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4027670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Netherlands%20sail%20frigates | List of Netherlands sail frigates | This is a list of Dutch sail frigates of the period 1640 to 1860:
Year is building year, not necessarily launching year. The number refers to the number of cannon.
Edam 44 (1711)
Rossum 44 (1712)
Maarsen 38 (1718)
Langeveld 38 (1720)
Burgvlied 44 (1722)
Wageningen 36 (1723)
Vredenhof 44 (1724)
Meervlied 44 (1724)
Pallas 44 (1724)
Beken Vliet (Beekvliet) 44 (1726)
Noordwijk op Zee 44 (1726)
Oud Teilingen 46 (1726)
Gorinchem 46 (1727)
Westerdijkshorn 44 (1728)
Hilverbeek 44 (1729)
Leyderdorp 44 (1730)
Gouderak 44 (1733)
Hof St Jans Kerke 36 (1733)
Middelburg 44 (1734)
Beschermer 44 (1735)
Teilingen 44 (1735)
Netherlands
Frigates of the Royal Netherlands Navy |
4027685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang%2C%20Bang%2C%20It%27s%20Reeves%20and%20Mortimer | Bang, Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer | Bang Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer is a British comedy television series, the third by comedy double act Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer and their second in a sketch show format. Directed by Mark Mylod and produced by Alan Marke, it first aired in 1999 on BBC2.
Show format
While maintaining elements from The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer, Bang Bang... was very different in many ways. As with their previous sketch show, a song kicked off the proceedings, and once again the duo sat at their trademark desk. However, the desk was almost completely bare, (as opposed to their previous prop-covered ones), and had a transparent front through which the moving form of a naked man (in interviews, the duo explained that he was "a homunculus") could be seen. The studio set was different too, the huge R&M letters replaced with large representations of the pair behind warped glass.
There were also changes in their double-act dynamic. Vic's character was frequently unhinged and waved guns and large blunt objects around with relish, while Bob played a slightly baffled innocent most of the time. As usual, however, they tended to fall out easily, resulting in one of their trademark slapstick fights, which grew more absurd, violent and freeform as the series progressed. One memorable instance involved Vic's head becoming grotesquely disfigured after a spin in a tumble dryer. Bob then gleefully set about the hunchbacked, pathetic Vic with a baseball bat.
There were also a number of pre-recorded sketches. These would often feature Charlie Higson, Morwenna Banks, Matt Lucas and David Walliams in supporting or cameo roles. It was a firm favourite with Vic and Bob's cult following, but confused and unsettled many new fans who had joined them after viewing their more accessible game show spoof, Shooting Stars. With this in mind, it is perhaps ironic that the duo confessed that Bang Bang... was their "first real attempt at making something commercial". Vic and Bob have said they are very proud of the show, with Bob stating: "We have this hope that, if there's anyone left bothered about us in fifty years' time, [Bang Bang] will be the one they'll remember".
Recurring sketches
Lunch-Hour Capers (The Car Door Blokes)
These odd slapstick sketches saw the duo driving around idyllic locations, accompanied by a semi-instrumental version of "Zabadak", only to park their car between two immovable objects (trees, other parked cars, a petrol pump etc.), resulting in a protracted bout of "very frustrating" door-opening attempts, after which the duo would have to resort to other methods. Usually, at some point the car's boot or windscreen wipers would fly off and explode nearby. In these sketches, someone was always killed in a strange way, ejecting an egg from their mouths to Babybird's "There's Something Going On" before vanishing. The duo have explained that the eggs symbolise "their souls". This recurring joke even extended to the desk, where Vic accidentally shot himself with a gun, disappeared and left an egg behind, which Bob then greedily ate. Bob has described the Lunch-Hour Capers as "the most surreal thing we’ve ever done."
Fun, Fun, Fun
Tom Fun, who had previously appeared in The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer, and his best friend Derek (revealed in the last sketch to be the former drummer of Roxy Music) were shown in these oddly touching sketches wandering around aimlessly at dawn, having been thrown out of their lodgings for generally unclear reasons involving Derek's behaviour (one example given being Derek's public attempt to eat an arctic roll "like a pelican might eat it"). Their quest to find something "fun" to do was very childlike and knew no bounds, from going down the drains, to prising up cobblestones or rooting around in a skip. In most of the sketches, Derek asks Tom "Is it Giro day?" to which he responds negatively. Each of these segments opened with the "fun fun fun" refrain from the song "Five Get Over Excited" by The Housemartins. In the last episode of the series, the pair are seen holding hands as the credits roll, walking along a beach at sunset to Roxy Music's "Oh Yeah!". Mortimer has described the pair as "lovers".
Tom Fun and Derek later appeared together (officially describing themselves as "partners" for the first time) in sketches as part of 2009 mockumentary "Steve Coogan: The Inside Story". Abandoning their Giros, they appear to have found work as disenchanted make-up artists. Derek also briefly appeared in Catterick without Tom, but decidedly more manic and obsessed with feminine hygiene products.
The Club
The main event of Bang Bang was this spoof fly-on-the-wall docu-drama, which took us behind-the-scenes of Baron's Nightclub, the "4th best club in Hull." Paul Baron (Vic) was the dodgy proprietor who kept the premises' keys on impractically short "luxury chains" about his person. Vic and Bob have stated that despite visual similarities, Paul Baron was not modeled on famous nightclub owner Peter Stringfellow. Paul's previously long-lost brother Tony (Bob, with a bizarre Chinese accent) was in charge of the day-to-day running of the club, often expressing "serious reservations" about Paul's half-baked ideas. The club's compere was insane American Kinky John Fowler (Vic), whose "plucking peppercorns" routine was not one of Tony's favourites. After a disastrous "Erotic Night," and an even more calamitous "Talent Night" (which consisted of a man with a fox on his head and a man frightening ducks with a hydraulic machine), things took a turn for the better when boy band Mandate (managed by Kinky John) played a successful set, and Paul managed to secure the services of Les Dennis for one night only. At the end of the series, a jealous Kinky John got "shit-faced" and threatened everyone with a large gun. Luckily for Kinky John, Mandate may have hit the big time in the Vic and Bob universe, as Jeff Randall (Bob) is seen singing their song "Touching Heaven" (performed in Bang Bang) in the duo's remake of Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased).
Kinky John had previously appeared in one-off BBC2 special It’s Ulrika, written for Ulrika Jonsson by Vic and Bob in 1997. In the sketch, which also featured David Walliams and Matt Lucas, Kinky John introduced Jonsson to the stage of a Vegas-style night club. In his autobiography, Walliams describes how Kinky John's character began to develop in lulls in recording. "He would wander over to the rest of us and open with 'I’ve got a great deal. Three hundred coconuts are coming into town tonight. Are you in?’ [...] What a joy to see the two funniest men in the world create something new, right in front of my eyes." After debuting as a main character in Bang Bang, Kinky John featured in Vic's 2002 BBC Radio Two comedy series Vic Reeves' House Arrest as Detective Inspector John "Deacon" Fowler via an autobiography of his early life. He would return again as DI Fowler in the duo's 2004 sitcom Catterick along with the club's bouncers Carl and Chris. He also appeared in "Steve Coogan: The Inside Story" as John Fowler, Television Controller 1993-1993.
Vic has said he believes the club sketches to be the inspiration for other fly-on-the-wall style comedies that emerged after Bang Bang, particularly The Office.
The Stotts
Once again, the Stotts returned, developing their celebrity interviews, which always started with "a little explosion" to "warm things up". Damon Hill was asked "When you are in a motor race, do you have a map, or just follow everyone else?". Sinéad O'Connor was given a full-frontal view of what lurked within Davey's kilt, a truly baffled Paul McKenna was asked if peanuts were soluble, Caprice was told that Davey's long pointy shoes were offered to him by the King of Spain in retribution for him "attacking his wife with a fish slice," while Michael Winner was quizzed on whether a human could leave fingerprints on a parsnip. One recurring question that was asked, often by Donald (Bob), was whether the guest, after work or at the end of the day, had, "A nice relaxing poo." At the end of every interview, the pair would abandon the celebrity onstage leaving them alone to the sounds of the adagietto from Mahler's fifth symphony.
"Never Previously Considered Funny Enough To Broadcast..."
A recurring series of bizarre sketch scenarios, usually involving parodies of celebrities. They were always introduced by narrator Patrick Allen, who would conclude each narration with "What happened that day has never previously been considered funny enough to broadcast...until now!"
References
External links
BBC television comedy
BBC television sketch shows
1999 British television series debuts
1999 British television series endings
1990s British television sketch shows
English-language television shows |
4027695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Walker%20%28cricketer%29 | Isaac Walker (cricketer) | Isaac Donnithorne Walker (8 January 1844 – 6 July 1898) was an English cricketer.
Walker was born in Southgate, London, the youngest of seven cricket-playing brothers. The family were part-owners of Taylor Walker & Co brewery in Limehouse.
He was a right-handed batsman and an underarm slow right-arm bowler. He played for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) (1862–1884), a Middlesex XI (1862–1863) and Middlesex County Cricket Club (1864–1884). He succeeded his brother Edward as captain of Middlesex in 1873 and served in the post for twelve seasons.
His family's cricket ground at Southgate is maintained by the Walker Trust to this day. He died at Regent's Park, aged 54. His estate was valued at £195,483.
References
External links
1844 births
1898 deaths
English cricketers
Middlesex cricket captains
People from Southgate, London
Gentlemen of the South cricketers
Surrey Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
North v South cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Southgate cricketers
Orleans Club cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Isaac 02
Cricketers from Greater London
Middlesex cricketers
Gentlemen of Middlesex cricketers
Gentlemen of Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
R. D. Walker's XI cricketers |
4027699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motohashi | Motohashi | Motohashi (written: ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
, Japanese Paralympic athlete
Akiyasu Motohashi, Japanese motorcycle racer
Hideyuki Motohashi, Japanese animator
, Japanese curler
, Japanese women's basketball player
, Japanese photographer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese actress
Japanese-language surnames |
4027702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20drift | Stellar drift | Stellar drift, or the motion of stars, is a necessary result of the lack of an absolute reference frame in special relativity.
Nothing in space stands still—more precisely, standing still is meaningless without defining what "still" means. Most galaxies have been moving away ever since the Big Bang, as explained by the metric expansion of space. Galaxy motion is also influenced by galaxy groups and clusters. Stars orbit moving galaxies, and they also orbit moving star clusters and companion stars. Planets orbit their moving stars.
Stellar drift is measured by two components: proper motion (multiplied by distance) and radial velocity. Proper motion is a star's motion across the sky, slowly changing the shapes of constellations over thousands of years. It can be measured using a telescope to detect small movements over long periods of time. Radial velocity is how fast a star approaches or recedes from us. It is measured using redshift. Both components are complicated by the Earth's orbit around the Sun, so the motions of stars are described relative to the Sun, not the Earth (kinematics of stars).
See also
Gravitational wave
Drift |
4027707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parties%20in%20the%20European%20Council%20during%202005 | Parties in the European Council during 2005 | This article describes the party affiliations of the leaders of each member-state represented in the European Council during the year 2005. The list below gives the political party that each head of government, or head of state, belongs to at the national level, as well as the European political alliance to which that national party belongs. The states are listed from most to least populous. More populous states have greater influence in the council, in accordance with the system of Qualified Majority Voting.
Summary
List of leaders (1 January 2005)
DIKO's MEP is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group in the European Parliament, but the party is not formally attached to any pan-European organization.
Changes during the year
Affiliation
Office-holder only
See also
Presidency of the Council of the European Union
External links
Council of the European Union (official website)
Lists of parties in the European Council |
4027716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bader%20Al-Mutawa | Bader Al-Mutawa | Bader Ahmed al-Mutawa (; born 10 January 1985) is a Kuwaiti professional footballer who plays for Qadsia and the Kuwait national team, where he usually operates as a second striker. He wears the jersey number 17 for both club and country.
Club career
Al-Mutawa was born in Kuwait City. His performance for both club and national teams lead to his being nominated for best Asian player in 2006 and 2010, though Al-Mutawa did not win the prize.
He was awarded the Kuwaiti league's top scorer for local players in the 2008–09 season with 10 goals.
On 23 July 2012, he began training with Nottingham Forest as their new owners, the Al-Hasawi family, arranged a one-month trial for the striker. He impressed manager Sean O'Driscoll enough that the club were looking to sign him on a permanent basis but he was denied a work permit and the club wasn't able to sign him.
On 11 May 2021, he scored his 300th goal for Qadsia in all competitions, Inclidimg friendly matches, in a 3–1 win over Kuwait SC.
International career
Al-Mutawa's first major competition on international level was the 2003 Arabian Gulf Cup, hosted by Kuwait. The home side finished sixth with only five points from six matches (only Yemen, the newcomer to the Gulf Cup finished the tournament with less points, sparing Kuwait the embarrassment of ending up at the bottom of the table of the gulf cup for the first time in their history). Al-Mutwa scored once in Kuwait's only victory of the tournament, a 4–0 win against Yemen.
Al-Mutawa played in the 17th Arabian Gulf Cup in 2004, scoring a goal in the 87th minute against Saudi Arabia in Kuwait's opening match. Al-Mutawa excelled in this tournament, forming a strike partnership with captain and star striker Bashar Abdullah. They managed to score five goals between them. This partnership was short lived as Bashar retired from international football shortly after the tournament and Kuwait was eliminated in the semi-finals by Qatar after topping Group B with two victories and one draw with Bahrain.
At the 18th Arabian Gulf Cup in 2007, Al-Mutawa scored goals against Yemen and in the final group match against the United Arab Emirates, but Kuwait exited the tournament for the first time in their history without winning a single game.
On 3 September 2015, Al-Mutawa scored his second senior hat-trick, in a 9–0 defeat of Myanmar in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier.
FIFA recognizes him as the men's all-time record appearance holder with 196 caps, after having surpassed Soh Chin Ann's record of 195 recognized by FIFA matches on 14 June 2022. He is also the most capped active international male footballer.
Personal life
Al-Mutawa holds the military rank of Colonel and he is also director of the Security Affairs Department of the Kuwaiti National Assembly Guard, as sports professionalism is not fully applied in Kuwait.
Career statistics
Club Career Stats
International
Notes
Honours
Qadsia
Kuwaiti Premier League: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2015–16
Kuwait Emir Cup: 2003–04, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15
Kuwait Crown Prince Cup: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2017–18
Kuwait Super Cup: 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2019
Kuwait Federation Cup: 2008, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2018–19
Al-Khurafi Cup: 2002–03, 2005–06
GCC Champions League: 2005
AFC Cup: 2014; runner-up 2010, 2013
Kuwait
Arabian Gulf Cup: 2010
2010 WAFF Championship: 2010
Individual
Arabian Gulf Cup top goalscorer: 2010
IFFHS World's Best International Goal Scorer: 2010
Asian Footballer of the Year nominee: 2006, 2010; longlist: 2007
See also
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals
References
External links
Rising Arab stars making their mark at FIFA.com
Bader Al-Mutawa at Global Sports Archive
1985 births
Living people
Kuwaiti footballers
Kuwait international footballers
Kuwaiti expatriate footballers
Al Nassr FC players
Qadsia SC players
2004 AFC Asian Cup players
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
FIFA Century Club
Association football forwards
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Sportspeople from Kuwait City
Asian Games competitors for Kuwait
AFC Cup winning players
Expatriate footballers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate footballers in Qatar
Kuwaiti expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Kuwaiti expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Qatar SC players |
4027722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haffkine%20Institute | Haffkine Institute | The Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing is located in Parel in Mumbai (Bombay), India. It was established on 10 August 1899 by Dr. Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, as a bacteriology research centre called the "Plague Research Laboratory". It now offers various basic and applied bio-medical science services. The Institute opened a museum on its premises in March 2014 to showcase Haffkine's research and developments in microbiology and chart the history of the institute. The Institute received ISO 9001:2008 certification in 2012.
The Institute now serves as a teaching institution in the field of biomedical sciences and is affiliated to the University of Mumbai for M.Sc (Microbiology, Applied Biology and Organic Chemistry), Ph.D. (Microbiology) and M.D (P.S.M.) degree programs. In addition, the Institute undertakes specialized testing assignments and projects for pharmaceutical and other health-related products. The Institute conducts research in the improvement of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, surveillance and microbiological analysis of typhoid, prevalence of drug resistance in bacteria, studies of infections occurring in AIDS patients, and the development of newer chemotherapeutic agents to combat microbial and zoonotic infections.
History
Dr. Waldemar Haffkine, an orthodox Jewish Russian (born: Odessa, Russian Empire) scientist assigned by the Pasteur Institute to work in India, is recognized as the microbiologist who first developed and used vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague. In October 1896, an epidemic of bubonic plague struck Bombay (now Mumbai) and the government asked Haffkine to help. He embarked upon the development of a vaccine in a makeshift laboratory in a corridor of Grant Medical College. In three months of persistent work (one of his assistants experienced a nervous breakdown, two others quit), a form of vaccine was ready for human trials. On 10 January 1897, Haffkine tested it on himself. The vaccines that Haffkine prepared had remarkable results.
Frederick Percival Mackie served as director from 1923–31.
Sans Pareil
Sans Pareil was once the official residence of the governor of Bombay. This mansion, which was originally a Jesuit chapel, was built as part of the Jesuit monastery on Parel Island in 1673. William Hornby (1771–1784) was the first governor to take up residence at the mansion. The governor's residence moved to its present site on Malabar Hill in 1883 and the property was used by the Bombay Presidency Recorders. Haffkine moved into the building to set up the "Plague Research Laboratory" in 1899, the laboratory being formally opened by the then governor of Bombay, Lord Sandhurst. The Institute was renamed "Bombay Bacteriology Laboratory" in 1906 and finally as "Haffkine Institute" in 1925.
References
External links
Haffkine Institute
Haffkine BioPharma Corp
1899 establishments in India
Research institutes in Mumbai
University of Mumbai
Medical research institutes in India
Research institutes established in 1899 |
4027726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20van%20Lottum | John van Lottum | John van Lottum (born 10 April 1976) is a former tennis player from the Netherlands, who played professionally from 1994 to 2007. During his career, he won 5 Challenger titles in singles; notably defeated Lleyton Hewitt and Todd Martin; and reached the 4th round of Wimbledon in 1998.
The right-hander reached his career-high singles ranking on the ATP Tour in April 1999, when he became world No. 62. He has an older sister, Noëlle van Lottum, who played on the WTA Tour for France circuit from 1987 to 1999, with a career-high ranking of world No. 57 in singles.
After his tennis career he was considered as a coach for Michaëlla Krajicek, but instead joined TV channel Eurosport as a tennis commentator. In June 2008, he coached Elena Dementieva during the Ordina Open and Wimbledon.
Performance timeline
Singles
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 13 (5–8)
Doubles: 2 (1–1)
External links
1976 births
Living people
Dutch male tennis players
Sportspeople from Antwerp |
4027748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20show%20%28disambiguation%29 | Dog show (disambiguation) | Dog show can refer to:
Sports and events
Conformation show, the most-common meaning of "dog show," in which dogs are rated for how well their appearance conforms to their breed standard
Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, one of the oldest and most prestigious conformation shows
Dog agility trial, a dog sport in which a handler directs a dog through an obstacle course
Field trial, a competitive event at which hunting dogs compete against one another
Novelty show, a competition or display in which exhibits or specimens are in some way novel
Obedience trial, a dog sport in which a dog executes a predefined set of tasks when directed to do so by his handler
Sheepdog trial, a competitive dog sport in which herding dogs move sheep, as directed by their handlers
Specialty show, a dog show which reviews a single breed
Tracking trial, an event where dogs make use the ability to follow a food trail
World's Ugliest Dog Contest, a dog show for ugly and weird dogs
Arts, entertainment, and media
Dog Show (album), the third album by God Bullies (1990)
"Dog Show", a recurring sketch on Saturday Night Live
Other uses
Dog and pony show, a colloquial term
See also
Best of Breed
Best in Show (film)
Breed Groups (dog)
Dog sports
General Specials
Horse show
Show (disambiguation)
Dog shows and showing |
4027752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrani%20people | Bahrani people | The Baharna () are the indigenous Shia Muslim ethnoreligious group who mainly inhabit the historical region of Eastern Arabia. They are generally regarded by scholars and Bahraini people to be the original inhabitants of the Bahrain archipelago. Most Shi'i Bahraini citizens are ethnic Baharna. Regions with most of the population are in Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Qatif, al-Hasa), with historical diaspora populations in Kuwait, (see Baharna in Kuwait), Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Khuzestan Province in Iran, and United States. Some Bahrainis are from other parts of the world too. Some Baharna nowadays, have some sort of Ajami ancestry due to intermarriage between the Ajam and Baharna.
Origin
The origin of the Baharna is uncertain; there are different theories regarding their origins. Several Western scholars believe the Baharna originate from Bahrain's pre-arabized and pre-Islamic population which consisted of partially-Christianized Arabs, Persian Zoroastrians, Jews, and Arab Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists. According to one historian, Arab settlements in Bahrain may have begun around 300 B.C. and control of the island was maintained by the Rabyah tribe, who converted to Islam in 630 A.D.
There are many gaps and inconsistencies in the genealogies of those claiming descent from the Banu Abdul Qays in Bahrain, therefore Baharna are probably descendants of an ethnically-mixed population.
The Bahrani Arabic dialect exhibits Akkadian, Aramaic and Syriac features. The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language. The Bahrani dialect might have borrowed the Akkadian, Aramaic and Syriac features from Mesopotamian Arabic.
According to Robert Bertram Serjeant, the Baharna may be the Arabized "descendants of converts from the original population of Christians (Aramaeans), Jews and ancient Persians (Majus) inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of Eastern Arabia at the time of the Arab conquest".
Name
The term Bahrani serves to distinguish the Bahrani people from other Shia in Bahrain, such as the ethnic Persian Bahrainis who fall under the term Ajam, as well as from the Sunni Najdi immigrants in Bahrain who are known as Al Arab ("Arabs").
In the United Arab Emirates, the Baharna make up 5% of Emiratis and are generally descended from Baharna coming around 100–200 years ago.
Etymology
In Arabic, bahrayn is the dual form of bahr ("sea"), so al-Bahrayn means "the Two Seas". However, which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the Qur'an, but does not refer to the modern islandoriginally known to the Arabs as "Awal".
Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are instead generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island, the seas north and south of the island, or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground. In addition to wells, there are places in the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the salt water, noted by visitors since antiquity.
An alternate theory offered by al-Ahsa was that the two seas were the Persian/Arabian Gulf and a peaceful lake on the mainland; still another provided by Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari is that the more formal name Bahri (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.
History
Local anecdotal evidence suggests that the Baharna's Arab ancestry is diverse as some word variants spoken in the dialects of the native people of the villages of Bani Jamra and A'ali are only used in places as far as Yemen and Oman.
Members of the Banu Abdul Qays in Eastern Arabia were mostly Nestorian Christians before the seventh century.
See also
History of Bahrain
Language and culture
Bahrani Arabic
Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
Geography
Bahrain (historical region)
Bahrani People
List of Bahranis
Baharna in Kuwait
References
External links
The 1922 Bahrani uprising in Bahrain
Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800, Juan Cole, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, (May 1987), pp. 177–203
Eastern Coast of Arabian Peninsula for DNA test
Ancient peoples
Arab groups
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Ethnic groups in the Arab world
Ethnic groups in Bahrain
Ethnic groups in Oman
Ethnic groups in Kuwait
Semitic-speaking peoples
Shia communities
Social groups of Oman
Ethnoreligious groups in Asia |
4027768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsukata | Matsukata | Matsukata (written: 松方) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
, Japanese actor
, 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Japan
, Japanese Scout leader
See also
Haru Matsukata Reischauer, journalist, granddaughter of Matsukata Masayoshi and wife of Edwin O. Reischauer
Miye Matsukata, jewelry designer
Tané Matsukata, educator
Japanese-language surnames |
4027769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik%20Jonsson | Fredrik Jonsson | Fredrik Jonsson (born 28 March 1977) is a retired tennis player from Sweden, who turned professional in 1996. The right-hander reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 108 in July 2000. Jonsson comes from the same hometown as teenage colleague-star Andreas Vinciguerra.
Tennis career
Juniors
As a junior, Jonsson reached as high as No. 19 in the world singles rankings in 1995. His best result was reaching the semifinals at the 1995 Junior Italian Open where he lost to the eventual champion, Mariano Zabaleta.
Pro career
Jonsson made his ATP main draw singles debut, as a qualifier, at the 1986 Swedish Open where he lost in the first round to Carlos Costa. He subsequently participated mainly on the ITF Futures circuit and the ATP Challenger Tour. In September 1998, he reached his first final on the Challenger tour, when he lost in the final of the Budva Challenger against Tomas Behrend. In October 1998, he won the Samarkand Challenger by beating Oleg Ogorodov in the final.
In Grand Slam tennis, his best performance was at the 1999 US Open, when he reached the third round and beat world number 16, Nicolás Lapentti in the second round, before losing to Slava Doseděl.
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 7 (3–4)
{|
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References
1977 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Malmö |
4027782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C1-Dichloroethene | 1,1-Dichloroethene | 1,1-Dichloroethene, commonly called 1,1-dichloroethylene or vinylidene chloride or 1,1-DCE, is an organochloride with the molecular formula CHCl. It is a colorless liquid with a sharp odor. Like most chlorocarbons, it is poorly soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. 1,1-DCE was the precursor to the original clingwrap, Saran, for food, but this application has been phased out.
Production
1,1-DCE is produced by dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, a relatively unwanted byproduct in the production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. The conversion is a base-catalyzed reaction which uses either NaOH or Ca(OH) with temperature ca. 100 °C.
ClCHCHCl + NaOH → ClC=CH + NaCl + HO
The gas phase reaction, without the base, would be more desirable but is less selective.
Applications
1,1-DCE is mainly used as a comonomer in the polymerization of vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, and acrylates. It is also used in semiconductor device fabrication for growing high purity silicon dioxide (SiO) films.
Polyvinylidene chloride
As with many other alkenes, 1,1-DCE can be polymerised to form polyvinylidene chloride. A very widely used product, cling wrap, or Saran was made from this polymer. During the 1990s research suggested that, in common with many chlorinated carbon compounds, Saran posed a possible danger to health by leaching, especially on exposure to food in microwave ovens. Since 2004, therefore cling wrap's formulation has changed to a form of polyethylene.
Safety
The health effects from exposure to 1,1-DCE are primarily on the central nervous system, including symptoms of sedation, inebriation, convulsions, spasms, and unconsciousness at high concentrations.
International Agency for Research on Cancer has put vinylidene chloride in Class 2B, meaning possibly carcinogenic to humans. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health considers 1-DCE a potential occupational carcinogen. It is also listed as a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects.
See also
1,2-Dichloroethene
Dichloroethane
References
External links
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: 1,1-Dichloroethene
Organochlorides
Haloalkenes
Halogenated solvents
Vinylidene compounds |
4027786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenka | Kamenka | Kamenka may refer to:
People
Eugene Kamenka, Australian philosopher, socialist
Places
Kamenka Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the town of district significance of Kamenka in Kamensky District of Penza Oblast, Russia is incorporated as
Kamenka, Russia, several inhabited localities in Russia
Kamenka, an alternative name of the town of Taskala, Kazakhstan
Camenca, capital of the Administrative Region of Camenca of Transnistria
Kamianka (disambiguation) (Kamenka), several inhabited localities in Ukraine
Rivers
Kamenka (Ob), a minor tributary of the Ob in Novosibirsk Oblast
Kamenka (Saint Petersburg), a river in Lakhta-Olgino Municipal Okrug near Saint Petersburg
Kamenka (Iset), a tributary of the Iset in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia
Kamenka (Nerl), a tributary of the Nerl in Vladimir Oblast, Russia
Other
Kamenka (island), an island in Lake Peipsi-Pihkva (between Estonia and Russia)
5385 Kamenka, an asteroid discovered by Lyudmila Chernykh, Soviet astronomer
See also
Kamensky (disambiguation)
Kamensk, several inhabited localities in Russia
Kamienka (disambiguation)
Kamionka (disambiguation) |
4027787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderato%20Cantabile | Moderato Cantabile | Moderato Cantabile is a novel by Marguerite Duras. It was very popular, selling half a million copies, and was the initial source of Duras' fame.
Plot
The plot is initially the banal daily routine of a rich woman taking her son to piano lessons, and conversing with a working class man in a café, drinking wine all the way, then reaches a scandal at a dinner party in chapter 7, followed by a dénouement in the final chapter.
The story concerns the life of a woman, Anne Desbaresdes, and her varying relationships with her child, the piano teacher Mademoiselle Giraud and Chauvin. Chauvin is a working-class man who is currently unemployed and whiles away his time in a café near the apartment where Anne Desbaresdes' child takes piano lessons with Madame Giraud. After the fatal shooting of a woman in the café by her lover, Anne and Chauvin imagine the relationship between the lovers and try to reason why it occurred. Anne frequently returns to the café, before returning to her comfortable home, the last house on the Boulevard de la Mer, which itself represents the social divide between the working- and middle-classes. In the climactic 7th chapter, she returns home late and drunk to a dinner party, then causes a scandal (and is subsequently ill, vomiting) whose consequences are seen in the 8th and final chapter.
Organization
The novella is organized into 8 chapters, 5 of which recount the passage of full days. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 recount a detailed 6th day of the novella, moving first from a piano lesson to Anne's meeting with Chauvin, and finally to the reception which Anne is late for. Thus, the novel recounts the passage of a full week during Anne's life.
The novelette is ambiguous at many points throughout. In some instances, the reader cannot tell who is talking because no caption is provided for speeches. With the exception of Chauvin, Anne and Mademoiselle Giraud, no other names are mentioned; Anne's husband is referred to as "on" in French. The setting is also vague as we are never given a definitive place to locate the town, other than the fact that it is close to the sea. The time can be inferred to be late spring to early summer, but we cannot tell the exact month. However, specific settings, like Anne's house and the café, are described in detail in the description and speeches of the conversations between Anne and Chauvin.
Chapter 1 and 5 are set in Mademoiselle Giraud's apartment.
The other chapters all start with Anne's arrival at the café, her daily conversation with Chauvin, and her inevitable return to her home due to the siren that signals the end of the working day. It is speculated that Anne returns home at the siren in order to return before her husband gets home.
Characters
Anne Desbaresdes
The wife of a wealthy director of downtown factories, Anne belongs to the upper echelon of the town's social class. One day, while at her child's piano lesson, she sees and becomes intrigued by the murder of a woman by her possible lover. Subsequent chapters see Anne returning to the café where the murder was committed, often speculating upon details of the murder with Chauvin, a man who used to work in the factories her husband manages. Her venture into the café is considered a social faux-pas, as she comes into a shabby café where her husband's workers retire to daily; these workers recognize both Chauvin and Anne.
While inventing details of the murder, Chauvin and Anne seem to have a metaphysical relationship reflected in their invented ideas; their relationship begins with talk about how the murdered couple's relationship began, and ends with Anne's acknowledgement that she is dead; reflective, again, of the murdered couple's relationship.
Her life is characterized by repetition: many elements, such as her walk down the Boulevard of the Sea, the suppressed imagery of violence, the siren, seem to recur in succeeding chapters. One reading of the novelette interprets Anne's actions as an attempt to escape this repetition, ultimately culminating in the same repetition she was trying to avoid. She has an intense and profound attachment to her child, which may be interpreted as her inability to let go of maternal responsibilities.
Chauvin
Chauvin is a working class man who used to work at Anne's husband's factory. His name seems to be an allusion to "chauvinism," referring to his often dominating tone during conversations with Anne. However, in French, chauvin(e) is an adjective which translates as "patriotic." The name Chauvin has nothing to do with "misogynie," the French word for chauvinism. He remarks that he often has nothing to do. Throughout the novel, he has unusually detailed knowledge of Anne's house and habits. He knows her directly via the repetitious reception that Anne's husband gives for workers at his factory. He seems to have a (sexual) relationship with Anne that is achieved through words instead of physical contact.
The Child
The child, (l'enfant), is never given a name, like many of the characters in the novelette. He is a talented piano player, but has little enthusiasm for learning the technicality of piano-playing: he doesn't make an effort to learn the meaning of tempo, nor does he find practicing scales necessary. The piece he plays throughout the novelette is the Diabelli sonata, the tempo of which composes the title: Moderato Cantabile (moderately and singingly). He is stubborn, and refuses to yield to the orders of his teacher, Madame Giraud. Critics have pointed to this stubbornness as a reflection of Anne's refusal to give in to the repetition of her life; this may be the reason why Anne approves of the child's obstinate behaviour. However, « Quand il obéit de cette façon, ça me dégoûte un peu. » ("When he obeys in this way, it disgusts me somewhat"). The child is at once her « honte » (shame) and « trésor ».
'Il est un enfant difficile {...} non sans une certaine timidité'. ('He's a difficult child {..} and not without a certain shyness').
Mademoiselle Giraud
Mademoiselle Giraud is the piano teacher of Anne's child. She disapproves of Anne's upbringing of the child, and is a stereotype of the strict teacher of the 20th century: at one point in the novelette she is portrayed with a ruler.
Mr. Desbaresdes
Throughout the novelette Anne's husband is never really mentioned by reference or name, instead given the impersonal "on" in the French novel. Translated, this means "one" (i.e. One is, one has etc.) This suggests that he is never a real physical presence in Anne's life, although his presence looms over her.
He is a wealthy factory-owner in the small town. The Desbaresdes' house is situated towards the end of a long Boulevard of the Sea, suggesting that it is the richest in town.
The Boss
La patronne or the boss owns the café where the murder first occurs. She is a bystander of the metaphysical affair between Anne and Chauvin, and serves them wine from time to time. She usually serves clients who come from the factory at 6:00 pm from work. When she is not conversing with them, she is knitting a red sweater. This colour sustains the motif of the colour red throughout the novelette. Towards the latter stages of the relationship between Anne and Chauvin, she disapproves of their relationship, but says nothing.
Relationships
Child and mother
Perhaps the most persistent and complex relationship throughout the novel revolves not around Chauvin and Anne, but around Anne and her child. The title is based on the tempo of a Diabelli sonatina, a child's piano piece. At various moments in the story, Anne remarks that the child has grown; the child is described as having the same blue eyes as Chauvin; the child wants a red motorboat, sustaining the image of red in the story; the child is with Anne throughout the story except when she enters the cafe and when she meditates at night. In addition, the only time the child is not present in the cafe is at the end of Anne's relationship with Chauvin - the last time Anne visits the cafe.
Title
The title is a musical direction, literally "moderately and singingly", and refers to a sonatina by Diabelli, presumably Sonatina in F major, op. 168, No. 1 (I: Moderato cantabile).
Motifs
A number of motifs in Moderato Cantabile occur throughout Duras's works to that point, which some critics argue provides needed context to understanding them, as they are largely ambiguous in the work itself.
Culminating images of violence
There are frequent images of violence throughout each chapter: in the first, the red colour of the sky culminates in a woman's scream, the cry, no doubt, of the murdered woman. In subsequent chapters this violence is replaced with the siren that signals the end of the work day for factory workers. Towards the end it is that of the devouring of food by guests at the reception Anne's husband throws, culminating in Anne's vomiting of the food she consumes.
Magnolia
The first mention of the flower/tree comes in Chapter III, when the child is in the garden. Chauvin remarks that Anne was wearing a magnolia flower between her breasts during a reception, and that her breasts were semi-exposed. Anne also has a magnolia flower in her garden, right outside her window, which she remarks she closes because the smell of magnolia can become too strong at times. The flower/tree represents, no doubt, her sexuality; her closing of the windows signals her inability to handle the sexuality that she has suppressed within her.
Wine
Anne drinks wine throughout the story, initially in order to stifle her trembling when she visits the café to go see Chauvin; the pace of wine drinking reflecting the dramatic arc of the work: building, climaxing in the 7th chapter, then diminishing again in the 8th chapter. She consumes progressively more wine during each meeting with Chauvin, at times "mechanically", and in Chapter 7, she drinks too much wine and winds up vomiting out the wine she had been drinking that day. In the final, 8th chapter, she then drinks the wine "in small mouthfuls" (« à petites gorgées»).
The wine helps her to relax at the setting, and forget about the social burdens she holds. Symbolically, the act describes her casting off of these social burdens, and the image of alcohol as liberation recurs in Duras's works. Biographically, Duras was alcoholic at various periods of her life, giving added weight to this symbol.
Motorboat
The motorboat (vedette) which passes in the open window in the opening scene and briefly recurs, is interpreted as a symbol of freedom, particularly in light of Duras's earlier use of a boat for this purpose in her preceding Le Marin de Gibraltar and Les petits chevaux de Tarquinia.
Style
Moderato Cantabile is loosely identified as part of the nouveau roman movement started by Alain Robbe-Grillet, but critics take pains to distinguish Duras's style as distinct and inimitable. The book was published with the publishing house les Éditions de Minuit, which specialized in avant-garde works, unlike her previous works, which had been published by the more conventional Gallimard. Duras would not publish again with Minuit until Détruire, dit-elle of 1969, and thereafter continued to publish with Minuit.
The style is initially austere: in the initial chapters, the action is described shallowly, at the surface, but changes sharply in Chapter 7, where the narrator is prominent and colors the description, sarcastically describing the "absurd" ritual of dinner and the "devouring" of the salmon and duck. The austere style is the focus of much commentary and of connection with the nouveau roman movement, while the rich seventh chapter is seen as a payoff by some critics, that may not be reached by readers who "shut the book before arriving [there]".
The novella is written in past tense, the French passé simple (usually translated as simple past) and "imparfait" (Imperfect). In Chapter 7, the tense changes noticeably from past to present during the dinner party, and from present to future simple during the last few paragraphs of the chapter.
The format of the bulk of the novel, of a meeting between two people, is particularly prefigured by Le Square ("The Square"), Duras' previous novel, which features two strangers meeting and talking on a park bench one Saturday afternoon, a fact commented on by many critics, but which is also a focus of several, arguably all, of her previous works.
Reception
Moderato Cantabile was very popular, selling half a million copies. Critical response was sharply divided, but generally very positive. A survey of contemporary French critical response is given in the critical edition (Collection "double"), in the section "Moderato Cantabile et la presse française". It was the first winner of the short-lived Prix de Mai.
Critics praised the innovative, austere, "formal", allusive style, a work of suggestive words and gestures. Conversely, the work is criticized as lacking plot, as being more an essay than a work of art, and of lacking context for its images – the symbolism only being apparent in the context of Duras's oeuvre.
Erin Shevaugn Schlumpf suggests that the novel manifests "a feminine melancholy".
Film adaptation
The novel was filmed in 1960 by Peter Brook, and starred Jean-Paul Belmondo and Jeanne Moreau. The latter won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival for her performance.
Editions
Collection "double",
Critical edition.
References
External links
Moderato cantabile, official page, with some criticism
1958 French novels
Novels by Marguerite Duras
French novellas
French novels adapted into films |
4027788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20de%20Billy%20%28abbot%29 | Jacques de Billy (abbot) | Jacques de Billy (Billi) de Prunay was a French patristic scholar, theologian, jurist, linguist, and Benedictine abbot (1535—December 25, 1581).
Born in Guise in Picardy, he began his studies at Paris, completed a course of philosophy and theology before he was eighteen years of age, and then, at the request of his parents went to Orléans and later to Poitiers to study jurisprudence. But having no inclination for law, he devoted most of his time to literature. The early death of his parents gave him the opportunity he desired of pursuing unhampered his favorite study of letters.
Quietly withdrawing to Lyon and later to Avignon, de Billy devoted himself, for a period, entirely to the study of Greek and Hebrew. He already held in commendam the Abbey of St.-Léonard of Ferrières in Anjou, and the Priory of Taussigny in Touraine, when his older brother Jean, who had hitherto led a very worldly life, suddenly announced his intention of becoming a Carthusian, and resigned in favour of Jacques his two abbeys, Notre-Dame des Châtelliers and Saint-Michel-en-l'Herm.
After some hesitation de Billy accepted them, then entered the Order of St. Benedict, and later was made a regular abbot.
Thenceforth he led a very ascetic life and governed his monasteries with great prudence. He was especially solicitous for the proper observance of monastic discipline and with that object in view renewed, in 1566, the statutes of his predecessor, Abbot Bertrand de Moussy. During the civil wars that devastated France at this period the monastery of St.-Michel-en-l'Herme was wholly destroyed. The abbot himself was frequently obliged to seek refuge from the ravages of war, and resided, for short periods, at Laon, Nantes, Paris, and in the Priory of Taussigny.
His Anthologia sacra libri quator, quorum primus & secundus a Jacobo Billio...Tertius Prosperi Aquitanici sacra Epigrammata in D. Aurelii Augustini sententias continet.. Quartus varios Hymnos sacras, pietatem spirantes complectitur was first published in Paris in 1575.
He died at Paris.
Works
S. Gregorii Nazianzeni magazine omnia latine (Paris, 1569); a second and better edition appeared in 1583.
Sonnets spirituels : recueillis pour la plus part des anciens théologiens, tant grecs que latins, avec quelques autres petits traictez poëtiques de semblable matière (1567)
Consolations et instructions (Paris, 1570)
Récréations spirituelles (Paris, 1573)
S. Gregorii Nazianzeni opuscula (Paris, 1575)
Interpretatio Latina xviii priorum capitum S. Irenaei (Paris, 1575).
Antholigia sacra (Paris, 1576)
Joannis Damasceni opera (Paris, 1577)
Locutiones Graecae (Paris, 1578).
Opuscula aliqua S. Joannis Chrysostomi (Paris, 1581)
S. Isidori Pelusiotae epis. Libri tres (Paris, 1585)
S. Epiphanii opera (Paris, 1612).
Sources
Polybiblio
Jacques de Billy at the Catholic Encyclopedia
1535 births
1581 deaths
Benedictine abbots
French abbots
French Benedictines |
4027790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C1-DCE | 1,1-DCE | 1,1-DCE may refer to:
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethene, also known as 1,1-dichloroethylene, vinylidene chloride, or 1,1-DCE |
4027792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-regulatory%20element | Cis-regulatory element | Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) or Cis''-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes. CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogenesis, the development of anatomy, and other aspects of embryonic development, studied in evolutionary developmental biology.
CREs are found in the vicinity of the genes that they regulate. CREs typically regulate gene transcription by binding to transcription factors. A single transcription factor may bind to many CREs, and hence control the expression of many genes (pleiotropy). The Latin prefix cis means "on this side", i.e. on the same molecule of DNA as the gene(s) to be transcribed.
CRMs are stretches of DNA, usually 100–1000 DNA base pairs in length, where a number of transcription factors can bind and regulate expression of nearby genes and regulate their transcription rates. They are labeled as cis because they are typically located on the same DNA strand as the genes they control as opposed to trans, which refers to effects on genes not located on the same strand or farther away, such as transcription factors. One cis-regulatory element can regulate several genes, and conversely, one gene can have several cis-regulatory modules. Cis-regulatory modules carry out their function by integrating the active transcription factors and the associated co-factors at a specific time and place in the cell where this information is read and an output is given.
CREs are often but not always upstream of the transcription site. CREs contrast with trans-regulatory elements (TREs). TREs code for transcription factors.
Overview
The genome of an organism contains anywhere from a few hundred to thousands of different genes, all encoding a singular product or more. For numerous reasons, including organizational maintenance, energy conservation, and generating phenotypic variance, it is important that genes are only expressed when they are needed. The most efficient way for an organism to regulate gene expression is at the transcriptional level. CREs function to control transcription by acting nearby or within a gene. The most well characterized types of CREs are enhancers and promoters. Both of these sequence elements are structural regions of DNA that serve as transcriptional regulators.Cis-regulatory modules are one of several types of functional regulatory elements. Regulatory elements are binding sites for transcription factors, which are involved in gene regulation. Cis-regulatory modules perform a large amount of developmental information processing. Cis-regulatory modules are non-random clusters at their specified target site that contain transcription factor binding sites.
The original definition presented cis-regulatory modules as enhancers of cis-acting DNA, which increased the rate of transcription from a linked promoter. However, this definition has changed to define cis-regulatory modules as a DNA sequence with transcription factor binding sites which are clustered into modular structures, including -but not limited to- locus control regions, promoters, enhancers, silencers, boundary control elements and other modulators.Cis-regulatory modules can be divided into three classes; enhancers, which regulate gene expression positively; insulators, which work indirectly by interacting with other nearby cis-regulatory modules; and silencers that turn off expression of genes.
The design of cis-regulatory modules is such that transcription factors and epigenetic modifications serve as inputs, and the output of the module is the command given to the transcription machinery, which in turn determines the rate of gene transcription or whether it is turned on or off. There are two types of transcription factor inputs: those that determine when the target gene is to be expressed and those that serve as functional drivers, which come into play only during specific situations during development. These inputs can come from different time points, can represent different signal ligands, or can come from different domains or lineages of cells. However, a lot still remains unknown.
Additionally, the regulation of chromatin structure and nuclear organization also play a role in determining and controlling the function of cis-regulatory modules. Thus gene-regulation functions (GRF) provide a unique characteristic of a cis-regulatory module (CRM), relating the concentrations of transcription factors (input) to the promoter activities (output). The challenge is to predict GRFs. This challenge still remains unsolved. In general, gene-regulation functions do not use Boolean logic, although in some cases the approximation of the Boolean logic is still very useful.
The Boolean logic assumption
Within the assumption of the Boolean logic, principles guiding the operation of these modules includes the design of the module which determines the regulatory function. In relation to development, these modules can generate both positive and negative outputs. The output of each module is a product of the various operations performed on it. Common operations include the OR gate – this design indicates that in an output will be given when either input is given [3], and the AND gate – in this design two different regulatory factors are necessary to make sure that a positive output results. "Toggle Switches" – This design occurs when the signal ligand is absent while the transcription factor is present; this transcription factor ends up acting as a dominant repressor. However, once the signal ligand is present the transcription factor's role as repressor is eliminated and transcription can occur.
Other Boolean logic operations can occur as well, such as sequence specific transcriptional repressors, which when they bind to the cis-regulatory module lead to an output of zero. Additionally, besides influence from the different logic operations, the output of a "cis"-regulatory module will also be influenced by prior events.
4) Cis-regulatory modules must interact with other regulatory elements. For the most part, even with the presence of functional overlap between cis-regulatory modules of a gene, the modules' inputs and outputs tend to not be the same.
While the assumption of Boolean logic is important for systems biology, detailed studies show that in general the logic of gene regulation is not Boolean. This means, for example, that in the case of a cis-regulatory module regulated by two transcription factors, experimentally determined gene-regulation functions can not be described by the 16 possible Boolean functions of two variables. Non-Boolean extensions of the gene-regulatory logic have been proposed to correct for this issue.
ClassificationCis-regulatory modules can be characterized by the information processing that they encode and the organization of their transcription factor binding sites. Additionally, cis-regulatory modules are also characterized by the way they affect the probability, proportion, and rate of transcription.
Highly cooperative and coordinated cis-regulatory modules are classified as enhanceosomes. The architecture and the arrangement of the transcription factor binding sites are critical because disruption of the arrangement could cancel out the function.
Functional flexible cis-regulatory modules are called billboards. Their transcriptional output is the summation effect of the bound transcription factors.
Enhancers affect the probability of a gene being activated, but have little or no effect on rate.
The Binary response model acts like an on/off switch for transcription. This model will increase or decrease the amount of cells that transcribe a gene, but it does not affect the rate of transcription.
Rheostatic response model describes cis-regulatory modules as regulators of the initiation rate of transcription of its associated gene.
Promoter
Promoters are CREs consisting of relatively short sequences of DNA which include the site where transcription is initiated and the region approximately 35 bp upstream or downstream from the initiation site (bp). In eukaryotes, promoters usually have the following four components: the TATA box, a TFIIB recognition site, an initiator, and the downstream core promoter element. It has been found that a single gene can contain multiple promoter sites. In order to initiate transcription of the downstream gene, a host of DNA-binding proteins called transcription factors (TFs) must bind sequentially to this region. Only once this region has been bound with the appropriate set of TFs, and in the proper order, can RNA polymerase bind and begin transcribing the gene.
Enhancers
Enhancers are CREs that influence (enhance) the transcription of genes on the same molecule of DNA and can be found upstream, downstream, within the introns, or even relatively far away from the gene they regulate. Multiple enhancers can act in a coordinated fashion to regulate transcription of one gene. A number of genome-wide sequencing projects have revealed that enhancers are often transcribed to long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) or enhancer RNA (eRNA), whose changes in levels frequently correlate with those of the target gene mRNA.
Silencers
Silencers are CREs that can bind transcription regulation factors (proteins) called repressors, thereby preventing transcription of a gene. The term "silencer" can also refer to a region in the 3' untranslated region of messenger RNA, that binds proteins which suppress translation of that mRNA molecule, but this usage is distinct from its use in describing a CRE.
Operators
Operators are CREs in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes that exist within operons, where they can bind proteins called repressors to affect transcription.
Evolutionary role
CREs have an important evolutionary role. The coding regions of genes are often well conserved among organisms; yet different organisms display marked phenotypic diversity. It has been found that polymorphisms occurring within non-coding sequences have a profound effect on phenotype by altering gene expression. Mutations arising within a CRE can generate expression variance by changing the way TFs bind. Tighter or looser binding of regulatory proteins will lead to up- or down-regulated transcription.
Cis-regulatory module in gene regulatory network
The function of a gene regulatory network depends on the architecture of the nodes, whose function is dependent on the multiple cis-regulatory modules. The layout of cis-regulatory modules can provide enough information to generate spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression. During development each domain, where each domain represents a different spatial regions of the embryo, of gene expression will be under the control of different cis-regulatory modules. The design of regulatory modules help in producing feedback, feed forward, and cross-regulatory loops.
Mode of actionCis-regulatory modules can regulate their target genes over large distances. Several models have been proposed to describe the way that these modules may communicate with their target gene promoter. These include the DNA scanning model, the DNA sequence looping model and the facilitated tracking model. In the DNA scanning model, the transcription factor and cofactor complex form at the cis-regulatory module and then continues to move along the DNA sequence until it finds the target gene promoter.
In the looping model, the transcription factor binds to the cis-regulatory module, which then causes the looping of the DNA sequence and allows for the interaction with the target gene promoter. The transcription factor-cis-regulatory module complex causes the looping of the DNA sequence slowly towards the target promoter and forms a stable looped configuration. The facilitated tracking model combines parts of the two previous models.
Identification and computational prediction
Besides experimentally determining CRMs, there are various bioinformatics algorithms for predicting them. Most algorithms try to search for significant combinations of transcription factor binding sites (DNA binding sites) in promoter sequences of co-expressed genes. More advanced methods combine the search for significant motifs with correlation in gene expression datasets between transcription factors and target genes. Both methods have been implemented, for example, in the ModuleMaster. Other programs created for the identification and prediction of cis-regulatory modules include:
INSECT 2.0 is a web server that allows to search Cis-regulatory modules in a genome-wide manner. The program relies on the definition of strict restrictions among the Transcription Factor Binding Sites (TFBSs) that compose the module in order to decrease the false positives rate. INSECT is designed to be user-friendly since it allows automatic retrieval of sequences and several visualizations and links to third-party tools in order to help users to find those instances that are more likely to be true regulatory sites. INSECT 2.0 algorithm was previously published and the algorithm and theory behind it explained in
Stubb uses hidden Markov models to identify statistically significant clusters of transcription factor combinations. It also uses a second related genome to improve the prediction accuracy of the model.
Bayesian Networks use an algorithm that combines site predictions and tissue-specific expression data for transcription factors and target genes of interest. This model also uses regression trees to depict the relationship between the identified cis-regulatory module and the possible binding set of transcription factors.
CRÈME examine clusters of target sites for transcription factors of interest. This program uses a database of confirmed transcription factor binding sites that were annotated across the human genome. A search algorithm is applied to the data set to identify possible combinations of transcription factors, which have binding sites that are close to the promoter of the gene set of interest. The possible cis-regulatory modules are then statistically analyzed and the significant combinations are graphically represented
Active cis-regulatory modules in a genomic sequence have been difficult to identify. Problems in identification arise because often scientists find themselves with a small set of known transcription factors, so it makes it harder to identify statistically significant clusters of transcription factor binding sites. Additionally, high costs limit the use of large whole genome tiling arrays.
Examples
An example of a cis-acting regulatory sequence is the operator in the lac operon. This DNA sequence is bound by the lac repressor, which, in turn, prevents transcription of the adjacent genes on the same DNA molecule. The lac operator is, thus, considered to "act in cis" on the regulation of the nearby genes. The operator itself does not code for any protein or RNA.
In contrast, trans-regulatory elements are diffusible factors, usually proteins, that may modify the expression of genes distant from the gene that was originally transcribed to create them. For example, a transcription factor that regulates a gene on chromosome 6 might itself have been transcribed from a gene on chromosome 11. The term trans-regulatory is constructed from the Latin root trans'', which means "across from".
There are cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory elements. Cis-regulatory elements are often binding sites for one or more trans-acting factors.
To summarize, cis-regulatory elements are present on the same molecule of DNA as the gene they regulate whereas trans-regulatory elements can regulate genes distant from the gene from which they were transcribed.
Examples in RNA
See also
DNA
TATA box
Pribnow box
SOS box
CAAT box
CCAAT box
Operator (biology)
Upstream activation sequence
RNA
List of cis-regulatory RNA elements
Polyadenylation signals, mRNA
AU-rich element, mRNA
Other
Regulation of gene expression
Cis-trans isomerism
Gene regulatory network
Operon
Promoter
Trans-acting factor
Rfam
Transterm
References
Further reading
External links
Gene Regulation Info – manually curated lists of resources, reviews, community discussions
Cellular Darwinism
RNA
Non-coding RNA
DNA
Non-coding DNA |
4027813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar%20ternary%20ring | Planar ternary ring | In mathematics, an algebraic structure consisting of a non-empty set and a ternary mapping may be called a ternary system. A planar ternary ring (PTR) or ternary field is special type of ternary system used by Marshall Hall to construct projective planes by means of coordinates. A planar ternary ring is not a ring in the traditional sense, but any field gives a planar ternary ring where the operation is defined by . Thus, we can think of a planar ternary ring as a generalization of a field where the ternary operation takes the place of both addition and multiplication. In effect, in computer architecture, this ternary operation is known, e.g., as the multiply–accumulate operation (MAC).
There is wide variation in the terminology. Planar ternary rings or ternary fields as defined here have been called by other names in the literature, and the term "planar ternary ring" can mean a variant of the system defined here. The term "ternary ring" often means a planar ternary ring, but it can also simply mean a ternary system.
Definition
A planar ternary ring is a structure where is a set containing at least two distinct elements, called 0 and 1, and is a mapping which satisfies these five axioms:
;
;
, there is a unique such that : ;
, there is a unique , such that ; and
, the equations have a unique solution .
When is finite, the third and fifth axioms are equivalent in the presence of the fourth.
No other pair (0', 1') in can be found such that still satisfies the first two axioms.
Binary operations
Addition
Define . The structure is a loop with identity element 0.
Multiplication
Define . The set is closed under this multiplication. The structure is also a loop, with identity element 1.
Linear PTR
A planar ternary ring is said to be linear if .
For example, the planar ternary ring associated to a quasifield is (by construction) linear.
Connection with projective planes
Given a planar ternary ring , one can construct a projective plane with point set P and line set L as follows: (Note that is an extra symbol not in .)
Let
, and
.
Then define, , the incidence relation in this way:
Every projective plane can be constructed in this way, starting with an appropriate planar ternary ring. However, two nonisomorphic planar ternary rings can lead to the construction of isomorphic projective planes.
Conversely, given any projective plane π, by choosing four points, labelled o, e, u, and v, no three of which lie on the same line, coordinates can be introduced in π so that these special points are given the coordinates: o = (0,0), e = (1,1), v = () and u = (0). The ternary operation is now defined on the coordinate symbols (except ) by y = T(x,a,b) if and only if the point (x,y) lies on the line which joins (a) with (0,b). The axioms defining a projective plane are used to show that this gives a planar ternary ring.
Linearity of the PTR is equivalent to a geometric condition holding in the associated projective plane.
Related algebraic structures
PTR's which satisfy additional algebraic conditions are given other names. These names are not uniformly applied in the literature. The following listing of names and properties is taken from .
A linear PTR whose additive loop is associative (and thus a group ), is called a cartesian group. In a cartesian group, the mappings
, and
must be permutations whenever . Since cartesian groups are groups under addition, we revert to using a simple "+" for the additive operation.
A quasifield is a cartesian group satisfying the right distributive law:
.
Addition in any quasifield is commutative.
A semifield is a quasifield which also satisfies the left distributive law:
A planar nearfield is a quasifield whose multiplicative loop is associative (and hence a group). Not all nearfields are planar nearfields.
Notes
References
Algebraic structures
Projective geometry |
4027818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okuma | Okuma | Okuma or Ōkuma may refer to:
Surname
Ōkuma Shigenobu (大隈重信) (1838 – 1922) 8th and 17th Prime Minister of Japan, founder of Waseda University
Enuka Okuma, Canadian actress of Nigerian descent
Other uses
Okuma Corporation, a manufacturer of CNC turning and milling machines
Ōkuma, Fukushima (大熊町; -machi), a town located in Futaba District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan
Ōkuma Station (逢隈駅), a JR East railway station located in Watari, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
Japanese-language surnames |
4027836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n%20Delgado | Ramón Delgado | Ramón Delgado (; born 14 November 1976) is a Paraguayan retired tennis player and current tennis coach. He turned professional in 1995 and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 52 in April 1999. He reached the final at Bogotá in 1998 and the fourth round of the 1998 French Open, defeating Pete Sampras in the second round.
Tennis career
2002
In April 2002, Delgado lost in the first round of the Mallorca Open to a 15-year-old Rafael Nadal in Nadal's first ever ATP match. Nadal would go on to win 22 major titles as of the 2022 French Open.
2006
Delgado also nearly qualified for the 2006 Wimbledon Championships, but was defeated in the third and final qualifying round by Roko Karanušić.
2010
In October 2010, Delgado defeated Chilean Nicolás Massú in three sets (7-5, 2-6 y 6-3) to advance and face Spanish player Peré Riba at the last 16 stage of the Copa Petrobras.
2011
He announced his retirement from tennis in May 2011.
Coaching career
In 2011, Delgado began coaching tennis.
Delgado was captain of Paraguay's 2015 Fed Cup team, which was made up of Verónica Cepede Royg, Sarita Giménez, Camila Giangreco y Montserrat González.
ATP Tour career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 15 (9–6)
Doubles: 17 (6–11)
Performance timeline
Singles
References
External links
1976 births
Hopman Cup competitors
Living people
Paraguayan male tennis players
Sportspeople from Asunción |
4027838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic%20University%20of%20Tirana | Polytechnic University of Tirana | The Polytechnic University of Tirana (UPT) () is a public university located in Tirana, the capital of Albania. It offers degrees in engineering and related fields.
History
The Polytechnic University of Tirana is the oldest and the second largest university in Albania, after the University of Tirana. It was founded in 1951 and now has approximately 10,000 students, who come from Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. In 2012, at the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, UPT was awarded a high honour badge by the President of Albania, Bujar Nishani. The university is fully accredited by the Albanian Public Agency for Accreditation of Higher Education (APAAHE).
Academics
The university includes six colleges and two research institutes:
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Information Technology
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Geology and Mining
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism
Geosciences Institute
Institute of Energy, Water and Environment
PUT emphasises teaching over research. It issues three-year Bachelor degrees, two-year Master degrees, and three- to five-year doctoral degrees. The academic programs are compatible with the Bologna system. The language of instruction is Albanian and, for special and/or exchange courses, English.
Among the PUT departments, the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning (DAUP), included within the Faculty of Civil Engineering is particularly competitive. It accepts about 120 students each year, out of a candidate pool sometimes as large as 360. DAUP is the largest department of architecture and urban planning in Albania and employs 35 full-time tenure-track professors, 40 adjunct professors, and 16 guest professors. It offers integrated five-year programs (Bachelor + Master) in architecture and urban planning. In the architecture program, the education of students in structural engineering and building technology are major focuses of the curriculum. In the urban planning program, urban design and landscape architecture are in focus. In addition to the integrated diplomas, DAUP offers a 3-5 year Ph.D./Doctorate program, which includes three profiles (1) Architecture Design (2) Urban Planning and (3) Historic Preservation and Restoration.
See also
List of universities in Albania
Quality Assurance Agency of Higher Education
INIMA
References
Polytechnic University of Tirana
Educational institutions established in 1951
Universities and colleges in Tirana
1951 establishments in Albania |
4027843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattroruote | Quattroruote | Quattroruote (English: Four Wheels) is an Italian automobile magazine established by the Marchigian entrepreneur Gianni Mazzocchi in February 1956. Among its regular features it includes information on used car prices.
History and profile
Quattroruote was established by Gianni Mazzocchi in 1956. The publisher of the magazine is Editoriale Domus. Its head office is in Rozzano (Milan Province), where the historical museum of the magazine is located. The magazine is published monthly and offers news on road and track tests, price lists for new cars as well as quotations for used vehicles.
The magazine is also published in various countries, including China and Russia which was launched in 2006.
Circulation
Quattroruote had a circulation of 596,742 copies between September 1993 and August 1994. The circulation of the magazine was 464,000 copies in 2004. Between February 2006 and January 2007 the magazine sold 450,500 copies. It was the first best-selling automobile magazine in Italy in 2007 with a circulation of 425,539 copies. The magazine had a circulation of 354,735 copies in 2010, making it the fourth best-selling European automobile magazine and the absolute best selling in Italy.
The Automotive Safety Centre
The test-track belonging to the magazine is located in Vairano di Vidigulfo (Pavia Province). The Automotive Safety Centre, opened in 1995, is 4500 m long, with an 1800 m main straight, where acceleration tests are carried out. During these tests it is possible to reach 300 km/h. The race track has been approved by FIA for Formula One tests.
The handling track
The handling track, connected to the speed test area and used for handling test of vehicles, has bends and chicanes of different radii where oversteer and understeer of vehicles can be examined.
SUV test area
The SUV test area is next to the ASC straight section, where off-road vehicle driving and overturning characteristics are established.
Safe drive
Quattroruote organizes safe driving courses on an area of about 17000 m² where students, followed by expert instructors, are taught driving techniques on wet or dry surfaces, handling and stopping.
Events
Quattroruote Day
Anniversary of the first issue of the principal magazine, the 2006 (fiftieth) and 2016 (sixtieth) Quattroruote Days are represented by much merchandise and advertising.
TG Cup/GT Cup
For motives of copyrights, from 2015 known as GT Cup, is the official Top Gear Italian festival/race organized by Editoriale Domus. Any year, in the participants list appears The Stig.
Rome Top Gear event
Organised by Editoriale Domus and Quattroruote, and set also in Poland, is an international car exhibition in Rome.
Books
One of the most significant of Quattroruote's book series is the famous Tutte le auto del mondo ("All the cars of the world", sometimes stylized as Tutte le Auto del Mondo) or "TaM", any issue of this series was for sale any year, with the death of its "director" in Lido di Jesolo (in the Province of Venice), this books was not more published.
In 2006, it was published the book Pericolo, attraversamento rane! (Literally: Danger, crossing frogs!), Which collects various photographs related to vehicles and roads, with funny comments.
See also
List of magazines in Italy
References
External links
Official website
1956 establishments in Italy
Automobile magazines
Magazines published in Milan
Italian-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in Italy
Magazines established in 1956 |
4027847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoscopy | Anoscopy | An anoscopy is an examination using a small, rigid, tubular instrument called an anoscope (also called an anal speculum). This is inserted a few inches into the anus in order to evaluate problems of the anal canal. Anoscopy is used to diagnose hemorrhoids, anal fissures (tears in the lining of the anus), and some cancers.
Process
This test is usually done in a doctor's office. The patient is required to remove their underwear, and must either lie on their side on top of an examining table, with their knees bent up towards the chest, or bend forward over the table. The anoscope is 3 to 4 inches long and the width of an average-to-large bowel movement. The doctor will coat the anoscope with a lubricant and then gently push it into the anus and rectum. The doctor may ask the patient to "bear down" or push as if they were going to have a bowel movement, and then relax. This helps the doctor insert the anoscope more easily and identify any bulges along the lining of the rectum.
By shining a light into this tube, the doctor will have a clear view of the lining of the lower rectum and anus. The anoscope is pulled out slowly once the test is finished.
The patient will feel pressure during the examination, and the anoscope will make one feel as if they were about to have a bowel movement. This is normal, however, and many patients do not feel pain from anoscopy.
Conditions visible to anoscopy
Hemorrhoids
Anal fissures
Fistulas
Abscesses
Inflammation
Perianal/rectal tumors
Some types of rectal or mucosal prolapses
Rectal cancer
Other anorectal problems
Anoscopy will permit biopsies to be taken, and is used when ligating prolapsed hemorrhoids. It is used in the treatment of warts produced by HPV.
The procedure is done on an outpatient basis.
References
Harvard Health Publications page
Colorectal surgery
Endoscopy
Digestive system procedures |
4027892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assortative%20mixing | Assortative mixing | In the study of complex networks, assortative mixing, or assortativity, is a bias in favor of connections between network nodes with similar characteristics. In the specific case of social networks, assortative mixing is also known as homophily. The rarer disassortative mixing is a bias in favor of connections between dissimilar nodes.
In social networks, for example, individuals commonly choose to associate with others of similar age, nationality, location, race, income, educational level, religion, or language as themselves. In networks of sexual contact, the same biases are observed, but mixing is also disassortative by gender – most partnerships are between individuals of opposite sex.
Assortative mixing can have effects, for example, on the spread of disease: if individuals have contact primarily with other members of the same population groups, then diseases will spread primarily within those groups. Many diseases are indeed known to have differing prevalence in different population groups, although other social and behavioral factors affect disease prevalence as well, including variations in quality of health care and differing social norms.
Assortative mixing is also observed in other (non-social) types of networks, including biochemical networks in the cell, computer and information networks, and others.
Of particular interest is the phenomenon of assortative mixing by degree, meaning the tendency of nodes with high degree to connect to others with high degree, and similarly for low degree. Because degree is itself a topological property of networks, this type of assortative mixing gives rise to more complex structural effects than other types. Empirically it has been observed that most social networks mix assortatively by degree, but most networks of other types mix disassortatively, although there are exceptions.
See also
Assortative mating
Assortativity
Complex network
Friendship paradox
Graph theory
Heterophily
Homophily
Preferential attachment
References
Network theory
Social science methodology
Social networks
Epidemiology |
4027896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Institutes%20for%20the%20Achievement%20of%20Human%20Potential | The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential | The Institutes for The Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP), founded in 1955 by Glenn Doman and Carl Delacato, provide literature on and teaches a controversial patterning therapy (motor learning), which the Institutes promote as improving the "neurologic organization" of "brain injured" and mentally impaired children through a variety of programs, including diet and exercise. The Institutes also provides extensive early-learning programs for "well" children, including programs focused on reading, mathematics, language, and physical fitness. It is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with offices and programs offered in several other countries. Pattern therapy for patients with neuromuscular disorders was first developed by neurosurgeon Temple Fay in the 1940s. Patterning has been widely criticized and multiple studies have found the therapy ineffective.
History
The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP, also known as "The Institutes") was founded in 1955. It practices pattern therapy, which was developed by Doman and educational psychologist Carl Delacato. Pattern therapy drew upon the ideas and work of ideas of neurophysiologist Temple Fay, former head of the Department of Neurosurgery at Temple University School of Medicine and president of the Philadelphia Neurological Society. In 1960, Doman and Delacato published an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) detailing pattern therapy. The methodology of their study was later criticized.
Philosophy
The philosophy of the Institutes consists of several interrelated beliefs: that every child has genius potential, stimulation is the key to unlocking a child's potential, teaching should commence at birth, the younger the child, the easier the learning process, children naturally love to learn, parents are their child's best teacher, teaching and learning should be joyous and teaching and learning should never involve testing. This philosophy follows very closely to the Japanese Suzuki method for violin, which is also taught at the institute in addition to the Japanese language itself. The Institutes consider brain damage, intellectual impairment, "mental deficiency", cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism, athetosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, "developmental delay", and Down syndrome as conditions encompassing "brain injury", the term favored by IAHP. Much of the work at The Institutes follows from Dr. Temple Fay who believed in recapitulation theory, which posits that the infant brain evolves through chronological stages of development similar to first a fish, a reptile, a mammal and finally a human. This theory can be encapsulated as "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". Recapitulation theory has been largely discredited in biology. According to a 2007 WPVI television news report, IAHP uses the word "hurt" to describe the children they see "with all kinds of brain injuries and conditions, including cerebral palsy, mental retardation, epilepsy, Down's syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism". Glenn Doman described his own personal philosophy for treating patients as stemming from his WWII veteran officer motto: "Leave no injured behind."
Programs
Programs for brain-injured children
IAHP’s program begins with a five-day seminar for the parents of "brain injured" children, because the program is carried out by parents at their homes. Following the seminar, IAHP conducts an initial evaluation of the child.
The program described in the 1960 JAMA paper (Doman, et al.) for "brain-injured" children included:
Patterning – manipulation of limbs and head in a rhythmic fashion
Crawling – forward bodily movement with the abdomen in contact with the floor
Creeping – forward bodily movement with the abdomen raised from the floor
Receptive stimulation – visual, tactile and auditory stimulation
Expressive activities – e.g. picking up objects
Masking – breathing into a rebreathing mask to increase the amount of carbon dioxide inhaled, which is purported to increase cerebral blood flow
Brachiation – swinging from a bar or vertical ladder
Gravity/Antigravity activities – rolling, somersaulting and hanging upside down.
The IAHP holds that brain injury at a given level of neurological development prevents or slows further progress.
Other therapies utilized by IAHP include eye exercises for children who have an eye that converges more than the other when looking at an object in the distance and those who have one eye that diverges more than the other when an object is moved slowly toward the bridge of the nose. IAHP also recommends stimulating the eyes of children with amblyopia by flashing a light on and off. For children with poor hearing, IAHP recommends auditory stimulation with loud noises, which may be pre-recorded. Brain-injured children may also be taught to identify by touch alone various objects placed in a bag.
IAHP recommends dietary restrictions, including reduced fluid intake for brain-injured children in an attempt to prevent "the possible overaccumulation of cerebrospinal fluid". Alongside fluid restriction, IAHP recommends a diet low in salt, sweets, and other "thirst provoking" foods.
Scientific evaluation and criticism
The Institutes model of childhood development has been criticized in the scientific community.
American Academy of Pediatrics position statement
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, patterning treatment is based on an oversimplified theory of brain development and its effectiveness is not supported by evidence-based medicine, making its use unwarranted. The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Children With Disabilities issued warnings regarding patterning, one of the IAHP's therapies for brain injured children, as early as 1968 and repeated in 1982. Their latest cautionary policy statement was in 1999, which was reaffirmed in 2010 states:
This treatment is based on an outmoded and oversimplified theory of brain development. Current information does not support the claims of proponents that this treatment is efficacious, and its use continues to be unwarranted.... [T]he demands and expectations placed on families are so great that in some cases their financial resources may be depleted substantially and parental and sibling relationships could be stressed.
Others
In addition to the American Academy of Pediatrics, a number of other organizations have issued cautionary statements about claims for efficacy of this therapy. These include the executive committee of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy, the United Cerebral Palsy Association of Texas, the Canadian Association for Retarded Children the executive board of the American Academy of Neurology, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Hornby et al. call R.A. Cummins 1988 book The Neurologically Impaired-child: Doman-Delacato Techniques Reappraised (Croom Helm, ), "The most comprehensive analysis of the rationale and effectiveness of the Doman-Delacato programme to date" and state Cummins uses neuroanatomy and neurophysiology to demonstrate that there is no sound scientific basis for the techniques used by the IAHP and concludes any benefit is likely due to increased activity and attention. Hornby et al. conclude, "It is now clear that the only results supporting the effectiveness of the programme come from a handful of early, poorly controlled studies." Kavale and Mostert and others also identified serious problems with the early research on the IAHP program. An analysis of higher quality studies found that students not receiving the treatment had better outcomes than those who were treated by the IAHP.
A 2013 study found the claims of superior results of treatment by the IAHP were not substantiated.
A 2006 retrospective study of 21 children by the IAHP and others of children with cortical visual impairment found significant improvement after use of the program the study had no control group.
Doctors Martha Farrell Erickson and Karen Marie Kurz-Riemer wrote that IAHP "capitalized on the desires of members of the 'baby boom' generation to maximize their children's intellectual potential" and "encouraged parents to push their infants to develop maximum brain power". But most contemporary child development experts "described many aspects of the program as useless and perhaps even harmful". Kathleen Quill concluded that "professionals" have nothing to learn from pattern therapy. Pavone and Ruggieri have written that pattern therapy does not have an important role in treatment. Neurologist Steven Novella has characterized pattern therapy as being based on a discarded theory and a "false cure". He also wrote that IAHP's unsubstantiated claims can cause both financial and emotional damage. While detailing criticism of pattern therapy, Robards also wrote that the therapy caused pediatricians and therapists to recognize that early intervention programs are necessary.
The American Academy of Pediatrics and other organizations have criticized the IAHP's claims of effectiveness, theoretical basis and the demands placed on parents by IAHP programs. Early studies originating from IAHP appeared to show some value of their program but were later criticized as significantly flawed. Kenneth Kavale and Mark Mostert have written that later studies they believe to have better design and more objectivity have shown pattern therapy "to be practically without merit".
In their book Controversial Issues in Special Education, Garry Hornby, Jean Howard and Mary Atkinson state the program also includes "gagging" in which the child breathes into a plastic bag until gasping for breath. This is based on the belief that it will cause maximum use of the lungs and thus maximize oxygen circulation to the brain. The book concludes that pattern therapy is ineffective and potentially damaging to the functioning of families.
Attitude to scientific evaluation
In the 1960s, IAHP published literature that appeared to demonstrate the effectiveness of the program. However, they subsequently instructed parents of children in their program not to take part in any independent studies designed to evaluate the program's effectiveness. The IAHP withdrew its agreement to participate in a "carefully designed study supported by federal and private agencies" when the study was in its final planning stages. According to Herman Spitz, "The IAHP no longer appears to be interested in a scientific evaluation of their techniques; they have grown large, wealthy, and independent, and their staff is satisfied to provide case histories and propaganda tracts in support of their claims." Terrence M. Hines then stated that they "have shown very little interest in providing empirical support for their methods".
References
Further reading
External links
Applied learning
Educational institutions established in 1955
Non-profit organizations based in Pennsylvania
Organizations for children with health issues
Brain
1955 establishments in Pennsylvania
Medical controversies
Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities |
4027912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Johnson | Cliff Johnson | Cliff or Clifford Johnson may refer to:
Cliff Johnson (baseball) (born 1947), former Major League Baseball designated hitter
Cliff Johnson (footballer) (1914–1989), English footballer
Cliff Johnson (game designer) (born 1953), computer puzzle games creator
Cliff Johnson (rugby league), New Zealand rugby league footballer
Clifford V. Johnson, English theoretical physicist
Clifford D. Johnson, American lawyer |
4027915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Provider | Soul Provider | Soul Provider is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Michael Bolton. The album was released on June 19, 1989 by Columbia Records/CBS. To date, the album has sold 12.5 million copies worldwide.
Containing five US top 40 hits (including three that reached the top 10), Soul Provider achieved longevity on the charts. The album spent almost four years on the Billboard 200 and peaked at number 3. It was certified 6× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
For the single version of "Georgia on My Mind", CBS edited out Michael Brecker's saxophone solo and replaced it with one by Kenny G.
Reception
Soul Provider has received generally mixed reviews from critics. AllMusic retrospectively described it as "more of the same", but noted that due to this album, Bolton "was now stoking the romantic fires in bedrooms across America". Robert Christgau gave the album a negative review, declaring Bolton to be "indistinguishable from pop metal except in the wattage of his guitar parts and the shamelessness of his song doctors." The Rolling Stone Album Guide described the album as the beginning of Bolton's descent into overdone and disrespectful covers, though they added that some of the self-penned performances on the album showed potential.
Track listing
Personnel
Michael Bolton – lead vocals, backing vocals (5, 6, 10)
Robbie Buchanan – keyboards (1, 8, 9)
Brad Cole – keyboards (1, 9)
Richard Tee – keyboards (2)
Eric Rehl – additional synthesizer (2), synthesizers (5)
Michael Omartian – keyboards (3, 4), drums (3), synthesizers (10), backing vocals (10)
Walter Afanasieff – additional keyboards (5, 7), percussion (5), synthesizers (7), drums (7)
Gregg Mangiafico – keyboards (5)
Phillip Ashley – keyboards (6), additional keyboards (8)
Guy Roche – additional keyboards (6), arrangements (7)
Diane Warren – keyboards (7)
Louis Biancaniello – additional keyboard programming (7)
Ren Klyce – additional synthesizer programming (7)
Dan Shea – additional synthesizer programming (7)
Barry Mann – keyboards (10)
Dann Huff – guitar (1, 9)
Steve Lukather – guitar (3)
Michael Landau – guitar (4, 6, 8, 10), additional guitar (7)
John McCurry – electric guitar (5), acoustic guitar (5), additional guitar (6)
Chris Camozzi – guitar (7)
Schuyler Deale – bass (2)
Neil Stubenhaus – bass (4, 6, 8-10), additional intro bass (7)
Hugh McDonald – bass (5)
Peter Bunetta – drum programming (1)
Chris Parker – drums (2)
John Keane – drums (4, 6, 8, 10)
Bobby Chouinard – drums (5)
John Robinson – drums (9)
Paulinho da Costa – percussion (9)
Kenny G – saxophone solo (1)
Michael Brecker – tenor saxophone (2)
Jerry Peterson – saxophone solo (9)
Jeff Pescetto – backing vocals (1)
Sharon Robinson – backing vocals (1)
Leslie Smith – backing vocals (1)
Terry Brock – backing vocals (2)
Jocelyn Brown – backing vocals (2)
Robin Clark – backing vocals (2)
Milt Grayson – backing vocals (2)
Vicki Sue Robinson – backing vocals (2)
Fonzi Thornton – backing vocals (2)
Richard Marx – backing vocals (3)
Joe Turano – backing vocals (3, 6)
Kyf Brewer – backing vocals (5)
Joe Cerisano – backing vocals (5)
Desmond Child – backing vocals (5)
Patricia Darcy – backing vocals (5)
John Fiore – backing vocals (5, 6)
Kate McGunnigle – backing vocals (5)
Lou Merlino – backing vocals (5)
Bernie Shanahan – backing vocals (5)
Myriam Naomi Valle – backing vocals (5, 6)
Suzie Benson – lead vocals (8)
Jeanette Hawes - backing vocals (9)
Wanda Vaughn – backing vocals (9)
Syreeta Wright – backing vocals (9)
Production
Producers – Peter Bunetta and Rick Chudacoff (Tracks 1 & 9); Michael Bolton (Tracks 2, 6, 7, 8 & 10); Susan Hamilton (Track 2); Michael Omartian (Tracks 3, 4 & 10); Desmond Child (Track 5); Guy Roche (Track 7); Barry Mann (Track 10)
Assistant producer on Track 7 – Walter Afanasieff
Production coordination on Tracks 3 & 4 – Janet Hinde
Production manager on Track 5 – Steve Savitt
Production coordination on Track 7 – Doreen Dorian
Engineers – Daren Klien (Tracks 1 & 9); Rick Kerr (Track 2); David Albert (Tracks 3, 4 & 10); Terry Christian (Track 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 & 10); Doug Carlton (Tracks 3, 4 & 10); Kevin Becka (Tracks 3, 4 & 10); Sir Arthur Payson (Track 5); Jay Healy (Tracks 6 & 8); Guy Roche (Track 7); Richard Piatt (Track 7)
Additional recording – Jeff Balding, Gerry E. Brown, Mark Ettel and Gary Wagner (Tracks 1 & 9); Kevin Becka (Track 8)
Assistant engineers – Bryant Arnett (Tracks 1 & 9), Laura Livingston (Tracks 1 & 9), Richard McKernon (Tracks 1 & 9), Marnie Riley (Tracks 1, 8 & 9), Steve Satkowski (Tracks 1 & 9); Tim Leitner, Paul Logus, Tony Van Horn and Michaek White (Track 2); Keith Goldstein, Roy Hendrickson, John Herman, Mike Krowiak, Danny Mormando and Joe Pirrera (Track 5); Kevin Becka (Tracks 6 & 7), Dary Sulich (Tracks 6 & 8), Rich Travali (Tracks 6 & 8), Tony Friedman (Track 7)
Mixing – Mick Guzauski (Tracks 1, 7 & 8); Rick Kerr (Track 2); Terry Christian (Tracks 3, 4 & 10); Sir Arthur Payson (Track 5); David Thoener (Track 6); Gerry E. Brown (Track 9)
Remix – Mick Guzauski (Track 4); David Frazer (Track 5); Arne Frager (Track 7)
Mixed at Conway Studios (Hollywood, CA); Right Track Recording, The Hit Factory and Record Plant (New York City, New York)
Remixed at The Plant (Sausalito, California)
Mastered by Vlado Meller at CBS Records Studio (New York City, New York)
Art direction and design – Christopher Austopchuk
Photography – Glen Erler
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
Certifications
References
Michael Bolton albums
1989 albums
Albums produced by Michael Omartian
Albums produced by Desmond Child
Columbia Records albums |
4027921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Watson | Wayne Watson | Wayne Watson (born October 5, 1954) is an American singer-songwriter in contemporary Christian music. Some of his songs have become CCM classics, including "Another Time, Another Place", "For Such a Time as This", "Friend of a Wounded Heart", "Touch of the Master's Hand", "New Lives for Old", "Watercolour Ponies", and from the 1998 The Way Home album "Here in This Town". He has won eight GMA Dove Awards.
Career history
Watson originally planned to pursue a career playing baseball, but while in college he began dabbling in music, and after graduation regularly performed in area churches. While leading worship at a Christian youth camp, the father of one of the children videotaped Watson's performance and sent it to a record company.
Watson produced 23 No. 1 singles in Christian radio—including "Friend of a Wounded Heart", "When God's People Pray", "Almighty", "Be in Her Eyes", "Watercolour Ponies", "More of You", "Another Time, Another Place", and "Home Free" (which became the most played song on Christian radio in 1991).
His career credits include a dozen Dove Awards wins, including Male Vocalist of the Year in 1989, Song of the Year in that same year ("Friend of a Wounded Heart"), Pop Contemporary Song of the Year and Contemporary Album of The Year (1988) for Watercolour Ponies, and Pop/Contemporary Song of the Year (1992) for "Home Free". He has twice been nominated for a Grammy Award—both for his performance of Watercolour Ponies (1987), and for Best Pop Gospel Album in 1992 for A Beautiful Place.
In the 1990s, he performed "Another Time, Another Place" with fellow artist Sandi Patty on NBC-TV's The Tonight Show—an event that was deemed a defining moment in Christian music's move to wider audiences. In the late 1990s, his "For Such a Time as This" became a centerpiece theme of the CBS-TV series Touched by an Angel.
Watson is retired after many years of serving as the associate director of music at Chapelwood United Methodist Church in Houston, Texas.
On January 1, 2011, Watson was among seven artists inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame.
Discography
Albums
Official compilations
1985: Best of Wayne Watson (Milk & Honey)
1991: The Early Works (Benson)
1992: How Time Flies (Word)
1995: The Very Best (Word)
1999: Signature Songs (Greentree)
2004: Signatures (Spring Hill)
2007: The Definitive Collection (Word)
Appearances on other albums
1985: An Evening in December; First Call & Friends (Word-A&M)
1985: Together We Will Stand; We Will Stand; a Continental Singers project (Christian Artists Records)
1989: Our Hymns (Word) "It Is Well with My Soul"
1990: Another Time...Another Place; Sandi Patti (Word) (title song)
1990: Handel's Young Messiah (Word) "He Was Despised"
1991: Live with Friends; Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir (Word) "Almighty"
1991: The New Young Messiah; (Sparrow) "Comfort Ye My People"
1994: Saviour: Story of God's Passion for His People; (Word) "Man of Sorrows"
1995: Christmas Carols of the Young Messiah; (Sparrow) "Angels Medley"
1996: Tribute – The Songs of Andraé Crouch; (Warner Alliance) "Through It All"
1997: Sing Me to Sleep, Daddy; (Brentwood Kids Company) (title song)
1999: Touched by an Angel: The Christmas Album; (Sony) "For Such a Time as This"
2000: Child of the Promise original cast recording (Sparrow) "Shepherds Recitative"
2002: McPherson 1: Sunset Drive (Autumn Productions) "Watercolor Ponies" (guitar instrumental)
Video
1987: Wayne Watson in Concert (Dayspring)
1994: The New Young Messiah (Sparrow)
1994: It's Time (Word Visual)
1995: Christmas Carols of the Young Messiah (Chordant)
Awards
Dove Awards
1988: Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year: Watercolour Ponies
1989: Song of the Year: "Friend of a Wounded Heart"
1989: Male Vocalist of the Year
1992: Pop/Contemporary Song of the Year: "Home Free"
1992: Short Form Music Video of the Year: "Another Time, Another Place"
1997: Special Event Album of the Year: Tribute – The Songs of Andrae Crouch (various artists)
1998: Children's Music Album of the Year: Sing Me to Sleep Daddy (various artists)
References
External links
Christian Music artist page
1954 births
Living people
20th-century American singers
20th-century Methodists
21st-century American singers
21st-century Methodists
American performers of Christian music
Songwriters from Louisiana
Louisiana Tech University alumni
American United Methodists
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers |
4027925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Polina | Old Polina | Old Polina is a traditional Newfoundland folk song. It is most likely based on the ship Polynia, built in 1861, of the Dundee Seal and Whale Fishing Company fleet. Polynia was commanded by Captain William Guy from 1883 to 1891, when she was sunk by ice in Davis Strait. This song is similar to another song called The Balaena, about another whaler.
Background story
Every year, the whaling fleet would sail from Dundee, Scotland to Newfoundland, there to pick up men to hunt the whales. Since the first ships to make it to Newfoundland would be able to pick the most experienced men, it became a bit of a competition to see who could make it in the fastest time. The other ships named in the song, Arctic, Aurora, Terra Nova, and Husky, are all ships from the Dundee Seal and Whale Fishing Company fleet. Aurora was the ship that rescued the crew of Polynia in 1891 when she sunk. Art Jackman, Mullins, and Fairweather were captains of the ships at that time. There are records of a Captain Fairweather in command of Balaena (mentioned in 1894 and 1896), an Alex Fairweather in command of Terra Nova (1885-1893), and a J. Fairweather for Aurora (1882-1886).
This song has been published in a number of song books, including the 1955 edition of Gerald S. Doyle's Old-Time Songs and Poetry of Newfoundland, as well as Paul Mercer's Newfoundland Songs and Ballads in Print 1842-1974 and Michael Taft's A Regional Discography of Newfoundland and Labrador 1904-1972.
Recordings
There are a number of recordings of this song available, including:
Trade Winds, recorded by Omar Blondahl
Another Time - The Songs of Newfoundland, recorded by Fergus O'Byrne (of Ryan's Fancy fame) (1991)
Newfoundland, recorded by Mark Hiscock on an album with Chris Andrews (both of Shanneyganock fame)
The Hard and the Easy, by Great Big Sea (2005)
Winners and Boozers,recorded by Fiddler’s Green (2013)
Lyrics
There’s a noble fleet of whalers a-sailing from Dundee,
Manned by British sailors to take them o’er the sea.
On a western ocean passage we started on the trip.
We flew along just like a song in our gallant whaling ship.
‘Twas the second Sunday morning, just after leaving port,
We met a heavy Sou’west gale that washed away our boat.
It washed away our quarterdeck, our stanchions just as well,
And so we sent the whole shebang a-floating in the gale.
CHORUS :
For the wind was on her quarter and the engine’s working free.
There’s not another whaler that sails the Arctic Sea
Can beat the Old Polina, you need not try, my sons,
For we challenged all both great and small from Dundee to St. John’s.
Art Jackman set his canvas, Fairweather got up steam,
But Captain Guy, the daring boy, came plunging through the stream.
And Mullins in the Husky tried to beat the blooming lot,
But to beat the Old Polina was something he could not.
CHORUS
There’s the noble Terra Nova, a model without doubt.
The Arctic and Aurora they talk so much about.
Art Jackman’s model mailboat, the terror of the sea,
Tried to beat the Old Polina on a passage from Dundee.
CHORUS
And now we’re back in old St. John’s where rum is very cheap.
So we’ll drink a health to Captain Guy who brought us o’er the deep.
A health to all our sweethearts and to our wives so fair.
Not another ship could make the trip but the Polina I declare.
The Other Ships
The Aurora was built in 1876, and was a whaling ship until 1910, when it was bought by Douglas Mawson for a scientific expedition to Antarctica from 1911 to 1914. It disappeared, with all hands, in 1918.
The whaling ship Terra Nova was built in 1884, but was used for Antarctic exploration between 1894 and 1913. She returned to the Newfoundland seal fishery from 1913, until 1943, when she sank off the coast of Greenland. The crew was rescued by a US Coastguard ship.
External links
Pigeon Inlet Productions
Lyrics
The Aurora
Canadian folk songs
Newfoundland and Labrador folk songs |
4027926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji | Saionji | Saionji (西園寺) is a Japanese family name of former kuge descent. People with the name include:
The Saionji family, kuge family.
Prince Saionji Kinmochi, 12th and 14th Prime Minister of Japan
Empress Saionji, wife of Emperor Go-Fukakusa
Fictional characters
Chiaki Saionji of Demon Ororon
Kaoru Saionji of Gakuen Heaven
Kyoichi Saionji of Revolutionary Girl Utena
Sekai Saionji of School Days
Reimi Saionji of Star Ocean: The Last Hope
Hiyoko Saionji of Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair
Rika Saionji of Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches
Takato Saionji of Buriki One
Ukyo Saionji of Dr.Stone
Enju Saion-ji of Moe! Ninja Girls by NTT Solmare
Japanese-language surnames |
4027936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaghbub | Jaghbub | Jaghbub () is a remote desert village in the Al Jaghbub Oasis in the eastern Libyan Desert. It is actually closer to the Egyptian town of Siwa than to any Libyan town of note. The oasis is located in Butnan District and was the administrative seat of the Jaghbub Basic People's Congress. Supported by reservoirs of underground water and date production, the town is best known for its hard-won self-sufficiency. Idris of Libya was born in Jaghbub on 12 March 1890.
Geography
The Jaghbub oasis is located in a deep depression that extends below sea level. This depression, an area lower than the surrounding region, reaches to about -10 m. To the east the Siwa Oasis lies in a similar depression and even further east the large Qattara Depression also lies below sea level.
History
It was once the headquarters of the Senussi Movement and home of a long disappeared Islamic university and the former Senussi palace (which is now in rubble). Jaghbub was a part of Egypt until December 1925, when it was ceded to Italy as part of a deal to fix the Egypt–Libya border. In February 1931, the Italian colonial administration led by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani decided to build a barbed-wire fence stretching from the Mediterranean port of Bardia to Jaghbub 270 km away. Supervised by armoured patrols and the air force, the fence sought to cut off the rebels from their supply sources and contacts with the Senussi leadership in Egypt. The construction of the fence began in April, 1931 and was completed in September. This, along with the deportation of almost the entire population of the Jebel Akhdar, was decisive and precipitated the end of the rebellion. The fence still runs along the Libyan-Egyptian border from near Tobruk, finishing at Jaghbub where the Great Sand Sea begins.
The construction of the fence was dramatized in the film Lion of the Desert.
The Siege of Giarabub was fought between Commonwealth and Italian forces during World War II. Italian and Libyan colonial troops led by Colonel Salvatore Castagna resisted a siege by mostly Australian troops for three months before being forced to surrender on 23 March 1941. The resistance of the Italian troops was celebrated by the fascist regime and used to minimize the military defeat in Cyrenaica.
See also
List of World War II North Africa Airfields
Notes
J
J
Protected areas of Libya
Baladiyat of Libya |
4027953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Cruickshank | Roger Cruickshank | Roger Cruickshank DFC (born 18 October 1982) is a Scottish pilot in the Royal Air Force, a Squadron Leader, and one of United Kingdom's top downhill skiers.
Early life
Roger Cruickshank was born on 18 October 1982 in Banchory, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
Career
Cruickshank joined the Royal Air Force, where he serves as a Eurofighter Typhoon pilot. He served in Iraq in 2016. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in 2017.
In March 2005, Cruickshank crashed whilst skiing, which shattered his left tibia and required a metal plate with nine pins to be permanently fixed in his leg. After regaining the ability to walk in June 2005, he qualified for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. In the Men's Downhill event, skiing with a knee-brace, Cruickshank finished 37th.
Cruickshank is the co-author of Speed of Sound, Sound of Mind in 2016.
Personal life
Cruickshank lost his mother to depression after she committed suicide in 2010.
Honours
2017 : Distinguished Flying Cross.
Works
References
1982 births
Living people
People from Banchory
Royal Air Force officers
Scottish male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Great Britain
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
People of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) |
4027959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Latvia at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Latvia competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Mārtiņš Rubenis won Latvia's first Winter Olympic medal.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Biathlon
Men
Women
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Sprint
Ice hockey
Men's tournament
Players
Results
Round-robin
Standings
Luge
Short track speed skating
Skeleton
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4027960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout%20Spirit | Scout Spirit | Scout spirit is an attitude that Scouts around the world are supposed to show, based on adherence to the ideals of Scouting. Scouting's founder, Baden Powell, once said, "The spirit is there in every boy; it has to be discovered and brought to light."
The Unknown Scout
This is the oft told story of the Unknown Scout used to exemplify Scout Spirit:
And so 51-year-old William D. Boyce, newspaper and magazine publisher from Chicago, Illinois, met the founder of the Boy Scout movement, the British military hero, Lieutenant-General Robert S. S. Baden-Powell, and learned about Scouting from the chief Scout himself.
On February 8, 1910, Boyce and a group of leaders founded the Boy Scouts of America. From that day forth, Scouts have celebrated February 8 as the birthday of Scouting in the United States.
In the British Scout Training Centre at Gilwell Park, England, Scouts from the United States erected a statue of an American Buffalo in honor of this unknown Scout. The statue is inscribed, "To the Unknown Scout Whose Faithfulness in the Performance of the Daily Good turn Brought the Scout Movement to the United States of America."
Boy Scouts of America
The Boy Scouts of America Mechanics of Advancement says:
Scoutmasters and Boards of Review must be careful in how they measure it:
The Scout's demonstration of Scout spirit is discussed at the Scoutmaster conference and the board of review when the Scout advances to a new rank.
See also
Scout method
Scout Law
Scout Motto
Scout Oath
Scout prayer
Scout sign and salute
References
External links
Spirit |
4027964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise%20%28options%29 | Exercise (options) | The owner of an option contract has the right to exercise it, and thus require that the financial transaction specified by the contract is to be carried out immediately between the two parties, whereupon the option contract is terminated. When exercising a call option, the owner of the option purchases the underlying shares (or commodities, fixed interest securities, etc.) at the strike price from the option seller, while for a put option, the owner of the option sells the underlying to the option seller, again at the strike price.
Styles
The option style, as specified in the contract, determines when, how, and under what circumstances, the option holder may exercise it. It is at the discretion of the owner whether (and in some circumstances when) to exercise it.
European – European-style option contracts may only be exercised at the option's expiration date. Thus they can never be worth more than an American-style option with the same underlying strike price and expiration date.
American – American-style option contracts can be exercised at any time up to the option's expiration. Under certain circumstances (see below) early exercise may be advantageous to the option holder.
Bermudan – Bermudan-style options contracts may only be exercised on specified dates. Bermudan-style options are common in the interest rate options and swaps markets.
Settlement
The option contract specifies the manner in which the contract is to be settled.
Physical settlement – Physically settled options require the actual delivery of the underlying security. An example of a physically settled contract is U.S.-listed exchange-traded equity options. Delivery settles in two business days. It is the most common form of settlement. Physically settled options are mostly American style.
Cash settlement – Cash-settled options do not require the actual delivery of the underlier. Instead, the market value, at the exercise date, of the underlier is compared to the strike price, and the difference (if in a favourable direction) is paid by the option seller to the owner of the option. An example of a cash-settled contract is most U.S.-listed exchange-traded index options. This settlement occurs the next business day following the trade.
Considerations
The following guidelines determine whether and when to exercise an option:
An option should only be exercised if it is in the money by at least as much as the fees associated with the underlying transaction (e.g. the fee for subsequently selling an underlying which has been physically delivered). The exercise usually costs money as well.
In most cases, options should not be exercised before expiration because doing so gives away inherent value. Selling them would almost invariably yield more.
For an American-style call option, early exercise is a possibility whenever the benefits of being long the underlier outweigh the cost of surrendering the option early. For instance, on the day before an ex-dividend date, it may make sense to exercise an equity call option early in order to collect the dividend. In general, equity call options should only be exercised early on the day before an ex-dividend date, and then only for deep in-the-money options.
For an American-style put option, early exercise is a possibility for deep in-the-money options. In this case, it may make sense to exercise the option early in order to obtain the intrinsic value (K-S) earlier so that it can start to earn interest immediately. This is somewhat more likely to be worthwhile if there is no ex-dividend date (which would probably cause the price of the underlying to fall further) between now and the expiry date.
Early exercise strategy
A common strategy among professional option traders is to sell large quantities of in-the-money calls just prior to an ex-dividend date. Quite often, non-professional option traders may not understand the benefit of exercising a call option early, and therefore may unintentionally forgo the value of the dividend. The professional trader may only be 'assigned' on a portion of the calls, and therefore profits by receiving a dividend on the stock used to hedge the calls that are not exercised.
Assignment and clearing
Assignment occurs when an option holder exercises his option by notifying his broker, who then notifies the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC). The OCC fulfills the contract, then selects, randomly, a member firm who was short the same option contract. The OCC then notifies the firm. The firm then carries out its obligation, and then selects a customer, either randomly, first-in, first-out, or some other equitable method who was short the option, for assignment. That customer is assigned the exercise requiring him to fulfill the obligation that he agreed to when he wrote the option.
Exercise by exception
In the U.S., for the convenience of brokers, who would otherwise have to request exercise of all in the money options, the Options Clearing Corporation will automatically exercise any option that is set to expire in the money by 1 cent or more. This is called "exercise by exception". A broker or holder of such options may request that they not be exercised by exception. The price of the underlying security used to determine the need for exercise by exception is the price of the regular-hours trade reported last to the OCC at or before 4:01:30 pm ET on the day before expiration. This trade will have occurred during normal trading hours, i.e., before 4:00 pm. It can be any size and come from any participating exchange. The OCC reports this price tentatively at 4:15 pm, but, to allow time for exchanges to correct errors the OCC does not make the price official until 5:30 pm.
References
Options (finance) |
4027967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terauchi | Terauchi | Terauchi (written: 寺内) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
, Japanese diver
, Imperial Japanese army marshal and commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group
, Japanese military officer, politician and Prime Minister of Japan
, Japanese baseball player
, Japanese rock guitarist
Yoko Terauchi (born 1954), Japanese artist
, Japanese actress and voice actress
Japanese-language surnames |
4027984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirovsky | Kirovsky | Kirovsky (masculine), Kirovskaya (feminine), or Kirovskoye (neuter) () may refer to:
Kirovsky District, several districts in the countries of the former Soviet Union
Kirovsky Urban Settlement (or Kirovskoye Urban Settlement), several municipal urban settlements in Russia
Kirovsky, Russia (Kirovskaya, Kirovskoye), several inhabited localities in Russia
Kirovskiy, former name of Xırdalan, Azerbaijan
Kirovskiy, former name of Kirov, Baku, Azerbaijan
Kirovskiy, former name of Balpyk Bi, Kazakhstan
Kirov Oblast (Kirovskaya oblast), a federal subject of Russia
Kirovskaya metro station, several metro stations in Russia
Kirovskaya railway station, closed railway stations in St. Peterburg, Russia
Kirovske (Kirovskoye), an air base in Crimea
See also
Kirovski, Macedonian last name
Kirov (disambiguation)
Kirovsk (disambiguation)
Kirovske (disambiguation)
Kirovka (disambiguation) |
4027985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Association%20of%20Radio%20Transmitters | New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters | The New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters (NZART) is a non-profit organisation of amateur radio enthusiasts in New Zealand. It represents New Zealand amateur radio operators nationally and internationally. NZART is a founding member of the International Amateur Radio Union. It is an association of individual members, however those members are encouraged to form local branches.
Membership of NZART is voluntary; it is estimated that approximately 35% of New Zealand's licensed amateur radio operators belong. Members are represented by Councillors to the NZART Council, the executive body tasked with the business management of the association.
Governance
The NZART Council includes twelve executives. Three of these are the NZART President, vice-president, and Immediate Past President. Regional councillors are elected to represent different geographic regions of New Zealand: three from the Northern District, three from the Central District, two from the Midland District, and one from the Southern District. The number of Councillors in each district is roughly representative of the number of licensed amateurs that they are directly accountable to in their respective geographic areas.
The NZART Council works with an appointed NZART Business Manager. The Business Manager is employed by NZART (30 hrs per week), and in 2020 an Office Assistant was employed (20 hrs per week). Both are tasked with the day-to-day business operations of the association, including manning their office, and providing administrative duties to AREC, located in Upper Hutt, near Wellington.
Additional officers reporting directly to NZART Council include the National Director Amateur Radio Emergency Communications, The Engineering Licensing Group (ELG) and the Administration Liaison Officer (ALO), who is charged with liaison with the Radio Spectrum Management Group of the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE).
Relations with the New Zealand Government
The NZART has performed an advocacy function, commenting on policy and planning initiatives proposed by the New Zealand government in the areas of radio licences, spectrum allocations for broadband wireless, and the future of digital communication. The Association also contributed to the creation of EMF exposure standards in their role as member of the NZ RF Standard Committee.
In 2006, the Ministry of Economic Development's Radio Spectrum Management division was assisted by NZART and the local Coastguard Boating Education Service in the creation of an update to the Spectrum Management and Registration Technology (SMART) which allowed people to search online for radio operator information including callsigns. In 2008, it was noted that there were some discrepancies between the SMART system and the callsign book produced by NZART.
Publications and services
The official journal of the NZART is Break-In, a bi-monthly publication containing articles of interest to the amateur radio community. Also, an annual publication known as the Call Book provides an index of licensed amateurs in New Zealand by call sign, providing addresses for the purpose of contact acknowledgement (QSL), as well as much other information useful to the New Zealand radio enthusiast. Other publications include Ham Shacks, Brass Pounders and Rag Chewers, a history of amateur radio in New Zealand, published in 1997 with assistance from the New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs Historical Branch.
In 1980, NZART collaborated with author Jumbo Godfrey ZL1HV to produce a Basic radio training manual: a study course for the amateur radio operators.
The Association provides some educational services, such as providing demonstrative lectures on electromagnetic wave theory. Another service offered by the Association is to provide trained personnel and radio communications systems to Amateur Radio Emergency Communications, a group which liaises with the New Zealand Police and Civil Defense services in emergency situations.
Break-In
The official journal of the NZART is Break-In, and is published bimonthly. The publication is a requirement of the NZART Constitution The term break-in refers to a system in CW whereby the transmitting station can hear the other station's signal during “key up” periods.
A total of six issues a year are produced, with the first January/February distributed within the first week of February, and so on.
The close off dates for articles/advertising are year-on-year:
10 January for January/February issue.
10 March for March/April issue.
20 April for May/June issue. (produced to coincide with the AGM over Queens Birthday Weekend)
10 July for July/August issue.
10 September for September/October issue.
10 November for November/December issue.
Each issue normally contains Technical and General articles of interest to amateur radio operators. Sometimes the articles are of a more general nature with some flavour of radio mixed into the article.
In addition, each issue contains a number of columns from various authors covering activities from AREC, Contests, Digitalmodes, DX, Satellites, SOTA, Youth Report and more.
As the official journal Break-In contains information about the association, important news and announcements, AGM news and Remits plus the Annual Accounts. As a magazine it has a wealth of information with many members having copies going back to the very first issue produced in January 1928.
Call Book
Call Book is annual publication that provides an index of all licensed amateurs in New Zealand by call sign, providing addresses for the purpose of contact acknowledgement (QSL), as well as much other information useful to the New Zealand radio enthusiast, such as a series of Repeater/Beacon Maps for both VHF and UHF repeaters based around New Zealand. This eighty page stapled publication is included free with membership of NZART, bundled with the November–December issue of Break-In. Although produced as a paper publication, electronic versions have also been produced on CD-ROM, with the last version produced in this format in 2017. The membership decide each year at the AGM on the format to be produced.
Branches
Branches of NZART are generally radio clubs and related organisations, and are found across the country. The Branches facilitate the representation of individual members at a national level through the NZART National Conference. Most radio clubs are individually incorporated and operate on a day-to-day basis independently of the NZART.The number following the branch name is their NZART branch number.
Numerous branches experienced membership decline (possibly proportionate to a national decline), and have been reduced to a status of "recess" for several years.
History
The New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters formed on 16 August 1926. In the same year, Gordon Smithson (Z1AF) made the first NZART broadcast. The first publication of Break-in, the NZART journal, was in 1928. In 1929 NZART became a more powerful organisation, joining the International Amateur Radio Union and successfully lobbying the New Zealand Government for a reduction in the compulsory licensing fees.
In 1934 the Association became an incorporated society and in 1982 their membership numbers reached a high of 4,397. The first NZART written submission to the New Zealand government was in 1989 and related to the proposed Radiocommunications Bill. In 1998 the Association established the Radioscience Education Trust. NZART is registered as a charity in 2017.
Presidential Terms
Forty five radio amateurs have led NZART as president.
See also
Amateur radio call signs of New Zealand
References
External links
NZART official web site
New Zealand
Organizations established in 1926
Clubs and societies in New Zealand
1926 establishments in New Zealand
Radio in New Zealand
Organisations based in Upper Hutt |
4027987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%20Prep | Poly Prep | Poly Prep Country Day School (commonly known as Poly Prep) is an independent, co-educational day school with two campuses in Brooklyn, New York, United States. The Middle School (5th to 8th grades) and Upper School (9th to 12th grades) are located in the Dyker Heights section of Brooklyn, while the Lower School (nursery to 4th grade) is located in Brooklyn's Park Slope neighborhood. Initially founded as part of the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute (predecessor of the NYU Tandon School of Engineering), Poly Prep now offers classes from nursery school through 12th grade.
History
Poly Prep was established years ago in 1854 as the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute in Downtown Brooklyn. It was one of the first private boys' schools in the city of Brooklyn. The initial aim of the school was to offer an academic program similar to that of boarding schools of the time while striving to maintain a strong community feel among students and faculty alike.
After 45 years, the future of the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute was re-evaluated in 1889, when the preparatory school and the collegiate division were finally separated. In 1891, the construction of a new building next door to the school's original building provided a home for the college, which became known as the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. Both divisions still exist, although the collegiate division, after many changes of name, was eventually acquired by New York University (NYU) in 2008 and, as of 2014, is now known as the New York University Tandon School of Engineering.
After its initial separation from the collegiate division, the Polytechnic Preparatory Institute remained an all-boys collegiate preparatory program at 99 Livingston Street and, by the mid-1890s, had already become one of the largest prep schools in the country, with over 600 students.
Move to Dyker Heights
The school acquired its Dyker Heights location in 1916 after a 25-acre parcel of land, formerly the Dyker Meadow Golf Course, was offered to the trustees. Classes began during the fall of 1917 at the new campus, amid continued construction that helped shape much of the school's current appearance.
Going co-educational
During the tenure of headmaster William M. Williams, the school began the transition to co-education in 1977 when it first admitted girls, graduating its first co-ed class in 1979.
Creating primary school
Poly Prep's most recent and dramatic expansion occurred in 1995, with its acquisition of the historic Hulbert Mansion from the Brooklyn Ethical Culture Society, a site formerly rented by the now defunct Woodward Park School. The new property was converted into Poly's Lower School, offering classes for students from nursery through 4th grade.
Major primary school expansion
In the 2006–2007 school year, a modern expansion was added onto the Park Slope building. As part of its "Blue and Gray Goes Green!" initiative, Poly chose to reduce the new Lower School's ecological "footprint". Poly's renovated Lower School became the first LEED-certified school building in New York City, and the first such primary school building in the state.
In April 2009, Poly Prep's Lower School won the Lucy B. Moses Award from the New York Landmarks Conservancy as an outstanding example of historic preservation and renovation.
Child abuse claims
The school was the subject of a federal lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn in 2009 centering on the sexual assault of students by Philip Foglietta, the head football coach from 1966 to 1991. A 2004 state suit against the school had been dismissed due to the statute of limitations, but U.S. District Court Judge Frederic Block subsequently ruled that portions of the suit could proceed in federal court because administrators may have lied about when they learned of the abuse. Plaintiffs' attorney Kevin Mulhearn cited the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act in alleging that past and current administrators had engaged in a coverup of the abuse. Published reports compared the abuse and alleged coverup to a similar scandal at Pennsylvania State University in 2011. In March 2012 the law firm Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman joined the plaintiffs on a pro bono basis. On September 19, 2012, new allegations connecting Foglietta and Jerry Sandusky surfaced.
The suit was settled for $10 million in December 2012. On February 21, 2014, the school issued what the Wall Street Journal called "a sweeping apology" for the abuse and the school's failure over the decades to respond appropriately when victims revealed their abuse. The headmaster of the school, David Harman, and the chairman of the board of trustees, Scott Smith, subsequently resigned.
Institution
Divisions
Poly Prep consists of three divisions, beginning with the Lower School located at 50 Prospect Park West in Brooklyn. Lower School education commences with the nursery school program, which consists of early childhood learning up until the pre-kindergarten level, and continues on through fourth grade. The middle school program begins at grade 5, at which point Poly students enroll at Poly Prep's Middle and Upper School campus located at 9216 Seventh Avenue in Brooklyn, where they continue their education through 8th grade and then into high school.
Athletics
Interscholastic Leagues
Poly Prep is part of the Ivy Preparatory School League, a division of the greater New York State Association of Independent Schools (NYSAIS), which comprises all the private schools in the state. The school has a number of award-winning programs, most notably football, basketball, and baseball. Hockey was introduced in 2010.
Athletic teams
Headmasters of the Country Day School
In the years since the opening of the Dyker Heights campus in 1917, Poly has had five headmasters: Joseph Dana Allen (1917–1949), J. Folwell Scull (1949–1970), William M. Williams (1970–2000), David Harman (2000–2016), and Audrius Barzdukas (2016–present).
Notable alumni and attendees
Louis Aronne, obesity medicine specialist at Weill Cornell Medicine
Robert Briskman (born 1932), co-founder of SIRIUS Satellite Radio
Michael Brown (1949–2015), founder/member of bands The Left Banke and Stories, composer of "Walk Away Renée" and "Pretty Ballerina." Known as Michael Lookofsky during Poly years. (Did not graduate with class of 1967)
Rob Brown, actor
Bruce Cutler (born 1948), criminal defense attorney
Ken Dashow (born 1958), radio personality
Calvert DeForest (1921-2007), actor, comedian best known for work on the David Letterman Show as Larry "Bud" Melman
Kenneth Duberstein (born 1944), White House Chief of Staff to President Ronald Reagan; political consultant
Brian Flores, head coach of the NFL's Miami Dolphins
Dan Fogler (born 1976), actor; Tony Award for 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee
Joel Gertner (born 1975), professional wrestling personality
Jahkeen Gilmore (born 1983), former NFL wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers
Louisa Gummer (born 1991), model
Briton Hadden (1898-1929), co-founder of Time magazine
Harold Hellenbrand, university professor, administrator, and author
P. J. Hill (born 1987), former NFL running back
R. M. Koster (born 1934), novelist
Rich Kotite (born 1942), former NFL player and coach
Arthur Levitt (born 1931), Chairman of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 1993-2001; Chairman of the American Stock Exchange, 1978-1989
Howard Levy (born 1951), musician and Grammy Award winner (with Bela Fleck and The Flecktones)
Seth Low (1851–1916), Mayor of Brooklyn and New York City; President of Columbia University
Charles E. Marsters (1883-1962), lacrosse player
William C. McCreery (1896–1988), American lawyer and member of the New York State Assembly
Joseph McElroy (born 1930) novelist
Joakim Noah (born 1985), professional basketball player who played in the NBA for the Chicago Bulls and New York Knicks
Eric Olsen (born 1988), professional football player who played in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints
Park Cannon (born 1991), member of the Georgia House of Representatives from the 58th District
Richard Perry (born 1942), record producer
Stewart Rahr, founder and owner of Kinray, the largest privately held pharmaceutical distributor in the world
Max Rose (born 1986), US Congressman from New York's 11th congressional district, and US Army Bronze Star recipient.
Alfred P. Sloan (1875–1966), General Motors Corporation President, 1923-1937; CEO, 1923-1946; Chairman, 1937-1956
Bonnie Somerville (born 1974) actress
Stephen E. Smith (1927–1990), brother-in-law and campaign manager for President John F. Kennedy.
Joe Tacopina (born 1966), criminal defense lawyer and owner//president/chairman of Italian soccer club Venezia F.C.
Bob Telson (born 1949), composer (The Gospel at Colonus)
Henry van Dyke Jr. (1852-1933), author, educator and clergyman
Isaiah Wilson (born 1999), NFL offensive lineman, Miami Dolphins
Angela Yee (born 1976), radio host on Sirius XM's Shade 45
Armin Tehrany, New York City based orthopaedic surgeon and film producer
References
External links
Dyker Heights, Brooklyn
Private elementary schools in Brooklyn
Private middle schools in Brooklyn
Private high schools in Brooklyn
Private K-12 schools in New York City
Preparatory schools in New York City
School sexual abuse scandals
Ivy Preparatory School League
Educational institutions established in 1854
1854 establishments in New York (state) |
4027991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirovski | Kirovski | Kirovski () is a Macedonian surname shared by the following people:
Hristijan Kirovski (b. 1985), Macedonian association football player
Jovan Kirovski (b. 1976), American association football player of Macedonian descent
See also
Kirov (disambiguation) |
4028015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Charles%20Van%20Dyke | John Charles Van Dyke | John Charles Van Dyke (1856–1932) was an American art historian, critic, and nature writer. He was born at New Brunswick, New Jersey, studied at Columbia, and for many years in Europe. He was admitted to the New York State Bar Association in 1877, but never practiced law.
In 1878, Van Dyke was appointed the librarian of the Gardner Sage Library at the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, and in 1891 as a professor of art history at Rutgers College (now Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey). With his appointment, the Rutgers president's residence was converted to classroom and studio space for the college's Department of Fine Arts. He was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1908.
Van Dyke wrote a series of critical guide books: New Guides to Old Masters. He edited Modern French Masters (1896); Old Dutch and Flemish Masters (1901); Old English Masters; and a series of histories covering the history of art in America.
In 1901, Van Dyke published "The Desert" through which Americans "'discovered' the Southwest, its Indians, strange plants, and exotic animals. Discovered, too, the first and still the best book to praise the arid lands. After nearly a century Van Dyke remains the grandfather of almost all American desert writers...."
Van Dyke was the son of Judge John Van Dyke, and great grandson of John Honeyman, a spy for George Washington who played a critical role at the battle of Trenton. He was also the uncle of film director W.S. Van Dyke.
Publications
How to Judge a Picture (1888)
Art for Art's Sake (1893)
A History of Painting (1894; new edition, 1915)
Rembrandt and his school; a critical study of the master and his pupils with a new assignment of their pictures (1923)
The Meadows: Familiar Studies of the Commonplace (1926)
Nature for its Own Sake (1898; fourth edition, 1906)
With J. Smeaton Chase (photographs – 1918 ed.) (1980 ed. Gibbs M. Smith, Inc. / Peregrine Smith Books: Salt Lake City, xxvii + 233|) ()
The Opal Sea: Continued Studies in Impressions and Appearances (1906)
The Open Spaces: Incidents of Nights and Days under the Blue Sky (1922)
Studies in Pictures (1907)
The Money God (1908) ()
The Raritan: Notes on a River and a Family (1915)
The Mountain (1916)
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado (1920)
In the West Indies (1932)
Edited by Peter Wild
Reviewed by: Ingham, Zita (March 22, 1995). "The Autobiography of John C. Van Dyke: A Personal Narrative of American Life, 1861–1931". Nineteenth-Century Prose
Further reading
References
External links
1856 births
1932 deaths
American art historians
American art critics
American book editors
Columbia University alumni
Writers from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Rutgers University faculty
American people of Dutch descent
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Historians from New Jersey |
4028038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizio%20Buanne | Patrizio Buanne | Patrizio Franco Buanne (born 20 September 1978) is an Italian-Austrian baritone singer, songwriter, and producer.
Biography
Early life
Patrizio Buanne was born in Vienna, Austria to Franco and Alina Buanne; he spent his childhood living and traveling between the two grand, historical and musical cities: Vienna, which is known as “The heart of Europe”; and: Naples, Italy, also known as the capital of the Mediterranean, which he claims that shaped his upbringing and personality.
From an early age, a passion for languages grew on him. He studied Roman and Slavic languages at the University of Vienna and Rome. He speaks Neapolitan, Italian, German, English, French, Spanish and Polish; furthermore, he developed an affection for music, inspired by the classic Italian and Neapolitan songs that his parents would record from vinyl onto cassettes to be played for the clients at his father's restaurant.
He is a happily married man with a daughter who currently resides in Austria. His daughter's name is Alina Josephine.
Career
Buanne participated and won several talent competitions between the ages of 11 and 17. which led to small musical productions and gigs with his self-formed 50's rock and roll band and as a solo performer followed.
When he was 17, a music industry manager proposed a performance on the occasion of the Papal visit in Wroclaw, Poland. The song, which was half in Italian and half in Polish, had been written for the opening mass, and with 85,000 people in attendance, the exposure led to his first record named Angelo di Dio in 1997. Tragically, it was also to be the year that his father died from virulent cancer, and the subsequent grief became such that Patrizio almost lost his own life to a perforated ulcer.
At age 19, Buanne graduated from school in Vienna and moved to Naples and later Rome. There he attended university to study languages, while looking for opportunities in the entertainment industry in Italy. He was a guest performer and entertainer on Italian television shows such as Momenti di Gloria, Domenica In and Libero. This success led to a contract with a production company that made shows for RAI and Mediaset. Due to the limited offered international opportunities in Italy, Buanne started to shape his own ideas and concepts.
Buanne approached several producers with the idea of recording a collection of romantic Italian songs with an orchestra, which was his real ambition, forged by 5 years of shaping and developing his ideas as an independent artist. The objective behind recording that particular genre was, on one hand, to let people know that “Italian music is not just opera or classical”, and on the other hand, to honor his father.
The Italian (2005)
In 2004, after years of reaching out to producers, he finally found a team that shared his goals, started to produce his album, and auditioned for several record companies, until he was signed by Lucian Grainge from Universal Music for a worldwide release. The album, The Italian, was finished in London at the Abbey Road Studios with the collaboration of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Released in February 2005, after 18 months of production, it reached the top ten in the charts in the United Kingdom, and sold over 100,000 copies by the first week following its release. The album was certified gold in the UK, Austria and Finland, platinum in New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan, double platinum in South Africa and even triple platinum in Australia.
Following The Italian'''s international release, Buanne performed two mayor tours in 2006, including a six-week tour of theatres and concert venues in Australia, Asia, South Africa and Europe.
His live concert DVD "Patrizio-the new voice of romance" was broadcast on the American public television network PBS, which led to his first US tour.
In October 2006, Buanne was invited by Dr. A. Kenneth Ciongoli, the chairman of the National Italian American Foundation, to perform at their annual gala in Washington, D.C. where he met the President of the United States.
Forever Begins Tonight (2007)
Buanne's second album, Forever Begins Tonight, was released in 2007, and reached No. 15 in the UK and No. 7 on the US Billboard World Albums Chart. The album included an Italian version of the Robbie Williams's song "Angels" (entitled "Un Angelo").
In less than two years, both of his releases, sold more than 2 million albums, even in spite of not having professional management or an international radio hit.
Patrizio (2009)
Given the significant success that came with both of his first albums, as well as the demand for his music in the United States by his fans, he decided that in order to take his career to the next level, he would need to spend more time in the US not only touring, but also to seek representation from some serious players within the music establishment; and thus, Mondo Buanne Productions was founded; a group of professionals around the world that consult and coordinate Patrizio's concepts, ideas and projects.
Taking this step in his career, brought the recording of Patrizio's third album, under the Warner Music label; collaborating with veteran producers, Humberto Gatica and Brian Rawlings, both of whom oversought many international hits by artists like Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Cher and Enrique Iglesias, and recognized Patrizio's potential and were enthusiastic to be involved in his new release.
For this album, Gatica and Rawlings helped researching more tunes of the Italian songbook, that are Patrizio's trademark; but the album also featured his own contemporary and timeless interpretation of International standards, alongside new original and unpublished compositions, recorded this time in the United States, at the legendary Hollywood's Capitol Studios.
In 2011, and exactly on Patrizio's birthday, this eponymous album made it to number 5 on the US Jazz Billboard charts, and was followed by his third concert tour, through Australia, New Zealand, Asia, South Africa and the United States, where he was invited to perform with Larry King and on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.
Life is Beautiful - Dankie-Suid Afrika (2011)
That same year, he released Life is Beautiful - Dankie-Suid Afrika (Universal-EMI Music), an album of South African pop standards, in which he recorded alongside singers such as Ladysmith Black Mambazo, duets in Afrikaans; as well as in Italian and English, being awarded by the South African Music Industry with the "SA’s Ambassadors Award".
Wunderbar (2013)
In 2013, Patrizio dedicated an album to his German speaking fans, and particularly friends that he grew up with in Vienna, named Wunderbar (Warner Music GSA); where he melts in more Italian songs he grew up with, and original compositions combining the German and Italian language.
The results of both Life is Beautiful - Dankie-Suid Afrika and Wunderbar'' were a tour through Austria, Switzerland and Germany, presented by popular show master Florian Silbereisen; and national concerts in South Africa, as well as a special guest performance and live DVD recording as the only international performer at "Classics is Groot", singing among other songs his first hit "Il Mondo", and where he invited 12 years old Dutch soprano Amira Willighagen to perform the Neapolitan classic "O Sole Mio" as a duet.
Viva la Dolce Vita (2015)
On his fourth worldwide release, Viva la Dolce Vita (Universal Music), he remained true to his reputation as an “Ambassador for the Italian song” while also broadening his horizons by putting an international slant on his natural way with both previously published and original songs. Among the tracks, he gave spirited interpretations of Neapolitan, Sicilian and more Italian standards such as “Gli occhi miei” (Help yourself) the Tom Jones hit or Charlie Chaplin's “Smile,” in Italian.
BRAVO Patrizio (2016)
During his worldwide promotion of Viva la Dolce Vita, his team assured him the interest of more concerts not just through the United States, but also confirming national tours in 2016 and 2017 in Australia, South Africa, Europe, Latin America and Asia; presenting Patrizio with an award for worldwide multiplatinum sales and a release of the most popular songs of his first 10 years compiled in one CD, named BRAVO Patrizio (Universal Music).
Italianissimo (2017) and Me Enamoré
While working on his first Spanish speaking album, planning for a 2017 release, his first single, “Me Enamoré”, has been released and promoted as the main theme for the Mexican soap opera “El Vuelo de la Victoria”. His album, Italianissimo was released in February 2018. The songs he recorded for this album are Ti Amo; Su di noi; Bella notte/Non dimenticar; Volare; Ciao bambina; Eh Campari; Il cuore è uno zingaro; Brand New Word For Sexy; Only Your Love Takes Me Home; Angel; A puro dolor (Purest of Pain); Caruso; What Now My Love; Oh, Marie; Angelina/Zooma, Zooma; Esta Cobarida; Tú Y Yo; Te amo (Ti amo); Ángel; El Corazón Es Un Gitano (Il cuore è uno zingaro).
Christmas with Patrizio (2019)
During the past 15 years, PATRIZIO has been fortunate to work with the best musicians and in the most renown recording studios in the world(Il mondo)recording beautiful and successful albums(cds) which allows him to perform countless concerts for wonderful audiences particularly in Australia, Asia, Africa, Europe and the USA. The one question that he has been asked, by his fans or journalists every year was: “when will you release a Christmas album?” of which he jokingly responded: “probably when I will get married and become a father”.
The massive changes in the music industry due the invention of free streaming platforms on the internet have caused that CDs or DVDs are no longer selling as much as they used to and a musician really only lives from touring or other complicated business solutions. In times where all of this has caused a total confusion and uncertainties PATRIZIO preferred to step aside from this craziness for some time and has decided to let all of these ongoing changes and the confusion just fall into place and to take his personal life as a priority, rather than doing what he usually does-which is planning with his team the next project, next tour or next concert-simply work on him the man not the performer or the artist.
Looking back at 2019 he has achieved great new chapters that are very challenging but even more so interesting-such as getting married and: becoming a father-which is the greatest thing that a man can wish for. Therefore he fulfilled his personal desires, all the necessary criteria from my bucket list and was indeed and immediately ready to work on his awaited album-YES-his first ever: Christmas album. Wishing you a “Buanne Natale”.
Celebration!-Live in South Africa DVD (2021)
Debonair Neapolitan pop crooner Patrizio Buanne has seduced the world through the years with a masterful mix of timeless Italian standards and heartfelt originals, all rooted in the pop traditions of his homeland. As a result, he has enjoyed multi-platinum album status, millions of records sold and unforgettable performances in the most prestigious venues across the globe.
The multi-lingual European-born Neapolitan showman (six languages, no less!) has recorded with the best musicians and in the most renowned recording studios in the world such as Abbey Road and Capitol Studios, but has only released one live concert performance ever, which was at the very beginning of his career.
Audiences worldwide – including the Pope, royal families and leading politicians – have enjoyed seeing Patrizio Buanne perform live.
This DVD – a rare treat indeed – is a celebration of Patrizio’s career through an impressive fifteen-years in an ever-evolving music industry.
Patrizio elevates his success by giving his legions of fans across the globe what they’ve long asked for: a DVD of his greatest hits that were recorded live from the sold out performance at the Sun Arena in Pretoria, South Africa in 2019, which also features songs from his equally long-awaited album Christmas with Patrizio Buanne.
What Patrizio treasures most are the countless concerts he’s performed for fans around the world, including those in Australia, Asia, Africa, Europe, South America and North America (where he has received the honor of ‘extraordinary permanent residence of the USA’). With the elusive combination of his classic good looks, charisma, engaging stage presence and a powerful voice that effortlessly conveys real emotion, it is no wonder Patrizio has earned a reputation as one of the world’s most original, inspiring and unique performers ¬– a true ambassador of Dolce Vita!
PATRIZIO BUANNE has recorded in his career in Neapolitan, English, Italian, Spanish, French, German, Polish, Afrikaans, Japanese and Mandarin.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
References
External links
Musicians from Naples
1978 births
Traditional musicians
Living people
Italian operatic baritones
Austrian people of Italian descent
21st-century Italian male singers |
4028042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Devonsher%20Jackson | Joseph Devonsher Jackson | Joseph Devonsher Jackson PC (23 June 1783 – 19 December 1857) was an Irish Conservative MP in the United Kingdom Parliament and subsequently a High Court Judge.
Early career
He was the eldest son of Strettell Jackson of Peterborough, County Cork, a carrier by trade, and Mary Cossens. He went to a private school run by a local clergyman. He attended Trinity College Dublin, where he received the top honours every year, and attended the Middle Temple, before being called to the Irish Bar in 1806. He built up a lucrative legal practice, and was able to pay off his father's debts when the family business failed. He was briefly involved in the linen manufacturing business run by his wife's brother Mr. Clarke, but he had little talent for the trade. As a young man, he was a passionate and evangelical Protestant, active in attempting to convert Roman Catholics to his own faith; but as a judge, he was notably free of religious bias, despite the Queen's fears that he would prove to be a bigoted Orangeman.
Politician and judge
He was appointed the King's Second Serjeant for Ireland in 1835, and remained the Queen's Second Serjeant until 1841, although ironically his continuance in the office was against the expressed wishes of Queen Victoria, who was concerned about his strong Protestant religious beliefs. He held the office of Chairman of County Londonderry Quarter Sessions, which he resigned to seek election to Parliament.
He was MP for Bandon from 1835–1841. He was a member of the Commons Select Committee on Banking in 1840. On 10 November 1841 he was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland. The Government greatly relied on his advice concerning Irish affairs. He was also made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. This preferment had the effect of vacating his Parliamentary seat.
Instead of seeking re-election in Bandon, Jackson stood for Dublin University. He represented that seat between 11 February 1842 and 9 September 1842. He was then appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland) 1842–1848. He resigned his Parliamentary seat by accepting the Chiltern Hundreds, so he could take up the judicial post. As a judge, he was noted for compassion in criminal cases.
Personal life
Jackson was described as a "temperate" politician, but he was a reliable supporter of the Protestant monarchy, constitution and church as well as the Union between Great Britain and Ireland, and a staunch opponent of Daniel O'Connell (who nicknamed him "Leather Lungs", due to his almost interminable speeches). He lived at Sutton Castle, Howth, north of Dublin city, and also had an estate at Knockalisheen, County Cork, which was the subject of litigation after his death.
He married in 1811 Sarah Lucinda Clarke, ninth daughter of Benjamin Clarke of Cullenswood, County Dublin and Mary Read, but the couple had no children. His widow died on 30 November 1858. On his death, his estate was divided between his four sisters.
He is buried at St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton.
References
Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 London John Murray 1926
Bell, G.M. "The Currency Question: an Examination of the Evidence on Banks of Issue" London Longman Orme Brown Green Longmans 1841
Geoghegan, Patrick M. "Jackson, Joseph Devonsher" Cambridge Dictionary of Irish Biography
Smyth, Constantine Joseph "Chronicle of the Law Officers of Ireland" London Butterworth 1839
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. I 1832-1885, edited by Michael Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
Notes
External links
Portrait of Jackson in the British Museum
1783 births
1857 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (1801–1922)
Irish Conservative Party MPs
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
Solicitors-General for Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Serjeants-at-law (Ireland)
Burials at St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton |
4028045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozin%27%20Must | Lozin' Must | "Lozin' Must" is a song by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin from the album For Monkeys. It was released as a single on 6 April 1997 by Burning Heart Records and Epitaph Records, including two B-sides from the album's recording sessions, "Israelites" and "Vixen". These two tracks were re-released in 1999 on the compilation album The Melancholy Collection. The U.S. version of "Lozin' Must" released by Epitaph also includes a remix of "The Story of My Life", a song from the album Life on a Plate which had previously been released as a single. An accompanying music video for "Lozin' Must" was also filmed and released.
In Australia the song "Twenty Two" was released in place of "Lozin' Must" at the insistence of Shock Records, over concerns that "Lozin' Must" contained profanity.
Track listing
CD single (Europe)
"Lozin' Must"
"Israelites" (originally performed by Desmond Dekker)
"Vixen"
CD single (US)
"Lozin' Must"
"Israelites"
"The Story of My Life" (remix)
"Vixen"
7" vinyl
Side A:
"Lozin' Must"
"Israelites"
Side A:
"The Story of My Life" (remix)
"Vixen"
Personnel
Millencolin
Nikola Sarcevic - lead vocals, bass guitar
Erik Ohlsson - guitar
Mathias Färm - guitar
Fredrik Larzon - drums
References
Millencolin songs
1997 singles
1997 songs
Burning Heart Records singles
Epitaph Records singles
Songs written by Mathias Färm
Songs written by Nikola Šarčević
Songs written by Fredrik Larzon
Songs written by Erik Ohlsson (musician) |
4028047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20O.%20Beeman | William O. Beeman | William Orman Beeman is an American scholar whose specialty is the Middle East; he is a professor of anthropology at the University of Minnesota, where he is Chair of the Department of Anthropology. He has authored many articles and fourteen books on Iranian politics, theatre, language, and culture.
About
Born in Manhattan, Kansas. Beeman was trained as a linguistic anthropologist at Wesleyan University and in 1976 he received his Ph.D from University of Chicago.
Beeman is a professor of anthropology at the University of Minnesota, where he is Chair of the Department of Anthropology. For many years he was Professor of Anthropology; Theatre, Speech and Dance; and East Asian Studies at Brown University. From 1976 until 1979, Beeman worked with the Center for Traditional Performing Arts in Tehran, and at the Reza Shah Kabir University (now known as University of Mazandaran) in the Institute of Social and Cultural Sciences.
Beeman's book, The "Great Satan" vs. the "Mad Mullahs": How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other (2008), deals with the highly negative rhetoric and discourse between Iran and the United States over the three decades since the Iranian Revolution, and its effects on national attitudes toward the Bush administration's policy towards Iran, as well as the possibility of military conflict between the two nations. His publication is Iranian Performance Traditions which treats indigenous performance traditions of Iran. An important aspect of Beeman's work has been in the field of performance studies, particularly the study of non-Western theatrical traditions. In Iran, this includes the Iranian ritual passion drama, ta'ziyeh and the comic improvisatory theatre tradition, ru-howzi. He has also studied traditional performance in Japan, China and South Asia. His interest in the art world is also shown in his contribution to the co-authored volume Object, Image and Inquiry: The Art Historian at Work.
An admirer of the late anthropologist, Margaret Mead, Beeman has edited seven volumes of her post-World War II papers, having written scholarly introductions for several of them, including The Study of Culture at a Distance, and Studying Contemporary Western Society: Method and Theory.
He is also a professional opera singer, from 1996 until 1999 he sang operatic bass in Europe. In 2014 he married his husband Frank Farris, though the two have been a couple since 1984.
Publications
See also
Persian theatre
References
External links
Beeman's weblog: Culture and International Affairs
William O. Beeman published papers op-eds and lectures
American anthropologists
Cultural anthropologists
Linguists from the United States
Brown University faculty
Iranologists
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American male stage actors
American opera singers
University of Minnesota faculty
Wesleyan University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
4028048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%20box | Press box | The press box is a special section of a sports stadium or arena that is set up for the media to report about a given event. It is typically located in the section of the stadium holding the luxury box and can be either enclosed or open to the elements. In general, newspaper writers sit in this box and write about the on-field event as it unfolds. Television and radio announcers broadcast from the press box as well. Finally, in gridiron football, some coaches (especially offensive coordinators) prefer to work from the press box instead of from the sideline in order to have an "all 22" view of both the offensive and defensive players, along with coaching personnel ordered to by physicians due to medical conditions, or injuries which require rehabilitation and prevent them from being on the sidelines due to risk of further injury. For college and professional basketball, a "press row" along the sideline across the way from the scorer's table is set up instead for broadcasters and statisticians, while most writers work from a traditional press box position.
The press box is considered to be a working area, and writers, broadcasters, and other visitors to press boxes are constantly reminded of this fact at sporting events. Cheering is strictly forbidden in press boxes, and anyone violating rules against showing favoritism for either team is subject to ejection from the press box by security personnel. The rule against cheering is generally enforced only in the writers' area of the press box, and not against coaches and (in many cases) broadcasters who are known to be employed by one of the teams involved.
References
See also
Baseball Writers' Association of America
National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association
Pro Basketball Writers Association
United States Basketball Writers Association (college)
Football Writers Association of America (college)
Pro Football Writers Association
Professional Hockey Writers Association
National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association
Sports radio
Sports television
Sports terminology |
4028049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Cyprus at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Cyprus sent a delegation to compete in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was Cyprus' eighth appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The Cypriot delegation consisted of one alpine skier, Theodoros Christodoulou. His best performance was 34th in the men's giant slalom.
Background
The Cyprus Olympic Committee was first recognised by the International Olympic Committee in 1978, and the nation has participated in every Summer Olympics and Winter Olympic Games since debuting in 1980. At the time of the Turin Olympics, no Cypriot athlete had ever won a medal. They would win their first medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics six years after Turin. This was their eighth appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The only athlete sent by Cyprus to Turin was an alpine skier, Theodoros Christodoulou. He was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
Theodoros Christodoulou was 28 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and had previously represented Cyprus at the 2002 Winter Olympics. On 20 February, he took part in the men's giant slalom, posting run times of 1 minute and 30.47 seconds and 1 minute and 31.56 seconds. His total time was 3 minutes and 2.03 seconds, which placed him 34th out of 41 competitors who finished both legs of the race. The men's slalom was held on 25 February. Christodoulou completed his two runs in 1 minute and 5.58 seconds and 1 minute and 0.97 seconds. His total time was therefore 2 minutes and 6.55 seconds, which ranked him 38th, out of 47 classified finishers.
See also
Cyprus at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4028057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anne%20%28disambiguation%29 | Saint Anne (disambiguation) | Saint Anne is the mother of the Virgin Mary and grandmother of Jesus Christ, according to Catholic tradition.
Saint Anne may also refer to:
People
Saint Anne Line (d. 1601), English Catholic martyr
Saint Anna Pak Agi, one of the Korean Martyrs
Places
Canada
Ste. Anne, Manitoba
Sainte-Anne Parish, New Brunswick, formerly named St. Anne Parish
St. Anne Island, Ontario, see List of islands of Ontario
Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec
Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré
Channel Islands
St Anne, Alderney, Channel Islands
Seychelles
Ste. Anne Island
United Kingdom
St Annes, a town within Lytham St Annes
United States
St. Anne, Illinois
Art
Saint Anne (wall painting), an 8th–9th century Makurian wall painting
Organisations
St. Anne's Church, the name of several churches
Society of Saint Anne, a New Orleans Mardi Gras krewe
Transportation
HMS St Anne, the name of two ships of the Royal Navy
St Anne, a schooner beached at Porthleven in 1931
See also
St Ann (disambiguation)
Sainte-Anne (disambiguation)
St Anne's (disambiguation)
St Ann's (disambiguation)
Santa Ana (disambiguation)
Anna (disambiguation)
Fort Sainte Anne (disambiguation) |
4028063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Domenica%20del%20Corriere | La Domenica del Corriere | La Domenica del Corriere was an Italian weekly newspaper which ran from 1899 to 1989. It came out every Sunday free with Corriere della Sera, but was also sold separately. It was famous for its cover drawings, and its issues are still collected. In the period between 1952 and 1953 its circulation was 900,000–1,000,000 copies.
References
External links
Domenica del Corriere
«La Domenica del Corriere» archives (1899-1950) at Biblioteca di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea
1899 establishments in Italy
1989 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct newspapers published in Italy
Defunct weekly newspapers
Italian-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Milan
Newspapers established in 1899
Newspaper supplements
Publications disestablished in 1989
Weekly newspapers published in Italy
Sunday newspapers |
4028065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eqrem%20%C3%87abej%20University%20of%20Gjirokast%C3%ABr | Eqrem Çabej University of Gjirokastër | Eqrem Çabej University is a university in the Albanian town of Gjirokastër, named after Eqrem Çabej. It is one of nine SIFE accredited universities in Albania. It was created as a University with the name of “Eqrem Çabej” with decision of the Albanian Government nr. 414, dated 12 November 1991, on the basis of the Higher Institute of Pedagogy that was already established in 1971. It is the most important teaching and scientific institute of Southern Albania.
University level courses in Gjirokastra had already started in 1968 when a branch of the business school of the University of Tirana had started to operate. One year later, in 1969 started the Agronomy School as a branch of the Agricultural University of Tirana, which lasted 10 years. Also, in 1969 started the Pedagogical Institute and the branch of the Academy of Physical and Sports Education Vojo Kushi which operated for 5 years.
On the basis of this experience in 1971 started its operations the Higher Pedagogical Institute. In 1980 the Biology-Chemistry School, branch of the University of Tirana was opened. In 1986 started to operate the Albanian Language School of Higher Pedagogy.
See also
List of universities in Albania
Quality Assurance Agency of Higher Education
List of colleges and universities
List of colleges and universities by country
Balkan Universities Network
Notes and references
Universities in Albania
Educational institutions established in 1968
Buildings and structures in Gjirokastër |
4028074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20Jeannine%20Manuel | École Jeannine Manuel | École Jeannine Manuel is a private highly selective and co-educational day school founded in 1954, with locations in Paris, Lille, and London.
The school's Paris campuses, located in the 7th and 15th arrondissement, are home to 2,400 students of 80 different nationalities. Its Lille campus, located in the town of Marcq-en-Baroeul, has more than 1000 students including 120 boarders. The Paris school was ranked the best high school in France for the eighteenth consecutive year in 2019, while the Lille school came in third place nationwide for 2019.
École Jeannine Manuel's London school opened its doors in 2015 in the heart of Bloomsbury. It currently has 500 students from Nursery to Year 13. Like its French counterpart, the London school offers a bilingual curriculum and its students sit the French and International Baccalaureate exams.
The school has over 20,000 alumni.
History
Jeannine Manuel
Jeannine Manuel joined the French Resistance and became a member of the Free French in London in 1940. She returned to France in August 1944. In 1954, Jeannine Manuel founded the Ecole Active Bilingue in a former townhouse on Avenue de La Bourdonnais in Paris. For Jeannine Manuel, the aim of education was to help shape "whole" people, by which she meant, "individuals aware of their presence in this world, engaged in its history, and ready to play a part in world affairs".
Expansion
The school opened its doors in September 1954 with 9 students enrolled, a number that grew to 100 by January 1955. The school continued growing at such a rate that, by 1960, there was a lack of available space to accommodate its growing student body.
Jeannine Manuel consequently created special bilingual classes for her secondary students and teachers at the Lycée de Sèvres in collaboration with her friend, Edmée Hatinguais, who was Inspector General, former head of the École Normale Supérieure de jeunes filles de Sèvres, and the first director of the International Center for Pedagogical Studies (Centre international d’études pédagogiques). The bilingual curriculum and pedagogical approach offered at the Lycée de Sèvres closely mirrored that developed by Jeannine Manuel.
A few years later, Jeannine Manuel opened a new school near Parc Monceau with the help of a new investor. However, in 1979, a conflict between a need for return on investment and Jeannine Manuel's pedagogical principles led to an official split between the two schools. Jeannine Manuel consequently left the school on the Parisian right bank but kept the two small schools on Avenue de la Bourdonnais and Avenue de Suffren. Jeannine Manuel opened another school on 70 Rue du Théâtre in the 15th arrondissement of Paris
In 1999, at Jeannine Manuel's behest, her eldest son Bernard Manuel regrouped the recently opened school in Marcq-en-Baroeul (Lille) and the new Dupleix site in Paris into a single non-profit association together with the other pre-existing schools. Bernard Manuel remains president of the association.
Creation of the Fondation Jeannine Manuel
In 2004, one year after Jeannine Manuel's death, the Fondation Jeannine Manuel was established under the patronage of the Fondation de France. The Fondation's mission is to support École Jeannine Manuel and to encourage the development of other schools with a similar mission and pedagogical approach. They host a gala every year.
School renamed in honor of Jeannine Manuel
In 2014, on the occasion of its sixtieth birthday, the school was officially renamed École Jeannine Manuel.
École Jeannine Manuel opens its doors in London
In 2015, with the financial support of the Foundation and in honor of Jeannine Manuel's formative years in London, the school opened its first site in Bedford Square, London. The Russell Square premises for the Upper School opened in 2019.
Administrative structure
1901 association & American International section
The school is a 1901 non-profit association and is under contract with the French state since 1959.
Both the Paris and Lille schools are official international sections. Students consequently have the opportunity of sitting the international (US) option of the French Baccalaureate (the OIB), a demanding bilingual and bicultural exam taken by only 1% of students sitting the Baccalaureate.
In 2010, Elisabeth Zéboulon, Director of École Jeannine Manuel, and Sean Lynch, Head of the American Section at the Lycée International of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, founded the Association of American International Sections (AAMIS) to help develop the OIB exam in schools. With Bernard Manuel as its president since 2012, AAMIS now includes more than 40 member high-schools that offer the OIB in Shanghai, San Francisco, Beirut, Johannesburg and other cities across the world.
IB World School with CIS and NEASC accreditations
With regards to international accreditations, École Jeannine Manuel was one of the first associated UNESCO schools, and has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School since 1980. The school is also accredited by the Council of International Schools (CIS) and the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.
Diplomas and exams
IGCSE First Language English and English Literature in Year 11
Language certifications: Spanish (DELE – Instituto Cervantes), German (Goethe Institut Zertifikat), Italian (PLIDA – Società Dante Alighieri) B1 level in Year 10 and B2 level in Year 12, Chinese (YCT3 in Year 8, HSK3 in Year 10, HSK4 in Year 13).
National Brevet Diploma with international option (DNBI) in Lille (US option) and in London (UK option)
Entrance exams for UK and US universities
French Baccalaureate with international option (OIB) – US section in France, UK section in London
International Baccalaureate (IB)
ASSR 1 & 2
High School Diploma.
Controversies
Since the creation of the Jeannine Manuel Foundation in 2004, the latter has enabled the school to raise 66% tax-free funds. Mediapart reported that the "platinum tables" –invitations to parties organised by the foundation– cost 3,400 euros after tax exemption, instead of 10,000 euros. Lucie Delaporte, journalist at Mediapart, criticized this tax exemption at the expense of the taxpayer: "Is there really nothing more urgent than helping the schooling in the private sector of most privileged upper classes?"
The salaries of contractual teachers are 15 times lower than those of some members of the management. Elisabeth Zéboulon, as head of the school and manager of the Remi company – a company that sells books to students and manages the school's extracurricular activities– has a monthly salary of 18,000 euros while contractual teachers earn the minimum wage. In addition, the president of the foundation, Bernard Manuel, benefited from the school's real estate acquisitions because, being the owner of the buildings through a Société Civile Immobilière, the rents are paid to himself.
According to an investigation led by the Journal du Dimanche, from 2017 to 2018, three employees have been diagnosed with a burnout syndrome. Gabriel Perez, a member of the Parisian Union of Private Education (SPEP-CFDT), described a "a system that controls its staff". In 2018, the labour inspectorate, after being seized, opened an investigation and interviewed several employees, including Elisabeth Zéboulon.
Notable pupils and parents
Many personalities from politics, business, fashion and the film industry have enrolled their children in this establishment.
Nicolas Sarkozy and Cécilia Attias have enrolled their son.
Jean-Luc Lagardère enrolled his son Arnaud Lagardère (born 18 March 1961).
Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg enrolled their daughter Charlotte Gainsbourg (born 21 July 1971) who enrolled with her partner Yvan Attal, their children.
Sophia Loren enrolled her sons.
Carla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven have enrolled their son.
Gaspard Ulliel - former student (born 25 November 1984).
Princely Family of Monaco including Charlotte Casiraghi (born 3 August 1986).
Santo Domingo family including Tatiana Santo Domingo (born 24 November 1983).
Schlumberger family.
Frédéric Mitterrand has enrolled his children.
Alain Delon and Rosalie van Breemen, have enrolled their daughter Anouchka Delon (born 25 November 1990).
Victoria Abril has enrolled her children.
Antony Blinken, United States Secretary of State.
Bouygues family.
Jean-François Copé (former student) enrolled his children.
Estelle Lefébure and David Hallyday have enrolled their daughter.
Natalia Vodianova has enrolled her children.
References
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1954
International Baccalaureate schools in France
Secondary schools in France
1954 establishments in France
Private schools in France
International schools in Paris |
4028099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Heartless%20Control%20Everything | The Heartless Control Everything | The Heartless Control Everything is the third EP from the American post-hardcore band The Chiodos Bros, later known simply as Chiodos. It was released January 25, 2003 on the label Search and Rescue Records. Craig Owens, Matt Goddard and some of the band members are big fans of Square-Enix's popular selling PS2 video game Kingdom Hearts, and the title is a nod towards it since the villains in the game are called Heartless.
Track listing
"Compromise of 1984" – 4:29
"Rainclouds for Eyeballs" – 3:04
"Ravishing Matt Ruth" – 2:43
"Vacation to Hell" – 2:58
"The Lover and the Liar" – 5:02
"Hathaway Lane" – 2:15
"Bulls Have Horns" – 4:44
Personnel
Craig Owens: Vocals
Bradley Bell: Keyboard and Backing Vocals
Chip Kelly: Guitar
Pat McManaman: Guitar
Matt Goddard: Bass
Crosby Clark: Drums
Reversed Lyrics
At the beginning of "The Lover and the Liar" there are fast-spoken, backwards lyrics that when reversed again are revealed to be "How does it feel to know that you've taken someone's smile?". Spoken by lead singer Craig Owens.
References
External links
Official artist website
Official record label website
Chiodos albums
2003 debut EPs |
4028101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Moncel | Robert Moncel | Robert William Moncel, (April 9, 1917 – December 10, 2007) was a Canadian army officer. Moncel was Lieutenant-General of the Canadian Army and former Vice Chief of the Defence Staff. He was the youngest general officer in the Canadian Army when promoted to Brigadier on August 17, 1944, at the age of 27.
Early life
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he was educated at Selwyn House School, Bishop's College School and McGill University. He served as an officer with the Victoria Rifles of Canada.
World War II
When World War II broke out, Moncel went to Europe with the Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR). In May 1940, he was ordered along with the RCR to France to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force facing the German blitzkrieg. Soon however, Lieutenant Moncel, who commanded a Bren gun carrier platoon, was ordered to retreat to the French coast. When being evacuated, he was ordered to destroy his equipment to save it from German hands, but Moncel, with his cool judgement, managed to evacuate the Bren gun carriers. This act caught the eyes of his superiors and he was promoted to captain.
In 1941, he finished first on a staff course under the command of Guy Simonds, and was promoted to major in 1942, and lieutenant-colonel in January 1943. Moncel became the commanding officer of 18th Armoured Car Regiment (12th Manitoba Dragoons). Later, Moncel was posted as the General Staff Officer 1 of the II Canadian Corps, where he reorganized its general staff. Here, he was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) and a chevalier of the Legion d'honneur (receiving the Croix de Guerre with Palme in the process). In August 1944, he was promoted to Brigadier, the youngest ever Canadian to achieve that rank.
In the Normandy campaign, he was the commanding officer of the 4th Canadian Armoured Brigade until the end of the war in 1945. During this, Moncel won the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his leadership of Tiger Group during the battle of Hochwald Forest, when the II Canadian Corps launched Operation Blockbuster.
Post-War
After the war, in 1946, he was appointed Director of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps. From 1947 to 1949, he served as Director of Military Training, Army Headquarters in Ottawa. From 1949 to 1950, he attended the National War College in Washington, DC. From 1951 to 1953, he was the Senior Canadian Army Liaison Officer to the United Kingdom. From 1954 to 1956, he was the Deputy Chief of General Staff. From 1957 to 1958, he was the Senior Canadian Military Officer, International Control Commission in Indochina. From 1957 to 1960, he was appointed Commander, 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade at Camp Gagetown. From 1960 to 1963, he served as Quartermaster General of the Canadian Army. From 1963 to 1964, he was the Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Command. He served finally as Vice Chief of the Defence Staff 1965 to 1966. He retired in 1966 prior to unification of the armed services, which resulted in the formation of the Canadian Forces. In 1967, he was appointed a civilian co-ordinator for visits of heads of state to Canada during the Canadian Centennial year.
In 1967, Lieutenant-General Moncel was invested as an Officer of the Order of Canada. He died at the Camp Hill Veterans' Memorial Building in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on December 10, 2007, in his 90th year.
References
See also
List of Bishop's College School alumni
External links
Generals of World War II
1917 births
2007 deaths
Bishop's University alumni
Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
McGill University alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Bishop's College School alumni
Military personnel from Montreal
People from Montreal
Vice Chiefs of the Defence Staff (Canada)
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Canadian generals
National War College alumni
Canadian Militia officers
The Royal Canadian Regiment officers
12th Manitoba Dragoons |
4028104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Procope | Russell Procope | Russell Keith Procope (August 11, 1908 – January 21, 1981) was an American clarinetist and alto saxophonist who was a member of the Duke Ellington orchestra.
Before Ellington
Procope was born in New York City, United States, and grew up in San Juan Hill, where he attended school with Benny Carter. His first instrument was the violin, but he switched to clarinet and alto saxophone. He began his professional career in 1926 as a member of Billy Freeman's orchestra. He recorded with Jelly Roll Morton at the age of 20, and played with bands led by Benny Carter, Chick Webb (1929–30), Fletcher Henderson (spring of 1931 to 1934), Tiny Bradshaw, Teddy Hill, King Oliver, and Willie Bryant.
Fletcher Henderson's band dissolved in 1934. Along with several other ex-Henderson musicians, Procope joined Benny Carter's orchestra. He also worked for a time with the Tiny Bradshaw and Willie Bryant bands before joining Teddy Hill in 1935. During his stay with Teddy Hill's orchestra the trumpet section included, at various times, Roy Eldridge, Bill Coleman, Frankie Newton, and Dizzy Gillespie, while trombonist Dickie Wells and tenor-saxophonist Chu Berry were two other soloists who played with the band. It was as a member of this orchestra that Russell Procope made his first trip to Europe in 1937; Teddy Hill's band formed part of The Cotton Club Revue, an all-African American show, which during its European tour appeared at the London Palladium.
In 1938, Procope replaced Pete Brown in John Kirby's sextet, with whom he played exclusively alto sax until 1945 (with an interruption for World War II). It was with Kirby that he began to make his name. Kirby's band included Charlie Shavers (trumpet), Buster Bailey (clarinet), Procope (alto-sax), Billy Kyle (piano) and O'Neil Spencer (drums). This group was billed as "The Biggest Little Band In The World" - performing intricate, tightly-woven small-band orchestrations, combining precision with relaxation and a high standard of solo playing.
From September 1943 until the end of World War II, Procope served in the United States Army. He was a private with the 372nd Infantry Regiment band.
Ellington and afterwards
Procope joined the Ellington orchestra in 1946, standing in for Otto Hardwick for one night in Worcester, Massachusetts, and staying until Ellington died in 1974. Procope came to Europe again as a member of this band during the summer of 1950. Like all members of the Ellington reed section except for alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges and tenor saxophonist Paul Gonsalves, Procope doubled on the clarinet, and it was on that instrument that he made his reputation. Though he was a fine saxophonist who could (and did) play tenor as well as alto saxophone with authority, Procope was most highly regarded for his woody, understated clarinet solos, a warm contrast to fellow reed section member Jimmy Hamilton's cheerful, breezy style. (A hearing of the contrast between the two clarinetists can be heard on Ellington's three-part suite "Idiom '59"; Ellington handed Procope the solo for the slower tempoed opening part, before handing Hamilton the first clarinet solo and the bridge blues solo on the more swinging second part.) Procope was also highly regarded personally within and outside the Ellington band. "He was", wrote Ellington in Music is My Mistress, "an utterly sober and reliable musician, always to be depended upon." After Ellington's death, Procope toured with Brooks Kerr's trio.
In 1956, Procope recorded The Persuasive Sax of Russ Procope under the London Records label. Procope played the alto-saxophone, along with Remo Biondi (rhythm guitar), Earl Backus (solo guitar), Paul Jordan (piano) Mel Schmidt (bass), and Frank Rullo (drums). Although Procope's early playing reflected the influence of Benny Carter, he had evolved a highly individual style. It combined an essentially lyrical approach with a forceful, swinging attack.
Discography
With the Duke Ellington Orchestra
Masterpieces by Ellington (Columbia, 1951)
Ellington Uptown (Columbia, 1952)
Live At The Crystal Gardens 1952 (Hep, 2011)
Duke Ellington Presents... (Bethlehem, 1956)
Blue Rose (Columbia, 1956) with Rosemary Clooney
Historically Speaking
A Drum Is a Woman (Columbia, 1956)
Ellington at Newport (Columbia, 1956)
Duke Ellington and the Buck Clayton All-Stars at Newport (Columbia, 1956)
Such Sweet Thunder (Columbia, 1957)
All Star Road Band (Doctor Jazz, 1957 [1983])
Ellington Indigos (Columbia, 1957)
Black, Brown and Beige (Columbia, 1958)
Newport 1958 (Columbia, 1958)
Live at the Blue Note (Roulette, 1959)
Festival Session (Columbia, 1959)
Blues in Orbit (Columbia, 1959)
Anatomy of a Murder (Columbia, 1959)
Jazz Party (Columbia, 1959)
Piano in the Background (Columbia, 1960)
Hot Summer Dance (Red Baron, 1960 [1991])
First Time! The Count Meets the Duke (Columbia, 1962) with the Count Basie Orchestra
The Nutcracker Suite
Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G. (Columbia, 1960)
All American in Jazz (Columbia, 1962)
Midnight in Paris (Columbia, 1962)
Afro-Bossa (Reprise, 1963)
Will Big Band Ever Come Back? (Reprise, 1962–1963 [1965])
All Star Road Band Volume 2 (Doctor Jazz, 1964 [1985])
Harlem (Pablo, 1964 [1985])
Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins (Reprise, 1964 [1965])
Ellington '65 (Reprise, 1964)
Ella at Duke's Place (Verve, 1965)
Ellington '66 (Reprise, 1965)
Concert in the Virgin Islands (Reprise, 1965)
In the Uncommon Market (Pablo, 1963–1966 [1986])
Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur (Verve, 1966)
The Far East Suite (RCA, 1966)
Live in Italy 1967
...And His Mother Called Him Bill (RCA, 1967 [1968])
Yale Concert (Fantasy, 1968 [1973])
Francis A. & Edward K. (Reprise, 1967 [1968]) with Frank Sinatra
Second Sacred Concert (Prestige, 1968)
Liederhalle Stuttgart 1967 (SWR, Jazzhaus, 2020)
Live At The Opernhaus Cologne 1969 (Delta Music, 2016)
70th Birthday Concert (Solid State, 1969 [1970])
Latin American Suite (Fantasy, 1968–1970 [1972])
New Orleans Suite (Atlantic, 1970)
The Intimate Ellington (Pablo, 1969–1971 [1977])
The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse (Fantasy, 1971 [1975])
Togo Brava Suite (United Artists, 1971)
Duke Ellington in Sweden 1973 (Caprice, 1973 [1999])
The Ellington Suites (Fantasy, 1958–72 [1976])
With Dizzy Gillespie
The Complete RCA Victor Recordings (Bluebird, 1937–1949 [1995])
With Johnny Hodges
Ellingtonia '56 (Norgran, 1956)
With Billy Strayhorn
Cue for Saxophone (Felsted, 1959)
References
Sources
Jazz: the Rough Guide (2nd edition). The Rough Guides, 2000.
[ Russell Procope] — by Scott Yanow for Allmusic
Russell Procope recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
Liner notes from "The Persuasive Sax of Russ Procope", London Records, HA-D2013
1908 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American musicians
20th-century saxophonists
Musicians from New York City
Swing clarinetists
American jazz alto saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz clarinetists
Duke Ellington Orchestra members
Swing saxophonists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
American male jazz musicians
United States Army Band musicians
United States Army soldiers |
4028107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koltsovo | Koltsovo | Koltsovo may refer to:
Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
Koltsovo, Yekaterinburg, a former urban-type settlement in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia; now a part of the city of Yekaterinburg
Koltsovo Airport, an airport in Yekaterinburg, Russia
See also
Koltsov |
4028111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSRTC | KSRTC | KSRTC may refer to:
Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation |
4028120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norayr%20Mnatsakanyan | Norayr Mnatsakanyan | Norayr Mnatsakanyan (, January 7, 1923 – March 25, 1986) was a Merited Artist of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1965).
As a renowned vocal performer of Armenian traditional and gusans' music, Norayr Mnatsakanyan has become one of the most influential vocalists in the canon of Armenian national music. Owing to his dainty baritone, profound knowledge of Armenian folk music, and his mastery of the Armenian language and Armenian literature, Norayr Mnatsakanyan has been highly acclaimed among famous writers, musicologists, and Armenian folk music lovers.
Norayr Mnatsakanyan was the first among Armenian vocalists to introduce a new approach to popular songs, as well as to the musical compilations of historic and contemporary gusans (Armenian minstrels). As an accepted convention of any national folklore, the works of Armenian popular and gusans music were performed in a crude, rustic, and provincial fashion. Professional performers of the opera and classical music also tried to render these works. However, their efforts to perform them alienated these works altogether from ordinary Armenian people, since the true significance of Armenian popular music could not have been properly represented by the artificially elitist operatic genre in Soviet Armenia. With his poetic approach to these great masterpieces of Armenian traditional and gusans' music, Norayr Mnatsakanyan was the first vocalist to present them in a refined and natural fashion, granting them an unprecedented simplistic register of artistic sophistication. Unlike his predecessors, Mnatsakanyan attempted to convey these works with a deep sense of harmony and in a previously impregnable unison with the authors' characteristic mentality and sentiments reflected in their compilations.
At the same time, Norayr Mnatsakanyan meticulously pursued to eliminate the provincial character of the songs that had wandered among the Armenian people for centuries. Thus, Norayr Mnatsakanyan's performances are exceptional because they masterfully immerse into the poetic essence of the literary work and unify it with the melody of the song. Norayr Mnatsakanyan also performed songs by famous Armenian composers interwoven with lyrics by such famous Armenian poets, as Avetik Isahakian, Vahan Terian, Hovhannes Shiraz. Perhaps the greatest Armenian lyricist - Avetik Isahakian - highly valued Mnatsakanyan's contributions to the canon of Armenian performing arts and proclaimed Norayr "the velvety voice" of Armenia. Derenik Demirchian marvelled at Norayr's performances in the poetic circles of the old Yerevan, calling Norayr Mnatsakanyan "a unique vocal interpreter of the popular consciousness, scattered bits of which are present in every Armenian individual." Being an art critic himself, Mnatsakanyan always conveyed great significance to the unity of the melody and the lyrics in whatever he performed.
Biography
Norayr Mnatsakanyan was born on January 7, 1923 in an old Yerevan family. He inherited the love for traditional music from his parents. Possessing an ever singing spirit of a talented youth, Norayr Mnatsakanyan won his first prize at the young performers' competition held in Moscow in 1936. Owing to his extraordinary vocal qualities and his passion for acting, Mnatsakanyan started his career as actor and singer at the Yerevan State Theater of Musical Comedy after Hakob Paronian. As surprising as it may seem, Mnatsakanyan played the first Gikor on the Armenian stage in the namesake performance based on Hovhannes Tumanyan's famous . Mnatsakanyan's artistic talent and his reverence for the Theater drove him to work with such eminent theatrical stage directors as Armen Gulakian. Mnatsakanyan also had the honor of working with the "titans" of the Armenian theatrical arts at the Yerevan State Academic Theater after Gabriel Sundukian: Vahram Papazian, Hrachia Nersisyan, Avet Avetisyan, Hambardzum Khachanyan, Babken Nersisyan, Metaksia Simonyan, the late Mher Mkrtchyan, and Khoren Abrahamyan. Norayr Mnatsakanyan's acting, apart from his artistic talent, vouched for his unsurpassed mastery of World Literature. After seeing Mnatsakanyan's rehearsal in the role of the Shakespearean Othello, Vahram Papazian highly praised Norayr for his excellent rendition of Othello's protagonistic pathos and antagonistic callousness, and foresaw a bright future for him in acting. Mnatsakanyan later played one of the leading roles in A Man from Olympus (Chelovek iz Olimpa)(Armenfilm, 1974).
Purporting to pursue a more worldly profession, Norayr Mnatsakanyan held a Master of Arts degree from the Department of Philology of the Yerevan State University. Upon his graduation, Mnatsakanyan defended a dissertation with a thesis on "Sayat Nova's Lyric Poetry in the Armenian Literary Milieux." Mnatsakanyan proceeded with a professional career as a journalist and a freelance writer. With his unconventional disposition, Norayr Mnatsakanyan authored an anthology of short novels dedicated to the old city of Yerevan, depicting its people's way of life, its customs and traditions. As a journalist, Mnatsakanyan's articles and critiques on various issues of the Armenian arts and culture frequented the pages of many Armenian periodicals. One of Mnatsakanyan's most groundbreaking articles was dedicated to the famous Armenian duduk players of the past and the present: Margar Margarian, Levon Madoyan, Vatche Housepian, and Djivan Gasparyan. Mnatsakanyan also hosted a special program in 1985, the heyday of his artistic career, on the Public Television of Armenia, which was about the instrumental and stylistic distinctions of the duduk and its most outstanding players.
In spite of his success in acting and his excellence in writing, Mnatsakanyan's innate predilection belonged to singing. Norayr's art of performance, his truly rich and mellow voice, as well as his unique professional approach had already made him long sought-for to Armenian music lovers both in Armenia and abroad. Subsequently, Norayr Mnatsakanyan became the ultimate crooner of Armenian performing arts after Tatoul Altunian, one of the greatest contributors to Armenian folk music, invited him to the State Philharmonic Chapel's Ensemble of Song and Dance to perform as a soloist. Here, Mnatsakanyan had the pleasure of working with Araksia Gyulzadian and Varduhi Khachatrian. Apart from his Sayat Nova repertoire, in this period, Norayr Mnatsakanyan performed popular songs and works by such famous gusans (minstrels) as: Sheram, Ashot, Jivani, Havasi, as well as famous compilations of the urban folklore.
However, the inviolable right of Norayr Mnatsakanyan's achievement consists in his performances of Sayat Nova's works. His performances of Sayat Nova imbued the Bard's poetry with unprecedented lyricism and spirituality. It is through Norayr Mnatsakanyan's rendition of Sayat Nova that the ethical and metaphysical peculiarities in the works become apparent. The singer grieves and rejoices with the poet, feeling every tremble of the great Bard's heart. It is Norayr Mnatsakanyan's unforgettable voice that brings us the songs of Sayat Nova in the namesake movie (1960).
Mnatsakanyan's performances became a lot more accessible to the general public, when Aram Merangulian invited Norayr to perform as a soloist in his Ensemble of Folk Instruments of the Armenian National Radio and Television. Mnatsakanyan's songs are possible to find in several Armenian films, including Sergei Parajanov's The Color of Pomegranates
(1969), also dedicated to the life of Sayat Nova. A piece of Mnatsakanyan's unique rendition of the traditional Dle Yaman also appears in the background of Andrew Goldberg's The Armenian Americans (2000). A number of documentaries were shot on Mnatsakanyan's life and activity intermitted by his own performances. Throughout his lifetime, the vocalist recorded over two hundred traditional and gusans songs, all of which are held as relics by the Museum Fund of the Public Radio and Television of Armenia. His performances have paved the way for many successors in the traditional vocal genre.
Norayr Mnatsakanyan performed in many countries where Armenians had set foot and had established their communities. During his tour of the Middle Eastern countries, Norayr Mnatsakanyan received an honorary gold medal from King Hussein of Jordan after his concert in Amman (1979), which His Majesty attended with Queen Noor. Mnatsakanyan's performance of Sayat Nova brought him the highest honors at the Festival of Traditional Music in Lyon, France (1981). Subsequently, upon the request of the smaller Armenian communities in Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands, Mnatsakanyan performed in a tributary concert at the Conservatoire de Luxembourg Hall (1981).
In the annual ceremony of the Armenian Music Awards, held in Los Angeles for the year 1999, Mnatsakanyan posthumously received a lifetime achievement award for his worthwhile contributions to Armenian music, and his album of traditional and gusans' compilations, named Husher (Reminiscences) (Parseghian Records, 1999) was recognized as the year's best traditional album.
In 2005, Narek Productions, with the support of the Public Radio of Armenia, launched a record, called "I Sing a Song," composed of Norayr Mnatsakanyan's performances of the most famous Armenian gusans' works.
References
Further information
Armenian Radio Archive - Norayr Mnatsakanyan
AV Production - An Online Encyclopedia of Armenian Culture
"Norayr Mnatsakanyan: the Velvety Voice of Armenia" ("Yerevan" Studios, 1983)
"Canticle of Canticles," AMPTV, 2014
"After Nahapet Hayk," AMPTV, 2007
"Confession," Armenian Public Radio, 2011
«Sayat Nova» (Armenfilm, 1960)
Select Performances
Honored artists of Armenia
1923 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Armenian male singers
Armenian folk singers
Yerevan State University alumni
Musicians from Yerevan
Soviet male singers |
4028122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%ADk%20nad%20Vltavou | Orlík nad Vltavou | Orlík nad Vltavou is a municipality and village in Písek District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. It is known for the Orlík Castle.
Administrative parts
The village of Staré Sedlo is an administrative part of Orlík nad Vltavou.
Geography
Orlík nad Vltavou is located about north of Písek and southwest of Prague. It lies mostly in the Benešov Uplands. The highest point is the hill Chlum at above sea level. The municipality lies on the shores of the Orlík Reservoir, built on the Vltava River.
Sights
Orlík nad Vltavou is well known for the Orlík Castle. It was originally a fortress dating from the early 13th century at the latest, which was expanded into a strong Gothic castle. Until 1357, it was a royal castle. In 1719, it was inherited by the House of Schwarzenberg, who owned it until 1948.
Nowadays, the castle once again belongs to the Schwarzenbergs. It is open to the public. Next to the castle is a castle park. Of the park's original area of 180 ha, have been preserved, the rest was flooded during the construction of the reservoir in the 1960s. In the castle park there is the Schwarzenberg family tomb from the mid-19th century.
See also
Orlík killers
References
External links
Villages in Písek District |
4028126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Cremera | Battle of the Cremera | The Battle of the Cremera was fought between the Roman Republic and the Etruscan city of Veii, in 477 BC (276 AUC).
It most likely occurred on 18 July, although Ovid gives a different date of 13 February.
Background
Since the overthrow of the Roman monarchy in 509 BC, the Roman Republic and its neighbour Veii had been at peace.
Conflict erupted, however, in 483 BC with a series of clashes that occurred almost annually. Rome was victorious in a close-fought battle in 480 BC; nevertheless, hostilities continued.
In 479 BC, the family of the Fabii offered to take the Roman responsibility for the war upon themselves, which the Roman senate accepted. The Fabii built a camp on the Cremera, from which they harassed Veii and held back its raids on Rome. The Fabii were successful in the fighting in 478 BC and 477 BC prior to the main battle which followed.
Account of the battle
The Veientes, embarrassed by their lack of success, formed plans for an ambush of the Fabii. The Veientes led a herd of cattle along a road, at a distance from the Fabian camp at the Cremera, in order to lure the Romans from their camp and into an ambush. The Romans pursued the herd and scattered to capture the animals. At that point, the Veientes sprang from their hiding places and surrounded the Fabii. The Veientes were superior in number; however, the Romans formed a wedge formation, broke through and reached a hill, where they successfully repulsed the initial Veientine attacks, until some of the Veientes went around the Romans to attack them from the rear, uphill from the Romans.
All of the Fabii were slaughtered save Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, who was too young to be sent to war.
Aftermath
Upon hearing of the grave defeat, the Roman Senate sent the consul Titus Menenius Lanatus with an army against the Veientes, but the Romans were defeated once again. The Veientes marched on Rome, and occupied the Janiculum. There were two indecisive battles against the Veientes, the first near the temple of Spes near the Praenestine Gate, and the second at the Colline Gate. Thereafter the Veientes withdrew from Rome and set about ravaging the countryside, until they were defeated by the Romans in the following year.
See also
Gens Fabia
References
Primary sources
, II (print: Book 1 as The Rise of Rome, Oxford University Press, 1998, )
Dionysius of Halicarnassus: Roman antiquities at LacusCurtius, IX.
Cremera
477 BC
Cremera
5th century BC in the Roman Republic
470s BC conflicts
Veii |
4028132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/117P/Helin%E2%80%93Roman%E2%80%93Alu | 117P/Helin–Roman–Alu | 117P/Helin–Roman–Alu, also known as Helin-Roman-Alu 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It is a Quasi-Hilda comet.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
117P/Helin-Roman-Alu 1 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
Elements and Ephemeris for 117P/Helin-Roman-Alu – Minor Planet Center
117P at Kronk's Cometography
Images of 117P by Roger Groom
Periodic comets
0117
117P
117P
Comets in 2014
19891002 |
4028135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20Like%20the%20Fambly%20Cat | Just Like the Fambly Cat | Just Like the Fambly Cat is the fourth studio album by American indie rock band Grandaddy. It was released on May 9, 2006 by record label V2.
The album reached No. 171 on the Billboard 200, No. 10 on the Top Independent Albums chart and No. 50 on the UK Albums Chart. It was well received by music critics.
Content
The album's title is a reference to frontman Jason Lytle's desire to leave his home town of Modesto, California without any fuss, stating that cats will "do that, almost out of respect and not wanting to put people out ... because when the family cat dies, he doesn't make a big deal about it ... He just disappears".
Recording
Lytle spent eighteen months recording the album at a studio in Modesto, California. Regarding the recording process, Lytle noted "During the one-and-a-half years that I recorded this album I lost my girl, my friends, my home, estranged my family, got sober, got wasted ... I got too many things going on. The band breaking up only became a reality at the end of the recording. Many songs that people claim to be directly related to the band are actually directly related to other things I had going on."
The album does not feature any of the other band members, apart from Aaron Burtch who performed "most of" the album's drums. Lytle chose to credit the album to the band, stating "It's much more natural to imagine a band rocking out together than it is to imagine one frustrated guy at 4:30am in his boxer shorts and messed up hair, slaving over the same keyboard part for four-and-a-half hours. I recorded and wrote all of the music and the parts [but] I didn't want to distract the listener from whatever they needed to think when they heard the music."
Release
Just Like the Fambly Cat was released on May 9, 2006, by record label V2. The album reached No. 171 on the Billboard 200 and No. 10 on the Top Independent Albums chart, as well as No. 50 on the UK Albums Chart.
Reception
Critical response to the album was positive. AllMusic reviewer Tim Sendra called the album "a fine epitaph". Mojo gave it three stars, as did Spin, who called it "equal parts bang and whimper". Billboard commented on the albums "more personal" lyrics and called the album "a worthy coda to a woefully under-appreciated band". The Boston Globe described it as "a gorgeous album that should be admired much like a fleeting sunny afternoon or a sad foreign movie viewed without subtitles". The Stranger gave it a three-star review, noting an "air of melancholic finality" and calling the songwriting "the best it's been since The Sophtware Slump". The Guardian called it "a sad record ... but an inspiring one too".
Track listing
Personnel
Grandaddy
Jason Lytle – vocals, all instruments, production, artwork
Aaron Burtch – drums
Additional personnel
Kevin Garcia – backing vocals
Rusty Miller – backing vocals
Lauren Goldfarb – dialogue (track 1)
Lucea Legnini – dialogue (track 1)
Technical
Lucky Lew – engineering
Dave Trumfio – mixing
Greg Calbi – mastering
Jen Murse – digital finesse
Adrian Mendoza – "photo help"
References
External links
Grandaddy albums
2006 albums
V2 Records albums |
4028140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyfriend%20%28Miki%20Fujimoto%20song%29 | Boyfriend (Miki Fujimoto song) | is the fourth single released by Miki Fujimoto. It was released on 7 November 2002 and went on to sell a total of 43,200 copies, peaking at number four on the Oricon charts.
Track listing
(Instrumental)
External links
Boyfriend entry at Up-Front Works
Miki Fujimoto songs
2002 singles
Song recordings produced by Tsunku
2002 songs |
4028150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20for%20Business | Open for Business | Open for Business (OFB) was an online news blog with a technology focus. It featured articles on topics including computers, technology, politics, current events, theology and philosophy. The site also contained a fiction section with short stories and poetry.
History
OFB was founded on October 5, 2001 as the "open-source migration guide". It was started by Timothy R. Butler after a mailing list discussion, and featured articles and white papers discussing migration to Linux. Originally, OFB featured very little original content, instead mimicking Slashdot and similar sites that included little more than a few small comments on the articles posted. Steven Hatfield helped add postings to the site.
The site then started to add free and open source software news. About a month after the site was founded, the first original editorial content appeared and OFB continued to publish approximately one original work per month after that. In late April 2002, Butler announced a relaunch of the site that included a reduction in links to other sites and a further increase in original content. The relaunch also brought forth the first version of a blue sphere logo and the new tagline "the Independent Journal of Open Source Migration".
On July 4, 2002, Open for Business, LinuxandMain.com, KernelTrap and Device Forge's LinuxDevices and DesktopLinux.com formed LinuxDailyNews (LDN), an aggregation site that was intended to help increase the publicity of independent open source news sites. LDN featured a center column that showed story highlights and two side columns that displayed all stories from the member sites in blocks. The site was launched as part of DesktopLinux.com's "wIndependence Day" promotion and had an early spike in popularity following a mention on Slashdot. In subsequent months, the site's traffic decreased. It was taken down in 2004 after a hacker managed to deface the site; although plans existed to restore the site, they were never followed through with and Device Forge assumed the rights to LDN's domain name.
In February 2003, the site finalized its transition to an original content provider, as opposed to a site of links, by moving non-original content to a separate "News Watch" section. New contributing editor Ed Hurst began a series on his switch to FreeBSD in September 2003, beginning a long running series of FreeBSD articles that Hurst continued to add until October 2006. Butler also began OFB's coverage of Mac OS X computers. OFB's second associate editor Eduardo Sánchez returned in mid-2004 as a contributing editor. Hurst was promoted to associate editor simultaneously.
The site continued in a similar fashion, with its mix of coverage on Linux, BSD and Mac OS X through early 2006. During this period it changed its motto to "the Independent Journal of Open Standards and Open Source". Due to other obligations, the site's editors ceased writing content for the site in early 2006, though it remained open during this period.
On its fifth anniversary, Butler announced the relaunch of the site on October 5, 2006. The new OFB adopted the site's current general interest focus, de-emphasizing its past emphasis on Open Source and technology. The site changed its purple and blue, PHP-Nuke-based design that had been used with only minor modifications since the site's original launch, to a simpler, content-oriented design using a custom backend. The old site was archived as OFB Classic to preserve access to past articles.
The last article was posted on January 25, 2013.
Contributors
Regular contributors included:
Timothy R. Butler, editor-in-chief (2001–present).
Ed Hurst, contributing editor (2003–2004), associate editor (2004–present).
Eduardo Sánchez, associate editor (2002–2003), contributing editor (2004–present).
Jason P. Franklin, contributing editor (2007–present).
Steven Hatfield, associate editor (2001–2002), contributing editor (2003).
John-Thomas Richards, contributing editor (2002)
References
External links
Technology websites |
4028155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Armour | Julian Armour | Julian Armour, (born 29 September 1960 in Missoula, MT) is a Canadian cellist and artistic director. Armour is married to violist Guylaine Lemaire. He is the son of the philosopher Leslie Armour.
Early life and education
Shortly after his birth in Missoula, Montana, United States Armour's parents (both Canadian citizens) moved the family back to Canada. Armour majored in history, economics and English literature at the University of Ottawa. After graduation, he studied at McGill University with Walter Joachim, a Canadian cellist. He later continued to study with cellists including János Starker, Ralph Kirshbaum, Aldo Parisot and Leonard Rose.
Career
Armour performs throughout Canada, the United States and Europe. His music is played on CBC Radio. As a chamber musician, he has appeared in television broadcasts on CBC, CTV, PBS, EWTN, and Vision TV. He has recorded over 30 CDs for labels including Marquis, Crystal, ATMA, CMS Classics, CentreDiscs, SRI, CanSona, Studea Musica and CBC Records.
He is the founder of the Ottawa Chamber Music Society (OCMS). Until his resignation in March 2007, he was the OCMS' Artistic and Executive Director. Under his directorship, the OCMS's main event, the Ottawa International Chamber Music Festival, grew to become the world's largest chamber music festival. From 2003 to 2009, Armour was the president of the Ottawa Festival Network.
In 2000 Armour received the Victor Tolgesy Arts Award from the Canada Council for the Arts. It recognizes those who contribute to the city's cultural enrichment. In 1999, he was awarded the Community Foundation's Investing in People Award, in recognition of his efforts to bring classical music to new audiences. For his contributions to music, Armour was named a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in December 2002 by the Government of France. Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson, Governor General of Canada awarded Armour the Meritorious Service Medal in 2003.
In 2011 he was awarded the "Friends of Canadian Music Award" by the Canadian League of Composers and the Canadian Music Centre for his contributions to Canadian composers. He has programmed and performed more than 1000 works by 400 different Canadian composers, including over 200 premieres. In addition to organizing full-concert tributes for more than 25 Canadian composers, Mr. Armour programmed a seven-concert festival of music specifically by women composers, as well as a series focused on emerging composers, entitled "30 under 30."
He is currently the Artistic Director of the Chamber Players of Canada, Artistic and Executive Director of Music and Beyond, and Principal Cellist of the chamber orchestra Thirteen Strings. For two years Armour taught cello masterclasses at the Orford Music. He regularly teaches at the University of Ottawa, offering courses in both music performance and arts administration. He was the Chamber Music Programmer for Galaxie between 2007 and 2011.
In 2010 Armour became Artistic and Executive Director of the festival, Music and Beyond. The "second great festival" Armour has founded, Music and Beyond presents classical music in all its forms: orchestras, choirs, bands, baroque groups and small ensembles. In special concerts it features performances that embrace music's relationships with dance, poetry, food, wine, science and visual art.
References
Citations
External links
Music and Beyond
The Ottawa Festival Network
The Chamber Players of Canada
1960 births
Living people
Musicians from Missoula, Montana
American expatriate musicians in Canada
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Decoration
McGill University School of Music alumni
University of Ottawa alumni
American classical cellists |
4028181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Hussey-Montagu%2C%201st%20Earl%20Beaulieu | Edward Hussey-Montagu, 1st Earl Beaulieu | Edward Hussey-Montagu, 1st Earl Beaulieu, KB (1721–1802), was a British politician and married Isabella Montagu, Dowager Duchess of Manchester, a rich heiress.
Birth and origins
Edward was born in 1721, the son of James Hussey and his wife Catherine Parsons. His father's family was Old English, a cadet branch of the Husseys. The Husseys had come to Ireland in 1172, and became substantial landowners in County Meath and County Kerry. The senior branch of the family held the title Baron Galtrim, although this appears to have been an Irish feudal barony rather than a peerage and did not entitle its holder to sit in the Irish House of Lords. His mother was a daughter of Richard Parsons, 1st Viscount Rosse.
Marriage and children
In 1743, Hussey married Isabella Montagu, Dowager Duchess of Manchester, first daughter of the 2nd Duke of Montagu and Lady Mary née Churchill (a daughter of the 1st Duke of Marlborough). In 1749, he legally changed his surname to Hussey-Montagu and was made a Knight Companion of the Bath in 1753.
Edward and Isabella had two children:
Isabella Hussey-Montagu (1750–1772)
John (1747–1787), MP 1772-1787, styled Baron Montagu
Both children predeceased their parents and died without descendants.
Hussey had one child from Martha Howel, a. housemaid in the service of Lord Beaulieu:
Elizabeth Hussey, 1780-1865, "described or alleged to be his natural daughter" (600 descendants in October 2012, mainly in France).
MP
From 1758 to 1762, he was Whig Member of Parliament for Tiverton.
Earl of Beaulieu
On his retirement from parliament, Hussey was on 11 May 1762 raised to the peerage as Baron Beaulieu, of Beaulieu in the Hampshire (called the County of Southampton from 1889 to 1959), and later advanced to Earl Beaulieu in 1784, both in the peerage of Ireland.
Death
Beaulieu, as he now was, died on 25 November 1802 in Dover Street (off Piccadilly), London. As his only son has predeceased him in 1802, his titles became extinct. He was buried on 14 December that year at Warkton, Northamptonshire.
Citations and sources
Citations
Sources
– Bass to Canning (for Beaulieu)
– Barons (for Hussey)
National Archives File Ref : PROB 37/80 Prerogative court of Canterbury, Cause Papers.
The House of Commons, 1754-1790, Volume 2 / Lewis Namier, John Brooke pp 664–5.
Parliamentary Archives, Houses of Parliament, London.
The Gentleman's Magazine 1802, p 1167.
|-
1721 births
1802 deaths
Hussey-Montagu, Edward
Hussey-Montagu, Edward
Hussey-Montagu, Edward
Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain
Peers of Great Britain created by George III
Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
Hussey-Montagu, Edward |
4028190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119P/Parker%E2%80%93Hartley | 119P/Parker–Hartley | 119P/Parker–Hartley is a periodic comet in the Solar System.
Around 16 March 2161, the comet will pass about from Jupiter.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
119P/Parker-Hartley – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
119P at Kronk's Cometography
Periodic comets
0119
Discoveries by Malcolm Hartley
Comets in 2014
19890302 |
4028194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Hoop%20Bankiers | Van der Hoop Bankiers | Van der Hoop Bankiers N.V. is a Dutch bank founded in 1895 currently in state of bankruptcy and put under supervision of court-ordered curators.
History prior to 2005
The bank was founded by Cornelis van der Hoop in Rotterdam in 1895, with several branches including in The Hague. Its headquarters moved to Amsterdam some time later, at the " Gouden Bocht " at Herengracht 469 in Amsterdam. Until 2003 the bank's name was van der Hoop Effektenbank NV and it was a relatively small, specialized bank whose account holders were mainly wealthy individuals who had often been clients there for a long time. The bank was completely dependent on the securities company for its income. The new name was part of developments to offer banking services for mortgages, savings and asset management to additional, less wealthy, customers. This development was not very successful. Among other things, an attempt was made to provide film financing. At the end of 2004, Van der Hoop Bankiers' balance sheet total was 403.6 million euros, and the bank had approximately 100 million euros in assets. The mortgage portfolio amounted to approximately 150 million euros.
Events and bankruptcy in 2006
On 9 December 2005 the bank was found by a Dutch court to be in a financial position that required attention. Its liquidity position was found to consist of €140 million in demands, while its credit facilities consisted of only €68 million. Also, the Netherlands central bank was concerned about whether the bank was solvent. Van der Hoop Bankiers was declared bankrupt by the same court on 16 December 2005, when the bank showed it had a negative balance of €9 million.
Earlier in 2005, the bank had settled a claim of €5.5 million with the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration (Belastingdienst) for not paying some of the corporation taxes on its daughter companies. This dated back to 2001. The bank had set up so-called cash companies with the objective of raising more income. Such companies were considered risky. Unusually, this activity was carried out entirely in the bank's own name (through its own trust company). A bank usually only mediates in such shares and they are not held in its own name, but, after taking tax advice, the bank took the unusual course of conducting this activity entirely in its own name (through its own trust company). As a result, the profit for 2004 had to be adjusted retrospectively to a loss.
On 8 June 2005, Van der Hoop's management informed the account holders by letter of the loss and announced a restructuring. A press release was also issued at the time. At the end of June 2005, it was announced that one-third of the 75 jobs at the bank would be cut, which attracted media attention. Takeover and merger discussions - including with project developer LSI and the Belgian Bank DeGroof - came to nothing. At the request of the Netherlands central bank, emergency regulations were applied on 9 December, freezing all bank accounts, after which bankruptcy was declared on 16 December. Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck and HP de Haan were appointed as the two administrators and receivers. On 23 December 2005 they sent a letter to the account holders about the assets. Securities that were not in the name of the bank might still be available. The distribution lists, bankruptcy reports and other legally relevant documents are still available on the website of the law firm Houthoff [3] of the former trustee.
The Hope Loss Foundation was established on 13 February 2006 as an advocate for the account holders after the bankruptcy. The board of this foundation consisted of 4 account holders at the bank and meetings were held in 2006. In the end, a lawsuit was brought by the account holders about whether DNB could recover the amounts that it was required to pay out to private account holders and small businesses under the Deposit Guarantee Scheme from the bankruptcy estate. In fact, DNB had made a mistake on this point during a creditors' meeting. The account holders group won the lawsuit; a substantive procedure was never initiated by DNB.
Under the Deposit Guarantee Scheme (depositogarantiestelsel) of the Netherlands central bank, account holders were eligible for compensation up to a maximum of €20,000, and in fact received twice this protection from the scheme.
Ultimately, all private savers and account holders were fully repaid their credit from the proceeds of the bankruptcy estate. However, the bank's shareholders lost their deposits permanently.
References
Sources
This article is based entirely or partially on its equivalent on Dutch Wikipedia.
Hoop Bankiers, Van der
Banks established in 1895
Banks disestablished in 2005
Dutch companies established in 1895
2005 disestablishments in the Netherlands |
4028197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20War%20Memorial%20and%20Performing%20Arts%20Center | San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center | The San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center (SFWMPAC) is located in San Francisco, California. It is one of the largest performing arts centers in the United States. It covers 7.5 acres (3 hectares) in the Civic Center Historic District, and totals 7,500 seats among its venues.
Performing arts
Opera, symphony, modern and classical dance, theatre, recitals, plays, lectures, meetings, receptions, special screenings, and gala events all have a place and occur at the Center.
History
The complex was developed in the 1920s on two blocks on Van Ness Avenue facing San Francisco City Hall from the west. The "War Memorial" name commemorates all the people who served in the First World War, which ended seven years before the project commenced. It was designed by Arthur Brown Jr in 1927-1928, and is one of the last Beaux-Arts style structures erected in the United States. The project resulted in the construction of a matched pair of buildings across a formal courtyard park: the War Memorial Opera House; and the multi-purpose Veterans Building next door. Both were completed and opened in 1932.
The upper floors of the Veterans Building housed the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (formerly the San Francisco Museum of Art) from 1935 to 1994. In 1980 the new Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall opened, on a site on Van Ness across the sidestreet from the Opera House, as part of the SFWMPAC complex.
United Nations
The SFWMPAC has historical significance. On June 26, 1945, the United Nations Charter was signed in the Veterans Building's Herbst Theatre by the group of 50 founding nations, following the two-month-long United Nations conference in the Opera House.
In 1951, the Peace Treaty with Japan (commonly called "Treaty of San Francisco"), formally ending World War II hostilities with Japan, was signed in the Opera House. The Center has been host to U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state. In 1990 the Center was chosen to host the first Goldman Environmental Prize ceremony, and this prize is now presented annually at the Center.
Performing arts venues
The following venues make up the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center—SFWMPAC:
War Memorial Opera House building
The War Memorial Opera House, or the Opera House, with 3,146 seats, was built in 1932 as part of the original War Memorial Building. It has been the home of the San Francisco Opera since 1932, as well as the San Francisco Ballet.
Veterans Building
The Herbst Theatre, with 916 seats, is a small concert and lecture/presentation hall. It is a part of the original Veterans Building and was originally named the “Veterans Auditorium”. In 1945 the original United Nations Charter was signed here. In 1977 the theater was refurbished and renamed.
The Green Room is located on the second floor of the Veterans Building. Originally designed as a lounge for World War I veterans, the room now serves as a performance and reception hall. Several concert and lecture series are held in the Green Room each year, as well as dinners, receptions, fashion shows, recitals, conferences and meetings. The room is also a prime location for fashion photography and video.
The San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery is located in the northeast corner of the Veterans Building. The gallery hosts changing exhibitions of contemporary art.
Davies Symphony Hall building
Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall opened in 1980 and, with 2,743 seats, is the major symphony hall of the city. It has been the home of the San Francisco Symphony since its opening.
Zellerbach Rehearsal Hall
Harold L. Zellerbach Rehearsal Hall is located at the corner of Franklin and Hayes streets, and is directly adjacent to Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall. Zellerbach Rehearsal Hall consists of three rehearsal facilities, which can be used for a multitude of rehearsal purposes and movie shoots.
References
External links
official San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center—GerakanKita website
San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery
1932 establishments in California
Art museums and galleries in San Francisco
Arthur Brown Jr. buildings
Beaux-Arts architecture in California
Buildings and structures completed in 1932
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Civic Center, San Francisco
Culture of San Francisco
Entertainment venues in San Francisco
Event venues established in 1932
Landmarks in San Francisco
Performing arts centers in California
San Francisco Designated Landmarks
Theatres in San Francisco
Tourist attractions in San Francisco |
4028198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocross%20%28disambiguation%29 | Autocross (disambiguation) | Autocross is a timed race through a course of traffic cones on a flat, paved surface.
Autocross may also refer to:
British autocross, similar to American autocross but races are held on dirt or grass surfaces that may not be flat
FIA Autocross, similar to British autocross but the cars start at the same time
See also
Autotesting, a British motoring amateur competition that typically includes driving the vehicle in reverse gear
Autosolo, the closest British equivalent of American Autocross
Gymkhana (motorsport), a Japanese motorsport event that is similar to American Autocross
Motorkhana, a motorsport in Australia and New Zealand
Rallycross, a motorsport in which part of the race track is unpaved |
4028199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Nqakula | Charles Nqakula | Charles Nqakula (born 13 September 1942) is a South African politician who served as Minister of Defence from September 2008 to 2009. He also served as Minister for Safety and Security from May 2002 to September 2008.
Nqakula is married to former South African Minister of Defence and Military Veterans, Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula MP.
On 24 June 2012, South African President Jacob Zuma appointed Nqakula as High Commissioner to the Republic of Mozambique.
Early life
Charles Nqakula attended primary school at Cradock and secondary school at Lovedale, matriculating in 1963. He worked as a hotel waiter and wine steward, after which he became a clerk in the Department of Bantu Education.
Journalism
In 1966, Nqakula started as a journalist with the Midland News, a regional weekly newspaper in Cradock. Seven years later, he became a political reporter with Imvo Zabantsundu in King William's Town. From 1976 he worked for the Daily Dispatch in East London until he was placed under an apartheid banning order in 1981. Nqakula was unbanned the following year but, because his village had been redesignated as part of the Ciskei independent homeland, he was unable to re-enter South African territory and was declared a prohibited immigrant.
He became a member of the Union of Black Journalists (UBJ) and was elected vice-president of the union in 1976. The UBJ was banned in October 1977 as part of a government crackdown on organisations supporting the Black Consciousness Movement. In 1979 he was elected vice-president of the Writers' Association of South Africa (WASA), which later became the Media Workers Association of South Africa (MWASA). Although frequently being detained by both the South African and Ciskeian authorities, he managed to establish the Veritas News Agency in Zwelitsha towards the end of 1982.
Politics
Charles Nqakula was elected publicity secretary of the fledgling United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1983, and was arrested the same year in East London for being in South Africa without a visa. By this time Nqakula was an underground operative for the ANC, specialising in propaganda. He left South Africa in 1984 travelling to Lesotho, Tanzania and Zambia. He underwent military training in Angola and joined MK the armed wing of the ANC. He also travelled to the Soviet Union and East Germany for further military training.
He infiltrated South Africa on his return as one of the commanders of Operation Vula, with a mission to build viable underground and military structures. In 1988, he served as commander in the Western Cape. Emerging from the underground in 1991, he was granted amnesty by the government. He served on the interim leadership group of the SACP, as convenor of its National Organising Committee. He was also a member of its Political Committee and served on the SACP Secretariat. He was elected SACP Deputy Secretary-General in 1991 and became Secretary-General following the assassination of Chris Hani in April 1993.
Upon the demise of the apartheid government and the election of President Nelson Mandela in 1994, Nqakula was elected to the National Executive Committee of the ANC. He later served as Parliamentary Counsellor to the President. On 24 January 2001 Charles Nqakula was appointed as Deputy Minister of Home Affairs, becoming Minister of Safety and Security on 7 May 2002.
After President Thabo Mbeki was forced to resign in September 2008, Nqakula was moved to the post of Minister of Defense in the cabinet of Mbeki's successor, Kgalema Motlanthe, on 25 September 2008.
Unfinished business
Following an inconclusive investigation in 1996 by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission into the 1986 aircrash in which President Samora Machel of Mozambique was killed, Charles Nqakula announced in parliament on 9 February 2006 that the inquiry is to be reopened:
"We owe it to the people of Mozambique to ensure the matter is thoroughly investigated," Nqakula said, amid lingering suspicions that the apartheid regime's Directorate of Military Intelligence caused the presidential aircraft to crash.
All of South Africa's law enforcement agencies are expected to be involved in the new inquiry, in co-operation with their Mozambican counterparts.
Crime rate controversy
Later in 2006, Nqakula outraged opposition MPs in parliament (who were not satisfied that enough was being done to counter crime), when he said that "South Africans who complain about the country's crime rate, should stop whining and leave the country".
According to a United Nations Survey on Crime Trends, South Africa has the second highest murder rate in the world. South Africa also has the highest occurrence of rape in the world. Nqakula failed to realise the consequence of his statement, as many people around the world were making travel arrangements for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Nqakula was again criticized while he was in Burundi, promoting peace and democracy, while there was a spate of violent crime in Gauteng. This spate included the killings of an alarming number of people, including members of the South African Police Service killed while performing their duties. The criticism preceded a subsequent announcement by the minister that an all out effort would be made to quell the alarming increase of crime by 30 December 2006. 54 police officers have lost their lives in the first 7 months of 2006.
References
1942 births
Living people
Xhosa people
South African Communist Party politicians
African National Congress politicians
Defence ministers of South Africa
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
High Commissioners of South Africa to Mozambique |
4028206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckless%20Abandon | Reckless Abandon | Reckless Abandon may refer to:
In music:
Reckless Abandon (David Bromberg album), 1977
Reckless Abandon (Andrew F album), 2008
"Reckless Abandon", a song by Blink-182 from Take Off Your Pants and Jacket
"Reckless Abandon", a song by It Dies Today from Lividity
In other media:
"Reckless Abandon" (Charmed), an episode of Charmed
Reckless Abandon, a 2004 novel by Stuart Woods
Reckless Abandon, a book by Larry Tomczak
In sports:
Reckless Abandon (horse) (foaled 2010), a British Thoroughbred racehorse
Reckless Abandon, a 2007 HDNet Fights MMA event |
4028219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakias | Plakias | Plakias () is a village on the south coast of the Greek island of Crete, in the Rethymno regional unit, about 21 kilometres south of the city of Rethymno. It is part of the municipality Agios Vasileios, and of the municipal unit Foinikas. It is surrounded by mountains to the north and the Libyan Sea to the south.
The name in Greek means "flat", because the town stands on an alluvial fan of material that has washed down the Kotsifou gorge directly to the north.
This material has formed along the sea's edge into a long, fine, gold-hued sand beach, which shelves very gradually out into the bay, making it quite safe for swimming and hence, for family holidays.
Initially just a fishing jetty and a few houses, Plakias developed during the last few decades into a tourist resort. The first official mention of Plakias was in 1961, when it was recorded in a census as the permanent home of six fishermen. The recorded history of surrounding mountain villages like Myrthios and Sellia goes back to the 10th century, when the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (961 AD) built roads and bridges in order to link those villages, and there are some fragments of wall remaining from a fortified area on a hill top just northeast of the present main town.
The local area is geographically suitable for a settlement, having plenty of agricultural space, and there may well have been a settlement there since Minoan times.
Plakias has a 1300-metre-long sandy beach and there are several other beaches within walking distance (Souda, Damnoni, Ammoudi, and Skhinaria). The southeastern end of the beach, near the Kakomouri headland, is used by nudists. The town is not on any major passage for traffic and hence traffic is minimal and it is quieter and less dusty than many other Greek resorts.
Parking along the main town road is difficult in the high season, but there is a large free-parking area just east of the main town. There are plenty of places to eat along the sea front, with the biggest cluster of tavernas at the west end. 8 kilometers to the east is the historic monastery of Preveli, which may have been founded as early as the 10th century. Due to its isolated position, it has played an important role in Cretan revolts against occupying forces such as the Nazis in World War II. Near the monastery and in a short distance from Plakias is the Preveli Beach. This is a very beautiful spot, where there is a forest with palm trees, in a gorge with a river and a beautiful beach.
The area is accessible from the port of Plakias.
Plakias is home to the "Youth Hostel Plakias", set in olive groves behind the town, which is famous among international backpackers as the 'most southerly hostel' in Europe. Also well-known are the cafes "Nufaro", (known locally as "Joe's bar") and the bars "Ostraco" and "Cozy Backyard". "World International Tourism Day" is celebrated each September with a big evening festival, with a free buffet meal and free traditional music, songs, and dancing performances in the main square.
There are two roads leading to Plakias through the mountain range that lies to the north, both of which run through spectacular gorges—to the north of Plakias, the Kotsifos Gorge, and to the northeast, the Kourtaliotiko Gorge. A good coastal motor track runs west beyond Souda to Rodakino beach, Frangokastello and Sfakiá. There are plenty of walks locally, and bolder walkers will enjoy the high green countryside beyond the coastal mountain range north of town. Scuba diving and snorkeling are popular activities in the area, with a number of diving schools to choose from. Mountain biking and cycle touring are other local attractions.
There are several buses daily to and from Rethymnon bus station; some of these go via Preveli Monastery. The Plakias bus stop is on the seafront taxi rank.
External links
What to do in Plakias
All about Plakias and surroundings
Plakias on Interkriti
Plakias Photo Album
Youth Hostel Plakias
Welcome to Plakias
Plakias forum
Activities in Plakias
Populated places in Rethymno (regional unit) |
4028228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Hadj%20M%27Hamed%20El%20Anka | El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka | El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka (), (May 20, 1907 in Algiers – November 23, 1978 in Algiers) also known as Hadj Muhammed Al Anka, El-Hadj M'Hamed El Anka (and various other combinations), was considered a Grand Master of Andalusian classical music and Algerian chaâbi music.
Early life
He was born on May 20, 1907, under the name Ait Ouarab Mohamed Idir Halo, on 4 Rue Tombouctou in the Casbah of Algiers. His family, Ait Ouarab, were originally from Taguersift near to Freha in Greater Kabylia; his father was Mohamed Ben Hadj Saîd, and his mother was Fatma Bent Boudjemaâ.
His father was taken ill on the day of his birth, and had to be replaced by a maternal uncle for registering the birth, which caused an error recording his name. His uncle presented himself as such to the registry employee, by saying "Ana Khalou" ("I am his uncle" in Arabic), and the employee wrote "Halo". So he became Halo Mohamed Idir from then on.
He studied in three schools from 1912 to 1918: Koranic (1912–14), Brahim Fatah (in the Casbah) from 1914–17, and another in Bouzaréah until 1918. He left school to go to work before his 11th birthday.
Musical career
At the age of 13, the orchestra leader sheik Mustapha Nador noticed his passion and innate sense of rhythm at a festival his group was playing at, and took him on as a Tardji (tambourine player) with his orchestra. The sheik and orchestra taught him the mandola, which became El Anka's favorite instrument.
After the death of sheik Nador on May 19, 1926, in Cherchell, El Anka took over the organization of festivals for the group. The orchestra included Si Saîd Larbi (real name Birou), Omar Bébéo (Slimane Allane) and Mustapha Oulid El Meddah among others. In 1927 he began taking part in the courses taught by sheik Sid AH Oulid Lakehal, which he followed assiduously until 1932.
In 1928 he was first exposed to the general public, by recording 27 discs (78 rpm) for Columbia, his first publisher, and taking part in the inauguration of Radio PTT Algiers.
On August 5, 1931, popular sheik Abderrahmane Saîdi died, and El Anka helped to fill the void. His popularity, supported by the new record player and radio, only grew; he was once invited to perform for the King of Morocco. After Columbia, he made another 10 78 rpm disks with Algériaphone in 1932, and another ten 78 rpm records with Polyphone. Upon return from Mecca (in memory of which he composed the song "El Houdja") in 1937, he reformed his orchestra, and toured Algeria and France.
One element of his sound that would have changed in 1932 came from a change of instruments. 1932 was the year he worked with a luthier to craft a bigger mandola. He found that the mandolas used by the orchestra were too high pitched and not loud enough. He asked a luthier to make one much bigger, and that mandole was to become his main instrument.
After the Second World War, El HadJ Muhammad El Anka was invited to direct popular music on ENRS Algiers Radio which succeeded Radio PTT. The popular music he promoted from 1946 became "chaâbi". In 1955 he began teaching chaâbi as a professor at the municipal Academy of Algiers. His first pupils all became sheiks in their turn, including Amar Lâachab, Hassen Said, and Rachid Souki.
In total, El Hadj El Anka wrote nearly 360 songs ( qaca' id ) and produced approximately 130 records. Notable works included "Lahmam lirabitou", "ltif Sebhan ellah ya" and "Win saâdi win". He died on November 23, 1978, in Algiers, and was buried in the El Kettar Cemetery.
Songs
Lahmam lirabitou
Sebhan ellah ya ltif
Win saâdi win
Achki fi khnata
El Hamdoulilah li ma b9a isti3mar fi bladna
Sebhan ellah ya ltif
Hadjou Lefkar
:maychali fi youm el harb
Bibliography
References
External links
Bio of El Anka with many photos.
Short bio of El Anka with several good photos.
Page with names of El Anka's students in Chaabi.
Hadj M'hamed El Anka : La légende du siècle Article by Karim Aïnouche, on "La Kabylie de Matoub LOUNES"
1907 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Algerian male singers
Algerian mondol players
Berber musicians
Kabyle people
People from Casbah |
4028242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Lebanon at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Lebanon competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Skeleton
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4028244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120P/Mueller | 120P/Mueller | 120P/Mueller, also known as Mueller 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System.
References
External links
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
120P/Mueller 1 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net
120P at Kronk's Cometography
Periodic comets
0120
120P
Comets in 2013
19871018 |
4028248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20James | Charles James | Charles James may refer to:
Charles James (British Army officer) (1757/8–1821), English army officer and writer
Charles James (attorney) (born 1954), former U.S. assistant attorney general
Charles James (American football) (born 1990), American football cornerback
Charlie James (baseball) (born 1937), baseball player
Charles James (chemist) (1880–1928), discoverer of lutetium
Charles James (designer) (1906–1978), fashion designer
Charlie James (footballer) (1874–1948), Australian rules footballer
Charles James (footballer) (1882–1960), footballer for Stoke
Charles James (MP) (1817–1890), British politician
Charles James (rugby league) (1891–1917), New Zealand rugby league footballer
Charles C. James (1882–1957), American consulting accountant
Charlie Hamilton James (born c. 1974), English photographer, television cameraman and presenter
Charles Hamilton James, Count of Arran, Anglo-Scottish soldier and author
Charles Holloway James (1893–1953), architect
Charles O. James, Texas state senator, 1899–1903; state representative, 1893–1895, see Texas Senate, District 2
Charles Pinckney James (1818–1899), U.S. federal judge
Charles Tillinghast James (1805–1862), U.S. Senator from Rhode Island
Chuck James (born 1981), baseball player
Charles James (cricketer) (1885–1950), English cricketer |
4028270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathasaritsagara | Kathasaritsagara | The Kathāsaritsāgara ("Ocean of the Streams of Stories") (Devanagari: कथासरित्सागर) is a famous 11th-century collection of Indian legends, fairy tales and folk tales as retold in Sanskrit by the Shaivite Somadeva.
Kathāsaritsāgara contains multiple layers of story within a story and is said to have been adopted from Guṇāḍhya's Bṛhatkathā ("the Great Narrative"), which was written in a poorly-understood language known as Paiśāchī. The Bṛhatkathā is no longer extant but several later adaptations still exist — the Kathāsaritsāgara, Bṛhatkathamanjari and Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha. However, none of these recensions necessarily derives directly from Gunadhya, and each may have intermediate versions. Scholars compare Guṇāḍhya with Vyasa and Valmiki even though he did not write the now long-lost Bṛhatkathā in Sanskrit. Presently available are its two Sanskrit recensions, the Bṛhatkathamanjari by Kṣemendra and the Kathāsaritsāgara by Somadeva.
Author and structure
The author of Kathasaritsagara, or rather its compiler, was Somadeva, the son of Rāma, a Śaiva Brāhman of Kashmir. He tells us that his magnum opus was written (sometime between 1063-81 CE) for the amusement of Sūryavatī, wife of King Ananta of Kashmir, at whose court Somadeva was poet. The tragic history of Kashmir at this period - Ananta’s two sons, Kalaśa and Harṣa, the worthless degenerate life of the former, the brilliant but ruthless life of the latter, the suicide of Ananta himself, the self-immolation of Sūryavatī on his funeral pyre, and the resulting chaos - forms as a dark and grim background for the setting of Somadeva’s tales. The frame story is the narrative of the adventures of Naravahanadatta, son of the legendary king Udayana, his romances with damsels of great beauty and wars with enemies. As many as 350 tales are built around this central story, making it the largest existing collection of Indian tales.
Somadeva declares that his work is a faithful though abridged translation of a much larger collection of stories known as the Bṛhatkathā, or Great Tale written in the lost Paisaci dialect by Guṇāḍhya. But the Kashmirian (or "Northwestern") Bṛhatkathā that Somadeva adapted may be quite different from the Paisaci ur-text, as at least 5 apparent descendants of Guṇāḍhya's work exist — all quite different in form and content, the best-known (after the Kathāsaritsāgara itself) probably being the Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha of Budhasvamin from Nepal. Like the Panchatantra, tales from the Kathāsaritsāgara (or its related versions) travelled to many parts of the world.
Kathāsaritsāgara consists of 18 lambhakas ("books") of 124 taramgas (chapters called as "waves") and approximately 22,000 ślokas (distichs) in addition to prose sections. The śloka consists of 2 half-verses of 16 syllables each. Thus, syllabically, the Kathāsaritsāgara is approximately equal to 66,000 lines of iambic pentameter; by comparison, John Milton's Paradise Lost weighs in at 10,565 lines. All this pales in comparison to the (presumably legendary) 700,000 ślokas of the lost original Brihatkatha.
Somadeva’s narrative captivates both by its simple and clear, though very elegant, style and diction and by his skill in drawing with a few strokes pictures of types and characters taken from the real every-day life. Hence it is that even in the miraculous and fantastical facts and events that make up the bulk of the main story and of a great deal of the incidental tales the interest of the reader is uninterruptedly kept. His lively and pleasant art of story-telling — though now and then encumbered with inflatedness or vitiated by far-fetched false wit — is enhanced also by his native humor and the elegant and pointed sentences strewn about here and there with a good taste.
Synopsis
The Kathāsaritsāgara is a large work. Each book comprises a number of stories loosely strung together, by being narrated for the recreation or information of the same individuals, or arising out of their adventures. These are Udayana, king of Kosambi, and his son Naravahanadatta. The marriage of the latter with various damsels of terrestrial or celestial origin, and his elevation to the rank of king of the Vidyadharas, a class of heavenly spirits, are the leading topics of most of the books; but they merely constitute the skeleton of the composition, the substance being made up of stories growing out of these circumstances, or springing from one another with an ingenuity of intricacy which is one of the great charms of all such collections.
Book 1
The first book (Kathapitha) is introductory, and refers the origin of the tales contained in the collection to Siva, who, it is said, related them in private conversation with his wife, Parvati, for her entertainment. One of the attendants of the god, Pushpadanta, took the liberty of listening, and he repeated them, under the seal of secrecy, to his wife, Jaya, a sort of lady’s maid to the goddess. Jaya takes an opportunity of intimating to her mistress that she is acquainted with the stories narrated by Siva to the great mortification of Parvati who had flattered herself that they had been communicated to her alone. She accordingly complains to Siva of his having deceived her and he vindicates himself by discovering the truth. Parvati thereupon pronounces an imprecation upon Pushpadanta, condemning him to be born upon the earth as a man; and she sentences his friend Malyavan, who had ventured to intercede for him, to a like destination. Parvati tells the culprits that they shall resume their celestial condition when Pushpadanta, encountering a Yaksha, a follower of Kubera, the god of wealth, doomed for a certain time to walk the earth, as a Pisacha or goblin, shall recollect his own former state, and shall repeat to the Pisacha the stories he overheard from Siva; and when Malyavan, falling in with the Pisacha, shall hear from him again the stories that his friend Pushpadanta had narrated. The recitation of the stories forms also the limit of the Pisacha’s sojourn amongst mortals.
The two demigods, Pushpadanta and Malyavan, are born as two Brahmans, named Vararuchi and Gunadhya, and their adventures as mortals constitute the subject of several tales. Some of these possess much local interest: we have in them literary anecdotes relating to celebrated works and authors, as to Panini the grammarian; notices of historical persons and events, as of the accession of Chandragupta Maurya; and traditions of the origin of celebrated places, as of that of Pataliputra. One of the best-told stories in the whole work occurs here. Upakosha the wife of Vararuchi, becomes during the absence of her husband, the object of the addresses of the king's family priest, the commander of the guards, the prince's tutor, and her husband's banker. She makes assignations with them all: each as he arrives is quickly followed by his successor, and is secreted only to be finally exposed and punished.
Malyavan, or Gunadhya, in consequence of a dispute with a rival Brahman, forgoes the use of the Sanskrit, Prakrit and Desya, or vernacular languages. He afterwards learns the Paisachi language, or that of the goblins, which enables him to receive the narrations as they are told him by the metamorphosed Yaksha or Pisacha. Gunadhya having heard the stories, extending to seven hundred thousand stanzas, wrote them with his blood, for there was no ink in the forest. He then offered the work to Satavahana, king of Pratishthan, who rejected it with abhorrence, on which the author kindled a fire in the forest, and reading it aloud, to the great edification of spirits and goblins, and birds and beasts, he burned it leaf by leaf as he finished the perusal. The news of this proceeding at last reached the king, and he repented of what he had done, and repaired to Gunadhya to solicit the gift of the work. The sage consented to present the king with the hundred thousand verses that had not yet been consigned to the flames. Satavahana took it to his capital, and having received an explanation of it from two of Gunadhya's disciples, he translated it from the language of the Pisachas.
Books 2 to 5
The second book (Kathamukha) commences that part of the original narrative which was supposedly not consumed, and records the adventures of Udayana, king of Kosambi, a prince of great fame in Sanskrit plays and poems, and his marriage with Vasavadatta, princess of Ujjain. The major sub-stories include the tales of Sridatta, Devasmita and Lohajangha.
The third book (Lavanaka) describes his marriage to the second wife, Padmavati, princess of Magadha and his subsequent conquests. This book is especially rich in mythological sub-stories like Durvasa and Kunti, Urvashi and Pururavas, Indra and Ahalya, Sunda and Upasunda &c.
The fourth book (Naravahanadattajanana) narrates the birth of the son of Udayana, by Vasavadatta, Naravahanadatta; at the same time sons are born to the chief ministers of Udayana, and they become the companions and councilors of the young prince. The book contains the famous story of Jimutavahana.
The fifth book (Caturdarika) records the adventures of Saktivega who became king of the heavenly beings termed Vidyadharas, a class of spirits who reside upon the loftiest peaks of the Himalaya mountains. While a mortal, he possessed superhuman longevity and faculties including clairvoyance and extrasensory perception. Naravahanadatta, is prophecised to be a king of the Vidyadharas.
Book 6
The main focus of the sixth book (Madanamanchuka) is the marriage of the young prince Naravahanadatta with Madanamanchuka the daughter of Kalingasena, a princess whose mother is a celestial nymph. Kalingasena had been enamoured of Udayana, and desires to wed him. Udayana wants to marry her; but as he has two wives already, his chief minister argues against it. A friend of the princess, a nymph of air, is also opposed to the match, and a variety of tales are recited on either side in support of the reasoning for and against the union. In the end, a spirit of air, in love with the princess, assumes the form of Udayana, and in this identity weds her. She reconciles without remedy, and has a daughter, Madanamanchuka who is the bride of Udayana's son. The book features the famous story of Usha and Aniruddha.
Book 7
In the next book (Ratnaprabha) Naravahanadatta marries Ratnaprabhā a Vidyadhari who was prophesized to be his bride; the wedding is celebrated at the palace of her father Hemaprabha, on one of the snow-crowned summits of the Himalaya. When the married couple return to Kosambi the young bride persuades her husband to throw open the doors of the inner quarters, and allow free access to his friends and associates. “The honour of women,” she affirms, “is protected by their own principles alone; and where these are corrupt, all precautions are vain.” This arrangement not only emancipates the women from jealous restraint, but also triggers a subsequent series of tales, with the prince's companions as narrators. The stories that then ensue (for e.g. Somasvamin, Sringabhuja and Rupasikha) are about the conduct of women; some are tales of revenge.
Books 8 and 9
The eighth book (Suryaprabha) is devoted to the adventures of a prince named Suryaprabha, who became king of the Vidyadharas. The scene of action is mostly in the Lokas beyond earth, and the dramatis personae are the Nagas or snake-gods of Patala and the Vidyadharas. This is further illustration of the mode in which Naravahanadatta may fulfil the prophecy.
In the ninth book (Alamkaravati), Naravahanadatta is distraught on the disappearance of his favorite bride Madanamanchuka after throwing open the doors of the inner quarters. He is consoled by the narration of a number of stories about the temporary separation and final reunion of faithful couples. They consist of a compendious recital of the adventures of Nala and Damayanti. The stories continue till the thirteenth book.
Book 10
The next book (Saktiyasas), the tenth, is important in the history of literature, as it includes the whole of the Panchatantra. We also have in this book a possible inspiration of another well-known story, that of King Shahryar and His Brother in the One Thousand and One Nights. Two young Brahmins travelling are benighted in a forest, and take up their lodging in a tree near a lake. Early in the night a number of people come from the water, and having made preparation for an entertainment retire; a Yaksha, a genie, then comes out of the lake with his two wives, and spends the night there; when he and one of his wives are asleep, the other, seeing the youths, invites them to approach her, and to encourage them, shows them a hundred rings received from former gallants, notwithstanding her husband's precautions, who keeps her locked up in a chest at the bottom of the lake. The youths reject her advances; she wakes the genie who is going to put them to death, but the rings are produced in evidence against the unfaithful wife, and she is cast away with the loss of her nose.
Books 11 to 13
The eleventh book (Vela) is one huge story, that of Vela, a damsel married to a merchant's son focusing on their shipwreck, separation and re-union.
The twelfth book (Sasankavati) narrates the huge tale of Mrigankadatta, prince of Ayodhya. The narrative is similar to Daṇḍin's Dashakumaracharita, the Tale of the Ten Princes, in which a prince and his nine companions are separated for a season, and recount what has happened to each when they meet again. The exact stories, however, are different. This book also contains an earlier version of a popular collection of tales called the Vetala Panchavimshati: twenty-five tales of a Vetala being related to Trivikramasena, king of Pratishthan, on the Godavari.
The thirteenth book (Madiravati) is short and recounts the adventures of two young Brahmans, who have secret marriages with a princess and her friend. The incidents are curious and diverting and similar to the contrivances by which Madhava and Makaranda obtain their mistresses in the drama entitled Malatimadhava by Bhavabhuti.
Book 14 and 15
The two next books, the fourteenth (Panca) and fifteenth (Mahabhisheka), the scene of action is the fabulous region of the Vidyadharas. In the first, the prince Naravahanadatta, realises that his queen Madanamanchuka was abducted by Manasavega the Vidyadhara , marries additional five women of Vidhyadhara (Vidhyadhari) and finally kills Manasavega to regain his queen.
In Mahabhisheka, Naravahanadatta is crowned emperor of the Vidyadhara people.
Book 16
In (Suratamanjari), the sixteenth book, Udayana, resigns his throne to Gopalaka, the brother of his wife Vasavadatta, and, accompanied by his wives and ministers, goes to Mount Kalanjana. A heavenly chariot descends, and conveys them all to heaven. Gopalaka, inconsolable for the loss of his brother-in-law, soon relinquishes his regal state of Kosambi to his younger brother, Palaka, retires to the White Mountain, and spends the rest of his days in the hermitage of Kashyapa. We have then an account of the son of Palaka falling in love with a young girl of low caste, a Chandali, and different stories illustrative of odd couples. Palaka's ministers argue that the very circumstance of the prince's being enamoured of the Chandali is a proof that she must be a princess or goddess in disguise; otherwise it were impossible that she should have attracted the affections of any noble individual. They therefore counsel the king to demand her hand from Matanga, her father . Matanga consents on condition that the Brahmins of Ujjain eat in his house. Palaka issues orders that eighteen thousand Brahmins, shall dine with the Chandala. The Brahmins are in great alarm, as this is a degradation and loss of caste, and they pray to Mahakala, the form of Siva especially worshipped in Ujjain, to know what to do. He commands them in a dream to comply, as Matanga is in truth a Vidyadhara. He had conspired against the life of Naravahanadatta, in order to prevent his becoming emperor of the Vidyadharas, and had been therefore condemned by Siva to live in Ujjain with his family as Chandalas. The curse was to terminate when eighteen thousand Brahmins should eat in his house; and this being accomplished, Matanga is restored to his rank, and his daughter is judged a fit bride for the son of the king.
Books 17 and 18
The two last books are composed of narratives told by Naravahanadatta, when on a visit to his uncle Gopalaka at the hermitage of Kashyapa. He repeats those stories which were communicated to him when he was separated from Madanamanchuka, to console him under the anguish of separation. (Padmavati) is the love story of Muktaphalaketu, a prince of the Vidyadharas, and Padmavati, daughter of the king of the Gandharvas. The former is condemned by a holy person to become a man, and he is thus for a season separated from the latter. He is, after a short time, restored to his station and his wife.
The last book (Visamasila) has Vikramaditya or Vikramasila, son of Mahendraditya, king of Ujjain, for its hero, and describes his victories over hostile princes, and his acquirement of various princesses. These are interspersed with love adventures, some of which reiterate the calumnies against women, and with stories relating the tricks of professed cheats.
Historiography: versions and translations
Sanskrit antecedents: Bṛhatkathāmañjarī and Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha
Bṛhatkathāmañjarī
Somadeva tells us that the Kathāsaritsāgara is not his original work, but is taken from a much larger collection by Guṇāḍhya, known as the Bṛhatkathā. Kṣemendra, the Sanskrit aesthete from Kashmir, had written his Bṛhatkathāmañjarī, a summary of the Bṛhatkathā twenty or thirty years previously. The Kathāsaritsāgara and the Bṛhatkathāmañjarī agree in the number and the titles of the different lambhakas but, after lambhaka 5, disagree in the order of them. However, all the books of the same name in both versions overlap with each other exactly (excluding a few minor details), except for two. Book 8 (Vela) in Kṣemendra is a combination of Book 11 (Vela) and the beginning of Book 14 (Panca) in Kathāsaritsāgara. Considering that Kṣemendra composed two near faithful extracts of the celebrated epics: the Bharatamanjari and the Ramayanamanjari, it is more probable that it was Kṣemendra, and not Somadeva, who drew up the faithful reproduction of the old Paisaci poem. Kathāsaritsāgara is considered to have better charm of language, elegance of style, masterly arrangement and metrical skill. Also, Kṣemendra’s collection is a third the length of the Kathāsaritsāgara, the printed text amounting to a little more than 7,561 slokas.
In 1871 Professor Bühler (Indian Antiquary, p. 302 et seq.) proved two important facts: firstly, that Somadeva and Kṣemendra used the same text, and secondly, that they worked entirely independently from one another. A Bṛhatkathā such as the two writers reproduced, a prose work in the Paiśācī dialect, existed, therefore, in Kashmir. But it was no longer the book which Guṇāḍhya had composed. It was a huge compilation, incorporating not only many particular stories from heterogeneous sources, but even whole books such as the Pañcatantra, the Vetālapañcaviṃśati and the story of Nala. The charge of abridging, obscuring and dislocating the main narrative is valid, not against Somadeva and Kṣemendra, but against predecessors, whose work of amplification had been completed, so far as completion can be predicated, perhaps two or three centuries earlier.
Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha
Apart from the Kashmir redactions there exists a Sanskrit version of Guṇāḍhya’s work, bearing the title Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha, i.e. the “Great Tale: Verse Epitome.” Only about six of the twenty-six lābhas are currently available. Its discoverer and editor, M. Félix Lacôte, had published (Essai sur Guṇāḍhya et la Bṛhatkathā, Paris, 1908) along with the text an elaborate discussion of all the questions of higher criticism relating to the Kathāsaritsāgara and the other recensions. M. Lacôte’s conclusions, which are developed with great perspicacity, may be summarised as follows. The manuscript came from Nepal, the work of a Nepalese writer, by name Budhasvāmin. It is dated to the eighth to the ninth century CE and is based upon the Paiśāci original. It lacks many of the subsidiary tales in the Kathāsaritsāgara, and thus the main narrative stands out concerned predominantly with the actual adventures of Naravāhanadatta, a hero of Guṇāḍhya’s own invention.
Persian adaptations: Bahr al-asmar and Darya-yi asmar
Kathāsaritsāgara was translated into Persian in Kashmir during the reign of Zayn al-‘Abidin (r. 1418/20-1470) under the name of Bahr al-asmar (“Ocean of Stories”). Nowadays this version is not extant; it is known solely through the evidence from other sources. A likely reference to it can be found in the Rajatarangini by Śrīvara (fl. 1459-1505). Śrīvara, the poet laureate at the court, refers to the commissioning of the translation of Sanskrit works into Persian and vice versa by his patron Zayn al-‘Abidin, among them a translation of “a digest of the Bṛhatkathā” (bṛhatkathāsāra) which may refer to the Kathāsaritsāgara.
Another Persian version was commissioned in the second half of the 16th century during Akbar's reign and accomplished by a certain Mustafa Khaliqdad ‘Abbasi also known as the translator of other works. This work was presumably carried out after 1590 following the military annexation of Kashmir. Abbasi named it Darya-yi asmar (“River of Stories”) to distinguish it from the Kashmirian translation. In its preface, ʿAbbasi mentions that he was assigned to rewrite an earlier version “of the book barhatkata […] which the Kashmirian Brahmin Sumdevbat […] had shortened” and which “someone had undertaken during Zayn al-‘Abidin’s reign”, being fraught with Arabic expressions, in a more readable style.” In conformity with the Sanskrit text, the Persian adaptation is likewise divided into eighteen main chapters, called nahr (rivers), each subdivided into several mauj (waves). This translation was discovered around 1968-9 (National Museum, New Delhi no. 62.1005). It was edited by Dr. Tara Chand and Prof. Syed Amir Hasan Abidi. It is worth mentioning that today only two manuscripts of the Persian version are available; both are incomplete and contain only 8 out of the original 18 chapters of the Sanskrit version each, which Chand and ‘Abidi based their edition upon.
In contrast to other examples from similar kind of literature like Abu al-Maʿali Nasrullah Munshi’s Kalila va Dimna, the Darya-yi asmar was retold not in artificial prose (nasr-i musajja‘) aimed at connoisseurs but rather in simple prose with features that remind of an oral recital. In the Persian narrative we encounter a mix of adaptation techniques: some sections display a transfer close to the Indian version, whereas most parts indicate a more narrative approach. This means that special attention was given to the transmission of the narrated story and not to the preservation of as many textual features as possible. One of the adaptation techniques applied in the Kathāsaritsāgara is the use of explanations and glosses to single words that refer to persons, objects or concepts. The translator-compiler ‘Abbāsī remarks, for example, that “this story is elaborated upon in [other] Indian books”, or comments on certain passages by adding: “[…] according to the sayings of the people of India […].” The second type of strategy encountered is that of inserting poetic quotations from the pool of Persian poetry such as Gulistan, Divan-i Hafiz, Divan-i Salman-i Savaji, Manzumat-i Sharaf al-Din Yazdi, Nizami's Khusrau-u-Shirin, Makhzan al-Asrar, Haft paykar, and various others.
Printed editions and modern translations
Professor H. H. Wilson was the first European scholar who drew the attention of the Western world to this storehouse of fables. In 1824, he gave a summary of the first five books in the Oriental Quarterly Magazine. The first edition of the work was undertaken by Professor Brockhaus. In 1839 he issued the first five chapters only, and it was not till 1862 that the remaining thirteen appeared. Both publications formed part of the Abhandlungen der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.
It was this text which C. H. Tawney used for his excellent translation (Ocean of the River of Streams) published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in the Bibliotheca Indica, 1880-1884 (the index not appearing till 1887). Brockhaus’ edition was based primarily on six MSS., though in the second part of the work he apparently had not so many at his disposal. Tawney was not satisfied with several of Brockhaus’ readings, and consequently made numerous fresh renderings or suggestions largely taken from MSS. borrowed from the Calcutta College and from three India Office MSS. lent him by Dr Rost.
In 1889 Durgāprasād issued the Bombay edition, printed at the Nirṇayasāgara Press, which was produced from Brockhaus’ edition and two Bombay MSS. This is the latest text now available.
In 1919, N. M. Penzer first approached Tawney with the suggestion of reissuing his Ocean of the River of Streams. But he revised and published Tawney’s 2 volumes in 10 volumes in 1924. The first volume gave an introduction of Hindu fiction and the other famous story-collections like Panchatantra, Hitopadesha etc. Volumes 2 to 10 published the original translation with extensive comments. Penzer invited different scholars to write forewords to each volume resulting in nine excellent essays dealing with all aspects of the great collection.
A project to translate the full work into modern English prose, translated by Sir James Mallinson, began to appear in 2007 from the Clay Sanskrit Library, published by New York University Press. The translation was based on the Nirnaya Press’s 1915 edition of the Sanskrit text, the edition favored by Sanskritists today. Currently available are 2 volumes of the projected 7-volume edition.
Printed editions
Translations
C. H. Tawney (1880-84), The Kathá sarit ságara; or, Ocean of the streams of story, 2 vols, Vol I, . The only complete translation into English.
N. M. Penzer (1924-28), The ocean of story, being C. H. Tawney's translation of Somadeva's Katha sarit sagara (or Ocean of streams of story), 10 vols Vol I, Vol II, Vol III, Vol IV, Vol V, Vol VI, Vol VII, Vol VIII, Vol IX, . Based on Tawney's translation, but greatly expanded, with additional notes and remarks comparing stories from different cultures.
A. R. Krishnashastry (1952), Kathaamrita (Kannada: ಕಥಾಮೃತ), Geetha Book House, K.R. Circle, Mysore 570 001, India.
Sir James Mallinson (2007-9), The Ocean of the Rivers of Story, Clay Sanskrit Library. New York: New York University Press. vol 1, vol 2. intended to be a complete translation in nine volumes, only two volumes, reaching up to canto 6.8, were published before the publisher ended operations.
P. C. Devassia (1978) Sri Somadevabattante Kathasaritsagaram (samboornagadyavivarthanam. Prose translation of Somadeva's Sanskrit Poem) (Malayalam). Publishers: Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society Ltd., Kottayam, Kerala State, India. Sold by National Book Stall. Reprinted 1990.
Arshia Sattar (1997), Tales from the Kathasaritsagara. Penguin. Includes key selections from the Kathasaritsagara.
Radhavallabh Tripathi, Katha Sarit Sagar (Hindi). National Book Trust. .
Influence
The stories and their order in Tantrakhyayika within Book 10 are consistent with the tales and arrangement of the Kalila wa Demna more than even the Panchatantra, and it would appear therefore that we have in the Kathasaritsagara an earlier representative of the original collection than even the Panchatantra, at least as it is now met with.
The book was a favourite of scholar of Buddhism Herbert V. Guenther, according to Jodi Reneé Lang, Ph.D.
The idea of a sea of stories was an inspiration for Salman Rushdie's Haroun and the Sea of Stories.
See also
Hitopadesa
Kshemendra
One Thousand and One Nights
References
External links
Online HTML ebook of The Ocean of Story (kathasaritsagara), volume 1-9, proofread, including thousands of notes and extra appendixes.
Ocean of Story at the Encyclopedia of Fantasy
Sanskrit literature
11th-century Indian books
Collections of fairy tales
Indian fairy tales
Indian folklore
Indian literature
Indian legends |
4028271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Luxembourg at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Luxembourg sent a delegation to compete in the 2006 Winter Olympics, held in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. Luxembourg returned to the Winter Olympic Games after missing the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. The Luxembourgian delegation consisted of a single figure skater, Fleur Maxwell, making her Olympic debut. In the ladies' singles she finished in 24th place.
Background
Luxembourg first joined Olympic competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics and first participated at the Winter Olympic Games at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Their participation at Winter Olympics since has been sporadic, Luxembourg did not send a delegation to any Winter Olympics from 1948 to 1984. They also skipped the immediately prior Winter Olympics. The Luxembourgian delegation to Turin consisted of a single figure skater, Fleur Maxwell. Georges Diderich served as the chef de mission of the Luxembourgian delegation to Turin. Maxwell was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Figure skating
Fleur Maxwell was 17 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. She was entered into the ladies' singles event, where the short program was held on 21 February and the free skate on 23 February. In the short program, she skated eighth, and received a score of 44.53 points. This placed her 21st, and as the top 24 were allowed to continue to the free skate, sufficient to advance her to the second night of competition. In the free skate, she was the fourth skater to compete. She scored 65.04 points, which was 24th and last for the session. Her score included a one-point deduction for falling during her program. Each competitor had their final score determined by adding their two scores together, and Maxwell's total score was 109.57 points. This put her in 24th place overall. Maxwell temporarily retired after the 2005–2006 season, and did not return to skating until 2010, though she did not make another Olympics.
Key: FS = Free Skate, SP = Short Program
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4028278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabadsz%C3%A1ll%C3%A1s | Szabadszállás | Szabadszállás is a small town in Bács-Kiskun county, Hungary, 80 kilometres south of Budapest by rail.
The town is surrounded by several areas of the Kiskunság National Park.
Twin cities
Schönenberg-Kübelberg
Gallery
References
External links
in Hungarian
Szabadszállás on Google Maps
Szabadszállás a Vendégvárón
Szabadszállás a Gyaloglón
Légifotók Szabadszállásról
Populated places in Bács-Kiskun County
Towns in Hungary |
4028280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99drzej%20Kitowicz | Jędrzej Kitowicz | Jędrzej Kitowicz (1727 or 1728 – 3 April 1804) was a Polish historian and diarist.
According to , a historian of Polish literature, Kitowicz was born into a bourgeois family in the region of Greater Poland, and was later employed in the service of wealthy priests. He was a rotmistrz of the Confederation of Bar in Greater Poland. In 1771 he joined a religious seminary, while he remained in service of the bishop of Kujawy Antoni Ostrowski (who later became the primate of Poland). In 1777 he took Holy Orders and in 1781 he became the provost of Rzeczyca where he spent the rest of his life.
He is best known as the author of two unfinished treatises. Description of Customs during the reign of August III (Opis obyczajów za panowania Augusta III, published in 1840) was an attempt to portray the culture of Poland during the first half of the 18th century. Memoires, or History of Poland (Pamiętniki, czyli Historia polska, published partially in 1840, complete edition in 1971) was a chronicle of the years 1743–1798, with special attention to the Confederation of Bar. Kitowicz's works, especially Opis obyczajów... have a significant literary and historical value, although he could not keep himself objective, speaking out against Stanisław August Poniatowski and the reformists. He died in Rzeczyca.
References
Literatura polska. Przewodnik encyklopedyczny, Warszawa 1984
1727 births
1804 deaths
18th-century Polish Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Bar confederates |
4028296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrolls%20of%20Abraham | Scrolls of Abraham | The Scrolls of Abraham (, Ṣuḥuf ʾIbrāhīm) are a part of the religious scriptures of Islam. These scriptures are believed to have contained the revelations Abraham received from God, which were written down by him as well as his scribes and followers. They are now generally believed to have perished over the course of time and are considered a lost body of scripture.
Background
In two surah (chapters), which are dated from the first Meccan period, there is a reference to the 'Leaves, Scrolls, Journals' (Suhuf) of Abraham (and the Scrolls of Moses), by which presumably certain divinely inspired texts handwritten by the patriarchs are meant. These passages say that the truth of God's message is present in the earliest revelations, of Abraham and Moses. Although Suhuf is generally understood to mean 'Scrolls', many translators - including Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Marmaduke Pickthall - have translated the verse as "The Books of Abraham and Moses".
Qur'anic mention
The Quran refers to certain Scrolls of Abraham, which have alternatively been translated as the Books of Abraham. All Muslim scholars have generally agreed that no scrolls of Abraham survive today, and therefore this is a reference to a lost body of scripture. The Scrolls of Abraham are understood by Muslims to refer to certain revelations Abraham received, which he would have then transmitted to writing. The exact contents of the revelation are not described in the Quran.
The 87th chapter of the Quran, surah Al-Ala, concludes saying the subject matter of the surah has been in the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses. It is slightly indicative of what were in the previous scriptures, according to Islam:
Chapter 53 of the Quran, surah An-Najm mentions some more subject matters of the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses.
Identification
Some scholars suggest the Scrolls of Abraham to be a reference to the Sefer Yetzirah, as its appendix (vi. 15) and Jewish tradition generally ascribe the reception of its revelation to Abraham. Other scholars, however, suggest it refers to the Testament of Abraham, which was also available at the time of Muhammad (Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh).
The Quran contains numerous references to Abraham, his life, prayers and traditions and has a dedicated chapter named Ibrahim (14). On a relevant note, surah Al-Kahf (18) was revealed as an answer from God to the Jews who asked Muhammad about past events. Here God directly instructed Muhammad in surah Al-Kahf (18:22), not to consult the Jews for verifying the three stories about which they inquired.
The reason being God declaring He Himself is relating what needs to be verified in another verse of surah Al-Kahf (18:13)
Regarding consultation with the People of the Book, it is also narrated by Abu Hureyrah in hadith literature:
Therefore, in this view, Muslims would not be required to ascribe to the Sefer Yetzirah, even were it to be identified as the Scrolls of Abraham. However, Muslim theology already accepts Jewish sources such as the Torah (Tawrat) as revealed to Moses (Musa) or the Psalms (Zabur) as revealed to David (Dawud), though asserting Quranic precedence in the event of conflicting accounts.
See also
Book of Abraham
Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
References
Further reading
Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
Editions and translations:
Editio princeps:
Mantua, 1562; HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: ספר יצירה -- מיוחס לאברהם אבינו
other important editions:
Amsterdam, 1642;
Zolkiev, 1745;
Korzec, 1779;
Constantinople, 1791;
Grodno, 1806 (five commentaries); Sefer Detail: ספר יצירה -- ספר יצירה. תקס"ו. הורדנה.
Warsaw, 1884 (nine commentaries);
Goldschmidt, Das Buch der Schöpfung . . . Kritisch Redigirter Text, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1894 (the edition, however, by no means represents a critical text).
Translations:
Latin:
Postell, Abraham Patriarchœ Liber Iezirah, Paris, 1552;
Pistor, Liber Iezirah, in Ars Cabalistica, Basel, 1557;
Rittangel in the Amsterdam edition of 1642;
German:
Johann F. von Meyer, Das Buch Yezira, Leipsic, 1830;
English:
I. Kalisch, A Sketch of the Talmud, New York City, 1877;
W. W. Westcott, Sepher Yezirah, London, 1893;
French:
Karppe, Etude sur les Origines . . . du Zohar, pp. 139–158, Paris, 1901.
Literature:
Castelli, Il Commento di Sabbatai Donnolo, Florence, 1880;
Epstein, Studien zum Jezira-Buche, in Monatsschrift, xxxvii.;
idem, Pseudo-Saadia, ib.;
idem, Recherches sur le Sefer Yeçira, in R. E. J. xxviii.-xxix. (both articles also published separately);
idem, in Monatsschrift, xxxix. 46–48, 134–136;
Grätz, Gnosticismus und Judenthum, pp. 102–132, Breslau, 1846;
Franck, La Kabbale, pp. 53–66, 102–118, Paris, 1843 (German translation by Jellinek, pp. 57–65, Leipsic, 1844);
Hamburger, R. B. T. Supplement, iii. 98-102;
Jellinek, Beiträge, i. 3-16;
Rosenthal, in Keneset Yisrael, ii. 29–68;
Steinschneider, in Berliner's Magazin, xix. 79–85;
idem, Cat. Bodl. cols. 552–554;
Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. p. 13;
Fürst, Bibl. Jud. i. 27–28;
Bacher, Die Anfänge der Hebräischen Grammatik, pp. 20–23, Leipsic, 1895.
Islamic texts
Abraham in Islam |
4028297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus%20%28magazine%29 | Linus (magazine) | linus is an Italian comics magazine published in Italy since 1965. It is the first Italian magazine exclusively focused on comics. During a period of crisis, the magazine was not published in May and June 2013, but returned in July, published by Baldini & Castoldi.
History and profile
The first number of linus was published in April 1965 by Milano Libri, a subsidiary of Rizzoli, and was later published by Baldini & Castoldi in monthly issues until April 2013. Its founder was Giovanni Gandini. The magazine's name was always written in lowercase letters. It had a sister magazine, Alter, which was also a comics magazine. Both magazines had a leftist cultural stance and their editorials supported for the Italian Communist Party.
The first director of linus was Giovanni Gandini. The magazine published foreign comic strips like Peanuts, Li'l Abner, Bristow, Dick Tracy, and others. linus was also the place where Italian comics found space for the first time: examples include Neutron/Valentina by Guido Crepax and Girighiz by Enzo Lunari. It was the first Italian comics magazine which featured stories read by adults.
From the magazine's beginning, the comics section was accompanied by an extensive section dealing with society, politics, mass media, literature and other cultural themes. The first issue, for example, featured an interview by Umberto Eco with the novelist Elio Vittorini. Satirical strips by famous Italian authors like Altan, Alfredo Chiappori, Sergio Staino, Ellekappa, Angese, Vauro, Bruno D'Alfonso and by foreigners like Jules Feiffer were regularly published. Gandini was followed in 1972 by the intellectual, journalist, and writer Oreste del Buono.
Adventures comic book series like Dick Tracy or Jeff Hawke were initially published separately on special issues. These later were moved into a monthly series, Alterlinus (later Alter Alter and simply Alter, 1974), where more adult-themed comics found place, including works by innovative French authors like Moebius, Enki Bilal or Philippe Druillet and Italian artists like Sergio Toppi, Andrea Pazienza and Lorenzo Mattotti. Pure adventure themes were published in the monthly spin-off magazine Corto Maltese, created in 1983, named after Hugo Pratt's famous character.
Enzo Baldoni, the Italian journalist and writer killed in Iraq in 2004, worked as translator for linus, notably for the Doonesbury comic strip. Garry Trudeau wrote about him in his website shortly after Baldoni's murder.
A few issues of an English language edition were produced in 1970, edited by Frank Dickens and Ralph Steadman
Comic strips published in linus
Asterix
B.C.
Bristow
Calvin & Hobbes
Corto Maltese
Crock
Dick Tracy
Dilbert
Doonesbury
Fearless Fosdick
Get Fuzzy
Girighiz
Krazy Kat
Li'l Abner
Maakies
Maus
Peanuts
Pogo
Robotman
Valentina
The Wizard of Id
See also
List of magazines published in Italy
References
External links
Official website
Page at Slumberland.it
1965 establishments in Italy
1965 comics debuts
2013 comics endings
2013 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct magazines published in Italy
Comics magazines published in Italy
Italian-language magazines
Magazines established in 1965
Magazines disestablished in 2013
Magazines published in Milan |
4028322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie%20Train%20%2703 | Boogie Train '03 | is the fifth single released by Miki Fujimoto. It was released on February 5, 2003, and sold a total of 43,804 copies, reaching number eight on the Oricon chart.
First pressing of this single came in a special tin packaging.
This is Fujimoto's last solo single before she joined the 6th Generation of Morning Musume.
Hello! Project Kids members Erika Umeda, Momoko Tsugunaga, Chinami Tokunaga, and Maasa Sudo appear in the pv.
Track listing
Boogie Train '03 (Instrumental)
External links
Boogie Train '03 entry at Up-Front Works
Miki Fujimoto songs
2003 singles
Songs written by Tsunku |
4028337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Macedonia at the 2006 Winter Olympics | The Republic of Macedonia sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was Macedonia's third appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The delegation consisted of three athletes; Ivana Ivčevska and Gjorgi Markovski in alpine skiing, and Darko Damjanovski in cross-country skiing. Their best performance in any event was 40th, by Ivčevska in the women's giant slalom.
Background
The Olympic Committee of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 1 January 1993. The nation made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1996 Atlanta Games, and its first appearance in the Winter Olympic Games at the 1998 Nagano Olympics. Macedonia has participated in every Olympics since their respective debuts. No athlete competing for Macedonia has ever won a medal at the Winter Olympics. The Macedonian delegation to Turin consisted of three athletes; Ivana Ivčevska and Gjorgi Markovski in alpine skiing, and Darko Damjanovski in cross-country skiing. Markovski was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
Ivana Ivčevska was 17 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making her Olympic debut. She was entered into two events, the giant slalom and the slalom. The slalom was held on 22 February, and consisted of two runs, with the total time determining the final standings. Ivčevska finished her first run in a time of 52.40 seconds and her second in a slower 57.73 seconds. Her total time was 1 minute and 50.13 seconds, which put her in 48th place out of 51 competitors who were able to finish both runs. On 24 February, she took part in the giant slalom, completing the first run in a time of 1 minute and 13.89 seconds, and the second in 1 minute and 23.47 seconds. Her total time was 2 minutes and 37.36 seconds, good for 40th place.
Gjorgi Markovski was 20 years old at the time of the 2006 Olympics, and was also making his Olympic debut. In the men's giant slalom on 20 February, he failed to finish the first run, and was eliminated from the competition. In the slalom, held on 25 February, he finished the first run in a time of 1 minute and 4.03 seconds, but failed to finish the second run, and went unranked for the competition.
Cross-country skiing
Darko Damjanovski was 24 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making his Olympic debut. In the men's 15 kilometre classical held on 17 February, he finished with a time of 48 minutes and 33.7 seconds, putting him 84th out of 96 classified finishers. He would go on to represent Macedonia again at the 2010 Winter Olympics, and a third time at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4028343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Mattern%20Montgomery | Richard Mattern Montgomery | Richard Mattern Montgomery (December 15, 1911 – August 27, 1987), was a lieutenant general in the United States Air Force, and chief-of-staff of the U. S. Strategic Air Command from 1952 to 1956. He was vice commander-in-chief of the United States Air Force in Europe, from 1962 until he retired in 1966. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.
Education and training
He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating with a lieutenant's commission in 1933. One year later he completed pilot training at Kelly Field, Texas. This was the beginning of an active flying career in which Montgomery logged more than 10,000 hours in more than 80 types of aircraft, including the KC-135 jet tanker (military counterpart of the Boeing 707), B-47 and B-52 intercontinental jet bombers.
Career
Vice commander in chief, U.S. Airforces in Europe
Sep 1962 – Sep 1966
Montgomery was assigned as vice commander in chief, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, at Wiesbaden AB, Germany, September 1, 1962, with promotion to the grade of lieutenant general.
Vice chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force
Aug 1959 – Sep 1962
In August 1959 he was named assistant vice chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force. He served for two years in this capacity under his previous commander General Curtis E. LeMay, who was then vice chief of staff. At the end of his Pentagon tour he was presented with the Distinguished Service Medal by General LeMay, U.S, Air Force chief of staff. For the next year he continued in the same job when General Frederic H. Smith became vice chief of staff.
Deputy commander of the 2nd Air Force (SAC)
Sep 1956 – Aug 1959
In 1956 he was assigned as deputy commander of the 2d Air Force (SAC). Following this two-year tour, he became commander of the 3d Air Division at Guam, with responsibility for SAC Forces West of the 180th meridian.
Chief of staff to General Curtis E. LeMay
Sep 1952 – Sep 1956
The assignment which did most to shape his subsequent career was that of chief of staff, Headquarters, Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, in September 1952, a post he held until September 1956. As a principal staff assistant to then SAC commander in chief General Curtis E. LeMay, Montgomery participated in the buildup of SAC into the most powerful military force in the world history.
Joint Strategic Plans & Operations Group
1947–1949
A 1947 graduate of the Air War College, Montgomery became a member of the Joint Strategic Plans and Operations Group for General Douglas MacArthur in Tokyo. The following year he joined the 51st Fighter Wing at Naha Air Force Base, Okinawa. Flying then the new F-80 jet "Shooting Star" aircraft, the 51st Jet Fighter Wing pioneered in long overwater mass jet training flights in the Far East under Montgomery's leadership.
Deputy commander Briggs Air Force Base
1949–1952
Returning to the U.S. in 1949, he was assigned to Biggs Air Force Base in Texas and early in 1950 became deputy commander of the 97th Bombardment Wing located there. His assignment to SAC headquarters followed that tour of duty. A veteran of more than 30 years Air Force service, Montgomery was twice awarded the Legion of Merit while serving with the Strategic Air Command.
Aviation cadet training program/model basic flying school
1947–1949
Throughout his earlier years in the air corps, Montgomery held varied staff and command assignments. His first wartime job was concerned with organization of the aviation cadet training program. During this period he established a model Basic Flying School at Independence, Kansas. Later he was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Chief, Air Staff Training, Army Air Force headquarters in the Pentagon, where his extensive field experience was brought to bear on the entire Air Force wartime training program.
References
External links
United States Air Force generals
United States Military Academy alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
1911 births
1987 deaths |
4028353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Pro%20Wrestling%3A%20United%20Kingdom | International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom | International Pro Wrestling: United Kingdom (Sometimes called IPW:UK or IPWUK) was a British professional wrestling promotion, founded by Daniel Edler. The company was established in 2004 and predominantly promoted events across Kent and the south-east; notably in Orpington, Sittingbourne, Tonbridge, Swanley and lastly Rochester.
History
The promotion made its debut in September 2004 with a show called Extreme Measures at the Orpington Halls in Orpington, Greater London. The show included an Iron Fist match between Jonny Storm and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla's Super Dragon. At its inception, the promoter was Daniel Edler and the Booker was Andrew "Fozzy" Maddock.
Other memorable early shows for IPW:UK would include the Best of British series which would see matches to determine the best wrestlers in the UK of a certain class (High Flyers, and Heavyweights).
After initially coming in as a referee in 2005, Andy Quildan was promoted in the company to Booker, replacing Andrew Maddock - with Quildan also taking over the behind the scenes role of lead editor for all media output. The promotion would soon reach a deal with The Wrestling Channel to broadcast a weekly one-hour television show.
In August 2006, Frontier Wrestling Alliance allowed IPW:UK to participate in its second Frontiers of Honor show which also involves American promotion Ring of Honor. This working relationship with FWA would seem to take a turn for the worse when several incidents involving IPW:UK using FWA talent when the same talent were scheduled to appear in FWA events, and promoting FWA title defences without asking for permission from the FWA management team. However, these seemingly legit incidents were worked into an inter-promotional feud that would see then IPW:UK Champion Martin Stone be stripped of his FWA Tag Team Title, siding with IPW:UK in preparation to face semi-retired FWA Star Alex Shane in a Promotion vs. Promotion – Winner Takes All Match at Broxbourne on 16 March 2007. This was later changed to The Orpington Halls vs. Flash Barker, on 25 March - an event which IPW:UK won.
In early-2007, IPW:UK announced that from October 2007 to September 2008, they would be running a year-long, 64 person tournament entitled the "British National Championship". This culminated in a final bout between Johnny Moss and Terry Frazier, with Frazier coming out on top as the winner of the BNC and the new All-England Champion. The promotion tried a second version later down the line, with far less critical success.
On 26 August 2012, at booker Andy Quildan broke with the promotion to ensure "the high standards he set to the promotion" would be maintained. Quildan would bring with him the British Heavyweight, Tag Team and Cruiserweight Championships to his new promotion Revolution Pro Wrestling.
At the same time, Daniel Edler, still recognising all the current champions, began working on "Academy" events set in Swanley, with the aim being to produce the next generation of British talent. A star student would turn out to be WWE NXT:UK wrestler Sam Stoker.
In November 2015 the company began a string of “SuperShow” events at the Casino Rooms Nightclub in Rochester, Kent. These featured famous former WWE and top independent wrestlers, facing off against IPW:UK roster members. There were 11 of these SuperShow events through until September 2017.
In July 2017, owner and founder Daniel Edler sold the company assets and the final ever IPW:UK event was held on 24 September 2017, one day shy of 13 years to the date of the first show.
Championships
IPW:UK promoted four main championships during its time, with the major title, the IPW:UK World Championship being a World championship - after being defended internationally.
Retired championships
See also
Professional wrestling in the United Kingdom
List of professional wrestling promotions in the United Kingdom
References
Entertainment companies established in 2004
Entertainment companies of the United Kingdom
2004 establishments in the United Kingdom |
4028355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quds%20Force | Quds Force | The Quds Force () is one of five branches of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) specializing in unconventional warfare and military intelligence operations. U.S. Army's Iraq War General Stanley McChrystal describes the Quds Force as an organization analogous to a combination of the CIA and the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) in the United States. Responsible for extraterritorial operations, the Quds Force supports non-state actors in many countries, including Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Yemeni Houthis, and Shia militias in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan.
The Quds Force reports directly to the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei. After Qassem Soleimani was killed, his deputy, Esmail Ghaani, replaced him. The U.S. Secretary of State designated the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Quds Force as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) in 2019 based on the IRGC’s “continued support to and engagement in terrorist activity around the world.” This was the first time that the U.S. ever designated another government’s department as a FTO.
Name
While the formation's official name is Quds Force (), it has also been referred to as the 'Quds Corps' () in Persian media.
History and mission
The predecessor of the Quds Force, known as 'Department 900', was created during the Iran–Iraq War as a special intelligence unit, while the IRGC was allegedly active abroad in Afghanistan before the war. The department was later merged into 'Special External Operations Department'. After the war in 1988, the IRGC was reorganized and the Quds Force was established as an independent service branch. It has the mission of liberating "Muslim land", especially al-Quds, from which it takes its name—"Jerusalem Force" in English.
Both during and after the war, it provided support to the Kurds fighting Saddam Hussein. In 1982, a Quds unit was deployed to Lebanon, where it assisted in the genesis of Hezbollah. The Force also expanded its operations into neighboring Afghanistan, including assistance for Abdul Ali Mazari's Shi'a Hezbe Wahdat in the 1980s against the government of Mohammad Najibullah. It then began funding and supporting Ahmad Shah Massoud's Northern Alliance against the Taliban. However, in recent years, the Quds Force is alleged to have been helping and guiding the Taliban insurgents against the NATO-backed Karzai administration. There were also reports of the unit lending support to Bosnian Muslims fighting the Bosnian Serbs during the Bosnian War.
According to the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram, former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad helped fund the Quds Force while he was stationed at the Ramazan garrison near Iraq, during the late 1980s.
In January 2010, according to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the mission of the Quds Force was expanded and the Force along with Hezbollah started a new campaign of attacks targeting not only the US and Israel but also other Western bodies.
In January 2020, Quds Force commander Major General Qasem Soleimani was killed by a US airstrike on his convoy outside Baghdad International Airport.
The Quds force is ran from Tehran, and has ties with armed groups in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and the Palestinian territories.
Organization
The force is described as "active in dozens of countries." According to former U.S. Army intelligence officer David Dionisi, the Quds force is organized into eight different directorates based on geographic location:
Western countries (excluding Turkey, including the former Eastern Bloc)
Former Soviet Union
Iraq
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India
Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan
Turkey
North Africa
Arabian Peninsula
According to journalist Dexter Filkins, the force's members are "divided between combatants and those who train and oversee foreign assets," and the force is divided into branches focusing on "intelligence, finance, foreign languages, politics, sabotage, and special operations." Members are chosen both for their skill and "allegiance to the doctrine of the Islamic Revolution."
In addition, Dionisi asserts in his book American Hiroshima that the Iranian Quds Force headquarters for operations in Iraq was moved in 2004 to the Iran-Iraq border in order to better supervise activities in Iraq. The Quds Force also operates a base in the former compound of the U.S. Embassy, which was overrun in 1979.
According to Filkins and American General Stanley A. McChrystal, it was the Quds Force that "flooded" Iraq with "explosively formed projectiles" which fire a molten copper slug able to penetrate armor, and which accounted for "nearly 20%" of American combat deaths in Iraq (i.e. hundreds of soldiers). In September 2007, a few years after the publication of American Hiroshima: The Reasons Why and a Call to Strengthen America's Democracy in July 2006, General David Petraeus reported to Congress that the Quds Force had left Iraq. Petraeus said, "The Quds Force itself, we believe, by and large, those individuals have been pulled out of the country, as have the Lebanese Hezbollah trainers that were being used to augment that activity."
On 7 July 2008, journalist Seymour Hersh wrote an article in The New Yorker revealing that President Bush had signed a Presidential Finding authorizing the CIA and Joint Special Operations Command to conduct cross-border paramilitary operations from Iraq and Afghanistan into Iran. These operations would be against the Quds Force and "high-value targets." "The Finding was focused on undermining Iran's nuclear ambitions and trying to undermine the government through regime change," a person familiar with its contents said, and involved "working with opposition groups."
Size
The size of the Quds Force is classified and unknown. In 2007, Mahan Abedin of Center for the Study of Terrorism said that Quds Force numbers no more than 2,000 people, with 800 core operatives. Scott Shane, who interviewed several American scholars later that year, wrote that estimates range from 3,000 to 50,000. In 2013, Dexter Filkins wrote that the Quds Force has 10,000–20,000 members, "divided between combatants and those who train and oversee foreign assets". The 2020 edition of The Military Balance, published by the International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS), estimated that the force has about 5,000 personnel.
In 2020, Jack Watling of the Royal United Services Institute estimated the Quds Force had the "divisional strength military formation" of approximately 17,000 to 21,000 members, split regionally.
Financing
Companies controlled by the Quds Force maintain banking relationships with the Bank of Kunlun, a subsidiary of the China National Petroleum Corporation.
Outside analysis
While it reports directly to the Supreme Leader of Iran, there are debates over how independently Quds Force operates.
Mahan Abedin, director of research at the London-based Center for the Study of Terrorism (and editor of Islamism Digest), believes the unit is not independent: "Quds Force, although it's a highly specialized department, it is subject to strict, iron-clad military discipline. It's completely controlled by the military hierarchy of the IRGC, and the IRGC is very tightly controlled by the highest levels of the administration in Iran."
According to a Los Angeles Times report, in Abedin's view, "[I]t's a very capable force—their people are extremely talented, [and] they tend to be the best people in the IRGC".
Activities
The Quds Force trains and equips foreign Islamic revolutionary groups around the Middle East. The paramilitary instruction provided by the Quds Force typically occurs in Iran or Sudan. Foreign recruits are transported from their home countries to Iran to receive training. The Quds Force sometimes plays a more direct role in the military operations of the forces it trains, including pre-attack planning and other operation-specific military advice.
Afghanistan
Since 1979, Iran had supported the Shi'a Hezbe Wahdat forces against the Afghan government of Mohammad Najibullah. When Najibullah stepped down as President in 1992, Iran continued supporting Hezbe Wahdat against other Afghan militia groups. When the Taliban took over Afghanistan in 1996, Hezbe Wahdat had lost its founder and main leader, Abdul Ali Mazari, so the group joined Ahmad Shah Massoud's Northern Alliance. Iran began supporting the Northern Alliance against the Taliban, who were backed by Pakistan and the Arab world. In 1999, after several Iranian diplomats were killed by the Taliban in Mazar-e Sharif, Iran nearly got into a war with the Taliban. The Quds Force reportedly fought alongside the United States and the Northern Alliance in the Battle for Herat. However, in recent years Iran is accused of helping and training the Taliban insurgents against the NATO-backed Karzai administration. Iranian-made weapons, including powerful explosive devices are often found inside Afghanistan.
In March 2012, Najibullah Kabuli, leader of the National Participation Front (NPF) of Afghanistan, accused three senior leaders of Iran's Revolutionary Guards of plotting to assassinate him. Some members of the Afghan Parliament accuses Iran of setting up Taliban bases in several Iranian cities, and that "Iran is directly involved in fanning ethnic, linguistic and sectarian tensions in Afghanistan." There are reports about Iran's Revolutionary Guards training Afghans inside Iran to carry out terrorist attacks in Afghanistan.
India
Following an attack on an Israeli diplomat in India in February 2012, Delhi Police at the time contended that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had some involvement. This was subsequently confirmed in July 2012, after a report by the Delhi Police found evidence that members of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had been involved in the 13 February bomb attack in the capital.
United States
On 11 October 2011, the Obama Administration revealed the United States Government's allegations that the Quds Force was involved with the plot to assassinate Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to the United States Adel al-Jubeir, which also entailed plans to bomb the Israeli and Saudi embassies located in Washington, D.C.
South America
It's been reported that Iran has been increasing its presence in Latin America through Venezuela. Little is known publicly what their objectives are in the region, but in 2009, Defense Secretary Robert Gates denounced Iran for meddling in "subversive activities" using Quds Forces. However, Iran claims it is merely "ensuring the survival of the regime" by propagating regional influence.
Juan Guaidó, President of the National Assembly of Venezuela, accused Nicolás Maduro in January 2020 of allowing Qasem Soleimani and his Quds Forces to incorporate their sanctioned banks and their companies in Venezuela. Guaidó also said that Soleimani "led a criminal and terrorist structure in Iran that for years caused pain to his people and destabilized the Middle East, just as Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis did with Hezbollah."
Iraq
The Quds Force has been described as the Iranian "unit deployed to challenge the United States presence" in Iraq following the U.S. invasion of that country, which put "165,000 American troops along Iran's western border," adding to the American troops already in Iran's eastern neighbor Afghanistan.
The force "operated throughout Iraq, arming, aiding, and abetting Shiite militias"—i.e., the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Dawa, and the Mahdi Army—"all" of which "had close ties to Iran, some dating back decades" as part of their struggle against Saddam Hussein's oppressive Arab nationalist regime.
In November 2006, with sectarian violence in Iraq increasing, U.S. General John Abizaid accused the Quds Force of supporting "Shi'a death squads", while the government of Iran was pledging support in stabilization. Similarly, in July 2007, Major General Kevin Bergner of the U.S. Army alleged that members of the Quds Force aided in the planning of a raid on U.S. forces in the Iraqi city of Karbala in January 2007.
Former CIA officer Robert Baer asserts the Quds Force uses couriers for all sensitive communications.
2006 detainment in Iraq
On 24 December 2006, The New York Times reported that at least four Iranians had been captured by American troops in Iraq in the previous few days. According to the article, the U.S. government suspected that two of them were members of Quds Force, which would be some of the first physical proof of Quds Force activity in Iraq. According to The Pentagon, the alleged Quds Force members were "involved in the transfer of IED technologies from Iran to Iraq." The two men had entered Iraq legally, although they were not accredited diplomats. Iraqi officials believed that the evidence against the men was only circumstantial, but on 29 December, and under U.S. pressure, the Iraqi government ordered the men to leave Iraq. They were driven back to Iran that day. In mid-January 2007 it was reported that the two alleged Quds force officers seized by American forces were Brig. Gen. Mohsen Chizari and Col. Abu Amad Davari. According to The Washington Post. Chizari is the third highest officer of Quds Force, making him the allegedly highest-ranked Iranian to ever be held by the United States.
New York Sun report
The New York Sun reported that the documents described the Quds Force as not only cooperating with Shi'a death squads, but also with fighters related to al-Qaeda and Ansar al-Sunna. It said that the Quds Force had studied the Iraq situation in a similar manner to the U.S. Iraq Study Group, and had concluded that they must increase efforts with Sunni and Shiite groups in order to counter the influence of Sunni states.
U.S. raid on Iranian liaison office
On 11 January 2007, U.S. forces raided and detained five employees of the Iranian liaison office in Erbil, Iraq. The U.S. military said the five detainees were connected to the Quds Force. The operation drew protests from the regional Kurdish government while the Russian government called the detainments unacceptable.
Alireza Nourizadeh, a political analyst at Voice of America, stated that their arrests were causing concern in Iranian intelligence because the five alleged officials were knowledgeable of a wide range of Quds Force and Iranian activities in Iraq. According to American ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad, one of the men in custody was Quds Force's director of operations.
Iranian and Iraqi officials maintained that the detained men were part of a diplomatic mission in the city of Erbil, Iraq. The five Iranian detainees were still being held at a U.S. prison in Iraq as of 8 July 2007. The U.S. said they were "still being interrogated" and that it had "no plans to free them while they are seen as a security risk in Iraq." Iran said that the detainees were "kidnapped diplomats" and that they were "held as hostages."
On 9 July 2009, the five detainees were released from U.S. custody to Iraqi officials.
Allegations of involvement in Karbala attack
On 20 January 2007, a group of gunmen attacked the Karbala Provincial Joint Coordination Center in Karbala, captured four American soldiers, and subsequently killed them. The attackers passed through an Iraqi checkpoint at around 5 pm, a total of five black GMC Suburbans, similar to those driven by U.S. security and diplomatic officials. They were also wearing American military uniforms and spoke fluent English. Because of the sophistication of the attack, some analysts have suggested that only a group like the Quds Force would be able to plan and carry out such an action. Former CIA officer Robert Baer also suggested that the five Americans were killed by the Quds Force in revenge for the Americans holding five Iranians since the 11 January raid in Irbil. It was reported that the U.S. military is investigating whether or not the attackers were trained by Iranian officials; however, no evidence besides the sophistication of the attack has yet been presented.
On 2 July 2007, the U.S. military said that information from captured Hezbollah fighter Ali Musa Daqduq established a link between the Quds Force and the Karbala raid. The U.S. military claims Daqduq worked as a liaison between Quds force operatives and the Shia group that carried out the raid. According to the United States, Daqduq said that the Shia group "could not have conducted this complex operation without the support and direction of the Quds force".
Allegations of support for Iraqi militants
In June 2007, U.S. General Ray Odierno asserted that Iranian support for these Shia militia increased as the United States itself implemented the 2007 "troop surge". Two different studies have maintained that approximately half of all foreign insurgents entering Iraq come from Saudi Arabia.
In December 2009 evidence uncovered during an investigation by The Guardian newspaper and Guardian Films linked the Quds Force to the kidnappings of five Britons from a government ministry building in Baghdad in 2007. Four of the hostages, Jason Creswell, Jason Swindlehurst, Alec Maclachlan, and Alan McMenemy, were killed. Peter Moore was released on 30 December 2009. The investigation uncovered evidence that Moore, 37, a computer expert from Lincoln was targeted because he was installing a system for the Iraqi Government that would show how a vast amount of international aid was diverted to Iran's militia groups in Iraq. One of the alleged groups funded by the Quds force directly is the Righteous League, which emerged in 2006 and has stayed largely in the shadows as a proxy of the Quds Force. Shia cleric and leading figure of the Righteous League, Qais al-Khazali, was handed over by the U.S. military for release by the Iraqi government on 29 December 2009 as part of the deal that led to the release of Moore.
Allegations by U.S. President Bush
In a 14 February 2007 news conference U.S. President George W. Bush reiterated his claim that the Quds Force was causing unrest in Iraq, stating:
I can say with certainty that the Quds force, a part of the Iranian government, has provided these sophisticated IEDs that have harmed our troops. And I'd like to repeat, I do not know whether or not the Quds Force was ordered from the top echelons of government. But my point is what's worse – them ordering it and it happening, or them not ordering it and it happening? And so we will continue to protect our troops. ... to say it [this claim] is provoking Iran is just a wrong way to characterize the Commander-in-Chief's decision to do what is necessary to protect our soldiers in harm's way. And I will continue to do so. ... Whether Ahmadinejad ordered the Quds force to do this, I don't think we know. But we do know that they're there, and I intend to do something about it. And I've asked our commanders to do something about it. And we're going to protect our troops. ... I don't think we know who picked up the phone and said to the Quds Force, go do this, but we know it's a vital part of the Iranian government. ...What matters is, is that we're responding. The idea that somehow we're manufacturing the idea that the Iranians are providing IEDs is preposterous. ... My job is to protect our troops. And when we find devices that are in that country that are hurting our troops, we're going to do something about it, pure and simple. ... does this mean you're trying to have a pretext for war? No. It means I'm trying to protect our troops.
Mohsen Sazegara, who was a high-ranking Tehran official before turning against the government, has argued that Ahmadinejad does not control the Guards outside of Iran. "Not only the foreign ministry of Iran; even the president does not know what the Revolutionary Guards does outside of Iran. They directly report to the leader", he said, referring to Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Although Ali Khamenei is the ultimate person in charge of the Quds Force, George Bush did not mention him. According to Richard Clarke, "Quds force reports directly to the Supreme Ayatollah, through the commander-in-chief of the revolutionary guards."
Detainment of alleged bomb smuggler
On 20 September 2007, the U.S. military arrested an Iranian during a raid on a hotel in Sulaimaniyah, a city in the Kurdish-controlled north. The military accused the Iranian of being a member of the elite Quds Force and smuggling powerful roadside bombs, including armor-piercing explosively formed penetrators, into Iraq. The military said intelligence reports asserted the suspect was involved in the infiltration and training of foreign fighters into Iraq as well.
On 22 September 2007, Iraqi President Jalal Talabani criticized the United States for arresting the Iranian and called for his immediate release. Talabani argued he is a civil servant who was on an official trade mission in the Kurdish Region and stated Iraqi and Kurdish regional government representatives were aware of the man's presence in the country. "I express to you our outrage for these American forces arresting this Iranian civil official visitor without informing or cooperating with the government of the Kurdistan region, which means insult and disregard for its rights", Talabani wrote in a "letter of resentment" to Ryan Crocker, U.S. ambassador to Iraq, and Gen. David Petraeus.
Allegations of 2007 market attack
On 24 November 2007, US military officials accused an Iranian special group of placing a bomb in a bird box that blew up at a popular animal market in central Baghdad. "The group's purpose was to make it appear Al Qaeda in Iraq was responsible for the attack", Admiral Smith said. He further emphasized there was "no evidence Iran ordered the attack". In May 2008, Iraq said it had no evidence that Iran was supporting militants on Iraqi soil. Al-Sadr spokesman Al-Ubaydi said the presence of Iranian weapons in Iraq is "quite normal," since "they are bought and sold and any party can buy them."
Allegations of ties to Al-Qaeda
According to reports produced by Agence France-Presse (AFP), The Jerusalem Post, and Al Arabiya, at the request of a member of the United States' House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, in 2011 Congressional counter-terrorism advisor Michael S. Smith II of Kronos Advisory, LLC produced a report on Iran's alleged ties to Al-Qaeda that was distributed to members of the Congressional Anti-Terrorism Caucus. Titled "The al-Qa'ida-Qods Force Nexus: Scratching the Surface of a Known Unknown", a redacted version of Smith's report is available online via the blog site owned by American military geostrategist and The Pentagon's New Map author Thomas P.M. Barnett. The report's Issue Summary section explains: "This report focuses on the history of Iran's relationship with al-Qa'ida, and briefly addresses potential implications of these ties. Additionally, its author provides a list of recommended action items for Members of the United States Congress, as well as a list of questions that may help Members develop a better understanding of this issue through interactions with defense and intelligence officials".
A member of the Quds Force was alleged arrested with 21 other suspects in the attack on the Israeli and United States embassies on 14 March 2012 in Azerbaijan.
Combat against Islamic State
In 2014, Quds Force was deployed into Iraq to lead Iranian action against ISIL. Iran sent three Quds Force battalions to help the Iraqi government repel ISIL's 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. Over 40 officers participated in the Second Battle of Tikrit, including the commander of the force, Gen. Qasem Soleimani who took a leading role in the operation.
2020 drone strike on Qasem Soleimani in Iraq
On 3 January 2020, a drone strike approved by United States President Donald Trump at Baghdad International Airport killed General Qasem Soleimani, the head of the Quds Force.
Syria
IRGC Commander Jafari announced on 16 September 2012 that Quds Force "were present" in Syria.
Coinciding with the Geneva II Conference on Syria in 2014, Iran boosted its presence in Syria with several "hundred" military specialists, including senior commanders from the Quds Force, according to Iranian sources and security experts. While recently retired senior IRGC commander told that there were at least 60 to 70 Quds force commanders on the ground in Syria at any given time. The primary role of these forces is to gather intelligence and manage the logistics of the battle for the Syrian Government.
In November 2015, the Quds Force conducted a successful rescue mission of a Russian bomber pilot who was shot down by a Turkish fighter jet.
In May 2018, Quds forces on the Syrian-held side of the Golan Heights allegedly fired around 20 projectiles towards Israeli army positions without causing damage or casualties. Israel responded with airstrikes against Iranian bases in Syria. At least twenty-three fighters, among them 18 foreigners, were reportedly killed in the strikes.
In January 2019, the Israel Defense Forces confirmed that it had carried out strikes against Iranian military targets in Syria several hours after a rocket was intercepted over the Golan Heights. The Israeli military claimed in a statement that Quds Force positions were targeted and included a warning to the Syrian military against "attempting to harm Israeli forces or territory."
In April 2021, prominent Syria-based Quds operative Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Fallahzadeh became Quds Deputy Commander.
Germany
In January 2018, German authorities conducted raids in Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria and Berlin, searching homes and businesses belonging to ten alleged Iranian Quds Force members, suspected of spying on Israeli and Jewish targets.
Commanders
Designation as a terrorist organization
The United States Department of the Treasury designated the Quds Force under Executive Order 13224 for providing material support to US-designated terrorist organizations on 25 October 2007, prohibiting transactions between the group and U.S. citizens, and freezing any assets under U.S. jurisdiction. The Government of Canada designated the Quds Force as a terrorist organization on 17 December 2012. Israel designated the Quds Force as a terrorist organization in March 2015.
On 23 October 2018, the kingdoms of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, both involved in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against Quds Force-backed Houthis, designated the IRGC as a terrorist organization. The designation also included former commander Qasem Soleimani.
In April 2019, the U.S. made the decision to designate the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), a foreign military, as a foreign terrorist organization by the State Department under an immigration statute and their maximum pressure campaign. This designation was done over the opposition of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Department of Defense (DoD).
On 28 August 2019, when Israel's foreign minister Katz made a visit to the United kingdom, he asked the UK's foreign minister Dominic Raab to designate the Quds Force as a terrorist organization.
Rewards for justice offers $15 million for information on QF financing.
Sanctions
Designates IRGC-Qods Force Front Company
On 1 May 2020, The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) designated dual Iranian and Iraqi national Amir Dianat, associate of Revolutionary Guards Quds Force officials. The religion, Dianat, who also known as Amir Abdulazeez Jaafar, has been involved in the Quds Force's efforts to generate revenue and smuggle weapons abroad. The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) also designating "Taif" Mineral Mining Services Company, a company owned, controlled, or directed by Dianat.
Fiction depiction
Splinter Cell Blacklist
See also
Intelligence Organization of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
References
Sources
Dionisi, David J. American Hiroshima: The Reasons Why and a Call to Strengthen America's Democracy. Trafford Publishing, 2005. Sanzini Publishing for the 2006/2007 Korean version.
1988 establishments in Iran
Military units and formations established in 1988
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps military branches
Special forces of Iran
Iranian security organisations
Foreign relations of Iran
Military intelligence agencies
Anti-Soviet factions in the Soviet–Afghan War
Anti-ISIL factions in Iraq
Anti-ISIL factions in Syria
Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war
Military units and formations of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Military units and formations of the Bosnian War
Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia
Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada
Entities added to the Consolidated List by Australia
Axis of Resistance
Iranian intelligence agencies |
4028365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9nette%20et%20Boni%20%28soundtrack%29 | Nénette et Boni (soundtrack) | Nénette et Boni is the name of Tindersticks' soundtrack album to the 1996 Claire Denis film Nénette et Boni.
All of the tracks are instrumentals, with the exception of "Petites Gouttes d'Eau", which is a retitled version of "Tiny Tears", from the band's second album.
Track listing
"Ma sœur" – 2:48
"La passerelle" – 4:17
"Les gâteaux" – 1:00
"Camions" – 2:50
"Nénette est là" – 1:32
"Petites chiennes" – 1:59
"Nosfératu" – 1:11
"Petites gouttes d’eau" - 5:25
"Les cannes à pêche" – 2:49
"La mort de Félix" – 1:31
"Nénette s’en va" – 2:19
"Les bébés" – 1:31
"Les fleurs" – 1:06
"Rhumba" – 6:52
References
Tindersticks albums
1996 soundtrack albums
Drama film soundtracks |
4028368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent%20dictatorship | Benevolent dictatorship | A benevolent dictatorship is a government in which an authoritarian leader exercises absolute political power over the state, but is perceived to do so with regard for benefit of the population as a whole, standing in contrast to the decidedly malevolent stereotype of a dictator who focuses on their supporters and their own self-interests. A benevolent dictator may allow for some civil liberties or democratic decision-making to exist, such as through public referendums or elected representatives with limited power, and often makes preparations for a transition to genuine democracy during or after their term. It might be seen as a republican form of enlightened despotism.
Characteristics
Modern usage of the term in a world society where the norm leans much more toward democracy can be traced back to John Stuart Mill in his classic On Liberty (1869). Although he argued in favor of democratic rights for individuals, he did make an exception for what he called today's developing countries:
We may leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage. Despotism is [...] legitimate [...] in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement [...]. Liberty [...] has no application to any state of things anterior to the time when mankind have become capable of being improved by free and equal discussion.
Benevolent dictator was also a popular rhetoric in the early 20th century as a support for colonial rulings. A British colonial official called Lord Hailey said in the 1940s: "A new conception of our relationship...may emerge as part of the movement for the betterment of the backward peoples of the world". Hailey conceived economic development as a justification for colonial power.
In the Spanish language, the pun word dictablanda is sometimes used for a dictatorship conserving some of the liberties and mechanisms of democracy. The pun is that, in Spanish, dictadura is "dictatorship", dura is "hard" and blanda is "soft". Analogously, the same pun is made in Portuguese as ditabranda or ditamole. In February 2009, the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo ran an editorial classifying the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985) as a "ditabranda", creating controversy.
Mancur Olson characterized benevolent dictators as "not like the wolf that preys on the elk, but more like the rancher who makes sure his cattle are protected and are given water".
Modern examples
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
The Policy Wire sees Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as a benevolent dictator due to his leadership of the Turkish War of Independence from 1919 to 1923 and his presidency from 1923 to 1938. He was credited with removing foreign influence from former Ottoman territory, and is looked fondly upon as the founder of modern Turkey in the form of a republic.
As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a modern and progressive nation. He made Republic of Turkey a secular state. Secularism in Turkey derives from Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Six Arrows: republicanism, populism, laïcité, reformism, nationalism and statism. He made primary education free and compulsory, opening thousands of new schools all over the country. Turkish women received equal civil and political rights during Atatürk's presidency. In particular, women were given voting rights in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, full universal suffrage. Alexander Rüstow also defined his rule as a benevolent dictatorship.
Josip Broz Tito
Although Josip Broz Tito led the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as Prime Minister and President (later President for Life) from 1944 until his death in 1980 under what many criticized as authoritarian rule,
according to author Susan G. Shapiro he was widely popular and was seen by most as a benevolent dictatorship. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad.
Viewed as a unifying symbol especially retrospectively after the events of the violent breakup of Yugoslavia, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. The country's economy underwent a period of prosperity under the system of workers' self-management devised by his deputy Edvard Kardelj. Tito gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Lee Kuan Yew
Since gaining independence on 9 August 1965, Singapore in just a few decades has transformed from a relatively underdeveloped and impoverished agrarian society into Asia's most developed nation and one of the wealthiest, as a centre of aviation, international banking, business, tourism and shipping. Singapore has thus been dubbed as one of the Four Asian Tigers. Lee Kuan Yew and his administration wielded absolute reign over Singaporean politics until 1990, while his People's Action Party has remained in power ever since, controlling Singapore as a dominant-party state. Therefore, Lee has often been referred to as a benevolent dictatorship.
As a leader who was in power for thirty-one years from 1959 until 1990, he implemented some laws that were deemed by some observers to be autocratic, and attempted to dismantle political opposition by engaging in defamation lawsuits. Despite this, he is reportedly often looked upon favorably by Singaporeans for his transformation of Singapore. Peter Popham of The Independent called Lee "one of the most successful political pragmatists".
Ever since Lee's retirement as prime minister in 1990 and his death in 2015, Singapore has undergone more democratisation with increased political participation by other parties, most notably the Workers' Party, as well as the office of the Leader of the Opposition being created. Despite this, the Government of Singapore continues to be criticised for not implementing freedom of speech like their western counterparts.
France-Albert René
France-Albert René has been characterized as a prime example of a benevolent dictatorship, nearly eliminating poverty from the Seychelles, created a universal health system, and increased the literacy rate to 90%. René led his country to the point of being the most developed country in Africa – as measured by the Human Development Index – and helping build one of the continent's highest gross domestic products per capita. His supporters believe that he had solid social priorities, including his government's extensive funding of education, health care and the environment. Critical indicators, such as infant mortality, literacy rate, and economic well-being, are among the best in the continent. During his rule, the Seychelles avoided the volatile political climate and underdevelopment in neighbouring island countries such as the Comoros and Madagascar.
However, the Truth Reconciliation and National Unity Commission (TRNUC) in 2018 heard testimony from people who had been tortured, and from relatives of people who had been murdered, tortured, disappeared, assassinated, detained without trial, as well as evidence of financial crimes and looting of the state and private individuals.
See also
Absolute monarchy
Benevolent dictator for life (related concept in terms of software)
Dictablanda
Enlightened absolutism
Meritocracy
Philosopher king
Separation of powers
Social planner
Soft despotism
References
Authoritarianism
Political systems |
4028378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt%20%28British%20band%29 | Tilt (British band) | Tilt is an English group of electronic record producers, composed of Mick Park and Nic Britton.
Tilt was formed in Coventry, England by Mick Park and Mick Wilson. In 1990, they became resident DJs at The Eclipse, which was the first legal all night rave dance venue in the United Kingdom. During their time at Eclipse, they DJ'd alongside Sasha, who inspired them to produce their own musical material. In 1993, they met with John Graham and formed Tilt. Engineered by Nic Britton at Bassroom/Midiroom Studios in Stoke-on-Trent, their first big hit single came in 1996 with "I Dream", released on Paul Oakenfold's Perfecto Records. Tilt released several other singles such as "My Spirit", "Places", and "Butterfly", as well as "Rendezvous", which they recorded with Paul van Dyk.
Following this success, they were signed by Red Jerry's Hooj Choons label. On Hooj Choons, they released "Invisible", which reached the Top 20 in the UK Singles Chart. They also produced a cover version of Robert Miles' "Children". Additionally, Tilt also released their "Dark Science EP" on Hooj Choons. Tilt Have had success with seven UK chart hits to date.
In 1997, the boys collaborated with the legendary Sex Pistols Manager Malcolm McLaren on a project called Lakme 'The Bell Song' - to critical acclaim. John Graham left Tilt in 1999 to pursue a solo production career, but Tilt, now a duo, continued to release singles. Andy Moor then joined up with Parks and Wilson. They released the album, Explorer, on a Hooj Choons subsidiary label, Lost Language. Shortly after the album release, Moor and Wilson left the band to pursue their own careers. In 2011, Nic Britton re-joined Mick Park as TILT with releases on Black Hole Recordings
2011/12 - produced ‘No Other Day’ which featured Maria Nayler and re-released the classic ‘The World Doesn’t Know’ for Lost Language’s 100th release. Mick Park and Nic Britton hit the ground running with their huge remix of Cosmos ‘Take Me With You’ which was supported by Pete Tong on BBC Radio One and Steve Smart on Kiss (UK radio station). They have since collaborated with Ben Shaw, Sam Mollison and Dominique Atkins (aka) 'Grace' and have released productions on Mesmeric Records, Black Hole Recordings, Perfecto Records, Pro B-Tech and Lost Language all gaining DJ support from Carl Cox, John Digweed, Hernan Cattaneo, Nick Warren, Pete Tong, Armin Van Buuren, Paul Oakenfold plus many more. Late 2013 TILT released ‘Stop The World Revolving’ – Best of TILT; DJ Mix Compilation.
2014 started with a hive of activity producing an E.A.R (Electronic Artists Revealed) tutorial for Mac Pro. The video was an instant hit and TILT were invited back to produce another in 2017. Soon after work started on their highly anticipated album ‘Resonator’ which was signed to Pro B Tech Records, they collaborated with various singers and producers completing the project in 2014. Released in November 2014, it went straight to number 2 in the Beatport charts with critical acclaim from the world dance community. They toured to promote the project with a DJ & Live Visual show! 2015 then saw TILT release a four track EP entitled ‘Quad’ on Stripped Recordings. Fantastic reviews were received which culminated in TILT touring with Paul Oakenfold; DJing at sellout venues, which included Ministry of Sound, Cream (nightclub) and Session. Late 2015 saw TILT embarking on a monthly residency with Frisky Radio. TILT’s 'Trip Switch' showcased the hottest underground tunes over a one-hour mix. Feeling the need of a new challenge, TILT started work on a new studio production with long standing collaborators Natasha Cadman and Silinder. In October 2016, ‘Black Hearts’ was released on Pro B Tech Records hitting the Beatport top 10. More remixes followed with numerous reworks for the ‘hot’ Tactal Hots Music over the next few months.
In early 2017 TILT started a ‘House Music’ collaboration with the Queen of Soul and Gospel Music, Ms Ruby Turner (Jools Holland). This was Ruby’s first dance record production, which was named ‘Deeper In Love’. It was signed by Paul Oakenfold and released on Perfecto House Records in late 2017. In 2018 they released two brand new singles ‘Black Samurai’ and ‘Sinai’ on Tactal Hots Music.
2019, the guys remixed the biggest band in the worlds new single U2 ‘Summer of Love’ which has already had huge support from BBC Radio One, Paul Oakenfold, Rusty Egan and Solarstone - It was released on August 10th on Island Records / Universal Music Group - to date, Mick Park / TILT has remixed 5 projects for the Irish Rockers!
At the end of 2019 the guys decided to launch their own imprint record label / clothing brand ‘Guerilla Movement’. The first two runs of merchandise sold out immediately and they have already produced the debut release ‘Arabesque’ which is set for release late October. 2021/22 has been extremely busy; it started with remixing U2 ’Where the streets have no name’ for Bono himself. The guys have also started scoring the music for their first 'yet untitled' feature film. They have since go onto collaborate with Robbie Williams on several ideas for his new album and are about to embark on two more collaborations, this time with Happy Mondays front woman Rowetta and Inder Goldfinger (Ian Brown).
Selected discography
Albums
2005: Explorer (Lost Language)
2013: Stop the World Revolving (compilation) (Lost Language)
2014: Resonator (Pro B Tech Records)
Singles
1995: "I Dream" (UK #69) (Warner Music / Perfecto)
1997: "My Spirit" (UK #61) (Warner Music / Perfecto)
1997: "Places" (UK #64) (Warner Music / Perfecto)
1998: "Butterfly" (UK #41) (US #31) (feat. Zee) (Warner Music / Perfecto)
1999: "Children" (UK #51) (Deconstruction Records)
1999: "Invisible" (UK #20) (Hooj Choons)
1999: "Angry Skies" (TILT & Maria Nayler)(Deconstruction Records)
2000: Dark Science EP (UK #55) (Hooj Choons)
2002: "Headstrong" (feat. Maria Nayler) (Baroque Records)
2004: "The World Doesn't Know" (UK #36) (Lost Language)
2004: "Twelve" (Lost Language)
2011: The Century EP (Lost Language)
2013: "My Release" (feat. Maria Nayler) (Black Hole Recordings)
2013: "Here Is Not Now" (feat. Sam Mollison) (Pro B Tech Records)
2015: "30 Hits of Acid" (feat. G-Man) (Pro B Tech Records)
References
External links
Official Tilt website
UK Official Charts Company from Official Charts Company
US Chart stats from Billboard.com
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups from Coventry
English DJs
English electronic music groups
British trance music groups
Electronic dance music DJs |
4028383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Elkind | David Elkind | David Elkind (born March 11, 1931) is an American child psychologist and author. Elkind and his family relocated to California when he was still a teenager. He studied at the University of California at Los Angeles and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1952 and Doctorate in Philosophy in 1955. David also earned an honorary doctorate in Science at the Rhode Island College (1987).
A longtime professor at Tufts University, his groundbreaking books — The Hurried Child, The Power of Play and Miseducation informed early childhood education professionals of the possible dangers of "pushing down" the elementary school curriculum into the very early years of a child's life. By doing so, he argued, teachers and parents alike could lapse into developmentally inappropriate instructional and learning practices that may distort the smooth development of learning. He is associated with the belief of decline of social markers.
Professional positions
David Elkind is professor emeritus of Child Development at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. He was formerly professor of Psychology, Psychiatry and Education at the University of Rochester.
Elkind obtained his doctorate at UCLA and then spent a year as David Rapaport's research assistant at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. In 1964–65 he was a National Science Foundation Senior Postdoctoral Fellow at Piaget's Institut d'Epistemologie Genetique in Geneva. His research has been in the areas of perceptual, cognitive and social development where he has attempted to build upon the research and theory of Jean Piaget.
Elkind is a member of some 10 professional organizations, is on the editorial board of numerous scientific journals, and is a consultant to state education departments as well as to government agencies and private foundations. He lectures extensively in the United States, Canada and abroad. He has appeared on The Today Show, The CBS Morning News, Twenty/Twenty, Nightline, Donahue, and The Oprah Winfrey Show. He has been profiled in People and Boston Magazine. Elkind co-hosted the Lifetime television series, Kids These Days. He is past president of the National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Publications
Professor Elkind's bibliography now numbers close to 500 items and includes research, theoretical articles, book chapters and eighteen books. In addition he has published more popular pieces such as children's stories in Jack and Jill, biographies of famous psychologists in the New York Times Magazine, as well as presentations of his own work in Good Housekeeping, Parade and Psychology Today. Some of his recent articles include "Computers and Young Children," "The Authority of the Brain," "The Cosmopolitan School," "On Becoming a Grandfather," and "Thanks for the Memory: The Lasting Value of True Play."
Perhaps Elkind is best known for his popular books, The Hurried Child, The Power of Play, All Grown Up and No Place to Go, and Miseducation. Grandparenting: Understanding Today's Children was published in November 1989. Parenting Your Teenager and three additional books, Images of the Young Child; Understanding Your Child and a third edition of A Sympathetic Understanding of the Child: Birth to Sixteen appeared in 1993. Ties That Stress: The New Family Imbalance was published in 1994. A second edition of All Grown Up and No Place to Go and Reinventing Childhood: Raising and Educating Children in a Changing World appeared in 1998. A third edition of The Hurried Child came out 2001 and the 25th anniversary edition was published in 2007 along with his newest book The Power of Play: Learning What Comes Naturally.
Elkind was a contributing editor to Parents Magazine.
Personal
Elkind is married to Debbie Elkind, lives on Cape Cod, and has three sons and four grandchildren. Elkind enjoys sailing and gardening and has recently taken up pottery.
See also
Developmental psychology
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
Genie (feral child)
References
External links
http://ase.tufts.edu/faculty-guide/faculty.asp?id=delkind a profile of Elkind
1931 births
Living people
American family and parenting writers
American psychologists
American psychology writers
American male non-fiction writers
Jewish American writers
Child psychologists
Early childhood education in the United States
Play (activity)
Tufts University faculty
Writers from Boston
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
21st-century American Jews |
4028385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%20Anderson | Cat Anderson | William Alonzo "Cat" Anderson (September 12, 1916 – April 29, 1981) was an American jazz trumpeter known for his long period as a member of Duke Ellington's orchestra and for his wide range, especially his ability to play in the altissimo register.
Biography
Born in Greenville, South Carolina, Anderson lost both parents when he was four years old, and was sent to live at the Jenkins Orphanage in Charleston, where he learned to play trumpet. Classmates gave him the nickname "Cat" (which he used all his life) based on his fighting style. He toured and made his first recording with the Carolina Cotton Pickers, a small group based at the orphanage. After leaving the Cotton Pickers, Anderson played with guitarist Hartley Toots, Claude Hopkins' big band, Doc Wheeler's Sunset Orchestra (1938–1942), with whom he also recorded, Lucky Millinder, the Erskine Hawkins Orchestra, Sabby Lewis's Orchestra, and Lionel Hampton, with whom he recorded the classic "Flying Home No. 2".
Anderson's career took off, however, in 1944, when he joined Duke Ellington's orchestra, at the Earle Theater in Philadelphia. He quickly became a central part of Ellington's sound. Although Anderson was a very versatile musician, capable of playing in a number of jazz styles (Leonard Feather described his style as "somewhere between Louis Armstrong and Harry James), he is most renowned for his abilities in the extreme high or "altissimo" range. He had a big sound in all registers, but could play up to a "triple C" (the highest Bb note on a piano keyboard) with great power (he was able to perform his high-note solos without a microphone, while other members of a big band were usually amplified for their solos). Wynton Marsalis called him "one of the best" high-note trumpeters.
But Anderson was much more than just a high-note trumpeter - he was also a master of half valve and plunger mute playing. Author and jazz critic Dan Morgenstern said of Cat that "he was...the band's Number One utility trumpeter, capable of filling in for anyone else who was not there." He played with Ellington's band from 1944 to 1947, from 1950 to 1959, and from 1961 to 1971, with each break corresponding to a brief hiatus to lead and front his own big band. In addition to his work on trumpet, he was a very skilled arranger and composer - he performed his own compositions "El Gato" and Bluejean Beguine" with Ellington, and others of his compositions and arrangements with his own band, for example on his 1959 record album for Mercury, Cat on a Hot Tin Horn.
After 1971, Anderson settled in the Los Angeles area, where he continued to play studio sessions, to perform with local bands (including Louie Bellson's and Bill Berry's big bands), and to tour Europe. He died of brain cancer in 1981.
Discography
Cat Anderson Plays at 4 AM (Columbia [France, EMI], 1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Horn (Mercury, 1958)
A Chat with Cat Anderson (Columbia [France, EMI], 1963)
Cat Speaks (Black & Blue, 1977)
Plays W.C. Handy (Black & Blue, 1978)
Americans Swinging in Paris (EMI, 2002; CD reissue of the two French Columbia albums)
Cat Speaks: The Definitive Black and Blue Sessions (Black & Blue, 2002)
As sideman
With Gene Ammons
Free Again (Prestige, 1971)
With Louie Bellson
The Louis Bellson Explosion (Pablo, 1975)
Ecue Ritmos Cubanos (1977)
Sunshine Rock (1978)
With Duke Ellington
1951 Masterpieces by Ellington (Columbia)
1952 At The Crystal Gardens (Hep, 2CD, 2011)
1953 Ellington Uptown (Columbia)
1953 The 1953 Pasadena Concert (GNP Crescendo, 1986)
1954 Ellington '55 (Capitol)
1955 Ellington Showcase (Capitol)
1956 A Drum Is a Woman (Columbia)
1956 Duke Ellington Presents... (Bethlehem)
1956 First Annual Connecticut Jazz Festival (IAJRC, 1993)
1956 Historically Speaking (Bethlehem)
1956 Ellington at Newport (Columbia)
1957 All Star Road Band (Doctor Jazz, 1983)
1957 Ellington Indigos (Columbia)
1957 Such Sweet Thunder (Columbia)
1958 Black Brown and Beige (Columbia)
1958 Newport 1958 (Columbia)
1959 Festival Session (Columbia)
1959 Jazz Party (Columbia)
1959 Live at the Blue Note (Roulette)
1960 Blues in Orbit (Columbia)
1961 First Time! The Count Meets the Duke (Columbia)
1961 S.R.O. (LRC, 1989)
1962 Featuring Paul Gonsalves (Fantasy, 1985)
1963 Afro-Bossa (Reprise)
1963 The Great Paris Concert (Atlantic, 1973)
1963 The Symphonic Ellington (Reprise)
1964 All Star Road Band Volume 2 (Doctor Jazz, 1985)
1964 Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins (Reprise)
1964 Ellington '65 (Reprise)
1964 Harlem (Pablo Live, 1985)
1965 1965 Revisited 3 (Affinity, 1991)
1965 Concert in the Virgin Islands (Reprise)
1965 Ellington '66 (Reprise)
1966 Soul Call (Verve)
1966 Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur (Verve)
1966 Far East Suite (RCA)
1967 ...And His Mother Called Him Bill (RCA)
1967 Francis A. & Edward K. (Reprise)
1967 Big Bands Live: Liederhalle Stuttgart (Jazzhaus)
1968 Second Sacred Concert (Prestige)
1968 Yale Concert (Fantasy, 1973)
1969 Standards: Live at the Salle Pleyel (Jazz Music Yesterday (Italy), 1991)
1969 Live At The Opernhaus Cologne (Jazzline, 2016)
1969 70th Birthday Concert (Solid State)
1969–71 Up in Duke's Workshop (Pablo, 1976)
1970 New Orleans Suite (Atlantic)
1977 The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1944
1977 The Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1946
With Ella Fitzgerald
Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook (Verve, 1957)
Ella at Duke's Place (Verve, 1965)
With Lionel Hampton
Lionel Hampton and His Jazz Giants 77 (CBS MasterWorks, 1977)
All-Star Band at Newport (Timeless, 1978)
Live: 50th Anniversary Concert (Sultra, 1981; Half Note, 1999)
With Johnny Hodges
Ellingtonia '56 (Norgran, 1956)
The Big Sound (Verve, 1957)
Johnny Hodges with Billy Strayhorn and the Orchestra (Verve, 1962)
Everybody Knows Johnny Hodges (Impulse!, 1964)
Triple Play (RCA Victor, 1967)
Swing's Our Thing (Verve, 1967)
With Quincy Jones
1973 You've Got It Bad Girl (A&M)
1976 I Heard That! (A&M)
With others
1956 Blue Rose, Rosemary Clooney (Columbia)
1956 Porgy and Bess, Frances Faye/Mel Tormé (Bethlehem)
1966 Once Upon a Time, Earl Hines
1976 Hello Rev, Bill Berry (Concord Jazz)
1977 'Live and Well in Japan!, Benny Carter (Pablo)
1979 Jazz Gala, Claude Bolling (America Records)
References
External links
The Duke Ellington Society, TDES, Inc
1916 births
1981 deaths
African-American jazz musicians
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Duke Ellington Orchestra members
Mercury Records artists
Musicians from Greenville, South Carolina
Swing trumpeters
20th-century American musicians
American male jazz musicians
Black & Blue Records artists
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
20th-century American male musicians |
4028400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht%20Mayer | Albrecht Mayer | Albrecht Mayer (born 3 June 1965) is a German classical oboist and conductor. The principal oboist of the Berlin Philharmonic, he is internationally known as a soloist and chamber musician and has made many recordings.
Biography
Born in Erlangen, Mayer sang as a child in the choir of the Bamberg Cathedral. He was a student of Gerhard Scheuer, Georg Meerwein, Maurice Bourgue and Ingo Goritzki, and began his professional career as principal oboist for the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra in 1990. He joined the Berlin Philharmonic as principal oboist in 1992, a position he currently holds together with Jonathan Kelly.
Mayer used to play a Green Line Oboe by the French company Buffet Crampon, but in 2009 switched to a line of wind instruments (Oboe, Oboe d'amore, and English Horn) named after him by the German instrument makers Gebrüder Mönnig.
Albrecht Mayer plays with ensembles of the Philhamonic, the Berliner Philharmonisches Bläserensemble and the Berlin Philharmonic Winds Soloists, amongst other chamber music ensembles.
Recordings
As soloist
Bonjour Paris – Works by Fauré, D'Indy, Françaix, Hahn and Satie. Decca. (2010)
Albrecht Mayer in Venice (In Venedig) – Works by Marcello, Vivaldi and Albinoni. Decca. (2009)
New Seasons – transcriptions of music by Handel for oboe and orchestra played by Mayer with the Sinfonia Varsovia (Deutsche Grammophon 4760472)
Lieder ohne Worte (Songs Without Words) – transcriptions of music by J. S. Bach for oboe and orchestra, Nigel Kennedy (violin) and the Sinfonia Varsovia (Deutsche Grammophon 4760472)
Auf Mozarts Spuren (In search of Mozart), August 2004, with Claudio Abbado and the Mahler Chamber Orchestra (Deutsche Grammophon 6231046)
Music for Oboe, Oboe d'amore, Cor anglais, and Piano – chamber music from the 19th century, with Markus Becker (EMI Classics 5731672)
J. S. Bach's Double concerto for oboe and violin, with Kennedy (violin) with the Berlin Philharmonic (EMI Classics 5570162)
Lost and Found – February 2015, Oboenkonzerte des 18. Jahrhunderts von Hoffmeister, Lebrun, Fiala und Koželuh. (Deutsche Grammophon 479 2942 0)
Appears on
Serenades for Wind Ensemble, January 2006, EMI records
Opus, by Schiller, September 2013, Deutsche Grammophon
References
External links
Official web site
Albrecht Mayer's personal profile. Berliner Philarmoniker website
Berliner Philharmonisches Bläserensemble
Berlin Philharmonic Winds Soloists
German classical oboists
Male oboists
Living people
Players of the Berlin Philharmonic
Place of birth missing (living people)
1965 births |
4028401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20H.%20Williams%20%28film%20producer%29 | John H. Williams (film producer) | John Hayward Williams (born 1953) is an American film producer known for his work both in live-action and in animation. He is mainly known for Shrek (2001), Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), and Shrek Forever After (2010). He is the founder and owner of his own company, Vanguard Films which produces live-action and animated (through its sister skein Vanguard Animation) products.
Life and career
Williams was born in Manhattan, New York City, on June 17, 1953.
In 2001 shortly after working on Shrek, Williams founded Vanguard Animation and started working on projects such as Valiant (2005), Happily N'Ever After (2007), Space Chimps (2008) and its sequel Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back.
He made his directorial debut on Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back.
Vanguard Comics
On June 6, 2008, John Williams along with Platinum Studios created a new label called Vanguard Comics.
3QU Media
In 2014, partnering with Henry Skelsy, formed 3QU Media as a specialist in CG-animated feature films for the international marketplace. 3QU Media is producing in association with WV Enterprises. Williams is producing and SC Films International is handling foreign sales.
Filmography
References
External links
Vanguard Animation
"About Us" at Vanguard Animation website
Living people
American animators
American film directors
American film producers
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
DreamWorks Animation people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1953 births |
4028405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmet%20Nr%20I | Valmet Nr I | Nr I is a class of articulated six-axle (B′2′B′ wheel arrangement), chopper-driven tram operated by Helsinki City Transport on the Helsinki tram network. All trams of this type were built by the Finnish metal industry corporation Valmet between the years 1973 and 1975.
Between 1993 and 2004 all trams in the class were modernised by HKL and redesignated as Nr I+ class. Currently HKL classifies them as NRV I.
Overview
Nr I were the first type of articulated tram operated by the HKL. The design of the Nr I type trams was based on the GT6 type trams built by Duewag for various cities in western Europe since 1956, but the Nr I incorporated several technological innovations that had not been available when the GT6 was designed. The Nr I trams were delivered by Valmet between 1973 and 1975, with the first seven trams delivered in 1973, further 18 delivered in 1974 and the final 15 in 1975. As the first mass-produced tram type in the world, the Nr I featured thyristor chopper control. The first tram of this class entered revenue-earning service on 16 December 1973 on line 10. Although the trams of this type are numbered 31 to 70, the first unit was not the 31st tram to be used by the HKL. The HKL tram numbering system had been reset in 1959, with the numbering of new trams delivered that year beginning from 1.
In the early 80s the city of Gothenburg, the forerunner in creation of modern light rail systems in Europe, wished to purchase Nr I -based trams from Valmet for its own tram network. However, due to pressure from the Swedish government, Göteborgs spårvägar were forced to place an order with the Swedish ASEA instead. In Helsinki a further developed version of the Nr I, the Nr II class, was delivered by Valmet for HKL between 1983 and 1987. The Nr II class trams have an identical external appearance and very similar interior layout to the Nr I class.
From November 1993 onwards, starting with tram number 45, all Nr I units were modernised by HKL into Nr I+ class. The modernisation included updates to the technics of the trams, changes to the interior layout, addition of electronic displays displaying the name of the next stop, as well as replacement of the original seats with new ones. The last tram to be modernised was number 53, modernised in July 2004.
A second modernisation process, labelled "life extension programme" by the HKL, begun in 2005. Like the earlier process, this programme includes updating much of the technics and changes to the interiors. Additionally the chassis of the trams will be sand-blasted and given a new surface finish. For some trams the life extension programme will be carried out in Germany.
Liveries
For the Nr I type trams, HKL decided to adopt a new livery. Instead of the traditional green/yellow colours, the new trams were painted light grey, with an orange stripes running along the top and bottom of the carriage. In 1986 HKL decided to abandon the unpopular orange/grey livery, and by 1995 all trams of this type were painted in the green/yellow colours, with the top half of the tram painted yellow and the bottom half green.
Tram number 45, the first to be modernised into Nr I+ class, was painted in an experimental livery coinciding with the modernisation. The livery was identical with the standard green/yellow colours, but had an additional narrow yellow stripe running along the bottom of the carriage. This livery was not adapted to any other trams, and number 45 later reverted to the standard livery.
Interior layout and design
As built the Nr I class trams had a seating capacity of 41, with approximately 100 standing places, with the exception of the last tram of the class, number 70, which only had 39 passenger seats. Subsequently, the number of seats in all units was redecued by two, bringing the seating capacity down to 39 for numbers 31–69 and 37 for number 70.
From 1982 onwards the conductor's seat was removed from all units (from thereon tickets were sold by the driver), and coinciding with this the seating arrangements of all Nr I trams was standardised to 39 passenger seats. Following the 1993–2004 modernisation process, HKL officially gives the seating capacity of all units as 39, with 106 standing places.
Originally the seats of the Nr I class were covered beige-coloured artificial leather upholstery. As a part of the first modernisation process the original seats were substituted with ones upholstered in green fabric and featuring headrests made from green plastic.
Future
HKL are planning to order 40 new low-floor trams to enter service between 2009 and 2016. Coinciding with this, some of the Nr I class units are planned to be withdrawn from service. The Nr II class trams have been fitted with a low-floor midsection from 2006 onwards, and fitting the Nr I class units with similar midsections to increase their lifespan is also reported to be under consideration (as of June 2008).
See also
Trams in Finland
References
External links
NrI
Tram vehicles of Finland |
4028412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20J%C3%A6ger | Frank Jæger | Frank Jæger (19 June 1926 - 4 July 1977) was a Danish writer most known for his poetry and radio plays. He received the Grand Prize of the Danish Academy in 1969. He also edited two volumes of Heretica magazine with Tage Skou-Hansen.
Early life and education
Jæger was born in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen on 19 June 1926. He graduated from Schneekloth's School in 1945 and from the Royal School of Library Science in 1950 but could by then already make a living from his writings.
Bibliography
Dydige digte (1948)
Morgenens trompet (digte, 1949)
De fem årstider (digte, 1950)
Iners (roman, 1950)
Hverdagshistorier (1951)
Tune – det første år (børnebog, 1951)
Den unge Jægers lidelser (noveller, 1953)
Tyren (digte, 1953)
19 Jægerviser (1953)
Jomfruen fra Orléans, Jeanne d'Arc (biografi, 1955)
Havkarlens sange (digte, 1956)
Kapellanen og andre fortællinger (1957)
Til en følsom Veninde. Udvalgte digte (1957)
Velkommen, Vinter og andre essays (1958)
Hvilket postbud – en due (hørespil, 1959)
Cinna og andre digte (1959)
Digte 1953-59 (1960)
Fyrre Digte (1964)
Pastorale. Pelsen (hørespil, 1964)
Drømmen om en sommerdag og andre Essays (1965)
Danskere. Tre Fortællinger af Fædrelandets Historier (fortællinger, 1966)
Idylia (digte, 1967)
Naive rejser (essays, 1968)
Alvilda (essays & noveller, 1969)
Årets ring (digte, 1969)
Døden i skoven (noveller, 1970)
Essays gennem ti Aar (1970)
Hjemkomst (digte, 1970)
Stå op og tænd ild (prosa, 1971)
Udvalgte digte (1971)
Provinser (noveller, 1972)
S (roman, 1973)
Udsigt til Kronborg (essays & noveller, 1976)
Recognition
Danish Critics Prize for Literature (Kritikerprisen) (1958)
De gyldne laurbær (1959)
Emil Aarestrup Medaillen (1960)
Søren Gyldendal Prize (1962)
Grand Prize of the Danish Academy (1969)
References
20th-century Danish poets
Writers from Copenhagen
People from Frederiksberg
Recipients of the Grand Prize of the Danish Academy
1926 births
1977 deaths
Danish male poets
20th-century Danish male writers |
4028418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Van%20Dyke | Paul Van Dyke | Paul Van Dyke (1859–1933) was an American historian and the brother of Henry Van Dyke.
He was born in Brooklyn, New York, graduated from Princeton in 1881 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1884, and studied at Berlin in 1884–85. He was a Presbyterian minister at Geneva, N. Y. in 1887–89, then taught church history at Princeton Theological Seminary (1889–92).
After serving as pastor at the Edwards Congregational Church in Northampton, Mass. (1892–98), he held the chair of modern European history at Princeton. He wrote The Age of the Renascence (1897), volume seven in a ten-volume series titled "Ten Epochs of Church History". In 1905, he published his book Renascence Portraits, which "...tries to illustrate the Renascence by describing three men who were affected by it and who were all living at the same time in Italy, England and Germany" (the three men are Pietro Aretino, Thomas Cromwell, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor).In 1921–22 and 1928–29, Van Dyke directed the Continental division of the American University Union in Europe, which was based in Paris. He was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1927. At Princeton Theological Seminary, he taught classes using the German "seminar" method.
When he joined the faculty of Princeton College in 1898, he was Chair of History and Political Science.
References
1859 births
1933 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
American Presbyterian ministers
Historians from New York (state)
People from Brooklyn |
4028423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20%28New%20York%20nightclub%29 | Tunnel (New York nightclub) | Tunnel was a nightclub located at 220 Twelfth Avenue, in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It operated from 1986 to 2001.
The nightclub was located within the Terminal Warehouse Company Central Stores Building, also known as Chelsea Terminal Warehouse, which is now part of the West Chelsea Historic District.
History
Tunnel, less popularly and incorrectly also known as "The Tunnel," was owned by Boaz Aharoni, a real-estate developer, and Elli Dayan, founder and former chairman of Bonjour International, a company best known for blue jeans. The club was built in a space which was formerly a railroad freight terminal. Dayan sold the property to Marco Riccota in January 1990. Peter Gatien acquired the 80,000-square-foot nightclub in 1992.
Tunnel closed its doors late in 2001 due to non-payment of rent and New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani's quality-of-life campaign. Gatien had been accused of drug trafficking, charges he was acquitted of, although he and his wife pleaded guilty to tax evasion and were deported to Canada in 2003.
Description
The club was named for the tunnel-like shape of the main room, in which train tracks from the early 1900s ran through a sunken area of the dance floor. These were a relic of an era in which railroad sidings from the Eleventh Avenue freight line of the New York Central Railroad ran directly into warehouse buildings in that area, so that goods could be transferred to and from freight cars which crossed the Hudson on car floats from Hoboken.
The club was architecturally distinctive: a long, narrow space with multiple rooms on several levels. The dance floor featured several dance cages. The decor of the club changed frequently. One room, decorated by artist Kenny Scharf, was called the Kenny Scharf Lava Lounge. Others were decorated as Victorian libraries, S/M dungeons, and lounges. The club featured unisex bathrooms, which were the converted locker rooms formerly used by the freight terminal's workers. They had modern stalls with partitions and doors for privacy, extant rows of old lockers attached to the wall, as well as marks where the former shower stalls had been removed. In the late 1980s, Club Kids, including Michael Alig, Amanda Lepore, and RuPaul, often gathered in the V.I.P. room in the basement.
During its lifespan, Tunnel frequently hosted Johnny Dynell and Roman Ricardo in the late 80s and into the early 90s. More DJs included Junior Vasquez, Danny Tenaglia, Jonathan Peters, Peregrine Hood, Little Louie Vega, DJ Renegade, Eddie Baez, DJ Justin Time, DJ Corbett, DJ DA, Bobby Rios and Hex Hector after the close of the original Sound Factory in the mid-1990s. It later presented Kurfew, a trance-techno oriented Saturday night party started by promoter Jeff Brenner and hosted by talent such as Lady Bunny, DJ Urbanox, Peppermint, DJ Vito Fun, DJ Michael T, Amanda Lepore, DJ Jason, and DJ Steve Sidewalk and introducing young clubbers to talent including Danny Tenaglia, Jonny McGovern, and Cazwell (as Morplay). Legendary doorman, Fernando Sarralha, was the keeper of the velvet rope. While the club attracted primarily gay audiences, it also attracted members of the hip hop community. One advantage of the multiple rooms of the club was the ability to host different types of parties, with as many as five or more DJs spinning different styles of music to varying crowds. In 1998, DJ Amadeus was named the resident DJ at Tunnel.
In popular culture
Celebrities
Actor Vin Diesel once worked as a bouncer at Tunnel.
Tunnel was one of the clubs promoted by Michael Alig and a hangout of the Club Kids, before Alig's conviction and subsequent incarceration for murdering Andre "Angel" Melendez.
Films
Tunnel is the location of the opening sequence in Hype Williams' film Belly (1998).
Tunnel was used for a scene in the movie Vampire's Kiss (1988), filmed between August and October 1987.
The interior of Tunnel was used for the 'ghost train' scene of Ghostbusters II.
A scene from Larry Clark's film Kids (1995) was shot at Tunnel in the summer of 1994.
In the documentary film, Glory Daze: The Life and Times of Michael Alig (2015), Michael Alig recounts having enjoined the help of an unwitting taxi driver to help him and his co-killer Robert D. "Freeze" Riggs transport and throw into the river, near Tunnel, the box containing the upper body remains of Andre "Angel" Melendez.
A scene from Straight Outta Compton (2015) shows Eazy-E meeting up with Ice Cube in a club; Ice Cube says the club was the Tunnel in a radio interview at 6 minutes, 38 seconds.
Literature
In Bret Easton Ellis' novel, American Psycho (1991), the club is frequented by Patrick Bateman and his associates as a trendy place to bring women or to purchase cocaine.
Music
Tunnel was the featured location in Johnny Kemp's video for his classic hit single "Just Got Paid" (1987).
The rap group Onyx released a song called "The Tunnel" on their album Wakedafucup (2014), detailing their history with the historic night club.
Tunnel is featured in Queen Pen's hit single, "Party Ain't A Party", in the lyric: "catch me on the rebound, or maybe at the Tunnel".
Tunnel is referenced in Mobb Deep's track "The Infamous Prelude" off their seminal album, "The Infamous" (1995).
The music video for DMX's debut single Get At Me Dog was filmed in The Tunnel.
Tunnel is referenced in Jayo Felony's hit single "Whatcha Gonna Do", in the lyric "Went to the Tunnel and brought down the roof".
Tunnel is referenced in Nas's track "Blue Benz" off his thirteenth studio album, "King's Disease" (2020).
Television
In the HBO TV series Sex and the City episode Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda, Carrie Bradshaw discusses having a "drunken night" at Tunnel at age 22, which resulted in an unplanned pregnancy.
See also
List of electronic dance music venues
References
Notes
Defunct nightclubs in New York (state)
Nightclubs in Manhattan
Chelsea, Manhattan
Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan) |
Subsets and Splits
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