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4029101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Runnett | Brian Runnett | Henry Brian Runnett (1935–1970) was a British organist and choral director. He was born in Tyldesley, Lancashire, in 1935 and was educated at the Liverpool Matthay School of Music, during which time he obtained the FRCO diploma with both Limpus and F J Read prizes in organ playing. His first organ post (at age 16) was at St. Stephen's Church, Hightown. From there he went to St. Andrew's, Litherland, before moving in 1955 to Chester Cathedral as assistant organist. In 1958 he obtained the degree of BMus from Durham University. In 1960 he was appointed organ scholar at St John's College, Cambridge, under Director of Music George Guest.
Following Cambridge, in 1963 he was appointed Lecturer in Music and University Organist at Manchester University and in 1967 moved to Norwich Cathedral as Organist and Master of the Choristers. He was a part-time lecturer at the University of East Anglia.
He recorded the Hindemith Organ Sonatas on the then new Hill, Norman & Beard Chapel Organ at Ellesmere College in 1970 (LP - Cathedral Organ Masterworks CRMS-850).
In 1968, Runnett succeeded Dr George Guest as director of the Berkshire Boys Choir, a summer-resident choir of 46 boys and 14 men under the auspices of the Tanglewood Music Festival in the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts (USA). The choir had been founded and conducted in 1967 by Dr Guest. In the 1968 (Summer) season, the choir appeared with the Philadelphia Orchestra and sang in Washington Cathedral and at Rutgers University and Syracuse University, among other venues. Eleven selections from their large repertoire were collected on an album for RCA Records (Alleluia, LSC-3081), with Lowell Lacey as the organist.
Runnett was killed in a car crash in 1970 whilst returning from an organ recital he had given in Westminster Abbey. Composer Kenneth Leighton was commissioned by the Cathedral Organists' Association to write a memorial work for Runnett - his Second Evening Service (Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis).
Norwich Cathedral has a Runnett Library in Runnett's memory, which contains all of his sheet music. It was donated to the cathedral by Runnett's parents following his death. St John's College, Cambridge, also has a Brian Runnett Memorial organ competition, as well as trophies given out at the end of it.
References
1935 births
1970 deaths
People from Tyldesley
English classical organists
British male organists
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Academics of the University of Manchester
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Cathedral organists
Road incident deaths in England
Alumni of Durham University
Fellows of the Royal College of Organists
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century English musicians
20th-century organists
20th-century British male musicians |
4029112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Winter%20Olympics%20opening%20ceremony | 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony | The Opening Ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics (Torino 2006) was held on 10 February 2006 beginning at 20:00 CET (UTC+1) at the Stadio Olimpico in Turin, Italy.
The ceremony was attended by 35,000 spectators with the presence of numerous international and Italian guests on the stage and heads of state and government on the stands. The event was broadcast live to an estimated two-billion audience worldwide by 32 television cameras.
The ceremony saluted the region's culture and history, was highlighted by Italian celebrities and showcased Italian designs. There were the customary parade of athletes and raising of the host nation's flag and the Olympic flag. Apart from the choreography, the fireworks, and the pageantry, the ceremony was a reminder of peace as a goal of these Games. It climaxed with the lighting of the Olympic Flame.
Program
The theme of the program was "Passion Lives Here," and the 4000m2 stage was shaped like an anatomic heart with a mosh pit in the centre where the athletes congregated for the second half of the ceremonies. The athletes were thus put in the centre of action and in front of the stage, emphasizing that the heart of each athlete was the focus of the Games.
There were sentiments of self-conceit amongst TOROC for not including a tribute section during the Opening Ceremonies honoring the Past Host Cities of the previous installments of the Olympic Winter Games that was the very first part of the XIX Olympic Winter Games that had been held in Salt Lake City, USA on 8 February 2002.
The ceremony was conducted in French and English, the two official languages of the International Olympic Committee, and Italian, the language of the host country.
The program was executed by 6,100 volunteers and 240 professionals after 15,000 man days of work.
Rhythm of Passion
Sparks of Passion
Artistic, 1m countdown plus 4m 20s
776 performers
Direction: Gabriele Vacis
Assistant direction: Roberto Tarasco
Choreography: Giuseppe Arena
Moshpit choreography: Doug Jack
Pyrotechnical effects: Christophe Berthonneau
Segment coordinator: Annalisa Barbieri
Helmet-donning skaters costume design: Lino Dainese
Sparks special effects: Vittorio Comi
Helmet-donning skaters choreography: Giuseppe Arena
Helmet-donning skaters: Fabio Cassinelli, Simone Giaccaglia, Luca Imperio, Elia Locagliano, Simone Martino, Daniele Pin
Original Music: Composed arranged and orchestrated by Michele Centonze in collaboration with Stefano Nanni
The Opening Ceremonies began with a traditional countdown by the spectators. Italian gymnast Yuri Chechi as a shaman striking an anvil with a hammer opened the first scene of the program representing the industrial past of the Piedmont region. Each strike spewed up a fountain of flames and were responded to with flames over three metres high, lit from 52 nozzles lined up around the piazza. A group of inline skaters in red unitards soon entered and executed their choreograph and formations. With the fire, costume and flood light, the stage was soon turned into a sea of red. In the mosh pit, performers executed synchronised swimming moves to the pulsing rhythm. It was said that the choreographer was inspired by synchronised swimming when he saw the event for the first time in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
The skaters then gyrated to the pulsing rhythm forming a familiar heart shape pumping to the beat. The formation was soon shattered when a lone skater symbolising a spark of passion shot through the beating heart. Six helmet-donning skaters then entered with two-foot flames flared from the back of their helmets and crisscrossed the stage.
Greetings from the Alps
Mountain Folk
Artistic, 4m 30s
829 performers
Direction: Gabriele Vacis
Moshpit choreography: Doug Jack
Segment coordinator: Annalisa Barbieri
Music: Occitane Anthem "Se Chanta" performed by L'Ange Gardien Chorus; Ouverture "Gazza Ladra" by Rossini, arranged and orchestrated by Michele Centonze in collaboration with Stefano Nanni
Following the exit of the flaming skaters, the sounding of seven alphorns to the notes of the Occitan Hymn signaled the beginning of the next segment that paid tribute to the Alps and the seven Alpine countries: Italy, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany and Slovenia. Artificial snow and life-size pine tree shapes set the mood for this segment as the stage was transformed from red to white.
It had been 14 years since the Winter Olympic Games were last held in the Alps, in 1992 in Albertville, France. The 13 million people living in the mountainous region were represented by dancers waltzing in their national costumes. Life-size cow effigies were pulled in and paraded around the stage representing the significance of the dairy farming industry in the Alpine region. Three waltzing couples in cow suits soon entered the scene, while cow bells were heard ringing from the crowd.
After the stage was cleared, 50 performers in white unitards entered with very large white balloons on their heads symbolising the arrival of the snowflakes. A change of music signalled the exit of the snowflakes and in the mosh pit performers formed a snowflake which was lit up by flashlights as the segment came to a close.
Italy
Italian flag
Entry of the authorities
Italian anthem
Direction: Gabriele Vacis
Artistic direction and costume design: Giorgio Armani
Protocol coordinator: Sigrid Guillion Mangilli
Protocol segment coordinator: Pamela Allvin
Segment coordinator: Annalisi Barbieri
Coordinator: CONI - Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano
Carabineers' Guard of Honour
Music: "Amarcord", by Nino Rota; Italian Anthem, composed by Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro, arranged by Michele Centonze
This section paid tribute to the Italian flag, whose entrance was led by 26 Olympic medalists in white suits and gowns marching in two files. Following the athletes was model, singer and future French first lady Carla Bruni carrying a folded Italian flag. Bruni wore a sparkling gown by Giorgio Armani, inspired by crystal and ice.
The stage was flooded in the Italian colours red, white, and green by the coloured spotlights at the top of the stadium as the entrance of the President of the International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge and the President of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was announced.
Sustained drumbeats set a mood as three Carabinieri officers entered and retrieved the flag from Bruni and brought it to the flag pole.
The flag was raised to the solo rendition of the Italian national anthem after a short pastoral orchestra introduction (as opposed to the usual marching introduction). "Il Canto degli Italiani" was performed by nine-year-old Eleonora Benetti wearing the Italian tricolour. Her verse ended as the choir joined in for the much more rapid refrain.
Torino Olympic City
XX Olympic Winter Games
The Great Skier
Artistic, 6m 10s
467 performers
Direction & Choreography Concept: Doug Jack
Choreography: Bryn Walters, Nikis Lagousakos, Claire Terri
Segment coordinator: Annalisa Barbieri
Original music: composed arranged and orchestrated by Michele Centonze in collaboration with Stefano Nanni
467 performers, each wearing one of the 5 Olympic colours, created a 20 meter tall ski jumper formation, after the playing of the Italian national anthem. The choreography showed an animated ski jumper gliding down the take-off slope, flying through the night air and eventually landing safely in perfect form on the ground. Puffs of air could be seen as the jumper prepared his jump. Performers carrying a blue banner then entered to show the skier gliding down the slope. In flight the figure was lit up by headlamp flashlights in a formation of a ski jumper in peak flight. The ski jumper eventually made a graceful landing on the ground as performers released confetti (to represent a snowplow stop) and cheered as the segment came to a close.
Olympic Spirit
Citius, altius, fortius
Artistic, 6m 10s
149 performers
Direction and choreography: Giulia Staccioli (Kataklò)
Technical director: Richard Hartman
Production director: Simone Masserini
Segment coordinator: Vichi Lombardo
Kataklò technical Coordinator: Andrea Zorzi
Ground choreography: Bryn Walters
Performer athletes: Maria Agatiello, Davide Agostini, Sara Bonarti, Ilaria Cinzia Cavagna, Mauro Maurizio Colucci, Valentina Marino, Giulia Piolanti, Stefano Pribaz, Davide Rabaioli, Marco Zanotti, Gabriele Zappa
Original music: composed, arranged and orchestrated by Michele Centonze, in collaboration with Stefano Nanni
The Sparks of Passion reentered the stadium in this segment where the largest and tallest Olympic Rings for the Opening Ceremonies would be created. Acrobats could be seen maneuvering on three ring shaped frames floating up and down along four lattice columns on the opposite end of the stadium to the stage and the mosh pit. Dancers in red unitards below gyrated to pulsing beats as the theme of passion returned for this segment of the program. While the acrobats descended to the ground, two additional ring shaped frames were raised. The five circular frames were flipped vertically revealing the five Olympic Rings shimmering in light. The rings were then illuminated in the Olympic colours and the structure was lit up in fireworks. The black ring in the centre of the symbol was substituted with white since it is impossible to produce black light.
Heroes of Our Time - Parade of Nations
Protocol, 53m
Director & Choreography: Doug Jack
Placard bearers' costumes: Moschino (Rossella Jardini, Joan Tann)
Music: Medley disco music
The national teams then entered underneath the five-ring structure in the traditional Parade of Nations. As with all Olympic games, the first team to emerge was Greece, since it was the birthplace of the games, and the host nation Italy entered last. The rest of the nations entered following the alphabetical order according to the spelling of the country in Italian, the language of the host country, as is tradition.
The names of the nations were announced first in Italian, then in English and followed by French.
North Korea and South Korea marched together under the Unification Flag for the first time in the Winter Olympic Games; this would not happen again (either Summer or Winter) until the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang. Altogether, 80 National Olympic Committees participated in the Games, an increase from 77 in the previous Winter Games.
The Moschino designed the clothes of the women bearing the placards with team names in Italian for the athletes' parade. The dresses were shaped as snowy mountain tops, complete with pine trees and small houses lit up by embedded lights. Miss Italia, Edelfa Chiara Masciotta, was carrying the placard for team Italy who wore a special dress designed to pay tribute to Turin. When assembled on stage the ladies represented the Italian Alps' beauty, strength, and poise.
The march of the Olympic teams was accompanied by a selection of 1970s and 1980s American and European disco music, including "Video Killed the Radio Star" by The Buggles, "YMCA" by the Village People, "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor, "Daddy Cool" by Boney M and songs by the Doobie Brothers and Eurythmics.
The following table lists the countries and territories in the order of their entrance. It is worth noting that not all the athletes participated in the opening ceremonies, as some may have chosen to prepare themselves for races and competitions that were scheduled the very next morning. Other commitments may have prevented some athletes from participating in the parade. For example, most men's hockey teams would not arrive in Turin until the following week since most of the players are involved with the NHL. On the other hand, the parade included officials, judges, coaches and other team staff.
The 2006 games were the first winter games in which these countries have participated.
Yang Yang (A) was China's first female flag bearer for the Olympics.
These flag bearers are also citizens of Canada.
This young snowboarder replaced her older colleague Jagna Marczulajtis who was sick.
From Renaissance to Baroque
Artistic, 16m
515 performers
Direction and choreography: Monica Maimone
Artistic direction: Valerio Festi
Costumes: Gabriella Pescucci
Segment coordinator: Nicola Tamburrano
Producer: Alessandra Rossetti
Set design: Roberto Rebaudengo
Drammaturgy: Paolo Dalla Sega
Flag wavers' coordinator: Stefano Mosele
Flag wavers and musicians: F.I.SB. - Federazione Italiana Sbandieratori
Original music: composed, arranged anc orchestrated by Michele Centonze, in collaboration with Stefano Nanni
After a short homage to Dante and The Divine Comedy, there were Renaissance and Baroque displays, with an homage to Arcimboldo. A scene was based on the Birth of Venus painting. The role of Venus was played by Czech supermodel Eva Herzigová, emerging from a shell like in the Birth of Venus by Botticelli. A dance played a major part in the ceremony, as well as displays of flag waving and baroque bands.
Sportscaster Bob Costas called it a celebration of the emergence from the dark days of the Middle Ages, embracing the intellectual pursuits of art, literature and music.
From Futurism to Future
Artistic, 9m 30s
205 performers and 24 bambolari
Direction: Enzo Cosimi
Futurist hero: Roberto Bolle
Costumes and props: Daniela Dal Cin
Segment coordinator: Nicola Tamburrano
Set machine realization: Raoul Rossigni
Music: composed and arranged by Ritchie Hawtin ("Substance Abuse" from the F.U.S.E. disc Dimension Intrusion)
The segment started with a modern ballet performance which led from a replica of Umberto Boccioni's sculpture "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space" to a celebration of Futurism.
Roberto Bolle performed as lead in the dance part. He represented the futuristic hero, dancing with other mechanical dancers to show modernity, technology, and speed.
The second part was performed by kung-fu athletes representing futuristic soldiers, while in the final section a group of bodybuilders pushed 6 motorbikes in the center of the stadium, thus emphasizing the role played by speed and technology in Futurism.
Pit Stop
Artistic, about 4m
Driver: Luca Badoer
Note: this segment was kept secret before the Ceremony and is not reported in the official programme
Italian driver Luca Badoer drove the 2005 Ferrari F2005 car bearing only the Olympic Rings, Torino 2006 name and Italian tricolore to the centre of the stadium, performing 'donuts' and revving the V10 engine for a few minutes.
Words and Symbols
Address by the President of the Organising Committee
Address by the President of the International Olympic Committee
President of the Italian Republic: Opening of the Games
Olympic Anthem
Entry of the Olympic Flag
Olympic Oath
Protocol, 20m
264 performers
Choreography: Doug Jack
Olympic flag coordinator: Nicoletta Mantovani
Protocolcoordinator: Sigrid Guillion Mangilli
Protocol segment Coordinator: Pamela Allvin
After the Parade of Nations had concluded and the athletes were gathered in the center of the stadium, two short speeches in Italian, French and English were delivered.
The first speech came from Valentino Castellani, the chief organizer of the Torino 2006 Olympic Games. He declared the industrial city "the world capital of sports" during the Olympics.
Valentino Castellani was followed by International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge, who told the Olympic athletes, "Your achievements will inspire and motivate future generations," before adding, "Please compete cleanly, without using doping." Rogge also hoped for peace during his short speech. "Our world today is in need of peace and brotherhood, the values of the Olympic Games," he said. "May these Games be held in peace in the true spirit of the Olympic Truce."
Rogge then introduced Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, who declared the games officially open.
Following the trend set from the selection of eight personalities representing the five continents and the three pillars of Olympism at the Salt Lake City Olympics Opening Ceremony, the flag was brought this time into the stadium by eight women:
Sophia Loren, Italian born actress who was the patroness of the Ceremonies;
Isabel Allende, Chilean novelist;
Nawal El Moutawakel, member of the IOC from Morocco, the first Muslim woman to win an Olympic gold medal;
Susan Sarandon, American actress and activist;
Wangari Maathai, Nobel laureate and the founder of the Kenyan Green Belt Movement;
Manuela Di Centa, Italian seven-time Nordic skiing gold medalist; She would later bestow the 50 km (Cross Country) Freestyle Gold Medal to her brother Giorgio Di Centa during the Closing Ceremony.
Maria de Lurdes Mutola, gold medalist from Mozambique;
Somaly Mam, Cambodian human rights activist.
Their walk with the flag was accompanied by Giuseppe Verdi's "Triumphant March," from Aida. The Olympic flag was then handed over to eight members of the Alpini, an Italian infantry unit, who raised the flag while the Olympic Hymn was played.
Italian skier Giorgio Rocca recited the Olympic Oath on behalf of all the athletes from the podium followed by Fabio Bianchetti from the International Skating Union reading the oath on behalf of all judges. There had been a major judging controversy in the figure skating event at the previous Winter Games.
Peace
The Dove
A Song of Peace
Protocol, 6m
40 performers
Direction and choreography: Ivan Manzoni
Segment coordinator: Vichi Lombardo
Original music: composed, arranged and orchestrated by Michele Centonze, in collaboration with Stefano Nanni
Twenty-eight acrobats climbed on a net set up on the main stage and executed their choreographed manoeuvres, spinning and flipping to the music. At the end of the routine they all came together and formed the shape of a dove, the symbol of peace, to a roaring cheer from the crowd.
Yoko Ono, dressed in white like many of the people in the ceremony (the spectators were provided with, and most wore, a white poncho, symbolizing the snow which makes the Winter Olympics possible), then entered and read a free verse poem from a prepared script calling for peace in the world. She called for "taking action" to spread peace. Ono's poem served as an introduction to a rendition of her late husband John Lennon's Imagine by Peter Gabriel.
Light the Passion
Arrival of the Flame
Lighting of the Cauldron
The Olympic System
Protocol, 6m 20s
Choreography: Doug Jack
Cauldron and torch design: Pininfarina
Original music: "Olimpia", composed, arranged and orchestrated by Michele Centonze
The Olympic Torch entered the stadium in the hand of Alberto Tomba, who then passed the flame to the hands of the 1994 men's Italian cross-country skiing relay team (Marco Albarello, Giorgio Vanzetta, Maurilio De Zolt, and Silvio Fauner). The flame was then passed to Piero Gros, then Deborah Compagnoni before the Olympic Flame was lit by former Italian cross-country skier Stefania Belmondo. Belmondo paused to show the torch to the cheering crowd one last time before placing it on the arched lighting apparatus. The flame initiated a series of fireworks before lighting the top of the 57-meter high Olympic Flame, the highest in the history of the Olympic Winter Games.
The cauldron lighting was also the first in recent memory to be lit indirectly, that is, the flame did not directly touch or travel to (such as the arrow lighting at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona) the cauldron itself. The precise timing of the pyrotechnics was obviously computer timed from the precise moment the flame touched the center frame in the center of the stadium. Because of the elaborate fireworks, it is highly unlikely the flame travelled to all the charges directly. However, it is possible that the cauldron was lit from a backup flame inside, or that an electronic signal from Belmondo's apparatus to the cauldron served as the "flame" (much like the 1976 Summer Olympics where a satellite signal carried the "flame" from Greece to Canada, though not at the opening ceremony).
Fortissimo
Allegro with Fire
Artistic, 7min
Direction: Marco Balich
Chandelier design: Jacopo Foggini
Pyrotechnical effects: Christophe Berthonneau
Segment coordinator: Vichi Lombardo
After the largest curtain yet to be built revealed him on the stage, Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti, wearing a black cape embroidered with silver Olympic rings, ended the ceremony by singing Giacomo Puccini's well-known aria Nessun Dorma from the opera Turandot, which ends with the victorious line "At dawn, I shall win!" Pavarotti's performance caused NBC Olympic commentator Brian Williams to proclaim "And the master brings the house down." Indeed, the tenor's performance received the longest and loudest ovation of the opening ceremony from the international crowd. This would prove to be Pavarotti's final public performance of his signature song.
Security measures
Security was present at the Opening Ceremony as has become the norm for the Olympics. Organizers stepped up the security measures in connection with the contemporary Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy and they insisted that the Olympic Games would be safe.
Dignitaries and other officials in attendance
Aside from celebrities participating in the ceremonies, President of the International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge and members of the IOC, many dignitaries and officials associated with the Olympic movement were in attendance (included 13 world leaders and 2 first ladies). They included :
Kofi Annan, Secretary General of the United Nations
Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission
Cherie Blair, Wife of then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair
Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States, and her daughter Barbara
Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, Organizer of the 2004 Summer Olympics
Besir Atalay, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey
Harald V, King of Norway and Queen Sonja
Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden
Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark (representing the Queen of Denmark)
Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco
Henri, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Horst Köhler, Federal President of Germany
Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France
Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, Prime Minister of Poland
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of Italy
Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, Crown Prince of the Netherlands (representing the Queen of the Netherlands)
Juan Carlos I, King of Spain
Mitt Romney, Organizer of the 2002 Winter Olympics, and Governor of Massachusetts
Tarja Halonen, President of Finland and Premier Matti Vanhanen
Ivan Gasparovic, President of Slovakia
Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda
Otmar Hasler, Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
Gordon Campbell, Premier of British Columbia, host Canadian province of the 2010 Winter Olympics
Michaelle Jean, Governor General of Canada
Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel prize winning physiologist and Italian senator-for-life
Luca di Montezemolo, President and CEO of Ferrari and chairman of FIAT
Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi was absent. However he attended the Closing Ceremony on 26 February.
See also
2006 Winter Olympics closing ceremony
References
External links
Turin 2006 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony Media Guide (as found on the Olympic Library)
Ceremony Opening
Olympics opening ceremonies
Ceremonies in Italy |
4029122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20fiscal | Southern fiscal | The southern fiscal, common fiscal or fiscal shrike (Lanius collaris) is a member of the shrike family found through most of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is also sometimes named jackie hangman or butcher bird due to its habit of impaling its prey on acacia thorns to store the food for later consumption. It was previously lumped together with the northern fiscal (Lanius humeralis). Together they were known as the common fiscal.
Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the southern fiscal in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. He used the French name La pie-griesche du Cap de Bonne Espérance and the Latin Lanius capitis Bonae Spei. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the southern fiscal. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the current binomial name Lanius collaris and cited Brisson's work. The specific name collaris is Latin for "of the neck".
Five subspecies are recognised.
L. c. aridicolus Clancey, 1955 – south western Angola and north western Namibia (dune-fog zone of the Namib Desert)
L. c. collaris Linnaeus, 1766 – extreme southern Namibia, southern, central and eastern South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, and extreme southern Mozambique (Maputo)(except the south), Zambia, northern Botswana, and possibly also extreme south western Tanzania and extreme north eastern Namibia
L. c. marwitzi Reichenow, 1901 Uhehe fiscal – north eastern, central and south eastern Tanzania, northern Malawi
L. c. pyrrhostictus Holub & Pelzeln, 1882 – extreme north eastern Botswana (around Basuto), southern Zimbabwe (south of Harare), north eastern and eastern South Africa (Limpopo and Mpumalanga), and south western Mozambique (almost restricted to Gaza province)
L. c. subcoronatus A. Smith, 1841 – extreme south east Angola, Namibia (excluding the coastal north west and extreme south), Botswana, south western Zimbabwe, and northern South Africa (south to north western Northern Cape and central Free State)
Description
This is a fairly distinctive 21–23-cm long passerine with white underparts and black upperparts extending from the top of the head down to the tail. The bird has a characteristic white "V" on the back and a relatively long black tail with white outer feathers and white tips on the other feathers. The bill, eyes and legs are black. Adult male and female common fiscals are quite similar except for the rufous lower flank of the female.
The calls are a jumbled mix of shrike-like swizzling sounds including some imitations and a harsh Dzzzttt-dzzzt-dzzzt alarm call. Most of those calls however are either threatening or alarm calls. The species sometimes produces a surprisingly sweet, quiet song, although such song, however sweet it sounds, generally is either territorial or pair-bonding in function.
Distribution and habitat
The southern fiscal lives in a wide range of habitats from grassland with fences for perching to acacia thornveld or even woodland, but avoids very dense habitats where its hunting would be impaired.
Southern fiscals can encounter cold temperatures in the winter and in high-altitude environments. To cope with these cold temperatures, fiscal shrikes undergo seasonal changes in body temperature, oxygen consumption, and evaporative water loss in order to conserve energy. At lower altitudes, the shrikes have higher basal metabolic rates, evaporative water loss, and body temperatures compared to shrikes in higher altitude environments. In the winter, basal metabolic rate and oxygen consumption are increased while body temperature is decreased.
Behaviour
The southern fiscal is usually solitary and hunts insects and small rodents from an exposed perch or the tops of shrubs. Territorial size is directly related to the density of hunting perches. Installing more artificial perches causes the fiscal to reduce its territory size and allow more birds in the affected range.
In eastern Africa, the southern fiscal is a major predator of the plain tiger butterfly.
Along with adjusting their physiology, southern fiscals also adjust their hunting methods at different times of year in response to seasonal changes in food demand. During the summer, the shrikes hunted from an hour before sunrise to right before sunset. During the winter, hunting only occurred from daytime to sunset, so the shrikes increased their attack and capture rates, and they also captured larger prey. Prey length, handling time, and attack time increased with altitude.
References
Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton, SASOL Birds of Southern Africa (Struik 2002)
External links
Species text - The Atlas of Southern African Birds
Videos, photos and sounds - Internet Bird Collection
southern fiscal
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
southern fiscal
southern fiscal |
4029124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience%20trial | Obedience trial | An obedience trial is a dog sport in which a dog must perfectly execute a predefined set of tasks when directed to do so by his handler. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC) obedience regulations The basic objective of obedience trials, however, is to recognize dogs that have been trained to behave in the home, in public places, and in the presence of other dogs, in a manner that will reflect credit on the sport of obedience at all times and under all conditions.
Training a dog to participate in AKC obedience trials increases a dog's understanding and reliability in responding to commands such as "sit", "down", "stay", "come", and "heel". At a trial, the dog and handler will perform various predefined obedience exercises, which will be evaluated and scored by a judge. The dog must demonstrate basic proficiency in order to receive a passing score (170 points out of a possible 200, and more than 50% of the points allocated to each exercise). A handler may choose to train for higher degrees of accuracy and style in order to receive more points. For example, on a recall, to receive a perfect score the dog must come at a trot or run directly to the handler, without sniffing or veering to one side, and sit straight in front of the handler, not at an angle or off to one side or the other.
The dog and handler teams with the four highest scores in a given class will receive placement ribbons, and sometimes additional prizes. All dogs that receive a passing, or "qualifying" score earn a "leg" towards an obedience title. When a dog has accumulated the requisite number of legs for a given title, the AKC will issue a certificate to the dog's owner recognizing that accomplishment.
Obedience competition provides an opportunity for a person and a dog to work as a highly tuned team. Training for obedience trials can provide much needed mental stimulation and physical activity for a bored housepet, and provide a fun and challenging hobby for the dog's owner.
Competition obedience exercises
The exact name and requirements of obedience exercises vary depending on who is sanctioning any given competition. However, the list of exercises below provides a general description of what a dog and handler can expect at most obedience trials.
Depending on who has sanctioned the given trial dogs are divided into classes based on their proficiency, age, or their handlers experience. Most organizations break down the dog and handler teams into novice, intermediate, and advanced classes. The American Kennel Club (AKC) calls these three classes, Novice, Open (intermediate), and Utility (advanced). The AKC then further divides these classes into "A" and "B" classes: i.e. Novice "A" or Open "B". The Novice "A" class is reserved for handlers who have never before shown a dog and earned a title in obedience. Other "A" classes have restrictions on the handler's or dog's experience.
Depending on the level of the class a dog and handler may be expected to perform as few as five specific exercises or may be required to perform several of the exercises determined at random by the judge on the day of competition.
Heel
Following the judges commands, the dog and handler team walks a predetermined pattern with the dog remaining on the handler's left side and reasonably close and attentive to the handler. The dog also must automatically sit when the judge instructs the team to halt. Each sponsoring organization has different requirements for what must be included in this exercise but generally a heeling pattern must include: a left turn, a right turn, an about turn, a fast and slow section, and a halt. Heeling is one of the most basic obedience exercises and as such it is often incorporated into other exercises such as the moving stand and the figure 8. It is also how most teams will enter and move about the ring between exercises.
Figure 8
The figure 8 exercise requires the team to heel in a figure 8 pattern either on or off leash. Generally two of the ring stewards will assist the judge with this exercise by acting as "posts", standing 8 feet apart, that the team walks around to form the loops of the figure 8.
Sit for Exam
This exercise is a modified version of the Stand for Exam. It is generally used in novice level classes and requires the handler to order the dog to sit and then to move away from the dog the length of the leash. The judge will then approach the dog and pet the dog's head.
Sit
There are many variations of this exercise because it is such a common and necessary command for a dog. Generally the handler will order the dog to sit and stay and then the judge will order the handler to walk away from the dog. Depending on the level of the competition the judge will order the handler to: walk around the ring, walk to the other side of the ring and wait for an order to return, or walk out of sight of the dog and wait for an order to return. In the later two cases the length of time before the judge orders the handler to return, and the time the dog must remain sitting, increases depending on the class the team is competing in. This exercise can also be performed in a group where as many as 10 dogs may perform the exercise simultaneously. In any case should a dog break the sit by lying down or getting up to walk around the team will usually fail the exercise and receive a non qualifying score for the class.
Down
Much like the sit exercise the down exercise is common to all levels of competition and has many variations between governing organizations. Like the sit the judge will order the handler to down and leave their dogs. The handler will then order the dog to do this and like the sit will either walk around the ring, walk to the other side of the ring and wait for an order to return, or leave the sight of the dog and wait for an order to return. Just like the sit exercise the later two requirement as well as the length of time that dog is required to remain in the down position changes as the level of competition increases. The dog is also required to remain in the down position for a longer period of time then during the sit exercise. Also, like the sit exercise, this exercise can be performed in a group and should a dog break the down position the team will usually fail the exercise and thus receive a non qualifying score for the class.
Recall
The handler leaves the dog in a sitting position at one side of the ring, walks to the opposite side, and turns to face the dog. On the judge's command, the handler calls or signals the dog to come. The dog must come directly to the handler at a brisk trot or gallop, and sit squarely in front, close enough that the handler can touch the dog's head without bending or stretching, but not between the handler's feet. On the judge's order, the handler commands or signals the dog to "finish". The dog must go briskly to the heel position and sit squarely at heel..
Drop on Recall
The handler leaves the dog as in the Recall exercise. On the judge's command, the handler calls or signals the dog to come. The dog must come directly to the handler at a brisk trot or gallop. While the dog is coming in, the judge signals, and the handler commands or signals the dog to drop (lie down). The dog must immediately assume a completely down position. The dog must hold the position until commanded or signaled to come, then complete the exercise as in the Recall.
Stand For Exam
Following the command of the judge, the handler will stand the dog and leave from heel position. The handler will go a distance of approximately 6 feet and the judge will perform a cursory exam, touching the head, shoulders and hips, and when completed the judge will instruct the handler to return. The handler will return to the dog, going around behind it, and return to heel position. A variation on this exercise is used in advanced classes called the stand for examination. At the end of the heeling pattern instead of ordering the team to halt the judge will order the handler to stand their dog. While moving the handler will give the command and the dog must immediately stop while the handler continues moving to a point about 10 feet away. The judge will then approach and perform a more thorough exam of the dog and at the completion of the exam the dog is instructed to return directly to heel position WITHOUT coming to a front.
Retrieve on the Flat
The handler stands with the dog sitting in heel position facing the open ring. On order from the judge, the handler commands and/or signals the dog to stay, then throws an approved dumbbell at least 20 feet. On the judge's order, the handler commands the dog to fetch. The dog must go straight to the dumbbell at a brisk trot or gallop, retrieve it, return directly to the handler, and sit in front of the handler. The dog must not mouth or play with the dumbbell. Upon order from the judge, the handler gives the release command and takes the dumbbell. The judge then orders the handler to have the dog assume a heeling position.
Retrieve Over High Jump (Open class)
This exercise is the same as the Retrieve on the flat, except that the handler starts by standing at least 8 feet in front of a solid jump that is as high as the dog's shoulder height. The handler throws the dumbbell over the jump. The dog must jump over the jump, retrieve the dumbbell, and return by jumping over the jump again. The remainder of the exercise is the same as the Retrieve on the Flat.
The Broad Jump
In this exercise the dog and handler will set up in heel position at least 8 feet away from the lowest board of the broad jump. On the judge's command the handler will command or signal the dog to stay in a sit, and walk away from the dog to stand facing the right side of the jump, about 2 feet from the side of the jump. The handler's left shoulder is towards the dog. The judge will command "Send your dog". The handler will command or signal the dog to jump over the broad jump. While the dog is in midair, the handler will turn 90 degrees to their right. The dog must clear all panels of the broad jump, perform a 180-degree turn and sit squarely in front of the handler. The judge will then order for the handler to finish the dog.
Directed Retrieve
Three gloves are placed across one side of the ring while the dog and handler face the other direction. Upon the judge's order, the dog and handler pivot together to face the correct glove as indicated by the judge. The dog is sent to retrieve it with a verbal command and hand signal and must retrieve only the indicated glove.
Scent discrimination
The handler presents the judge with an approved set of 5 numbered metal and 5 numbered leather dumbbells referred to as articles. The judge selects one of each, placing them where the handler can reach them, and a ring steward places the rest on the floor or ground approximately 20 feet from the handler, being certain to touch each article. At this point, the dog and handler turn so they are facing away from the articles, and the handler uses his hands to scent either the metal or leather selected articles. The judge takes the scented article without touching it, and places it with the other articles. On the judge's command the handler turns and sends the dog. The dog must go directly to the articles at a brisk trot or gallop, select the article that was scented by the handler, and retrieve it. The exercise is then repeated using the remaining article of the other type.
Directed Jumping
There will be two jumps in the ring that are set 18–20 feet apart. One jump is a High jump while the other is a Bar jump. The exercise consists of two parts. Each part is identical except for use a different jump for each part. The handler will stand centered between the jumps and about twenty feet from them. On the judges command to send the dog, the handler will command and/or signal the dog to go to the other end of the ring about twenty feet past the jumps. Once the dog reaches that point, the handler will call the dog's name and give the command to sit. The dog should quickly turn to face the handler and sit facing them. The judge will then order either "Bar" or "High" jump (it is the judge's decision which jump to use first). The handler will then command and/or signal the dog to return to them over that jump. While the dog is in midair the handler may turn to face the dog. The dog should clear the jump and come sit squarely in front of the handler. The judge will then order the dog to finish and assume the heel position. The exercise is then repeated with the other jump.
For example, in the scent article exercise, the dog searches for a dumbbell that has been scented by the handler and placed within a pile of identical metal and leather dumbbells by an assistant. The dog must find the correct article based only on its unique scent and retrieve it.
Titles
Obedience Titles are awarded through several organizations. In the United States, a purebred dog recognized by the AKC can compete under AKC rules. The AKC also allows dogs registered with its Canine Partners program (mixed-breed dogs) to compete; this became effective April 1, 2010. Dogs can also earn titles in the United Kennel Club (UKC), Mixed Breed Dog Club of America (MBDCA), Service Dogs Of America (SDA), American Mixed Breed Obedience Registry (AMBOR), or Australian Shepherd Club of America (ASCA). When a dog earns a title, an abbreviation is permanently affixed as either a prefix or suffix to the dog's registered name.
The titles given by various organizations do vary, but most are similar to "CD" (Companion Dog), "CDX" (Companion Dog Excellent), "UD" (Utility Dog), "UDX" (Utility Dog Excellent), and "OTCh" (Obedience Trial Champion).
The following explanation applies to AKC competition, but also generally applies to other organizations as well. Information is taken from the AKC Obedience Regulations (amended to January 1. 2012) – see references.
Companion Dog title from Novice class
The first obedience title is a CD, or "Companion Dog", which is earned through competition in the Novice obedience class. Handlers who have never earned an obedience title or have never owned a dog with a CD title compete in the Novice A division. Handlers who have earned a CD title in the past, or who do not own the dog with whom they are competing participate in the Novice B division.
Novice Class involves six exercises: Heeling on leash and a Figure 8, Stand for Exam, Heel Free (off leash), Recall and Group Exercises: a 1-minute sit stay and a 1-minute down stay with dogs on leash and handlers at the end of the leash. Competitors must qualify (170 out of 200 points) three times under two different judges in order to earn the CD title.
Companion Dog Excellent title from Open class
The second obedience title is a CDX, or "Companion Dog Excellent", which is earned through competition in the Open obedience class. Competitors are eligible for the Open class after the dog has earned the CD title from the Novice class. The "Open A" division is for competitors who have not earned an OTCh title on any dog, who own the dog, and for dogs who have not yet earned the CDX title. The "Open B" division is for competitors who have earned an OTCh title on any dog, and those dogs who already have earned their CDX title.
Open Class involves seven exercises: Heel Free and a Figure 8 (off leash), a Drop on Recall, Retrieve on Flat, Retrieve over High Jump, Broad Jump, Command Discrimination and Stand, Stay, Get your leash. Competitors must qualify (170 out of 200 points) three times under two different judges in order to earn the CDX title. Dogs with a CDX title may compete in the Open B division indefinitely.
Utility Dog title from Utility class
The third obedience title is a UD, or "Utility Dog", which is earned through competition in the Utility obedience class. Competitors enter the Utility Classes after completing their CDX in the Open class. Teams may enter the "Utility A" division if the handler owns the dog, has never earned an OTCh title on any dog, and does not already have a UD title on the dog with whom they are competing. The "Utility B" division is for competitors who have earned an OTCh title on any dog, and those dogs who already have earned their UD title.
Utility Class involves six exercises:
1st Exercise is called the Signal Exercise. The handler must give a signal (non-verbal) to the dog "to heel" as the judge gives a heeling pattern. At the end of the heeling pattern, the handler will be asked to "stand your dog, leave". The handler walks across the ring and at the judge's signal, the handler gives a signal for the dog "to down", "to sit", and "to come"; followed with "finish".
2nd and 3rd Exercises are called Scent Discrimination. A dog must retrieve a scented (handler's) metal and leather article. These are two separate exercises. The dog must be able to distinguish between the handler's scent and that of a person who has placed 8 other articles in a cluster approximately 20 feet away.
4th Exercise is the Directed Retrieve. Three gloves are placed approximately 15–20 feet away from the handler and dog. The handler must turn and face the glove that the judge has indicated and send the dog to retrieve it.
5th Exercise is The Moving Stand. The dog must heel with the handler and then is stopped in standing position. The handler must continue moving (10 feet) and turn around to face the dog. The judge "examines" the dog and instructs the handler "call your dog to heel position".
6th Exercise is Directed Jumping. It is often referred to as "go outs". The dog and handler are centered at one end of the ring. The dog is sent out and required to turn and sit approximately 20 feet beyond the high jump and bar jump. The dog is given a signal and verbal command to jump a high jump and in the second half of the exercise the dog is sent out again and must execute the other jump. It is scored as one exercise.
Competitors must qualify (170 out of 200 points) three times under two different judges in order to earn the UD title. Dogs with a UD title may compete in the Utility B division indefinitely.
Utility Dog Excellent title
To earn the UDX, or "Utility Dog Excellent" title, a dog-and-handler team must qualify (earn 170 out of 200 points) in both the Open B and the Utility B class at a single trial to earn a leg towards the title. In most cases this effectively requires the team to qualify in both Open B and Utility B on the same day. In order to earn the title the team must do this a total of 10 times.
Obedience Trial Champion (OTCh) title
The American Kennel Club (AKC) awards an "Obedience Trial Championship" (OTCh) to the dog-and-handler team that defeats a large number of other teams in competition. The team must earn a total of 100 points, based on a rating scale distributed by the AKC. The points can only be earned by competing in either an Open B or a Utility B class. In addition, points are only awarded to dogs that placed in the top four and the number of points awarded to each dog varies depending on the size of the class. For example, a team that placed first out of 15 may only earn 4 OTCh points but a team that places first out of 50 may earn as much as 40 points. In addition to the points a team must win three first place awards – one in an Open B class, one in a Utility B class, and an additional first place win in either Open B or Utility B all under different judges.
Since a team begins accruing OTCh points by competing in any Open B or Utility B class after completing the Utility Dog title, it is possible (though not common) for a dog to earn the OTCh title before completing the Utility Dog Excellent title.
See also
Championship (dog)
Dog sports
Obedience training
World Show
Notes
References
American Kennel Club Obedience Regulations
Specifications for the organisation of the FCI IPO World Championship for Utility Dogs
Dog sports |
4029140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lespwa | Lespwa | Fwon Lespwa was a Haitian political coalition headed by René Préval, who served as president from 1996 to 2001 and from 2006 to 2011. The name Lespwa is the Haitian Creole form of the French l'espoir, meaning "hope". The coalition's full French name is Front de l'Espoir (Hope Front). Lespwa includes many members and former members of the last democratically elected government of Jean Bertrand Aristide and his Fanmi Lavalas (Waterfall Family).
USAID and the IRI attempted to form a rump Lavalas organization with Marc Bazin, but Aristide along with nearly all of Fanmi Lavalas refused to recognize Bazin's candidacy. While publicly boycotting the elections, Lavalas overwhelmingly supported the election of René Préval, which it saw as a return to peace and democracy.
At the February 2006 presidential election, Préval was the Lespwa candidate. With 90% of the vote counted by February 13, he was leading with 49% of the vote. On February 16, 2006, Préval was declared the winner with 51.21% of the vote, once a number of uncounted voters were tabulated. Supporters of Lespwa found a massive dump of burned charred voting cards marked for Preval. A massive persecution upon supporters of the ousted Aristide government by the illegal interim government of Gerard Latortue preceded the 2006 election cycle. The party won in the 7 February 2006 Senate elections 18.9% of the popular vote and 13 out of 30 Senators and 23 out of 99 deputies in the Chamber of Deputies election. Lespwa's parliamentary caucus formed part of the governing coalition under Jacques-Édouard Alexis, but soon formed a political alliance, the Coalition of Progressive Parliamentarians, that filed a motion of no confidence in Alexis' government during the 2008 food crisis. It has since rejected two of Preval's nominees for prime minister; through the electoral alliance, Lespwa's leaders have gained a majority in the Chamber.
Lespwa was disbanded in November 2009 in favor of Unity (Inite), the successor of many pro-Préval supporters, including factions from other parties.
References
External links
Préval Shoo-in for Haiti President
Préval declared winner in Haiti
Defunct political parties in Haiti
Defunct political party alliances
Democratic socialist parties in North America
Haitian nationalism
Left-wing nationalist parties
Political party alliances in Haiti
Socialism in Haiti |
4029148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t%20No%20Magic%20Mountain%20High%20Enough | Ain't No Magic Mountain High Enough | "Ain't No Magic Mountain High Enough" is the thirteenth episode of the second season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars, and the thirty-fifth episode overall. Written by Diane Ruggiero and directed by Guy Bee, the episode premiered on UPN on February 8, 2006.
The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars (Kristen Bell) as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica is called on to investigate when someone steals $12,000 worth of school trip money at the winter carnival. Meanwhile, Terrence Cook (Jeffrey Sams) talks to Keith (Enrico Colantoni) about his recent questioning related to the bus crash, and Logan (Jason Dohring) flirts with a girl named Hannah (Jessy Schram).
Synopsis
It is winter carnival, and Veronica helps out to raise money for the senior trip. She is sarcastically confronted by JD, the runner-up to the Kane scholarship, and Madison Sinclair. Jackie (Tessa Thompson) is harassed by Neptune High students in the aftermath of her father being taken in for questioning on the bus crash. Keith is approached by Terrence, who asks him for help. At the winter carnival, Logan talks to Veronica sarcastically. Dick (Ryan Hansen) and Logan spot Mac (Tina Majorino) and Beaver (Kyle Gallner) holding hands. A group of streakers causes a ruckus, causing Mrs. Hauser to leave the cash box with Veronica. When Mrs. Hauser returns to gather the box, it has been stolen from the cabinet where Veronica left it. Mrs. Hauser states there is $12,000 in the cash box, and without the money, there will be no senior trip. Veronica and the faculty start looking for the box, and Madison blames Jackie, without any evidence. Logan flirts with a girl, Hannah, at the carnival. Veronica angers Weevil by searching his 6-year-old niece's backpack. Keith continues his talk with Terrence, who asks Keith to prove his innocence. Jackie borrows a screwdriver from Beaver, but Veronica finds it was to scrape off hurtful graffiti. Jackie willingly enters the dunk tank at the carnival so that the others can express their anger at her.
Keith tells Terrence that he is a major fan of his before questioning Terrence about his relationship with Ms. Dumas, the journalism teacher. At the winter carnival, Wallance intentionally misses during his turn at the dunk tank. Dick makes fun of Beaver and Mac. Logan continues to flirt with Hannah. Veronica asks for the ball pit to be dumped as part of her investigation, but nothing is found. Incomplete footage of the time the box was stolen is found leading to several suspects being rounded up, including Dick, JD, Weevil, Madison, and Jackie. Beaver and Mac plan revenge on Dick. Terrence elaborates on his relationship with Ms. Dumas, during which she told Terrence's fiancee about their affair. Weevil tells Veronica that everyone who takes auto shop has a copy of the key to unlock the shop. Principal Clemmons and Veronica search lockers and find $3,000 dollars and a bag of pills in one locker. The owner of the locker is revealed to be Thumper.
One of the items in Thumper’s locker has a series of numbers on it, which Veronica recognizes to be license plates. While photocopying the item she discovers a page from Mrs. Hauser's test still in the copier. Back in Principal Clemmon's office Mrs. Hauser and Principal Clemmons apologize to Jackie. Veronica takes JD aside and threatens to reveal he is a member of the Tritons unless he confesses to stealing the test, which he agrees to. Veronica then proves that Mrs. Hauser was skimming from the cash box before it was stolen, recovering $6,000. Dick unsuccessfully hits on Madison before approaching an attractive woman claiming to be a student's step-mom and getting in her car. Logan kisses Hannah as her ride pulls up. It is shown that Hannah's father is Dr. Griffin. It's revealed the woman Dick got in the car with is a transgender sex worker hired by Beaver and Mac as a prank. He almost punches Beaver but eventually backs off. Keith tells Terrence he can't take the case, as Terrence isn't being honest with him. Terrance confesses the extent of his gambling problem, admitting that he rigged a game to get out of debt. Keith is angry at him, but now agrees to take his case, believing that he didn’t kill anyone. Veronica observes Weevil arrive at school in a car, and tells him that she knows he stole the cashbox, keeping $3,000 and using the other $3,000 to frame Thumper.
Cultural references
A variety of cultural references are made in the episode:
The senior class wants to go to Six Flags Magic Mountain and ride on Batman: The Ride.
Dick references O. J. Simpson and Claim Jumper.
Jackie sarcastically references Grease while talking to Madison.
Veronica jokingly compares the carnival to Noah's Ark.
Logan references Jerry Maguire.
Dick compares Mac to "that chick from Ghost World.
Veronica paraphrases a line from The Breakfast Club.
Weevil's niece wears a The Powerpuff Girls backpack.
Terrence compares his relationship to Ms. Dumas to the main relationship in Fatal Attraction.
Veronica talks to Weevil about both versions of The Thomas Crown Affair (both the 1968 version and the 1999 remake).
Arc significance
Sheriff Lamb thinks that Terrence Cook planted an explosive device on the bus and detonated it with a cell phone.
Terrence asks Keith to take his case and prove that he didn't blow up the bus.
Terrence admits that he was in a relationship with the journalism teacher, Ms. Dumas, but she turned into a stalker and told Terrence's fiancée about the affair, causing her to break off the engagement.
Keith gets Terrence to also admit that he has a gambling problem and threw a very important ALCS game to pay off a multi-million dollar debt. Two of the Fitzpatricks broke into his house to talk to him about his debt to them and Ms. Dumas overheard them. She told Terrence that she would go public with the story if he ever left her.
Logan meets and begins dating Hannah Griffith.
Veronica finds a wooden paddle in Thumper's locker with what appears to be license plate numbers carved into it. She makes a copy of it.
Production
The episode was written by Diane Ruggiero and directed by Guy Bee, marking Ruggiero's tenth writing credit and Bee's third and final directing credit for the show. "Ain't No Magic Mountain High Enough" marks the first appearance of the recurring character of Hannah Griffith (Jessy Schram), a love interest for Logan. On her role in the show, Schram commented "This was the first time I got to guest star and be part of a show. So going down to San Diego was an experience on its own, but it was a very clean, fresh set, that set. And the people were all so nice. Kristen definitely set the bar of just being so sweet and supportive. It really did feel like we were all part of a little Breakfast Club that was down there doing it." The episode's title refers to the Motown song by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell called "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" as well as Six Flags Magic Mountain.
Reception
Ratings
In its original broadcast, the episode received 2.05 million viewers, marking a decrease in .07 million viewers from the previous episode, "Rashard and Wallace Go to White Castle".
Reviews
The episode was critically acclaimed. Television Without Pity gave the episode an "A". Rowan Kaiser, writing for The A.V. Club, gave a glowing review, highlighting the character development (particularly of Jackie) and the narrative structure of the episode. "That form also means there's a conceptual bottle episode…Although usually the bottle episode is done to save money, something I doubt is the case with "Magic Mountain" and its big set and array of guest stars, it still has those strengths." Summing up his review, the reviewer wrote, " 'Ain't No Magic Mountain High Enough" did pretty much everything I wanted from a Veronica Mars episode. It moved the main plot forward, it had a fun case of the week, and the characters work was magnificent on multiple fronts."
Price Peterson of TV.com also gave a positive review, writing that "This episode was jam-packed with plotlines! I liked that it unfolded in more or less the same location and in something closer to real-time than usual. Add to that some surprising twists plus the righteous downfall of Neptune High's most loathsome teacher, and this episode just worked."
References
External links
"Ain't No Magic Mountain High Enough" at Mars Investigations
2006 American television episodes
Veronica Mars (season 2) episodes |
4029156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslea | Rosslea | Rosslea or Roslea () is a small village in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, near the border with County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. It stands on the Finn River and is beset by small natural lakes. Roslea Forest, also known as Spring Grove Forest, is nearby. In the 2011 Census it had a population of 528 people.
History
There were several incidents in the Rosslea area during the Anglo-Irish War. On 21 February 1921, a group of Special Constables and Ulster Volunteers burned ten Irish nationalists' homes and a priest's house in Rosslea as revenge for the shooting of a Special Constable. A UVF member mistakenly shot and killed himself during the attacks. On the night of 21 March, the Irish Republican Army attacked the homes of up to sixteen Special Constables in the Rosslea district, killing three and wounding others. IRA volunteers were also wounded and one was captured.
Rosslea was one of several Catholic border villages in Fermanagh that would have been transferred to the Irish Free State had the recommendations of the Irish Boundary Commission been enacted in 1925.
For more information see The Troubles in Rosslea, which includes a list of incidents in Roslea during the Troubles (1960s–1990s).
Transport
Ulsterbus route 95C provides a commuter service to Enniskillen with one journey to the county town in the morning returning in the evening. There is no service on Saturdays and Sundays. Onward connections are available at Enniskillen. Due to proposed cuts to bus services route 95C may be withdrawn in 2015.
Sport
The local Gaelic football club is Roslea Shamrocks, founded in 1888, they are the third most successful club in County Fermanagh (after Teemore Shamrocks and Lisnaskea Emmetts).
2001 Census
Roslea is classified as a small village or hamlet by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000 people).
On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 554 people living in Roslea. Of these:
25.0% were aged under 16 years and 16.8% were aged 60 and over
46.8% of the population were male and 53.3% were female
97.5% were from a Catholic background and 2.0% were from a Protestant background
10.6% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed
2011 Census
On Census Day (27 March 2011) the usually resident population of Rosslea Settlement was 528 accounting for 0.03% of the NI total.
99.43% were from the white (including Irish Traveller) ethnic group;
93.18% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic religion and 5.11% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion; and
6.82% indicated that they had a British national identity, 66.86% had an Irish national identity and 23.11% had a Northern Irish national identity*.
Respondents could indicate more than one national identity
On Census Day 27 March 2011, in Rosslea Settlement, considering the population aged 3 years old and over:
29.53% had some knowledge of Irish;
0.39% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots; and
4.13% did not have English as their first language.
Education
St Eugene's College
References
External links
Enniskillen.com
Culture Northern Ireland
Villages in County Fermanagh
Townlands of County Fermanagh |
4029168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20Award%20for%20Best%20Story | Filmfare Award for Best Story | The Filmfare Award for Best Story is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a writer who wrote a film's story.
List of winners
1950s
1955 Mukhram Sharma – Aulad
1956 Rajinder Singh Bedi – Garam Coat
Manoranjan Ghose – Jagriti
Mukhram Sharma – Vachan
1957 Amiya Chakrabarty – Seema
1958 Akhtar Mirza – Naya Daur
1959 Mukhram Sharma – Sadhna
Mukhram Sharma – Talaaq
Ritwik Ghatak – Madhumati
1960s
1960 Subodh Ghosh – Sujata
Dhruva Chatterjee – Chirag Kahan Roshni Kahan
Mukhram Sharma – Dhool Ka Phool
1961 Ruby Sen – Masoom
Saghir Usmani – Chaudhvin Ka Chand
Salil Chowdhury – Parakh
1962 C. V. Sridhar – Nazrana
C. J. Pavri – Kanoon
Mohan Kumar – Aas Ka Panchhi
1963 K.P. Kottarakara – Rakhi
Bimal Mitra – Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam
Jawar N. Sitaraman – Main Chup Rahungi
1964 Jarasandha – Bandini
B.R. Films (Story Dept.) – Gumrah
C. V. Sridhar – Dil Ek Mandir
1965 Ban Bhatt – Dosti
Inder Raj Anand – Sangam
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas - Shehar Aur Sapna
1966 Akhtar Mirza – Waqt
Gulshan Nanda – Kaajal
Ramanand Sagar – Arzoo
1967 R. K. Narayan – Guide
Hrishikesh Mukherjee – Anupama
Nihar Ranjan Gupta – Mamta
1968 Manoj Kumar – Upkaar
Ashapoorna Devi – Mehrban
Protiva Bose – Aasra
1969 Sachin Bhowmick – Brahmachari
Gulshan Nanda – Neel Kamal
Ramanand Sagar – Aankhen
1970s
1970 Vasant Kanetkar – Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool
Hrishikesh Mukherjee – Aashirwad
Sachin Bhowmick – Aradhana
1971 Chandrakant Kakodkar – Do Raaste
Gulshan Nanda – Khilona
Sachin Bhowmick – Pehchan
1972 Hrishikesh Mukherjee – Anand
Gulshan Nanda – Kati Patang
Gulshan Nanda – Naya Zamana
1973 Basu Bhattacharya – Anubhav
Manoj Kumar – Shor
1974 Salim–Javed – Zanjeer
Gulzar – Koshish
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas – Achanak
Mulraj Rajda – Aaj Ki Taaza Khabar
Shakti Samanta – Anuraag
1975 Kaifi Azmi, Ismat Chughtai – Garm Hava
Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay – Kora Kagaz
Manoj Kumar – Roti Kapda Aur Makaan
N. T. Rama Rao – Bidaai
Shyam Benegal – Ankur
1976 Salim–Javed – Deewaar
Kamleshwar – Aandhi
Salim–Javed – Sholay
Shaktipada Rajguru – Amanush
Vijay Tendulkar – Nishant
1977 Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay – Arjun Pandit
Ashapoorna Devi – Tapasya
Gulshan Nanda – Mehbooba
Kamleshwar – Mausam
Pamela Chopra – Kabhi Kabhie
1978 Sharat Chandra Chatterji – Swami
Asrani – Chala Murari Hero Banne
Bhusan Bangali – Kinara
Raju Saigal – Doosra Aadmi
Shanker Shesh – Gharaonda
1979 Dinesh Thakur – Ghar
Chandrakant Kakodkar – Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki
Laxmikant Sharma – Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
Salim–Javed – Trishul
Samaresh Basu – Kitaab
1980s
1980 Shanker Shesh – Dooriyaan
K. Viswanath – Sargam
Sailesh Dey – Gol Maal
Salim–Javed – Kaala Patthar
Ruskin Bond – Junoon
1981 Vijay Tendulkar – Aakrosh
D. N. Mukherjee – Khubsoorat
Esmayeel Shroff – Thodisi Bewafaii
Ram Kalkar – Aasha
Shabd Kumar – Insaaf Ka Tarazu
1982 Chetan Anand – Kudrat
Jaywant Dalvi – Chakra
K. Balachander – Ek Duuje Ke Liye
Leela Phansalkar – Baseraa
Shyam Benegal, Girish Karnad – Kalyug
1983 Samaresh Basu – Namkeen
Achla Nagar – Nikaah
Kamna Chandra – Prem Rog
Sagar Sarhadi – Bazaar
Salim–Javed – Shakti
1984 S. D. Panvalkar – Ardh Satya
Balu Mahendra – Sadma
Javed Akhtar – Betaab
Mahesh Bhatt – Arth
Mohan Kumar – Avtaar
1985 Mahesh Bhatt – Saaransh
Gyav Dev Agnihotri – Ghar Ek Mandir
Javed Akhtar – Mashaal
Shabd Kumar – Aaj Ki Awaaz
Sudhir Mishra – Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!
1986 Aleem Masroor – Tawaif
C. T. Khanolkar – Ankahee
Javed Akhtar – Arjun
K. K. Singh – Ram Teri Ganga Maili
Mahesh Bhatt – Janam
Rajan Roy – Saaheb
1987 Not Awarded
1988 Not Awarded
1989 Subodh Ghosh – Ijaazat
1990s
1990 K. Vishwanath – Eeshwar Aditya Bhattacharya – Raakh
J. P. Dutta – Batwara
Joy Augustine – Goonj
1991 Rajkumar Santoshi – Ghayal 1992 Honey Irani – Lamhe Ramapada Chowdhury – Ek Doctor Ki Maut
Sai Paranjpye – Disha
Sujit Sen, Nana Patekar – Prahaar: The Final Attack
1993 Not Awarded 1994 Sutanu Gupta – Damini – Lightning 1995 K.K. Singh – Krantiveer 1996 Ram Gopal Varma – Rangeela 1997 Gulzar – Maachis 1998 Kamal Haasan – Virasat 1999 Mahesh Bhatt – Zakhm2000s
2000 Vinay Shukla – Godmother 2001 Honey Irani – Kya Kehna 2002 Ashutosh Gowariker – Lagaan 2003 Jaideep Sahni – Company 2004 Nagesh Kukunoor – 3 Deewarein 2005 Aditya Chopra – Veer-Zaara 2006 Sudhir Mishra, Ruchi Narain, Shiv Kumar Subramaniam – Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi 2007 Rajkumar Hirani, Vidhu Vinod Chopra – Lage Raho Munna Bhai Jaideep Sahni – Khosla Ka Ghosla
Kamlesh Pandey – Rang De Basanti
Karan Johar - Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
Kersi Khambatta – Being Cyrus
Mahesh Bhatt – Gangster
2008 Amol Gupte – Taare Zameen Par Jaideep Sahni – Chak De! India
Mani Ratnam – Guru
Rahul Dholakia, David N. Donihue – Parzania
Vibha Singh – Dharm2009 Abhishek Kapoor – Rock On!!Aseem Arora – Heroes
Dibakar Banerjee, Urmi Juvekar – Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!
Neeraj Pandey – A Wednesday
Santosh Sivan – Tahaan
2010s2010 Abhijat Joshi, Rajkumar Hirani – 3 IdiotsAnurag Kashyap, Aparna Malhotra, Raj Singh Chaudhary, Sanjay Maurya – Gulaal
Imtiaz Ali – Love Aaj Kal
Jaideep Sahni – Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year
Zoya Akhtar – Luck By Chance
2011 Anurag Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane – Udaan 2012 Sanjay Chauhan – I Am Kalam Akshat Verma – Delhi Belly
Amol Gupte – Stanley Ka Dabba
Rajat Arora – The Dirty Picture
Reema Kagti, Zoya Akhtar – Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara
2013 Juhi Chaturvedi - Vicky Donor 2014 Subhash Kapoor - Jolly LLB 2015 Rajat Kapoor – Ankhon DekhiAnurag Kashyap - Ugly
Imtiaz Ali - Highway
Nitin Kakkar - Filmistaan
Rajkumar Hirani and Abhijat Joshi - PK
2016 V. Vijayendra Prasad – Bajrangi BhaijaanJuhi Chaturvedi - Piku
Olivia Stewart - Titli
R. Balki - Shamitabh
Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay - Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!
2017 Shakun Batra, Ayesha Devitre Dhillon – Kapoor & Sons.
2018 Amit V Masurkar - NewtonAmit Joshi – Trapped
Rahul Dahiya – G Kutta Se
Shanker Raman and Sourabh Ratnu – Gurgaon
Shubhashish Bhutiani – Mukti Bhawan
Suresh Triveni – Tumhari Sulu
2019 Anubhav Sinha – Mulk Anudeep Singh – Mukkabaaz
Raj and DK – Stree
Sharat Katariya – Sui Dhaaga
Akshat Ghildial, Shantanu Srivastava and Jyoti Kapoor – Badhaai Ho (Withdrawn)2020s
2020 Anubhav Sinha, Gaurav Solanki - Article 15 Abhishek Chaubey, Sudip Sharma - Sonchiriya
Jagan Shakti - Mission Mangal
Nitesh Tiwari, Piyush Gupta and Nikhil Mehrotra - Chhichhore
Vasan Bala - Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota
Zoya Akhtar, Reema Kagti - Gully Boy
2021 Anubhav Sinha, Mrunmayee Lagoo Waikul - Thappad' Rohena Gera - Sir Hardik Mehta - Kaamyaab Rajesh Krishnan, Kapil Sawant - Lootcase Juhi Chaturvedi - Gulabo Sitabo
Shubham - Eeb Allay Ooo!''
See also
Cinema of India
References
External links
Filmfare Awards Best Story
Filmfare Awards Best Short Films
Story |
4029181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delal%20Bridge | Delal Bridge | Delal, Zakho Bridge, Pira Delal or Pirdí Delal ("The Bridge Delal" in Kurdish), informally known also as Pira Berî, is an ancient stone bridge over the Khabur river in the town of Zakho, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The bridge is about 115 metres long and 16 metres high.
Etymology
The term pir means "bridge" and delal means "dear or beautiful" in Kurdish, "Pira Delal" means "beautiful bridge" (though not in an aesthetic sense, but more of something that's unique). The name reflects the way the bridge is seen among the local people as well as tourists. The bridge was named Delal and the city of Zakho is called Zakhoka Delal (Delal's Zakho) in the honor of Delal, a heroine figure associated with a myth regarding the origins of the bridge (see below).
History
Pira Delal is believed to have been first built during the Roman era, while the present structure appears to be from the Abbasic era. Kurdish people all over Kurdistan visit the great Pira Delal as a monument of peace and enjoyment with the family. One of the legends regarding construction of the bridge relates that the hands of the builder were amputated to ensure that the bridge would remain unique.
Legend
According to a common myth associated with the bridge, the prince of Bohtan had ordered a skilled constructor to build him a bridge on the Tigris river. Once the bridge was complete, the prince chopped off the right hand of the builder as a reward for the good work he had done on the bridge, and so that he may never build another bridge that was as well-crafted as anywhere else. When the builder arrived in Zakho city, the mayor of the city requested the builder to build a bridge that will connect the two sides of the Khabur river that goes to Zakho. The builder accepted the request in spite of the Bohtan prince who had cut off his right hand. When the builder got to the middle part of the bridge, it would always collapse. To solve this, one of the fortune tellers in the city notified the builder that he should bury whoever sets foot on the bridge first, man or beast, under it as a sacrifice.
A day later, the builder's niece Delal was fetching him his lunch with her dog. The builder was initially content because the dog was running in front of his niece and thus he thought that the dog will be the first to step on the bridge. However though, as soon as they approached the bridge, the dog stopped and got busy sniffing, so Delal stepped on the bridge first. As the builder saw Delal reaching the bridge first he went into shock and fainted for a brief period of time. After regaining his consciousness, the builder told Delal about the story of the bridge. Delal informed the builder that she is ready to sacrifice her life for her city. So the builder ultimately buried her under the bridge. When Delal's husband arrived to the city after knowing what had happened, he took a pick axe and started digging under the bridge. While he was digging, he heard his buried wife Delal's muffled voice commanding him to refrain from digging and that he is physically hurting her with his digging, declaring that she wants to keep holding this bridge together with her arms and to stay there for all eternity. He eventually ceased and accepted her fate.
Since then the inhabitants would grow two lengthy plants in one of the gaps between the stones on one side of the bridge, and would think of them as Delal's hair braids.
See also
List of Roman bridges
References
Abbasid architecture
Bridges in Iraq
Roman bridges
Zakho |
4029188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methye%20Portage | Methye Portage | The Methye Portage or Portage La Loche in northwestern Saskatchewan was one of the most important portages in the old fur trade route across Canada. The portage connected the Mackenzie River basin to rivers that ran east to the Atlantic. It was reached by Peter Pond in 1778 and abandoned in 1883 when steamboats began running on the Athabasca River with links to the railroad. It ranks with Grand Portage as one of the two most important and difficult portages used during the fur trade era.
'Methye' is Cree and 'La Loche' is French for a fish that is called 'burbot' in English. Although 'Methye Portage' is often used the official name since 1957 is Portage La Loche. Both names are used in historical documents, books and journals. Alexander Mackenzie in his book "Voyages from Montreal" used both Portage la Loche and Mithy-Ouinigam Portage (in 1789–1793).
History
The Methye Portage had been in use by indigenous peoples as a trade route for generations. They introduced it to Peter Pond in 1778. Although Anthony Henday had come within sight of the Rocky Mountains in 1754 by overland routes to the south, the advance of western exploration was limited until this fur trade transportation route to the Athabasca opened. The portage was in constant use until 1883 when the Canadian Pacific Railway reached Calgary ending more than 100 years as the main access to the north. From the winter of 1822, York boats came into use on this route in addition to canoes. Furs were transported up the Clearwater River by crews who would bring them to the centre of the portage, where they would be picked up by crews from Norway House for that portion of their transport.
It also allowed for the spread of smallpox to previously untouched indigenous populations, decimating them in a matter of years.
The Methye Portage was also used by Sir Alexander Mackenzie on his exploratory expedition to the west coast, an expedition which reached the Pacific Ocean in 1793, fully 12 years before the more famous Lewis and Clark Expedition.
From 1826 to the early 1870s the Portage La Loche Brigade from Fort Garry arrived at the Portage in July. This famous brigade of York boats would then return via Norway House and York Factory to the Red River Settlement; a round trip. For a number of years this brigade was under the leadership of Alexis Bonami.
Missionary activity
After the first Oblates opened a mission in Île-à-la-Crosse in 1846 a Catholic priest was usually present when the brigades arrived at the portage. They were well received by the French Métis from the Red River Colony and by the Chipewyan. Father Émile Petitot describes his reception in 1862.
In July 1845 Louis Laferte dit Schmidt, who was born on December 4, 1844 at Old Fort near
Fort Chipewyan, was baptised at Methye Portage by Father Jean-Baptiste Thibault. Another noted baptism at Methye Portage was Francois Beaulieu who was baptised in 1848 by Bishop Alexandre-Antonin Taché.
Route
The trade route began on Lake Winnipeg and ran west up the Saskatchewan River to Cumberland House, Saskatchewan north up the Sturgeon-Weir River, across Frog Portage to the Churchill River, west up the Churchill past the depot on Lac Île-à-la-Crosse, through Peter Pond Lake to Lac La Loche. The portage proper, which is long, began at Wallis Bay on the north side of Lac La Loche. The path ascends slowly for to the small Rendezvous Lake. Here, crews coming from the north and south would exchange their loads. Different boats were used on the two sides of the portage and were rarely carried across it. The path ascends slowly from Rendezvous Lake until there is suddenly a view of the Clearwater River valley and the path descends about in to the Clearwater. The altitude of Lac La Loche is about , Rendezvous Lake about and the Clearwater about . This section is so steep that sledges, horses and oxen were used. The portage road, which is wide enough for a wagon, is still visible. Having used the portage to reach the Mackenzie River basin, the route went west down the Clearwater River to the modern Fort McMurray and then north down Athabasca River to Fort Chipewyan and beyond.
Staging area
For two weeks every July the south end of the portage was the main staging area for transferring freight from each end of the trail.
In 1862 there were 400 people at the portage according to Father Émile Petitot. There were the two Portage La Loche brigades with 7 boats each and the Athabasca and Mackenzie brigades with 5 boats each. They had 225 men as crew and over 30 passengers.
One canot du nord arrived with a crew of 6-8 Iroquois and two passengers. Dene residents from the surrounding area were camped at the portage in a tipi village of 150 people. The Hudson's Bay Company had 10 employees at the fort who maintained the transportation depots at each end of the portage and brought in horses, oxen and carts for the season.
Petitot wrote "While there were no more than 400 people gathered at the time on the south side of the portage they gave us a little understanding of the confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel. There were people from French Canada, Scotland, Orkney, England, Norway. There were Woodland Cree, Swampy Cree, Chippewa, Chipewyan, Beaver and Métis of all kinds. Grouard and I represented the French." (translation).
Portage trail
Names were given to different locations on the Portage trail by the fur brigades. On the table starting from the south end are some of the names in French and their translation.
These resting places were measured in paces wrote Sir John Richardson in 1848. From the Tail of La Loche to Little Old Man the distance was 2,557 paces. Another 3,171 paces led to Fountain of Sand and so on. The total number of paces from the Tail of La Loche to The Meadow is 24,593 or 1,294 paces per kilometre.
Most of these resting places on the Portage have not yet been identified. Under ideal conditions is walked at an easy pace in about 4 hours.
Cemetery
Along the Portage Trail there were marked graves from the fur trade era according to the following Oblate account written in 1933 by Father Louis Moraud.
National historic site
The Methye Portage was designated a National Historic Site in 1933 and the Clearwater River was designated a Canadian Heritage River in 1986. Today the Methye Portage and the Saskatchewan portion of the Clearwater River are within the Clearwater River Provincial Park.
A bronze plaque is set in a stone cairn at the entrance to the portage. The dedication is written in French and English. The English version is quoted:
See also
Canadian canoe routes
Continental Divide
References
Eric W. Morse, "Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada, Then and Now",1984
External links
South end of Portage
Rendezvous Lake near centre of Methye Portage
North end of Portage
Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
Portages in Canada
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Historic trails and roads in Saskatchewan |
4029190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSTZ | KSTZ | KSTZ (102.5 FM, "Star 102.5") is a commercial FM radio station in Des Moines, Iowa. The station airs a hot adult contemporary radio format. KSTZ is part of Saga Communications' Des Moines Radio Group, with studios located on Locust Street in Des Moines.
KSTZ has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 92,000 watts (100,000 watts with beam tilt). The transmitter is located off Ankeny Boulevard (U.S. Route 69) near Alleman. KSTZ broadcasts in the HD Radio format. The HD2 subchannel carries a classic country format known as "93.7 The Outlaw - Legends and Young Guns", which is also relayed on 250-watt translator station K229CC, at 93.7 MHz.
History
The station signed on the air in 1970 as KRNT-FM. It was the FM counterpart to KRNT (AM 1350). Both stations were owned by the Cowles family, publishers of the Des Moines Register. During those early years, Drake-Chenault's automated "Hit Parade" format was aired.
In 1974, the station became KRNQ ("Q-102"). That year, Cowles sold KRNQ and KRNT (AM) to Stauffer Communications of Topeka, Kansas. The two stations were sold to Saga Communications in August 1988. KRNQ was originally an automated Top 40 station. In January 1976, KRNQ began airing American Top 40 with Casey Kasem, and then Shadoe Stevens, until April 1989. In 1984, the automation ended and the station began using local DJs. By the end of the 1980s, KRNQ was at or near the top of the local Arbitron ratings.
In 1991, due to Saga's desire to reach older listeners, Q102's youthful Top 40 format was changed to a slightly older Hot Adult Contemporary format and was known as "Q102/KRNQ, Today's Hits and Yesterday's Favorites." KRNQ promised to play no rap (even though it was rarely played on the station after Saga's purchase in 1988) and no hard rock, both of which were very much a part of popular music at the time. This format change left Des Moines with no contemporary hits outlet for nine years, until KKDM's flip from Alternative to Top 40/CHR in 1999. KRNQ became KSTZ on June 25, 1993. (The KRNQ call letters are now used for a station in Keokuk, Iowa.)
When the station reimaged itself to adult contemporary in 1993, the positioning statement the station used was "Superstars of the 70s, 80s and 90s" (with the 'STZ' in the call letters forming an abbreviation for 'stars'). The station later switched to "The Best Variety of the 80s, 90s and Today." In 2001, the station began using the current positioning statement of "Today's Best Variety," returning to a Hot AC direction. With KKDM becoming more of a factor since its 1999 debut, KSTZ has adjusted its playlist and adopted an Adult Top 40 format by adding a limited amount of adult-friendly rhythmic music with artists such Rihanna and The Black Eyed Peas in the mix.
Popular Contests
Pick Your Purse
Each Fall since 2005, the station has given away designer purses with the "Pick Your Purse" contest. Listeners enter on the station's website, then listen for their name to be read on the air. Once it is read, the listener has 10 minutes to call the station to claim the prize. The winner is allowed to pick from a selection of purses available on the station's website.
Secret Sounds of Summer
Listeners compete to guess the identity of a specific sound aired on the station. Correct guesses are awarded a cash prize and generally qualify for an opportunity to win a car.
Christmas Wish
One of the station's longest running promotions, listeners write in asking for whatever they would want for holidays. Selected winners are called by station personalities and awarded prizes.
Brenda Schmitz Christmas Wish
In 2013, a Christmas Wish was received by the station from Brenda Schmitz. Brenda wrote the Christmas Wish in August 2011, one month before she died from ovarian cancer at the age of 46. She asked her friend to send her wish to the radio station once her husband, David, had found a new partner to help take care of their four sons. The wish went viral around the world and was picked up by many news outlets including CNN, Yahoo!, The Huffington Post, and Mashable, among others. The wish was for David and his new wife to take their sons to Disney World in Florida as well as other gifts for the family.
References
External links
Star 102.5 Website
Des Moines Radio Group: KSTZ
Des Moines Broadcasting KRNQ Website
Hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
STZ
Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in Iowa |
4029204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddle%27s%20syndrome | Liddle's syndrome | Liddle's syndrome, also called Liddle syndrome, is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner that is characterized by early, and frequently severe, high blood pressure associated with low plasma renin activity, metabolic alkalosis, low blood potassium, and normal to low levels of aldosterone. Liddle syndrome involves abnormal kidney function, with excess reabsorption of sodium and loss of potassium from the renal tubule, and is treated with a combination of low sodium diet and potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g. amiloride). It is extremely rare, with fewer than 30 pedigrees or isolated cases having been reported worldwide as of 2008.
Signs and symptoms
Children with Liddle syndrome are frequently asymptomatic. The first indication of the syndrome often is the incidental finding of hypertension during a routine physical exam. Because this syndrome is rare, it may only be considered by the treating physician after the child's hypertension does not respond to medications for lowering blood pressure.
Adults could present with nonspecific symptoms of low blood potassium, which can include weakness, fatigue, palpitations or muscular weakness (shortness of breath, constipation/abdominal distention or exercise intolerance). Additionally, long-standing hypertension could become symptomatic.
Cause
This syndrome is caused by dysregulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) due to a genetic mutation at the 16p13-p12 locus. These channels are found on the surface of epithelial cells found in the kidneys, lungs, and sweat glands. The ENaC transports sodium into cells. The mutation changes a domain in the channel so it is no longer degraded correctly by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Specifically, the PY motif in the protein is deleted or altered so the E3 ligase (Nedd4) no longer recognizes the channel. This loss of ability to be degraded leads to high amounts of the channel being chronically present on the collecting duct epithelium. This results in a hyperaldosteronism-like state, since aldosterone is typically responsible for creating and inserting these channels. The increased sodium resorption leads to increased resorption of water, and hypertension due to an increase in extracellular volume.
Diagnosis
Evaluation of a child with persistent high blood pressure usually involves analysis of blood electrolytes and an aldosterone level, as well as other tests. In Liddle's disease, the serum sodium is typically elevated, the serum potassium is reduced, and the serum bicarbonate is elevated. These findings are also found in hyperaldosteronism, another rare cause of hypertension in children. Primary hyperaldosteronism (also known as Conn's syndrome), is due to an aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumor (adenoma) or adrenal hyperplasia. Aldosterone levels are high in hyperaldosteronism, whereas they are low to normal in Liddle syndrome.
A genetic study of the ENaC sequences can be requested to detect mutations (deletions, insertions, missense mutations) and get a diagnosis.
Treatment
The treatment is a potassium-sparing diuretic, such as amiloride, that directly blocks the sodium channel. Potassium-sparing diuretics that are effective for this purpose include amiloride and triamterene; spironolactone is not effective because it acts by regulating aldosterone and Liddle syndrome does not respond to this regulation. Amiloride is the only treatment option that is safe in pregnancy. Medical treatment usually corrects both the hypertension and the hypokalemia, and as a result these patients may not require any potassium replacement therapy.
Liddle syndrome resolves completely after kidney transplantation.
History
It is named after Dr. Grant Liddle (1921–1989), an American endocrinologist at Vanderbilt University, who described it in 1963. Liddle described the syndrome in a family of people exemplifying a heritable, autosomal dominant hypertension with symptoms of low potassium, renin, and aldosterone.
See also
Pseudohyperaldosteronism
References
External links
Autosomal dominant disorders
Rare syndromes
Endocrine diseases |
4029210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodocoidea | Diplodocoidea | Diplodocoidea is a superfamily of sauropod dinosaurs, which included some of the longest animals of all time, including slender giants like Supersaurus, Diplodocus, Apatosaurus, and Amphicoelias. Most had very long necks and long, whip-like tails; however, one family (the dicraeosaurids) are the only known sauropods to have re-evolved a short neck, presumably an adaptation for feeding low to the ground. This adaptation was taken to the extreme in the highly specialized sauropod Brachytrachelopan. A study of snout shape and dental microwear in diplodocoids showed that the square snouts, large proportion of pits, and fine subparallel scratches in Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Nigersaurus, and Rebbachisaurus suggest ground-height nonselective browsing; the narrow snouts of Dicraeosaurus, Suuwassea, and Tornieria and the coarse scratches and gouges on the teeth of Dicraeosaurus suggest mid-height selective browsing in those taxa. This taxon is also noteworthy because diplodocoid sauropods had the highest tooth replacement rates of any vertebrates, as exemplified by Nigersaurus, which had new teeth erupting every 30 days.
Most diplodocoids belong to Diplodocimorpha, a name first used by Calvo & Salgado (1995), who defined it as "Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov., Diplodocidae, and all descendants of their common ancestor." The group was not used often, and was synonymized with Diplodocoidea as the groups were often found to have the same content. In 2005, Mike P. Taylor and Darren Naish reviewed diplodocoid phylogeny and taxonomy, and realized that Diplodocimorpha could not be synonymized with Diplodocoidea. Whereas the former was defined node-based, the latter was branch-based. Haplocanthosaurus and possibly Amphicoelias are non-diplodocimorph diplodocoids.
Taxonomy
The below taxonomy follows the study of Emanuel Tschopp, Octavio Mateus and Roger Benson, 2015:
Diplodocoidea
Haplocanthosaurus
Diplodocimorpha
Rebbachisauridae
Flagellicaudata
Dicraeosauridae
Diplodocidae
Amphicoelias
Apatosaurinae
Diplodocinae
The phylogenetics of Diplodocoidea were reviewed in 2015 with a specimen-level phylogenetic analysis, as well as a species-level analysis. Their cladistic analysis is shown below.
References
Neosauropoda |
4029219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20H%C3%B6cherl | Hermann Höcherl | Hermann Höcherl (31 March 1912 – 18 May 1989) was a German politician of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). He served as Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1961 to 1965 and as Federal Minister for Food, Agriculture and Forests from 1965 to 1969.
Life
Höcherl was born in Brennberg near Regensburg, Bavaria, but was raised by his grandfather near Roding. Having obtained his Abitur degree in 1931, he studied law at the Berlin Frederick William University, at Aix-Marseille University, and at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He passed the Second State Examination in 1938 and first served as a Gerichtsassessor, from 1940 as a public prosecutor in Regensburg.
He had joined the Nazi Party in 1931; after leaving it in 1932, he rejoined in 1935. In 1942 he volunteered for the Wehrmacht armed forces in the rank of Lieutenant, with his service being in Nazi occupied Poland, and later in combat in Greece, Finland and Soviet Russia.
After the war, Höcherl from 1948 practised as a lawyer. In 1950 he was again appointed public prosecutor in Deggendorf and judge in Regensburg in 1951.
Höcherl joined the Christian Social Union in 1949. He soon became a board member in the Upper Palatinate district and in 1952 also a member of the state executive committee. Höcherl was first elected to the Bundestag in 1953, representing Regensburg.
Upon the 1961 federal election, he became Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and retained this office, when Adenauer was succeeded by Ludwig Erhard in 1963. After the 1965 election, he was appointed Minister for Food, Agriculture and Forests and held this office in the grand coalition government of Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger until 1969. His term of office as Interior Minister was overshadowed by a bugging affair at the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution in 1963.
References
1912 births
1989 deaths
Agriculture ministers of Germany
Christian Social Union in Bavaria politicians
Nazi Party politicians
German Roman Catholics
Federal government ministers of Germany
Interior ministers of Germany
Members of the Bundestag for Bavaria
Members of the Bundestag 1972–1976
Members of the Bundestag 1969–1972
Members of the Bundestag 1965–1969
Members of the Bundestag 1961–1965
Members of the Bundestag 1957–1961
Members of the Bundestag 1953–1957
German Army officers of World War II
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
People from Regensburg (district)
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Social Union in Bavaria |
4029227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Millar | Sandy Millar | John Alexander Kirkpatrick Millar (born 13 November 1939), known as Sandy Millar, is a retired Anglican bishop who, on 27 November 2005, was consecrated in Kampala as an assistant bishop in the Province of Uganda, in a joint initiative of Henry Luke Orombi, Archbishop of Uganda; Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury; and Richard Chartres, Bishop of London. He was subsequently licensed at St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 9 February 2006 to act as an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of London. He thereafter served as priest-in-charge of St Mark's, Tollington Park in North London until 2 February 2011 when he retired.
Personal life
Millar was born into an upper class Scottish family. His father was a major-general. He was educated at Lambrook Preparatory School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1962 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, promoted Master of Arts in 1966. He practised as a barrister for 10 years. After that, he gained a diploma in theology from the University of Durham. He was ordained deacon in 1976 and priest in 1977 at the age of 37.
Millar has been a prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral since 1997.
Millar is in the Charismatic Evangelical tradition of the Church of England, but has usually concentrated on local missions and not on participation in controversies in the wider Anglican Communion. However, in October 2007, he was reported to have said to an American church congregation (Truro Church, Fairfax) that "there is a war on for the very soul of the church" and to have told the congregation, which had left the Episcopal Church of the United States in protest at its acceptance of homosexuality, "your steadfastness in the face of a new and speciously sophisticated manifestation of evil has won you many admirers all over the world." These comments were publicised on the internet, although not by him.
On 29 April 2012, Millar was licensed as an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich, by which time he was living in Aldeburgh.
Growing the church
Millar was vicar of Holy Trinity Brompton from 1985 to 2005 and was the principal person responsible for the Alpha course. He was succeeded as vicar and principal of Alpha by Nicky Gumbel. During this period, he developed a strategy of church planting throughout London, thereby making it possible for dying churches to have a fresh start with congregations and clergy provided by Holy Trinity – all in close association with the London bishops. Such church "plants" included:
1985: St Barnabas' Addison Road, West Kensington
1987: St Mark's Battersea Rise
1989: St Paul's Onslow Square
1994: St Stephen's Church, Westbourne Park
2000: St Paul's, Hammersmith
2002: St George the Martyr's, Queen Square, Bloomsbury
2005: St Paul's Shadwell
Another of his achievements is the rehabilitation of the previously disused church of St Paul's, Onslow Square, located in his parish.
Writing and teaching
Millar also initiated "The Marriage Course" and "The Marriage Preparation Course", which run both throughout the United Kingdom and in many other countries. In 2005, a book containing a selection of his writings, All I Want Is You, was published.
Styles
Sandy Millar (1939–1977)
The Revd Sandy Millar (1977–1997)
The Revd Prebendary Sandy Millar (1997–2005)
The Rt Revd Sandy Millar (2005–present)
See also
Nicky Lee (priest)
References
1939 births
British people of Scottish descent
Living people
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of Lincoln's Inn
20th-century English Anglican priests
21st-century English Anglican priests
Anglican bishops in Mission
Evangelical Anglican bishops
Evangelicalism in the Church of England
British Charismatics
Holy Trinity Brompton people
Alumni of St John's College, Durham |
4029268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20National%20Liberation%20Army | Karen National Liberation Army | The Karen National Liberation Army (, ; abbreviated KNLA) is the military branch of the Karen National Union (KNU), which campaigns for the self-determination of the Karen people of Myanmar (formerly Burma). The KNLA has been fighting the Burmese government since 1949.
The KNLA was reported to have had a strength of approximately 20,000 in 1980, 3,000 in 2001, 5,000 in 2006, 6,000 in 2012, and 7,000 in 2014. As of early 2021, the KNLA is estimated to have at least 15,000 troops. The army is divided into seven brigades and a 'Special Force' reserved for special operations.
History
Pre-1990
At the time of Burmese independence from the British in 1948, there was considerable tension between the Karen community and the Burmese majority. Some Karens sought independence while others attempted co-existence within Burma. The KNLA was previously called the Karen National Defence Organisation (KNDO). The KNDO was an armed organisation which was formed by the KNU in 1947 to defend Karen communities and interests. Most KNDO soldiers had previously served in the forces of British Burma.
In early 1949, the Burmese government arrested the Karen leader of the armed forces and replaced him with radical Burmese anti-Karen nationalist Ne Win. Continued attacks against Karen dominated townships around Rangoon and the arrest of Karen political leaders led the Karen national Union to declare armed struggle, and the world's longest running civil war began.
Early in the fighting, Karen forces overran much of northern Burma including towns such as Mandalay and established strong positions outside Rangoon at Insein Township. But lacking a port from which to receive military supplies, the Karen forces gradually withdrew to the southeast of Burma.
In 1976, the Karen National Union changed its policy on wanting an independent state, and joined a new alliance, the National Democratic Front. This alliance of armed ethnic political parties supported a federal union of Burma.
1990–2010
In 1994 a group of Buddhist soldiers in the KNLA, claiming that the KNLA was unfairly dominated by Christians, broke away from the KNLA to form a new force, the DKBA, which soon organised a cease-fire with the Burmese military government.
In 1995 KNLA lost Kawmoora and Myawaddy to the DKBA. This considerably reduced the KNLA's border trade taxation.
A group calling itself the KNU/KNLA Peace Council, led by the former KNLA brigade 7 commander Brig-Gen Htay Maung (Htein Maung), broke away from the KNLA in February 2007, and organised a peace talk as well as a cease-fire agreement with the Burmese military government without the approval of the KNU central committee.
On 14 February 2008, Padoh Mahn Sha Lah Phan, the KNU secretary-general, was assassinated in Thailand.
On 13 May 2009, a senior Myanmar Army officer, Brig.-Gen. Kaung Myat, was killed by the KNLA. He had been the commander of the No. 5 Military Operations Command. The next month, on 19 June, DKBA soldiers began attacking the KNLA Brigade 7 headquarters, which they then captured on 23 June.
2010–present
During 2010, increasing numbers of Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) soldiers defected to the KNLA, or fled to Thailand, following the announcement that the DKBA would be absorbed into the Burmese military government's Border Guard. The DKBA had previously been allied to, but distinct from, government forces.
In November 2010, following the general election of 2010, large parts of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army are alleged to have mutinied and re-aligned themselves with the KNLA, resulting in the escalating conflict with junta troops. The two rebel armies have formed an alliance, in advance of a possible crackdown by the military government.
The KNLA, along with its parent organisation the KNU, signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) with the government of Myanmar on 15 October 2015, along with several other insurgent groups.
In September 2016, KNLA fighters began clashing with members of the Mon National Liberation Army (MNLA), the armed wing of the New Mon State Party (NMSP), in the Tanintharyi Region. Both the KNU and NMSP were signatories of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) at the time of the fighting. A temporary bilateral truce was reached between the two groups on 14 March 2018.
Tensions between the KNU and the Tatmadaw increased as unrest swept the country following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. On 27 March 2021, KNLA Brigade 5 overran a Myanmar Army base near the Thai border, killing 10 soldiers including a deputy battalion commander. The Myanmar army launched multiple airstrikes on Karen villages in retaliation.
On 27 April 2021, the KNLA captured a Myanmar Army base along the Salween river, bordering Thailand's Mae Sam Laep sub-district. A civilian in on the Thai side of the border was wounded by a stray bullet during the battle.
On 9 September 2021, KNLA Brigades 3 and 5 captured a Myanmar Army camp in Kyaukkyi Township in Bago Region.
Foreign volunteers
A number of foreigners have gone to Myanmar to fight for the KNLA.
Dave Everett, a former Australian SAS soldier, fought for the KNLA and was later arrested in Australia for trying to steal money to fund the KNLA. Des Ball, Professor at ANU, has advised them on military strategy.
Thomas Bleming, an American, claims to have fought for the Karen and has written a book called War in Karen Country.
Three of the KNLA's French volunteers were killed in action fighting for the KNLA: Jean-Phillipe Courreges (killed 1985), Olivier Thiriat (killed 1989), and Guillaume Oillic (killed 1990).
References
External links
Karen National Union home page
Victory over KNU, new order on Thai-Burma border
This Month in History – May
Karen rebels go on offensive in Myanmar
Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) on Schema-root
BLOG: BURMA CONFLICT SITUATION REPORT
PHOTO ESSAYS OF ACTIVIST CAUSES AND DEMOS
Six month battle report for the Karen National Liberation Army
The flag of the Karen National Liberation Army
Rebel groups in Myanmar
Guerrilla organizations
Karen people
Paramilitary organisations based in Myanmar
1949 establishments in Burma
Separatism in Myanmar |
4029272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard%20%282005%20video%20game%29 | Wizard (2005 video game) | Wizard is a video game created in 1980 for the Atari Video Computer System (later renamed the Atari 2600) by Chris Crawford while working for Atari, Inc. The game was not advertised or released by Atari. Wizard uses a 2K ROM, the last Atari 2600 game developed by Atari with less than 4K. Wizard was eventually released as part of the Atari Flashback 2 package in 2005.
Gameplay
The player is a wizard from Irata (Atari spelled backwards) and battles imps in a maze. It's not a symmetric battle: the player is faster than the enemy, but the enemy can go through walls and fire faster than the player can. There is no need to aim, as the angle of the player's fire is automatically sent in the direction of the enemy. The enemy remains invisible when it is behind a wall. It also has heart beat audio, which becomes louder as the player gets closer to the enemy.
Development
The production of Wizard is detailed extensively in the book Chris Crawford on Game Design. Crawford wanted to write software for the new Atari home computers, but Atari management required developers for the system to create an Atari VCS game first.
Wizard was never published for the Atari VCS. It was included with the Atari Flashback 2, 25 years after it was written. Chris Crawford learned about the release in an email from a fan. Crawford's original prototype did not contain a two-player mode, but the game released with the Atari Flashback 2 does.
References
External links
The Wizard Game Manual
2005 video games
Atari games
Cancelled Atari 2600 games
Atari 2600 games
Maze games
Chris Crawford (game designer) games
Video games developed in the United States |
4029275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Slovakia at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Slovakia competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Medalists
Židek's silver medal was the first Winter Olympic medal won by Slovakia as an independent nation.
Alpine skiing
The top finish for the six-person Slovak alpine team came from Veronika Zuzulová, who finished 15th in the women's combined.
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Biathlon
Marek Matiaško had the best result out of the Slovak biathlon team, with a surprising 5th place finish in the men's individual. He missed only one shot, and the resultant time penalty meant that he fell short of the medals.
Men
Women
Bobsleigh
Milan Jagnešák piloted the Slovak sled in both the two-man and four-man events, but did not manage a top-20 finish in either.
Cross-country skiing
Martin Bajčičák finished 8th in the men's pursuit, the best showing from any Slovak cross-country skier, and carried the nation's flag in the closing ceremonies.
Distance
Sprint
Ice hockey
The Slovak team finished atop its round-robin group, going undefeated through the opening round, including a 3–0 win over eventual gold medal winners Sweden. In the quarterfinals, however, the team fell to rivals Czech Republic 3–1, failing to advance to a medal game.
Men's tournament
Players
Results
Round-robin
Standings
Medal round
Quarterfinal
Luge
The Slovakian luge delegation was one of the Olympic team's largest, but managed only a single top 15 finish, from the doubles team of Ľubomír Mick and Walter Marx.
Short track speed skating
The lone Slovak short track speed skater competing in Turin, Matus Uzak, was disqualified from two of his events, and failed to advance from his heat in the third.
Ski jumping
Martin Mesík represented Slovakia in ski jumping, but did not advance from the qualification round in either the large hill or normal hill events.
Snowboarding
Radoslav Židek failed to qualify for the medal round in the men's parallel giant slalom, but was more successful in the snowboard cross. Židek qualified in the top ten, then won in three consecutive rounds to make the final. He finished just behind American Seth Wescott, who made a dramatic pass and pipped him to the line. Still, Židek's second place finished earned him a silver medal, the first winter medal in Slovakian Olympic history.
Parallel GS
Snowboard cross
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4029279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Rice%2C%205th%20Baron%20Dynevor | Francis Rice, 5th Baron Dynevor | Francis William Rice, 5th Baron Dynevor (May 10, 1804 – August 13, 1878) was a British clergyman and peer. He was the second son of the Reverend Edward Rice, Dean of Gloucester himself second son of the 2nd Baroness Dynevor. The Dean's wife, Rice's mother, Charlotte Lascelles though born the illegitimate daughter of General Francis Lascelles and Ann Catley, a singer, was a niece of Edward Lascelles, 1st Earl of Harewood.
Rice was educated at Westminster School and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 18 October 1822. He obtained a B.A. degree in 1826 and was awarded an M.A. degree in 1847.
From 1827 to 1878 Rice was the Vicar of Fairford, Gloucestershire.
He married twice. His first wife was Harriett Ives Barker, daughter of Daniel Raymond Barker, whom he married on 3 February 1830. Their first child Ellen Joyce who was an emigration pioneer and the second was Arthur de Cardonnel FitzUryan Rice, later 6th Baron Dynevor. Francis Rice was widowed on 22 July 1854.
His second wife was Eliza Amelia Knox, first daughter of Rev. Henry Carnegie Knox, the Rector of Lechlade, Gloucestershire. He married her 18 November 1856.
In 1869, upon the death of his cousin, Rice succeeded to the title of Baron Dynevor as his cousin only had sisters and daughters. He died 3 August 1878 aged 74.
References
Rice, Francis William
Rice, Francis William
05
Dynevor
Dynevor, Francis Rice, 5th Baron
Francis |
4029282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Russia at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Russia participated at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. It sent a total of 190 athletes to participate in all 15 of the Winter Olympic sports.
Dmitry Dorofeev, a speed skater, served as flag bearer at the opening ceremonies.
Medalists
Olga Pyleva won the silver in the women's 15 km race, but was later disqualified for failing a drug test.
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Biathlon
Olga Pyleva was stripped of her silver medal in the women's individual after testing positive for carphedon, a stimulant.
Men
Women
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Men
Women
Sprint
Curling
Women's tournament
Team: Ludmila Privivkova (skip), Nkeirouka Ezekh, Yana Nekrasova, Yekaterina Galkina and Olga Zharkova (alternate)
Round Robin
Draw 2
;Draw 3
;Draw 4
;Draw 5
;Draw 7
;Draw 8
;Draw 10
;Draw 11
;Draw 12
Standings
Figure skating
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
Freestyle skiing
Men
Women
Ice hockey
Men's tournament
The Russian men's team finished the round robin portion of the competition ranked second in Group B, losing just once, to Slovakia. It beat Canada in thequarter finals, but lost both the semifinal and bronze medal game to finish fourth overall
Players
Results
Round-robin
Standings
Medal round
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Bronze game
Women's tournament
The Russian women's team lost to both Canada and Sweden, and failed to progress to the medal round. In the 5th place game, the team lost on a shootout to Germany.
Players
Results
Round-robin
Standings
Classification games
5th-8th classification
5th place game
Luge
Nordic combined
Note: 'Deficit' refers to the amount of time behind the leader a competitor began the cross-country portion of the event. Italicized numbers show the final deficit from the winner's finishing time.
Short track speed skating
Key: 'ADV' indicates a skater was advanced due to being interfered with.
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Halfpipe
Note: In the final, the single best score from two runs is used to determine the ranking. A bracketed score indicates a run that wasn't counted.
Parallel GS
Key: '+ Time' represents a deficit; the brackets indicate the results of each run.
Speed skating
Men
Women
Team pursuit
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
2006 in Russian sport |
4029295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia%20and%20Montenegro%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Serbia and Montenegro at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Serbia and Montenegro competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. This was the last appearance of a team representing a joint Montenegrin and Serbian state at the Olympic venue.
Alpine skiing
Jelena Lolović represented Serbia and Montenegro in four of the five disciplines, and had the best finish for the alpine skiing team, 30th in the women's giant slalom.
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Biathlon
Milenković finished ahead of just three other competitors in each of his two races in Turin. Biathlon was the third Olympic sport Milenković had participated in, as he had previously competed in cycling and cross-country skiing.
Cross-country skiing
Neither cross-country skier managed to finish a race; Milenković withdrew in the final two kilometres of the 50 km race, while Kuzeljević withdrew in the first 2.5 kilometres of the women's pursuit.
Distance
Figure skating
The top finish from any member of the Serbia and Montenegro team in Turin came from Trifun Živanović, who did not advance to the free skate, but ended up 26th overall in the men's event.
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 |
4029308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy%20extension%20property | Homotopy extension property | In mathematics, in the area of algebraic topology, the homotopy extension property indicates which homotopies defined on a subspace can be extended to a homotopy defined on a larger space. The homotopy extension property of cofibrations is dual to the homotopy lifting property that is used to define fibrations.
Definition
Let be a topological space, and let . We say that the pair has the homotopy extension property if, given a homotopy and a map such that , there exists an extension of to a homotopy such that .
That is, the pair has the homotopy extension property if any map can be extended to a map (i.e. and agree on their common domain).
If the pair has this property only for a certain codomain , we say that has the homotopy extension property with respect to .
Visualisation
The homotopy extension property is depicted in the following diagram
If the above diagram (without the dashed map) commutes (this is equivalent to the conditions above), then pair (X,A) has the homotopy extension property if there exists a map which makes the diagram commute. By currying, note that a map is the same as a map .
Note that this diagram is dual to (opposite to) that of the homotopy lifting property; this duality is loosely referred to as Eckmann–Hilton duality.
Properties
If is a cell complex and is a subcomplex of , then the pair has the homotopy extension property.
A pair has the homotopy extension property if and only if is a retract of
Other
If has the homotopy extension property, then the simple inclusion map is a cofibration.
In fact, if you consider any cofibration , then we have that is homeomorphic to its image under . This implies that any cofibration can be treated as an inclusion map, and therefore it can be treated as having the homotopy extension property.
See also
Homotopy lifting property
References
Homotopy theory
Algebraic topology |
4029311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Spain at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Spain competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
María José Rienda entered the Olympics having won three World Cup events on the season, including the last giant slalom before the Olympic Games, but couldn't repeat this form in Turin, as she finished 13th in the giant slalom.
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Biathlon
The lone Spanish biathlete in Turin, Luis Alberto Hernando, finished 80th in the men's individual event.
Cross-country skiing
Even after Johann Mühlegg was disqualified for doping after having won the men's 50 kilometre race, Spain's top cross-country performance was in that race, as Juan Jesús Gutiérrez finished 22nd.
Distance
Freestyle skiing
Spain's lone competitor in the freestyle skiing events in Turin was unable to advance in the women's moguls, as she finished second last in the qualifying round.
Snowboarding
Jordi Font was involved in a notable incident in his semifinal, as he collided with Canada's Jasey-Jay Anderson. Anderson beat Font down for second place, but the Canadian was disqualified for missing a gate, sending Font through to the final. In the final, Font again fell, but this time ended up in fourth position.
Halfpipe
Note: In the final, the single best score from two runs is used to determine the ranking. A bracketed score indicates a run that wasn't counted.
Snowboard cross
References
External links
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Olympics |
4029312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosequien%20y%20Los%20Nosecuantos | Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos | Nosequien Y Los Nosecuantos is a Peruvian pop rock band.
Albums
No Somos Nada (1990)
Con El Respeto Que Se Merecen (1991)
11 Porotazos Superbailables (1993)
Lo Mejor (o sea, Todo) de Nosequien y los Nosecuantos [compilation]
Walter (1995)
Etiqueta Negra [compilation]
Amorfo (2000)
Nadie Nos Quitará Lo Bailado [compilation]
Pisco Sour (2005)
La Tierra del Sol (2009) [single]
XX Larga Duración (2012)
Pisco Sour (2013)
Peruvian rock music groups |
4029327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgona%20%28Italy%29 | Gorgona (Italy) | Gorgona () is the northernmost island in the Tuscan Archipelago, a group of islands off the west coast of Italy. Between Corsica and Livorno, this diminutive island has been valued most for its wildlife, especially marine birds, and its isolation. The latter quality resulted in the foundation of Gorgona Abbey in the Middle Ages. After its closure the monastery grounds and buildings were appropriated in 1869, at the foundation of an agricultural penal colony, which is currently in use.
Geography
Gorgona is located about 19 nautical miles (about ) straight out from Livorno. It is a ferry ride of about 1.5 hours; however, access to the island is forbidden without permission from the Italian Ministry of Justice. It grants a standing concession exclusively to one group for supervised tours. Photographic equipment is not allowed. Private boats may approach the island no closer than except in emergencies. Capraia is away; Corsica, .
The only landing place is "Cala dello Scalo", an inlet on the northeast side surrounded by cliffs, the site of the only beach. A fishing village over the beach is now inhabited by workers of the Penal Colony and, above all in the summer, by families of heirs of the old settlers.
On the cliff overlooking the bay is a historic site, the Torre Nuova, "new tower", built as a watchtower by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the 17th century.
From the beach an unpaved road leads up to the settlement at the head of a pass between the two prominent heights: Punta Gorgona at to the south and Punta Zirri at to the north. On the cliffs at the west side of the island on the other side of the pass is the Torre Vecchia, "old tower", built as a watchtower by the Republic of Pisa in the 12th century.
Occupation of the island has been primarily on the steep slopes and terraces of the east coast. A number of monastery and other buildings were constructed there. The prison, which has been structured as a working farm, has taken over or takes responsibility for maintaining this entire region. Prisoners work in agriculture or raise animals or learn whatever building trades are useful to the enterprise. Their living space is rather big with good rooms as cells, some spaces for group activities and a pleasant soccer 5 field. Most of the prisoners work outdoors, in the village area too. So interaction with residents and outsiders is controlled.
History
Ancient history
Urgon or Gorgòn ( in Ancient Greek), believed to be Gorgona, receives brief mention in Pliny, who only states that it is near Pianosa and Capraia. Pomponius Mela had mentioned the name earlier (43 BC) but only as an item in a list of the islands in the vicinity.
Monastic history
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus in describing his voyage of 417 AD in the region says that "Gorgon" rises up in the middle of the sea between the Pisan and Cyrniacan (Corsican) shores. He had already stated that there were monachi, "monks", on Capraia and now relates the story of an aristocratic youth who had given up wealth, status and the opportunity for marriage to retire to Gorgon in "superstitious exile", implying that monasteries of sorts were already on the two islands.
Tradition holds that monks from Gorgona rescued the relics of Saint Julia of Corsica before they were carried to the mainland in the 8th century. Finally, in 1425, the Saint Julia relics were carried to Calci Chartreuse, near to Pisa.
The monastery was abandoned after its destruction by the Saracens. In the 11th century the Republic of Pisa cleared the Tyrrhenian Sea of Muslims and proceeded against their strongholds in Africa. In 1051, just prior to the Pisan occupation of Corsica, the monastery was reconstituted, still Benedictine, and was declared under papal protection. Subsequently, gifts of land were made by aristocrats in Tuscany (where Pisa is located) and northern Corsica. The monastery began to keep land records from Corsica, the first known from there.
Letter 130 of Catherine of Siena, a Dominican nun, to Ippolito degli Ubaldini of Florence encourages him to enter and contribute to the monastery of Gorgona. The letter in stating that the monastery needed to be refurbished to conform to the "rule of the Carthusian Order" implies that it was recently converted to that order. It must have been written after her vision of 1375 and visit to the island then.
Two inscriptions at Pisa Charterhouse at Calci attribute the change of order to the influence of Catherine on Pope Gregory XI in trying to obtain economic assistance for the Carthusians. The pope made a grant of money and gave the Carthusians Gorgona. The change cast reproach on the Benedictines for their alleged non-monastic way of life. They were asked to leave the island and were banned from it.
Carthusians from Pisa Charterhouse retenanted the monastery under Don Bartholomew Serafini. He promptly invited Catherine to visit. She lodged outside the monastery but was invited to address the monks. She spoke on resisting the temptations of Satan. The mantle she was asked to leave as a token of the visit placed later in the hands of a young monk tempted to suicide by the death or illness of his mother is said to have removed all temptation, a token, in the church, of her sainthood.
Subsequently, the Mediterranean became politically unstable. Fearing an attack by Saracen corsairs the monks left the island for the charterhouse at Calci in 1425, taking all the records and works of art with them, and never returned. The records were duly published at Pisa. The island however remained in the ownership of Pisa Charterhouse until the 18th century.
Modern history
Early in 1771 Peter Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, purchased Gorgona from the Carthusians of Pisa with the intent of making it part of a plan for economic revival. In March of that year he passed a law opening the island to settlement by fishermen with the proviso that they would catch and cure anchovies and sell them in Livorno. The fishing village dates to this time.
This opportunity to live in Gorgona was raised from the families named "Citti" and "Dodoli", coming from Garfagnana region in province of Lucca. These two families worked hard to make Gorgona a good place to live in, being able to stay there until the present day.
With the unification of Italy in 1861, including the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, ownership of Gorgona passed to the new Kingdom of Italy. Gorgona became a new and experimental agricultural penal colony in 1869.
Literature
Island of Gorgona, with Capraia too, is part of one of the best-known verses of Dante Alighieri's poem La Divina Commedia:
Ecology
The ecology of Gorgona is under the protection of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park, dating from 1996, with headquarters at Portoferraio, Elba. Most of the island is in its native state, 90% of it being forested with maquis, to high.
Among its plant species are Arbutus unedo, Rhamnus (Buckthorn), Pistacia lentiscus, Juniperus phoenicea, Myrtus communis, Erica arborea, Erica scoparia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Phillyrea angustifolia, and Phillyrea latifolia. The flowers in more open country include Lavandula stoechas, Helichrysum italicum, Cistus incanus, Cistus salvifolius, and Cistus monspeliensis. Calycotome spinosa and Spartium junceum appear on the slopes. Linaria capraria is endemic to the archipelago and to Gorgona too. Evergreens predominate. There are groves of holm-oak, the remnant of a prehistoric forest, and pine woods of Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea, and Pinus pinaster.
Gorgona is one of only five islands in the world on which the Corsican finch is found.
Economy
In the nineteenth century the island was famous for its anchovies. Reservation by the Italian government reduced all economy to that of the prison until last year. In 2012 the Department of Justice approved and gave finances to a plan called "Progetto Granducato" (Granducato Project), to reach the goal of giving prisoners professional training and real job opportunities, inviting private investors to start enterprises in Gorgona.
The first company getting a business agreement with the prison's management, was the world-famous wine producer "Marchesi de' Frescobaldi". So nowadays the oldest and more prestigious wine brand of Tuscany, is giving prisoners of Gorgona the chance to get an exceptional know-how grown in the centuries, to make their own wines Vermentino and Ansonica, extra virgin olive oil and any other farm goods.
See also
List of islands of Italy
Punta Cala Scirocco Lighthouse
Punta Paratella Lighthouse
Arcipelago Toscano National Park
References
External links
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.
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Livorno
Islands of Tuscany
Arcipelago Toscano National Park
Prison islands |
4029337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Marino%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | San Marino at the 2006 Winter Olympics | San Marino sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006. This was the nation's seventh appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The delegation consisted of a single athlete, alpine skier Marino Cardelli. In his race, the giant slalom, he failed to finish the competition.
Background
San Marino first entered Olympic competition at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. The nation did not enter a Winter Olympic Games until Innsbruck in 1976. Excepting the 1980 and 1998 Winter Olympics, San Marino has participated in every edition of the Winter Olympics since, making Turin the nation's seventh Winter Olympics appearance. The Sammarinesi delegation consisted of a single alpine skier, Marino Cardelli. Cardelli would go on to also be the only Sanmarinesi competitor four years later in Vancouver. Cardelli was selected as the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
Marino Cardelli was 18 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. As he was the lowest ranked competitor in the giant slalom, he was last in the starting order on 20 February. He would be unable to finish the first run of the race, leaving him unranked for the competition.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4029346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Poland at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Poland competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Poland sent 45 athletes to the 2006 Winter Olympic Games, and snowboarder Paulina Ligocka was the flag bearer at the opening ceremonies, while biathlete Tomasz Sikora was the flag bearer at the closing ceremonies.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Biathlon
Men
Women
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Sprint
Figure skating
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
Luge
Short track speed skating
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Note: PQ indicates a skier was pre-qualified for the final, based on entry rankings.
Snowboarding
Halfpipe
Note: In the final, the single best score from two runs is used to determine the ranking. A bracketed score indicates a run that wasn't counted.
Parallel GS
Key: '+ Time' represents a deficit; the brackets indicate the results of each run.
Snowboard Cross
Speed skating
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
2006 in Polish sport |
4029351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Portugal at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Portugal sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006. This marked the country's fifth appearance in a Winter Olympic Games, their first in eight years as they missed the 2002 Winter Olympics. The Portuguese delegation consisted of a single competitor, Danny Silva, who participated in cross-country skiing. In his only event, the 15 kilometre classical race, he finished in 93rd place.
Background
Portugal debuted in Olympic competition at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics, and have appeared in every Summer Olympics since. The nation made its first appearance in a Winter Olympic Games in 1952. Since then, their attendance has been sporadic, with the country making its second appearance in the 1988 Winter Games. They participated in 1994 and 1998, but missed the 1992 and 2002 editions. Thus, the Turin Olympics were the nation's fifth appearance at a Winter Olympics. The Portuguese delegation to Turin consisted of a single cross-country skier, Danny Silva. He would go on to be the only athlete to represent Portugal again at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Silva was selected as the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Cross-country skiing
Danny Silva was 32 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. His only event was the 15 kilometre classical race, in which he posted a time of 54 minutes and 34 seconds. This placed him 93rd out of 96 competitors who finished the race, and over 16 minutes behind the gold medal time.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4029357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Turkey at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Turkey competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Competitors
Alpine skiing
A 37th-place finish for Duygu Ulusoy in the Women's giant slalom was the best result for Turkey's Alpine Skiing entrants.
Cross-country skiing
The Turkish cross-country team got its top finish in the men's team sprint event, where Muhammet Kızılarslan and Sebahattin Oglago finished 22nd.
Distance
Sprint
Figure skating
Tuğba Karademir, who finished 22nd in the ladies' event, gained some notoriety due to being featured by American network NBC, which opened one of its most watched broadcasts with a feature on her.
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
Officials
Mehmet Ali Şahin, Minister for Sports
Togay Bayatlı, President of the National Olympic Committee of Turkey
Neşe Gündoğan, Secretary general of the National Olympic Committee of Turkey
Hüseyin Doğan, Olympic attaché
Mehmet Atalay, Team chief
Sezai Bağbaşı, Administrator
Yunus Akgül, Administrator
Özer Ayık, Administrator
Ahmet Kalaycıoğlu, Physician
Oleksandr Averin, Trainer cross-country skiing
Atakan Araftargil, Trainer Alpine skiing
Robert Tebby, Trainer figure skating
References
National Olympic Committee of Turkey official website
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4029362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Ukraine at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Ukraine competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Medalists
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.
Alpine skiing
Mykola Skriabin managed to qualify and compete in each of the five men's disciplines, with his top finish a 26th in the giant slalom.
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Biathlon
Lilia Efremova, who had failed to finish in the top 30 in any event at the 2005 World Championships, shot perfectly and survived a relatively slow finish to earn a bronze medal in the women's sprint.
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Twelve skiers represented Ukraine in Turin, the largest delegation in any sport. The top finish came from Valentina Shevchenko in the women's 30 kilometre freestyle; she had the fastest time at the 20 kilometre mark, but fell off the pace to end up 7th.
Distance
Men
Women
Sprint
Figure skating
Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov, the 2005 World Championship bronze medalists, earned the same result in Turin, rallying from a poor start to end up in 3rd.
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
Freestyle skiing
Ukraine sent seven athletes to compete in the freestyle skiing events, specifically men's and women's aerials, but only one, Enver Ablaev, managed to qualify for a final.
Luge
The doubles team of Oleg Zherebetskyy and Roman Yazvinskyy, who finished 19th in the first run of the event, pulled out after suffering a serious crash. Yazvinskyy was air-lifted to hospital with a head injury, but he remained conscious and was released the next day.
Nordic combined
Sergei Diyachuk and Volodymyr Trachuk both finished in the bottom five in the two Nordic combined events in Turin.
Note: 'Deficit' refers to the amount of time behind the leader a competitor began the cross-country portion of the event. Italicized numbers show the final deficit from the winner's finishing time.
Short track speed skating
Volodymyr Grygoriev, Ukraine's only speed skater in Turin, advanced from his heat in the 1000 metres, but then finished last in his quarterfinal.
Ski jumping
Ukraine's lone competing ski jumper, Volodymyr Boschuk, did not progress beyond the qualification round in either the normal or large hill events.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4029366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Boit | Philip Boit | Philip Kimely Boit (born 12 December 1971 in Eldoret, Kenya) is a cross-country skier and the first Kenyan to participate in the Winter Olympics. His first name is sometimes spelled as "Phillip".
1996–98
Philip Boit and compatriot Henry Bitok trained in Finland to become competitive skiers. Both were former middle distance runners with no previous skiing experience. Their project was sponsored by sportswear giant Nike. Winter training began in February 1996. Kenya had only one slot for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, which was taken by Boit, while Bitok finished his skiing career soon after. Boit's participation in the games gained worldwide media coverage. He finished 92nd and last in the 10-kilometer classic race. The awards for the race were delayed while winner Bjørn Dæhlie waited for Boit to reach the finish line to embrace him. The experience was so moving for Boit that he named one of his sons Dæhlie Boit.
1999
Boit participated in the 1999 Nordic skiing World Championships in Ramsau, Austria, and again finished last in the 10 km classic event. After the event, Nike dropped their sponsorship and Boit was forced to settle for "dry training" in Kenya for the next two years.
2002–10
In the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City Boit finished 64th in the sprint race, beating three competitors. After the Salt Lake City Olympics Boit left competitive skiing again, but came back to participate in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin where he finished 92nd in the 15 km Classic, ahead of five fellow competitors. Boit said in a 2006 interview that he was planning to retire after 2010 Winter Olympics to be held in Vancouver.
In 2007, he competed in the World Ski Championships held in Sapporo, Japan, the same country where he started his Olympic career.
2010–11
Boit had planned to retire after the 2010 Winter Olympics. However, he did not meet the requirements needed to start in the Games as he missed the limit by two FIS points. His attempts to qualify for the Olympics had been hampered by illness. After missing the Olympics, Boit decided to continue his career by a year and retire after the 2011 World Championships to be held in Oslo, Norway. Boit finished 42nd during qualification, and therefore was unable to compete in the 15 kilometre classical.
Education
After graduating from Samwayi Secondary School, he was recruited to General Service Unit in 1992, where was able to enhance his athletics career. As an athlete, he was a bit behind the top Kenyan runners. His 800 meter personal best is 1:46.06.
Family
Philip's uncle Mike Boit won the bronze medal in the 800 meters at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.
See also
Lamine Guèye (skier)
Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards
Eric Moussambani
Paula Barila Bolopa
References
Kenya: It's Not Just for Runners Anymore
Igrzyska jednak nie dla Boita. Krowy też nie
Living people
1971 births
People from Uasin Gishu County
Kenyan male cross-country skiers
Kenyan male middle-distance runners
Olympic cross-country skiers of Kenya
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics |
4029367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaspopathy | Zaspopathy | Zaspopathy, also called ZASP-related myofibril myopathy, is a novel autosomal dominant form of progressive muscular dystrophy, first described in 2005.
Cause
The disease encompasses multiple forms of both distal and proximal myopathies, and is caused by mutations in the gene referred to as ZASP.
Pathophysiology
The ZASP gene is located at chromosome 10, and encodes also-called Z-disk-associated protein. Mutations in this protein causes disintegration of the Z-disk of contractile elements (myofibrils) in muscle cells.
Mutations of several other Z-disk related proteins, such as desmin, alfa-B-crystallin and myotilin can cause disorders similar to zaspopathy.
Diagnosis
Treatment
References
External links
(gene)
Autosomal dominant disorders
Rare diseases
Myoneural junction and neuromuscular diseases |
4029368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Mongolia at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Mongolia sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. The delegation consisted of two cross-country skiers, Erdene-Ochiryn Ochirsüren and Khürelbaataryn Khash-Erdene. Their best finish in any event was 68th in the women's 10 kilometer classical by Ochirsüren. The same two competitors would return to the Olympics four years later representing Mongolia at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
A group of four Mongolian short track speed skaters (women: Duuren Natsagnyam, Narangerel Odtsetseg; men: Ganbat Jargalanchuluun, Ganbat Munkhamidral) were mentioned in the media as Olympians in an article about the 2006 Olympic competitors, but they didn't compete at the Olympics.
Background
The Mongolian National Olympic Committee was recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 1 January 1962, and the nation entered Olympic competition soon after, talking part in both the 1964 Winter and Summer Olympics. Mongolia has only missed two Olympic Games since, the 1976 Winter Olympics; and the 1984 Summer Olympics as the Mongolians joined in the Soviet-led boycott of the Games in Los Angeles. The delegation Mongolia sent to Turin consisted of two cross-country skiers, Erdene-Ochiryn Ochirsüren and Khürelbaataryn Khash-Erdene. Khash-Erdene was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Ochirsüren was chosen to carry the flag for the closing ceremony.
Cross-country skiing
Khürelbaataryn Khash-Erdene was 22 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. In the men's 15 kilometre classical race, held on 17 February, he finished with a time of 48 minutes and 47 seconds, which put him in 84th place out of 96 competitors who finished the race; the gold medal was won by Andrus Veerpalu of Estonia in 38 minutes and 1 second. He would later go on to represent Mongolia at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Erdene-Ochiryn Ochirsüren was 20 years of age at the time of these Games. She competed in the women's 10 kilometer classical, held on 16 February. She finished the race with a time of 36 minutes and 40.1 seconds, which saw her in 68th position out of 70 competitors who finished the race, the gold medal having been won by Kristina Šmigun-Vähi of Estonia. in 27 minutes and 51 seconds. Like her compatriot, she would also go on to participate in the 2010 Winter Olympics.
See also
Mongolia at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4029374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgona | Gorgona | Gorgona could refer to:
Gorgona Island (Colombia), an island about 50 km off the Pacific coast
Gorgona (Italy), the northernmost island in the Tuscan Archipelago
Gorgona Agricultural Penal Colony, penal colony located on the Italian Island
Gorgona (wine), Italian white wine made by the prisoners of the Gorgona Agricultural Penal Colony in partnership with the Frescobaldi family
Gorgona, a fictional planet; see Planets in science fiction
Gorgona Group, a mid-20th century modernist art group
Gorgona-class transport ship
Gorgona, the transliteration of γοργόνα, which is the mermaid in Greek. |
4029383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Africa%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | South Africa at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Three men from South Africa competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
One of them, Alexander Heath, became the first African to compete in all 5 alpine events. The three-man South African team was the largest from the continent in Turin.
Alpine skiing
Alexander Heath, competing in his third Olympics, qualified in all five events, with his best finish a 27th in the giant slalom.
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Cross-country skiing
Kraas competed in three events in Turin, but finished in only one, the sprint, where he finished 57th out of 80 competitors.
Distance
Sprint
Skeleton
Tyler Botha finished second in a pair of Challenge Cup events that allowed him to qualify for the Games, where he ended up in 21st place.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4029390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Senegal at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Senegal competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. This marked the fourth appearance by the nation at a Winter Olympics, and the first time it had not been represented at one by alpine skier Lamine Guèye. Instead, Leyti Seck was chosen as the country's sole representative. He did not win any medals, but would return to represent his country again at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Background
Senegal participated in four Winter Olympics between its debut at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, and the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. No Senegalese athlete had ever won a medal at a Winter Games. In two out of the three initial appearances, the country was represented by a single alpine skier, Lamine Guèye, with the exception of 1992 when Alphonse Gomis also competed.
Following a break of two Games, Senegal once again sent an athlete to the Winter Olympics in 2006. This was the first time Senegal had fielded a Winter Games team which did not feature Guèye. Instead, alpine skier Leyti Seck was chosen as the country's sole representative, who had been competing professionally since 2002. He had been brought to the attention of Guèye, who was the head of the Senegalese Ski Federation. Seck was chosen as the flagbearer for the Parade of Nations in the opening ceremony, while Guèye returned as flagbearer for the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
The sole Senegalese athlete at the Games, Leyti Seck, competed in the men's super-G, giant slalom and slalom. In the super-G on 18 February, Seck finished in 55th place out of the 56 skiers who completed the run with a time of 1:42.87, ahead of Erjon Tola of Albania at the 2006 Winter Olympics. However, he failed to complete his remaining two events, becoming one of the 40 skiers who did not finish the giant slalom on 20 February, and one of the 44 who did not finish the slalom on 25 February. Seck would go on to compete once again for Senegal at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Skiing events
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics |
4029414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Beth%20Decker | Mary Beth Decker | Mary Beth Decker (born January 11, 1981) is an American former model and television personality who attended Texas A&M University. She was the "Cyber Girl of the Week" for Playboy in the fourth week of September 2002, and "Cyber Girl of the Month" for January 2003 as well as a cast member on a season of MTV's show Road Rules, Road Rules: South Pacific.
Personal life
Decker was born in Houston, Texas. While at Texas A&M University she worked as a bartender at The Tap, a bar located in College Station, Texas.
She was featured in two issues of Playboy: October 2002, as part of the Girls of the Big 12 (as an A&M student), and March 2004 as a Cyber Girl. She has appeared on the HDNet show Get Out!, in the season three Costa Rica episode.
On August 31, 2007, she gave birth to a boy named Gavin.
References
External links
Living people
Road Rules cast members
Texas A&M University alumni
1981 births |
4029421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate%20Pass | Agate Pass | Agate Pass or Agate Passage is a high-current tidal strait in Puget Sound connecting Port Madison and mainland Kitsap County in the US state of Washington. It lies between Bainbridge Island and the mainland of the Kitsap Peninsula near Suquamish. It leads south towards Bremerton, extending about one mile (1.6 km) in a straight, southwesterly direction. The depth is about . The shores are wooded and fairly steep. The shoreline is mostly rocky and fringed with kelp to Point Bolin. The tidal currents have velocities up to six knots; the flood tide sets southwesterly, and the ebb tide northeasterly.
The traditional winter village of the Suquamish people was located on Agate Pass. It was the site of Old Man House, the largest longhouse on Puget Sound, and Haleets, a petroglyph. Agate Pass was unknown to non-native people until it was discovered by the Wilkes Expedition in 1841. Before then, Europeans thought Bainbridge Island was a peninsula. It was named by U.S. Navy Lt. Charles Wilkes in honor of one of the members of the expedition, Alfred Thomas Agate.
In 1950, a fixed highway bridge, the Agate Pass Bridge was built, connecting Bainbridge Island to the Kitsap Peninsula for the first time. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
External links
Junius Rochester, "Wilkes, Charles (1798-1877)", Essay 5226, 17 February 2003, History Link website
"Agate Pass Bridge", History Link website
Straits of Washington (state)
Landforms of Puget Sound
Bainbridge Island, Washington
Straits of Kitsap County, Washington
/* External links */ |
4029440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel%20Stiebeling | Hazel Stiebeling | Hazel Katherine Stiebeling (1896–1989) was an American nutritionist who pioneered the development of USDA programs for nutrition including USDA daily dietary allowances of vitamins and minerals.
Early life
Stiebeling was born in Haskins, Ohio in 1896, on a farm, where her interest in food and nutrition is thought to have developed. In high school she studied domestic science.
Education
After high school, Stiebeling enrolled in a two year program in domestic science at Skidmore College. She is said to have discovered Dr. Henry Sherman's book, "The Chemistry of Food and Nutrition," in the college's library and to have been inspired by it.
After graduating from Skidmore, Stiebeling was employed for three years as a schoolteacher and then she entered the Columbia University Teachers' College where she was an assistant in Foods and Nutrition under Professor Mary Swartz Rose. She graduated with a BS in 1919, and then completed an MA in nutrition in 1924.
Stiebeling became a research fellow under Dr. Henry Sherman at the Graduate School of Columbia University after receiving her MA. Her research was in the basal metabolism of women, the influence of vitamin D on calcium deposition in bone, the nutritional value of protein in human subjects, and others projects. She was awarded a PhD in chemistry in 1928. Her thesis was on a method for studying the content of vitamins A and D in tissues.
In 1930, after graduation from the PhD program, she was hired as Head of the new Section on Food Economics at the USDA Bureau of Home Economics. There, she conducted an extensive investigation of the nutritional value of US diets that has continued until the present day (2005).
Notable scientific contributions
Hazel Stiebeling developed a USDA publication on diet planning in 1933 that is the first known publication to include the term "dietary allowances". It was the first quantitative national dietary standard for the minerals calcium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins A and C. The values were based on her research in the Sherman laboratory.
In 1939 Stiebeling worked with Esther Phipard to include USDA dietary allowances for thiamine and riboflavin. Their proposal for recognizing some variance between individuals in a population also stimulated an "allowance of a margin of 50% above the average minimum for normal maintenance [...] an estimate intended to cover individual variations of minimal nutritional need among apparently normal people." This technique has been the standard for developing dietary plans by international organizations like the FAO and the WHO.
References
Alfred E. Harper. Contributions of Women Scientists in the U.S. to the Development of Recommended Dietary Allowances. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences J. Nutr. 133:3698-3702, November 2003.
Yost, Edna. (1943) American Women of Science. Frederick A. Stokes Company, Philadelphia and New York.
1989 deaths
1896 births
American women nutritionists
American nutritionists
United States Department of Agriculture people
Skidmore College alumni
People from Ohio
Recipients of the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service |
4029450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean%20tallero | Eritrean tallero | The tallero was the currency of Eritrea between 1890 and 1921. It was subdivided into 5 lire, each of 100 centesimi. The lira was equivalent to the Italian lira.
Five lire coins, engraved by Filippo Speranza, feature Umberto I of Italy with the lettering UMBERTO I RE D'ITALIA · 1896 on the obverse, and an eagle with a shield on the reverse. They weigh 28.1250g with an actual silver weight of 0.7234oz of .800 fineness, and are 40mmin diameter with a thickness of 3.1mm.
From 1885, banknotes denominated in lire were issued by the Italian colonial authorities. In 1890, the silver tallero, patterned after the Maria Theresa thaler, was introduced (together with 50 centesimi, 1 and 2 lire coins). The last tallero were minted in 1918. In 1921, the tallero was abandoned and Italian currency circulated alone until banknotes were issued in lire in 1938.
References
Modern obsolete currencies
1890 establishments in Eritrea
1921 disestablishments in Eritrea
Economy of Eritrea
History of Eritrea |
4029458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Man%20House | Old Man House | Old Man House was the largest "bighouse" (a type of longhouse) in what is now the U.S. state of Washington, and once stood on the shore of Puget Sound. Lying at the center of the Suquamish winter village on Agate Pass, just south of the present-day town of Suquamish, it was home to Chief Sealth (Chief Seattle) and Chief Kitsap.
History
The name of the site in Lushootseed was D'Suq'Wub (dxʷsuqʼʷabš), meaning "clear salt water," and is the source of the name of the Suquamish people. The name "Old Man House" comes from the Chinook Jargon word "oleman" meaning "old, worn out", but also meaning "from the old times". "House" in the Chinook Jargon referred to any kind of building, or even to individual rooms within them.
Archeological investigations have revealed that the village site was occupied for at least 2000 years. Accounts vary as to when the longhouse itself was constructed; many sources indicate it was built in the late 18th or early 19th century, but it might have been built earlier. Reports of the longhouse's size also vary, putting its length between 600 and 1000 feet (approximately 200–300 m).
The lands around Old Man House were retained by the Suquamish tribe after the Point Elliott Treaty was signed in 1855, becoming the Port Madison Indian Reservation. However, the longhouse was burned by the U.S. government in 1870, after Seattle's death. The destruction of the longhouse was intended to encourage the Suquamish to spread out across their reservation and take up farming. After it was burned, the Suquamish rebuilt their village at the site and continued to live there. In 1886 the federal government divided the reservation into allotments which were assigned to individual Suquamish families. In 1904 the U.S. War Department acquired land along Agate Pass, including the site of Old Man House, to build fortifications to protect the new naval shipyards at Bremerton. The village site had to be moved, and the tribe lost much of its water access. The fortifications were never built, and the land purchased by the military was eventually sold in 1937 to a private developer and subdivided for vacation homes. In 1950, the Washington Parks and Recreation Department purchased an acre of waterfront where Old Man House had been located and set it aside as a state park. The park was returned to the Suquamish Tribe on August 12, 2004.
See also
Port Madison Indian Reservation
Suquamish Museum and Cultural Center
Notes
References
External links
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Kitsap County, Washington
Coast Salish art and artifacts
Native American history of Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Kitsap County, Washington |
4029466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU | PNU | PNU can stand for:
Education
Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran headquarters and 500+ locations worldwide.
Pacific National University, Khabarovsk, Russia
Philippine Normal University, Manila, Philippine
Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat, Thailand
Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Other uses
Party of National Unity (Kenya), a Kenyan political party
Penrith Nepean United, an association football club in New South Wales, Australia
Protein Nitrogen Unit, a measure of the potency of the compounds used in allergy skin tests |
4029490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn%20to%20St%20Cecilia | Hymn to St Cecilia | Hymn to St Cecilia, Op. 27 is a choral piece by Benjamin Britten (1913–1976), a setting of a poem by W. H. Auden written between 1940 and 1942. Auden's original title was "Three Songs for St. Cecilia's Day", and he later published the poem as "Anthem for St. Cecilia’s Day (for Benjamin Britten)".
For a long time Britten wanted to write a piece dedicated to St Cecilia for a number of reasons. Firstly, he was born on St Cecilia's day; secondly, St Cecilia is the patron saint of music; and finally, there is a long tradition in England of writing odes and songs to St Cecilia. The most famous of these are by John Dryden ("A song for St. Cecilia's Day" 1687) and musical works by Henry Purcell, Hubert Parry, and George Frideric Handel. Another briefer work by Herbert Howells has the similar title A Hymn for St Cecilia, but was written later in 1960. The first extant reference to Britten's desire to write such a work is from 1935 when Britten wrote in his diary "I’m having great difficulty in finding Latin words for a proposed Hymn to St Cecilia. Spend morning hunting."
Britten first met Auden later that year, and subsequently worked with him on a number of large-scale works, including the operetta Paul Bunyan (1941). Britten asked that Auden provide him a text for his ode to St Cecilia, and Auden complied, sending the poem in sections throughout 1940, along with advice on how Britten could be a better artist. This was to be one of the last works they collaborated on. According to Britten's partner Peter Pears in 1980 "Ben was on a different track now, and he was no longer prepared to be dominated – bullied – by Wystan, whose musical feeling he was very well aware of. ...Perhaps he may have been said to have said goodbye to working with Wystan with his marvelous setting of the Hymn (Anthem) to St. Cecilia."
Britten began setting Hymn to St. Cecilia in the United States, certainly in June 1941 when a performance by the newly formed Elizabethan Singers was projected to take place in New York sometime later that year. In 1942 (the midst of World War II) Britten and Pears decided to return home to England. The customs inspectors confiscated all of Britten's manuscripts, fearing they could be some type of code. Britten re-wrote the manuscript while aboard the MS Axel Johnson, and finished it on 2 April 1942. It was written at the same time as A Ceremony of Carols, which shares the same affect.
The text itself follows in the tradition of odes, including an invocation to the muse: "Blessed Cecilia/Appear in visions to all musicians/Appear and inspire". Britten uses this as a refrain throughout piece, whereas it is the last portion of Auden's first section.
The piece is in three sections, plus three iterations of the refrain, with slight variations, following each section. The first section is very similar to the refrain, couched in the E Phrygian scale and with the same melody. The second section is a scherzo with a modified fugue form. The third section is more lyrical, with solos in each voice describing a different instrument, traditional in odes to St. Cecilia.
The hymn was given its first (radio) performance in 1942.
Notes
References
Britten, Benjamin. Hymn to St. Cecilia. Op. 27. New York; Boosey and Hawkes, 1942.
Britten, Benjamin. Journeying Boy: The Diaries of the Young Benjamin Britten 1928-1938 (selected and edited by John Evans). London; Faber & Faber, 2009.
Carpenter, Humphrey. Benjamin Britten, A Biography. New York: C. Scribner and Sons, 1992.
Rosamond McGuiness, Tony Trowles. "Ode (ii): Odes for St. Cecilia's Day", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed 10 December 2004), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
Mitchell, Donald. Ed. Letters from a Life: The selected Letters and Diaries of Benjamin Britten 1939-1976. Volume 2. London; Faber & Faber, 1991.
External links
Hymn to St Cecilia Britten Thematic Catalogue
1942 compositions
Choral compositions
Compositions by Benjamin Britten
Poetry by W. H. Auden |
4029501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%20Islands%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Virgin Islands at the 2006 Winter Olympics | The United States Virgin Islands (USVI) sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006. The only competitor sent by the USVI was Anne Abernathy, who broke her wrist in a practice run and was therefore unable to compete.
Background
The Virgin Islands Olympic Committee was first recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 31 December 1966. The USVI have sent competitors to every Summer Olympic Games since, excepting the boycotted 1980 Moscow Olympics. The territory first sent athletes to a Winter Olympic Games in 1988, and competed in every Winter Olympics between 1988 and Turin. The United States Virgin Islands have won a medal in Olympic competition only once, by Peter Holmberg in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics were held in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006; a total of 2,508 athletes participated, representing 80 National Olympic Committees. The team the USVI sent to Turin consisted of a single luger, Anne Abernathy. She was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony. In the closing ceremony, she intended to carry her red racing helmet in one hand, saying "Women of 50 all over the world can participate in life ... I’m passionate about my sport … I’m not over the hill."
Luge
Anne Abernathy, known by the nickname "Grandma Luge", was 52 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. Abernathy was the oldest female athlete at these Olympics. About her age, she said, "It's a big deal for a lot of women that someone over 50 is going out there and doing it." She had represented the Virgin Islands at the five proceeding Winter Olympics. She was forced out of the women's singles competition due to a broken wrist suffered in her fifth training run on 12 February. Initially left off the start list entirely, a three-judge panel of the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled on 17 February 2006 that she should officially be recorded as "Did Not Start". The other female lugers gifted her a signed start number 31, with Michelle Despain of Argentina writing "Thank you for your example, Anne." In the competition, the Germans swept the medals; Sylke Otto won gold; Silke Kraushaar-Pielach took the silver, and Tatjana Hüfner won the bronze.
See also
Virgin Islands at the Olympics
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
2006 in United States Virgin Islands sports |
4029505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall%20Man | Tall Man | Tall Man may refer to:
Tall Man (album), a 1979 country album
Tall Man (Phantasm), a fictional character
Tall Man (Trilby's Notes), a fictional character
Tall Man lettering, using upper case lettering in drug names to avoid medication errors
Tall man, a video installation by artist Vernon Ah Kee
See also
The Tall Man (disambiguation) |
4029510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao%20Asthan | Rao Asthan | Rao Asthan (died April 15, 1291) was the second Rao of Rathore clan. His father was Rao Sheoji and his mother was a Chavdi Rajputani.
History
He conquered Khed from Guhilotes and consequently his descendants bore the patronymic Khedecha Rathores.
Rao Asthan killed Samaliya Koli of Idar and granted Idar to his younger brother Sonag. Songa's descendants are thus known as Idariya Rathore.
Aja, Rao Asthan's another younger brother migrated near Dwarka, where he killed Bhojraj Chavda. Aja's descendants are known are Vadhels.
In 1291 A.D., Jalaludin Khilji alias Feroze Shah II attacked Pali. Rao Asthan reached Pali from Khed} and met the Feroze Shah's army. He died fighting the Feroze Shah's forces on 15 April 1291.
Asthan had eight sons: Rao Doohad, Rao Jopsa, Rao Dhandhul, Rao Hirnak, Rao Pohad, Rao Khipsa, Rao Aasal and Rao Chachig.
Rao Dhandhul took over control of Kolu. His son was Pabu Ji Rathore.
See also
Rulers of Marwar
References
Maheca Rathaurom ka mula itihasa: Ravala Mallinatha ke vamsaja - Maheca, Baramera, Pokarana, Kotariya aura Khavariya Rathaurom ka sodhapurna itihasa by Dr. Hukam Singh Bhati. Publisher: Ratan Prakashan, Jodhpur (1990)''
1291 deaths
Military personnel killed in action
13th-century Indian people
Year of birth unknown |
4029531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Is%20Hot%2C%20Truth%20Is%20Molten | Love Is Hot, Truth Is Molten | Love Is Hot, Truth Is Molten is a compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in Australia on 7 April 1998 (Raven Records 68).
History
In 1998, Raven Records issued a comprehensive overview of Donovan's 1960s material as Love Is Hot, Truth Is Molten. The album featured many of the songs in true stereo, unique to any Donovan compact disc release up until that time.
Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.
"Catch the Wind" – 2:54
"Colours" – 2:43
"Universal Soldier" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 2:12
"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" – 3:11
"Josie" – 3:24
"Season of the Witch" – 5:00
"Celeste" – 4:09
"Sunshine Superman" – 4:33
"The Trip" – 4:34
"Mellow Yellow" – 3:41
"Superlungs" – 3:15
"Epistle to Dippy" – 3:09
"There Is a Mountain" – 2:34
"Wear Your Love Like Heaven" – 2:24
"Jennifer Juniper" – 2:42
"Poor Cow" – 2:56
"Hurdy Gurdy Man" – 3:15
"Laleña" – 2:59
"Atlantis" – 5:01
"Goo Goo Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" – 3:18
"To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" – 3:11
"Celia of the Seals" – 3:00
"Cosmic Wheels" – 4:02
References
External links
Love Is Hot, Truth Is Molten – Donovan Unofficial Site
Albums produced by Mickie Most
1998 compilation albums
Donovan compilation albums |
4029532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20Award%20for%20Best%20Sound%20Design | Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design | The Filmfare Best Sound is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films.
Here is a list of some of the award winners and the films for which they won.
List
See also
Filmfare Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
External links
Filmfare Awards winners by the year
Sound |
4029540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisha%20Rules%20the%20World | Alisha Rules the World | Alisha Rules the World is the debut album by English pop duo Alisha's Attic, released on 4 November 1996. The album received positive reviews, and went platinum in the following year, selling 400,000 copies in the UK (with another 100,000 in Japan). The four singles released from the album all reached the top 20 of the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Karen Poole, Shelly Poole and Terry Martin
"Irresistible U Are" – 1:49
"Intense" – 3:55
"I Am, I Feel" – 4:00
"Alisha Rules the World" – 4:34
"White Room" – 4:13
"Stone in My Shoe" – 4:39
"Personality Lines" – 0:54
"Indestructible" – 3:39
"I Won't Miss You" – 4:01
"The Golden Rule" – 1:34
"Just the Way You Like It" – 3:57
"Air We Breathe" – 4:37
"Adore U" – 3:57
Note: "Indestructible" was consistently misspelt as "Indestructable" on CD and printed covers as was "Irresistible" misspelt as "Irresistable".
Personnel
Alisha's Attic
Karen Poole - vocals
Shelly Poole - vocals
with:
Dave Stewart - "all guitars and fairy dust"
Chucho Merchán - bass, double bass
Terry Disley - keyboards
Andy Wright, Garry Hughes, Paul Taylor - keyboards, programming
Kat Evans - electric violin
Olle Romo - additional programming on "Air We Breathe"
Caroline Dale - cello on "Air We Breathe"
Fenella Barton, Thomas Bowes - violin on "Air We Breathe"
Andrew Brown - viola on "Air We Breathe"
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
1996 debut albums
Alisha's Attic albums
Albums produced by David A. Stewart
Mercury Records albums |
4029541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronoid%20process | Coronoid process | The Coronoid process (from Greek , "like a crown") can refer to:
The coronoid process of the mandible, part of the ramus mandibulae of the mandible
The coronoid process of the ulna, a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna |
4029542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne | List of people from Newcastle upon Tyne | This is a list of notable people born in, or associated with, Newcastle upon Tyne in England.
Born in Newcastle
Residents (past and present)
References
Newcastle upon Tyne
People |
4029544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle%20Vue%2C%20Manchester | Belle Vue, Manchester | Belle Vue is an area of Manchester, England, east of the city centre, bordered by the Hope Valley Line on the east and the Glossop Line on the west. Belle Vue is part of the electoral ward of Longsight. Belle Vue railway station lies on the Hope Valley Line.
In 1897, the machine tool manufacturer Kendall and Gent opened the Victoria Works. The company closed down in the late 1960s.
The area is best known for the former Belle Vue Zoological Gardens and Belle Vue Stadium. The zoo opened in 1836 and in the 1870s a small amusements area was added which developed into a major amusement park in the 20th century. It occupied a 96-acre site and at the height of its popularity attracted 2,000,000 visitors annually. In 1910 the Kings Hall was opened, housing The Hallé for several years and hosting major concerts over the years. The zoo closed in September 1977 due to mounting debts. The amusement park remained open on summer weekends until 1980. The land was sold in 1982, and the site finally cleared in 1987.
Belle Vue is currently home to the National Basketball Performance Centre, headquarters of Basketball England. It the home arena of men's basketball team Manchester Giants, women's basketball team Manchester Mystics, and women's netball team Manchester Thunder.
References
Belle Vue |
4029552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie%20Bracey | Bonnie Bracey | Bonnie Laverne Bracey is an American teacher and technology consultant based in Washington, D.C. Bracey was the only teacher selected by the Clinton Administration for serving on the National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council, whose work in the mid 1990s led to the creation of the E-rate program. She also served as lead educator on President Bill Clinton's 21st Century Teacher Initiative.
In 1993, Bracey was selected as a Christa McAuliffe Educator, and subsequently worked with NASA on various education programmes. Currently she is an international educational consultant; in this capacity she conducts outreach activities for the George Lucas Education Foundation and other groups. Bracey is an active member of the Digital Divide Network.
References
Bracey profile, NII Advisory Council
External links
Bonnie Bracey's Digital Divide Network profile
Bracey's Web log
Bibliography of Works by and About Bonnie Bracey
Bonnie Bracey and Rosa Parks Before the Departure of Rosa Parks
Bonnie Bracey and Educational Technology and the New York Times
EDUCATION: TECHNOLOGY: Bonnie Bracey, Teachers and Technology
Digital divide activists
Schoolteachers from Washington, D.C.
American women educators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women |
4029557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNX | PNX | PNX can stand for:
Phong-Kniang (language code)
Phoenix Companies (ticker symbol)
Phoenix LRT station, Singapore (LRT station abbreviation)
many of the other meanings of Phoenix (disambiguation)
A Unix-like operating system developed by ICL for the PERQ workstation computer |
4029558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Hamster%20Saga | Golden Hamster Saga | The Golden Hamster Saga is a children's book series written by German author Dietlof Reiche, and translated by John Brownjohn. It was illustrated by Joe Cepeda. The series revolves around a golden hamster named Freddy Auratus, two silly guinea pigs named Enrico and Caruso, a black, civilized tomcat named Sir William, and Freddy's owner, Mr. John, who translates German to English.
All mammals (except humans) in this series communicate in Interanimal, a telepathic language. The only animal that can read and write is Freddy. He goes on adventures with his friends Sir William, Enrico, Caruso, and Tjark.
Characters
Freddy Auratus is a smart, golden hamster that can read and write, but only with a keyboard. He can talk in Interanimal, and other pets often ask him to type something to Mr. John for them.
Enrico and Caruso, Enrico is a smaller guinea pig, while Caruso is a larger one, often taunt Freddy by saying guinea pigs are superior to golden hamsters. They enjoy singing songs, writing plays, and making animals laugh. They are named after the famous opera singer, Enrico Caruso.
Sir William is a 'respectable' tom cat that says he will not kill an animal for food. He also always makes laws for the other pets to obey and is loyal to Mr. John. However, later in the series, Sir William catches mice.
Mr. John, a human who takes care of all the pets, can understand Freddy by the words the hamster types on his computer.
Tjark, first appearing in the fifth book, is a robotic hamster that was built by Goldoni, an Italian scientist. He is friends with Enrico, Caruso, and Sir William.
Sophie, a young girl, was Freddy's original owner.
Titles
The five books in the series are:
I, Freddy follows Freddy going to a new home.
Freddy in Peril - Freddy is stalked by an evil scientist.
Freddy to the Rescue - Freddy saves some field hamsters.
The Haunting of Freddy - Freddy is haunted by a ghost during his vacation at a castle.
Freddy's Final Quest - Freddy must fight off Crusaders from the past to return to his own time
Reception
Publishers Weekly called the first novel in the series "worth putting down on paper". Moreover, they write that "Brownjohn's [English] translation reads smoothly and captures the considerable wit of the narrative. Spare yet comical, Cepeda's line art reveals endearing views of Freddy and some inventive shots of his surroundings." The Australian Broadcasting Corporation review of the first book, described it as strong: "The empowering nature of literacy has been captured perfectly in this remarkable little autobiography of golden hamster, Freddy Auratus."
References
Series of children's books
German children's literature
Children's novels about animals
Fictional hamsters
Fictional writers |
4029561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WECS | WECS | WECS (90.1 FM) is a college radio station based in Windham, Connecticut, on the campus of Eastern Connecticut State University. The station broadcasts on 90.1 MHz with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 430 watts at a height above average terrain (HAAT) of 116 meters.
WECS began in the 1970s as a turntable mounted in a 3x4' square of plywood which sat atop a work sink in a janitor's closet in an old dormitory. This was not a licensed station. It ran at approximately 10 watts and was a pirate broadcaster. At the time, Eastern Connecticut State University was not yet accredited as a university. In the late 1970s, a movement was afoot to get a legitimate radio station for the communications department. This was orchestrated by former WCBS announcer Prof. John Zatowski.
By 1982, test broadcasts had begun, and by 1984, WECS-FM was on air. In the succeeding decades, a number of long-time DJs have come and gone: Joe Standby, Bash, Robbo Retro, Alf ("The Alternative Xperience"), Mark E. Ramone, Beechnut, James 'DJ Ras J' McGurk, Gabriel Silverman and others. Marko, Hack, and Jeffrey Nash remain. Despite the stations relatively minor stature, a good number of its staff have moved on to work in the media industry.
At present, WECS is a National Public Radio affiliate and John Zatowski the general manager. In July 2008, WECS moved into its new air studio.
See also
Connecticut Public Radio
Eastern Connecticut State University
Campus radio
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20170609172838/http://www.wecsfm.com/schedule/
Eastern Connecticut State University
Willimantic, Connecticut
ECS
Windham County, Connecticut
ECS
NPR member stations
Radio stations established in 1982
1982 establishments in Connecticut |
4029572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20Repulski | Rip Repulski | Eldon John "Rip" Repulski (October 4, 1928 – February 10, 1993) was an American professional baseball player, an outfielder in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals (1953–56), Philadelphia Phillies (1957–58), Los Angeles Dodgers (1959–60) and Boston Red Sox (1960–61). He batted and threw right-handed, stood tall and weighed . He was born in Sauk Rapids, Minnesota.
Playing career
In a nine-season MLB career, Repulski posted a .269 batting average with 830 hits, 106 home runs and 416 RBI in 928 games played. He recorded a .976 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions.
A fine defensive player at all outfield positions, Repulski became the regular center fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals in his rookie season. He appeared in a career-high 153 games and finished third in National League Rookie of the Year voting behind Jim Gilliam and Harvey Haddix.
Repulski enjoyed his most productive seasons in and .
In , he hit 19 home runs and posted career highs in batting average (.283), runs (99), RBI (79) and doubles (39). From June 13–25 he had a string of ten consecutive games in which he collected two or more hits, going 22-for-44 (.500), half for extra bases. After that, he hit in six more consecutive games before going hitless.
In Repulski posted career highs in home runs (23), walks (49), on-base percentage (.333), slugging average (.467), OPS+ (110), and batting runs (7.7).
He earned an All-Star berth in . Pinch-hitting for National League starting pitcher Bob Friend, he batted against Whitey Ford in the fourth inning and was retired on a foul pop fly to the catcher.
At the end of the '56 season, he was sent to the Philadelphia Phillies in the same trade that brought Del Ennis to St. Louis.
Repulski hit 20 home runs for the Phillies in 1957. A year later, he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers along with two other players in exchange for second baseman Sparky Anderson. He appeared in the 1959 World Series with the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Traded by Los Angeles to the Boston Red Sox in the 1960 midseason for Nelson Chittum, Repulski hit a grand slam at Fenway Park in his first American League at bat. He played his last major league season with the Red Sox in 1961.
Personal life
Repulski married the former Mildred M. "Millie" Ellis on December 30, 1950. The couple had one child together, a daughter, Nadine Sue. Rip Repulski died in Sauk Rapids at the age of 64.
References
External links
, or Baseball Library
1928 births
1993 deaths
Baseball players from Minnesota
Boston Red Sox players
Fresno Cardinals players
Houston Buffaloes players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball outfielders
National League All-Stars
Omaha Cardinals players
People from Sauk Rapids, Minnesota
Philadelphia Phillies players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Syracuse Chiefs players
West Frankfort Cardinals players
Winston-Salem Cardinals players |
4029581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Rice%2C%206th%20Baron%20Dynevor | Arthur Rice, 6th Baron Dynevor | Arthur de Cardonnel FitzUryan Rice, 6th Baron Dynevor (24 January 1836 – 8 June 1911), was a British peer.
Life
He was the son of Francis William Rice, 5th Baron Dynevor, and Harriett Ives Barker. His elder sister, Ellen Joyce, was a pioneer of women's emigration.
On 17 October 1855 Rice matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford. He gained a B.A. degree in 1855 and was awarded an M.A. degree in 1865.
Rice married Selina Lascelles, the daughter of Hon. Arthur Lascelles, the fifth son of Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood. The child of the couple was Walter FitzUryan Rice, born 17 August 1873. Walter later reverted to the Welsh form of his name "Rhys".
He became a member of Carmarthenshire County Council at the inaugural elections in 1889, representing Llandybie.
The 6th Baron Dynevor died on 8 June 1911 aged 75 at Dynevor Castle.
References
1836 births
1911 deaths
06
Dynevor, Arthur Rice, 6th Baron
Arthur
Members of Carmarthenshire County Council |
4029585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannayan%E2%80%93Riley%E2%80%93Ruvalcaba%20syndrome | Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome | Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS) is a rare overgrowth syndrome and hamartomatous disorder with occurrence of multiple subcutaneous lipomas, macrocephaly and hemangiomas. The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
The disease belongs to a family of hamartomatous polyposis syndromes, which also includes Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis and Cowden syndrome. Mutation of the PTEN gene underlies this syndrome, as well as Cowden syndrome, Proteus syndrome, and Proteus-like syndrome, these four syndromes are referred to as PTEN Hamartoma-Tumor Syndromes.
Signs and symptoms
Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome is associated with enlarged head and benign mesodermal hamartomas (multiple hemangiomas, and intestinal polyps). Dysmorphy as well as delayed neuropsychomotor development can also be present. The head enlargement does not cause widening of the ventricles or raised intracranial pressure; these individuals have a higher risk of developing tumors, as the gene involved in BRRs is phosphatase and tensin homologue.
Some individuals have thyroid issues consistent with multinodular goiter, thyroid adenoma, differentiated non-medullary thyroid cancer,
most lesions are slowly growing. Visceral as well as intracranial involvement may occur in some cases, and can cause bleeding and symptomatic mechanical compression
Genetics
The genetics of the Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome is determined, in the majority of cases, via the PTEN gene which presents about 30 mutations in this condition. This gene which regulates cell growth, when not working properly can lead to hamartomas. PTEN chromosomal location is 10q23.31, while the molecular location is 87,863,438 to 87,971,930 There are many syndromes that are linked to PTEN aside from Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome.
The syndrome combines Bannayan–Zonana syndrome, Riley–Smith syndrome, and Ruvalcaba–Myhre–Smith syndrome. Bannayan–Zonana syndrome is named for George A. Bannayan and Jonathan Zonana
Diagnosis
In terms of diagnosing Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome there is no current method outside the physical characteristics that may be present as signs/symptoms. There are, however, multiple molecular genetics tests (and cytogenetic test) to determine Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis for BRRS consists of the following:
Treatment
In terms of management one should observe what signs or symptoms are present and therefore treat those as there is no other current guideline. The affected individual should be monitored for cancer of:
Thyroid
Breast
Renal
See also
List of cutaneous conditions
List of cutaneous neoplasms associated with systemic syndromes
References
Further reading
External links
Deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
Soft tissue disorders
Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms
Syndromes affecting head size
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract
Syndromes with tumors
Rare syndromes |
4029591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20%26%20Peace%20Vol.%202%20%28The%20Peace%20Disc%29 | War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) | War & Peace Volume 2 (The Peace Disc) is the sixth studio album by American rapper Ice Cube, released March 21, 2000 on his own label Lench Mob Records with distribution by Priority Records. It is the second part from the two-album project War & Peace; the previous volume, War & Peace Vol. 1 (The War Disc) was released in 1998. This was Ice Cube's final album under Priority Records and his last until the release of Laugh Now, Cry Later in 2006.
The album received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, selling 185,000 copies in its first week. The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in May 2000. The club song "You Can Do It", which then later re-released in 2004, was a UK number two for Ice Cube.
Commercial performance
War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, selling 185,000 copies in its first week. This became Ice Cube's fifth US top-ten album. The album also debuted at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On May 31, 2000, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Samples
Until We Rich
"Show Me" by Glenn Jones
Record Company Pimpin
"Riding High" by Faze-O
"Please Listen to My Demo" by EPMD
Hello
"The Watcher" by Dr. Dre
Waitin' Ta Hate
"Public Enemy No. 1" by Public Enemy
"So Wat Cha Sayin'" by EPMD
You Can Do It
"I Dream of Jeannie" by Hugo Montenegro
"Rapper's Delight" by Sugarhill Gang
"The Breaks" by Kurtis Blow
"Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa and Soulsonic Force
"I Wanna Rock" by Luke
Gotta Be Insanity
"Keep It Hot" by Cameo
"The What" by The Notorious B.I.G.
Mackin' & Driving
"Pushin' Weight" by Ice Cube
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 2000 (U.S.)
References
External links
War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) at Discogs
War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) at MusicBrainz
War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) at Tower Records
2000 albums
Ice Cube albums
Albums produced by Battlecat (producer)
Albums produced by Bud'da
Albums produced by Dr. Dre
Albums produced by Sean Combs
Priority Records albums
Sequel albums |
4029595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniang%20language | Kniang language | Phong, also known as Kniang, is an Austroasiatic language of the Mon–Khmer family, spoken in Laos. Its nearest relatives are the fellow Xinh Mul tongues, the Khang language and Puoc language, both spoken in Vietnam. The number of speakers of Phong-Kniang is estimated at 30,700.
Phong Kaneng and Phong Kniang are dialects. Phong is spoken in northeastern Laos, such as in Hua Muong, Sam Neua Province.
References
External links
http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-9B78-5@view Phong Laan in RWAAI Digital Archive
Khmuic languages
Languages of Laos |
4029599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tate | John Tate | John Tate may refer to:
John Tate (mathematician) (1925–2019), American mathematician
John Torrence Tate Sr. (1889–1950), American physicist
John Tate (Australian politician) (1895–1977)
John Tate (actor) (1915–1979), Australian actor
John Stuart Tate, Australian politician
John Tate (boxer) (1955–1998), World Heavyweight Champion
John Tate (Lord Mayor of London, 1473) (died 1479), Lord Mayor of London
John Tate (papermaker) (died 1507/8), English paper maker
John Tate (Lord Mayor of London) (died 1515), Lord Mayor, 1496 and 1514
John Tate (footballer) (1892–1973), English footballer
John Tate, a character in The Faculty
See also
Jack Tate (disambiguation)
John Tait (disambiguation) |
4029605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone%20suppression%20test | Dexamethasone suppression test | The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is used to assess adrenal gland function by measuring how cortisol levels change in response to oral doses or an injection of dexamethasone. It is typically used to diagnose Cushing's syndrome.
The DST was historically used for diagnosing depression, but by 1988 it was considered to be "at best, severely limited in its clinical ability" for this purpose.
Physiology
Dexamethasone is an exogenous steroid that provides negative feedback to the pituitary gland to suppress the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Specifically, dexamethasone binds to glucocorticoid receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, which lie outside the blood-brain barrier, resulting in regulatory modulation.
Test Procedures
There are several types of DST procedures:
Overnight DST - An oral dose of dexamethasone is given between 11pm and midnight, and the cortisol level is measured at 8 - 9am the next morning
Two-day DST - This involves giving an oral dose of dexamethasone at six-hourly intervals for 2 days, with the cortisol level measured 6 hours after the final dose was given
Intravenous DST
Dexamethasone-CRT test
Interpretation
Low-dose and high-dose variations of the test exist. The test is given at low (usually 1–2 mg) and high (8 mg) doses of dexamethasone, and the levels of cortisol are measured to obtain the results.
A low dose of dexamethasone suppresses cortisol in individuals with no pathology in endogenous cortisol production. A high dose of dexamethasone exerts negative feedback on pituitary neoplastic ACTH-producing cells (Cushing's disease), but not on ectopic ACTH-producing cells or adrenal adenoma (Cushing's syndrome).
Dose
A normal result is a decrease in cortisol levels upon administration of low-dose dexamethasone. Results indicative of Cushing's disease involve no change in cortisol on low-dose dexamethasone, but inhibition of cortisol on high-dose dexamethasone. If the cortisol levels are unchanged by low- and high-dose dexamethasone, then other causes of Cushing's syndrome must be considered with further work-up necessary.
After the high-dose dexamethasone, it may be possible to make further interpretations.
†ACTH as measured prior to dosing of dexamethasone
Equivocal results should be followed by a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test, with inferior petrosal sinus sampling.
References
Theodore C. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Medicine-UCLA Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine Charles R. Drew University (2013).
Endocrine procedures
Dynamic endocrine function tests |
4029608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman%20loaf | Pullman loaf | The pullman loaf, sometimes called the "sandwich loaf" or "pan bread", is a type of bread made with white flour and baked in a long, narrow, lidded pan. The French term for this style of loaf is pain de mie, or, less commonly, pain anglais.
The name "Pullman" was derived from its use in the kitchens of the Pullman railway cars. Although the Pullman Company is credited with inventing the lidded baking pans used to create the square loaves, square tin pans existed long before the railroad company. European breadmakers began using the pans in the early 18th century to minimize crust. However, George Pullman chose the loaf for use on his railcars for efficiency reasons. Three Pullman loaves occupied the same space as two standard round-topped loaves, thus maximizing the use of space in the small Pullman kitchen.
See also
Bread pan (kitchen utensil in which bread is baked)
Sandwich bread
Sliced bread, with the whole loaf of bread sliced at once by machine, first used in 1928
References
Yeast breads
American breads
Loafs |
4029611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Nepal at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Nepal sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 12–28 February 2006. This was Nepal's second appearance at a Winter Olympic Games, the first having been four years prior. The only athlete sent by Nepal was Dachhiri Sherpa, competing in cross-country skiing. In his only event, the men's 15 kilometre classical, he finished in 94th place.
Background
Nepal first participated in Olympic competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The nation did not take part in the next Summer Olympics, but have participated in every Summer Games since the 1972 edition. Nepal did not enter the Winter Olympic Games until the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, these 2006 Games were their second appearance in a Winter Olympics. The only athlete sent by Nepal to the Turin Olympics was Dachhiri Sherpa, competing in cross-country skiing. He was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Kamal Chitrakar was the flag bearer for the closing ceremony. Chitrakar was, in 2010, a member of the executive committee of the Nepal Olympic Committee.
Cross-country skiing
Dachhiri Sherpa was 36 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. He would later go on to represent Nepal at the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2014 Winter Olympics. He only took up skiing three years prior to these Olympics.
In his only event, the 15 kilometre classical, he posted a time of 56 minutes and 47 seconds, which put him in 94th place out of 96 people who finished the race.
See also
Nepal at the 2006 Asian Games
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4029613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Tajikistan at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Tajikistan sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2010. This was the second time Tajikistan had participated in a Winter Olympic Games. The Tajikistani delegation consisted of one alpine skier, Andrei Drygin. He finished 51st in both the super-G and the downhill.
Background
The National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan was first recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1993, and Tajikistan made its Olympic debut at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics. The nation debuted at the Winter Olympic Games in 2002 in Salt Lake City, and was making its second Winter Olympics appearance in Turin. The Tajikistani delegation to Turin consisted of one alpine skier, Andrei Drygin. He was the flag bearer for the opening ceremonywhile Abdugafar Sharipov performed the duties for the closing ceremony. Sharipov was a non-competitor at these Olympics however, he was listed by the IOC as an alpine skier.
Alpine skiing
Andrei Drygin was 28 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. He had previously represented Tajikistan at the 2002 Winter Olympics. According to the official report of these Olympics, he finished last in each of the first two downhill training runs. His performance in the actual race of the downhill, held on 12 February, was better. He finished the race in a time of 1 minute and 59.41 seconds, good for 51st place out of 53 competitors who completed the competition. On 18 February he took part in the super-G, finishing in a time of 1 minute and 37.85 seconds, again finishing 51st, this time out of 56 classified finishers. On 20 February, in the giant slalom, he failed to finish the first run. Drygin would go on to represent Tajikistan again four years later at the Vancouver Olympics.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4029615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veraval | Veraval | Veraval is a municipality and the headquarters of Gir Somnath district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also known for the hub of fishing industries in India.
Geography
Veraval is located at . It has an average elevation of 0 metres (0 feet).
History
Veraval was founded in 13th or 14th century by Rao Veravalji Vadher, a Rajput. Veraval was once a fortified port town of the royal family of Junagadh. It was a part of the Kingdom of Junagadh till 1947 when Junagadh was merged with India. The city still bears some remnants of the old Nawabi heritage, the Nawabi summer palace being among them. There are ruins of the old Nawabi fort and Nawabi Gates in and around the place. The old walls of the port are now ruined, but the impressive Junagadh gate and the Patan gate are still seen, but are in a very bad state.
The Nawabi Palace with Gothic features which is one of the main attractions. It is popularly known as Somnath College (the palace was converted into a college after it was abandoned by the Nawab). At present it is the building of a Sanskrit university. The town is often known as the gateway to the magnificent temple of Somnath and the pilgrimage centres of Prabhas Patan and Bhalkha. Veraval is also the nearest town to the Gir National Park (42 km away).
Before the rise of Surat, Veraval was the major seaport for pilgrims to Mecca. Its importance now is as a fishing port, one of the largest in India. Seafaring dhows and wooden fishing boats are still built by the fishermen without the use of any modern technology. Traditional skills are passed down from father to son.
On 30 March 2021, Veraval - Patan Joint Municipality passed a resolution to change its name from Veraval - Patan Joint Municipality to Somnath Municipality. The final decision will be taken by Home Ministry of India.
Demographics
As of the 2011 India census, Veraval had a population of 153,696. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Veraval has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 53%. In Veraval, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Climate
Veraval has a borderline hot semi-arid (Köppen BSh)/tropical savanna (Aw) climate with very warm to hot temperatures throughout the year. Almost all rainfall occurs during the summer monsoon season from June to September.
People
Veraval has a predominant Gujarati population. Amongst Gujaratis, Karadiya Rajput, Kumbhar Samaj (Prajapati), Jains (Oswal), the Soni (Jewellers, mainly from the clans of Dhakan, Patt, Sagar, etc.), Kharwa, Ahir (Schedule Cast) brahma samaj and the Kolis Patni Jamat, Rajwadi bhois, Hadi, Lohanas, Maleks, Memons, and Raykas. There is also a sizable population Sindhis.
Gujarati and Hindi are the most common languages in the town. Migratory people from other parts of the country also hold a good amount of population in the city.
Industry
Fisheries have always been the main industries in the town and are dominated by the Kharwas (fisherfolk). The fishing is done mostly on traditional boats and trawlers. Veraval also has a large boat making industry. Veraval is home to a large number of fish processing factories in GIDC (Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation) which export prime quality seafood to USA, Japan, SE Asian, Gulf and EU Countries. The seafood-industry which was started through government initiative now is in its prime and many importers are attracted towards Veraval from around the globe. Regional research centers of CIFT and CMFRI situated at Veraval have done Yeoman service in development of fisheries sector in Gujarat.
Veraval also is home to Grasim Industries limited (Unit - Indian Rayon) which is one of India's largest rayon manufacturing companies.
There are various chemical, thread and cement companies around Veraval which provide employment to the local youth. The major ones being Indian Rayon Unit of Grasim industries limited, Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd, Gujarat Siddhee Cement Ltd and Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd.
Patni Jamat, a local inhabitants have flourished as main seafood exporter after the 1990s. They have a very good hold on the fishing business.
Transport
The city has two railway stations namely Veraval Junction and Somnath. is a fairly busy railway junction station for Western Railways and is served by more than 14 pairs of regional and long-distance trains.
Daily (or multiple daily) trains connect it to major cities in Gujarat such as Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Porbandar, Rajkot, Surat and Vadodara.
Daily connections are also available to many other towns in Gujarat such as Keshod, Jetalsar, Gondal, Wankaner, Surendranagar, Viramgam, Nadiad, Anand, Valsad, Vapi, Dahod and Godhra.
Daily long distance trains connect Veraval to several cities in India including Bhopal, Jabalpur, Itarsi, Ratlam, Ujjain, Indore and Mumbai.
Pune, Trivandrum, Kochi, Kollam, Kottayam, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Kannur, Mangalore, Karwar, Madgaon, Ratnagiri and Panvel are some of the cities connected by weekly long distance trains.
The nearest airports are Diu And Rajkot. Daily Flights connect Rajkot and Diu to Mumbai.
Lalit Tribhangi Temple
An important place of pushtimarg founded by shri vallabhacharya mahaprabhuji.
The deity Lalit Tribhangi is a swarup of lord Krishna, bending too much and playing flute.
Somnath Temple
Points of interests
Somnath
Sasan Gir
Prabhas Patan
Bhalka
Triveni Sangam
References
Port cities in India
Cities and towns in Gir Somnath district
Ports and harbours of Gujarat |
4029616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Taipei%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Chinese Taipei at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Chinese Taipei sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. Although the nation is known as Taiwan or the Republic of China, the International Olympic Committee mandates that the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee flag and name is used, and not the flag of Taiwan, as per the Nagoya Resolution. This was Chinese Taipei's seventh time participating in the Winter Olympic Games. The Chinese Taipei delegation consisted of a single athlete, luger Ma Chih-hung. He finished 28th in the men's singles.
Background
Following the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China retained control of only Taiwan island and a few other minor islands. After international recognition shifted to the People's Republic of China in the 1970s and under the People's Republic's One China policy, the only way the Republic of China could participate in international organizations was under a name acceptable to the People's Republic. Nevertheless, the Republic of China was allowed to compete under that name at the 1972 Winter Olympics and the 1976 Winter Olympics. The Republic of China boycotted the Olympics in 1976 and 1980 after not being allowed to compete under the name "Republic of China" Chinese Taipei accepted the Nagoya Resolution in 1981 and first officially participated in the Olympics at the 1984 Winter Olympics. Chinese Taipei has sent delegations to every Winter Olympic Games since, making Turin their seventh appearance at a Winter Olympics. Their delegation to Turin consisted of a single competitor in luge, Ma Chih-hung. He was accompanied to Turin by coaches and teammates to act as logistical support. Ma was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while a volunteer carried the flag for the closing ceremony.
Luge
Ma Chih-hung was 20 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making his debut Olympic appearance. The men's singles was held on 11–12 February, with two runs contested on each day. On the first day, he posted times of 53.939 seconds and 53.605 seconds. At the close of the first day, he was in 31st place. The next day he posted run times of 53.977 seconds and 53.62 seconds. Although he did not finish in the top 30 in any individual run, his consistency across the four runs saw him end up with a total time of 3 minutes and 35.141 seconds, which placed him 28th overall. Ma would go on to represent Chinese Taipei again at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
See also
Chinese Taipei at the 2006 Asian Games
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4029618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20Award%20for%20Best%20Background%20Score | Filmfare Award for Best Background Score | The Filmfare Best Background Score is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films.
Although the awards started in 1954, the Best Background Score category was not introduced until 1998.
Superlatives
Most Awards
A. R. Rahman – 4
Amit Trivedi – 3
Pritam - 2
Sandeep Chowta – 2
Ranjit Barot – 2
Awards
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.
References
See also
Filmfare Award
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Background Score |
4029621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyal%20Publication%20Society | Loyal Publication Society | The Loyal Publication Society was founded in 1863, during a time when the Union Army had suffered many reverses in the Civil War. The purpose of the society was to bolster public support for the Union effort, by disseminating pro-Union news articles and editorials to newspapers around the country.
There were two such societies: the Loyal Publication Society of New York and the Boston-based New England Loyal Publication Society, both founded in early 1863. These two organizations were similar to the Union Leagues that cropped up throughout the North, in that they provided civilians an opportunity to support the war effort. The Union League of Philadelphia was also involved in the development of pro-Union publications.
The founders and members represented the literary and financial elite of Boston and New York. In New York, they included Charles King, president of Columbia University, Sinclair Tousey, president of the American News Company, the publisher George Palmer Putnam, the German-born academic Francis Lieber, and the future vice-president of the United States Levi P. Morton. In Boston, the members included Charles Eliot Norton, the Harvard Professor and prominent cultural critic, John Murray Forbes, a railroad magnate, and James Bradley Thayer, who was to become one of the country's foremost legal scholars.
In their first months, these groups would share the responsibility of reading newspapers to identify particularly useful articles and editorials. They would then contact the editors—before the type had been broken up—and request that additional copies of that particular item be printed. These items would then be distributed to Union soldiers or to newspapers. As the war progressed, the societies began to write and publish their own broadsides, which included contributions from well-known persons such as Robert Dale Owen.
References
Freidel, Frank. "The Loyal Publication Society: A Pro-Union Propaganda Agency." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 26, No. 3. (Dec., 1939), pp. 359–376.
Smith, George Winston. "Broadsides for Freedom: Civil War Propaganda in New England." The New England Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 3. (Sep., 1948), pp. 291–312.
Historiography of the American Civil War
Organizations established in 1863 |
4029622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Harbour%20Cay | Great Harbour Cay | Great Harbour Cay is the major island in the north Berry Islands. It has a population of 353 (2010 census).
The islands are a stirrup-shaped chain of thirty large cays and numerous small cays of about thirty-two miles in length. The islands are located to the south of Great Abaco and about forty miles north-northwest of Nassau.
Berry Island Chain
The Berry Islands' chain has seven miles (11 km) of oceanfront beaches that include isolated enclaves, caverns, and open expanses. Haines Cay has of beaches. At the point of closest approach of Haines, Great Harbour, and Hawksnest, there are of white sand shallows with starfish, sand dollars and other shallow-water creatures.
The island was substantially damaged by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 but has fully recovered since. The hurricane made landfall twice while moving through the Bahamas, crossing Eleuthera with 160 mph (260 km/h) winds and passing through the Berry Islands with sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h).
Development
Great Harbour Cay underwent a period in intense and successful development in the late 1960s when famous persons such as Cary Grant, Douglas Fairbanks, Brigitte Bardot and the Rat Pack vacationed there along with Telly Savalas who had his own landing pad (Kojak) for his helicopter. F. Lee Bailey frequented with his helicopter and spent early morning at the beach hut enjoying a cup of coffee. Francis Shields was rumored to live on the island though never seen even after development slowed and then stopped in the late 1970s. Attempts were made in the late 1970s into the early 1980s to revitalize Great Harbour Cay; but these were overshadowed by drug and weapons traffic in 1983, resident 79-85 source (Book: Drugs, Law Enforcement And Foreign Policy - Report by the Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate), and the island has been quiet since. The recently elected Bahamian government has made an effort to revive the tourism industry, especially on the outer islands, and great progress and interest has been rekindled in the smaller islands.
Combined with the 9-hole golf course designed by Joe Lee and constructed by Golf Force, the full-service marina, and other island attractions of fishing and diving, the island looks set for a surge in development.
Certain actions in recent years, including repaving of the airport and all major roads, have led to increased interest in the island. The planned renovation of the water supply has not occurred, but has not had a major impact due to the large aquifer under the island and the widespread use of wells. There is only a small hotel on the island, catering principally to Bahamians, meaning lodging for tourists is limited to rental townhouses and single-family homes. There has been a rumor of a new hotel yet to be confirmed.
Sugar Beach Hotel
Sugar Beach Hotel, a frequent haunt of the rich and famous, is now deserted. In the late 1970s, the Sugar Beach Hotel was operational as an entertainment facility for cruise ships. Dinghies would bring passengers ashore to listen to a band and dance.
Bullock's Harbour
Access from Great Harbour Cay to Bullocks Harbour was over a manual crank bridge: Bullocks Harbour and Great Harbour are separated by an ocean inlet and tall cliffs. In the late 1970s, there was one building that served as a health facility, post office, and operator-assisted telephone. Across the street, there was an old home converted into a schoolhouse. There was one grocery store with live chickens and two bars known as the Chicken Coop and The Grave Yard. Resident 79-85 source.
Shark Creek
Shark Creek, the southernmost point of the island, is a popular shark fishing spot. A great hammerhead was reputedly caught off the coast near Ag point. The hammerhead in question was long known to be in the area and was documented to be over long. The shark has not been seen nor reported since being tagged in 2002.
Manatees
A female manatee and her mate were discovered in the harbour in December 1999. The manatee was nicknamed 'Manny', and was believed to have strayed from the Florida coast after a tropical storm or hurricane in 1999. A young boy named Michael Morris documented a swim with the manatee on film.
Its mate was rumoured to have spent many months around Great Harbour, but then became solitary once again leaving the female behind, who is believed to have had a calf some time in 2000.
In 2012, rescued manatee were brought from Atlantis to the island, where they quickly were accepted by the already present group.
Dolphins
Dolphins are known to swim by the harbour close to shore from time to time.
Transportation
The island is served by Great Harbour Cay Airport.
References
External links
More Information of Great Harbour Cay
Islands of the Bahamas
Berry Islands |
4029625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give%20Me%20a%20Sign | Give Me a Sign | "Give Me a Sign", or as listed on charts and the single "Give Me a Sign (Forever and Ever)", is a song by American rock band Breaking Benjamin. It was released in January 2010 as the second single from their fourth album Dear Agony.
Release
The song was released as a radio single on January 5, 2010. Upon its release as a single, the song has adopted the extended title, "Give Me a Sign (Forever and Ever)". The song reached number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was far more successful on the Billboard rock charts, reaching number six on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, number nine on the Hot Rock Songs chart, and number 10 on the Alternative Songs chart.
An acoustic version was released by the band on January 13, 2010. The acoustic version was placed on the Japanese import release of Dear Agony.
Along with the singles "Sooner or Later" and "Until the End", "Give Me a Sign" has been released as a downloadable song on Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero through the Breaking Benjamin Track Pack DLC.
Track listing
Music video
On February 17, a music video was put into the planning process. The band shot the video for "Give Me a Sign" with acclaimed director Nigel Dick. While singer Benjamin Burnley said he had not completely divulged the concept, he added an element of suspense by stating that he hoped fans of the band would "recognize and be excited by the inclusion of certain key characters from the band's past". The video premiered on their Myspace page on March 10, which happened to be Benjamin Burnley's 32nd birthday. It is the last Breaking Benjamin video to feature Aaron Fink, Mark Klepaski, and Chad Szeliga.
The music video shows a young woman rushed into a hospital, her fiancé, an old man, and a young child. A man whose face can't be seen comes into their rooms and takes their hands. Each room features artwork from Breaking Benjamin's albums. The young boy's room has a picture of the cover art from Saturate. The old man with the Breaking Benjamin tattoo on his finger is from the cover of We Are Not Alone. The faceless man is the "Evil Angel" from the cover of Phobia, and the song of the same name; and the woman in the hospital bed resembles Jane from "The Diary of Jane" music video. Her room features the MRI scan of Ben's head from the cover of Dear Agony.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Breaking Benjamin songs
2009 songs
2010 singles
Rock ballads
Hollywood Records singles
Songs written by Benjamin Burnley
Music videos directed by Nigel Dick |
4029636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquae%20Flaviae | Aquae Flaviae | Aquae Flaviae (or Aquæ Flaviæ) is the ancient Roman city and former bishopric (now a Latin Catholic titular see) of Chaves, a municipality in the Portuguese district of Vila Real.
History
The northwest peninsular region is an area of hot springs and Roman settlements linked to the exploitation of valuable natural resources.
Aquae Flaviae was the principal municipium civitas in the northwest (from epigraphic findings) implanted in the Trás-os-Montes, on a small hill on the banks of the River Tâmega, in the Roman province of Gallaecia. This was a fertile area, where hot springs abound, in addition to a mining region from which gold is extracted. It is also located in a strategic place between the Roman cities of Bracara and Asturica, as well as the mining districts of Três Minas and Jales, located southwest of the civitates.
Little is known of the urban fabric although there are some important points: an aqueduct supplied water from a reservoir and dam in Abobeleira, there was a theatre/amphitheatre, vestiges of a necropolis and sections of a wall.
With respect to the thermal activity, the lack of archaeological excavations means that little is known as of the alleged ancient Roman baths. Modern excavations have begun to uncover the remains of another Roman baths structure associated with a hot spring in Largo do Arrabalde consisting of large pavement slabs and a block of opus caementicium associated with a thermal spring. These are the first known thermal remains known to be located within Chaves. Further, within the civitates there are many complicated votive epigraphs which seem to relate to thermal worship. There are two inscriptions dedicated to nymphs, a lost inscription dedicated to Tutela and another to Isis, that suggest a thermal cult.
Architecturally, the most notable feature of this city, is the bridge of Trajan over the Tâmega River, whose existence marked a period of exceptional development of the city. Functioning as a crossroads, it controlled the routes to the mining districts. The remains of two epigraphic inscriptions are located on the bridge, commemorating the construction or remodelling by Emperor Trajan, as well as another that aroused various interpretations, the Padrão dos Povos. The Padrão dos Povos mentions the civitates dependant of Aquae Flaviae: Aquiflavienses, Avobrigenses, Bibali, Coelerni, Equaesi, Interamici, Limici, Naebisoci, Querquerni and Tamagani, as well as the Roman Legio VII Gemina Felix legion.
Aquae Flaviae was founded by Rome, although the details of that founding remain obscure. Ptolemy suggests that it was founded in Turodi territory, a theory that has been strengthened by the existence of epigraphic evidence documenting the presence of Turodi.
References
Notes
Sources
Chaves, Portugal
Catholic titular sees in Europe
Roman towns and cities in Portugal
de:Aquae Flaviae
it:Aquae Flaviae |
4029638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Thailand at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Thailand sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was Thailand's second appearance at a Winter Olympic Games after the 2002 Winter Olympics. The Thai delegation consisted of one athlete, cross-country skier Prawat Nagvajara, who finished the 15 kilometre classical in 96th place.
Background
Thailand first joined Olympic competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, and excepting the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics they have participated in every Summer Olympics since. The nation's only prior participation at the Winter Olympics had come four years prior in the Salt Lake City Olympics. The Thai delegation to Turin consisted of a single athlete, cross-county skier Prawat Nagvajara. He had previously been the country's only representative in Salt Lake City. Nagvajara was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony, while a volunteer carried the Thai flag for the closing ceremony.
Cross-country skiing
Prawat Nagvajara, Thailand's lone competitor in Turin, was 47 years old at the time of these Olympics. On 17 February, he finished the men's 15 km classical in a time of 1 hour 7 minutes and 15 seconds. This made him the last of 96 men who finished the race, and he was 29 minutes behind the gold medalist, Andrus Veerpalu of Estonia.
See also
Thailand at the 2006 Asian Games
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4029639 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Charlesworth | Sarah Charlesworth | Sarah Edwards Charlesworth (March 29, 1947 – June 25, 2013) was an American conceptual artist and photographer. She is considered part of The Pictures Generation, a loose-knit group of artists working in New York in the late 1970s and early 1980s, all of whom were concerned with how images shape our everyday lives and society as a whole.
Early life and education
Charlesworth was born in East Orange, New Jersey. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Barnard College in 1969. Her undergraduate thesis project, a work of conceptual art devoid of text, was a 50-print study of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Prior to that she studied under Douglas Huebler at Bradford College. After completing her degree, she studied briefly under the photographer Lisette Model at The New School. After college, she worked as a freelance photographer and became active in downtown Manhattan art circles.
Personal life
Charlesworth had two children with her former husband, filmmaker Amos Poe; Nicholas T. Poe (b. 1985) and Sarah-Lucy C. Poe (b. 1988).
Work
Charlesworth worked in photographic series, but stated in a 1990 interview that she had not really thought of herself as a photographer. She stated, rather, that she viewed her work as investigating questions about the world and her role in it, but realized as of that point that she had been investigating those questions through the medium of photography for the past twelve years.
In 1975, Charlesworth and fellow conceptual artists Michael Corris, Preston Heller, Joseph Kosuth, Andrew Menard, and Mel Ramsden founded The Fox, a magazine dedicated to art theory, but the magazine only remained in publication until 1976. Along with Glenn O'Brien, Betsy Sussler, Liza Bear, and Michael McClard, she co-founded BOMB magazine in 1981. Charlesworth also created the cover art for the very first edition of BOMB magazine.
Charlesworth worked in series, exploring one idea to its conclusion. For a series called Modern History (1977–79), she photographed, at actual size, the front pages of 29 American and Canadian newspapers and blanked out everything except for their photographs and mastheads. For Movie-Television-News-History (1979), a part of the series, Charlesworth selected a specific event – the shooting of American journalist Bill Stewart by the Nicaraguan National Guard – and presented it as it was reported on June 21, 1979, in 27 American newspapers. All images in the final work were printed at the same size as the original newspapers.
In February 1980, Charlesworth created Stills, a series of harrowing, six-and-a-half-foot-tall photographs depicting bodies falling from buildings. When Stills was first shown in 1980 in Tony Shafrazi's East Village apartment, it consisted of seven images. To create the series, Charlesworth scoured news wires and the archives of the New York Public Library for images of people plunging through the air, having jumped out of a windows to commit suicide or because of a catastrophe like fire. After appropriating the photograph, she would crop or tear it, often leaving the edges ragged so that it appeared to be haphazardly torn like a homemade clipping. She would then rephotograph the image and enlarge it. Charlesworth later expanded the series, printing an eighth work from her original source material in 2009 and – as a commission of the Art Institute of Chicago – creating a set of six new ones from the original transparencies that were never printed. Each gelatin silver print was made and mounted to the exact specifications of those she created in 1980.
In her "Objects of Desire" series (1983–1988), Cibachrome prints of appropriated images – typically a cutout picture of a single object, including a gold bowl and a statue of a Buddha – are photographed against bright, laminated monochrome backgrounds that match their lacquered frames.
In the series Renaissance Paintings and Renaissance Drawings (both 1991), Charlesworth combined imagery from disparate Italian Renaissance paintings and drawings to make new, often ironic paintings and drawings.
Charlesworth began to photograph actual objects only in the early 1990s. Her series The Academy of Secrets is Charlesworth's attempt to convey her emotions through using abstracted images of objects that have symbolic associations. She illustrated how the way light falls on objects affects our perceptions of them as the subject of her own 2012 solo exhibition Available Light.
Charlesworth held various teaching positions at New York University, the School of Visual Arts, and Hartford University. Before her death she taught Master Critique in the MFA Photography, Video and Related Media Program and The School of Visual Arts. A major influence on a new generation of artists, including Sara VanDerBeek and Liz Deschenes, she was appointed to the faculty of Princeton University in 2012.
Death
She lived and worked both in New York City and in Falls Village, Connecticut, at the time of her death. Charlesworth died of a brain aneurysm on June 25, 2013, at the age of 66.
Exhibitions
Charlesworth's work was the subject of more than 40 solo exhibitions at venues including the Centre d'art contemporain, Geneva (1977), the Queens Museum of Art, New York (1992), and the Art Institute of Chicago (2014). A 1998 survey organized by SITE Santa Fe in Santa Fe, New Mexico, toured to four additional museums. Her work was included in the Whitney Biennial (1985) and the Venice Biennale (1986). In 1995, she cocurated Somatogenies at New York's Artists Space with fellow artists Cindy Sherman and Laurie Simmons.
Collections
Charlesworth's work is included in the collections of many museums around the world, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art; the Whitney Museum of American Art: the Museum of Modern Art; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Brooklyn Museum; Victoria and Albert Museum, London; Israel Museum; and the National Museum of Women in the Arts, among others. In 2012, the Art Institute of Chicago acquired the complete series (14 photographs) of her over-lifesize series Stills (1980), and in that year as well, the Museum of Modern Art acquired her 27-photo piece Movie-Television-News-History (1979). Her work is also included in many university collections including the Princeton University Art Museum, Yale University Art Gallery and Berkeley Art Museum.
Recognition
Charlesworth received several grants from the National Endowment for the Arts (1976, 1980, 1983) as well as from the New York State Creative Artists Public Service (1977) and the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship Award for Visual Art (1995).
References
External links
Anglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. "Charlesworth, Sarah", LC Control Number nr 98019654, cited February 10, 2006.
Union List of Artists Names, s.v. "Charlesworth, Sarah", cited February 10, 2006.
Sarah Charlesworth profile, Artfacts.Net; accessed October 2, 2014.
1947 births
2013 deaths
American conceptual artists
American women artists
American women photographers
Artists from New Jersey
Barnard College alumni
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Feminist artists
New York University faculty
People from East Orange, New Jersey
School of Visual Arts faculty
University of Hartford faculty
Photographers from New Jersey
Women conceptual artists
American women academics
21st-century American women |
4029645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Pleiger | Paul Pleiger | Paul Pleiger (28 September 1899, in Buchholz, now part of Witten, Westphalia – 22 July 1985, in Hattingen) was a German state adviser and corporate general director.
The miner's son underwent training as an engineer and soon afterwards established himself as a small-scale entrepreneur and machine factory owner. He later created Paul Pleiger Handelsgesellschaft in 1952, specializing in the manufacturing of polyurethane cast elastomers for Bayer's Vulkollan.
Quite early on – the exact date has been lost – he joined the NSDAP. For the Party, Pleiger functioned as a Gau economic adviser in the Gau of Westphalia-South (Westfalen-Süd), before he was summoned to the Raw Materials Office in Berlin in 1934.
In 1937, Hermann Göring transferred to Pleiger the management of the Reichswerke AG für Erzbergbau und Eisenhütten "Hermann Göring", commonly known as the Reichswerke Hermann GörIng, an industrial establishment dealing in ore mining and iron, which was huge but unprofitable, but nevertheless deemed necessary to further Germany's growth and power. In 1941, Pleiger became Reich commissioner for Nazi Germany's coal supply, and in 1942 "Reich Commissioner for the Whole Economy of the East".
In the Ministries Trial at Nuremberg, Pleiger was convicted and sentenced to 15 years in prison in 1949. He was released from prison in 1951. One of his lawyers was Robert Servatius, who had defended Fritz Sauckel in the Nuremberg trials of the main war criminals, Karl Brandt in the Doctors' trial and later also Adolf Eichmann.
As General Director of the Hermann Göring Reich Works, Pleiger was one of the Third Reich's most influential economic functionaries and state entrepreneurs. As Reich Commissioner for the Eastern Economy, along with his position at the Göring Works, he was jointly responsible for the exploitation of people and material from Nazi-occupied lands.
After his retirement from the company he founded, operations continued under the direction of his son Dr. Paul Pleiger, Jr., who died in an automobile accident in 1983. His company would later see expansions to South Korea, Germany, and the United States.
See also
Ministries Trial
References
1899 births
1985 deaths
People from Witten
People from the Province of Westphalia
Nazi Party politicians
Nazi Party officials
Sturmabteilung personnel
People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
German prisoners and detainees
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross |
4029650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Diario%20La%20Prensa | El Diario La Prensa | El Diario Nueva York is the largest and the oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States. Published by ImpreMedia, the paper covers local, national and international news with an emphasis on Latin America, as well as human-interest stories, politics, business and technology, health, entertainment, and sports. El Diario Nueva York currently has 294,769 daily readers and 676,570 unique readers each week. Online, it reaches over 5 million users monthly, and it has more than 800,000 followers in social networks.
The paper's offices are located on the 7th floor of 15 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, New York City.
History
The newspaper was created in 1963 through the merger of El Diario de Nueva York (established 1947) and La Prensa (established as a weekly in 1913 by Rafael Viera and converted into a daily in 1918 when acquired by José Camprubí) when both were purchased by O. Roy Chalk. In 1981, Chalk sold the newspaper to Gannett Company, in a deal valued at $10 million.
The paper's publisher, Carlos D. Ramirez, and his investment group El Diario Associates, purchased the paper in 1989 from Gannett for a price just over $20 million. The paper had been unprofitable for two or three years and circulation had declined from a peak of 80,000 to under 70,000. With the addition of new technology and improved journalism, Ramirez was able to increase circulation to 68,000 by the time of his death in 1999 and to return the paper to profitability. Under his leadership, the paper won as Best Hispanic Daily from the National Hispanic Publishers Association.
El Diario Associates joined in 1995 with Latin Communications Group, a firm that operates 18 radio stations, with Ramirez running the business's print division and serving on the board.
El Diario Nueva York merged with the Los Angeles-based La Opinión in 2004 to form ImpreMedia. La Opinión is the largest Spanish-language newspaper publisher in the United States.
The newspaper has won many awards from the National Association of Hispanic Publications. In 2005, its awards included first place for editorial writing, political and cultural reporting, and feature writing.
El Diario's chief competitor is Hoy, a Spanish-language daily with 180,000 readers in New York. However, on February 12, 2007, ImpreMedia announced its purchase of the Hoy New York edition from the Tribune Company.
In 2010, long-term journalist Vicky Peláez, whose writings were critical of United States foreign policy and supportive of Latin American leaders Hugo Chavez and Fidel Castro, was arrested for working for Russia. The "Illegals Program" was a part of Russian influence operations.
In 2013, it celebrated its 100 years with a party at Grand Central Station in New York City.
In 2020, it was recognized as the Best Hispanic Newspaper with the Gold Award as Outstanding Hispanic Daily in the United States, the highest achievement of the José Martí Awards given by the National Association of Hispanic Publications (NAHP) during their annual convention.
See also
Media of New York City
List of Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States
El Especialito
References
External links
El Diario's website
Finding aid to the El Diario/La Prensa Photograph Morgue, circa 1970-2006 at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY
D
D
D
Daily newspapers published in New York City |
4029655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakatsuki%20%28surname%29 | Wakatsuki (surname) | Wakatsuki (若槻 or 若月) is a Japanese surname.
People with the name include:
, Japanese baseball player
Wakatsuki Reijirō (1866–1949), 25th and 28th Prime Minister of Japan
Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, author of Farewell to Manzanar
Chinatsu Wakatsuki, singer
Japanese-language surnames |
4029663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao%20Sonag | Rao Sonag | Rao Sonag was a rajput belonging to the Rathore clan. His father was Rao Sheoji and his mother hailed from the Chavda clan of rajputs.
Sonag was a brother of Rao Asthan, ruler of Kheda. The two brothers together conquered the town of Idar and Sonag settled there. Consequently, his male-line descendants are known as "Idariya Rathores."
References
Maheca Rathaurom ka mula itihasa: Ravala Mallinatha ke vamsaja - Maheca, Baramera, Pokarana, Kotariya aura Khavariya Rathaurom ka sodhapurna itihasa by Dr. Hukam Singh Bhati. Publisher: Ratan Prakashan, Jodhpur (1990)''
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Rajput rulers |
4029669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20de%20los%20Tuxtlas | Sierra de los Tuxtlas | The Sierra de Los Tuxtlas (Tuxtlas Mountains) are a volcanic belt and mountain range along the southeastern Veracruz Gulf coast in Eastern Mexico. The Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (Biósfera Los Tuxtlas) includes the coastal and higher elevations of the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas.
The volcanic mountains were used as a basalt source by the Olmec culture during the Early Formative period (1500 BCE to about 400 BCE). Quarried basalt was transported by raft through a network of rivers, to sites in the Olmec heartland for use in creating monuments, including colossal heads.
Geography
Peaks in this range include Volcano Santa Marta and Volcano San Martín Tuxtla, both rising above 1,700 meters. San Martín Tuxtla is the only recently active volcano in the belt, erupting in 1664 and again in May 1793. It is a broad alkaline shield volcano with a one kilometer wide summit. Hundreds of smaller cinder cones are prevalent throughout the Sierra.
Other, extinct volcanoes include San Martin Pajapan (1,160 meters) and Cerro El Vigia (800 meters).
The Sierra de Los Tuxtlas volcanoes are an insular anomaly. The volcanoes are separated from the nearest volcano in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt to the west by about 150 miles (250 km), and from the Central American Volcanic Belt to the southeast by almost 200 miles (330 km).
Natural history
The upper flanks of the San Martin Tuxtla and Santa Marta volcanoes are covered with the Neotropical Sierra de los Tuxtlas tropical rainforest ecoregion, of the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome. The lower portions are covered with stunted pastures and grasslands.
The Tuxtla quail-dove (Zentrygon carrikeri) is endemic to the ecoregion.
Volcan San Martin rainfrog, Craugastor vulcani, is an endangered frog endemic to rain and cloud forests of Sierra de los Tuxtlas. The area is also home to an endemic species of giant scarab beetle, Dynastes moroni, described in 2005.
See also
List of ecoregions in Mexico
References
(in Spanish)
External links
Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve
Los Tuxtlas Guide
Tuxtlas
Landforms of Veracruz
Ecoregions of Mexico
Neotropical tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Geography of Mesoamerica
Volcanic belts
Volcanism of Mexico
Important Bird Areas of Mexico |
4029678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Shore%20Lions | North Shore Lions | The North Shore Lions football organization is currently a member of the QBFL (Quebec Bantam Football League) operating in the West Island of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. This storied organization was founded in 1967 when the local teams were struggling to find talented kids to play football. Since 1967, this organization has taken part in 35+ provincial championship games and won 37 of them.
About North Shore football
The North Shore Football League plays host to teams for children aged 6–13. The different age groups are Atom (6-9 year olds), Mosquito (10-11 year olds), PeeWee (12-13 year olds), Bantam (14-15 year olds) and Midget (16-17 year olds). The first three (Atom, Mosquito and PeeWee) are hosted through a series of parks. The Bantam Lions play in Quebec Bantam Football League's (QBFL) Bill Allan division which is the Bantam AAA first division. The Midget Mustangs play in Quebec Midget Football League's (QMFL) Bruno Heppell division which is the Midget AAA division.
Team history
In the early to mid-1960s, the North Shore Football League was still in its infancy and at the time there were four bantam teams that played amongst themselves in a house-league system. The names that were chosen for these teams were taken from the western teams in the CFL. These were the Eskimos, Stampeders, Bombers, and Lions, who, at the time, were playing their home games at Rive Boisée park. As it was becoming increasingly difficult to find enough players to make four bantam teams, a decision was made in 1966 to disband the four-team system and to create one elite team that was going to compete the following year at the inter-city level in the fledgling Metropolitan Bantam Football League (MBFL). They still needed to come up with a name for the team so it was decided that whichever of the four existing teams won what would be the last North Shore championship that year, their name would be used for the new inter-city team that was to begin competing the following year in 1967. As it happened, the Lions won that last championship and this was the creation of the team that we now know today.
In their inaugural season, under the guidance of their first head coach, Ron Hutchison, they began what was to become a winning streak of 42 straight games without a loss and their first of many provincial championship titles. In 1980, the MBFL fell into the jurisdiction of the Quebec Amateur Football Federation (QAFF) and changed to what we now know as the Quebec Bantam Football League (QBFL). The original MBFL championship trophy was retired and was presented by Bill Allan, then president of the MBFL and founding father of the North Shore Football League, to the Lions for having won the most championships during the time the MBFL existed.
External links
North Shore Lions
Canadian football teams in Montreal
Canadian Junior Football League teams
West Island
Sports clubs established in 1967
1967 establishments in Quebec |
4029685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Quebec%20City | History of Quebec City | The history of Quebec City extends back thousands of years, with its first inhabitants being the First Nations peoples of the region. The arrival of French explorers in the 16th century eventually led to the establishment of Quebec City, in present-day Quebec, Canada. The city is one of the oldest European settlements in North America, with the establishment of a permanent trading post in 1608.
French rule
French explorer Jacques Cartier was the first European to ascend the St. Lawrence Gulf, claiming "Canada" for France (and the coming addition of a newly founded "Acadie" – known today as the Province of Nova Scotia) to create a dominion known as New France.
Cartier and his crew first visited in the 1535 an Iroquois settlement of 500 persons called Stadacona, in a site located in present-day Quebec City. He came back in 1541 with some 400 persons to establish Fort Charlesbourg-Royal, the earliest known French settlement in North America (whose site is located in the former town of Cap-Rouge, which merged into Quebec City in 2002). The fort was abandoned a year later in large part due to the hostility of the natives combined with the harsh winter.
After 1543 there were still fur trading activities in the area but it was only 60 years later, on 3 July 1608, that Quebec City (intended as a permanent trading post) was established, on the top and on the foot of Cape Diamant by Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua de Mons. By the time Champlain came to this site, the Iroquois population had disappeared and been replaced by Innu and Algonquins. Champlain and his crew built a wooden fort which they called "l'habitation" within only a few days of their arrival.
One of the strategic advantage of the site was its relative isolation from the competition of other traders active downstream in the Gulf area, as well as its promontory from which could be observed any vessel going further upstream into the continent The word "Kebec" is an Algonquin word meaning "where the river narrows." In 1620, Champlain built Fort Saint-Louis on the top of Cape Diamond, near the present location of the Chateau Frontenac. The town was briefly taken by English troops during the surrender of Quebec, from 1629 to 1632, after which it was returned to France. When the French returned, they noticed that most buildings had been destroyed. The reconstruction started a year later, and Charles de Montmagny, the first governor, was eventually dispatched in the town to oversee the development of the colony
Demographics and population
After the settlement of Port Royal in Acadia (1605), the next colonization effort by the French occurred in 1608. Samuel de Champlain built "l'Habitation" to house 28 people. However, the first winter proved formidable, and 20 of 28 men died. By 1615, the first four missionaries arrived in Quebec. Among the first successful French settlers were Marie Rollet and her husband, Louis Hébert, credited as "les premier agriculteurs du Canada" by 1617. The first French child born in Quebec was Helene Desportes, in 1620, to Pierre Desportes and Francoise Langlois, whose father was a member of the Hundred Associates.
The population of Quebec City arrived at 100 in 1627, less than a dozen of whom were women. However, with the invasion of Quebec by David Kirke and his brothers in 1628, Champlain returned to France with approximately 60 out of 80 settlers. When the French returned to Quebec in 1632, they constructed a city based on the framework of a traditional French "ville" in which "the 17th century city was a reflection of its society."
Quebec remained an outpost until well into the 1650s. As in other locations throughout New France, the population could be split into the colonial elites, including clergy and government officials, the craftsmen and artisans, and the engagés (indentured servants). Quebec was designed so that the inhabitants of better quality lived in the upper city, closer to the centres of power such as the government and Jesuit college, whereas the lower town was primarily populated by merchants, sailors and artisans. The city contained only about thirty homes in 1650, and one hundred by 1663, for a population of over 500.
Jean Bourdon, the first engineer and surveyor of New France, helped plan the city, almost from his arrival in 1634. However, despite attempts to utilize urban planning, the city quickly outgrew its planned area. Population continually increased, with the city boasting 1300 inhabitants by 1681. The city quickly experienced overcrowding, especially in the lower town, which contained two-thirds of the population of the city by 1700. The numbers became more evenly distributed by 1744, with the lower town housing only a third of the population, and the upper town containing almost half the inhabitants.
By the 18th century, Quebec also saw a rise in the number of rental dwellings, to help accommodate a mobile population of seamen, sailors, and merchants, aptly described by historian Yvon Desloges as "a town of tenants." Thus, Quebec followed a pattern common throughout New France, of immigrants arriving for several years, before returning home to France. As a whole, approximately 27,000 immigrants came to New France during the French regime, only 31.6% of whom remained. Despite this, by the time of British occupation in 1759, New France had evolved to a colony of over 60,000 with Quebec as the principal city.
Military and warfare
In 1620, the construction of a wooden fort called Fort Saint-Louis started under the orders of Samuel de Champlain; it was completed in 1626. In 1629, the Kirke brothers under English order took control of Quebec City, holding the town until 1632 when the French resumed possession. In 1662, to save the colony from frequent Iroquois attacks during the Beaver Wars, Louis XIV dispatched one hundred regulars to the colony. Three years later, in 1665, Lieuitenant-General de Tracy arrived at Quebec City with four companies of regular troops. Before long, troop strength had risen to 1,300. In 1690, Admiral Phipps' Anglo-American invasion force failed to capture Quebec City during King William's War. Under heavy French artillery fire, the English fleet was considerably damaged and an open battle never took place. After having used most of their ammunition, the English became discouraged and retreated. In 1691, Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac constructed the Royal Battery.
In 1711, during Queen Anne's War, Admiral Walker's fleet also failed in its attempt to besiege Quebec City, in this case due to a navigational accident. Walker's initial report stated that 884 soldiers perished. This number was later revised to 740.
During the Seven Years' War, in 1759, the British, under the command of General James Wolfe, besieged Quebec City for three months. The city was defended by French general the Marquis de Montcalm. The very short battle of the Plains of Abraham lasted approximately 15 minutes and culminated in a British victory and the surrender of Quebec.
Seat of government
Quebec City served as the hub of religious and government authority throughout the French period. From 1608 until 1663, Quebec City was the main administrative centre of the Company of New France (see Company of One Hundred Associates). During this period, Quebec City was the home of the company's official representative, the Governor, along with his lieutenant and other administrative officials, and small number of soldiers.
Following the Royal Takeover of 1663 by King Louis XIV and his minister Jean Baptiste Colbert, Quebec City became the seat of a reformed colonial government which included the Governor General of New France, responsible for military and diplomatic matters, and an intendant responsible for administrative functions involving law and finance. Both the governor and the intendant were directly answerable to the Minister of the Navy (Ministres Francais de la Marine et des Colonies) and were appointed by the king of France. The first Governor to arrive in Quebec City directly appointed by the King was Augustin de Saffray de Mésy in 1663.
Moreover, Quebec City became the seat of Sovereign Council which served legislative and legal functions in the colony through its role in the ratification of royal edicts and as final court of appeal. The Council contained the twin heads of the colonial government: the governor and the intendant (also the chair), along with the bishop of Quebec. Moreover, the council contained a number of colonial elites, usually merchants from Quebec City. Noteworthy is the fact that, under the French regime, Quebec did not have a municipal government; the centralizing Bourbon monarchy was determined to prevent the emergence of autonomous centres of power in the colony, even local city councils.
Furthermore, Quebec City was also the focal point of religious authority in New France and had been since the arrival of the first Recollets missionaries in the city in 1615. Working closely with the State, the Church ensured that the colony remained a well regulated Catholic colony. Quebec City became seat of the bishop in the colony upon the creation of the diocese of Quebec in 1674, with François de Laval as the first bishop.
Moreover, Quebec City was home to the Seminaire de Quebec, founded by Laval in 1663 when he was Vicar apostolic before becoming bishop. Laval's experience in the role of Vicar Apostolic highlights the complex nature of relationship between Church and State in New France; while allied with the authority of Rome and the Jesuits on account of his position as Vicar Apostolic, Laval also required the approval from a royal government suspicious of Papal power.
Although the State and Church based in Quebec City worked closely together, the dominance of the Crown was retained through the responsibility of the Crown of nominating of the bishop and of supplying a large portion of Church funds.
Economics
As Quebec was settled for its location on the St. Lawrence River with a deep-water harbor, shipping and import/exports dominated the economy. As a port city, Quebec ran a flourishing trade with the French West Indies and with ports in France. However, trade was restricted to French vessels only trading in officially French ports. In trade with France, Quebec received wine, textiles and cloth, metal products such as guns and knives, salt, and other small consumer and luxury goods not manufactured in the colony. From the French West Indies, Quebec received sugar, molasses, and coffee. In order to offset its debts, Quebec City exported furs to France, as well as lumber and fish to the West Indies. From 1612 to 1638, 15–20,000 beaver pelts were shipped to France, valued at 75,000 livres. The peace experienced in the early 1720s caused a spike in shipping, with 20 to 80 ships arriving annually at the port of Quebec, with an average of 40 a year. However, Quebec was constantly faced with a trade imbalance, debt, and a certain amount of financial insecurity. As with other colonial societies, there was little hard money throughout the colony. To merchants in Quebec, such a situation proved a particular challenge, as they lacked hard specie, or currency, with which to trade. At one point, the colony began the use of playing cards as money in order to reimburse soldiers and other government employees for services rendered when shipments of hard currency failed to arrive. Contentions that the residents of Quebec were poor merchants have, in recent years, been refuted, as historians describe a sharp business acumen, severely circumscribed by a lack of finances and excessive distance from external markets.
Religion
The Catholic faith played a significant role in the settling and development of Quebec City. With the first missionaries arriving in 1615, Quebec was, almost from its founding, a Catholic city. Although those of other faiths were permitted to practice their faith in private, the city embraced Catholicism as an integral part of daily life. The Recollets were the first religious order to arrive in 1615, followed by the Jesuits in 1625, who would found a college in Quebec City by 1635. Female religious orders arrived by 1639, with the Ursulines providing education, and the Augustinians servicing the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. The granting of seigneuries to religious orders helped solidify their place as a facet of society. Indeed, much of the upper town of Quebec came to be held by religious orders.
The arrival of Francois de Laval as the vicar apostolic to Quebec in 1658 cemented the place of religion in Quebec City. The city would become a formal parish in 1664, and a diocese by 1674. The Catholic faith not only played a large role in the government and legislation, but also in the social lives of residents. As Quebec City was the seat of religion throughout New France, inhabitants followed the strict schedule of fasting, holy days, and celebrating sacraments, in addition to the censorship of books, dancing, and theatre. After the English invasion of Quebec, the residents were permitted to continue practicing Catholicism under the Act of Quebec in 1774.
British rule
The British and French had co-existed in North America, but the threat of French expansion into the Ohio Valley caused the British to attempt to eradicate New France from the map completely. In the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759), the city was permanently lost by the French. In 1763, France formally ceded its claims to le Canada, and Quebec City's French-speaking Catholic population came under the rule of Protestant Britain.
The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allowed 'les Canadiens' (today, also referred to as the Québécois) to have religious and linguistic freedoms, to openly practice their Catholicism and use their French. The Canadiens were therefore not unhappy enough with British rule to choose to participate in the American Revolution. Without Canadian cooperation against the British, the 13 colonies instead attempted to invade Canada. The city was therefore once again under siege when the Battle of Quebec occurred in 1775. The initial attack was a failure due to American inexperience with the extreme cold temperatures of the city in December. Benedict Arnold refused to accept the defeat in the Battle of Quebec and a siege against the city continued until May 6, 1776, when the American army finally retreated.
The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided Canada into an "Upper", English-speaking colony, and a "Lower", French-speaking colony. Quebec City was made the capital of Lower Canada and enjoyed more self-rule following the passage of this act. The city's industry began to grow, and by the early 19th century it was the third largest port city in North America. Lumber was the largest export of the city at this time. The business boom continued for most of the century and Quebec City began welcoming thousands of immigrants.
20th century
In 1917, the construction of the Quebec Bridge, connecting the north and south banks of the St. Lawrence River, was finished. To this day, it is the longest cantilever bridge in the world, though two collapses of the centre of the bridge during construction cost over 80 workers their lives.
During World War II, two Allied Forces conferences were held in the city. The first, held in 1943, assembled Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the United States of America; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada and T. V. Soong, Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs. The second conference was held in 1944 and Churchill and Roosevelt participated. The conferences were held at the Citadel and nearby Château Frontenac.
Modern Quebec City
In 1984, Opération Nez rouge was founded in Quebec City. It has been imitated in many European countries.
In April 2001, Quebec City played host to the Summit of the Americas where the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was discussed. This conference was expected to be filled with confrontations between the police and anti-globalization groups, which meant that the location of walled Quebec City was vital for security reasons.
On January 1, 2002, surrounding towns were incorporated into the existing city. The "New Quebec city" includes 11 former municipalities: Sainte-Foy, Beauport, Charlesbourg, Sillery, Loretteville, Val-Bélair, Cap-Rouge, Saint-Émile, Vanier, and Lac-Saint-Charles, in addition to the original Quebec City.
In 2005, Capitale-Nationale played host to a major world sporting event, the World Police and Fire Games, which was a success for the city, with as many as 11,000 athletes and 14,000 persons accompanying them, making 25,000 persons in total. The city also experienced higher than average temperatures with an average of 30 degrees Celsius.
See also
History of Quebec
List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec City
Timeline of Quebec City history
References
Bibliography |
4029693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20foramen | Mental foramen | The mental foramen is one of two foramina (openings) located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It is part of the mandibular canal. It transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and the mental vessels.
Structure
The mental foramen is located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It is directly below the commisure of the lips, and the tendon of depressor labii inferioris muscle. It is at the end of the mandibular canal, which begins at the mandibular foramen on the posterior surface of the mandible. It transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve (the mental nerve), the mental artery, and the mental vein.
Variation
The mental foramen descends slightly in toothless individuals.
The mental foramen is in line with the longitudinal axis of the 2nd premolar in 63% of people. It generally lies at the level of the vestibular fornix and about a finger's breadth above the inferior border of the mandible.
In the general population, 17% of mandibles have an additional mental foramen or foramina on at least one side, while 4% of the mandibles show multiple mental foramina on both sides. Most are unequal in size, often with a single large foramen while any others are smaller. An incisive mental foramen is observed in 1% of the side of the mandible.
Clinical significance
The mental nerve may be anaesthetized as it leaves the mental foramen. This causes loss of sensation to the lower lip and chin on the same side.
Additional images
See also
Mandibular foramen
References
External links
()
Diagram at uni-mainz.de
Foramina of the skull |
4029695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge%20railways%20in%20Saxony | Narrow-gauge railways in Saxony | The narrow-gauge railways in Saxony were once the largest single-operator narrow-gauge railway network in Germany. In Saxony, the network peaked shortly after World War I with over of tracks. At first, it was primarily created to connect the small towns and villages in Saxony – which had formed a viable industry in the 19th century – to already established standard-gauge railways. But even shortly after 1900, some of the railways would become important for tourism in the area.
History
Beginnings
Around 1875, the Royal Saxon State railway network, unlike other states in Germany, had already expanded to cover most of the territory of Saxony. Due to the mountainous terrain, any further expansion was met with a disproportional cost increase. In order to keep costs down, most new track projects were then planned and executed as branch lines, with smaller radii for curves, simpler operating rules and unsupervised stations and yards as the primary means to save costs. However, to connect the small towns and villages in the deep and narrow Ore Mountain valleys with their diverse industry, standard-gauge tracks were only feasible with an enormous amount of technical and financial investment. Therefore, the directorate of the Royal Saxon State Railways, given the example of the existing Bröl Valley Railway and Upper Silesian Railway, decided in favor of narrow-gauge railways.
The first narrow-gauge railway in Saxony opened in 1881 between Wilkau-Haßlau and Kirchberg. In addition, the Weißeritztalbahn and the Mügeln railway network were already under construction. Many additional narrow-gauge railways, such as the Thumer Netz, were built in short order, almost all of them using a standardized track gauge. In the meantime, standard-gauge projects in Saxony were scaled back to tracks that connected already existing standard-gauge railways, or where the transfer of goods between the standard and narrow tracks was not feasible or profitable.
Expansion before World War I
Within 20 years, the Saxon narrow-gauge railway network had almost reached its final size. After 1900, only few additional railways were added. Most were just additions to existing lines that brought operational advantages.
Although the narrow-gauge network made very little profit, it was very important for the industrial development of Saxony. Without the narrow-gauge tracks – that permitted industrial sidings to small companies in narrow and steep valleys – an industrial development in the poor Ore Mountain area of Saxony would have hardly been possible.
However, it was soon evident that the narrow-gauge railways were not always up to task for all cargo demands. Mainly, the transloading of freight between the breaks of gauge was time-consuming and expensive. To avoid additional cargo handling on the Dresden-Klotzsche–Königsbrück line, a container system was tested ("Umsetzkästen") in which the whole cargo box of a freight car was transferred between standard and narrow-gauge frames. Since this railway was converted to standard gauge shortly after, the tests were abandoned. Instead, roll-block traffic was now favored. However, it was soon evident that piggy-backing standard-gauge freight cars onto the narrow-gauge tracks did not meet the initial goals of operating the narrow-gauge railways on a very small budget: The railways needed large investments to reinforce the tracks, increase the structure gauge to accommodate a larger loading gauge and to acquire stronger steam locomotives.
Between world wars
Rail network expansion came to a halt on the outbreak of World War I; only projects on which work had already begun, such as the extension of Müglitz Valley Railway and the Klingenberg-Colmnitz–Oberdittmannsdorf Railway, were completed. The Pöbel Valley Railway was stopped, and later abandoned altogether.
In the 1920s, most Saxon narrow-gauge railways experienced a first crisis. Even though cargo and passenger traffic was up, the cost exceeded the operational income. Reason was foremost the 1920s German inflation as well as higher cost for the personnel. In addition, the Reichspost had started a bus service, which for marginally higher cost was faster and hence was drawing passengers away from the railway. The Deutsche Reichsbahn tried to counter that trend with more modern passenger cars, higher-powered locomotives and more trains. Some railways were planned to be converted to standard gauge, but only the Müglitz Valley Railway was converted in 1938. In the 1930s, a few of the railways were scheduled to end their service, but this did not happen until much later.
Starting in 1928, there were a large number of technical and equipment upgrades. The rail network acquired higher capacity, four-axle bogie passenger cars with steam heating and electrical lighting, which brought passenger comfort up to par with standard gauge. Vacuum brakes and Scharfenberg couplers were introduced across the board, and superheated locomotives like the Saxon VI K were brought into service.
A severe flood in July 1927 affected many of the railways in Saxony, especially the Müglitz Valley Railway tracks, which were destroyed to a large degree. They were rebuilt soon afterwards.
In the 1930s, more improvements were made to the railways. Modern signal towers were built for the Zittau–Oybin–Jonsdorf railway and the Weißeritztalbahn. The Kipsdorf and Oberwiesenthal stations were rebuilt and extended; the Weißeritztalbahn and the Fichtelberg Railway could now accommodate over-length trains with up to 56 axles.
Technical development stagnated during World War II. More and more personnel was drafted into the Wehrmacht, and the railways were maintained less and less. At the same time, the cargo volume rose in support of the war effort. The railways were not directly affected by military action, but with the fronts drawing near in April and May 1945, the railways ceased operations.
After World War II
After the unconditional surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945, operations of the Saxon narrow-gauge railways started back up in relative short time. Problems were primarily caused by the relatively desolate condition of the rolling stock, which was compounded by the largely destroyed Ausbesserungswerk in Chemnitz no longer being in a position to repair narrow-gauge locomotives. As an example, this caused service of the Schwarzbach Railway to be interrupted whenever the only operational locomotive was in need of repair. This situation grew worse as part of the more modern and powerful rolling stock had to be surrendered to the Soviet Union as war reparations. Two railways in Upper Lusatia, the Herrnhut–Bernstadt Railway and the Taubenheim–Dürrhennersdorf Railway, were completely dismantled in 1945 and – as war reparations – shipped east. In addition, traffic increased enormously for some railways in the Ore Mountains when the SDAG Wismut started mining uranium and thousands of miners required transportation on shift change.
Overall, the transport volume was still well below the levels of the 1930s, because of the lack of locomotives. In May 1947, 467 out of a total of 521 passenger cars were parked and not needed. This only changed after the new Neubaulokomotive DR Class 99.77-79 was put into service in 1953, and the transport volume reached the 1930s levels again. It would not last long, as history repeated itself when newly created bus services again drew passengers from the railway. Trucks did the same for the cargo volume.
Service termination in the 1960s
With the beginning of the 1960s, the situation for the narrow-gauge railways grew worse. Due to lack of maintenance since World War II, most tracks were in a dire state of repair, as only small sections of the tracks had been rebuilt on the more important railways. In addition, a part of the rolling stock, especially the Saxon IV K locomotives, were then at the end of their service life. Due to a lack of alternatives, the Ausbesserungswerk in Görlitz started the reconstruction (literally) of the Saxon IV K and Saxon VI K locomotives.
However, a fundamental decision of the faith of the narrow-gauge railways had to be made. In 1963 and 1964, the government of East Germany conducted an efficiency study. This study found that only if a complete overhaul of the tracks and rolling stock were to take place would it make sense to keep the narrow-gauge railways operational. It concluded that due to a lack of resources to rebuild the tracks and lack of capacity to construct and build new diesel locomotives, the closing of the narrow-gauge railways was not just a technical, but primarily an economic requirement. On 14 May 1964 the Ministerrat decided that all narrow-gauge railways of East Germany were to cease operations by 1975. This shutdown program first started relatively slowly, since neither buses nor trucks were available in the required quantities.
The first railways were shut down in 1966 and 1967, with some of the last train runs having country fair character. By 1970, protests started against the shutdown of the Bimmelbahn railways, with the result that no or only very short official notice was given when a rail section was shut down and there were no more celebrations. Partly due to the protests, in 1974 a decision was made to keep a total of seven narrow-gauge railways in East Germany as tourist and heritage railways. For Saxony, they were:
Fichtelberg Railway: Cranzahl–Oberwiesenthal
Radebeul–Radeburg railway: Radebeul-East–Moritzburg–Radeburg
Weißeritztalbahn: Freital-Hainsberg–Kipsdorf
Zittauer railway: Zittau–Oybin/Jonsdorf
Development since 1975
By the beginning of 1975 – the year of the planned shutdown – there were still six narrow-gauge railways in operation in Saxony. The Thum–Meinersdorf section of the Thumer Netz still had cargo service, and a part of the Wilkau-Haßlau–Carlsfeld Railway was still operational. Two small tracks were used as industrial siding for paper mills. The condition of the rolling stock was good, since the shutdown of other railways freed up additional rolling stock. However, the tracks were in disrepair and required many slow zones. The remaining operations at the Thumer Netz ceased at the end of 1975, and passenger service was also terminated between Oschatz and Mügeln.
At the four railways that were to be kept, the necessary repairs and renewal of tracks and rolling stock made only slow progress. By 1977 the first modernized passenger car – the so-called REKO car – was put into service. The reconstruction of the remaining cars was progressing slowly, by the end of the 1980s only half of the existing passenger cars were updated.
A complete change in direction came in 1981, when the Soviet Union cut their oil exports to East Germany. With oil (and hence diesel) in high demand, the direction was changed to move all freight and passenger transports back to rail service. In addition, any planned railway service terminations of the DR were scrutinized, and – as a first reaction – it was decided to keep the railway between Oschatz and Mügeln of the Mügeln railway network. The tracks of this segment were rebuilt by 1984. However, the Pressnitz Valley Railway was still to be dismantled, and in 1986 operations ceased.
Until 1989, about one-half of the still existing tracks had been rebuilt. By 1987, the last of the rolling stock with Heberlein brakes was retired – after more than 100 years in service – since the shutdown of the Pressnitz Valley Railway freed enough rolling stock with vacuum brakes. By 1989, almost all Saxon rolling stock was converted to air brakes. By the end of the 1980s, the first Einheitslokomotiven and Neubaulokomotiven were retired due to frame and boiler damage. As a replacement of the aging fleet of steam locomotives, the DR in 1989 announced plans to import diesel locomotives from Romania by 1995.
New beginnings after 1990
The German reunification in 1990 placed the narrow-gauge railways in Saxony, which were at that point still operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn, into a new situation. A working group was tasked to find answers on how to operate the railways under the new conditions.
Without government regulations holding them back, a group of enthusiasts formed in 1990, with the goal of rebuilding the upper part of the Pressnitz Valley Railway as fast as possible. Smiled upon at first, the group indeed managed to get segments of the railway operational, and within a few years, a recognized heritage railway had been created.
By 1992, the direction was to either privatize or abandon the narrow-gauge railways. A first victim was the Oschatz–Kemmlitz railway. Only the intervention of citizen groups and local government saved the railway, which was privatized as Döllnitzbahn. For all other narrow-gauge railways, freight service was terminated.
In the mid-1990s, the government of Saxony started to discuss concepts for the conservation of the narrow-gauge railways in the state. At first, the idea was to have an organization owned by the state of Saxony operating the railways; this concept was shelved. Instead, a privatization led by municipalities and their districts was the preferred solution. This was first put into practice in the district of Zittau, which at the end of 1996 together with track-side municipalities took over operations of the Zittau–Oybin–Jonsdorf railway. For the 100 year anniversary of the Fichtelberg Railway in 1997, a fest week was organized, which was unlike any other event involving narrow-gauge railways in Germany. With the success of that celebration, local politicians and Deutsche Bahn manager started to think in a new direction, and the local district and communities took over operations of this railway as well. In addition, the Deutsche Bahn decided to keep the two narrow-gauge railways near Dresden operational.
The current railway companies for the remaining narrow-gauge railways in Saxony are the Saxon Steam Railway Company, the Saxon Oberlausitz Railway Company and the Döllnitzbahn GmbH. As of 1 January 2009, the following railways remain operational:
Saxon Steam Railway Company (Sächsische Dampfeisenbahn-Gesellschaft; SDG)
Cranzahl–Oberwiesenthal (Fichtelberg Railway)
Radebeul-East–Moritzburg–Radeburg (Radebeul–Radeburg railway)
Freital-Hainsberg–Kipsdorf (Weisseritztal railway)
Saxon Oberlausitz Railway Company
Zittau–Oybin–Jonsdorf railway
Döllnitzbahn GmbH
Oschatz–Mügeln–Kemmlitz (Döllnitzbahn)
Heritage railway
Jöhstadt–Steinbach (Pressnitz Valley Railway)
Schönheide–Stützengrün (Wilkau-Haßlau–Carlsfeld Railway)
Current lines
gauge lines
Fichtelberg Railway; Cranzahl–Oberwiesenthal
Lößnitzgrundbahn; Radebeul-Ost–Moritzburg–Radeburg
Weißeritztalbahn; Freital-Hainsberg–Kurort Kipsdorf
Zittauer Schmalspurbahn; Zittau–Kurort Oybin / Kurort Jonsdorf (Sächsisch-Oberlausitzer Eisenbahn-GmbH)
Wilder Robert; Oschatz–Mügeln–Kemmlitz (Döllnitzbahn GmbH)
gauge lines
Kirnitzschtalbahn
Heritage railways
gauge
Oberrittersgrün station gauge
Carlsfeld station narrow gauge
Jöhstadt – Steinbach Heritage Railway narrow gauge
Schönheide Heritage Railway narrow gauge
gauge
Waldeisenbahn Muskau narrow gauge
Park and miniature railways
gauge lines
Görlitzer Oldtimer Parkeisenbahn
Parkeisenbahn Chemnitz
Parkeisenbahn Plauen
Sächsisches Schmalspurbahn-Museum Rittersgrün
gauge lines
Dresdner Parkeisenbahn
Leipziger Parkeisenbahn
Closed lines
gauge lines
Rollbockbahn; Reichenbach im Vogtland–Oberheinsdorf; 1902–1962;
Klingenthal–Sachsenberg-Georgenthal; electrified narrow-gauge line; 1916–1964
gauge lines
Wilkau-Haßlau–Carlsfeld Railway; (Wilkau-Haßlau–Kirchberg–Schönheide–Carlsfeld); 1881–1977
Preßnitztalbahn Wolkenstein–Jöhstadt; 1897–1986
Schwarzbach Railway (Schwarzbachbahn); Kohlmühle–Hohnstein; 1897–1951;
Taubenheim (Spree)–Dürrhennersdorf; 1892–1945
Herrnhut–Bernstadt; 1893–1945
Zittau–Heřmanice (Hermsdorf); 1884–1945 (connected to Heřmanice–Frýdlant line)
Mulda/Sa.–Sayda; 1897–1966
Hetzdorf–Großwaltersdorf; 1893–1968
Mülsengrund Railway (Mülsengrundbahn); Mosel–Ortmannsdorf; 1885–1951
Pöhla Valley Railway (Pöhlatalbahn or Pöhlwassertalbahn); Grünstädtel–Oberrittersgrün; 1889–1971;
Mügeln railway network "Wilder Robert":
Mügeln–Döbeln; 1884-1964/68
(Mügeln)–Nebitzschen–Neichen; 1888–1972
(Nebitzschen)–Kemmlitz–Kroptewitz; 1903–1967
Oschatz–Strehla; 1891–1972
Döbeln–Lommatzsch; 1911–1970
Lommatzsch–Meißen-Triebischtal; 1909-1966/72
Thumer Netz:
Wilischthal–Thum; 1886–1972
Schönfeld-Wiesa–Thum; 1888–1967
Thum–Meinersdorf; 1911–1974
Wilsdruffer Netz:
Freital-Potschappel–Wilsdruff–Nossen; 1886–1972/73
Meißen-Triebischtal–Wilsdruff; 1909-1966/69
Klingenberg-Colmnitz–Frauenstein; 1898–1972
Klingenberg-Colmnitz–Oberdittmannsdorf; 1923–1971
Lines since converted to standard gauge
Müglitz Valley Railway; Heidenau–Altenberg/Ore Mts.; 1890–1935/38; gauge,
Klotzsche–Königsbrück; 1884–1897; gauge
See also
History of rail transport in Germany
Rail transport in Germany
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Railway lines in Saxony
600 mm gauge railways in Germany
750 mm gauge railways in Germany
Metre gauge railways in Germany |
4029699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakisa | Kakisa | Kakisa (Slavey language: K’agee; between the willows) is a "Designated Authority" in the South Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The community is located on Kakisa Lake, and is southeast of Fort Providence. Originally located at Tathlina Lake, the community moved, in 1962, to the present location in order to be closer to the Mackenzie Highway and is linked by a all-weather road.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kakisa had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The majority of the community reported First Nations status. The main languages in the community are South Slavey and English.
Services
Royal Canadian Mounted Police services are provided through Fort Providence and no health services are available. There is a single grocery store, the "River Front Convenience Store-Motel" which serves visitors to the nearby Lady Evelyn Falls. Education, up to Grade 9, is provided by Kakisa Lake School.
First Nations
The Dene of the community are represented by the Ka'a'gee Tu First Nation and belong to the Dehcho First Nations.
References
Communities in the South Slave Region
Dene communities |
4029702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaguchi | Hamaguchi | Hamaguchi (written: or ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
, Japanese basketball player
, Japanese basketball coach
, Japanese volleyball player
, Japanese comedian
, 27th Prime Minister of Japan
, Japanese film director and screenwriter
, Japanese anime composer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese motorcycle racer
, Japanese freestyle swimmer
Japanese-language surnames |
4029710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun386i | Sun386i | The Sun386i (codenamed Roadrunner) is a discontinued hybrid UNIX workstation/PC compatible computer system produced by Sun Microsystems, launched in 1988. It is based on the Intel 80386 microprocessor but shares many features with the contemporary Sun-3 series systems.
Hardware
Unlike the Sun-3 models, the Sun386i has a PC-like motherboard and "mini-tower"-style chassis. Two variants were produced, the Sun386i/150 and the Sun386i/250 with a 20 or 25 MHz CPU respectively. The motherboard includes the CPU, 80387 FPU, 82380 timer/DMA/interrupt controller and a custom Ethernet IC called BABE ("Bus Adapter Between Ethernet"). Floppy disk, SCSI, RS-232 and Centronics parallel interfaces are also provided, as are four ISA slots (one 8-bit, three 16-bit) and four proprietary 32-bit "local" bus slots. The latter are used for RAM and frame buffer cards.
Two types of RAM card are available, a 4 or 8 MB card, and the "XP Cache" card, incorporating up to 8 MB with an 82385 cache controller and 32 KB of cache SRAM. Up to two memory cards can be installed, to give a maximum RAM capacity of 16 MB.
Mass storage options are either 91 or 327 MB internal SCSI hard disks and a 1.44 MB 3.5-in floppy drive. A storage expansion box that holds two more disks can be mounted to the top of the chassis.
Frame buffer options include the 1024×768 or 1152×900-pixel monochrome BW2 card, the 8-bit color CG3 with similar resolutions, or the accelerated 8-bit color CG5, otherwise known as the Roadracer or GXi framebuffer. This uses the TI TMS34010 graphics processor and had a resolution of 1152x900. In addition, a "SunVGA" accelerator card can be installed in the ISA expansion slot that allows a DOS session to display a full VGA window on the desktop.
The Sun386i introduced the Sun Type 4 keyboard, a hybrid of the earlier Type 3 and PC/AT layouts. This was later used for the SPARCstation line of workstations.
Software
The Sun386i's firmware is similar to the Sun-3's "PROM Monitor". A 386 port of SunOS is the native operating system. SunOS releases 4.0, 4.0.1 and 4.0.2 support the architecture. A beta version of SunOS 4.0.3 for the Sun386i also exists but was not generally available, except possibly to the U.S. government. Included with SunOS are the SunView GUI and VP/ix MS-DOS emulator. This runs as a SunOS process and thus allows multiple MS-DOS session to be run simultaneously, a major selling point of the Sun386i. Unix long file names are accessed using a mapping to DOS 8.3 filenames, the file names being modified to include a tilde and to be unique as far as possible. This system is similar to, but predates, that used for long file names in Microsoft's VFAT. Special drive letters are used including H: for the user's home directory and D: for the current working directory when the DOS shell is started. The C: drive corresponds to a file in the Unix file system which appears to DOS as a 20 MB hard disk. This is used especially for the installation of copy-protected software; files in this virtual drive are inaccessible to Unix programs.
The Sun386i version of SunOS includes many features not found in the versions then shipped with Sun-3 workstations (and later with then-new SPARC workstations), in addition to VP/ix. These additions focus on ease of use for end users who are likely not to be UNIX experts, and includes enhanced desktop tools (which, for the first time at Sun, used color by default) and an "out of box experience" that was painless and administrator-free, targeted to bring a system onto the network ("box to mail") in fifteen minutes. It uses the pioneering Dynamic RARP network protocol. At the time, and for a few years afterwards until DHCP later became standard, no other vendors' workstations (or PCs) were as easy to install on TCP/IP networks.
Sun486i
An upgraded model, the Sun486i (codename Apache) was designed, incorporating a 25 MHz 80486 CPU and improved SCSI interface. A small pre-production batch was built but the product was canceled in 1990, before its official launch.
Easter egg
The inside surface of the right side cover has the Roadrunner logo and the developer's signatures molded in.
Reception
BYTE in 1989 listed the Sun386i as among the "Excellence" winners of the BYTE Awards, praising its ability to run multiple MS-DOS applications under SunOS.
References
See also
Wabi (software)
SunPCi
Sun-2
Sun-3
Sun-4
SPARCstation
External links
Sun Microsystems
The Sun Hardware Reference, Part 1
Sun Field Engineer Handbook, 20th edition
PC Week review of the Sun386i
Some informative postings to the Sun386i mailing list
Sun 386i/250 pictures and description
Ralph Neill's 1996 FAQ
Sun workstations |
4029714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonito%2C%20Campania | Bonito, Campania | Bonito is a comune in the Province of Avellino, in the Region of Campania, Italy. Located in the southern Apennines upon a rounded knoll, it overlooks the Ufita Valley within the historical district of Irpinia.
The town is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia and its territory borders with the municipalities of Apice, Grottaminarda, Melito Irpino, and Mirabella Eclano.
Famous residents
Salvatore Ferragamo, Italian Fashion shoe designer was born in Bonito.
References
Cities and towns in Campania |
4029717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C1%2C2-Trichloroethane | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, or 1,1,2-TCA, is an organochloride solvent with the molecular formula CHCl. It is a colourless, sweet-smelling liquid that does not dissolve in water, but is soluble in most organic solvents. It is an isomer of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
It is used as a solvent and as an intermediate in the synthesis of 1,1-dichloroethane.
1,1,2-TCA is a central nervous system depressant and inhalation of vapors may cause dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, and unconsciousness.
Toxicology
Trichloroethane may be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. It is a respiratory and eye irritant. Although no definitive studies currently exist, trichloroethane should be treated as a potential carcinogen since laboratory evidence suggests that low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons may be carcinogenic.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set occupational exposure limits to 1,1,2-Trichloroethane at 10 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average. It is considered to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
References
Chloroalkanes
Halogenated solvents
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Sweet-smelling chemicals |
4029738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Saunders | Stephen Saunders | Stephen Saunders may refer to:
Stephen Saunders (British Army officer) (1947–2000), British military attache based in Greece
Stephen Saunders (24 character), character in U.S. TV series 24
Stephen Saunders (entrepreneur), entrepreneur, author, and media consultant
Steven Saunders, pseudonym of British children's writer Allan Frewin Jones (born 1954)
Steve Saunders (footballer) (born 1964), English footballer
See also
Steve Sanders (disambiguation)
Steven Saunders (born 1991), Scottish footballer |
4029742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inukai | Inukai | Inukai (written: 犬養 or 犬飼) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
, Japanese actor
, Japanese politician and Prime Minister of Japan
Kyohei Inukai (born 1886), American painter
Kyohei Inukai (born 1913), Japanese-American artist
, Japanese writer and philanthropist
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese literature academic
, Japanese politician and writer
, Japanese footballer
Fictional characters
, a character from the manga series Science Fell In Love, So I Tried to Prove It
See also
Inukai, Ōita, a former town in Ōno District, Ōita, Japan
Inukai Station, a railway station in Ōita Prefecture
Japanese-language surnames |
4029744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular%20ligament | Temporomandibular ligament | The temporomandibular ligament, also known as the external lateral ligament, is a ligament that connects the lower articular tubercle of the zygomatic arch to the lateral and posterior border of the neck of the mandible. It prevents posterior displacement of the mandible. It also prevents the condyloid process from being driven upward by a blow to the jaw, which would otherwise fracture the base of the skull.
Structure
The temporomandibular ligament originates from the lower articular tubercle of the zygomatic arch. This usually has a rough surface for the ligament to attach to. It attaches to the lateral and posterior border of the neck of the mandible.
It consists of two short, narrow fasciculi, one in front of the other. It is broader above than below, and its fibers are directed obliquely downward and backward.
It is covered by the parotid gland, and by the integument.
Function
The temporomandibular ligament constrains the mandible as it opens, keeping the condyloid process close to the joint. It prevents posterior displacement of the mandible. It also prevents the condyloid process from being driven upward by a blow to the jaw, which would otherwise fracture the base of the skull.
References
Saladin, Kenneth S. (2005) Human Anatomy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Ligaments of the head and neck |
4029748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20in%20Space | Man in Space | "Man in Space" is an episode of the American television series Disneyland which originally aired on March 9, 1955. It was directed by Disney animator Ward Kimball. This Disneyland episode (set in Tomorrowland), was narrated partly by Kimball and also by such scientists Willy Ley, Heinz Haber, and Wernher von Braun; as well as Dick Tufeld of Lost in Space fame.
The show begins with a brief, lighthearted history of rockets, then presents discussions of satellites, a practical look (through humorous animation) at what humans will have to face in space (both physically and psychologically, such as momentum, weightlessness, radiation, even space sickness) and an imaginary view of a rocket's takeoff into space. The next episodes in this series were "Man and the Moon" and "Mars and Beyond," airing in seasons 2 and 4, respectively.
Reuse
"Man in Space" was edited into a featurette to play in theaters, accompanying "Davy Crockett and the River Pirates".
An adaptation of the episode was published (under the title "Walt Disney's Man in Space: A Science Feature from Tomorrowland") by Dell Comics as "Four Color" #716 in 1956, scripted by Don R. Christensen with art by Tony Sgroi. It was a "novelization" in comic book form of two Walt Disney television programs, "Man in Space" (1955) and "Man and the Moon" (1955). Also found as a 1956 UK reprint as A World Distributors Movie Classic (#45) and a 1959 combined reprint with the other two Dell Comics adaptations of "Man in Space" films as Walt Disney's Man in Space (Dell Comics Giant #27).
Educational use
Part of this episode was excerpted and released in 1964 as All About Weightlessness.
It was also made into a "Tomorrowland adventure" book for classroom use in 1959 as Man in Space: A Tomorrowland Adventure. Walt Disney Productions. Adapted for school use by Willy Ley, Illustrated by Carbe, Nino. Syracuse, NY: LW Singer Co. Inc. (48 p.) 21 cm. Softcover.
Critical reception
About 40 million people watched the episode. It was nominated for Best Documentary Short.
Government interest
A copy of the show was requested by United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower to show to the Pentagon rocket experts. The chair of the Soviet commission for spaceflight, Leonid I. Sedov, also requested a copy.
Home media
The episode was released on May 18, 2004 on Walt Disney Treasures: Tomorrow Land.
The episode, along with "Mars and Beyond", was added to Disney+ in June 2020.
See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!"
References
External links
1955 American television episodes
American documentary television films
Television episodes directed by Ward Kimball
Walt Disney anthology television series episodes
Wernher von Braun |
4029750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth%20%28Soft%20Machine%20album%29 | Fifth (Soft Machine album) | Fifth (the title is Fifth while the front cover shows the number 5), is the fifth studio album by the jazz rock band Soft Machine, released in 1972. In the US the album was identified on cover and label by number (5).
Overview
Fifth was the first Soft Machine album recorded after the departure of founding member Robert Wyatt and continued the band's progression away from their original blend of psychedelic and progressive rock towards jazz fusion. Wyatt's replacement was Phil Howard, who contributed to the 1971 sessions that comprise side one, after which he left and was replaced by John Marshall for the 1972 recordings that make up side two. Future member Roy Babbington played double bass on side two, as a session musician. Unlike the previous two albums, Elton Dean's saxophone is not augmented by a brass and reeds section composed of session musicians.
Track listing
Side one
"All White" (Mike Ratledge) – 6:06
"Drop" (Ratledge) – 7:42
"M C" (Hugh Hopper) – 4:57
Side two
"As If" (Ratledge) – 8:02
"L B O" (John Marshall) – 1:54
"Pigling Bland" (Ratledge) – 4:24
"Bone" (Elton Dean) – 3:29
2007 CD reissue bonus track
"All White" (take two) - 7:14
Personnel
Elton Dean – alto saxophone, saxello; Fender Rhodes electric piano (2)
Mike Ratledge – Fender Rhodes electric piano, Lowrey organ
Hugh Hopper – bass guitar
Phil Howard – drums (1-3)
John Marshall – drums (4-6)
Roy Babbington – double bass (4-6)
References
External links
Soft Machine - Fifth (1972) album review by Wilson Neate, credits & releases at AllMusic
Soft Machine - Fifth (1972) album releases & credits at Discogs
Soft Machine - Fifth (1972) album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com
Soft Machine - Fifth (1972) album to be listened on Spotify
Soft Machine - Fifth (1972) album to be listened on YouTube
Soft Machine albums
1972 albums
CBS Records albums
Columbia Records albums |
4029751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Phantom%20of%20the%20Opera%20%281962%20film%29 | The Phantom of the Opera (1962 film) | The Phantom of the Opera is a 1962 British horror film directed by Terence Fisher, a loose adaptation of the 1910 novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux. The film was made by Hammer Film Productions but performed unsuccessfully at the box office.
Plot
The film opens in Victorian London on a December night in 1900. The first night of the season at the London Opera House finds the opening of a new opera by Lord Ambrose D'Arcy (Michael Gough), a wealthy and pompous man who is annoyed and scornful when the opera manager Lattimer (Thorley Walters) informs him the theatre has not been completely sold out. No one will sit in a certain box, Box #5, because it is haunted.
Backstage, despite the soothing efforts of the opera's producer, Harry Hunter (Edward de Souza), everyone, including the show's star, Maria, is nervous and upset as if a sinister force was at work. When the body of a murdered stagehand swings out of the wings during Maria's first aria, pandemonium ensues.
With the show postponed and Maria refusing to perform again, Harry frantically auditions new singers. He finds a promising young star in Christine Charles (Heather Sears), one of the chorus girls. Lord Ambrose lecherously approves of the selection and invites Christine to dinner. In her dressing room, Christine is warned against Lord Ambrose by a Phantom voice. That night, Lord Ambrose attempts to seduce her, but as they are about to leave for his apartment, Harry saves her. On the ride back home, Christine tells Harry about the voice she heard.
Intrigued, Harry takes Christine back to the opera house, where in her dressing room, the same voice tells Harry to leave her there and go. At the same time, the rat-catcher (Patrick Troughton) is murdered by the Phantom's lackey, a dwarf (Ian Wilson). Investigating the murder, Harry leaves Christine by herself, where she is approached by a man dressed in black, wearing a mask with only one eye, The Phantom of the Opera. He tells her she must come with him, but she screams, and The Phantom flees. Harry comforts her and takes her home.
The next day Lord Ambrose sends a dismissal to Christine for refusing to come back to his apartment. Lord Ambrose chooses a more willing but less talented singer to take Christine's place. When Harry refuses to accept this, he is also dismissed by Lord Ambrose. Visiting Christine at her boarding house, Harry finds some old manuscripts that he recognizes as a rough draft of the opera he has produced. Questioning Christine's landlady Mrs. Tucker, he learns that it was written by a former boarder named Professor Petrie, who had been killed in a fire at a printing press that was to print his music. Making further inquiries, he learns that Petrie did not actually perish in the fire, but was splashed with Nitric Acid while apparently trying to extinguish the blaze, had run away in agony and was drowned in the River Thames. This is confirmed by the policeman who was in the area at the time, but the body was never recovered. Harry and Christine have a romantic day together. While having a moonlight carriage ride, Harry tells her about Petrie, and that he is convinced that Lord Ambrose stole Petrie's music. He leaves it at that, as he believes that the Professor is long since dead.
When Christine gets home, she is confronted by the dwarf and faints from fright and is carried off. When she wakes, she is in the Phantom's lair deep in the cellars of the opera house, and the Phantom (Herbert Lom) is playing a huge organ. He tells the frightened girl that he will teach her to sing properly and rehearses her with fanatical insistence until she collapses from exhaustion. Meanwhile, Harry, reinstated as the opera producer, is worried about Christine's disappearance. Pondering the story of the mysterious Professor, he checks the river where he had last been seen. At that same moment, he hears the echo of Christine's voice emanating from a storm drain and soon finds himself following the voice through one of London's water-filled sewers. The faint sound of the organ playing draws him down a tunnel where the dwarf attacks him with a knife. Harry subdues him and finds himself facing the missing Professor as Christine looks on from a bed (where she'd been sleeping).
Harry asks the professor what had happened in his past. In a flashback, the Phantom says that five years before, as a poor and starving composer, he had been forced to sell all of his music, including the opera, to Lord Ambrose for a pitifully small fee with the thought that his being published would bring him recognition. When he discovered that Lord Ambrose was having the music published under his own name, Petrie became enraged and broke into the printers to destroy the plates. While burning the music that had already been printed, Petrie unwittingly started a fire, then accidentally splashed acid on his face and hands in an effort to put it out, thinking it was water. In terrible agony, he ran out, jumped into the river, and was swept by the current into an underground drain, where he was rescued and cared for by the dwarf. The Phantom says that he is dying, but he wishes to see his opera performed by Christine. They both agree to allow him time to complete her voice coaching.
Several weeks later, on the eve of a performance of "Saint Joan," the Phantom confronts Lord Ambrose in his office. He rips off The Phantom's mask and runs out screaming into the night after seeing his terrifying face. The Phantom then watches Christine sing from the "haunted" box. Her performance brings him to tears as he hears his music finally presented. Listening enraptured to the music, the dwarf is discovered in the catwalks by a stage-hand, and in the chase, he jumps onto a huge chandelier poised high above the stage over Christine. As the rope begins to break from the weight, the Phantom spots the danger. He rips off his mask, leaps from his box to the stage, and pushes Christine safely from harm. The chandelier impales him before the eyes of the horror-stricken audience.
Cast
Herbert Lom as The Phantom of the Opera/Professor Petrie
Heather Sears as Christine Charles
Edward de Souza as Harry Hunter
Michael Gough as Lord Ambrose D'Arcy
Ian Wilson as The Dwarf
Thorley Walters as Lattimer
Harold Goodwin as Bill
Marne Maitland as Xavier
Miriam Karlin as Charwoman
Patrick Troughton as The Rat Catcher
Renée Houston as Mrs. Tucker
Keith Pyott as Weaver
Ivor Evans as opera singer (uncredited) - his voice was overdubbed
Patricia Clark provided the dubbed-over soprano voice for Heather Sears.
Production
Based upon the interest generated by the Phantom of the Opera sequence in the Lon Chaney biopic Man of a Thousand Faces, and the success of the 1943 remake, Universal was interested in revisiting the story again. The first plans for remake were in-studio, with William Alland producing and Franklin Coen writing. Plans for this remake fell through, but upon the success of the distribution of Dracula for Hammer, Universal decided to let the British outfit tackle the project instead and announced the project in February, 1959.
Two months later, Hammer Pictures struck a five-year deal with Columbia Pictures to produce five films a year. On these terms, Hammer's previous arrangements (such as The Mummy for Universal Studios and The Hound of the Baskervilles for United Artists) could be fulfilled, but thereafter could produce only two pictures a year for other studios. Phantom of the Opera was among those announced for Universal.
Over the next two years, the project fell on and off the charts. In 1960, the project was connected with Kathryn Grayson, although she had not been in pictures for some years. According to author Wayne Kinsey's interpretation of a quote from producer Anthony Hinds, the romantic lead (Harry Hunter) was written for Cary Grant . Grant had expressed his interest in doing a Hammer horror film, at a time when it was common for American actors to be featured in British films. Actually, what Hinds said repeatedly in interviews was, "I wrote the script for Cary Grant," which makes it far more likely Grant was to play the title role, not a subordinate leading man.
Production for the film started in November 1961. As with most of the Hammer productions, the film was shot at Bray Studios on a modest budget. Lom recalled in one interview how the producers at Hammer expected actors to throw themselves into their work: "For one of my scenes, the Hammer people wanted me to smash my head against a stone pillar, because they said they couldn't afford one made of rubber," Lom reveals. "I refused to beat my head against stone, of course. This caused a 'big crisis', because it took them half a day to make a rubber pillar that looked like stone. And of course, it cost a few pennies more. Horror indeed!"
Many of the exterior sets utilised were on the studio's backlot and had already been used for many Hammer productions previously. Interiors of the "London Opera House" were filmed at the Wimbledon Theatre in London, which was rented for three weeks. Over 100 musicians and chorus people were hired for the shoot. The film had a reported budget initially of £200,000, but it was reported after principal shooting to be £400,000, both figures unusually high for a Hammer film.
All of the flashback scenes showing how Professor Petrie became the Phantom were filmed with "Dutch angles," meaning the camera was noticeably tilted to give an unreal, off-kilter effect: a time-honored method in film of representing either a flashback or a dream.
The Phantom of the Opera opened in New York City on 22 August 1962 at the RKO Palace Theater. In person was Sonya Cordeau, who played "Yvonne" in the picture. Cordeau later went on tour with the film for Universal.
When the film had its American TV premiere on NBC, additional footage of Scotland Yard police inspectors (played by Liam Redmond and John Maddison) looking for the Phantom was filmed to increase the running time. This footage was shot at Universal Studios, and Hammer Productions had no input at all. The Kiss of the Vampire and The Evil of Frankenstein also had American-shot footage added to their television showings as well. This was a common practice when it was thought that parts of the film were "too intense." These scenes were edited out, and more acceptable scenes replaced them or extended the running time.
In common with Hammer's usual practice, when shown in British cinemas in 1962, the film was paired with Captain Clegg, another of the studio's films.
Music
The music in this movie features Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor, arguably the most famous piece of organ music ever composed, and one that has become commonly associated with horror films. The trailer uses stock music from Revenge of the Creature due to both of them being released by Universal.
Critical reception
The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "The absurd, much-filmed story crumbles—at any rate here—once the ingénue is reconciled to The Phantom as her mentor; but its Gothic elements are rich enough to defy time ... Surprisingly tasteful for a Hammer film, the production is also quite imaginative (The Phantom's rocky, water-lapped lair, complete with organ and double-bed) and careful." Howard Thompson of The New York Times called the film "a real disappointment ... In the hands of the British, with Herbert Lom as the opera ogre, the result is ornate and pretty dull. Whatever happened, chaps?" Variety wrote that the film "still provides a fair measure of goose pimples to combat some potential unwanted yocks. In the shadow of its predecessors the current 'Phantom' seems a reasonable booking for average houses, without doing anything to erase oldtimers' memories of the earlier versions." Harrison's Reports gave the film a grade of "Fair", writing, "The story of creative fakery, revenge and danger is not only loosely woven together, but its believability is weak. Its dénouement is thin and vaporish."
The Hammer Story: The Authorised History of Hammer Films wrote of the film: "Although distinguished by some fine acting, sets and music, The Phantom of the Opera seems decidedly half-baked." The author(s) called Terence Fisher's direction "misguided", and noted that distributor J. Arthur Rank Film Distributors' "emasculation of the British print sealed its fate." The film also takes away much of the Phantom's dark, morbid side, making him a tragic hero.
Home video release
The film was first released to VHS by Universal's MCA Home Video in 1995.
In North America, the film was released on 6 September 2005 along with seven other Hammer horror films on the 4-DVD set The Hammer Horror Series (ASIN: B0009X770O), which is part of MCA-Universal's Franchise Collection. This set was re-released on Blu-ray on 13 September 2016.
In the UK, Final Cut Entertainment released the film on Blu-Ray in 2014. Powerhouse Films re-released the film on Blu-Ray in the UK in 2021, along with The Shadow of the Cat, Captain Clegg, and Nightmare as part of Hammer Volume Six: Night Shadows.
References
Sources
External links
1962 horror films
1962 films
Films about composers
Films about opera
Films based on horror novels
Films based on The Phantom of the Opera
Films directed by Terence Fisher
Films set in London
Films shot at Bray Studios
Hammer Film Productions horror films
Films set in the Victorian era
Gothic horror films
1960s monster movies
Universal Pictures films
British monster movies
1960s English-language films
1960s British films |
4029766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcandor | Arcandor | Arcandor AG was a holding company located in Essen, Germany, that oversaw a number of companies operating in the businesses of mail order and internet shopping, department stores and tourism services. It was formed in 1999 by the merger of Karstadt Warenhaus AG, founded in 1920, with Quelle AG, founded in 1927. In 2005, the corporation had about 68,000 employees and annual sales of €15.5 billion. Its stocks were traded on the Mid Cap DAX until September 2009. The company's largest store was Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe) in Berlin, and the largest store operated by Karstadt was in Frankfurt.
Arcandor requested financial assistance from the German government, which was rejected by the European Commission on 3 June 2009. On 6 June 2009, the company announced it was no longer able to pay rent for its department stores, which the company had previously sold and leasebacked. Three days later, the company filed for bankruptcy.
History
On 14 May 1881, Rudolph Karstadt founded his first store Tuch-, Manufaktur- und Konfektionsgeschäft Karstadt (Karstadt fabric, factory outlet and ready-to wear store) in Wismar. In 1884, a second store was opened in Lübeck. Soon, 24 stores had been opened in all of Northern Germany. In 1920, the business was turned into a joint stock company. In 1984, Karstadt acquired the mail-order business Neckermann Versand. In 1994, it acquired the department store chain Hertie, to which KaDeWe belonged. In 1999 it merged with Quelle AG to become KarstadtQuelle AG. On 1 July 2007 the company was renamed Arcandor AG.
On 5 June 2009, investigations started into possible breach of trust offenses by Arcandor's former CEO Thomas Middelhoff.
In June 2009, Arcandor filed for bankruptcy protection after its request for loan guarantees of up to €650 million was rejected by the German government. The German government subsequently agreed on 30 June to provide a €71 million loan to Quelle. The company's holding in the Thomas Cook Group was sold by Arcandor's creditor banks in September 2009.
The administrators of Arcandor chose in October 2009 to liquidate the Quelle mail order business, following unsuccessful attempts to find a buyer.
In September 2010 the American investor Nicolas Berggruen bought the Karstadt business to save it from insolvency.
Business segments
Arcandor was active in the following business segments:
Brick-and-mortar operations:
Department stores: Karstadt, KaDeWe, Wertheim, Alsterhaus, Oberpollinger, WoM (World of Music), Schaulandt, LeBuffet, Fox Markt
Specialty stores: KarstadtSport (athletic equipment, etc.)
Mail-order:
General: neckermann.de (until 2005 known as Neckermann Versand), Quelle
Specialty assortments: Walz, Hess Natur, Fritz Berger, Madeleine, BON'A PARTE, clinic+job-dress, DK Berufsmoden, Simon Jersey
Services:
Tourism: Bucher Reisen, Thomas Cook Group (52% ownership)
Financial services: KarstadtQuelle Bank, KarstadtQuelle Finanz Service
Other services: Customer loyalty scheme (HappyDigits), Itellium, KarstadtQuelle Information Services
Arcandor's websites, when taken together, put Arcandor easily in the top 20, and maybe in the top 10, in the rankings of all web properties ranked by numbers of unique visitors per month, among internet users in Germany. Most of this traffic was shoppers at online stores branded with the company's brick-and-mortar store brands or its mail-order catalog brands.
Quelle Company
Quelle Ag, which merged with Karstadt, was founded on the 26th of October 1927 by Gustav Schickedanz.
Nazi Period
In 1932 Schickedanz joined the NSDAP and therefore was able to acquire several major companies in the region by Aryanization from their former Jewish owners.
1939 Quelle had around two million regular customers and made 40 million Reichsmark.
Restart
After the second World War the Allies banned Schickedanz from exercising his profession, his properties were confiscated and he was sentenced to imprisonment with labour.
In 1948 he was released, during him serving his sentence, his sister, Liesl Kießling, managed Quelle.
His wife opened the first Quelle store after the war, in 1946.
Since 1948 the delivery business of Quelle was being rebuilt.
As the Denazification Process on Gustav Schickedanz began, it was noted that of Gustav Schickedandanz’s past capital of 9 Million Deutsche Mark about 7 Million were of former Jewish ownership.
References
External links
Companies based in Essen
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
Department stores of Germany
Distribution companies of Germany
Retail companies of Germany |
4029769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoherents | Incoherents | The Incoherents (Les Arts incohérents) was a short-lived French art movement founded by Parisian writer and publisher Jules Lévy(French) (1857–1935) in 1882, which in its satirical irreverence, anticipated many of the art techniques and attitudes later associated with the avant-garde and anti-art movements such as Dada.
Lévy coined the phrase les arts incohérents as a play on the term les arts décoratifs (i.e. arts & crafts, but above all, a famous art school in Paris, the National School of Decorative Arts). The Incoherents presented work which was deliberately irrational and iconoclastic, used found objects, was nonsensical, included humoristic sketches, drawings by children, and drawings "made by people who don't know how to draw". Lévy exhibited an all-black painting by poet Paul Bilhaud called Combat de Nègres dans un Tunnel (Negroes Fight in a Tunnel). The early film animator Émile Cohl contributed photographs which would later be called surreal.
Although a small and short-lived movement, the Incoherents were well-known. The group sprang from the same Montmartre cabaret culture that spawned the Hydropathes of Émile Goudeau and Alfred Jarry's Ubu Roi. The October 1882 show was attended by two thousand people, including Manet, Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Richard Wagner. Beginning in 1883 there were annual shows, or masked balls, or both. In an 1883 show, the artist Sapeck (Eugène Bataille)(French) contributed Le rire, an "augmented" Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, that directly prefigures the famous Marcel Duchamp 1919 "appropriation" of the Mona Lisa, L.H.O.O.Q..
The movement wound down in the mid-1890s.
History
The Incoherents were born in the late nineteenth century, a period that was rich in scientific discoveries and social innovations. Cheeky and inventive, this time also marks a turning point in the field of art. The official art traditions were even being questioned in the newspapers through satirical images which implied it was a dying craft. It was in this creative lull that Jules Levy - former member of the literary club Hydropathes - decided to organize "an exhibition of drawings made by people who can not draw." This charitable carnival helped victims of a recent gas explosion to have an opportunity to present their works. The first "Incoherent arts" get-together, which took place on July 13, 1882 on the Champs Elysées hosts many curiosities. Taking advantage of a power outage, and lit only by candlelight, they created a jumble of rebellious works, using all types of materials and any inspiration with the ultimate goal of making people laugh.
On October 2, 1882, Jules Lévy decided to repeat the experience at home. He gathered his friends under the pretense of having an "unusual evening". In his tiny apartment they worked under the phrase "Death to clichés, to us young people!" They received unexpected success and much newspaper coverage. As a result, the Incohérents arts movement became ingrained into the Parisian cultural landscape. In October 1883 the Paris had its first official exhibition of Incoherent art, ran by local Galerie Vivienne. The purpose was charitable as with all Incoherent exhibits thereafter. A regulation 13-point proclamation was that "All the works are allowed, the serious works and obscene excepted". The exhibition adopts a true catalog, including a piece by Levy Orville in which he reverses an inkwell for the sake of aesthetics. The tone of the exhibition was set by an abundance of parodies and pictorial puns. More than 20,000 visitors took part over a month.
A year later, the Incoherents returned to haunt the Galerie Vivienne with their cheeky pranks. They hoped this occasion would see the image of the "Chief pipes Poyle sand without number, on a silver field," an ancient statue carving chisel of an academician who does not lead wide. A catalog accompanied the exhibition with luxury engraved reproductions of most of the significant works. On its cover, a dancer brandishes a broom and scares away the gloom of black birds. The journalists accompanied the event with enthusiasm. The artists were increasingly familiarizing themselves with the pictorial map and the pun, both of which helped to establish this kind of "Incoherent" art.
In 1886 the Incoherents at the Eden Theatre unveiled their new exhibit. Jules Chéret's poster included Levy going through the moon like a paper hoop. At the entrance, the rules regarding the event were framed prominently: "One goal you propose, laugh and cheer you frankly." The room was also full of visitors that worked in high, medium or low relief. Everything was recorded in catalog records which are decorated with "striking" portraits of exhibitors and zany references.
In 1886 Jules Levy began to be the target of criticism. He was accused of using the Incoherent Arts for its own interests. He had in fact opened a publishing house in 1886 and published the works of his friends (Goudeau, Leroy, Monselet, etc..), illustrated by artists such as Boutet, Somm or Gray. He lost the support of the satirical weekly magazine Le Courrier français who had declared him "the official unofficial Incoherent" in 1884. Meanwhile, others began taking advantage of the Incoherent movement by opening Incoherent cafés or magazines, that the founders of the movement had nothing to do with.
In 1887 Jules Levy promised the end of Inconsistency would be on April 16 of that year. A costume party was organized for the occasion with a Folies Bergère funeral procession. However, Incoherence has a brief renaissance on March 27, 1889 at a new dance held at the Eden Theatre. Levy wanted this event to remind the good memories of the Incoherent arts and to announce the return of his exhibitions. But in the spring of the 1889 exhibition he organized, while the Expo was in full swing in Paris, it was a fiasco. The press hardly covered the event, and even the Le Courrier français remained silent. The Incoherent arts had lost its novelty value.
Jules Levy, refusing to give up, created the magazine Folies Bergère in January 1891. Poorly organized, not repeated, the show is considered too long and the ball too short.
The last gasp of the inconsistency, his exhibition of 1893 had a brand new premise at Olympia, and passed almost unnoticed. Jules Blois of the French Mail wrote: "All that is outdated, outmoded. Inconsistency joined decadence, decay and other jokes with or without handles in the bag of old fashioned chiffes" Despite that, Levy still pulled on the Incoherent string until 1896 when it was met with massive indifference from the press.
See also
Anti-art
Alphonse Allais
Found object
References
External links
Arts Incoherents (in French) archive copy
Parisian cabarets and the avant-garde, 1875-1905
Eugéne Bataille at French Wikipedia
1882 establishments in France
French art movements
Art movements
French art |
4029784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa%20Rica%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Costa Rica at the 2006 Winter Olympics | One athlete from Costa Rica competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Cross-country skiing
Arturo Kinch, participating in his 5th Olympics at 49 years old, finished 95th in his only race, ahead of one other racer.
Distance
References
External links
Costa Rican Olympic Committee
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4029804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstadt | Karstadt | Karstadt Warenhaus GmbH is a German department store chain whose headquarters are in Essen.
Until 30 September 2010 the company was a subsidiary of Arcandor AG (which was known until 30 June 2007 as KarstadtQuelle AG) and was responsible within the group for the business segment of over-the-counter retail.
On 9 June 2009 Essen District Court ordered provisional asset administration and protective measures in response to an application for the opening of insolvency proceedings. It also appointed a provisional insolvency administrator. The insolvency proceedings were opened on 1 September 2009. On 7 June 2010 the board of creditors resolved to sell Karstadt Warenhaus GmbH to the investor Nicolas Berggruen. Berggruen had taken over all Karstadt stores by 1 October 2010. This had been determined by Essen District Court on 3 September 2010. On 14 August 2014 it was announced that Karstadt had been completely taken over by Signa Holding of the Austrian investor René Benko, which already owned the majority of the sports shops and premium stores.
Karstadt Warenhaus GmbH comprises 83 department stores, 4 bargain centres, 2 branches of K Town and the online shop karstadt.de. The 28 sports shops belong to Karstadt Sports GmbH. The company used to own three premium stores - Oberpollinger in Munich, Alsterhaus in Hamburg and Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe) in Berlin which, with a sales area of 60,000 square metres, is both the largest German and second largest European department store. They now belong to The KaDeWe Group, in which Karstadt's owner Signa Holding has a 49% minority shareholding.
On March 25, 2019 Karstadt & Galeria Kaufhof presented the new logo of their merged company Galeria Karstadt Kaufhof. They launched their new website galeria.de on that day, too. HBC CEO Helena Foulkes said the two companies were excited to bring together two "iconic banners to create Germany's leading retail business."
History
On 14 May 1881 Rudolph Karstadt opened his first store in Wismar under the name “Tuch-, Manufactur- und Confectionsgeschäft Karstadt”. Karstadt's strategy of offering fixed low prices in place of the still normal haggling was successful from the start as a result of which he had soon opened branches in 24 towns across Northern Germany. The second Karstadt store opened in Lübeck in 1884. The first customers included Thomas Mann and his brother Heinrich. Further branches opened in Neumünster (1888), Braunschweig (1890), Kiel (1893), Mölln (1895), Eutin (1896) and Preetz (1897). In 1900 Rudolph Karstadt took over 13 stores from his highly indebted brother Ernst Karstadt in Anklam, Dömitz, Friedland, Greifswald, Güstrow, Hamburg (Röhrendamm), Ludwigslust, Neubrandenburg, Schwerin, Stavenhagen, Wandsbek (Lübecker Straße) and Waren (Müritz). Further branches opened in Bremen (1902), Hamburg-Eimsbüttel (1903), Altona (1903), Hanover (1906) and Wilhelmshaven (1908). An early highpoint was the opening in 1912 of the branch in Hamburg's Mönckebergstraße which, with a sales area of around , was the first such department store in a major German city. Karstadt also moved increasingly into the in-house production of clothing, opening a large material store in Berlin in 1911 and a clothing factory in the following year. In addition to this, a factory for the production of men's clothing was opened in Stettin in 1919.
In 1920 Karstadt took over the company Althoff from Theodor Althoff of Dülmen and transformed the entire group into a limited company. This meant that the Karstadt Group was now also represented by the Althoff stores in Dülmen (opened 1885), Rheine (1889), Borghorst (1889), Bottrop (1893), Bocholt (1893), Recklinghausen (1893), Essen (1894), Münster (1896), Duisburg (1899), Gladbeck (1901), Lippstadt (1901), Coesfeld (1902), Remscheid (1901), Dortmund (1904) and Leipzig (1914). It was only much later however (1963) that the Althoff stores were given the Karstadt name. The branch network had now expanded to 44 and this number grew further to 89 by 1931. After the First World War, Karstadt expanded rapidly and in July 1926 it established the EPA-Einheitspreis-Aktiengesellschaft with which it created a network of low price department stores. By 1932 there were 52 EPA stores. In addition to this, Karstadt acquired further production facilities in order to reduce further its dependency upon suppliers. These facilities included weaving mills, furnishers, printers and abattoirs.
In 1929 one of the then-largest department stores in the world was opened on Hermannplatz in Berlin-Kreuzberg. The nine-storey building with around of usable space (at that time KaDeWe had less than initially offered work to 4,000 employees. The monumental building also had two towers, a roof terrace and several truck lifts as well as its own entrance from the underground railway. It soon became clear, however, that the building was over-dimensioned and, in 1932, a number of floors were empty due to the economic crisis. In 1945 the building was blown up by members of the SS.
In 1932 Rudolph Karstadt stepped down from the management of the company following the dramatic decline in sales which accompanied the global economic crisis. A restructuring plan included a reduction in the share capital and the closure of numerous branches and production facilities; Epa AG was sold.
In the 1930s the company suffered under the ideological reservations about department stores held by National Socialism. Such stores were generally perceived as a "Jewish invention" and were subject to widespread repression. Karstadt AG had to dismiss 830 Jewish employees, including four board members and 47 branch managers.
After the Second World War
After the Second World War, the stores to the east of the Oder and the Neiße, in Königsberg (East Prussia), Cranz (East Prussia), Neustettin (Pomerania), Stettin (Pomerania) and Guben (East Brandenburg) were expropriated – as were those in the Soviet Occupation Zone (including Schwerin, Leipzig, Potsdam, Halle and Görlitz). More than 30 of the remaining 45 stores in the West – including the then "flagships" in Berlin-Kreuzberg (Hermannplatz) and Hamburg (Mönckebergstraße) – had been destroyed or severely damaged.
The “economic miracle” of the post-war years enabled the company to recover and in the early 1950s it began to expand. A number of takeovers followed, including that of the Grimme department stores in Schleswig-Holstein in 1970.
In 1977 Karstadt acquired a majority share in Neckermann Versand AG and, with an annual turnover of 10.62 billion DM, became the Federal Republic's largest retailer. In the same year, it was decided to close the low-price chain Kepa. In 1984 Neckermann was taken over completely and integrated into the structure of the group.
Following German reunification, former Centrum department stores were taken over in Brandenburg an der Havel, Dresden, Halle, Magdeburg, Wismar and Görlitz. In 1994 Karstadt took over the Hertie department stores (which also included KaDeWe). These Hertie department stores initially continued to operate in parallel but they were then progressively transformed into Karstadt stores or closed. The takeover of Hertie also left Karstadt as the owner of a number of properties which the National Socialists had expropriated from the Jewish department store founder Wertheim. In 2005 the Berlin Administrative Court ordered KarstadtQuelle AG to compensate the heirs.
In 1999 Karstadt AG and the mail-order company Quelle merged to form KarstadtQuelle AG.
Karstadt department stores after the merger with Quelle
Following the merger with Quelle, the department stores of the former Karstadt AG were operated by Karstadt Warenhaus GmbH (known until 2006 as Karstadt Warenhaus AG), a fully owned subsidiary of KarstadtQuelle and Arcandor AG.
In October 2004 it emerged that Karstadt Warenhaus AG and the entire KarstadtQuelle group were in a dramatic financial situation. Karstadt was facing both the difficulties being faced by the entire retail sector and its own home-made problems. The company was continuing to ignore market trends by offering a wide assortment of goods while critics complained that the interiors were outdated and the goods on offer not customer-orientated.
Since 1 January 2005, the food departments in currently 67 (and initially 72) of the 90 Karstadt branches have been run by a Cologne-based joint venture known as Karstadt Feinkost GmbH & Co. KG, of which Karstadt owns 74.9% and the Rewe Group 25.1% and of which each company appoints one managing director. Karstadt contributed goods and properties worth around 50 million euros to the company and Rewe the same amount of new capital. Initially, Karstadt Feinkost had around 3,700 employees, most of whom had come from KarstadtQuelle, and generated an annual turnover of around 500 million euros. Until 2007 the joint venture reported annual pre-tax losses in the tens of millions. Ever since the founding of Karstadt Feinkost the departments have been gradually refurbished and repositioned with a modified product range under the new brand Perfetto.
The ongoing crisis situation led in August 2005 to the sale of 74 Karstadt branches with sales areas below (Karstadt Kompakt – which was later known as Hertie GmbH and then closed following insolvency), 51 SinnLeffers clothing stores and the specialist retail chain Runners Point.
The Karstadt department store properties still owned by KarstadtQuelle were sold in 2006 to the Highstreet consortium of which the group itself owned 49% and Whitehall Funds 51%. In 2008 KarstadtQuelle AG sold its 49% share to a consortium including the Borletti Group, the Generali Group, Pirelli RE and RREEF Alternative Investments.
In 2006, in order to mark its 125th anniversary, Karstadt published a celebratory book entitled , which presented the history of the company.
Karstadt's book departments have been operated since April 2008 as "shops-in-shops" by DBH Warenhaus (Verlagsgruppe Weltbild/Hugendubel). In Karstadt's premium stores (such as KaDeWe and Karstadt's Hermannplatz store in Berlin) these book departments operate under the "Hugendubel" name and in all others as Weltbild. Further companies who are Karstadt tenants and operate independently while renting Karstadt's checkout/payment system include WMF, Rosenthal Porcelain and the drugstore brand Müller. In October 2007 the Handelsblatt reported that Karstadt was considering taking over the Kaufhof department stores from Metro AG, a deal which would have made the company Europe's second-largest department store group after Spain's El Corte Inglés. In 2008 Gravis announced the abandonment of its unprofitable cooperation with Karstadt in two pilot stores in Düsseldorf and Lübeck which had originally been envisaged for all 90 stores. In the same year Karstadt started cooperating with the fashion designers Kaviar & Gauche and Kostas Murkudis.
In May 2009 it was announced that the Metro Group's Kaufhof AG wanted to take over 60 of Karstadt's 90 department stores. In addition to this, liquidity problems meant that the Karstadt parent company Arcandor was no longer able to make rental payments to the Highstreet consortium, the owners of the department store buildings.
Insolvency proceedings and the sale to Berggruen
Arcandor filed for bankruptcy on 9 June 2009. On 12 April 2010 the board of creditors agreed to the insolvency plan proposed by the insolvency administrator Klaus Hubertus Görg which envisaged a sale of the Karstadt department stores as a single entity to an investor and the waiver by the creditors of a large part of their demands. Some municipalities initially refused to agree to the required waiver of business tax payments. Four parties expressed interest in purchasing the Karstadt stores: the German-Swedish investor group Triton, Whitehall together with the Borletti Group and the German financial investor Nicolas Berggruen. Metro AG also expressed interest, but only in the acquisition of certain lucrative and strategically interesting Karstadt stores, which it intended to combine with its own Kaufhof stores into the "Deutsche Warenhaus AG".
On 7 June 2010 nine out of eleven votes were cast by Karstadt's board of creditors in favour of the Berggruen Holding – although the vote was subject to the closing conditions that the Highstreet consortium waived its demand for rental payments. Berggruen signed the purchase contract – primarily conditional upon an agreement with the principal landlord Highstreet – on 8 June 2010. €70 million was named as the purchase and investment price with a further €240 million to be invested in the following three years, for which Berggruen required no external capital. On 30 June 2010 the Federal Cartel Office approved the takeover of the department store chain. After tough negotiations, agreement with the Highstreet consortium regarding rental payments was reached in early September 2010.
Berggruen announced the legal division of Karstadt into a parent company and three subsidiary companies in the sectors of sports, premium and other stores. Smaller business divisions were seen as easier to manage and could react more quickly. In addition to this, each division would find it easier to find strategic partners and cooperative ventures. Following an adjustment of the labour agreement covering the restructuring process, Berggruen's Plan was approved by the trade union Verdi.
The logistics division of the company, KarstadtQuelle Beschaffungslogistik, continues to operate under the name Corporate Service (Germany) GmbH (CSG). The company offers international purchasing and, in particular, supply-chain solutions. The managing directors of CSG are Marc Baeuerle and Stefan Graetz and the headquarters are in Düsseldorf.
Between 1 October 2011 and 30 September 2012 the group generated losses of €249.6 million, €121 million of which resulted from restructuring measures and, in particular, severance payments to 2,000 employees. In the first seven months of the subsequent trading year sales fell by 7.9%. All general, sports and premium stores were below projections.
In May 2013 the company announced a “wage freeze” and, hence, a temporary suspension of the labour agreement until 2015.
In September 2013 it was made known that Berggruen was selling 75.1% of both the premium and the sports stores to the Austrian Signa Holding of the investor René Benko. The revenue of 300 million euros was to be used to modernise the Karstadt stores. 150 million euros were available for the general Karstadt stores, of which 15 million should be invested within five years and the further 135 million euros as required. 100 million euros of this revenue from the sale were earmarked for the premium stores and 50 million euros for the sports stores. The 300 million was only to be paid in full within 18 months but half should be paid before the end of the year.
In February 2014 Eva-Lotta Sjöstedt became the new managing director and successor to Andrew Jennings, who had been with Karstadt since the beginning of 2011. On 7 July 2014 the company announced the immediate resignation of Sjöstedt. In justifying her move she explained that "detailed checks, the experiences of the past few months and a closer knowledge of the economic situation have led me to conclude that the pre-conditions for the path chosen by me no longer exist".
Sale to Signa Holding
On 15 August 2014 it was announced that the Vienna-based Signa Holding was taking over the troubled department store chain for one Euro. Signa Holding also acquired the minority shares which had been retained by Nicolas Berggruen in Karstadt Sports GmbH and the Karstadt Premium GmbH, which owns stores including KaDeWe in Berlin, Alsterhaus in Hamburg and Oberpollinger in Munich. Four years ago the Chairman René Benko successfully opened an Austrian chain of department stores which could serve as an example for Karstadt.
On 19 August 2014 an ad-hoc statement from Karstadt Warenhaus GmbH announced that the company's former Labour Relations Director and Head of Personnel Kai-Uwe Weitz who, together with the Finance Director Miguel Müllenbach, had been provisionally managing Karstadt since the departure of Eva-Lotta Sjöstedt in July, was also immediately leaving the company "by mutual agreement".
Company headquarters
The company headquarters was initially located in Wismar before moving to Kiel in 1893 and, in 1912, from Kiel to Steinstraße in Hamburg. From here it moved again in 1932 to Berlin, initially in a new building in the then Königstraße (near Alexanderplatz) and later, in 1936, to a new "tailor-made" headquarters on Fehrbelliner Platz. After the end of the war parts of the administration were transferred to Hamburg, Recklinghausen and Limbecker Platz in Essen. In 1969, after three-years of construction, the headquarters was transferred to its current location in Essen-Bredeney (alongside the A 52).
Competitors
Karstadt's most significant competitor -in terms of department stores- is Kaufhof, owned by Hudson's Bay Company, which it announced in September 2018 plans to merge with. Earlier direct competitors were Hertie and Horten department store chains.
Bricks-and-mortar competitors include as C&A, Peek & Cloppenburg and Saturn.
Since the 1960s and 70s competition has increased on "green-field" sites – sites on the edge of cities or in the suburbs. Self-service department stores such as Real, Famila, Plaza and other specialist stores (Adler, Vögele, Vobis, Media Markt) have experienced particularly strong growth. Attempts in the 1970s to establish an in-house self-service division were unsuccessful.
Branches
At the beginning of 2009 there were 90 Karstadt stores in Germany and the company also owned two branches of Schaulandt. The most important stores included KaDeWe (around 60,000 m²) in Berlin, Oberpollinger (around 33,000 m²) in Munich and Alsterhaus (around 24,000 m²) in Hamburg. The original store in Wismar is, with around 3,100 square metres, the smallest.
The 180 Fox markets, in which remaindered goods from Karstadt and Quelle were sold, were closed at the end of 2007. These goods were then sold in ""Karstadt-Schnäppchencenters"".
The closure of Karstadt’s branches in Dortmund (Kampstraße), Munich (am Dom) and in Hamburg’s Elbe Shopping Centre was announced on 10 November 2009. A Schaulandt store in Braunschweig, a branch of WOM in Stuttgart and the Karstadt multimedia store in Berlin-Biesdorf also closed.
On 1 October 2011 KaDeWe Berlin, Alsterhaus Hamburg and Oberpollinger Munich and all branches of Karstadt Sports were absorbed into Karstadt Premium GmbH and Karstadt Sports GmbH respectively. This meant that the three premium stores and the sports shops were no longer part of Karstadt Warenhaus GmbH.
As part of Karstadt Warenhaus GmbH’s "Karstadt 2015" restructuring programme it was decided to reorient the company's online sales approach. In November 2012 Karstadt announced the relaunch of its online stores in cooperation with Demandware and SinnerSchrader.
The branch with the highest sales is the one located next to Munich main station which offers 300,000 products and covers 40,000 square metres.
As of 30 July 2016 the company had 114 stores in Germany.
Films
Mitarbeiter feiern Karstadt-Rettung. Television report, Germany, 2010, 1:34 min, production: n-TV, broadcast: 3 September 2010
Karstadt – Der große Schlussverkauf. Wie das Warenhaus in die Pleite geriet. Documentary film, Germany, 2010, 45 min., written and directed by Ingolf Gritschneder and Georg Wellmann, production: WDR, first broadcast: 24 February 2010, 23:30 in Das Erste
The documentary received the German Economic Film Prize 2010. It demonstrates “that the relationships between private investors and managers were closer and more extensive than known - and then showed the effect that this had on the end of the company.”
Die Karstadt-Story. Documentary film, Germany, 2004, 45 min., written and directed by Daniel Hechler, Stefan Tiyavorabun, production: SWR, Report Mainz, first broadcast: 10 November 2004 in Das Erste.
References
External links
Companies based in Essen
Retail companies established in 1881
Retail companies of Germany
Department stores of Germany
1881 establishments in Germany |
4029808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20DiMera | Stefano DiMera | Stefano DiMera is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives, played by Joseph Mascolo. Created by Pat Falken Smith, Stefano was introduced on January 18, 1982 as the father of Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis) looking to expand his criminal empire to Salem. Stefano's early storylines included his feud with Roman Brady (Wayne Northrop), playing his children – Tony and Renée DuMonde (Philece Sampler) against one another when he is presumed dead, orchestrating a series of murders with his son (then his nephew) and Tony's deranged look-a-like André, and replacing the presumed dead Roman with the brainwashed John Black (Drake Hogestyn).
Stefano returns in 1993 for a longer stint. He becomes obsessed with Roman's ex-wife and John's longtime love Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall), and accidentally causes her to be possessed by the devil. Meanwhile, Stefano tries to help his adopted daughter Kristen (Eileen Davidson) steal John from Marlena by fathering a child with her look-a-like Susan Banks (Davidson) and passing it off as John's. Stefano also switches Hope Brady (Kristian Alfonso)'s baby at birth and gives it to his daughter Lexie Carver (Renée Jones) to raise. He leaves town in 2001 when he is exposed.
An ailing Stefano returns in 2006 having sent his son EJ (James Scott) to impregnate Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney) to harvest the baby's stem cells to save his life. Over the next decade, Stefano's past schemes catch up to him as several of his children meet tragic ends. Mascolo retires in 2016 and the character of Stefano is killed off by Hope Brady. From 2019 to 2020, Stephen Nichols played the role after Stefano's essence was transferred into Steve Johnson. During this time, Stefano's obsession with Marlena resurfaces and he also sets out to clone himself. Throughout his 34 year run, Stefano became one of the most recognizable figures in daytime television and is considered to be one of the greatest villains in television history.
Casting and development
In the early 1980s, then head writer, Pat Falken Smith created the role specifically for Mascolo after seeing his performance as real-life crime boss, Salvatore Maranzano on the NBC miniseries, The Gangster Chronicles in 1981. Mascolo first appeared as Stefano on January 18, 1982. He departed from the series on March 8, 1983, and returned a year later on March 2, 1984 before briefly departing on May 11, 1984 only to return on October 19 of the same year and depart again on February 22, 1985. Mascolo briefly returned to the series from November 4 to December 19, 1988. Actor Frank Fata appeared in the role of Stefano for two episodes which aired on December 3 and 4, 1991. Mascolo reclaimed the role on a contractual basis on September 17, 1993. He departed from the show on December 24, 1996, and re-appeared for a few episodes from February 7 to 13, 1997. Mascolo returned to the show full-time once again on June 13, 1997.
Controversial exit
In February 2001, a post on Mascolo's official website revealed that contract negotiations were not going well and Mascolo was expected to last appear the coming May. However, a representative of Mascolo's took to the website to deny the reports. In April 2001, rumors of Mascolo's exit due to failed contract negotiations began to surface once again and the producers were apparently considering recasting the role. Days later, Mascolo was spotted at CBS's The Bold and the Beautiful; despite the reports, neither Mascolo, NBC or CBS would comment on the rumors. In May 2001, Mascolo took to his website to confirm the news:
Though Mascolo seemed disappointed with the show's decision to write the character out briefly, executive producer Ken Corday revealed plans to bring the character back by the fall of 2001 whether Mascolo was available or not. Mascolo made his last official appearance on June 14, 2001. Though Mascolo initially denied the reports, he did indeed debut in the role of Massimo Marone on The Bold and the Beautiful in August 2001.
Return to Days and storyline-dictated exit
In 2006, following Mascolo's exit from B&B due to lack of storyline, reports began to surface claiming that Mascolo was going to reprise his role as Stefano. The series' producers later confirmed plans to revive the DiMera family to stop a decline in ratings. A deathly ill, comatose Stefano began appearing on December 19, 2006. Though some sources list Mascolo in the cast credits for the episodes, neither Mascolo nor NBC have ever stated that he portrayed comatose Stefano. It was later confirmed that Mascolo would reappear in the role officially in 2007, along with costars Thaao Penghlis (Tony DiMera) and Leann Hunley (Anna DiMera). Mascolo made his first official appearance as Stefano on June 6, 2007. However, the stint proved to be short-lived with Mascolo last appearing on February 29, 2008, and the character of Stefano was written out to allow the writers to come up with more story for him. In May 2008, the tabloid Globe confirmed that Mascolo had been fired and Stefano was written into another coma. This decision did not sit well with Mascolo who gave a heated interview to Soap Opera Digest accusing the executives of "double crossing" him.
2008 Return, brief departure, and final exit
In 2008, it was confirmed that Mascolo would once again reprise his role as Stefano in August 2008. Mascolo later revealed in an interview that his initial anger was fueled by emotion following the death of his father. Following his initial ousting, fans took to his website to express how much they missed the character. The fan fervor allowed for Mascolo's return upon a mutual agreement with executive producer, Ken Corday. Mascolo reappeared on August 5, 2008 just before Days went on hiatus for the Summer Olympics. In 2012, after breaking up the character's marriage to Lauren Koslow's Kate Roberts, making him responsible for his own daughter Lexie Carver's (Renée Jones) death and undoing his father/son relationship with James Scott's EJ DiMera, the character appeared to have been written into a corner. With nearly the entire town gunning for Stefano, several sources later confirmed that Stefano was indeed being killed off with Mascolo last appearing alive on June 4, 2012. Mascolo discussed his disapproval in an interview with Soap Opera Digest:
Every single thing that went wrong in Salem was Stefano's fault. Every single thing. He got blamed for everything. When Stefano got blamed for this business with Lexie illness, I got very angry. Stefano and his daughter had an absolutely pure relationship. I adore Renee Jones (Lexie). When she came to my dressing room and said, "I’m going to be leaving soon, and this is what is going to happen," I said, "Oh, no!"
It was very difficult. The bottom line Stefano is will always be about family. So when they wrote that, I couldn't figure it out. In all honesty, Stefano nor EJ would have had wanted it that way. As a matter of fact when James Scott (EJ) saw the business that Elvis wasn't Stefano's son, we both went, "No, that's wrong." We didn't want it that way.
On June 13, 2012, Mascolo departed following the character's funeral. Despite what was happening on-screen, certain sources reported that Mascolo could possibly reprise his role very soon. Following the change in head writers, it was confirmed that Mascolo was indeed on his way back; he made his first appearance on August 21, 2012. Mascolo discussed that the plan was always to have Stefano turn out to be alive, but he didn't agree with how the previous writing regime had scripted the story. With the return of former show runners Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell, Mascolo seemed more "intrigued" with their plans for his character. Mascolo's return also coincides with Eileen Davidson's return as Stefano's daughter Kristen. Mascolo reappeared as Stefano on October 8, 2012.
Due to Mascolo's failing health, he departed the soap, last appearing on January 11, 2016. Mascolo made guest appearances on March 1, March 2, May 20, June 8 and July 7, 2016. Mascolo died on December 8, 2016, in Los Angeles, California at the age of 87 after years of battling Alzheimer's disease.
In early 2017, it was announced that Mascolo had filmed scenes prior to his death. Mascolo last appeared onscreen on February 9, 2017. However, it was later revealed that Mascolo appeared as Shane Donovan, who was posing as Stefano.
With all of Stefano's "deaths" and other departures, viewers and fans were inevitably treated with a scene of Mascolo returning as Stefano (particularly if he'd been gone for a while), proclaiming that it was "good to be back".
Storylines
1980s
Stefano first appears on-screen in January 1982 with his son Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis), as a vaguely-Mediterranean "businessman" with dubious intentions, surveying the citizens of Salem. Stefano travels to Salem shortly after being introduced as the friend of Lee DuMonde (Brenda Benet) and it is soon revealed he is the father of Lee's daughter, Renée (Philece Sampler), which adds complications to her relationship with Tony. Stefano attempts to help Tony win back his wife, Liz Chandler while Stuart Whyland begins blackmailing him and Stefano kills him. In 1983, Stefano is sent to prison thanks to Detective Roman Brady (Wayne Northrop). Before his death, Stefano's wife, Daphne (Madlyn Rhue), reveals that Tony isn't his biological son. Stefano returns in 1984 with his nephew, André, who has gotten plastic surgery to look like Tony. Together they plan to frame Roman for a string of murders; meanwhile Stefano discovers another daughter, Megan Hathaway. Her adoptive father, Maxwell, had access to the "Three Prisms" that could cure Stefano's brain tumor. In November 1984, in his quest to obtain one of the prisms, Stefano apparently kills Roman after pushing him off a cliff. In February 1985, Bo Brady's (Peter Reckell) wife Hope (Kristian Alfonso) is framed for Megan's murder and Stefano vows revenge on the entire family. He kidnaps Roman's twins, Sami and Eric, and Roman's widow Dr. Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) shoots him, apparently killing him.
Stefano resurfaces in 1988 to claim his son Benjy who is about to be adopted by Kayla Brady (Mary Beth Evans) and her husband Steve Johnson (Stephen Nichols), as well as to attempt to "reprogram" Roman, whom he had brainwashed in 1984–85, to serve as one of his assassins (Stefano actually got the idea about brainwashing his "agents" from former daughter-in-law Anna DiMera (Leann Hunley), who had hypnotized her own daughter Carrie into acting out against Roman as part of a plot to discredit him in the eyes of polite society; he further developed this method with the help of his henchmen Dr. Wilhelm Rolf and Ilya Petrov). He traps several of Salem's citizens on his island but his plans for revenge are foiled and he escapes. In this iteration, Stefano is presented as more of an assassin and international terrorist than a simple gangster.
1990s
In December 1991, John Black (Drake Hogestyn) and Roman Brady discover Stefano in a Mayan pyramid in Mexico. The pyramid collapses and Stefano is once again believed to have perished. Though he survives the collapse, his brain tumor is slowly killing him. Stefano returns to Salem in 1993 and he is taken hostage by Curtis Reed (Nick Benedict) in his weakened state; Curtis's attempt to extort money from Stefano's adopted daughter, Kristen DiMera (Eileen Davidson), is foiled after Stefano kills him. He then convinces Tony and Kristen to marry but the marriage is ruined when Stefano is revealed as the murderer. In an attempt to avoid capture, Stefano speeds away as John shoots out his tires and Stefano's car explodes. Stefano retreats to his New Orleans estate, Maison Blanche where he kidnaps Marlena and John. After the mansion burns down, Stefano buys a penthouse in Salem, next door to Marlena. Stefano sneaks into her apartment every night and opens her soul, which leads to Marlena becoming possessed by a demon. Under possession, Marlena pushes Stefano out of a window; after the demon is exorcised, a guilt-ridden Marlena helps Stefano recover. In December 1995, Tony fakes his death and frames John. Stefano is later struck by lightning and becomes so obsessed with Marlena that he bribes the judge presiding over John's murder trial to issue the death penalty. In August 1996 Stefano's plans to frame John are soon revealed and he skips town with Marlena to Paris, where he is shot by his former lover Rachel Blake. Later, his longtime confidante, Celeste Perrault (Tanya Boyd) reveals that he fathered her daughter, Dr. Lexie Carver (Renée Jones) the wife of Salem's police commissioner. Stefano brings Kristen's lookalike, Susan Banks (Davidson) to town, impregnates her and plans to pass the baby off as Kristen's baby, which she actually miscarried; Susan gives birth in February 1997 to Elvis and flees after discovering Stefano's plan. After recovering from a heart attack, Stefano marries Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) on December 16, 1998, and plots to kill her to get back all of his belongings left to Vivian by her late husband–who was also Stefano's employee–Steven "Jonesy" Jones (Robert Mandan). In 1999, Stefano brainwashes Hope Brady into thinking she is Princess Gina Von Amberg (Alfonso) and Gina, now in love with John, kidnaps him; feeling betrayed, Stefano exiles her to Paris.
2000s
In early 2000, the Bradys rescue Hope from Paris. Hope learns she is pregnant and Stefano believes he is the father. Stefano convinces Lexie to adopt a child, and then switches Hope's son with another, leaving the child with Lexie and husband Abe Carver (James Reynolds). In 2001, the truth about the baby switch is revealed and Stefano skips town in June 2001.
In 2006, an ill Stefano sends his son Elvis, now known as EJ (James Scott), to impregnate Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney) so they can use the fetus's stem cells to improve Stefano's health. After they steal John's kidney, Stefano proposes that Sami and EJ marry and raise the child together so they can end the feud between the families. In 2008, the origins of the feud are known and it is revealed that Stefano's father Santo DiMera had an affair, and fathered a child with Colleen Brady (Shirley Jones) – Ryan. Ryan was initially believed to be John Black, but it was later revealed that Ryan died in childhood. Stefano had once again erased John's memory in an attempt to turn him to the Pawn again. In 2009 Stefano EJ's then wife Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker) hide the fact that she switched another baby with Sami's at birth. EJ is furious when he learns the truth and he kidnaps his daughter, Sydney and fakes her death, leaving everyone devastated, including Stefano. Stefano learns from Anna DiMera that EJ paid her to care for Sydney while everyone believed she was dead; he uses the information to rebuild his relationship with EJ. In September 2009, Stefano blackmails Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow) into marrying him after helping her get out from under attempted murder charges.
2010s
In 2010, Madeline Peterson Woods (Jessica Tuck) returns to Salem and after she dies, it is revealed that her son, Chad (Casey Deidrick), was fathered by Stefano, and Madeline convinced Kate to keep the secret. In 2011, Stefano helps EJ kidnap Sami's husband, Rafe Hernandez (Galen Gering) and imprison him in the DiMera basement while putting a lookalike in his place. In 2012, the DiMera empire begins to crumble when Stefano learns EJ isn't really his son and Lexie is diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor caused by exposure to toxic gasses when Stefano had André kidnap her. Meanwhile, Kate has an affair with Ian McAllister (Ian Buchanan), a past lover, and Stefano files for divorce, taking everything from her. Stefano also turns John and Hope back into the Pawn and Princess Gina after revealing they are married; he forces them to retrieve a precious coin from Alamainia for him. Several other schemes continue to backfire on Stefano, including his attempt to sabotage EJ's mayoral campaign and him blackmailing Will Horton (Chandler Massey). Having angered many of his enemies, Stefano is shot and presumably killed in early June 2012. Suspicion for the murder quickly falls upon EJ, who continuously professes his innocence, but no one, save for Will or Sami, seems to believe him. After a series of explosions rock Salem in early August 2012, EJ flees with Sami in tow, and is subsequently abducted by Ian, who professes that he framed EJ for Stefano's murder. Ian then pulls back a curtain, revealing a very much alive Stefano, who is unconscious, bound in a chair and wearing a mask. Ian also confesses to falsifying Alice's letter, as well as the blood test that stated EJ wasn't Stefano's son. Stefano suddenly resurfaces in Europe where he reunites with Kristen and convinces her to come home and bring the family back together. Following the deaths of EJ and Kristen, Stefano forges a strong bond with Chad (Billy Flynn). He encourages him to pursue Abigail Deveraux (Kate Mansi) with a secret agenda to obtain Abigail's inheritance but Chad foils his plans. In 2015, Stefano suffers a stroke and is left in a wheelchair which leads to André's return and the reveal that they are father and son. Stefano advises André as he takes over running the family's daily operations. In January 2016, a grief-stricken Hope kills Stefano believing he is responsible for Bo's recent death. Rafe helps Hope cover it up by hiding Stefano's body in an abandoned building and framing André. Stefano's spirit lingers as he appears to Chad and they say their goodbyes. Stefano last appears to Chad in July 2016 when they were talking about him trusting André. In February 2017, it appears that Stefano has been captured in Prague having supposedly faked his death at the hands of Hope. However, it is later revealed that Steve Johnson and Shane Donovan (Charles Shaughnessy) have orchestrated Stefano's appearance to exonerate Hope of his murder, with Shane posing as Stefano using a bodysuit and makeup. Later as Steve and Shane reminisce about the success of their plan they review some pictures the ISA took from afar of Shane pretending to be Stefano. Yet the setting of one of the pictures is a place Shane never recalls posing at. This leads the men to wonder if the man in the photograph could actually be Stefano, leaving the two men wondering fearfully if Stefano is really alive and is out there somewhere.
In 2019, "Stefano" (Stephen Nichols) returned to Salem, with the assistance of "Princess Gina" and Dr. Rolf. Rolf explains that Stefano is in fact dead, the victim of Hope Brady's bullet. However, before he died, Rolf transferred Stefano's "essence" - his memories, beliefs, and personality traits - into a computer chip which he has since implanted in Steve Johnson's neck, effectively turning Steve into "the new Stefano" (much as he also did with "Gina's essence" and Hope). Rolf did this to get revenge on the enemies of "the great Stefano" and return Salem to his reign of terror.
Henchmen
Fake death timeline
The following list is a timeline of Stefano's fake "deaths"; he either faked them himself, was presumed dead, or was reported dead by others.
A stroke in 1983. It was later revealed a fake heart attack, and dates is mentioned as March 8.
In 1984, his car plunged into the icy waters of Salem's harbor during a police chase.
In 1985, Marlena shot him, and he fell from a catwalk as the building caught fire. (he also had a brain tumor)
In 1991, he was presumed to have died in another fire and cave collapse.
In 1994, his car erupted into a fireball after being shot at by John.
Also in 1994, he drowned near Maison Blanche.
In 1996, he died in a plane explosion.
Also in 1996, he was blown up and buried under collapsing tunnel during a confrontation with Rachel Blake. This was his last depicted "death" until 2007.
In 2002, André DiMera (posing as Tony) claimed that his uncle had died from injuries sustained from a car crash in Monte Carlo.
In 2004, when Marlena and the presumed-dead Salem Stalker victims found a blackened, unrecognizable corpse on Melaswen, André (posing as Tony) claimed it was Stefano. André said he had killed Stefano by draining his blood so André could cure his own blood disease.
In 2007, his death was faked once again. As a setup by the Salem P.D., Steven "Patch" Johnson appeared to stab Stefano to death, but he was drugged and a fake funeral was set up to lure André.
In 2012, Stefano DiMera was shot dead from behind after several characters confronted him about his crimes. On August 16, Ian McAllister claimed to have killed Stefano and on August 20, Ian admitted to EJ that he killed Stefano and planned to frame EJ for the murder. On August 21, it was revealed that Stefano was not killed. Ian used an impostor that looked like him named Paolo. He faked the letter that said EJ was not Stefano's son and faked their blood types in the hospital.
In 2016, Stefano was shot three times by Hope because of his alleged involvement in Bo's death. This is the last time Stefano was (physically) alive, but the story ends on an ambiguous note as to whether or not Stefano is still alive.
In 2020 (Time Jump 2021), Stefano's consciousness which had previously been implanted into Steve Johnson through a microchip, was removed. The microchip was destroyed by Tony and Chad. Stefano had been physically dead since 2016, and this marked the death of his consciousness.
Notable possessions
Phoenix Ring: Stefano's most iconic possession. A gold ring with a black flat square on top. It is embroidered with a Phoenix, and said to be the reason why Stefano keeps coming back to life. During the 2009 DiMera-Kiriakis war, Stefano's son EJ wore the ring while Stefano was held captive. It can apparently bring Andre back to life as well, since he is the son of the Phoenix. This was briefly contradicted in 2007 when Andre was revealed to be posing as Tony (who was assumed to be Stefano's son), and therefore was Stefano's nephew, This was corrected in 2015 when Andre was revealed to be Stefano's son. After Stefano's final death in 2016 his son Andre wore the ring until his death in 2018, Stefano's youngest son Chad currently wears the ring.
Portrait: Stefano's portrait has been hanging on the wall of the foyer of the DiMera mansion since 2007. The portrait is iconic and synonymous with Stefano's ownership of the mansion. Whenever he has lost possession of the mansion, the portrait is usually taken down. A safe is known to be hidden behind the portrait that contains valuable items to the DiMeras. Since Stefano's death in 2016, the portrait remained on the wall and various characters talk to the portrait as if it were Stefano himself.
The key "to ending the feud": A gold key that Stefano kept around his neck. It was said to contain the secret to ending the Brady-DiMera feud.
Chess set: Stefano had a passion for playing chess, and kept a chessboard. Whenever Stefano felt he had the upper hand, he would mirror his moves with chess pieces. Stefano would often refer to the people he would use as "pawns", and for the longest time the "Queen" symbolized Marlena Evans, but Stefano would also use the "Queen" to symbolize any women that were important to his enemies. Stefano taught his sons Andre, EJ, and Chad and his grandson Theo to play chess and enjoyed playing chess with them. In 2016, when Hope shot Stefano, his hand symbolically knocked over all of the chess pieces as he fell back into his wheelchair. In 2017 it has been hinted that Stefano might be alive and that he manipulated all of Salem, the ISA and the Salem Police for over a year.
See also
List of soap opera villains
References
External links
Stefano at soapcentral.com
Days of Our Lives characters
Fictional business executives
Fictional gangsters
Fictional murderers
Fictional Italian American people
Television characters introduced in 1982
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