum by France, together with a guarantee that Romanian forces would retreat from Tiszántúl.
The Romanians disregarded the guarantees of the French leadership and remained on the eastern banks of the Tisza River. The Hungarian government claiming to impose the will of the Allies on Romania, and seeing that diplomatic solutions would not compel them, resolved to clear the threat by military force once and for all. They planned to throw the Romanians out of Tiszántúl, destroy the Romanian army, and even retake Transylvania. However, the Hungarian offensive was defeated by the Romanian army, and despite all previous pledges, agreements, and guarantees, the Romanians crossed the river Tisza and quickly advanced towards Budapest. The Hungarian capital fell on August 4, only three days before Kun's escape to Vienna. The destruction of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and the Romanian occupation of parts of Hungary proper, including its capital Budapest in August 1919, ended the war. Romanian troops withdrew from Hungary in March 1920, after seizing large amounts of goods from Hungary, which they regarded as war reparations.
Consequences
After the Hungarian–Romanian War, the country was totally defeated.
In the name of what they considered to be war reparations, the Romanian government requested the delivery of 50% of the country's rolling stock, 30% of its livestock, twenty thousand carloads of fodder, and even assessed payment for their expenditures.
By the beginning of 1920, they had seized much from Hungary, including food, trucks, locomotives and railroad cars, factory equipment, even the telephones and typewriters from government offices; the Hungarians regarded these Romanian seizures as looting. The Romanian occupation lasted for nearly six months.
After the Romanian occupation, Miklós Horthy's "White Terror" was carried out in response to the previous "Red Terror". The Hungarians had to cede all war materials, except those weapons necessary for the troops under Horthy's command.
See also
Aftermath of World War I
Hungarian Soviet Republic
Miklós Horthy
Austria-Hungary
Béla Kun
References
External links
http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/charlie/czechhungary1919.htm
20th-century revolutions
Communism in Hungary
Communist revolutions
Revolutions in Hungary
Wars involving Czechoslovakia
Wars involving France
Wars involving Hungary
Wars involving Romania
Proxy wars
Revolutions of 1917–1923
Subsidiary conflicts of World War I
Wars between the Czech Republic and Hungary |
4030560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20protocol | Flag protocol | A flag protocol defines the proper placement, handling, use, and disposal of flags. Some countries have added certain protocols into their legal system while others prefer to have "guidelines" without civil or criminal consequences attached.
General guidelines
General guidelines are accepted practically universally.
On a mast or pole
The flag of honor, which is the nation's flag in most cases, is flown on the center mast if possible. It is also correct to fly the flag on its own right. To an observer it would be on the far left. If more than three flags are used, the proper position is as far left from the point of view of an observer. An additional flag may be placed on the right side, but is not necessary.
When two poles are crossed, the position of honor is the flag that ends on the left side from the point of view of an observer (the pole will therefore end on the right).
In a semicircle, the position of honor is the center. If a full circle is used outside an entrance to an arena or stadium, the position of honor is directly over the entrance. If used to line the walls of the arena, the flag should be placed directly opposite the entrance.
Hanging
When flown horizontally, as from a flag pole, the flag should be oriented so that the canton is closest to the top of the pole. If hung against a wall, the canton should be placed in the upper-left corner from the point of view of the observer.
When hung vertically, flags should be rotated so the canton is again closest to the top of the pole. If the flag is displayed against a wall, the canton should again appear in the upper-left corner, which requires that the flag be both rotated and "flipped" from its horizontal orientation.
Other places
On a vehicle the flag should be put on a window or affixed securely to the front of the chassis, on the nearside of the vehicle, i.e. the one opposite the driver. (In other words, in countries that drive on the right hand side of the road, a flag is on the right of the vehicle.) On a vehicle where a visiting Head of State or Government is sharing a car with the host Head of State or Government, the host's flag takes the nearside position, the guest's flag on the offside.
When placed with a podium or at a place of worship, the flag should hang directly behind or on a pole to the right of the speaker, from the point of view of the flag.
When carried in single file, the flag of honor leads.
Multiple flags
When flags of many nations are flown the flag of the hosting country should be placed on the left with the rest following in alphabetical order in the language of the host country. The flag of any sovereign nation should not be displayed over that of another, except when the nations are at war with each other.
On a helicopter
Sometimes in a ceremonial flypast, a flag is flown from a weighted rope dangling from beneath a helicopter.
By country
Brunei
Members of the royal family and the nobility each have their own flags. The Standard of the Sultan must be flown only over Istana Nurul Iman. Only the Standard of the Sultan, the Crown Prince, the 'Viziers' and 'Cheterias' (royal nobles) will be flown every day at their respective residents. Other personal royal flags of the Pengirans and personal flags of the non-royal nobles (such as Pehin Manteris) will only be flown during a ceremonial period announced by the Prime Minister's Office such as Sultan's Birthday, Royal Wedding and National Day. The public generally will fly the national flag during these periods. As in many other countries, Bruneians consider it taboo for the flag to touch the ground.
France
When a French vessel meets another French ship, it is to lower and raise its ensign as a greeting. A merchant ship meeting a ship of the French Navy will greet three times.
India
The flag of India has a very distinctive protocol. It is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002; the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.
Insults to the national flag are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both.
Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form.
Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole and in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.
Saudi Arabia
Because the flag of Saudi Arabia bears the Shahada, it is never flown at half-mast.
United Kingdom
Unlike many other countries, use of the national flag, the Union Flag, for many informal purposes such as on clothing is accepted.
The Department for Communities and Local Government in November 2012 released the Plain English guide to flying flags for England, a "summary of the new, more liberalised, controls over flag flying that were introduced on 12 October 2012". In England, the statute governing the flying of flags are The Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2007 and 2012.
United States
When displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall, the union should be uppermost and to the flag's own right, that is, to the observer's left. When displayed in a window, the flag should be displayed in the same way, with the union or blue field to the left of the observer in the street.
The flag should be to the speaker's right (also described as the flag's own right or audience's left), that is to the left of the podium or pulpit as the speaker is facing the audience. Old guidelines had a distinction whether the flag was at the level of the speaker on a stage or the level of the audience. That distinction has been eliminated and the rule simplified.
When the flag is displayed at half-staff, it is customary to raise it briskly to the top the flag pole, then lower it slowly to the half-way mark. This is also done when lowering the flag. The flag is only displayed at half-staff by presidential decree or act of Congress, except on two days: On Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, the flag can be displayed at half-staff until sundown; on Memorial Day, the flag is flown at half-staff until noon, and then raised to full staff for the remainder of the day.
When displaying the US flag, it is customary for it to be above a state's flag when flown on the same pole. When flown separately, a state's flag may be at the same height as the US flag, with the US flag to the left of the state flag, from the perspective of the viewer. When flown with several state flags, the US flag should be at the same height and to the flag's own right (viewer's left), or at the center of and higher than a grouping of state flags. The idea that only the Texas and Hawaii flags—having been the national flags of the Republic of Texas and the Kingdom of Hawaii—may be flown at an equal height to the US flag is a legend. In fact, any other flag may be flown at an equal height to the US flag provided the US flag is at the leftmost staff from the perspective of the viewer.
The flag of the United States is used to drape the coffins of deceased veterans of the armed forces. When it is so used, the Union (white stars on blue background) is placed above the deceased's left shoulder.
According to United States Code found in Title 4, Chapter 1 pertaining to patriotic customs and observances:
These laws were supplemented by executive orders and presidential proclamations.
Uruguay
National flags cannot be adulterated on any way, nor be used with other intention than as national symbols as stated by law. It is also prohibited for buildings to raise flags other than national flags. The public loyalty oath to the flag must be taken once by every citizen and is celebrated on 19 June at learning institutes. Disposal of damaged flags is done by the Uruguayan Army. Each year on 24 September damaged flags are burnt as an official act.
See also
Courtesy flag
Flag desecration
Vexillology
References
Further reading
External links
US Flag Disposal Instructions
Royal Yachting Association's advice on flag etiquette
US Flag Etiquette
UK flag flying protocol
Etiquette
Vexillology
Water transport |
4030570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moin%20moin | Moin moin | Moin-Moin or Moimoi is a steamed or boiled bean pudding made from a mixture of washed and peeled black-eyed beans, often combined with onions and fresh ground red peppers (usually a combination of bell peppers, chili or Scotch bonnet). Its a protein-rich food that is a staple in Nigeria. This dish originated from the Yoruba tribe, the Yorubas are one of the major tribes in Nigeria. they are mostly from the western part of the country.
It is commonly known as "Alele" or "Olele" as its other name in Yoruba, and commonly known as this in Sierra Leone and Ghana. It is usually taken with Hausa koko. Tubaani (also spelled Tubani) is a similar dish found in Northern Ghana. It can also be taken with garri, pap, custard among other varieties. It is now usually used as a side dish in Nigerian parties, it is served alongside with Jollof, fried rice etc.
Ingredients
Black-eyed or brown beans, tatashe (red bell pepper), scotch bonnet pepper( atarodo/fresh pepper), cooking Vegetable Oil, concentrated tomato puree (for extra colour, but optional), Tablespoonful ground Crayfish, large Onions bulbs, Eggs, or boiled minced meat or Bone Marrow or Corned beef or deboned smoked fish OR deboned boiled fish, bouillon/stock cubes for Seasoning, Water (as needed), Salt to taste.
Preparation
Moin-Moin is prepared by first soaking the beans in cold water until they are soft enough to remove the fine outer covering or peel. Then they are ground or blended (using a blender) until a fine paste is achieved. Salt, bouillon cube, dried crayfish, vegetable oil (or any edible oil such as palm oil) and other seasonings are added to taste. Some add sardines, corned beef, sliced boiled eggs, or a combination of these and other 'garnishes' to liven up Moin-Moin. Such is referred to as having 'x' number of lives, 'x' representing the number of garnishes added. The most touted is Moin-Moin elemi meje, which translates to Moin-Moin with seven lives.
Moin-Moin usually comes in a slanted pyramid shape, cylindrical shape, cone shape and any targeted shape owing to the mold it is poured into prior to cooking. The pyramid shape comes from the traditional broad "ewe eran" (Thaumatococcus daniellii) or banana leaves fashioned into a cone in one's palm, then the seasoned and garnished liquid is poured into the leaves, which is then folded. The cylindrical shapes come from empty cans of milk or tomato sauce used in preparation of other dishes. After packaging, it is placed in a large pot about a tenth filled with water. The water is the source of steam that cooks the Moin-Moin. Moin-Moin is eaten alone or with bread as a snack, with rice as a meal or with ogi for breakfast or supper. It can also be taken with garri in the afternoon. Moin-Moin process as been made easy by blending beans to flour also called Beans flour, this flour process as reduced stress of peeling beans and washing multiple times,all that's need is to mix the bean flour with water, add seasonings and salt to taste, fish, stocks, pawns, etc.
See also
Akara
List of African dishes
List of steamed foods
References
External links
How Afrolems makes Moin-Moin
Moimoin recipe
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/6705/1/jb06075.pdf
Cameroonian cuisine
Igbo cuisine
Nigerian cuisine
Puddings
Steamed foods
Yoruba cuisine |
4030574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos%20Karekin%20of%20Armenia | Catholicos Karekin of Armenia | There are three Armenian Catholicoi called Karekin:
Catholicoi of all Armenians
Karekin I (1932–1999), Catholicos from 1994 to 1999
Karekin II (1951- ) Catholicos from 1999 - present
Catholicoi of Cilicia
Karekin I (Cilicia) (1943–1952)
Karekin II (Cilicia) (1932–1999), Catholicos from 1983 to 1994), later Karekin I Catholicos of All Armenians (see above) |
4030575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonai | Yonai | Yonai (米内, lit. "rice inside") is a Japanese surname. It may refer to:
Kami-Yonai Station, a railway station on the Yamada Line in Morioka, Iwate, Japan
People
Mitsumasa Yonai (1880–1948), 37th Prime Minister of Japan
Yonai Norimoto, founder of Japanese animation studio Lay-duce |
4030580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd%20Maine%20Infantry%20Regiment | 32nd Maine Infantry Regiment |
Service
The 32nd Maine Infantry Regiment was organized at Augusta, Maine, between March 3 and May 6, 1864. Six companies left Maine for Washington, D.C., April 20, 1864. The remaining four companies left Maine for Washington on May 11, 1864, and Joined the rest of the regiment at North Anna River, Va, on May 26, 1864. At the point they were attached to the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac until the regiment was amalgamated with the 31st Maine Infantry Regiment on December 12, 1864.
Battles and Campaigns
Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River, Virginia, May 3-June 15, 1864.
Battle of the Wilderness May 5–7.
Spotsylvania May 8–12.
Spotsylvania Court House May 12–21.
North Anna River May 23–26.
On line of the Pamunkey May 26–28.
Totopotomoy May 28–31.
Cold Harbor June 1–12.
Bethesda Church June 1–3.
Before Petersburg June 16–19.
Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to December 12, 1864.
Battle of the Crater (Burnside's Mine), Petersburg, July 30.
Weldon R. R. August 18–21.
Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 2.
Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27–28.
Total Strength and Casualties
The Regiment lost a total of 202 men during service, 4 Officers and 81 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, 3 Officers and 114 Enlisted men by disease.
Commanders
Colonel Mark Fernald Wentworth
See also
List of Maine Civil War units
Maine in the American Civil War
References
Houston,Henry C The Thirty-Second Maine Regiment of Infantry Volunteers, Press of Southworth Brothers, Portland,Maine, 1903
External links
State of Maine Civil War Records Website
Photograph of the 32nd Maine Infantry from the Maine Memory Network
32nd Maine Regiment
Military units and formations established in 1864
1864 establishments in Maine
Military units and formations disestablished in 1864 |
4030583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effa%20Manley | Effa Manley | Effa Louise Manley (March 27, 1897 – April 16, 1981) was an American sports executive. She co-owned the Newark Eagles baseball franchise in the Negro leagues with her husband Abe Manley from 1935 to 1948. Throughout that time, she served as the team's business manager and fulfilled many of her husband's duties as treasurer of the Negro National League. In 2006, she posthumously became the first (and, to date, only) woman inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, chosen by the Special Committee on Negro Leagues for her work as an executive.
Early life
Manley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she attended school. In 1916, she graduated from Penn Central High School, completing vocational training there in cooking, oral expression and sewing. She entered the hatmaking business.
Manley's racial background is not completely known. Her biological parents may have been white but she was raised by her black stepfather and her mother.
The racial background of Manley's mother Bertha (maiden name: Ford) Cole Brooks is contested. Most books say Bertha was German, Effa claimed her maternal grandfather was Native American, but her maternal grandfather was German. Bertha is listed as black on many censuses and documents, however, this could have been due to census takers and biases, no African ancestry has been proven conclusively.
Most assumed Manley's stepfather was her biological father and therefore classify her as black. However, according to the book The Most Famous Woman in Baseball by Bob Luke, Effa was born through an extramarital union between her seamstress mother, Bertha Ford Brooks, and Bertha's white employer, Philadelphia stockbroker John Marcus Bishop. Daryl Russell Grigsby wrote, "...some insist she was a white woman exposed to black culture, who identified as black. Regardless of her ethnic origins, Effa Manley thought of herself as a black woman and was perceived by all who knew her as just that." Author Ted Schwarz wrote, "She was a white woman who passed as a black...She could stay in any hotel she desired."
In an interview she gave, she seemed to enjoy the confusion her skin color created. She related a story of when her husband, Abe Manley took her to Tiffany's in New York for an engagement ring. She picked out a huge five-carat stone. She remarked at how every salesgirl in the store was on hand to get a glimpse of this "old Negro man buying this young white girl a five-carat ring" and how she got a kick out of it. In 1977, Manley was interviewed for an oral history project which is archived at the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky Libraries.
Newark Eagles
She married Abe Manley in 1935 after meeting him at a New York Yankees game, and he involved her extensively in the operation of his own club, the Newark Eagles in Newark, New Jersey. She displayed particular skill in the area of marketing and often scheduled promotions that advanced the Civil Rights Movement. Her most noteworthy success was the Eagles' victory in the Negro World Series in 1946. She worked to improve the condition of the players in the entire league. She advocated better scheduling, pay, and accommodations. Her players traveled in an air-conditioned Flxible Clipper bus, considered extravagant for the Negro leagues.
She took over day-to-day business operations of the team, arranged playing schedules, planned the team's travel, managed and met the payroll, bought the equipment, negotiated contracts, and handled publicity and promotions. Thanks to her rallying efforts, more than 185 VIPs—including New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, who threw out the first pitch, and Charles C. Lockwood, justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York—were on hand to watch the Eagles' inaugural game in 1935.
Among the Eagles players during her ownership were future major league stars such as Larry Doby, who in 1947 was the first player to integrate the American League, Monte Irvin, and Don Newcombe. Manley was critical of Brooklyn Dodgers executive Branch Rickey, who signed Jackie Robinson to a minor league contract in 1945. She felt Negro league teams were justified in requesting compensation for players who were signed to major league contracts (Cleveland Indians owner Bill Veeck did pay her $10,000 compensation for Doby's contract, with another $5,000 when he stayed on the Indians roster). Manley was also critical of Negro league fans who supported Rickey because they felt he was integrating the major leagues due to civil rights causes rather than her summation of Rickey seeking business opportunity for his motivation. She also was critical of Robinson when he talked of the disorganization of the Negro leagues, asking him to not forget his beginnings and the contributions the Negro leagues had made to the game.
Activism
Her influence extended beyond baseball; she was active in the Civil Rights Movement and a social activist. Before the civil rights movement, Manley supported "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" boycotts. As part of her work for the Citizens' League for Fair Play, Manley organized a 1934 boycott of stores that refused to hire black salesclerks. After six weeks, the owners of the store (Blumstein's Department Store) gave in, and by the end of 1935 some 300 stores on 125th Street employed black clerks. Manley was the treasurer of the Newark chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and often used Eagles games to promote civic causes. In 1939 she held an "Anti-Lynching Day" at Ruppert Stadium, selling buttons that read “Stop Lynching” to support efforts to pass federal anti-lynching legislation. During World War II she arranged for entertainers to perform for segregated Black troops stationed at Fort Dix in New Jersey when they were barred from segregated USO clubs and canteens.
At this time most blacks were barred from practicing medicine. The Booker T. Washington Community Hospital, which offered training for black doctors and nurses, opened due in a large part to money raised from the Newark Eagles. They played numerous benefit games to raise money for new medical equipment. They also raised money for black Elks lodges, a major part of urban black social life. The Eagles worked especially hard for groups that promoted the welfare of Newark's black population. In an exhibit honoring the Negro leagues at the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, there is a banner given to the team by the Newark Student Camp Fund in recognition of their efforts to help the community. Another example of the relationship Effa helped forge with the community was copying a practice of another team which allowed the city's youth to attend games for free. Some children could afford the ten-cent fare for the bus ride while others jump on the back of a moving bus to take advantage of the free ballgames. Because of Effa Manley, the Newark Eagles were as important to black Newark as the Dodgers were to Brooklyn.
Death
By the spring of 1981, Manley's health had deteriorated to the point that she could no longer live in her apartment. She moved into a rest home run by former Negro league player Quincy Trouppe. Manley told Trouppe that she would go to the hospital to get checked out. She had cancer of the colon, which progressed into peritonitis after surgery. Manley had a heart attack and died on April 16, 1981, having never returned to the rest home. She died just four days after boxer Joe Louis, her sports idol, who had been one of the most influential black athletes of that time. Manley was buried in Culver City at the Holy Cross Cemetery.
Book
Manley and Leon Hardwick wrote Negro Baseball ... Before Integration. In addition to covering the Negro leagues from 1935 to 1960, parts of the book are autobiographical.
Legacy
She was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in February 2006. She was the first woman named to the Hall of Fame.
In 2010, her life was the subject of a children's book, She Loved Baseball: The Effa Manley Story, written by Audrey Vernick and illustrated by Don Tate.
See also
Women in baseball
References
External links
1897 births
1981 deaths
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Baseball executives
Negro league baseball executives
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
American women chief executives
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
Women baseball executives |
4030591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-14%20%28magazine%29 | J-14 (magazine) | J-14 is a monthly teenage magazine marketed at pre-teen and teenage girls around age 11–19. It is one of the earliest teen celebrity magazines. The magazine was among the top children's magazines in the 2012 list of Forbes.
History and profile
Launched in 1998, the first issue of the magazine hit stands in January 1999. It was started by Bauer Publishing, the United States division of the German firm Bauer Verlagsgruppe. The contents of these magazines include features like teen gossip, quizzes, fashion, posters, and information on celebrities that pertain to the readers. The name of the publication is a sound-alike abbreviation of its tagline "Just For Teens".
The headquarters of J-14 is in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
In April 2015, the Spanish language online edition the magazine was launched.
American Media, Inc. acquired Bauer's US children's magazines in 2018.
Circulation
An annual survey in 2007 by Experian Simmons Research of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, found that J-14 tied the former Nickelodeon Magazine among American girls 8–14 for familiarity, with nearly one in three girls in that age group surveyed saying they had read or looked at the magazine. Circulation was 217,183 copies in 2006.
References
External links
J-14 Official Web Site
J-14 Official Spanish Web Site
1998 establishments in New Jersey
Online magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Bauer Media Group
Magazines established in 1998
Magazines published in New Jersey
Spanish-language magazines
Spanish-language mass media in New Jersey
Teen magazines |
4030596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samim%20Bilgen | Samim Bilgen | Ahmet Samim Bilgen (April 12, 1910 Thessaloniki, Salonica Vilayet, Ottoman Empire – September 9, 2005 Ankara) was a Turkish lawyer, best known for his musical career as a violinist and composer. His song Ilgaz (lyrics also belong to him) has become a household tune in Turkey, and is popular even in China.
Early life
Bilgen studied and practiced law professionally, but has also been an active musician, particularly in his youth.
After finishing Haydarpaşa German Primary School and Kabataş High School, he studied law at Istanbul University and graduated in 1931. In 1961-62, Bilgen studied international law at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Samim Bilgen served as a lawyer at State Forestry Administration and in later years as a legal advisor at the Ministry of Finance.
Musical career
His musical life started in Istanbul during his high school years. He learned to play the piano from his mother, and trained himself in music theory as well as playing the violin. He attended Seyfeddin Asal's violin class in Istanbul Municipal Conservatory. While he was a law student, he started playing the violin professionally, first with Istanbul City Orchestra directed by the well known Turkish composer Hasan Ferit Alnar. Later, from 1930 to 1935, he played the first violin with Istanbul Conservatory Orchestra directed by Cemal Reşit Rey, also one of the top Turkish composers of the Republican era.
In 1933, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and President of the Turkish Republic, attended a performance of Bilgen's operetta Othello in Ankara, and expressed his admiration for the work. In 1935, two of his songs won prizes in a composition contest (organized by the daily newspaper Cumhuriyet, where Dmitri Shostakovich and Paul Hindemith were among the jury members. Professor Eugene Borrel of the Paris Conservatory heaped praise on Bilgen's collection entitled Turkish Folk Songs.
Throughout his life, he has endeavored to increase the popularity of polyphonic music in Turkey, and since 1973, he served on the consulting board of Sevda Cenap And Music Foundation.
Works
Operettas and stage music
Kadinlar mi erkekler mi? ("Women or men?") operetta for piano, flute, clarinet, two violins and cello, 1932.
Bu yaz böyle geçti ("So passed this summer") operetta for orchestra, 1935.
Othello" Stage music for violin, cello, piano and strings, 1930.
Merihten gelen telsiz ("The wireless from Mars") stage music for violin, piano and cello, 1930.
Ilgaz stage music for strings, 1931.
Köye dönüs ("Return to the village") stage music for strings, 1932.
Music for voice and piano
Turkish folk airs, 1935.
Five folk songs, 1939.
Ten folk songs, 1960-1980.
Souvenirs, 1930-1935.
Nocturne for piano solo, 1980.
Ballade for piano solo, 1980.
Published works
Souvenirs - Three piano pieces, Ilgaz, Return to the village, Women or men.
Two piano pieces, Nocturne, Ballade.
Turkish folk songs five folk songs.
Folk songs from yesterday to tomorrow five folk songs.
Marches four marches.
Two lieds Merdiven
His unpublished tango musics have been created in collaboration with his brother Tarık Rona (1914–1985).
Books
Bilgen, Ahmet Samim. (1986), Dünden Yarına Türküler Çokseslendirilmiş On Halk Türküsü. Ankara, Eser Matbaacılık.
References
1910 births
2005 deaths
Musicians from Thessaloniki
People from Salonica vilayet
Macedonian Turks
Harvard Law School alumni
Turkish classical composers
Deutsche Schule Istanbul alumni
Kabataş Erkek Lisesi alumni
Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni
20th-century Turkish lawyers
Turkish classical violinists
Turkish civil servants
20th-century classical composers
Male classical composers
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century male musicians
Male classical violinists |
4030599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiso | Koiso | Koiso is the surname of the following people
Erkki Koiso (1934-2000), Finish ice hockey player
Kuniaki Koiso (1880-1950), Japanese prime minister
Noriko Koiso (born in 1974), Japanese basketball player
Ryōhei Koiso (1903-1988), Japanese artist |
4030624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocop | Electrocop | Electrocop is a 1989 action video game developed by Epyx and published by Atari Corporation in North America and Europe exclusively for the Atari Lynx. It was also released in Japan on November 25 of the same year, where it was instead distributed by Mumin Corporation. One of the first games written for the platform, it was one of the launch titles that were released along with the system in North America.
Set on a futuristic interpretation of Washington, D.C. in the year 2069, players assume the role of the titular robot created by MegaCorp who must infiltrate into the Steel Complex fortress in an attempt of rescuing the President of the United States' first daughter under a time limit from The Criminal Brain, who kidnapped her for a ransom and threats to kill her if his demand is not met. Conceived by Greg Omi, who also developed the Lynx hardware alongside Chip's Challenge creator Chuck Sommerville, Electrocop began its development prior to the existence of any functional Lynx hardware.
Electrocop has received mixed reception from critics and reviewers alike since its release, who unanimously praised the pseudo-3D visuals and sound department, but some criticized the repetitive nature of the gameplay and convoluted graphics. A version of the game was developed and completed by ICC for the Atari 7800 but never released.
Gameplay
Electrocop is a third-person shooter game in which players starts off with a countdown clock of one hour to complete the task of rescuing the president's daughter. The player has to make their way through different levels coming up against different foes. These foes are robots that go by, Walker, Python, Mine, Wall Cannon, Virus and Stringray. To get between each level players have to hack through different doors through a computer interface. While in this interface there are directories of Information where players can learn more about the robots, Programs that disable robots and help hack through codes, and Games where players can pass the time by playing games of Meteors, Letter Puzzle and Out Break. There are also a Med-pack which heals the player, and weapon repair to help repair damaged weapons. There are also different weapons to choose from to help you out during the course of the game.
Development and release
Electrocop was conceived by Greg Omi when he worked at Epyx as games developer and programmer alongside Chuck Sommerville. In an online interview with website The Atari Times, Omi recounted about the development process of the game, stating that work on the project began before any functional Atari Lynx hardware existed and the team were working on an emulator of the console on the Amiga microcomputer at a slow frame rate, in addition of also using a video camera to scan the image in order to test how the graphics would look like once the hardware was finalized, although an early revision of the Lynx capable of displaying raster graphics was made later during development. Omi also stated that he initially had a lack of knowledge of 3D computer graphics and matrices, as he needed a graphical perspective for his project and consulted Blue Lightning programmer Stephen Landrum in how to write it, as the system could not perform sprite rotation.
A long-running rumor was that Electrocop initially started as a 3D sequel to Dennis Caswell's Impossible Mission. However, when asked about this rumor, Omi said "it's funny, but I can't remember if it was supposed to be a sequel to Impossible Mission or not. I remember writing a story and basic game design and pitching it to RJ [Mical], but I don't remember if they were asking for a sequel." Despite being a fan of Impossible Mission and knowing Caswell personally, Omi could not recall if he was still a member of Epyx. Atari composer Alex Rudis was also involved during the production of the project and created the music for it. The introductory sequence was created by Sommerville, who developed an animation engine that would be re-used on other titles for the hardware such as Blue Lightning and Todd's Adventures in Slime World, in addition of the minigame sequences.
Electrocop was one of the original launch titles during the initial release of the Lynx in 1989, along with the aforementioned Blue Lightning, California Games and Gates of Zendocon. It was also released in Europe around the same time period and later in Japan on December 23 of the same year, where it was distributed by Mumin Corporation instead and the difference between the international and Japanese releases is that the latter came bundled with an instruction manual in Japanese. The game was first showcased to the public during the International Summer Consumer Electronics Show 1989 along with the system, though early previews showed the title under the earlier name Net Runner.
Atari 7800 version
A version of Electrocop was in development by ICC for Atari Corporation on the Atari 7800, focusing on action and platforming instead of the third-person shooter gameplay style from the original Lynx version and was also showcased during an exhibition at the Consumer Electronics Show in a complete state. The 7800 version is notable for being one of the first titles where director and writer Amy Hennig was involved, creating the artwork using Atari ST and Macintosh computers as a freelancer. However, despite Hennig stating that work on the project was completed, this version would never be released due to Atari cancelling its release late during the official life span of the system. In a 2007 forum post at AtariAge, former MicroProse UK employee Steve Goss revealed artwork of the cancelled conversion that was given to him by Hennig herself.
Reception
Electrocop garnered mixed reception. In a capsule review for STart, Clayton Walnum praised the game's graphics and variety of challenges. Robert A. Jung reviewed the game which was published to IGN Entertainment. In his final verdict he wrote "This cart was a brilliant concept that didn't completely click; the race against the clock and the real-time exploration/combat elements are hampered with uninspired gameplay and little variety. Electrocop's stunning visuals and sounds make it fun to watch, but whether you'd buy a game for its razzle-dazzle is a personal decision." Giving a final score of 7 out of 10.
Legacy
In recent years, Greg Omi has stated that no sequel was ever planned to be in development. In 1993, Atari Corp. requested several Epyx titles in order to be converted and release to the then-upcoming Atari Jaguar, with Electrocop among the list of selected titles, although no actual development on a Jaguar version was ever started.
References
External links
Electrocop at AtariAge
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Video games developed in the United States
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Video games set in the United States
Video games set in Washington, D.C. |
4030625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Conspiracy | Dark Conspiracy | Dark Conspiracy is a near-future horror role-playing game (RPG) originally written by Lester W. Smith and published by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW) in 1991. Several newer editions have been published.
Setting
Dark Conspiracy is set in the United States of the early 21st century after a "Greater Depression" has destroyed the global economy and left many countries isolated and bankrupt. Many American cities have expanded to form massive metroplexes, in some cases covering entire states. Outside of the metroplexes the majority of the country has become known as "Out-Law" where there is virtually no federal or state protection and the road network joining metroplexes is poorly maintained. Scattered throughout the Out-Law and even in the darker and more forbidding areas of the Metroplexes, zones known as "Demonground" are spawning mysterious "dark minions": monsters armed with deadly weapons. Players typically assume the roles of "Minion Hunters", people who have stumbled across this "Dark Incursion" and have taken up arms against it.
Publication history
First edition
Game designer Lester Smith created Dark Conspiracy, a near-future game of dark horror, which was subsequently published as a 366-page softcover book by GDW using a rules system derived from Twilight: 2000. Seventeen artists contributed artwork, including Larry Elmore (cover art), Earl Geier, Tim Bradstreet, Janet Aulisio and Elizabeth Danforth.
The following year, a trilogy of Dark Conspiracy novels by Michael Stackpole was published. The first edition also had numerous expansion volumes such as Empathic Sourcebook, Dark Races I, Protodimensions, PC Booster Kit, and Darktek; as well as several adventure modules, and a boardgame.
The first edition was also well-supported in GDW's own gaming magazine Challenge, and occasionally in several other gaming publications such as Dragon and White Wolf. The UK magazine Role Player Independent also carried several articles about the first edition game.
The first edition uses the same skill-based rule system as Twilight 2000, using a d10 based system for determining success at skill use. Character creation is achieved through a multi-step process in which the player selects various career terms for their character. Each career term specifies either a pre-determined set of skills that the character gained, or allows a certain number of points to be distributed among a set skill list. Each skill is governed by an attribute, either randomly rolled or set using a point distribution method. Each career term also grants the character a fixed number of contacts. As a limit to the number of terms a character can take, each term ages the character four years. Once a certain age limit is reached, the player has to make rolls to prevent the loss of physically oriented attributes due to aging.
The rules also include an expansive illustrated list of equipment for use in the characters' fight, and pictures of many of the items, weapons and vehicles mentioned. Game designer Lester Smith explained, "Some people want lots; others want little... [P]eople that don’t want them can ignore them, but people who do want them will be glad they’re there. It doesn’t work the other way ‘round... As a role-player myself, I want to be able to see what something looks like, if my character is going to be carrying it. I hate picking something for its stats and having no idea of what it looks like."
Second edition
The Dark Conspiracy product line was discontinued in 1993 due to the declining customer interest. When GDW went out of business in 1995, Dark Conspiracy Enterprises picked up the rights to Dark Conspiracy and later licensed a second edition to Dynasty Presentations. This was published in 1997 as two folio-sized volumes, a book for players, and a book for gamemasters. Both books were published as shorter "Basic" editions and long "Master" editions.
Third edition
Dark Conspiracy Enterprises licensed The Gamers' Conglomerate to publish a third edition, but this did not happen. In 2010, the option for a third edition was granted to Kinstaff Media. Kinstaff created a division called 3 Hombres Games, which published the PDF of a third edition in 2012 that uses a new rules system with revised character generation and combat rules.
A supplement titled Conspiracy Rules and other material were under development when 3 Hombres Games went out of business.
Products
1st Edition
Dark Conspiracy Core Rulebook
Game Tools
PC Booster Kit
Sourcebooks and Scenarios
Among the Dead (Scenario)
Dark Races #1 Compendium (Sourcebook)
DarkTek (Sourebook)
Empathic Sourcebook (Sourcebook)
Heart of Darkness (Scenario)
Hellsgate (Scenario)
Ice Daemon (Scenario)
New Orleans (Scenario)
Nightsider (Scenario)
Proto-Dimensions Sourcebook #1 (Sourcebook)
Board game
Minion Hunter (Core Game)
Minion Nation (Expansion Set)
Novels
Michael A. Stackpole wrote three novels, the Fiddleback trilogy, set in the Dark Conspiracy universe that were published by GDW and released alongside the first edition of the game.
A Gathering Evil
Evil Ascending
Evil Triumphant
2nd Edition
Player's Handbook (Basic Edition)
Player's Handbook (Master Edition)
Referee's Guide (Basic Edition)
Referee's Guide (Master Edition)
Game Tools
Referee's Screen & Adventures (contained the adventures Ice Daemon and Nightsider converted to 2nd Edition rules).
Scenarios and Sourcebooks
The Shadow Falls (Sin City, Vol 1)
Of Gates and Gods (Sin City, Vol 2)
Masks of Darkness (Sin City, Vol 3)
Third edition
Conspiracy Rules - The main rulebook for Dark Conspiracy III. Currently in version 1.1 with any outstanding errata corrected.
Empathic Guide - A free rules expansion detailing psionics rules and sanity. Largely derived from the original Empathic Sourcebook with new material by Lee Williams and Norm Fenlason, who also provided the interior illustrations.
Conspiracy Rules Character Sheet - The official and expanded PDF form-fillable and auto-calculating version of the Conspiracy Rules character sheets. Designed by Norm Fenlason who also provided the cover design.
Detour - A short adventure by Captain Obvious, art by David Lee Ingersoll.
Acute Care - A short adventure written by Dave Schuey, art by David Lee Ingersoll.
This Just In - A short adventure written and illustrated by Norm Fenlason. Originally conceived as the intro adventure for The Gamers Conglomerate's cancelled edition.
Tampete - A fan-made city Sourcebook published in 2017.
Clockwork Publishing Proposed Material
Core Rulebook
Referee Screen with introductory scenario
Equipment sourcebook
Monsters sourcebook
Scenario collection
Empathic powers sourcebook
Reception
In the November 1991 edition of Dragon (Issue 175), Allen Varney liked the thoroughness of the rules, but thought the horror aspect of the game was unfocussed, dealing as it did with everything from campy 1950s space monsters to the brooding horror of Lovecraftian aliens. "I might legitimately question... how well the rules aid the various kinds of horror." However, Varney concluded that the game had much to offer experienced gamemasters who knew what "flavour" of horror game they wanted to create: "The Dark Conspiracy game targets experienced referees who already know the kinds of horror adventures they want to run. Its long and very complete rules offer much value to players who want a fair shot (or multiple autofire shots) against the monsters. This game is a giant step forward for GDW in size, presentation, and imagination.""
In a 1996 reader poll by Arcane magazine of readers to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time, Dark Conspiracy was ranked 43rd. Editor Paul Pettengale commented: "Players take on the roles of people who have learnt of the evil forces at work in the world, and are struggling to defeat them. The evil forces have infiltrated what remains of the government and powerful corporations. A great blend of cyberpunk, Call of Cthulhu and conspiracy paranoia."
Reviews
White Wolf #29 (Oct./Nov., 1991)
Shadis #52 (Oct., 1998)
References
External links
Dark Conspiracy fan website and forum
Demonground Magazine website
Protodimension Magazine archive
Far Future Enterprises website
Dark Conspiracy at Clockwork Publishing
Science fiction role-playing games
Horror role-playing games
Game Designers' Workshop games
Role-playing games introduced in 1991
Campaign settings
Role-playing games about conspiracy theories |
4030626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heceta%20Head%20Light | Heceta Head Light | Heceta Head Light is a lighthouse on the Oregon Coast 13 miles (21 km) north of Florence, and 13 miles (21 km) south of Yachats in the United States. It is located at Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint, a state park, midway up a 205-foot-tall (62 m) headland. Built in 1894, the 56-foot (17 m)-tall lighthouse shines a beam visible for 21 nautical miles (39 km; 24 mi), making it the strongest light on the Oregon Coast.
The light is maintained by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (OPRD), while the assistant lighthouse keepers' house, operated as a bed-and-breakfast inn, is maintained by the U.S. Forest Service. The lighthouse is from Sea Lion Caves.
History and construction
Heceta Head is named after the Spanish explorer Bruno de Heceta, who explored the Pacific Northwest during the late 18th century. Before him, Heceta Head was a spot of frequent fishing and hunting by the American Indian tribes that populated the area. Heceta Head is part of the Siuslaw Indians' traditional lands, known in their language as ɫtúwɪs. They hunted sea lions in the area and gathered sea bird eggs from the offshore rocks. It was also the site of a legend — the Animal People built a great stone wall, which is now the cliffs, and tricked the Grizzly Bear brothers to their deaths there. In 1888, white settlers moved into the area and claimed of the surrounding land. That same year, the United States Lighthouse Service approved the building of the lighthouse, and the government bought , out of the previously purchased, for the lighthouse structures.
In 1892, a crew of 56 began construction on the site. Because of the site's seclusion, building materials were either shipped in, if the weather and tide permitted, or brought from Florence by wagon, the latter usually taking four to five hours. Stones were brought from the Clackamas River and bricks came from San Francisco. The lens system was made by Chance Brothers. Completed in August 1893, the entire project cost $80,000 and consisted of:
The lighthouse
Houses for the head lightkeeper, the two assistant lightkeepers and their families
A barn
Two kerosene oil storage buildings — if one had caught fire, there was a secondary source
Heceta Head Light and Keepers Quarters was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 for its architectural and engineering significance. The site originally included several other buildings — farm buildings and the single-family head lighthouse keeper's house, which was demolished in 1940, and was very similar in size and design to the remaining house. After electricity was installed in the lighthouse buildings, the position of head lighthouse keeper was no longer needed. The lighthouse keeper’s house was sold for $10, and dismantled for its lumber, which was used to build Alpha Bit bookstore-cafe in Mapleton, still in existence today. The remaining keepers' house was a duplex that housed the first and second assistant lighthouse keepers and their families. After the light was automated in 1963, the last keepers moved away, and the remaining house was leased to Lane Community College in 1970 by the U.S. Forest Service, which had taken over management of the building. The porch of the Queen Anne-style house underwent restoration in 1981.
The Heceta Head Lighthouse closed to the public in August 2011 for restoration and repairs. Under the supervision of OPRD preservation architect Sue Licht, a team of more than 100 subcontractors and craftsmen, the majority of whom were from Oregon, removed cement stucco that had sealed in moisture so that the lighthouse could air out in the damp coastal environment. They also replaced and restored the tower's historic metalwork and masonry, installed new windows, and repaired the len’s rotating mechanism. The interior and exterior of the lighthouse were repainted and the original wood floor of the workroom was uncovered and reconditioned. The lighthouse has been returned as much as possible to the way it would have looked in 1894. When restoration work was completed, it was reopened after being closed for two years, on June 8, 2013. That day the OPRD welcomed a group of nearly 100 supporters to Heceta Head State Scenic Viewpoint to celebrate the reopening.
See also
List of lighthouses in Oregon
List of Oregon state parks
References
External links
Heceta Head Lighthouse Keeper’s House (official website)
Heceta Head Light entry in National Park Service inventory of historic lighthouses
Discover Oregon Lighthouses: Heceta
"Ghostly Tale Draws Couple To Heceta Head", May 16, 2002 article from The Register-Guard
Heceta House: A History and Architectural Survey from the U.S. Forest Service
3D Model
Lighthouses completed in 1893
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Oregon Coast
National Register of Historic Places in Lane County, Oregon
Transportation buildings and structures in Lane County, Oregon
Parks in Lane County, Oregon
Bed and breakfasts in Oregon |
4030635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20to%20Squeeze | Soul to Squeeze | "Soul to Squeeze" is a song by the American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers that was originally recorded during the production of their fifth studio album, Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991). Although it was not featured on the record and was used as a B-side on the singles "Give It Away" and "Under the Bridge", "Soul to Squeeze" was later released as a single in 1993. The song was included in the Coneheads film soundtrack. "Soul to Squeeze" was eventually re-released for the 2003 Greatest Hits album. It can also be found on the band's Live Rare Remix Box and The Plasma Shaft.
"Soul to Squeeze" became a success when it peaked at number one on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The single also peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number seven on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. In Australia, Canada, Iceland, and New Zealand, the song reached the top 10, and in Sweden, it became the band's first single to chart, peaking at number 13.
Music video
The music video for "Soul to Squeeze" was directed by Kevin Kerslake and was shot in black and white. The video is "set at a traveling circus with the band members playing various 'freaks' and makes several references to [Coneheads], including a cameo from Chris Farley". John Frusciante does not appear in the video, as he had left the band more than a year before it was filmed.
Track listings
CD version 1
"Soul to Squeeze"
"Nobody Weird Like Me" (Live)
"Suck My Kiss" (Live)
CD version 2 (card cover)
"Soul to Squeeze"
"Nobody Weird Like Me" (Live)
CD version 3 (EP)
"Soul to Squeeze"
"Nobody Weird Like Me" (Live)
"If You Have to Ask" (Friday Night Fever Blister Mix)
"If You Have to Ask" (Disco Krisco Mix)
"If You Have to Ask" (Scott And Garth Mix)
"If You Have to Ask"
"Give It Away" (Edit)
7-inch jukebox vinyl
"Soul to Squeeze"
"Nobody Weird Like Me" (Live)
Cassette single
"Soul to Squeeze"
"Nobody Weird Like Me" (Live)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Number one modern rock hits of 1993
References
1991 songs
1993 singles
Black-and-white music videos
Music videos directed by Kevin Kerslake
Red Hot Chili Peppers songs
Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin
Songs written by Anthony Kiedis
Songs written by Chad Smith
Songs written by Flea (musician)
Songs written by John Frusciante |
4030636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Hodgkinson | Alan Hodgkinson | Alan Hodgkinson MBE (16 August 1936 – 8 December 2015) was an English professional football goalkeeper and goalkeeping coach.
Playing career
Hodgkinson signed for Sheffield United from Worksop Town on 1 August 1953, and made 675 first-team appearances (576 in the league) for the Blades between 1953 and 1971, his first being a friendly game against Clyde on 6 April 1954.
Hodgkinson made his league début in Division One in a 2–1 away victory against Newcastle United on 28 August 1954 but, despite showing his undoubted potential, the presence of number one goalkeeper Ted Burgin until 1957 and National Service limited his opportunities for the first team. The arrival of Joe Mercer as manager established Hodgkinson's place as first-choice goalkeeper in the side behind the defensive line of Cec Coldwell, Graham Shaw, Brian Richardson, Joe Shaw and Gerry Summers. In 1966–67, he won the Sheffield United Supporters player of the year award. His brilliance and reliability made sure of his place until the signing of John Hope in 1971. His final appearance was, like his first, in a friendly, on 23 January 1971 against Chesterfield.
Hodgkinson was also an England International at full and under-23 levels, making his debut for both during the 1956–57 season. His first full England cap came against Scotland in 1957 and he also played against Denmark, and Republic of Ireland (twice in World Cup qualifying games). He was in England's squad for the 1958 World Cup in Sweden but did not feature in any of their games. Two years after his final cap, he returned to the England squad for the 1962 World Cup in Chile as backup to Ron Springett, but once again was not selected for any of the matches.
Coaching career
Hodgkinson moved on to professional coaching and worked at numerous clubs, including Rangers, Everton, Manchester City, Aston Villa, Leicester City, Watford, Sheffield Wednesday, Gillingham, Oldham Athletic, and Birmingham City, and is credited with bringing Peter Schmeichel to Manchester United. Hodgkinson worked at United for seven years before becoming Scotland goalkeeping coach, where he tutored players such as Jim Leighton and Andy Goram. He also had a spell as a youth goalkeeping coach at Rangers and Watford. After a spell with Coventry City, Hodgkinson moved to Rushden & Diamonds and worked with goalkeeper Billy Turley, who then later joined Hodgkinson when he moved to Oxford United. Turley left Oxford in 2010 but Hodgkinson remained to coach first-team keeper Ryan Clarke and later also Max Crocombe. Hodgkinson's retirement from football, at the age of 76, was announced in August 2012.
He is credited as being the world's first full-time goalkeeping coach; goalkeepers were required to train with outfield players before Hodgkinson's arrival into coaching.
Managerial career
Hodgkinson spent six years as assistant manager of Gillingham between 1975 and 1981, working as assistant to Gerry Summers, with whom he played at Sheffield United.
He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.
Personal life
After retiring, Hodgkinson wrote an autobiography entitled Alan Hodgkinson Between The Sticks, which was released on 9 May 2013.
He died on 8 December 2015 at the age of 79.
External links
Alan Hodgkinson profile at goalkeepersaredifferent.com
References
1936 births
2015 deaths
England international footballers
England under-23 international footballers
Footballers from South Yorkshire
English footballers
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Association football goalkeepers
Sheffield United F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. non-playing staff
Rangers F.C. non-playing staff
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Oxford United F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League players
Worksop Town F.C. players
People from the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham
Manchester City F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League representative players
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Association football goalkeeping coaches
Coventry City F.C. non-playing staff
Gillingham F.C. non-playing staff
Everton F.C. non-playing staff
Aston Villa F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. non-playing staff
Birmingham City F.C. non-playing staff
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. non-playing staff
Watford F.C. non-playing staff |
4030644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20steelbands | List of steelbands | Steelbands, originating from Trinidad and Tobago, are groups of musicians who play steelpan instruments including the Tenor, Double Tenor, Double Second, Cello, Guitar, Quadrophonic and Bass together as an orchestral ensemble, often with expansive percussion and rhythm section.
This is a list of notable steelbands organized by country.
Trinidad and Tobago
United Kingdom
References
Lists of bands |
4030665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Brooks | Donald Brooks | Donald Brooks (January 9, 1928 – August 1, 2005) was an American fashion designer and creator of the "American Look" founded in the 1950s and 1960s. He had an immense passion for stage and film, designing well over 3500 costumes. His efforts were recognized by an Emmy Award and numerous other honors; he was also nominated three times for the Academy Award and once for a Tony.
Biography
He was born as Donald Marc Blumberg in New Haven, Connecticut on January 9, 1928. Brooks attended Syracuse University, where he began studying art. He then attended the Yale University School of Drama, where he first decided to become a costume and clothing designer. He studied design at the Fashion Institute of Technology and then the Parsons School of Design in New York. Brooks' first job in the fashion industry was as a window designer for department store Lord & Taylor. The former vice president of Lord & Taylor, Gerald Blum (his life partner with whom he lived at 969 Park Avenue in NYC) described Brooks: "As an American Designer, he never relied on Paris, Milan or that kind of thing, as many designers do,". The window designs brought a lot of attention to Brooks. This would him the job position of taking over Claire McCardell's place of designing Townley Frocks in 1958. He attracted the attention of Dorothy Shaver, the store's president, who hired him to design a clothing line that year.
By the 1960s, Brooks was a preeminent figure in American fashion, cited by The New York Times as one of "the three B's of fashion" alongside Bill Blass and Geoffrey Beene. In 1962, Brooks became one of the founders of the Council of Fashion Designers of America. This endorsed Brooks' popularity, in a matter of a decade he was able to win three Coty Awards made for Broadway and Hollywood. This was the beginning spark for Brooks' career in the costume design world. He opened his first store in 1963.
In addition to his work on Seventh Avenue, Mr. Brooks also designed the costumes for numerous Broadway plays. The 1963 production of "No Strings" which starred Diahann Carroll, incorporated some of Brooks' designs which rewarded him with the New York Drama Critics' Award. Brooks was nominated for three Academy Awardsfor his pieces in "the Cardinal" of 1963, "Star" of 1968, and "Darling Lili" of 1970. He worked under his own label from 1965 to 1973. Throughout this time, he designed sweaters for Jane Irwill, Shoes for Newton Elkin, furs for Coopchik-Forrest and many designs for different department stores.
In 1971, he explored the field of drapery fabrics and bed linens and created designs for the well-known department store, Burlington. His success in theatrical designs continued through this time. In 1982 Brooks won an Emmy for his pieces in the TV show "The Letter" which starred Lee Remick. His awards include The New York Drama Critics Award, a Tony nomination, and the Emmy Award. He was also the recipient of three Coty Awards for fashion and the Parsons' Medal of Distinction.
Towards the end of his career, Brooks' designs were placed in the 2003 Parsons exhibit. The galleries showed a range of his designs, one being his evening wear.
He died on August 1, 2005, at Stony Brook University Hospital in Stony Brook, New York.
References
External links
1928 births
2005 deaths
American fashion designers
Yale School of Drama alumni
Fashion Institute of Technology alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Artists from New Haven, Connecticut
People from Bridgehampton, New York
LGBT people from Connecticut
20th-century American Jews
LGBT Jews
21st-century American Jews
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people |
4030667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaur | Gangaur | Gangaur (, ISO 15919: Gaṇagaura ) is a festival celebrated in the Indian state of Rajasthan and Nimaar region (Barwani, Khargone, Khandwa etc.) of Madhya Pradesh. It is also celebrated in some parts of Gujarat and West Bengal.
Gangaur is colorful and one of the most important festivals of the people of Rajasthan and is observed throughout the state with great fervor and devotion by womenfolk who worship Gauri, the wife of Lord Shiva during March–April. It is the celebration of spring, harvest, marital fidelity, and childbearing...
Gana is a synonym for Lord Shiva and Gaur which stands for Gauri or Parvati who symbolizes Saubhagya (marital bliss). The unmarried women worship her for being blessed with a good husband, while married women do so for the welfare, health, and long life of their husbands and happy married life. People from Rajasthan when migrated to Kolkata in West Bengal started celebrating Gangaur. This celebration is now more than 100 years old in Kolkata. The 2022 date for the festival is 18 March.
Rites and Rituals
The festival commences on the first day of chaitra, the day following Holi, and continues for 16 days. For a newly-wedded girl, it is binding to observe the full course of 18 days of the festival that succeeds her marriage. Even unmarried girls fast for the full period of 16 days and eat only one meal a day.
Festivity consummates on 3rd day of Shukla paksha of Chaitra Month. Fairs (Gangaur Melas) are held throughout the 18-day period.
Numerous folklores are associated with Gangaur which makes this festival deeply ingrained into the hearts of Rajasthan, and parts of Madhya Pradesh, Haryana & Gujarat.
Images and Paintings
Images of Isar and [Parvati|Gauri]] are made of clay for the festival. In some Rajput families, permanent wooden images are painted afresh every year by reputed painters called matherans on the eve of festival. A distinct difference between the idols of Teej and Gangaur is that the Idol will have a canopy during the Teej Festival while the Gangaur idol would not have a canopy.
Mehandi
The ladies decorate their hands and feet by drawing designs with Mehndi (myrtle paste). The figures drawn range from the Sun, Moon and the starts to simple flowers or geometrical designs. Ghudlias are earthen pots with numerous holes all around and a lamp lit inside them. On the evening of the 7th day after Holi, unmarried girls go around singing songs of ghudlia carrying the pots with a burning lamp inside, on their heads. On their way, they collect small presents of cash, sweets, jaggery, ghee, oil etc. this continues for 10 days i.e. up to the conclusion of the Gangaur festival when the girls break their pots and throw the debris into the well or a tank and enjoys a feast with the collection made.
Vrat katha ()
Once upon a time, Lord Shiv, along Goddess Parvati and Narad Muni went out to take a small trip. When they reached a nearby forest, the news of their arrival spread like wild fire. As the women were busy preparing a gorgeous spread for the Gods and Goddess, the women of the low class came with their offerings. Lord Shiv and Goddess Parvati happily ate the food and Goddess sprinkled the "suhagras" on them.
After a certain time, the women of the high classes came with the food they had prepared. When they had finished eating Lord Shiv asked his wife that with what was she going to bless the women as she had already completely finished the "suhagras" on blessing the women of lower classes. To this, Goddess Parvati replied that she intended to bless these women with her own blood. Saying so, she scratched the tip of her finger and sprinkled the blood on these women.
Gauri's Departure
The festival reaches its climax during the last three days. The images of Gauri and Isar are dressed in new garments especially made for the occasion. Unmarried girls and married women decorate the images and make them look like living figures.
At an auspicious hour in the afternoon, a procession is taken out to a garden, bawdi or johad or well with the images of Isar and Gauri, placed on the heads of married women. Songs are sung about the departure of Gauri to her husband's house. The procession comes back after offering water to the first two days. On the final day, she faces in the same direction as Isar and the procession concludes in the consignment of the all images in the waters of a tank or a well. The women bid farewell to Gauri and turn their eyes and the Gangaur festival comes to an end.
Gangaur at Jaipur
The Gangaur of Jaipur is famous in all over the world. In Jaipur, a sweet dish called a ghewar is characteristic of the Gangaur festival. People buy ghewar to eat and distribute it among their friends and relatives. A procession, with the image of Gauri, commences from the Zanani-Deodhi of the City Palace. It then passes through Tripolia Bazaar, Chhoti Chaupar, Gangauri Bazaar, Chaugan stadium and finally converge near the Talkatora. People from all walks of life come to witness the procession.
Gangaur at Udaipur
Udaipur has the privilege of having a dedicated Ghat named after Gangaur. Gangaur Ghat or Gangori Ghat is situated on the waterfront of Lake Pichola. This ghat serves as prime location for celebration of multiple festivals, including Gangaur festival. Traditional processions of Gangaur commences from the City Palace, and several other places, which passes through various areas of the city. The procession is headed by an old palanquins, chariots, bullock carts and performance by folk artistes. After the processions are complete, the idols of Gan and Gauri are brought to this ghat and immersed in the Lake Pichola from here.
See also
Gaura Parva, a similar festival celebrated in Nepal and Indian state of Uttarakhand
References
https://www.ifside.com
External links
Gangour: Feel the essence of Mewar
Gangaur: Rajasthan Hindu Harvest Festival
Gangaur Festival in Kolkata
Gangaur, and the stories of Gauri (Goddess Parvati) and Mahadevji (Lord Shiva)
Making of Gangaur idol
Gangaur: Festival in Nimaad
Festivals in Rajasthan
March observances
April observances
Hindu festivals |
4030683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Young | Kenny Young | Kenny Young (born Shalom Giskan, April 14, 1941 – April 14, 2020) was an American songwriter, musician, producer and environmental campaigner who wrote and in some cases produced hit songs for The Drifters, Ronnie Dove, Herman's Hermits, Mark Lindsay, Reparata and the Delrons, Clodagh Rodgers, Quincy Jones, and Fox, among others. His most successful and famous songs as a writer include the Grammy Hall of Fame song "Under the Boardwalk" (co-written with Artie Resnick), and the Grammy Award winning song, "Ai No Corrida" (co-written with Chaz Jankel). From the late 1960s, he lived in the UK.
Early life
Young was born in Jerusalem in April 1941. After moving to the US with his parents as a child, he grew up in the Lower East Side of Manhattan and attended Rabbi Jacob Joseph School, Seward Park High School and the City University of New York (CUNY), where he majored in sociology and psychology.
Career
Aged 22, and after changing his name to Kenny Young, he started working as a songwriter for Bobby Darin's TM Music at the Brill Building. His first success as a writer was "Please Don't Kiss Me Again", an R&B chart hit for the Charmettes in 1963. He began writing with Artie Resnick, and the pair wrote "Under the Boardwalk", recorded by The Drifters in 1964 and later by The Rolling Stones, The Beach Boys, John Mellencamp, Billy Joe Royal, Bruce Willis, Tom Tom Club, Lynn Anderson and many other artists. His other songs written with Resnick included Ronnie Dove's chart hits "One Kiss for Old Times' Sake" and "A Little Bit of Heaven", both in 1965. Young also wrote Ronnie Dove's "When Liking Turns to Loving", as well as chart hits for Herman's Hermits ("Just a Little Bit Better" and "Don't Go Out Into the Rain") and The Seekers ("When Will the Good Apples Fall"). He also recorded as a singer in the 1960s, releasing several singles under his own name, and as The Squirrels, San Francisco Earthquakes, and more.
In 1968, he wrote "Captain of Your Ship", recorded by Reparata and the Delrons. Although not a hit in the US, it became successful in Britain, and Young traveled to London with the band when they appeared on Top of the Pops. Following the show, he met John Lennon and Ringo Starr, and decided to stay in London. In 1969, he had several UK hits as a writer and record producer for singer Clodagh Rodgers, including "Come Back and Shake Me" and "Goodnight Midnight", and produced singles by The Searchers. He also wrote hits in the US for Mark Lindsay, including "Arizona" and "Silver Bird".
Young also recorded as a singer-songwriter and released two solo albums in a similar style to James Taylor, Clever Dogs Chase The Sun (1971) and Last Stage For Silver World (1973), but with limited success. In Britain, Young formed two bands, Fox and Yellow Dog with whom he played, wrote and produced their top ten hits. In 1974 he formed Fox, a band featuring Noosha. The band broke up in 1977. Fox had three top 20 hits in the UK and other European countries, including "Only You Can" and "S-S-S-Single Bed". Yellow Dog's biggest hit was "Just One More Night". Young's other bands were Gentlemen Without Weapons (with co-producers Vic Coppersmith-Heaven and Nick Glennie-Smith), 39 Vybes, and Rhythms del Mundo whose albums have gone platinum and gold in many countries.
Environmentalism
In the 1980s Young co-founded the rainforest conservation organization, Earth Love Fund, with colleagues Vic Coppersmith-Heaven and Nick Glennie-Smith. He recorded the song "Spirit of the Forest" which was supported by musicians including Chris Rea, Donna Summer, Joni Mitchell, Ringo Starr, Debbie Harry, Gilberto Gil, and members of Pink Floyd and Fleetwood Mac. In 1990 he co-founded and organised the charity Earth Love Fund, which released two albums, Earthrise 1 and 2, to fund environmental initiatives around the world, with particular emphasis on rainforest projects. He received the United Nations Global 500 Award for outstanding practical achievements in the protection and improvement of the environment for his work as co-founder and trustee of the Earth Love Fund, which supported and initiated over 200 community based projects in Brazil, Africa, Asia and Australia.
He wrote and co-produced and performed an album Transmissions by Gentlemen Without Weapons on A&M Records. The band used only digital samples of nature for the music. The album was supported by a video produced by Storm Thorgerson, who also designed the album cover.
In 2006 he founded Artists' Project Earth (APE), which raises awareness and funds for climate change projects and for natural disaster relief. For APE, he produced five compilation albums, again featuring leading musicians, to raise funds for environmental projects covering such areas as climate justice, fracking and shale oil pollution, wildlife protection, agroforestry, seed saving projects, wetlands restoration, reef conservation and marine plastic pollution. Young also co-produced the Hollywood Genesis Award-winning film Spirit of the Forest, a BBC TV documentary about the destruction of the Amazon rainforest.
He produced the series of albums Rhythms del Mundo with musicians from Buena Vista Social Club and featured Coldplay, Radiohead, U2, Arctic Monkeys, Sting, Franz Ferdinand, Kaiser Chiefs, Dido, Ibrahim Ferrer, Omara Portuondo and other top international artists. This was followed up by the second album Rhythms del Mundo Classics featuring collaborations between top Cuban musicians with The Killers, Amy Winehouse, The Rolling Stones, Jack Johnson and many others; followed up by Rhythms Del Mundo – Revival featuring: Bob Dylan, Green Day, Coldplay and Dizzee Rascal. The most recent production was Rhythms Del Mundo – Africa featuring Coldplay, Beyonce, Eminem, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Mumford & Sons and Rokia Traore. The proceeds from the album benefit the environmental non-profit organization Artists Project Earth, which raises awareness and funds for climate change projects and for natural disaster relief efforts.
Death
Young died on his 79th birthday in 2020, in Banbury, England, after suffering from cancer for several years.
Discography
Albums
Clever Dogs Chase The Sun (1971)
Last Stage For Silver World (1973)
Chart singles written by Young
References
External links
Kenny Young at Songwriters Hall of Fame
Kenny Young at DBOPM: the database of popular music
1941 births
2020 deaths
People from Jerusalem
Record producers from New York (state)
Songwriters from New York (state)
American male songwriters
Jewish American musicians
Jewish American songwriters
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
21st-century American Jews |
4030685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty%20Sanchez | Dirty Sanchez | Dirty Sanchez may refer to: big daddy
Television and film
Dirty Sanchez (TV series), a 2003 British television series also known as Team Sanchez
Dirty Sanchez: The Movie, a 2006 comedy film based on the TV series
Dirty Sanchez, a character in the film Big Money Rustlas
Music
Dirty Sanchez (band), an electroclash band from Los Angeles, California
"Dirty Sanchez", a song by the band Burden Brothers on the album 8 Ball
"Dirty Sanchez", a song by the band Ghoultown on the album Give 'Em More Rope
Dirty Sanchez, an album by the band Zeke
Other
Dirty Sanchez (sexual act), an act associated with coprophilia |
4030691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe%20Terrace%20%28Seattle%29 | Kobe Terrace (Seattle) | Kobe Terrace is a public park in the International District neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. It incorporates the Danny Woo International District Community Garden. Named after Kobe, Seattle's sister city in Japan, it occupies most of the land bounded on the west by 6th Avenue S., on the north by S. Washington Street, on the east by Interstate 5, and on the south by S. Main Street.
Some of the wood structures in the Danny Woo Garden were constructed by the Neighborhood Design/Build Studio of the University of Washington College of Architecture and Urban Planning under the direction of Steve Badanes.
The former Nippon Kan Theatre is adjacent to the park.
See also
History of the Japanese in Seattle
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060106235714/http://www.cityofseattle.net/parks/parkspaces/kobeterrace.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20060427005207/http://www.interimicda.org/garden.htm
Japanese-American culture in Seattle
Parks in Seattle
Chinatown-International District, Seattle |
4030693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hing%20Hay%20Park | Hing Hay Park | Hing Hay Park () is a public park in the Chinatown–International District neighborhood of downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. The park is located on the north side of South King Street between 6th and Maynard avenues, east of Union Station and the Historic Chinatown Gate. It was built in 1973 and includes a pavilion, community games, and two gateways.
The park is a noncontributing property within the Seattle Chinatown Historic District described in 1986. Both are within the Seattle Chinatown International District established by City Ordinance 119297 in 1988.
Features and events
After its expansion, the park occupies the south half-block north of S. King Street, between 6th Avenue S. (on the west) and Maynard Avenue S. (on the east). The original portion of the park occupies the quarter block at the corner of S. King Street and Maynard Avenue S.
The original park has an authentic pavilion in the center, along with benches and chess tables. Placed on a diagonal in the southeast corner is a small hanging bulletin board with its own tiled roof. One side contains an outdated map of the district and the other is for community news. Its placement is according to principles of feng shui. Parallel placement would have blocked the qi from flowing into the businesses on the opposite side of the street.
There is a large mural dominated by a dragon and featuring scenes of railroad construction, the Kingdome, and the King Street Station clock tower on the wall of the neighboring Bush-Asia Center, painted by John Woo in 1977. In addition, the park features a memorial cenotaph for ten Chinese-American veterans who were killed during World War II. The local American Legion Cathay Post No. 186 holds an annual Memorial Day ceremony there.
Tai chi classes and free music are presented in the summer. The annual Dragon Fest also centers on Hing Hay Park.
History
Funds to purchase the buildings and land at the corner of Maynard and King were made available by the Forward Thrust bond initiative, approved by voters in 1968. During the planning phase, the proposed park was generically named the International District Mini Park. The original park space was designed by the landscape architecture firm of Sakuma, James, and Peterson, led by S.K. Sakuma; the land was previously occupied by the Specie Bank of Seattle, built in 1911, and the park, originally , was completed in 1973.
The pavilion and furniture were donated by the then Mayor of Taipei after a visit to Seattle in the early 1970s. He met with then King County Council member Ruby Chow, who explained to him that the city had purchased and torn down the condemned buildings on the land, proposing a park instead, but it needed to be as care free as possible because the city could not afford on going maintenance costs. After discussions with Ruby Chow, the mayor of Taipei offered to donate the brickwork, pavilion and bulletin board from his own private funds. He sent over a crew of trained workers to aid in its construction; the pavilion was completed in 1975.
Expansion
Using funds from a voter-passed parks levy, the city Parks Department purchased the former post office on the west side of the existing park in 2007, intending to demolish it to nearly double the size of Hing Hay Park, adding . The landmark feature of the design proposal was an artistic gateway for the new entrance on the southwest corner of the expanded park. Other features of the new design included seating, landscaping inspired by terraced rice paddies, and performance spaces (including the landmark gateway). The Friends of Hing Hay Park, formed in 2012, met regularly with the internationally known design team of SvR (from Seattle) and Turenscape (based in Beijing).
Construction of the expansion project began on January 6, 2016 shortly after the contract was awarded to WS Contractors; the old post office was demolished by February. The Hing Hay Park Expansion opened on June 29, 2017. Although the park was largely complete by April, the artistic gateway and light poles caused the park's opening to be delayed.
The large artistic gateway, constructed of perforated red metal and measuring , was designed and fabricated offsite by Studio Fifty50. It was installed in February 2018. A celebration was held on March 24, 2018 to mark the completion of the expansion project. Studio Fifty50 also designed and fabricated the perforated red metal stair risers used elsewhere in the park expansion.
In media
It is mentioned in a Blue Scholars song, "Talk Story" from The Long March EP.
"Hing Hay Market" is a location within the open world of Infamous Second Son. Sucker Punch Productions's version of Seattle’s Chinatown is overall greatly exaggerated and Hing Hay market appears to be more of an evolution of the real Hing Hay park rather than a 100% accurate representation.
Gallery
References
External links
Official page on the City of Seattle web site
Chinese-American culture in Seattle
Parks in Seattle
Chinatown-International District, Seattle |
4030709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t%20Stop%20%28Red%20Hot%20Chili%20Peppers%20song%29 | Can't Stop (Red Hot Chili Peppers song) | "Can't Stop" is a song by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers from their eighth studio album, By the Way (2002). It was released as the third single released from the album on February 3, 2003. The song was the band's eighth number one on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, where it spent three weeks topping the chart, and peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Can't Stop" performed moderately well on international charts as well as on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock charts.
Composition and lyrical denotation
The song is instrumentally composed in 4/4 standard time and in the key of E minor. The verse plays twice before the bridge, as well as the chorus. During the bridge, Frusciante plays sparsely in a reggae style, only strumming on the up-beat. Following the bridge, Frusciante utilizes a fuzz (Big Muff Pi by Electro Harmonix) in his solo. He also makes extensive use of a tone-bend.
Lyrically, "Can't Stop" is a prime example of the band's occasional use of writing lyrics to an established rhythm, rather than rhythms to established lyrics. Kiedis writes in his typical circumlocutory style. Nonetheless, the predominant theme of cultivating an inner, personal energy (evidenced in the title and the final line: "This life is more than just a read-through.") can be understood in almost every line. The verses are addressed to the listener (or perhaps to himself), in an instructional tone, with references to Kiedis's own life, as well as citing the inspiration of Defunkt ("Defunkt, the pistol that you pay for") and Julia Butterfly Hill ("J. Butterfly is in the treetops"). The bridge marks a slight departure, as Kiedis suggests he had temporarily forgotten this philosophy, and looks to a new girlfriend to help himself back on his feet.
Music video
The Mark Romanek-directed music video for the single, released on January 24, 2003, features all four of the band members doing seemingly random and excessively abstract actions such as holding many water bottles or attempting to balance buckets on their heads. It begins with the camera swooping through a yellow tube to Anthony Kiedis, wearing glasses, and is subsequently followed by the foursome running through a hall with light fixtures attached to their backs. The band engages in various activities, such as wearing a giant purple hippopotamus mask, playing with rubber balls, jumping, abstract scenes with boxes, buckets, water bottles, trash cans, flying through the air, pink foam peanuts, plants, playing guitar in a room full of empty blue chairs/room with lamps turning on and off.
At certain segments of the video, one can see guitarist John Frusciante playing an orange Toronado and a silver Fender Stratocaster, which is unlike his style due to the fact that he only plays vintage guitars (both guitars being under five years of age). Frusciante later explained he was instructed to play the guitars by director Mark Romanek since they blended well with the color scheme used in the video; he also noted that he was never actually playing the guitars.
Inspiration for the video was attributed to Austrian artist Erwin Wurm, as indicated by the sign at the end of the video. The lighting was positioned in order to provide a clean-cut, contemporary atmosphere which would integrate with the video's concept. Orange was chosen to be the backsplash color by Romanek. His creative hand attempted to mirror Wurm's abstract "One Minute Sculptures", by having the band perform random scenes, which seem to fit no purpose. However, in retrospect, they were not intended to be anything more than arbitrary actions, fitting with the ideas expressed in Wurm's work.
Reception and chart performance
The song itself is distinct, especially when in comparison to the various other tracks on By the Way. Some consider the song to be among the only true punk/funk sounds on the entire album, along with "Throw Away Your Television". "Can't Stop" was considered to be "energetic" and melodically encompassing, by combining textured, melodic, and funky themes together into one.
The song was the Chili Peppers' eighth number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and second from the album By the Way. It also peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100. Regardless of the moderate recognition it received on the Billboard Hot 100, the song is a live performance staple.
Track listings
CD single 1
"Can't Stop" (John Frusciante single mix) – 4:29
"If You Have to Ask" (live)
"Christchurch Fireworks Music" (live) – 5:42
CD single 2
"Can't Stop" (John Frusciante single mix) – 4:29
"Right on Time" (live)
"Nothing to Lose" (live) – 12:58
CD single 3 and 7-inch single
"Can't Stop" (John Frusciante single mix) – 4:29
"Christchurch Fireworks Music" (live) – 5:42
Personnel
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Anthony Kiedis – lead vocals
John Frusciante – guitar, handclaps, backing vocals
Flea – bass, backing vocals in live performances
Chad Smith – drums, handclaps
Charts
Certifications
Release history
References
Red Hot Chili Peppers songs
2002 songs
2003 singles
Music videos directed by Mark Romanek
Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin
Songs written by Anthony Kiedis
Songs written by Chad Smith
Songs written by Flea (musician)
Songs written by John Frusciante |
4030712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert%20Burbage | Cuthbert Burbage | Cuthbert Burbage (c. 15 June 1565 – 15 September 1636) was an English theatrical figure, son of James Burbage, builder of the Theatre in Shoreditch and elder brother of the actor Richard Burbage. From 1589 he was the owner of the ground lease of the Theatre. Best known for his central role in the construction of the Globe Theatre, he was for four decades a significant agent in the success and endurance of Shakespeare's company, the King's Men.
Family
The Burbage family is now thought to have come to London from Bromley in Kent. Cuthbert Burbage, baptized 15 June 1565 at St. Stephen Coleman Street near the London Guildhall, was the elder of the two surviving sons of James Burbage (c.1531–1597) and Ellen Brayne (c.1542–1613), the daughter of Thomas Brayne (d.1562), a London tailor, and his wife, Alice Barlow (d.1566). His younger brother was the renowned actor, Richard Burbage. He had two sisters, Ellen (baptized 13 June 1574, buried 13 December 1596) and Alice (baptized 11 March 1576).
The Theatre in Shoreditch
Burbage's father found employment for him with Sir Walter Cope, a second cousin of Lady Burghley, and gentleman usher to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley. According to Wallace, Cuthbert Burbage's position as 'servant' to Cope was likely as a clerk in the Treasury.
In June 1586 he reached the age of majority, and joined his father in an ongoing legal dispute over the Theatre in Shoreditch. In August of that year the London grocer John Brayne, his father's brother-in-law, died, allegedly as a result of blows at the hands of his partner in the building of the George Inn in Whitechapel, the London goldsmith, Robert Miles, who was 'tried for murder' at a coroner's inquest.
James Burbage and Brayne had originally financed the building of the Theatre in Shoreditch together; it was later claimed that Brayne had bankrupted himself in so doing. However they had no written agreement governing the terms of their partnership, and had earlier fallen out. Brayne, who was childless, had failed to revise his will to leave his interest in the Theatre to James Burbage's children, as he had promised to do, and Burbage had failed to grant Brayne a half interest in the 21-year ground lease which he had signed with Giles Allen on 13 April 1576, and had kept it solely in his own name. On 9 August 1577 an assignment of lease had been drawn up, and on 22 May 1578 Burbage signed a bond in the amount of £400 requiring him to assign a half interest in the ground lease to Brayne, but this was never done. Brayne accused Burbage of double-dealing, and in the following month the partners submitted their dispute to arbitration by two friends, in the course of which Burbage struck Brayne and they fell to fisticuffs. On 12 July 1578 the arbitrators submitted the articles containing their decision, and both Burbage and Brayne signed bonds in the amount of £200 as a guarantee of performance.
To further complicate matters, in order to evade his creditors, not only with respect to the Theatre but also in connection with the building of the George Inn with Robert Miles, Brayne signed various deeds of gift of his property, and on 26 September 1579 Burbage borrowed £125 8s 11d from the London grocer John Hyde, in return for which he mortgaged the ground lease of the Theatre for a one-year term. Hyde was not repaid, and the ground lease was forfeited to Hyde on 27 September 1580. Hyde allowed Burbage to continue operating the Theatre and extended the lease, but it was again forfeited to Hyde for non-payment. Hyde had Burbage arrested for debt in June 1582, and tried to put Brayne out as part owner of the Theatre.
In the same year, 1582, Edmund Peckham sued Giles Allen over ownership of the ground on which the Theatre stood, and their dispute escalated to the point that, as Cuthbert Burbage later deposed in 1600, his father was forced to hire men to guard the Theatre both day and night. Performances were stopped, and Leicester's Men, who had been playing there, disbanded as a company. James Burbage then became Lord Hunsdon's man, and from 1583 on Hunsdon's Men, known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men from 1585, performed at the Theatre.
Thus, at the time of Brayne's death in August 1586, the only legal documents which established that Brayne had had any financial interest in the Theatre were the two bonds which he had managed to get Burbage to sign. James Burbage allowed Brayne's widow, Margaret (née Stowers), a share of the profits for a short time, but then cut her off. At about the same time Hyde, as legal owner of the forfeited ground lease, falsely represented that he had sold his interest to his father-in-law, George Clough, and tried to remove James Burbage from the Theatre and replace him with Clough.
In early 1587 Margaret Brayne, with financial backing from Robert Miles, sued James Burbage at common law in an attempt to either recover on the bonds or obtain a half interest in the ground lease and the profits of the Theatre. In the same year the executors of Robert Gardner, to whom Brayne had made one of his deeds of gift, also sued Burbage. In the autumn of 1588 Burbage brought an action of his own against Margaret Brayne in Chancery, and Margaret Brayne then counter-sued in Chancery. The legal battles between Burbage and the widow Brayne continued for a decade, with Burbage always emerging the victor.
While these lawsuits were ongoing, both James Burbage and Margaret Brayne sought to obtain an assignment of the ground lease from Hyde. In June 1589 both James and Cuthbert Burbage sought help from Cuthbert's employer, Walter Cope, who accordingly wrote to Hyde suggesting that he, Cope, might be of service to Hyde with the Lord Treasurer, Lord Burghley, on some future occasion if Hyde would assign the ground lease of the Theatre to Cuthbert Burbage. With some reluctance Hyde complied, and on 7 June 1589 assigned his interest in the ground lease of the Theatre to Cuthbert Burbage. According to Wallace, James Burbage continued to manage the Theatre, and business went on much as before, 'but the Theatre itself was Cuthbert's'. Hyde said later that he would not have made the assignment had it not been for Cope's letter. Cuthbert Burbage was equally dissatisfied with the arrangement. He later deposed that he agreed only to save his father from debt, and was of the view that he could have used his influence with Cope to better personal advantage. He was forced to borrow money to pay Hyde, and although the amount is not known with certainty, a statement by Hyde himself indicates that it was almost the entire original debt of £125 8s 11d plus interest.
Through his ownership of the ground lease, Cuthbert Burbage was drawn further into the ongoing battles between his father and the widow Brayne. On 4 November 1590 she obtained a court order sequestering the Theatre property until the hearing of the case; however on 13 November Cuthbert succeeded in having that order stayed, and obtained an order for performance of the 1578 arbitration. On 16 November Margaret Brayne, Robert Miles and his son Ralph, and a friend, Nicholas Bishop, took a copy of the order to the Theatre to enforce its terms by taking half the profits from the gallery that day. They arrived just as playgoers were flocking in for a performance. James Burbage, after initial argument through a window of the Theatre, came down into the yard and called Robert Miles a knave and a rascal, and the widow Brayne a 'murdering whore'. James Burbage's wife and her son Richard Burbage, then only about nineteen, came into the yard and beat Robert Miles with a broomstaff. Richard Burbage, after 'scornfully and disdainfully playing with Nicholas Bishop's nose', threatened to beat him also. At that point Cuthbert Burbage arrived, and threatened the intruders with 'great and horrible oaths'. They were then violently thrust out of the yard. Some of the actors were attracted by the tumult, among them John Alleyn, brother of Edward Alleyn, who also put in a word for the widow Brayne, to no avail. The Admiral's Men, of which the Alleyn brothers were members, subsequently withdrew from the Theatre and went across the river to play at Henslowe's theatre. On 28 November Margaret Brayne had James Burbage arrested for being in contempt of the court order, and for the next two or three years there was a lengthy investigation into the contempt issue which was still ongoing when Margaret Brayne died in late April 1593. In her will dated 8 April she made Robert Miles her sole executor and left him all her property, including her half interest in the Theatre, and he thereby inherited the litigation in which he had already been active as her financial backer. Miles filed a bill of reviver near the end of the year and continued the suit in Chancery until 28 May 1595, when the court finally adjudged that he should attempt to collect on the bonds in the common law courts, which he appears not to have attempted.
James Burbage died in February 1597, and two months later the ground lease on the Theatre expired, Giles Allen having refused to renew it. At this point Miles brought an action against Cuthbert Burbage in the Court of Requests, the outcome of which is not known as the relevant documents are no longer extant.
The Globe in Southwark
Cuthbert Burbage was left to execute the matter of finding the Lord Chamberlain's Men a new home after the lease of the Theatre expired. James Burbage's attempt to bring his company to the Blackfriars Theatre had been stymied by opposition from Blackfriars' wealthy residents; Burbage and company were faced with an imminent crisis.
After a last futile attempt to renew the lease, Burbage took action. He leased the Blackfriars to impresario Henry Evans, whose intended use of it for performances by children did not attract opposition. The situation regarding the Theatre was more problematic. The lease, however, gave him the right to use the framing timber of the building, if he did so before the expiration of the lease. When he did not do so, Alleyn announced his intention to use the timber for his own purposes. Looking for a place for his new theatre, Burbage made a verbal agreement with Nicholas Brend for a lease on a stretch of land on Maid Lane in Bankside, near Philip Henslowe's Rose Theatre. Burbage hired Peter Streete to take down the old Theatre and to build the new one from as much of the salvaged material as possible. On the night of 28 December 1598, Cuthbert, Richard, a certain William Smith "of Waltham Cross, in the County of Hertford, gentleman", Streete, and twelve others took down the Theatre, carried all the wood and timber across the River Thames and built it again there. This new theatre was renamed the Globe. It opened by September 1599. (The Chamberlain's Men, in the interim, appear to have performed at the Curtain Theatre in Shoreditch).
The Globe provided a stable home for the Chamberlain's Men and their successors, the King's Men, for the next four decades. Cuthbert and his brother had financed the new venue by making five actors (William Shakespeare, John Heminges, Augustine Phillips, Thomas Pope, and William Kempe) as a group, half-sharers in the profits of the house: this arrangement seems to have solidified the structure of the group, helping cement the position of the Chamberlain's Men as the preeminent troupe in London.
Together with Richard Robinson and Winifred (d.1642), his wife, William Heminges, Joseph Taylor and John Lowin, Burbage filed a Bill of Complaint on 28 January 1632 in the Court of Requests against the owner of the Globe, Sir Matthew Brend, in order to obtain confirmation of an extension of the 31-year lease originally granted by Sir Matthew Brend's father, Nicholas Brend.
Death
Burbage remained one of the keepers of the Globe until his death, aged seventy-one years, in 1636, and the position appears to have been lucrative for him; he lived in a house in a fashionable district, St Giles Cripplegate, and owned another estate in Middlesex.
Portrayals in Media
On stage
Billy Nevers portrays Cuthbert in & Juliet on the West End, presenting him as a fun-loving superfan of Shakespeare.
Notes
References
Further reading
English drama
Theatre owners
1565 births
1636 deaths
People associated with Shakespeare
People of the Elizabethan era
17th-century English people
Theatre in England
17th-century theatre managers
16th-century theatre managers |
4030713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunji | Cunji | Cunji may refer to,
Cunji, Guinea-Bissau, place in West Africa
Tunicate, various sea squirt species known as cunji in Australia |
4030716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow%20Meadows%2C%20Houston | Willow Meadows, Houston | Willow Meadows is a subdivision in Houston, Texas, United States.
Willow Meadows straddles the southwest corner of 610 Loop, but lies fully inside Beltway 8. The subdivision is next to Meyer Park, a shopping center. Willow Meadows is east of Meyerland, north of Willowbend, west of Westwood, and south of the city of Bellaire.
The neighborhood consists of a handful of tree-lined streets. The homes are generally 50- to 60-year-old ranch style houses. Because of its relatively short commute time to the Texas Medical Center, Downtown Houston, and Uptown Houston, the neighborhood is home to mostly upper-middle class professionals and educators. The neighborhood does border Brays Bayou which occasionally floods the northern reaches of the subdivision. However, flooding levels throughout the neighborhood tend to be lower than surrounding neighborhoods.
Willow Meadows is in Texas's 7th congressional district .
Education
Willow Meadows is zoned to Houston ISD schools. All residents are zoned to Red Elementary School and Meyerland Performing and Visual Arts Middle School (formerly Johnston Middle School); Students zoned to Meyerland Performing Arts Middle School may attend Pin Oak Middle School in Bellaire instead. Residents north of West Bellfort are zoned to Bellaire High School (in Bellaire), while residents south of West Bellfort are zoned to Westbury High School.
Red Elementary is in Willowbend Section 4. Named after doctor Samuel Clark Red, it opened in 1957. It received a magnet program in mathematics, science, and technology, converted into a full STEM magnet in 2012. Circa 2019 it had about 600 students.
The Robert M. Beren Academy, a K-12 Judaic school, is located in the area .
Ms. Wagner's School and Trafton Academy are also in the area. Trafton Academy is located in Willowbend Section 2.
The Emery/Weiner School is east of the subdivision bordering the Westwood subdivision.
Government and infrastructure
The neighborhood is within the Houston Police Department's Southwest Patrol Division .
Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated Valbona Health Center (formerly People's Health Center) in Greater Sharpstown for ZIP code 77035. The nearest public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.
Parks and recreation
Willow Park, a park operated by the City of Houston, is located at 10400 Cliffwood, adjacent to Red Elementary School . Willow Park is in Willow Meadows Section 3.
References
External links
Willow Meadows
Willow Meadows Neighbors
Neighborhoods in Houston |
4030728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Stein%20%28mime%29 | Daniel Stein (mime) | Daniel Andrew Stein (born 1952) is an American modern performer of a type of physical theater known as corporeal mime.
Early years
Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Stein studied under Dale Gutzman at Whitefish Bay High School, in suburban Milwaukee. Stein appeared in productions of Peer Gynt, Dracula, The Great Sebastians and Gutzman’s own original musical Flash Gordon. Stein also starred in Gutzman’s original musical tragedy The Gods, a multimedia production based on the life of Jean-Gaspard Deburau, the 19th century French mime who performed in pantomime blanche, so called because of the whiteface the artist wore.
Stein also competed in high school forensic interpretive poetry reading competitions.
Professional career
Stein has taught throughout the world at institutions such as the Juilliard School of Drama, and The Institute of Dramatic Arts, Tokyo. He had his own school in Paris for 15 years. In 2007-08, Stein was a Visiting Guest Artist in Dramatic Arts at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. From June 2009 until May 2016, he was the Director of Movement and Physical Theatre for the Brown University/Trinity Rep MFA Program in Providence, Rhode Island. Since March 2016, Stein has been a senior lecturer SOE and Director of the BFA Actor Training Program in the Department of Theater and Dance at UC Santa Barbara.
Stein holds dual American and French citizenship.
Performance history
His first solo performance, Timepiece, which deals with the passage of time in the life of a man, and how conflict and power, and subsequently, joy and love emerge from time's progression, has been widely viewed as ushering an era of movement performance into corporeal mime. In Timepiece, the objects on stage are translated from their everyday uses into idealistic symbols. A chair, for example, is no longer just to sit on, but rather also an image of support and strength. This performance is visual music with a beginning, middle and end.
Barton Wimble of the New York Daily News wrote of Timepiece: "Perhaps a handful of times can a critic sit in a theatre and in the space of a mere hour see a performer change the entire course of an established art form, but that is precisely what happened when Daniel Stein opened the Dance Theatre Workshop's 'New Mime Series.'"
Sylvie Drake of the Los Angeles Times hailed Timepiece as: "One of those rare revelatory experiences one waits for in the theatre."
Critical attitude
Stein has said this about "physical theater": "I think physical theater is much more visceral and audiences are affected much more viscerally than intellectually. The foundation of theater is a live, human experience, which is different from any other form of art that I know of. Painting, writing, music happen in a mostly interpretive way, which is to say that somebody sits down and writes something and then somebody else interprets it, often in front of a camera. Live theater, where real human beings are standing in front of real human beings, is about the fact that we have all set aside this hour; the sharing goes in both directions. The fact that it is a very physical, visceral form makes it a very different experience from almost anything else that we partake of in our lives. I don’t think we could do it the same way if we were doing literary-based theater."
Awards
Stein has received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the United States/Japan Commission, the Pew Charitable Trust and has been named a John Simon Guggenheim Fellow.
Books that mention Stein’s performances include Modern and Post Modern Mime by Thomas Leabhart (Modern Dramatists); From the Greek Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond: Mimes, Actors, Pierrots and Clowns: A Chronicle of the Many Visages of Mime in the Theatre by Annette Bercut Lust (2002) (Scarecrow Press); and Le Theatre Du Geste by Jacques Lecoq (Bordas – Paris).
See also
Theatre
Physical theatre
Corporeal mime
References
External links
Daniel Stein Official Website
"MIME: DANIEL STEIN'S 'SCENES'", by Jack Anderson, The New York Times, October 1, 1981
1952 births
Living people
People from Milwaukee
American mimes
Whitefish Bay High School alumni |
4030729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science/Engineering%20Specialized%20Learning%20Center | Science/Engineering Specialized Learning Center | The Science/Engineering Specialized Learning Center, S&E or SnE, is a public high school magnet program housed within Manalapan High School, located in Englishtown, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The program, started in 1985, is designed for students with an interest in focusing on mathematical and scientific subjects.
The program has had 10 to 40 students in each class, which has recently been changed to a maximum of 30 per class, and the curriculum consists largely of courses related to engineering, science, and high level mathematics. The program has many Advanced Placement (AP) courses, which can provide college credit with appropriate scores (3, 4, or 5). A member of the Freehold Regional High School District, the learning center serves no more than 100 students at any time.
Applicants, drawn from the communities in the Freehold Regional High School District, take an entrance exam in the eighth grade that tests their abilities in mathematics and English. In addition, there is also a personal statement portion of the application which allows students to write an essay on why they wish to go to the school as well as telling of their extracurricular activities or awards. Parents have been known to move into the district just so their children may have a chance to be accepted into S&E.
The program has knowledgeable and helpful teachers. Most students score very highly on standardized tests (AP, SAT, ACT Exam, PSAT/NMSQT, High School Proficiency Assessment). In 2006, the average SAT score was 2,185: 713 Verbal, 770 Math, and 702 Writing, and more recent SAT scores have been similar. If this center was ranked as a separate high school, it would rank #2 out of more than 27,000 U.S. high schools based on SAT scores. However, as a STEM focused school it would place higher than top schools like High Technology High School. It also performs well in competitions such as the American Mathematics Contest or the Science League.
The program also provides students with the opportunity to get involved with internships and research, through the Honors Engineering Research course students take their senior year. For each half of the year, students can work on a research project or an individual supervised learning experience (SLE). For research projects, students can choose from eight topics: astronomy, computer interfacing, fluid statics and dynamics, laser art and communication, magnetic forces and fields, mathematical models, robotics, and alternative energy and environmental concerns. During these projects, students are encouraged to set and meet goals, and keep a log of their progress. For SLE's, the program helps place students at internships at local companies, including engineering firms, manufacturing firms, software development firms, telecommunications firms, solar energy installation companies, and public utility companies. Students are also able to pursue opportunities they find on their own. At the end of each half of the school year, students give final presentations summing up their work to their peers.
Required courses
Freshman year
Freshman year is often regarded as the easiest year of the four in the program.
Honors Algebra II/ Honors Geometry - A combined course in which two classes usually offered separately are taught at an accelerated pace over the span of one year. Typically, Geometry is taught the first semester then Algebra II the second semester. Students who have completed Geometry in the 8th grade can choose between Financial Literacy and AP Microeconomics to occupy their first semester, both of which satisfy the financial literacy requirement for graduation.
AP Biology
Computer Programming & Engineering Design - Also a combined course in which the first semester concentrates on computer science which is mostly of the programming language C++. The second semester focuses on engineering design or drafting.
Sophomore year
AP Statistics
Honors Precalculus
AP Chemistry
Junior year
AP Computer Science A
AP Calculus BC
AP Physics C Mechanics
Electronics I
Senior year
AP Physics C Electricity and Magnetism
Honors Multivariable Calculus
Honors Senior Research Project (optional internship)
References
External links
Manalapan High School website
Englishtown, New Jersey
1985 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1985
Magnet schools in New Jersey
Public high schools in Monmouth County, New Jersey |
4030730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former%20constellations | Former constellations | Former constellations are old historical Western constellations that for various reasons are no longer widely recognised or are not officially recognised by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Prior to 1930, many of these defunct constellations were traditional in one or more countries or cultures. Some only lasted decades but others were referred to over many centuries. All are now recognised only for having classical or historical value. Many former constellations had complex Latinised names after objects, people, or mythological or zoological creatures. Others with unwieldy names were shortened for convenience. For example, Scutum Sobiescianum was reduced to Scutum, Mons Mensae to Mensa, and Apparatus Sculptoris to Sculptor.
Some of the Northern Sky's former constellations were placed in the less populated regions between the traditional brighter constellations just to fill gaps. In the Southern Sky, new constellations were often created from about the 15th century by voyagers who began journeying south of the Equator. European countries like England, France, the Netherlands, German or Italian states, etc., often supported and popularised their own constellation outlines. In some cases, different constellations occupied overlapping areas and included the same stars. These former constellations are often found in older books, star charts, or star catalogues.
The 88 modern constellation names and boundaries were standardised by Eugene Delporte for the IAU in 1930, under an international agreement, removing any possible astronomical ambiguities between astronomers from different countries. Nearly all former or defunct constellations differ in their designated boundaries in as much as they have outlines that do not follow the exact lines of right ascension and declination.
Noteworthy former constellations
Argo Navis
Argo Navis is the only constellation from Ptolemy's original list of 48 constellations that is no longer officially recognized. Due to its large size, it was split into three constellations by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille: Carina (the keel), Puppis (the poop deck), and Vela (the sails). The new constellations were introduced in the 1763 star catalog Coelum Australe Stelliferum, which was published soon after de Lacaille's death.
Quadrans Muralis
Quadrans Muralis was originally created in 1795, placed in the northern skies between the still-accepted constellations Boötes and Draco. The Quadrantids meteor shower is named after this former constellation.
Remnant nomenclature
53 Eridani retains the name Sceptrum from the former constellation Sceptrum Brandenburgicum.
List of former constellations
See also
Asterism
Lists of constellations
Julius Schiller's Coelum Stellatum Christianum (1627, "Christian Starry Sky") renamed the pagan constellations with new names after Christian figures.
References
Further reading
Allen, Richard Hinckley (1963). Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning New York: Dover. (Original work published 1899)
Nick Kanas. Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography. Springer; 5 June 2012. .
External links
Former Constellations
Obsolete Constellations
Felice Stoppa: Le costellazioni scomparse dal cielo
Les Constellations Disparues |
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