id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
4035020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Pearce%20%28tennis%29 | Brad Pearce (tennis) | Brad Pearce (born March 21, 1966) is a former tennis player from the United States, who turned professional in 1986. He won four doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP ranking on October 8, 1990, when he became the World No. 71.
Pearce was inducted into the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Hall of Fame.
Career
1987
Pearce started off his new season playing doubles, reaching four finals. Three of those were on the Grand Prix tennis circuit. He won his first final in January at the Auckland, with partner Kelly Jones. En route he defeated players such as Milan Šrejber and Mark Woodforde to win the title. His year continued on a high note, making it to the quarter finals of the Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor and the Lorraine Open and the semi finals of the Japan Open Tennis Championships. Later he reached the finals at the OTB Open with partner Jim Pugh, losing to Gary Donnelly and Gary Muller 6–7, 2–6. A month later he made it to the final in New Haven with partner Gilad Bloom of Israel as the #1 seed, losing to the #2 seed Glenn Layendecker and Glenn Michibata 6–3, 4–6, 2–6.
1988
1989
1990
The highlight of Pearce's single career was his appearance in the quarter-finals of the Wimbledon Championship. Pearce was an unseeded player, and one of three Americans in the quarter-finals (Brad Gilbert and Kevin Curren being the others). En route he beat Ronnie Båthman (6–3, 3–6, 6–2, 6–3), Shuzo Matsuoka (7–6, 7–5, 6–3), Milan Šrejber (6–3, 6–3, 6–1), and Mark Woodforde (6–4, 6–4, 6–4) to face Ivan Lendl, the #1 seed of the tournament, where he lost (4–6, 4–6, 7–5, 4–6).
1991
Personal life
Pearce now works as an employee of Brigham Young University in the athletic department. He is the head coach of the BYU men's tennis team, and coached several players who have reached the top 800's in ATP rankings.
Career finals
Doubles (4 titles – 8 runner-ups)
References
External links
Profile on BYU Athletics
1966 births
Living people
American male tennis players
BYU Cougars men's tennis coaches
Sportspeople from Provo, Utah
Tennis people from Utah
UCLA Bruins men's tennis players
Goodwill Games medalists in tennis
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
American tennis coaches |
4035024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak%20Benrubi | Isaak Benrubi | Isaak Benrubi (24 May 1876 in Thessaloniki – October 19 1943 in Geneva) was a philosopher from the Ottoman city of Thessaloniki, he opposed the conventional character of the act of knowing in "subject" and "object" to the reality that is interested in both subject and object: "I can't exist without the universe, neither can the universe exist without me". He decided to attend the CIC's meeting in Geneva only after learning that both Albert Einstein and Henri Bergson would also be attending.
Biography
Benrubi was born in Thessaloniki, Ottoman Empire, in 1876. He came from an old family of rabbis, from the same Jewish community of Portuguese provenance, to which Spinoza belonged to in Amsterdam. He presented his thesis in German, under the direction of the great philosopher Eucken, on the "Moral ideal of J.J. Rousseau" (1904). According to Benrubi, Rousseau is the source of all German philosophy- from Kant to Nietzsche - and the spiritual father of the great poets Goethe, Schiller, and Holderlin. He studied philosophy and was educated in Jena, Berlin, and Paris (1898–1914). In 1904, he participated in the 2nd Congress of Philosophy in Geneva, where he stayed, teaching the history of European philosophy until his death. Between 1927 and 1933 he was appointed by the Prussian Government to teach French philosophy at Bonn, a job that he considered as a cultural mission for fostering the intellectual ties between France and Germany.
In his work Benrubi tries to go beyond the agnosticism and timidity of modern philosophical reflection, to re-establish the bridge between the Self and the things, to abolish the dualism of speculative and practical thinking. The author attempts to exhibit the universe as a whole: terrestrial unity, solidarity of the living, the existence of a human race, united in its diversity, arriving in conclusion at a moral: Natural obligation of cosmic and human solidarity. In a second work, Benrubi studied at depth the great movements of moral philosophy in a manuscript of more than 600 pages, that is archived at the Bibliothèque de Genève, in which the essential ideas of the sceptics, relativists and utilitarians are analyzed in detail and compared - from the Greek Sophists to Max Stirner and Herbert Spencer, passing through Montaigne, Blaise Pascal, La Rochefoucauld, and Helvétius, among others (J. H. Zeilberger).
Works
J. J. Rousseaus ethisches Ideal, 1904
Contemporary thought of France, 1926
Philosophische Strömungen der Gegenwart in Frankreich, 1928
Les sources et les courants de la philosophie contemporaine en France, 1933
Souvenirs sur Henri Bergson, Delachaux & Niestlé, Neuchâtel, 1942
References
S. H. Bergmann, entry in Encyclopedia Judaica, IV, Jerusalem, p. 546.
H. Reverdin, "Isaac Benrubi" in Annales de la Societe J.J. Rousseau, 1943.
J. H. Zeilberger, "Isaac Benrubi, Juif fidele, patriot genevois, cosmopolite fervent", manuscript deposited at the Bibliothèque Public et Universitaire de Genève, 1981. (Cote BPU BVM 282).
1876 births
1943 deaths
German Sephardi Jews
German people of Greek descent
German people of Portuguese descent
Greek people of Portuguese descent
Greek Sephardi Jews
Jewish philosophers
Jews from Thessaloniki
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Germany |
4035031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Lewin | Josh Lewin | Josh Lewin is an American sportscaster who works as a play-by-play announcer for the UCLA Bruins football and basketball teams.
Early life and career
Lewin is originally from Rochester, New York, but lived outside of Boston for several years as a young boy. As early as nursery school, he was an avid sports fan, and he got his start in broadcasting as the radio commentator for the Rochester Red Wings at the age of 16. After graduating from Northwestern University (where he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity) in 1990, Lewin became the Red Wings' regular play-by-play announcer.
Broadcasting career
Major League Baseball
Lewin went on to call Baltimore Orioles games on the radio in 1995 and 1996, on TV for the Chicago Cubs on WGN in 1997 and on TV for the Detroit Tigers from 1998-2001 on Fox Sports Detroit. In 2000, he was the first-ever recipient of the Ty Tyson Award for Excellence in Sports Broadcasting, awarded by the Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association. He was the TV voice for the Texas Rangers from 2002 through 2011, usually on Fox Sports Southwest but also on local broadcasts for KDFI, KDFW and TXA 21. The Rangers organization announced on October 11, 2011, that Lewin would not be returning as play-by-play announcer for the team. On February 9, 2012, it was announced that Lewin would be joining the New York Mets Radio Network, succeeding Wayne Hagin. He shared play-by-play duties with Howie Rose on Mets broadcasts. Lewin left his position with the Mets following the 2018 season. During the 2019 MLB season, Lewin served as a part-time play-by-play announcer for Boston Red Sox Radio Network broadcasts alongside Joe Castiglione.
Lewin was one of the original play-by-play commentators for Fox Major League Baseball, calling regular season regional games from 1996 to 2011. He started on the fourth regional crew calling games, but by 1999 was promoted to the number three booth where he would remain from 1999 to 2011. He would often fill in for principal play-by-play men Joe Buck (with Tim McCarver during the regular season) or Thom Brennaman (with Steve Lyons during the postseason). Lewin left Fox Sports after his contract with Fox Sports Southwest was not renewed.
National Football League
During football seasons past, Lewin served as both a sideline reporter and play-by-play man for Fox NFL and called NFL games for SportsUSA/Jones Radio. From 2005 to 2016, he was the radio voice of the San Diego Chargers (he left after the team's move to Los Angeles at the end of the 2016 season). On August 26, 2006, Lewin provided television play-by-play for Fox Sports' Fox Saturday Baseball game of the week between the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. That game took place at Angel Stadium of Anaheim. When the game was over, he traveled 90 miles down to Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego to provide radio play-by-play coverage of the San Diego Chargers' NFL preseason game against the Seattle Seahawks for the Chargers Radio Network. The two games announced in one day was similar to Ted Leitner's time as announcer for both the Chargers and the San Diego Padres when he would broadcast a Chargers game then travel to join the Padres broadcast late in the baseball season.
National Hockey League
Lewin has also subbed in as the Dallas Stars play-by-play man when Dallas' usual lead voice, Ralph Strangis, was recovering from a car accident in 2003. He also did play-by-play for Fox NHL Saturday in 1998 and FSN Detroit's coverage of CCHA hockey.
The Josh and Elf Show
On October 29, 2010, it was announced that Lewin would be moving to 105.3 The Fan to host a new show in their 11am–2pm time slot. The new show started on November 1, 2010, with Greg Williams and Richie Witt moving their show to the 2pm–7pm slot. On Monday, November 29, 2010, it was announced Mark "Elf" Elfenbein would be joining the show now named The Josh and Elf Show. Following Lewin's hiring by the New York Mets and departure from The Fan, Elf and friends was launched. Numerous personalities tried out to fill Lewin's spot. He would eventually be replaced by Jane Slater, making it The Elf and Slater Show.
College football
Lewin is employed by the Big Ten Network calling football games. He also has called Conference USA football on Sports USA as well. On June 2, 2016, he was hired to be the play-by-play announcer for the UCLA Bruins football team.
College basketball
Lewin also calls collegiate basketball for UCLA, along with former Bruin standout Tracy Murray. Lewin has made other appearances on Sports USA, Fox Sports Networks, the SMU Mustangs and Michigan State Spartans.
References
External links
Official Broadcaster Bio on KIOZ 105.3 Website (Official Chargers Radio Station)
Article "MLB and NFL Announcer Josh Lewin"
Living people
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Baltimore Orioles announcers
Boston Red Sox announcers
Chicago Cubs announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
College hockey announcers in the United States
Dallas Stars announcers
Detroit Tigers announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Minor League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League broadcasters
New York Mets announcers
Northwestern University alumni
San Diego Chargers announcers
San Diego Padres announcers
Sportspeople from Rochester, New York
Texas Rangers (baseball) announcers
UCLA Bruins football announcers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4035033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm%20Jim%20%28TV%20series%29 | Earthworm Jim (TV series) | Earthworm Jim is an American animated television series based on the video game series of the same name and created by series creator, Doug TenNapel. The series aired on the Kids' WB for two seasons from September 9, 1995, to December 13, 1996. It follows the adventures of the titular character who battles the forces of evil using a robotic suit.
Premise
Most episodes involve the series' numerous villains attempting to reclaim the super suit or conquer the universe. Other issues facing Jim include returning his neighbor's eggbeater and finding a new power source after his suit's battery runs out. Also, the show breaks the fourth wall with characters often talking to the audience and the narrator.
Episodes begin with a cold opening of Earthworm Jim and Peter Puppy in some peril that has nothing to do with the main plot or the past episodes, with little statement of how they got into the mess. In between parts (generally before or after the commercial break), there is a short side-story, generally featuring one of the villains doing a more natural part of life, usually without any involvement from Jim. The end of every episode involves Jim or any other character being crushed by a cow, a homage to the original game's ending.
Characters
Most of the main characters from the show originated from characters introduced in the video game series. Peter Puppy becomes Jim's sidekick and friend and Princess What's-Her-Name is featured as his love interest. Several antagonists from the games such as Evil the Cat, Psy-Crow, Bob the Killer Goldfish, Queen Slug-for-a-Butt, and Professor Monkey-For-A-Head also appear in the series.
Additionally, some original characters were also created for the series, and were then in turn integrated into future games in the series. For example, Evil Jim, an evil doppelgänger of Jim created for the series, went on to be the main antagonist in Earthworm Jim: Menace 2 the Galaxy.
Voice cast
The voice director for the series was Ginny McSwain.
Main
Dan Castellaneta as Earthworm Jim, Evil Jim, Turns-His-Eyelids-Inside-Out Boy (in "Sidekicked", "Lounge Day's Journey into Night"), Jim's Four Brains, The Grim Reaper (in "The Wizard of Ooze", "For Whom the Jingle Bell Tolls"), Jaepius: God of Puns (in "Assault and Battery"), Abraham Lincoln (in "Sword of Righteousness")
Jeff Bennett as Peter Puppy, Narrator, The Hamsternator, Evil Peter, Puce Dynamo, President of the United States (in "The Origin of Peter Puppy"," "Peanut of the Apes"), The Great Worm Spirit (in "The Anti-Fish")
Charlie Adler as Professor Monkey-For-A-Head, The Doorman of The Gods (in "Assault and Battery"), Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (in "For Whom the Jingle Bell Tolls"), Superhero #1
Jim Cummings as Psy-Crow, Bob The Killer Goldfish, Johnny Dactyl (in "Assault and Battery"), Walter (in "Conqueror Worm", "Lounge Day's Journey into Night", "The Wizard of Ooze"), Zantor: Master of The Flying Toupée (in "Sidekicked", "Lounge Day's Journey into Night"), The Sword of Righteousness (in "The Sword of Righteousness"), Phlegmaphus: God of Nasal Discharge (in "Assault and Battery"), Lower Back-Pain Man, The Giant Fur-Bearin' Trout (in "The Anti-Fish"), Santa Claus (in "For Whom the Jingle Bell Tolls")
Edward Hibbert as Evil the Cat
John Kassir as Snott, Henchrat
Andrea Martin as Queen Slug-For-A-Butt, The Torch Singer
Kath Soucie as Princess What's-Her-Name, Evil Princess, Johnny Dactyl's Mom (in "The Exile of Lucy"), Perpsichore: Goddess of Disco (in "Assault and Battery"), Cody (in "Peanut of the Apes")
Additional
Gregg Berger as Superhero #2
S. Scott Bullock as various
Miriam Flynn as Malice the Dog (in "Evil in Love")
Brad Garrett as The Lord of Nightmares (in "Evil in Love")
Lisa Kaplan as various
Danny Mann as Archbug (in "Queen What's-Her-Name", "For Whom the Jingle Bell Tolls")
Edie McClurg as various
Dee Dee Rescher as The Purple Alien
Kevin Michael Richardson as the Anti-Fish (in "Anti-Fish")
Ben Stein as Rosebud the Nameless Beast (in "The Great Secret of the Universe"), Dr. Houston (in "The Origin of Peter Puppy")
Billy West as The Sturgeon (in "Lounge Day's Journey into Night"), Morty (in "Lounge Day's Journey into Night")
April Winchell as Mrs. Bleverage, Ilene (in "Lounge Day's Journey into Night")
Production
The series was created by Doug TenNapel and produced by Universal Cartoon Studios along with AKOM, Flextech Television Limited, and Shiny Entertainment.
Episodes
Two seasons of the series were produced, for a total of 23 episodes.
Series overview
Season 1 (1995–1996)
Season 2 (1996)
Broadcast history
In the United States, the show was aired on Kids' WB on The WB Television Network from 1995 to 1996. Internationally, in the United Kingdom, it was shown on Channel 4 and TCC (The Children's Channel) in the 1990s. In the 2000s, the show has seen occasional reruns on Nickelodeon. In Ireland, the show was aired on RTÉ Two from 12 September 1996 to 1997. In Canada, the show was aired on YTV. In Mexico, the show was aired on TV Azteca. In Germany, the show was aired on RTL. In the Netherlands, the show was aired on Kindernet. In Poland, the show was aired on RTL 7.
Media
The show was released in the UK onto three VHS tapes in three volumes covering two episodes on each video in the 1990s but these are now out of print and considered rare.
On June 1, 2011, Via Vision Entertainment released the complete series as a 5-disc set in Australia and New Zealand.
The complete series was intended to receive a U.S. DVD release from Visual Entertainment on , but was delayed right before release to late October. The set includes all 23 episodes on 3 discs, and is currently available on Amazon.com.
Digitally, the complete series is currently available on Fox Corporation's Tubi.
Reception
The Earthworm Jim television series received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences, for being one of Doug TenNapel's best creations, and having the originality of the original video game.
Legacy
Aspects of the show, such as newly created characters, or art style, were later implemented in future video games Earthworm Jim 3D and Earthworm Jim: Menace 2 the Galaxy. Two Earthworm Jim comic book series, in the US and UK, were also created to tie into the animated series.
A line of action figures based on the show was released by Playmates Toys. The series included several variants of Earthworm Jim, as well as Peter Puppy, Princess What's-Her-Name, Bob the Killer Goldfish, #4, Evil the Cat, Henchrat, Major Mucus and Psy-Crow. A mountable "pocket rocket" was also available as well as a rare mail-in repainted figure of Earthworm Jim in a green suit.
On November 18, 2021, it was reported that a new animated television series titled Earthworm Jim: Beyond the Groovy is in development.
References
External links
Earthworm Jim at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016.
1995 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings
1990s American animated television series
1990s American comic science fiction television series
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comic science fiction television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
Animated series based on video games
Earthworm Jim
Jetix original programming
Kids' WB original shows
Television series by Universal Animation Studios
Television series created by Doug TenNapel
Universal Pictures cartoons and characters
Animated television series about teenagers |
4035051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo%20Especial%20Uno | Grupo Especial Uno | The 1er Batallón de Combate-Grupo Especial Uno (1st Combat Battalion-Special Group One, GE-1) is a tactical assault division of the Argentine Federal Police. It depends directly of the Infantry Guard Corps, and its motto is Nihil Obstat (Nothing Hinders).
The unit was established under the denomination of Special Combat Teams in 1978, when Argentina hosted the Football World Cup. Ten years later, in 1988, the division changed its name to Police Operations Group and officially became the premier counterterrorism team of the Federal Police. In 1994 the GEOF was created and the GE-1 dramatically reduced its size, although some elements remained still functional. The Superintendent of Metropolitan Security re-activated the unit in 2002. The group quickly became an elite tactical force, with more than 400 successful tactical interventions.
All GE-1 officers must pass a rigorous, extensive training course before he/she apply to join. It is important to know that all active personnel remains in their original unit and are called when needed, a selective style similar to many American SWAT groups. The division constantly trains with similar Argentine and foreign special units.
The group uses specialized weapons and gear such as the Glock 17 9mm pistol, Heckler & Koch HK33 assault rifles, Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the M24 SWS sniper rifle.
See also
Scorpion Group
Albatross Group
Federal Special Operations Group
Hawk Special Operations Brigade
Argentine Federal Police
Federal law enforcement agencies of Argentina
Non-military counterterrorist organizations |
4035052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Goldie | Dan Goldie | Daniel C. Goldie (born October 3, 1963) is a former tennis player from the United States who won 2 singles (1987, Newport and 1988, Seoul) and 2 doubles titles (1986, Wellington and 1987, Newport). The right-hander reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1989 where he beat Kelly Evernden, Jimmy Connors, Wally Masur and Slobodan Živojinović before losing to Ivan Lendl. He achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 27 in April 1989. Before turning pro, Goldie played tennis for Stanford University, where he won the 1986 National Singles Championship before graduating with a degree in Economics.
In 2011, Goldie co-authored The Investment Answer, a #1 New York Times bestselling book for individual investors. Goldie is currently President of Dan Goldie Financial Services LLC, an independent financial advisor located in Palo Alto, California. He has been recognized by Barron's as one of the top 100 independent financial advisors in the U.S. He currently resides in Palo Alto, California.
Career finals
Singles (2 titles)
Doubles (2 titles, 2 runner-ups)
References
External links
Dan Goldie Financial Services LLC
The Investment Answer
1963 births
Living people
American male tennis players
People from Palo Alto, California
Sportspeople from Sioux City, Iowa
Stanford Cardinal men's tennis players
Tennis people from California
Tennis people from Iowa
Universiade medalists in tennis
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade |
4035076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%20walking%20on%20water | Jesus walking on water | Jesus walking on the water, or on the sea, is depicted as one of the miracles of Jesus recounted in the New Testament. There are accounts of this event in three Gospels—Matthew, Mark, and John—but it is not included in the Gospel of Luke. This story, following the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand, tells how Jesus sent the disciples by ship back to the "other side" of the Sea of Galilee (the western side) while he remained behind, alone, to pray. Night fell and the sea arose as the ship became caught in a wind storm. After rowing against the wind for most of the night, the disciples saw Jesus walking on the water. They were frightened, thinking that they were seeing a spirit, but when Jesus told them not to be afraid, they were reassured. After Jesus entered the ship, the wind ceased, and they arrived at land.
Biblical narratives
The story of Jesus walking on water is retold in the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and John; it is not in the Gospel of Luke. This episode is narrated towards the end of the Ministry of Jesus in Galilee before the key turning points halfway through the gospel narratives where Peter proclaimed Jesus as Christ and saw the Transfiguration. In all three gospels it follows the feeding of the five thousand, where Jesus had withdrawn by ship to a desert place "belonging to" Bethsaida after hearing of the death of John the Baptist, but was followed by the crowds who travelled on foot.
At the end of the evening, the disciples boarded a ship to cross to the other side of the Sea of Galilee, without Jesus who went up the mountain to pray alone. John alone specifies they were headed "toward Capernaum". During the journey on the sea, the disciples were distressed by wind and waves, but saw Jesus walking towards them on the sea. John's Gospel specifies that they were five or six kilometers away from their departure point. The disciples were startled to see Jesus, but he told them not to be afraid.
Matthew's account adds that Peter asked Jesus, "if it is you", to tell him, or command him, to come to Jesus on the water (waters). After Peter came down out of the ship and walked on the water, he became afraid of the storm and began to sink. He called out to Jesus for help. Jesus caught him, and commenting on his lack of faith led him back to the ship, whereupon the storm stopped. Matthew also notes that the disciples called Jesus the Son of God. The fact that the John account also lacks this detail suggests that this account of "St. Peter's venture" is a redactional addition by Matthew.
In all three accounts, after Jesus got into the ship, the wind ceased and they reached the shore. Only John's account has their ship immediately reach the shore. Matthew's and Mark's accounts end at this point, but John mentions that the next day some people from the other side of the sea that looked for Jesus, noted that the disciples left without him, but they didn't know where he went. When they came to Capernaum and asked Jesus how he came there, instead of answering the question, he told the crowd that they followed him, not because they had seen signs, but because of the free loaves they had eaten the day before, and he advised them not to seek earthly gains, but aim for a life based on higher spiritual values.
Gospel of Mark (c. 66–70 AD)
Gospel of Matthew (c. 80–90 AD)
Gospel of John (c. 90–100 AD)
.
Interpretations
Christian teachings
The walking on the sea episode has specific interpretations within Christian teachings and has been viewed by scholars as important due to its perceived impact on the formation of Christian ecumenical creeds, as discussed below.
This event is also seen as a divine fulfillment of words of Job, “Who alone spreadeth out the heavens and walketh upon the waves of the sea,” Job (9:8).
One aspect of the pericope (passage) is how it highlights the relationship between Jesus and his apostles. Merrill Tenney states that the incident is in essence centered on that aspect, rather than their peril or the miracle itself. Dwight Pentecost and John Danilson state that this miracle was deliberately designed by Jesus to instruct his apostles and increase their faith. David Cook and Craig Evans note that "of little faith" is a somewhat common expression in Matthew (e.g. 8:26 when calming the storm or 16:8 regarding bread and the Pharisees just before the Confession of Peter) and may mean "of no faith".
Richard Cassidy states that this episode sheds special light on the position of Peter who had faith in Jesus and acknowledged Jesus' extraordinary powers, and by considering to walk on water himself, wanted to share in the act of Jesus before the other disciples for he considered himself closest to Jesus. Cook and Evans note that the "Lord Save me" cry of Peter is similar to and in the calming the storm episode and again emphasizes the reliance of the disciples on Jesus.
Cook and Evans also echo Pentecost's interpretation that the detail regarding "many stadia away" and "battered by the waves" were intended to emphasize that Jesus could walk on the water far away from the shore, on a rough sea, thus establishing his dominance over nature. R.T. France has also pointed out that the details regarding the boat being a long way from the shore, and the portrayal of Peter sinking are intended as a confirmation of the depth of the water.
Scholars such as Ulrich Luz and separately Dale Allison view the pericope as instrumental in asserting the divinity of Jesus among early Christians. Alan Robinson sees the pericope as important in establishing the belief in the early Church that the disciples viewed Jesus as the Son of God. Dale Allison states that Matthew's presentation emphasizes that God the Father is willing to share divine power with his son and that the impact of this pericope on the affirmation of the divinity of Jesus in the ecumenical creeds is undeniable.
Historical-critical analysis
Scholars who hold that the story records actual events do so on the basis that Jesus, as Son of God, was above the laws of nature; or, in a variation, that Jesus projected an image himself while actually remaining on the shore. The meaning of the episode is held to be inherent in its miraculous nature: "The meaning of the pericope (story) ... only has meaning ... if it is understood as relating a miraculous event which really took place" (Leopold Sabourin, 1975).
In recent scholarship, Bart Ehrman has championed the view that in general, it is impossible to either prove or disprove supernatural events such as miracles using the historical method, for proving them would require belief in a supernatural world not amenable to historical analysis, and disproving them would require historical evidence that is usually hard to come by.
Catholic scholar John P. Meier believes that the miraculous walk on water is a purely theological narrative, without historical foundation. Oral tradition, according to Meier, is intertwined with references to the Old Testament (Jesus' answer "I am" is in accordance with the vision of Jesus as Yahweh of the Early Church) and post-resurrection perceptions. In particular, the narrative part of the story seems to fall into the apocalyptic genre, meaning by this term a genre characterized by an accentuated symbolism and light-shadow contrasts. Initially Jesus collects the Apostles on a boat and sends them away alone, to go alone to the mountain to pray, but promising to meet them on the other side of the "sea"; the apostles have difficulty in reaching the other shore, but Jesus appears and everything ends well. According to Meier this is a metaphor of the Early Church immediately after Easter: Jesus leaves his disciples with the ascension promising to return, but occasionally visits them during the journey to support them (through the Eucharist). Like all apocalyptic literature, his function is to comfort a community in need.
Some scholars have held the view that while this event took place, it was not miraculous: Albert Schweitzer, for example, suggested that the disciples saw Jesus walking on the shore, but were confused by high wind and darkness; some scholars who accept this "misperception thesis" argue that Mark originally wrote that Jesus walked on the seashore rather than on the sea, and that John had a more accurate version. Others have held that the entire episode is a "pious legend" (B.H. Branscomb, 1937), based perhaps on some lost incident; perhaps Jesus waded through the surf (Vincent Taylor, 1957), or perhaps he walked on a sand bar (Sherman Johnson, 1972, J.D.M. Derrett, 1981).
Finally are those scholars who regard the story as an example of "creative symbolism", or myth, which probably was understood by a part of the audience literally and by others allegorically. Rudolf Bultmann pointed out that the sea-walking theme is familiar in many cultures. Furthermore, the motif of walking on water was associated with kings like Xerxes or Alexander, but also rejected and satirized as humanly impossible and as proverbial for the arrogance of the rulers by Menander, Dio Chrysostom or in 2 Maccabees 5:21.
Others look for an origin in the mythic world of the Old Testament itself (Christ's victory over the waters paralleling Yahweh's defeat of the primeval Sea, representing Chaos), or within the New Testament, as an originally simple story later embellished with Hellenistic and Old Testament details. In the Hebrew Bible, God gives power over the sea, e.g. to Moses (Ex 14:21–29) or to Elijah (2 kg 2:8).
Adela Yarbro Collins concludes that the text characterizes Jesus as Messiah and king of Israel endowed with divine properties.
Literary-critical analysis
Biblical scholar George W. Young dismisses the naturalistic explanations, the traditional and the historical critical perspectives. He contends that these methods of exegesis rely on factual interpretations and fail to capture the full meaning of the text based on its structure. Instead, Young explores the pericope with literary-critical methods as narrative art. Young views the text as fiction, and uses tools and terms often associated with fantastic literature to analyze it.
Young analyses the pericope as the expression of three entangled, conflicting perspectives on reality: (i) the "conventional reality" based on sensory perception; (ii) the "impossible" vision of Jesus resulting in the astonishment of the observers; (iii) the narrator's metaphysical comment in Mark 6:52 identifying Jesus as the Son of God.
See also
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Notes
Bibliography
Miracles of Jesus
Water and religion
Bethsaida
Gospel of Matthew
Gospel of Mark
Gospel of John
Sea of Galilee |
4035081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20War%20Zone | The War Zone | The War Zone is a 1999 British drama film written by Alexander Stuart, directed by Tim Roth in his directorial debut, and starring Ray Winstone, Tilda Swinton, Lara Belmont, and Freddie Cunliffe. The film is based on Stuart's 1989 novel of the same name and takes a blunt look at incest and sexual violence in an English family.
Plot
15-year-old Tom is upset after his family moves from London to a rural house in Devon. He misses his friends, and family dynamics are strange. His Mum is in the late stages of pregnancy, his Dad is in the home-furniture industry. Tom and his 18-year-old sister Jessie are unusually close to each other, and everyone helps Mum during her pregnancy.
One night, Mum goes into labour and Dad drives the whole family to the hospital. The car crashes, but nobody is badly injured and a baby girl is born while Mum is trapped in the car. They all go to the hospital to get stitched up and they see Mum and the baby happy. Later, while coming home from shopping with Mum, Tom complains he doesn't know anybody, but she assures him he will make friends. When they arrive home, Tom enters the house through the back door and something catches his attention.
Tom confronts Jessie and asks about what he saw: Dad and Jessie, naked in a bathtub together. Jessie acts as if nothing happened, but he is adamant about what he witnessed. The family goes out to the pub, and Jessie introduces Tom to her boyfriend Nick, who drives Jessie and Tom down to the beach. They engage in awkward conversation before Jessie and Nick disappear, leaving Tom alone by the fire. The parents are furious with them for staying out all night without telling them, and Mum must restrain Dad from harming Jessie. Later, Tom tells Jessie that he suspects that her and Dad's behavior has been ongoing. Jessie neither confirms nor denies this, causing Tom to lash out in anger.
Later, Dad tells them he is going for a run. Full of suspicion and armed with a video camera, Tom follows Dad and Jessie into an old war bunker near the beach. Filming through a hole in the wall, he witnesses Dad sodomizing Jessie against her will. Tom walks off and, devastated, throws the camera into the sea.
Tom accuses Jessie of being sick because of her actions with their father. Jessie lets him burn her breast with a lighter to make him feel better, but this satisfies neither and he tells her it must stop. Later she takes Tom on a trip to London to see a friend, Carol, who attempts to seduce him at Jessie's behest, but stops when she walks in on them.
One night, Tom is woken up by Mum, who tells him they must urgently go to the hospital because the baby is unwell. Jessie drives Tom home from the hospital, leaving Dad with Mum and the baby. When they get home they see Lucy, who offers Jessie comfort if she needs it. Lucy appears to know something that the viewer doesn't. Later, Tom decides to cycle back to the hospital, where he sees baby Alice, and when Mum comes in they see blood in her nappy. He tells Mum never to let Dad near the baby and not to trust him, but leaves before she can respond.
When Tom returns home, Dad tells him that Mum called from the hospital and confronts him, saying he's lying, and Tom says he is telling the truth, whereupon Dad attacks him physically, saying that Tom is breaking up the family and that he will put Tom into care. Jessie is crying throughout, arms over her head covering her ears. Dad then leaves to see Mum.
Tom and Jessie lie next to each other in bed and Jessie thanks him for standing up to Dad. Tom and Jessie enter Dad's room after he returns. He continues to deny his behaviour and claims that Tom is making things up because he misses London, is unhappy, and is putting ideas into Jessie's head. Jessie backs Tom up, but is upset by Dad's continued gaslighting.
As Dad blusters, Tom realises that he will not change. He stabs Dad in the stomach with a kitchen knife. Dad screams in pain on the floor. Tom and Jessie watch him gasping and bleeding on the floor and then Tom runs from the house to go to the bunker. Jessie follows him there and comforts him silently. Tom asks what they will do now. He walks over and closes the door to the bunker.
Cast
Reception
Box office
The War Zone was given a limited theatrical release in 12 cinemas in the United States and earned $254,441.
Critical response
The War Zone received mainly positive reviews. It has a score of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 31 reviews with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10. The site's critics' consensus states: "With the well-acted The War Zone, debuting director Tim Roth finds moments of beauty in a tale of stark horror -- and marks himself as a talent to watch behind the camera." The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 21 critics on Metacritic indicating "Generally favorable reviews".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars and wrote "Unsurprisingly, The War Zone affects viewers much more powerfully than a simple morality tale might. It is not simply about the evil of incest, but about its dynamic, about the way it does play upon guilt and shame, and address old and secret wounds. ... Roth is one of the best actors now working, and with this movie he reveals himself as a director of surprising gifts. I cannot imagine The War Zone being better directed by anyone else, even though Ingmar Bergman and Ken Loach come to mind. Roth and his actors, and Stuart's screenplay, understand these people and their situation down to the final nuance, and are willing to let silence, timing and visuals reveal what dialogue would cheapen. Not many movies bring you to a dead halt of sorrow and empathy. This one does."
Emanuel Levy wrote in Variety that "Unlike most actors-turned-directors, Roth doesn't commit the mistake of letting his cast indulge in big, theatrical scenes with long monologues and mega-close-ups. Under his guidance, Seamus McGarvey's luminous camera observes the family from the right distance – neither too close nor too detached – allowing viewers to watch and make up their own minds about the tangled web of relationships. As discerning as Roth's helming is, pic's overall impact largely depends on its superb ensemble and perfect casting. Special kudos go to newcomers Cunliffe and Belmont, who, despite a lack of acting experience, render multi-shaded performances that always ring true. Winstone is terrifyingly explosive as Dad. In a quiet role that's a departure from her previous work, Swinton shines as Mum, a woman so preoccupied with her baby that she's unaware of the crises tearing apart her family. Boasting first-rate production values and resplendent from first frame to last, The War Zone is a gem of a movie."
James Berardinelli wrote "The War Zone is a devastating motion picture; it's the kind of movie that stuns an audience so absolutely that they remain paralyzed in their seats through the end credits. In his handling of the material, Roth shows more ability than many accomplished, veteran filmmakers. He paints Devon as a grim, rainy place where darkness and grayness are always encroaching upon the light. Roth deals with the story in a way that does not insult the viewer's intelligence. There is much ambiguity to be found here."
Accolades
The film was nominated for the following awards:
References
External links
1990s teen drama films
1999 films
British teen drama films
1990s English-language films
European Film Awards winners (films)
Films about child sexual abuse
Films about dysfunctional families
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Tim Roth
Films scored by Simon Boswell
Films set in Devon
Films shot in Devon
Films shot in London
Incest in film
1999 directorial debut films
1999 drama films
1990s British films |
4035083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Chamberlin | Paul Chamberlin | Paul Chamberlin (born March 26, 1962) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
Chamberlin won one doubles title (1989, Bristol) during his career. After playing college tennis at the University of Arizona, the right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 46 in January 1990.
Chamberlin made the quarterfinals at Wimbledon in 1989, beating Gary Muller, Thomas Högstedt, Nick Fulwood and Leif Shiras before losing to eventual champion Boris Becker.
ATP career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Doubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Doubles: 1 (1–0)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
External links
1962 births
American male tennis players
Arizona Wildcats men's tennis players
Living people
Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Tennis people from Ohio |
4035087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne%20Roosevelt%20Robinson | Corinne Roosevelt Robinson | Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (September 27, 1861 – February 17, 1933) was an American poet, writer and lecturer. She was also the younger sister of former President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt and an aunt of future First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt.
Early years
Corinne Roosevelt was born on September 27, 1861, at 28 East 20th Street in New York City, the fourth and youngest child of businessman/philanthropist Theodore "Thee" Roosevelt Sr. and socialite Martha Stewart "Mittie" Bulloch. Her siblings were Anna (called "Bamie" or "Bye"), Theodore Jr. (who became president), and Elliott (the father of future First Lady of the United States Anna Eleanor Roosevelt). As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt Corinne was a descendant of the Schuyler family. She received most of her education from private tutors.
Corinne was best friends with Edith Kermit Carow, her brother T.R.'s second wife and later the First Lady of the United States. Theodore Sr. was a supporter of the North during the Civil War, while Mittie supported the South. Mittie's home state was Georgia, and she had moved to New York only because of her marriage to Theodore. Mittie's brothers were members of the Confederate Navy. However, the conflict between Corinne's parents' political loyalties did not prevent her from experiencing a privileged childhood, including the best schools and regular travel, or the formal debut into society expected of the daughters of prominent families.
Career
Robinson began writing at an early age, through the encouragement of her friends, in particular Edith Wharton who helped critique her poetry. In 1911, Robinson published her first poem, "The Call of Brotherhood", in Scribner's Magazine. Her first book of poems of the same title was published in 1912. This volume was quickly followed by One Woman to Another and Other Poems (1914) dedicated to her daughter, also named Corinne, commemorating the loss of Robinson's brother Elliott and son, Stewart.
Other volumes of poetry by Robinson include Service and Sacrifice (1919) dedicated to her brother Theodore Roosevelt, The Poems of Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (1924), and Out of Nymph (1930) dedicated to Charles Scribner. She also wrote the prose memoir My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (1924).
Political career
Robinson was a member of the executive committee of the Republican National Committee and the New York State Republican Committee. During the election of 1920, Robinson became the first woman ever called upon to second the nomination of a national party convention candidate; speaking before a crowd of 14,000, she endorsed General Leonard Wood as the 1920 Republican candidate for president. After Wood lost the nomination to Harding, Robinson came out strongly for Harding and his vice-presidential candidate, Calvin Coolidge. In the 1924 election, she served as a member of Coolidge's advisory committee. Also in 1924, she wrote a letter to The New York Times commenting on the election loss of her nephew, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., for Governor of New York.
Despite being a prominent Republican, Corinne voted for her fifth cousin and nephew-in-law Franklin when he ran for Governor of New York in 1928, and in 1932 when he was elected President of the United States. During the 1932 election, she declined the designation of a Republican elector-at-large, and wrote to Franklin saying that she had refused to take an active part in the campaign. She also stated that:
You must understand why I cannot comment on the national campaign. My own beloved niece is the wife of the Democratic candidate. She is the daughter of the brother who was nearer to me in age than Theodore. For her I have the deepest affection and respect. So, much as I would like to pay the highest tribute to President Hoover, I cannot do so in this campaign.
Personal life
On April 29, 1882, she married Douglas Robinson Jr. (1855–1918), son of Douglas Robinson Sr. and Frances (née Monroe) Robinson at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church. Robinson's maternal grandfather, James Monroe (1799–1870), a member of the House of Representatives, was a nephew of U.S. President James Monroe (1758–1831). Their marriage produced four children:
Theodore Douglas Robinson (1883–1934), a member of the New York State Senate who married his distant cousin, Helen Rebecca Roosevelt (1881–1962), daughter of James Roosevelt "Rosey" Roosevelt (1854–1927) and Helen Schermerhorn Astor (1855–1893) of the Astor family, and half-niece of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Corinne Douglas Robinson (1886–1971), a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives.
Monroe Douglas Robinson (1887–1944) who married Dorothy Jordan, the daughter of merchant Eben D. Jordan and granddaughter of Eben Dyer Jordan.
Stewart Douglas Robinson (1889–1909), who died after falling out of his college dormitory window after sustaining a head injury at a party.
Throughout the 1920s, Robinson's health failed her a number of times and she had a total of sixteen eye surgeries.
Robinson died on February 17, 1933, age 71, of pneumonia, in New York City, less than a month before Franklin was inaugurated as President. Her funeral was held at St. Bartholomew's Protestant Episcopal Church and was attended by more than 1,000 people, including President-elect Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, Sara Roosevelt, Anna Roosevelt, and Curtis B. Dall. The bulk of her estate was divided among her three surviving children with smaller bequests made to grandchildren, nephews, friends and institutions. She left all real and personal property she had received from her uncle, Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt to her daughter, Corinne. The household furniture, residue of the property, including $30,000 left to her by another uncle, James King Gracie (1840–1903), was to be shared equally among her children. A portrait of Harriet Douglas (1790–1872), sister-in-law of James Monroe, painted by Sir William Beechey, was left to her grandson, Douglas Robinson (1906-1964), of whom Harriet was his great-great-great aunt.
A memorial was held for her by the Women's Roosevelt Memorial Association, of which she was a director, at Roosevelt House at 28 East 20th Street. The benediction was pronounced by the Rev. Dr. Henry Sloane Coffin. The Association also planned a memorial fund in her honor to augment the Roosevelt endowment fund for the preservation of the Roosevelt House. In 1942, two oriental plane trees were planted in front of the Roosevelt House and dedicated to the memory of Anna Roosevelt Cowles and Corinne.
Residences and clubs
Robinson, who was born at the Roosevelt House at 28 East 20th Street in New York City, had her own home in New York City at 147 East 61st Street, as well as a country home called Gelston Castle in Mohawk near Jordanville, New York where she cultivated her interest in flowers.
In 1925, she leased her former home, 422 and 424 Madison Avenue, a five-story building adjoining the southwest corner of 49th Street, to Bernard A. Ottenberg and Roy Foster for a period of 80 years with annual rent of about $25,000 a year for the first 20 years. At the time, the entire building was occupied by the Braus Art Galleries. After the expiration of the Braus lease, the new lessees planned to construct a nine-story store and loft building with foundations for twelve to fifteen stories.
She was a member of the Colony Club, Cosmopolitan Club, Women's National Republican Club, Town Hall Club, MacDowell Club and Essex Country Club.
Descendants
Robinson was the grandmother of columnists Joseph Wright Alsop V (1910–1989) and Stewart Johonnot Oliver Alsop (1914–1974).
Some published works
The Call of Brotherhood (1912) (poetry)
One Woman to Another and Other Poems (1914) (poetry)
Service and Sacrifice (1919) (poetry)
The Poems of Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (1924) (poetry)
Out of Nymph (1930) (poetry) dedicated to Charles Scribner
My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (1924) Biography of her brother Theodore Roosevelt
My Brother The 26 (1932) (poetry)
References
Sources
Howard Hilles-Corinne Roosevelt Robinson Collection – Special Collections – University Libraries at www.wmich.edu
External links
1861 births
1933 deaths
Roosevelt family
Writers from New York City
New York (state) Republicans
American women poets
People included in New York Society's Four Hundred
20th-century American poets
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City |
4035088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville%20Bulletin | Townsville Bulletin | The Townsville Bulletin is a daily newspaper published in Townsville, Queensland, Australia, formerly known as the Townsville Daily Bulletin. It is the only daily paper that serves the northern Queensland region. The paper has a print edition, a subscription World Wide Web edition, and a subscription digital edition.
The newspaper is published by The North Queensland Newspaper Company Pty Ltd, which has been a subsidiary of News Limited since 1984. News Limited is Australia's largest newspaper publisher and a subsidiary of News Corporation associated with Rupert Murdoch.
The newspaper employs over 100 people.
The Bulletin is published Monday through Saturday, with a higher price on the Saturday edition. It is in tabloid format. In 2006 the Bulletin had a readership (average) Monday to Friday of 84,000 (up 15.5% on 2005) and weekend readership (avg) of 104,000 (up 1.96% on 2005) and circulation (avg) of 27,187 Monday to Friday, weekend circulation (avg) of 41,814.
History
The town of Townsville's early newspaper was The Cleveland Bay Herald and Northern Pioneer which came into existence on 3 March 1866, which was soon renamed as the Cleveland Bay Express, and later became the Townsville Herald. The Townsville Bulletin was then established on 5 September 1881 by Edward Rhode, John Kiley Mehan (–1941) and Dodd Smith Clarke (–July 1918). Rhode, Mehan, and Clarke had previously started a newspaper in Cairns.
Co-founder and first editor Clarke was credited as 'mainly instrumental through his brilliant writings in making the venture the success it proved'. It was priced at three pence, a 50% reduction on that of the two other local newspapers, and became a daily publication on 1 January 1883. Out of this, the North Queensland Bulletin was launched as a weekly journal by mid-1883.
With the formation of the Townsville Newspaper Company in 1884, the Townsville Herald was acquired, and later merged into the Bulletin. It would appear as the North Queensland Herald.
The Bulletin offices were first in a premises on the eastern side of Stokes Street, before moving to a larger premises at south-eastern corner of Flinders and Stanley Streets from 1887 to 1896. The company then moved to the south-western corner of the intersection, until November 1908 when they moved further west on Flinders Street to a two-story building. Prior to air conditioning systems, the building was selected for cool air flow, and had installed an electric fan system.
The original newspaper was printed on a double demy Albion hand press, followed about 1883 by a gas engine powering a small single feeder Inglis machine – which printed two pages at a time, resulting in 250 newspapers an hour – before settling on a Cox Duplex rotary self-feeding and folding machine, able to turn out 1000 eight-page broadsheet by 1909. Electricity had also been installed, but with gas lighting maintained in case of emergency.
Staffing-wise, the 1881 start saw three proprietors and a boy; by 1909, eight staff had over twenty years service with the company.
A fire of the premises on 18 October 1912 destroyed much of the newspaper's early records. Described as completely gutted other than for the strong-room, insurance amounts totalled £13,680. The newspaper continued for the moment between the Evening Star and Northern Miner offices.
The Bulletin was later amalgamated with The Northern Miner, and in 1940, it incorporated The Townsville Evening Star.
Modern era
In 1984, the Townsville Daily Bulletin was acquired by News Corp Australia and renamed as the Townsville Bulletin.
The newspaper chartered a Boeing 747 to take North Queensland fans to the 2005 NRL grand final, the Cowboys' first.
It was awarded News Limited's Regional Newspaper of the Year in 2009.
Personnel
John Gagliardi, editor, 1970s
Geoff Hill, journalist, 1980s.
Christopher Mitchell, journalist, 1970s.
Alexander Vindex Vennard, writer under the pen names of Bill Bowyang, Frank Reid, and Maurice Deane, 1920s to 1940s. Vennard also wrote for The North Queensland Register.
Aerial photos and maps
(requires Javascript)
Digitisation
The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.
See also
Media in Townsville
References
External links
Newspapers published in Queensland
Townsville
News Corp Australia
Publications established in 1881
1881 establishments in Australia
Daily newspapers published in Australia
Newspapers on Trove |
4035097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zillow | Zillow | Zillow Group, Inc., or simply Zillow, is an American tech real-estate marketplace company that was founded in 2006, and was created by Rich Barton and Lloyd Frink, former Microsoft executives and founders of Microsoft spin-off Expedia; Spencer Rascoff, a co-founder of Hotwire.com; David Beitel, Zillow's current chief technology officer; and Kristin Acker, Zillow's current senior vice president of experience design.
Barton is the current CEO of Zillow, Inc.
Business model
Zillow has stated that it is a media company that generates revenue by selling advertising on its website. In April 2009, Zillow announced a partnership to lend its real-estate search engine to the websites of more than 180 United States newspapers as a part of the Zillow Newspaper Consortium. Zillow shares advertising revenue from the co-branded sites with the newspapers and extends its reach into local markets.
In February 2011, Zillow and Yahoo! Real Estate launched an exclusive partnership creating the largest real-estate advertising network on the web, according to comScore Media Metrix.
Zillow now allows renters to pay rent online to their landlords for properties on the Zillow Rental Manager tool. Zillow charges renters a transaction fee when using debit or credit cards to pay their landlord. However, renters also have a no-fee option to pay their rent by using ACH.
In 2018, Zillow Group began operations as a blanket referral-fee network without an upfront cost called Zillow Flex. Once brokers close a home transaction with a client, they pay a referral fee out of escrow to Zillow. In areas where Flex partner brokers operate alongside brokers who pay for Zillow Premier Agent upfront, leads and connections flow through the same system and are allocated randomly to partner brokers. Blanket referral fees paid to Zillow Group are not disclosed to consumers, but likely range between 30 and 40% of the entire broker's commission. The main qualification for real-estate brokers who participate with Zillow Flex Program is their willingness to pay a blanket referral fee once the transaction is complete.
History
Barton got the inspiration for funding Zillow when he was working at Microsoft and he realized that the real-estate industry would be transformed. In December 2004, Zillow was incorporated; Zillow's website was launched in February 2006. In 2010, Spencer Rascoff was named CEO of the company. Barton stayed as executive chairman. In April 2018, Zillow entered the on-demand home-buying market with Zillow Offers. In February 2019, Barton returned as CEO to lead the transition.
In 2018, Zillow signed a partnership with Century 21 Canada to begin listing Canadian properties on the site, marking the first country outside the United States to be covered by the company.
In February 2020, Zillow's stock was up 18% after going down for four years. In March of the same year, the CEO of Zillow announced a cut in expenses by 25%, and stopped hiring due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2021, Zillow announced plans to increase the workforce by 40% by hiring more than 2,000 employees nationwide by the end of 2021.
Zillow began purchasing homes in 2018/2019 with the goal of becoming a market maker with a per-unit target of within +/− 200 basis points (+/− 2%) of breakeven. In November 2021, Zillow CEO Rich Barton announced the company would shutter the i-buying part of the business, sell its existing inventory, and lay off 25% of its employees. When Barton announced the company would cease purchasing homes, Zillow owned about 7,000 houses. The division responsible for acquiring and selling homes, Zillow Offers, resulted in the company losing $420 million in the third quarter of 2021.
Acquisitions
In April 2011, Zillow acquired Postlets, an online real-estate listing creation and distribution platform. Terms of the deal were not disclosed publicly.
In November 2011, Zillow acquired Diverse Solutions for $7.8 million.
In May 2012, Zillow acquired RentJuice, a software-as-a-service company that allows landlords and property managers to market and lease their rental properties through a set of online tools. RentJuice was acquired for $40 million.
On October 31, 2012, Zillow acquired real-estate shopping and collaboration platform Buyfolio.
On November 5, 2012, Zillow acquired Lincoln, Nebraska-based mortgage-technology company Mortech for $17 million.
On November 26, 2012, Zillow acquired HotPads for $16 million. HotPads, founded in 2005, lists real estate and rental listings on a map-based web interface.
On August 19, 2013, Zillow acquired StreetEasy for $50 million.
On July 16, 2014, Zillow acquired Retsly, a Vancouver, B.C.-based startup that helps developers access real-estate data from multiple listing services (MLS).
On July 28, 2014, Zillow announced a deal to buy Trulia for $3.5 billion.
On February 17, 2015, Zillow announced the completion of its acquisition of Trulia and the formation of the Zillow Group brand portfolio.
On July 22, 2015, Zillow Group announced it would acquire Dotloop for $108 million.
On January 3, 2016, Zillow Group announced it would acquire Naked Apartments for $13 million.
On August 2, 2016, Zillow Group acquired Bridge Interactive.
On September 8, 2017, Zillow Group acquired New Home Feed.
On November 1, 2018, Zillow Group acquired Overland Park, Kansas based national mortgage lender, Mortgage Lenders of America.
In February 2021, Zillow announced that it had entered into an agreement to purchase ShowingTime, which itself had earlier acquired Showing Suite for $500 million.
Website features
Zillow has data on roughly 110 million homes across the United States. The company offers several features, including value estimates of homes, value changes of each home in a given time frame, aerial views of homes, and prices of comparable homes in the area. It also provides basic information on a given home, such as square footage and the number of bedrooms and bathrooms. Users can also get estimates of homes that have undergone significant changes, such as a remodeled kitchen.
In December 2006, Zillow launched features allowing users to post homes for sale and set a "Make Me Move" price (an informal way to market a home), as well as a real estate wiki. That same year, Zillow teamed with Microsoft to offer a feature in Microsoft Virtual Earth that shows aerial photographs.
In December 2009, Zillow expanded its listings to include rental homes.
In late 2013, Zillow began powering AOL Real Estate. In July 2014, Zillow also took over the real-estate portal for MSN Real Estate. In October 2017, Zillow announced to add three-dimensional tours to get 360° photos of houses customers are interested in buying or renting.
In July 2018, Zillow released a tool for prospective renters to submit a credit check and eviction history report to landlords.
The company reportedly had 36 million unique visitors in January 2019.
Zillow Mortgage Marketplace
On April 3, 2008, Zillow launched a service called Zillow Mortgage Marketplace. This service allows for borrowers to get custom loan quotes without revealing personally identifying information.
Zillow Mobile
Zillow Mobile apps allow users to view nearby homes based on the user's location.
April 29, 2009 – iPhone application
March 18, 2010 – Android application
April 2, 2010 – iPad application
March 31, 2011 – Blackberry application
July 13, 2012 – Windows Phone application
November 27, 2013 – Windows 8.1 application
November 2015 – Apple TV application
Zillow Advice
On December 16, 2008, Zillow launched Zillow Advice, allowing people to ask real-estate questions online and get answers from the website's community of experts.
Real-estate market reports
Zillow produces home value reports for the nation and over 130 metropolitan statistical areas. The reports identify market trends, including 5- and 10-year annualized change, negative equity, short sales, and foreclosure transactions.
Zillow also releases a Homeowner Confidence Survey. The survey is conducted by Harris Interactive and measures homeowners' perceptions about home-value changes of their own home and the local market.
Neighborhood boundary maps (GIS data)
The Zillow data team has created a database of nearly 7,544 neighborhood boundaries in the largest cities in the U.S. and made them available via Creative Commons Attribute-Sharealike license.
Zestimate
Zillow determines an estimate, also known as a "Zestimate", for a home based on a range of publicly available information, including sales of comparable houses in a neighborhood. According to Zillow, the Zestimate is a starting point in determining a home's value. The accuracy of the Zestimate varies by location depending on how much information is publicly available, but Zillow allows users to check the accuracy of Zestimates in their own region against actual sales.
In March 2011, Zillow released Rent Zestimates, which provide estimated rent prices for 90 million homes.
On June 14, 2011, Zillow changed its algorithm used to calculate Zestimates. In addition to changing the current Zestimate for millions of homes throughout the country, Zillow changed historical Zestimate value information dating back to 2006.
On June 15, 2021 Zillow reported that it updated how it calculates the Zestimate for off-market homes, so to be more responsive to local trends and seasonality that may affect a home’s market value and includes even more historical data to improve accuracy.
Critique of Zestimate accuracy
In 2007, The Wall Street Journal studied the accuracy of Zillow's estimates and found that they "often are very good, frequently within a few percentage points of the actual price paid. But when Zillow is bad, it can be terrible."
In October 2006, the National Community Reinvestment Coalition filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission stating that Zillow was "intentionally misleading consumers and real-estate professionals to rely upon the accuracy of its valuation services despite the full knowledge of the company officials that their valuation Automated Valuation Model (AVM) mechanism is highly inaccurate and misleading." In a letter dated May 4, 2007, the FTC elected not to investigate this complaint, which was later withdrawn by the NCRC.
Using data published on the Zillow website, the typical Zestimate error in the United States in July 2016 was $14,000.
Controversy and lawsuits
While factors contributing to estimates are described elsewhere, Zillow seemingly overemphasises home square footage as the major metric driving property valuation. This method may not be unique to Zillow, but unduly distorts value expectations. Listings in areas where land is priced at high premiums often reflect an identical Zillow estimate to that of nearby homes with comparable interior square footage, but where the home might be decades older. Condition, age of home, special features, and proximity to nuisances are insufficiently factored into the estimate. Zillow has made some effort to add balance by including option for owners to provide their own value estimate, but these figures can be similarly unreliable as being opinion instead of quantifiable.
In 2014, Zillow faced several lawsuits from former employees at the Zillow operation in Irvine, California, alleging violations of California Labor Code and California Business and Professions Code. On February 26, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California certified the class to include anyone who worked as an inside sales consultant at Zillow between November 2010 and January 2015. Among the numerous allegations brought by high-profile attorneys Bobby Samini and Mark Geragos, Zillow is accused of failing to pay wages, failing to pay overtime pay, and failing to provide meal and rest breaks. Zillow responded: "the narrative being pushed by this law firm through their multiple lawsuits is completely inconsistent with those who know and work with Zillow...the behavior described does not accurately depict our culture or the 1,200 Zillow employees."
In addition, Samini and Geragos represented a former Zillow employee in a sexual harassment action against the company, alleging "sexual torture" and "the most heinous acts of sexual harassment imaginable". According to the lawsuit, Zillow's Southern California office represents an "adult frat house where sexual harassment and misconduct are normalized, condoned, and promoted by male managers." Based on the allegations against the company, Samini has called Zillow a "modern day Animal House." On May 5, 2016, Zillow settled the action for an undisclosed amount, without admitting any wrongdoing.
In 2017, Zillow sent a cease-and-desist letter to Kate Wagner, the author of McMansion Hell, a blog that lampooned the presentations of ostentatious homes found on the site. Wagner was represented by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Zillow later released a statement saying it had "decided against moving forward with legal action" on the matter.
References
External links
Companies based in Seattle
Online real estate databases
Real estate valuation
American companies established in 2004
Real estate companies established in 2004
Internet properties established in 2006
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
2004 establishments in Washington (state)
2011 initial public offerings
American real estate websites |
4035098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruff%20Draft | Ruff Draft | Ruff Draft is an EP reissued as a studio album by American hip hop producer and rapper J Dilla released under the moniker "Jay Dee". It was originally released in February 2003 as an EP, by his then-newly founded label, Mummy Records, and distributed by Groove Attack, a German record label. In 2007, Ruff Draft was extended, remastered, and posthumously re-released as a "solo album" by Stones Throw Records. The re-release sold 8,049 copies in its first week, J Dilla's largest first-week sales as a solo artist.
Overview
The original vinyl release of Ruff Draft is now out-of-print. Although the album is one of Jay Dee's lesser known works, it includes some of his most abstract and experimental work, all self-produced, and recorded in under a week.
As stated in the introduction of the album, it's a noncommercial sounding lo-fi hip hop album, which sees the producer playfully toying with different styles, such as on "Nothing Like This," where his vocals are distorted and skewered over an equally eccentric production featuring a sample played backwards. The result mirrors the more off-center moments on Common's Electric Circus, which Dilla also worked on. In regards to the project's name and creation, Dilla has stated:
″That was a quickie. I did it in four or five days, turned it in and had wax in ten days. If I'm not doing beats for somebody, I make stuff for me to drive around and listen to, and that was one of those projects. I was just doing me. That's why it was called the 'Ruff Draft' EP.″
Stones Throw Records re-issued the album on CD and vinyl on March 20, 2007. The re-release is remastered from the original master tapes, with sound engineers taking steps to maintain the original release's integrity, along with additional songs, as well as an instrumental CD.
Notes
Ruff Draft was released after the artist began using the name J Dilla but the cover still lists 'Jay Dee'.
It is also the first release to bear the name 'Jaylib' (in the liner notes); J Dilla and Madlib's group which would not debut until a few months after the release of Ruff Draft.
Jaylib's "Ice" contains lyrics heard in the final seconds of the Ruff Draft track "Make'em NV".
J Dilla went on a short promotional tour in 2003, performing DJ sets with Dank of Frank-N-Dank following the release of Ruff Draft:
Jan. 15th — Helsinki FIN at Kerma Club
Jan. 17th — Eindhoven, NL at Effenaar
Jan. 18th — Bienne, SWI at La Coupole
Jan. 19th — Paris, FR at Divan du Monde
Jan. 24th — Gothenburg, SWD
Jan. 25th — Malmo, SWD at Inkonst Quality
Jan. 26th — Stockholm, SWD at Mosebacke Est.
Track listing
Samples Used
"Lets Take It Back" contains interpolated lyrics from "Verses From the Abstract" by A Tribe Called Quest and samples of "Pause" by Jay Dee (featuring Frank-N-Dank)
"Reckless Driving" contains interpolated lyrics from "What?" by A Tribe Called Quest and samples of "Pause" by Jay Dee
"The $" contains interpolated lyrics from "Paid In Full" by Eric B & Rakim and samples of "Dooinit" by Common , "Pause" by Jay Dee and "Escape (I Need A Break)" by Whodini
"Make 'Em NV" contains samples of "La Rotta" by John Renbourn and "Ante Up" by M.O.P.
"Crushin'" contains samples of "Sweet Stuff" by Sylvia Robinson
"Intro (Alt.)" contains samples of "Hold You Close" by P'taah
"Wild" contains samples of "Cum On Feel the Noize" by Neil Innes & Son
"Take Notice" contains samples of "Soul Love" by David Bowie and "Phase By Phase" by Peter Baumann
References
External links
Ruff Draft reissued
J Dilla albums
Albums produced by J Dilla
2003 EPs
Stones Throw Records EPs |
4035114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarkent | Jarkent | Jarkent (, Jarkent), formerly known as Panfilov (, until 1991) and Dzharkent (, until 1942), is a city which serves as the administrative center of Panfilov District in the Almaty Region, Kazakhstan. It is located near the Usek river, not far from the Ili river. The city's population totaled 42,617 as of 2019.
The town was founded in 1882 as Jarkent. From 1942 until 1991 it was named Panfilov after Ivan Panfilov, the Russian World War II hero who died in battle in 1941. Jarkent is well known for its nineteenth-century great mosque, commissioned by a wealthy merchant and community leader named Vali Bay. It is notable for its unique mix of Chinese and Central Asian styles of architecture.
Climate
Demographics
The city's population stood at 42,617 as of 2019; and
References
Populated places in Almaty Region
Semirechye Oblast
Populated places established in 1882 |
4035117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik%20K%C3%BChnen | Patrik Kühnen | Patrik Kühnen (born 11 February 1966) is a German former professional tennis player, who turned professional in 1985.
Kühnen had his biggest career singles win in the fourth round at Wimbledon in 1988 when he beat Jimmy Connors en route to the quarterfinals in which he lost to eventual champion Stefan Edberg. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on May 15, 1989, when he became the number 43 of the world. He won three doubles titles during his career. He was part of the German Davis Cup teams that won the competition in 1988 and 1993. Since 2003 he is the captain for Germany's Davis Cup team and also coaches the German team in the World Team Cup which won the competition in 2005 and 2011.
Career finals
Singles: 2 (2 runners-up)
Doubles: 3 (3 titles – 3 runners-up)
External links
1966 births
Living people
German male tennis players
Hopman Cup competitors
People from Püttlingen
West German male tennis players
German tennis coaches |
4035136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva | Xàtiva | Xàtiva (, ) is a town in eastern Spain, in the province of Valencia, on the right (western) bank of the river Albaida and at the junction of the Valencia–Murcia and Valencia Albacete railways. It is located 25 km west of the Mediterranean Sea. During the Al-Andalus Islamic era, Arabs brought the technology to manufacture paper to Xàtiva. In the 12th century, Xàtiva was known for its schools, education, and learning circles. Islamic scholar Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi's last name refers to Xàtiva where he lived and died.
After the Reconquista by Northern Christian kingdoms and the following Christian repopulation, the city became the cradle of one of the most powerful and controversial families of the Renaissance, the House of Borgia, which produced Popes like Callixtus III (Alfonso de Borgia) and Alexander VI (Rodrigo de Borgia).
History
Xàtiva (Saetabis in Latin) was famous in Roman times for its linen fabrics, mentioned by the Latin poets Ovid and Catullus. Xàtiva is also known as an early European centre of paper manufacture. In the 12th century, Arabs brought the technology to manufacture paper to Xàtiva ( Shāṭiba).
It is the birthplace of two popes, Callixtus III and Alexander VI, and also the painter José Ribera (Lo Spagnoletto). It suffered a dark moment in its history at the hands of Philip V of Spain, who, after his victory at the Battle of Almansa during the War of the Spanish Succession, had the city besieged then ordered it to be burned and renamed San Felipe. In memory of the insult, the portrait of the monarch hangs upside down in the local museum of l'Almodí.
Xàtiva was briefly a provincial capital under the short-lived 1822 territorial division of Spain, during the Trienio Liberal. The Province of Xàtiva was revoked with the return to absolutism in 1823.
Main sights
Xàtiva is built on the margin of a fertile plain, and on the northern slopes of the Monte Vernissa, a hill with two peaks crowned by Xativa Castle.
The Collegiate Basilica, dating from 1414, but rebuilt about a century later in the Renaissance style, was formerly a cathedral, and is the chief among many churches and convents. The town-hall and a church on the castle hill are partly constructed of inscribed Roman masonry, and several houses date from the Moorish period.
Other sights include:
Royal Monastery of the Assumption, Gothic and Baroque style, built during the 14th century and renovated in the 16th–18th centuries.
Natal house of the Pope Alexander VI.
Sant Feliu (St Felix) – 13th century church.
Sant Pere (St Peter)-14th century church. The interior has a Coffered ceiling decorated in Gothic-Mudéjar style.
Hermitage of Santa Anna (15th century), in Gothic style
Almodí, a 14th-century Gothic edifice (1530–1548) now housing a Museum
Casa de la Enseñanza, Xàtiva
Sant Francesc
Village of Anahuir
Notable people
Abu al-Qasim al-Shatibi (538–590 AH / 1144–1194 CE)
Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (720–790 AH / 1320–1388 CE)
Pope Calixtus III (1378–1458)
Pope Alexander VI (1431–1503)
Tomás Cerdán de Tallada (1530–1614)
Diego Ramírez de Arellano (1580–1624)
Jusepe de Ribera (1591–1652)
Jaime Villanueva (1765–1824)
Raimon (1940–)
Joan Ramos (1942–)
Toni Cucarella (1959-)
Feliu Ventura (1976–)
Gallery
See also
Route of the Borgias
References
External links
Route of the Borgias |
4035145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawor%C3%B3w | Jaworów | Jaworów may refer to:
Jaworów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Jaworów, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Jaworów, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
the Polish name for the town of Yavoriv in Ukraine
See also
Jaworowo (disambiguation) |
4035155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavoriv | Yavoriv | Yavoriv (, ; ; ; ) is a city in the Lviv region of western Ukraine which is around 15 kilometers from the Polish border. It is the administrative centre of Yavoriv Raion and is situated approximately west of the oblast capital, Lviv. Yavoriv hosts the administration of Yavoriv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Its population is approximately .
Not far from it is the watering-place of Shklo with sulphur springs.
History
The town was first mentioned in written documents in 1436. It received Magdeburg rights in 1569, from Polish King Sigismund II Augustus. Jaworów was a royal town of Poland. It was a favorite residence of king John III Sobieski. In 1675 John III signed the Polish-French Treaty of Jaworów in the town, and there he also received the congratulations from the Pope on his success against the Turks at Vienna (1683).
Until the Partitions of Poland, Jaworów was an important center of commerce, located along main merchant route from Jarosław to Lwów. In 1772 it was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, as part of Austrian Galicia, where it remained until late 1918. In Galicia, it was the seat of a county, with the population of almost 11,000 (Poles, Jews, Ukrainians and Czechs).
In the immediate post-World War I period, the area of Jaworów witnessed fights of the Polish-Ukrainian War. After the war, the town became part of the Second Polish Republic, where it remained until the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in September 1939. The Jews of the village were merchants or artisans. There was a synagogue.
During the invasion of Poland, on 14-16 September, 1939, Poles defeated invading Germans in the Battle of Jaworów. Despite the victory, the town soon fell to the Soviets, and was under Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941, and then under German occupation until 1944.
The Jewish population before the German occupation on 26 June 1941 was around 3000. Several hundred Jews were sent to local forced labor camps or to the Belzec extermination camp. A few were transferred to a labour camp in Lviv.
In 1944 the town was re-occupied by the Soviets, and in 1945 it was eventually annexed from Poland by the Soviet Union.
After the war, the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission reported that more than 4900 people, most of them Jews, had been killed in Yavoriv, in addition to those sent to Belzec. Only about 20 of the town's Jews were thought to have survived.
On 27 May 1947 the UPA blew up the statue of Lenin.
In the decades between the 1960s and 1990s the town was a sulphur mining centre; excavation pits and degenerated lands remain between Yavoriv and Novoiavorivsk.
On 10 December 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union it became part of Ukraine.
On 13 March 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russians bombed the military base in Yavoriv. A Russian military spokesperson claimed the attack killed up to 180 foreign mercenaries. The Ukrainian side claimed there were at least 35 dead and 134 injured. The attack was heard in neighbouring Poland.
Notable people
Among notable people born here are Władysław Langner (General of the Polish Army), Stanisław Nowakowski (president of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association), and mathematician Wawrzyniec Żmurko. Noted Jewish commentator Rabbi David Altschuler was born or served as rabbi at the local synagogue.
Gallery
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Yavoriv is twinned with:
See also
Battle of Jaworow
References
Yavoriv, Ukraine
Official Website Statistics
Yavorov Jewish History
Cities in Lviv Oblast
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Lwów Voivodeship
Shtetls
Cities of district significance in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Ukraine |
4035158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Antonitsch | Alex Antonitsch | Alexander Antonitsch (born 8 February 1966) is a former tennis player from Austria, who turned professional in 1988.
Antonitsch won one singles title (1990, Seoul) and four doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 9 July 1990, when he became the world No. 40.
From 1983 to 1996, he was a member of the Austrian Davis Cup team, playing 27 matches, mainly doubles; his biggest Davis Cup success was reaching the semifinals in 1990, when the Austrian team was on the brink of reaching the finals against the later 1990 Davis Cup winner USA.
Career finals
Singles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)
Doubles: 4 (4 titles)
External links
1966 births
Living people
Austrian male tennis players
Olympic tennis players of Austria
Sportspeople from Villach
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Hopman Cup competitors |
4035170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerez%20de%20los%20Caballeros | Jerez de los Caballeros | Jerez de los Caballeros () is a town of south-western Spain, in the province of Badajoz. It is located on two hills overlooking the River Ardila, a tributary of the Guadiana, 18 km east of the Portuguese border. The old town is surrounded by a Moorish wall with six gates. The newer portion is well built, and has numerous orange and other fruit trees. Its main industry is in agricultural production, especially in ham and bacon from herds of swine which are reared in the surrounding oak forests. The town is said to have been founded by Alfonso IX of Leon in 1229; in 1232 it was extended by his son Ferdinand III the Saint, who gave it to the Knights Templar. Hence the name Jerez de los Caballeros, Jerez of the Knights.
Jerez de los Caballeros is the birthplace of the explorers Hernando de Soto and Vasco Núñez de Balboa. On 10 May 1539, Hernando de Soto wrote in his will: "That a chapel be erected within the Church of San Miguel in Jerez de los Cabelleros, Spain, where De Soto grew up, at a cost of 2,000 ducats, with an altarpiece featuring the Virgin Mary, Our Lady of the Conception, that his tomb be covered in a fine black broadcloth topped by a red cross of the Order of the Knights of Santiago, and on special occasions a pall of black velvet with the De Soto coat of arms be placed on the altar; that a chaplain be hired at the salary of 12,000 maravedis to perform five masses every week for the souls of De Soto, his parents and wife; that thirty masses be said for him the day his body was interred, and twenty for our Lady of the Conception, ten for the Holy Ghost, sixty for souls in purgatory and masses for many others as well; that 150000 maravedis be given annually to his wife Isabel for her needs and an equal amount used yearly to marry off three orphan damsels...the poorest that can be found," who would then assist his wife and also serve to burnish the memory of De Soto as a man of charity and substance. However, De Soto ended up dead in the house of an Indian chief at the headwaters of the Arkansas River near present-day McArthur, Arkansas, and died an impoverished defeated man, with "four Indian slaves, three horses and 700 hogs".
References
External links
Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz |
4035175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeberos | Jeberos | Jeberos is a town in the Loreto Region of Peru. It is south of the Marañón River.
Jeberos is served by the Bellavista Airport.
References
Populated places in the Loreto Region |
4035180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick%20of%20It%20All%20%28EP%29 | Sick of It All (EP) | Sick of It All is the first 7" EP recording by New York hardcore punk band Sick of It All. It was the third-ever release via Revelation Records.
Initially, only 4,000 copies of the EP were manufactured (1,000 on standard black vinyl and 1,000 on red vinyl), followed by a limited numbered pressing of 300 copies earmarked for a record convention held at 924 Gilman Street in Berkeley, California, and then a final general-release press run of 2,000 copies. Afterwards, in 1988, eight of these songs were re-recorded and added to their first full-length album release, Blood, Sweat and No Tears, which is generally regarded as a landmark hardcore punk album.
Revelation reissued the EP on both vinyl and CD in 1997 to commemorate its 10th anniversary. SOIA lead singer Lou Koller contributed a special sleeve note to the reissue. The reissue vinyl was deliberately limited to 1,100 black vinyl copies and 102 grey vinyl copies. A final vinyl run of 300 white vinyl copies was released by Revelation in December 2001, and today only the CD edition remains in print.
Track listing
7" vinyl EP edition
Side one
"It's Clobberin' Time/Just Lies"
"Pete's Sake"
"Friends Like You"
"Bullshit Justice"
Side two
Pay the Price
Pushed Too Far/Give Respect
The Deal
N.S./My Revenge
1997 CD edition
It's Clobberin' Time
Just Lies
Pete's Sake
Friends Like You
Bullshit Justice
Pay the Price
Pushed Too Far
Give Respect
The Deal
N.S./My Revenge
The song title "It's Clobberin' Time" derives from the catchphrase made famous by the Marvel Comics character The Thing.
Personnel
Lou Koller – lead and backing vocals
Pete Koller – guitars and backing vocals
Rich Cipriano – bass guitar and backing vocals
Armand Majidi – drums and backing vocals
Note
On the EP, the band members were identified by their first names only and Majidi's given name is misspelled "Arman".
Production
Bob Vandermark – recording and mixing engineer
BJ Papas – photography
Jeff Weinraub – artwork
References
1987 EPs
Sick of It All albums
Revelation Records EPs |
4035183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage%20%28computer%20science%29 | Garbage (computer science) | In computer science, garbage includes data, objects, or other regions of the memory of a computer system (or other system resources), which will not be used in any future computation by the system, or by a program running on it. Because every computer system has a finite amount of memory, and most software produces garbage, it is frequently necessary to deallocate memory that is occupied by garbage and return it to the heap, or memory pool, for reuse.
Classification
Garbage is generally classified into two types: syntactic garbage, any object or data which is within a program's memory space but unreachable from the program's root set; and semantic garbage, any object or data which is never accessed by a running program for any combination of program inputs. Objects and data which are not garbage are said to be live.
Casually stated, syntactic garbage is data that cannot be reached, and semantic garbage is data that will not be reached. More precisely, syntactic garbage is data that is unreachable due to the reference graph (there is no path to it), which can be determined by many algorithms, as discussed in tracing garbage collection, and only requires analyzing the data, not the code. Semantic garbage is data that will not be accessed, either because it is unreachable (hence also syntactic garbage), or is reachable but will not be accessed; this latter requires analysis of the code, and is in general an undecidable problem.
Syntactic garbage is a (usually strict) subset of semantic garbage, as it is entirely possible for an object to hold a reference to another object without ever using that object.
Example
In the following simple stack implementation in Java, each element popped from the stack becomes semantic garbage once there are no outside references to it:
public class Stack {
private Object[] elements;
private int size;
public Stack(int capacity) {
elements = new Object[capacity];
}
public void push(Object e) {
elements[size++] = e;
}
public Object pop() {
return elements[--size];
}
}
This is because elements[] still contains a reference to the object, but the object will never be accessed again through this reference, because elements[] is private to the class and the pop method only returns references to elements it has not already popped. (After it decrements size, this class will never access that element again.) However, knowing this requires analysis of the code of the class, which is undecidable in general.
If a later push call re-grows the stack to the previous size, overwriting this last reference, then the object will become syntactic garbage, because it can never be accessed again, and will be eligible for garbage collection.
Automatic garbage collection
An example of the automatic collection of syntactic garbage, by reference counting garbage collection, can be produced using the Python command-line interpreter:
>>> class Foo:
... """This is an empty testing class."""
... pass
...
>>> bar = Foo()
>>> bar
<__main__.Foo object at 0x54f30>
>>> del bar
In this session, an object is created, its location in the memory is displayed, and the only reference to the object is then destroyed—there is no way to ever use the object again from this point on, as there are no references to it. This becomes apparent when we try to access the original reference:
>>> bar
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
NameError: name 'bar' is not defined
As it is now impossible to refer to the object, the object has become useless; it is garbage. Since Python uses garbage collection, it automatically deallocates the memory that was used for the object so that it may be used again:
>>> class Bar:
... """This is another testing class."""
... pass
...
>>> baz = Bar()
>>> baz
<__main__.Bar object at 0x54f30>
The instance now resides at the memory location ; at the same place as where our previous object, the instance, was located. Since the instance was destroyed, freeing up the memory used to contain it, the interpreter creates the object at the same memory location as before, making good use of the available resources.
Effects
Garbage consumes heap memory, and thus one wishes to collect it (to minimize memory use, allow faster memory allocation, and prevent out-of-memory errors by reducing heap fragmentation and memory use).
However, collecting garbage takes time and, if done manually, requires coding overhead. Further, collecting garbage destroys objects and thus can cause calls to finalizers, executing potentially arbitrary code at an arbitrary point in the program's execution. Incorrect garbage collection (deallocating memory that is not garbage), primarily due to errors in manual garbage collection (rather than errors in garbage collectors), results in memory safety violations (that often create security holes) due to use of dangling pointers.
Syntactic garbage can be collected automatically, and garbage collectors have been extensively studied and developed. Semantic garbage cannot be automatically collected in general, and thus causes memory leaks even in garbage-collected languages. Detecting and eliminating semantic garbage is typically done using a specialized debugging tool called a heap profiler, which allows one to see which objects are live and how they are reachable, enabling one to remove the unintended reference.
Eliminating garbage
The problem of managing the deallocation of garbage is well-known in computer science. Several approaches are taken:
Many operating systems reclaim the memory and resources used by a process or program when it terminates. Simple or short-lived programs which are designed to run in such environments can exit and allow the operating system to perform any necessary reclamation.
In systems or programming languages with manual memory management, the programmer must explicitly arrange for memory to be deallocated when it is no longer used. C and C++ are two well-known languages which support this model.
Garbage collection uses various algorithms to automatically analyze the state of a program, identify garbage, and deallocate it without intervention by the programmer. Many modern programming languages such as Java and Haskell provide automated garbage collection. However, it is not a recent development, as it has also been used in older languages such as LISP.
There is ongoing research to type-theoretic approaches (such as region inference) to identification and removal of garbage from a program. No general type-theoretic solution to the problem has been developed.
Notes
External links
Benjamin Pierce (editor), Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages, MIT Press (2005),
Richard Jones and Rafael Lins, Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automated Dynamic Memory Management, Wiley and Sons (1996),
Computer data
Computer programming |
4035185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantha%20Kalavitigoda | Shantha Kalavitigoda | Shantha Kalavitigoda (born December 23, 1977, Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in one Test in 2005. He was educated at Nalanda College Colombo. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Colts Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.
Shantha is the 101st Sri Lanka Test Cap [New Zealand Vs Sri Lanka at Wellington New Zealand 2004/05]
References
External links
Records to be shattered
Leslie Narangoda top sportsman an article written by PREMASARA Epasinghe
1977 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Basnahira North cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo
North Central Province cricketers |
4035186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutlicht | Flutlicht | Flutlicht is the artist name of Swiss trance music producers Daniel Heinzer (also known as DJ Natron) and Marco Guardia (also known as Reverb).
The two are most famous for their song Icarus, which came out on Drizzly Records in 2001. It was signed to over 150 compilations (over 3 million CDs) throughout the world. Their remixes were very sought after before Marco decided to quit producing trance in 2003. Mixes were produced for The Thrillseekers, Cosmic Gate, Talla 2XLC, and G&M Project, to name a few.
Their style is a kind of harder trance.
Artist Background
Flutlicht are two young producers from Winterthur, Switzerland: Daniel Heinzer and Marco Guardia. Daniel being Flutlicht's public face whilst Marco the technical mastermind behind their productions.
Daniel started deejaying about ten years ago at little events or in tiny Swiss clubs and ever since his passion for electronic music has grown stronger every day. His style of performing high quality trance and groovy techno has earned him a good reputation and as a result he has been booked for events such as Futurescope, Nautilus, Energy or Nature One in Germany.
Daniel toured the UK, the Netherlands, Scotland and Australia.
Flutlicht started with the single "Icarus", Drizzly Records 2001, licensed for more than 150 compilations worldwide. It was followed by "The Fall" in 2003.
Daniel was a frequent guest at radio shows in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Australia, South Africa, Israel, the US and Spain. His set at the Ministry of Sound at Rotation in London is well known.
Ever since the success with "Icarus", Flutlicht remixes are very much sought after. Acts such as Cosmic Gate, Talla 2XLC, the Thrillseekers or S.H.O.K.K. have gained a great deal from the filigree studiowork of Flutlicht.
Marco Guardia and Daniel Heinzer are no longer part of Flutlicht after quitting the project in 2003.
Singles
Flutlicht – "The Fall", 2002
Flutlicht – "Icarus", 2001
Flutlicht – "Ahmea", 2000
Flutlicht – "Mutterkorn", 2000
Flutlicht – "Das Siegel", 1999
Remixes
DuMonde – "God Music" (Flutlicht Remix), 2003
DJ Tatana – "Moments" (Flutlicht Remix), 2003
G&M Project – "Control Of Your Mind", 2003
Dream – "Get Over" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Ian Van Dahl – "Will I?" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Cosmic Gate – "Raging" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
The Freak – "The Melody, The Sound" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
The Thrillseekers – "Dreaming Of You" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Green Court Feat. Lina Rafn – "Silent Heart" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Talla 2XLC – "Can You Feel The Silence" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
The Mystery – "Devotion" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Marc Dawn – "Expander" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Sumatra – "Reincarnation" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
S.H.O.K.K. – "Isn't It All A Little Strange" (Flutlicht Remix), 2001
Alex Bartlett – "Amnesia" (Flutlicht vs. S.H.O.K.K. Remix), 2001
DJ Air – "Alone With Me" (Flutlicht Remix), 2001
Native – "Feel The Drums" (Flutlicht Remix), 2001
Tony Walker – "Fields Of Joy" (Flutlicht Remix), 2000
External links
Flutlicht on discogs.com
Official Flutlicht Facebook page
Official Flutlicht-site
Official Studio-site
Trance music groups
Swiss electronic music groups |
4035194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Doohan | Peter Doohan | Peter Doohan (2 May 1961 – 21 July 2017) was an Australian tennis player who won three consecutive Australian Hard Court Championships singles titles (1984, 1985, 1986), which remains an Open era record for that tournament. He won a further two singles titles at the South Australian Open in 1984 and San Louis Potisi tournament in Mexico in 1988. He also won five doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles ranking of world No. 43 in August 1987.
Career
At the 1987 Wimbledon Championships, he unexpectedly defeated two-time defending champion and top-seeded Boris Becker in the second round, earning himself the nickname "The Becker Wrecker" at home in Australia.
Doohan played collegiately in the United States with the University of Arkansas where he won the NCAA doubles title in 1982. Also a successful singles player, he won three Australian Hard Court Championships consecutively from (1984–1986). In 1984, he won the South Australian Open singles title. In 1988, he won the San Louis Potosi singles title on clay in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. He also coached high school tennis at Donoho High School in Anniston, Alabama, for several years in the mid-1990s.
Doohan died on 21 July 2017 from motor neurone disease.
Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP career finals
Singles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)
Doubles: 14 (5 titles, 9 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 1 (0–1)
Doubles: 1 (1–0)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
Mixed Doubles
References
External links
1961 births
2017 deaths
Arkansas Razorbacks men's tennis players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Australian male tennis players
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
Tennis people from New South Wales
Neurological disease deaths in New South Wales
Deaths from motor neuron disease
20th-century Australian people
21st-century Australian people |
4035197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tout | Tout | A tout is any person who solicits business or employment in a persistent and annoying manner (generally equivalent to a solicitor or barker in American English, or a spruiker in Australian English).
An example would be a person who frequents heavily touristed areas and presents himself as a tour guide (particularly towards those who do not speak the local language) but operates on behalf of local bars, restaurant, or hotels, being paid to direct tourists towards certain establishments.
Types
In London, the term "taxi touts" refers to a kind of illegal taxicab operation which involves taxi drivers (or their operator) attracting potential passengers by illegal means—for instance, calling out travellers, or fetching them and their luggage, while parked in an area where taxi drivers must wait in their vehicle. They may charge exorbitant fees upon arrival, possibly using threats to ensure payment.
"Ticket tout" is a British term for a scalper, someone who engages in ticket resale for more than the face value of the ticket. In recent years some British ticket touts have moved into Internet ticket fraud.
In the sports betting world, a tout is someone who sells picks of winners against the spread and the over/under. Most touts are scam artists and most don't have a long term winning record.
A "shop tout" is someone who is engaged by a shop to loiter outside their office, sometimes outside the building, or outside their competitors' shop. The tout then promotes the services to a passer-by and then escorts the person back to the shop, where they are paid a commission for each person that is brought back. The practice of touts working on the street to attract customers to night clubs and bars is very common in the entertainment tourist areas of Japan, particularly those of Roppongi and Kabukicho, Turkey and Spain.
Informants
In Ireland, a tout is an informant, a term which includes supergrass.
See also
Handicapping
Tipster
References
Illegal occupations
it:Bagarinaggio |
4035200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibito | Jibito | The Jibito are an indigenous people of Peru. They first met with the Franciscans monks in 1676 in the forest near the Huallaga River, in what is now Peru's Loreto Province. After their conversion to Catholicism, they settled in villages on the western bank of the river.
References
See also
South American Indigenous people
Hibito–Cholon languages
Ethnic groups in Peru
Indigenous peoples in Peru
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon |
4035206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grog%20%28disambiguation%29 | Grog (disambiguation) | Grog is an alcoholic beverage.
Grog or Grogs may also refer to the following:
Arts and entertainment
Grog (film), a 1982 Italian film starring Franco Nero
Grogs (Known Space), a fictional alien species in Larry Niven's Known Space universe
Grog (Marvel Comics), a fictional character in Marvel Comics
Grog, a character in the B.C. comic strip
Grog Strongjaw, a goliath barbarian / fighter in the D&D web series Critical Role
The Grogs, a Canadian puppet troupe
Grogs (YTV), various puppet characters
Other uses
Grog (clay), a raw material for making ceramics
Operation Grog, a British Second World War operation
Grog Run (Ohio), a stream in Ohio, United States
Grog Run (Buffalo Creek tributary), a river in West Virginia, United States
Grog, a member of the British band Die So Fluid and a former member of Feline
Count Grog, American professional wrestling manager, referee, ring announcer, commentator, promoter and booker Greg Mosorjak (born 1961)
Kava grog, a non-alcoholic beverage made of kava root
See also
Edward Vernon (1684–1757), English naval officer nicknamed "Old Grog"
Grogg, a Welsh clay caricature
Grogger (disambiguation) |
4035211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Longships%20in%20Harbour | The Longships in Harbour | The Longships in Harbour is a collection of poetry by Scottish author William McIlvanney. It was first published in 1970.
The poems in this collection deal largely with the poet's experiences of growing up in a working class area of Scotland, particularly his family life. The most famous and striking poem in the collection is "Initiation", a raw, intense poem in memory of his father.
Other themes dealt with throughout are poverty, famine, war, youth and innocence, and the passage of time.
1970 poetry books
Scottish poetry
Works by William McIlvanney
Eyre & Spottiswoode books |
4035222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphla%20Hills | Daphla Hills | Daphla (or Dafla) Hills is a tract of hilly country on the border of western Arunachal and Assam occupied by an independent tribe called Daphla. It lies to the north of the Tezpur and North Lakhimpur subdivisions, and is bounded on the west by the Aka Hills and on the east by the Abor Range. In 1872 a party of independent Daphlas suddenly attacked a colony of their own tribesmen, who had settled at Amtola in British territory, and carried away forty-four captives to the hills. This led to the Daphla expedition of 1874, when a force of 1,000 troops released the prisoners and reduced the tribe to submission.
See also
1953 Achingmori incident
References
Hills of Assam |
4035228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikka | Dikka | Dikka (from dikka) is a term in Islamic architecture for a tribune raised upon columns from which the Quran is recited and prayers are intoned by the imam of a mosque.
See also
Dakkah
maṣṭaba
Minbar
References
Architectural elements
Islamic architectural elements
Islamic architecture
Mosque architecture
Islamic terminology |
4035234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Boon%20Yang | Lee Boon Yang | Lee Boon Yang (; born 1 October 1947) is a Singaporean a former politician who served as Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts between 2003 and 2009, Minister for Manpower between 1992 and 2003, and Minister for Defence between 1994 and 1995. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Jalan Besar ward of Jalan Besar GRC between 1984 and 2011.
Lee retired from politics in 2011, and served as Chairman of Singapore Press Holdings between 2011 and 2022.
Education
Lee was awarded a Colombo Plan scholarship to study veterinary science at the University of Queensland, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Veterinary Science degree in 1971.
In 2015, Lee was conferred an honorary doctorate by the University of Queensland.
Career
Lee began his career as a veterinary surgeon and worked as a research and development officer in the Singapore Government's Primary Production Department between 1972 and 1981.
Lee subsequently worked at the US Feed Grains Council as Assistant Regional Director and later Senior Project Manager for Primary Industries Enterprise between 1981 and 1984.
Political career
Lee was first elected into Parliament in 1984.
He was subsequently appointed Parliamentary Secretary in 1985, and went on to hold positions in the Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Communications and Information, Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Lee was appointed Minister in the Prime Minister's Office in 1991. He served as Minister for Labour between 1992 and 2003. He also served as Minister for Defence between 1994 and 1995 concurrently. He was subsequently appointed Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts in 2003, where he served until 2009.
Lee resigned from the Cabinet in 2009 but remained as a Member of Parliament on the backbenches until his retirement from politics in 2011.
Post-political career
Lee was appointed Chairman of the Board of Keppel Corporation in 2009, after resigning from the Cabinet, where he served until 2021.
He also served as Chairman of Singapore Press Holdings between 2011 and 2022, before he was succeeded by Christopher Lim.
Personal life
Lee has an elder brother Lee Boon Wang, a landscape painter and a sister Lee Boon Ngan.
Lee is married to Yap Mee Mee and they have a daughter.
References
Ministers for Defence of Singapore
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
University of Queensland alumni
Living people
1947 births
Communications ministers of Singapore
Labour ministers of Singapore
Singaporean chairpersons of corporations |
4035236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Anger | Matt Anger | Matt Anger (born June 20, 1963) is an American former professional tennis player. He is now the head men's tennis coach at the University of Washington.
Professional Tennis Career
Anger grew up in Pleasanton, California, and played at Amador Valley High School. He went on to be named the national 16-and-under singles champion in 1979 and to win the 1981 junior Wimbledon boys' singles title, resulting in a No. 1 ranking in the world by Tennis Magazine. He played collegiate tennis at USC from 1982 to 1984. He was a three-time All-American in these three years and was a Pac-10 singles finalist in 2003. In the same year, he led the USC Trojans to a third-place NCAA finish. The next season, he won the Pac-10 doubles championship, was a Pac-10 singles semifinalist, and helped USC win the Pac-10 conference championship. After this season, he turned to professional tennis.
The right-handed Anger reached his highest singles ranking on the ATP Tour on February 24, 1986, when he became the World No. 23. He won one singles (Johannesburg in 1985) and two doubles titles (Tokyo outdoor in 1986 and Brisbane in 1987) during his career.
Retirement from the Tour
Anger retired from the tour in 1991 and is currently the men's tennis coach at the University of Washington. He resides in Clyde Hill, Washington.
Coaching career
Anger initially joined the coaching staff at the University of Southern California. He then moved to the University of Washington where he became the head coach in 1995. He is heading into his 24th season in 2018. He is the most successful coach in Washington history with 371 wins. His teams have missed the NCAA championships only twice and have had five runs to the NCAA round of 16 since 2001.
Anger and his team have had a winning record in 21 of 22 seasons. He was named Pac-10 Coach of the Year in 2005 when the team won its first-ever Pac-10 title. Six singles players have earned All-American honors under his coaching and 11 have earned year-end top-50 rankings. Additionally, player Alex Vlaški won the 2003 All-American Championships - the first title for a Husky since 1924 - under his coaching.
Anger was inducted into the USTA Northern California Tennis Hall of Fame in 2005 and the ITA Hall of Fame in 2014.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 title)
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Doubles: 2 (2 titles)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Doubles: 2 (0–2)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
References
External links
Profile on UW Athletics
1963 births
Living people
American male tennis players
People from Clyde Hill, Washington
Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California
Tennis people from California
USC Trojans men's tennis players
Washington Huskies men's tennis coaches
Wimbledon junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
People from Pleasanton, California
American tennis coaches |
4035243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana%20Romanova | Tatiana Romanova | Tatiana Alexeievna "Tania" Romanova () is a fictional character in the 1957 James Bond novel From Russia, with Love, its 1963 film adaptation and the 2005 video game based on both. She is played by Daniela Bianchi in the film, with her voice dubbed in by Barbara Jefford.
Novel and film biography
Tatiana Alexeievna Romanova is introduced as a corporal in Soviet Army Intelligence, assigned to work in the Soviet consulate in Istanbul as a cipher clerk. Her superiors, in connection with SMERSH, plan to sow dissension in the intelligence community by murdering and discrediting a significant figure in western intelligence. The target was James Bond.
Her commanding officer is Rosa Klebb—in the screenplay adaptation, Klebb is secretly an agent for SPECTRE—who manipulates Romanova into believing that she is on an important mission for her country, when she is in fact merely a pawn in the terrorist organization's latest bid to destroy MI6.
In the novel, Klebb is actually a member of the Soviet government, commander in chief of the Otdyel II section of SMERSH. Romanova's mission is to seduce Bond and have him take her to England to deliver a code machine (a Spektor in the novel, a Lektor in the film), as well as plant false information, before being rescued from prison and returned to Russia. She is promised a promotion to Captain if she completes the mission.
Once in Istanbul, she contacts Darko Kerim (Ali Kerim Bey in the film) and tells him her plans: she will voluntarily defect from the Soviet Union and take the machine with her only if Bond assists in the operation. She claims to have fallen in love with Bond and developed a desire to live with him after seeing his picture in a secret file.
Both M and Bond believe the offer to be a trap, but the prize is valuable enough to go for it. They react just as the main instigator of the plot, chess champion Kronsteen, had predicted. Bond then flies to Istanbul and contacts Kerim, spending several days there and waiting for contact. After a riot at a Gypsy camp, Bond returns to his hotel room and finds Romanova walking across the room and getting into his bed, wearing only a black velvet choker and black stockings. They make love, but are secretly filmed by Klebb's minions via a one-way mirror. The film is meant to be used to embarrass MI6.
In the film, after meeting her again to verify the authenticity of her information, they blow up the Soviet consulate in Istanbul to cover their escape. With the help of Kerim, they board the Orient Express and depart for Trieste and the Italian frontier. As a part of Kronsteen's strategy, the SMERSH/SPECTRE assassin Donovan 'Red' Grant kills Kerim. Bond contacts Grant, who is pretending to be an agent named Nash. After sedating Romanova, Nash reveals his identity to Bond, who then fights Grant in their train compartment. Prior to the fight, Grant explains that he is going to kill Bond and then execute the sleeping Romanova with Bond's gun, making it look like a murder-suicide. Bond finally defeats Grant and takes Romanova to Venice. It is there they meet Klebb again who, in an attempt to retrieve the LEKTOR and kill Bond, disguises herself as a maid and tries to eliminate the agent with a dagger-tipped shoe poisoned with blowfish venom. Romanova shoots Klebb, thus saving Bond. She and Bond are last seen on a boat in Venice, with Bond dropping the incriminating film into the canal.
Similarly, in the novel, they board the Orient Express with Kerim, planning to travel to England over the course of four days. Kerim, instead of being killed by Grant, is killed by a Russian agent named Benz who had boarded the train earlier and also is killed in the struggle. This prompts the bombing of the Soviet consulate in Istanbul in retaliation. Despite this, Bond elects not to leave the train for a plane or the consulate, after having fallen for Romanova and not wanting to cut their time short. Grant pretends to be Nash, an MI6 agent sent by M in response to the death of Kerim. After sedating Romanova, under the guise of standing guard over Bond, he waits until they are both asleep, and plans to murder them. However, due to his vanity, he taunts Bond, revealing details of a meeting with Rosa Klebb. This allows Bond to disarm Grant and save Romanova's life. It is unclear as to what ultimately becomes of Tatiana in the novel as in her last appearance, she is still heavily affected by the sedatives, sleeping in the British consulate, while Bond confronts Klebb. It is presumed that she has been arrested and/or released by the British.
Analysis
The characters of Romanova and Grant exist in juxtaposition to one another with both being defectors from their respective nations, and it was the intention of Fleming in writing From Russia with Love to contrast these two characters as a way of justifying the moral superiority of Great Britain over the Soviet Union. In the 1950s, there were real fears in the West that Communism might be the more efficient system, and the Soviet Union would pull ahead both economically and technologically over the West. Additionally, the Burgess-Maclean affair of 1951 when two senior British diplomats, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess defected to the Soviet Union added to these fears. At the time, it was not widely known that Maclean and Burgess were spies for the Soviet Union and in case of Maclean was on the brink of being arrested on charges of treason. The Soviet government claimed that Maclean and Burgess had defected because life was better in the Soviet Union while the British government was content to go along with this explanation rather than admit that two senior diplomats had been spies for the Soviet Union for the better part of the last twenty years. Since Maclean and Burgess were both members of "the Establishment", having attended public schools and Cambridge University, the defection of the two attracted much attention at the time. Fleming's intention in writing From Russia with love was at least in part to promote a "West is the best" message by creating two parallel characters who would prove Western superiority over the Soviet Union. Throughout the novel, Fleming drew contrasts between the Soviet Union and the West, always to the benefit of the latter. For an example, the officers of SMERSH are portrayed as living in fear of their superiors while relations between MI6 officers are shown as warm and friendly.
Romanova's life in Moscow as a low-ranking clerk for the MGB is portrayed as dull, confiding, and stifling as she lives a life of mind-numbing bureaucratic drudgery. As a member of the MGB, Romanova enjoys a relatively privileged life in Moscow, but complains that her MGB uniform makes it hard for her to make friends as people fear her. All of Romanova's superiors are portrayed as twisted and hideous-Rosa Klebb is an ugly woman with a "toad-like figure" and a lesbian while Kronsteen is a bisexual who is labelled "a monster" in the book. The book makes it clear that people such as Klebb and Kronsteen are the norm in the Soviet system. in the 1950s, homosexuality and bisexuality were widely considered to be perversions and Fleming by making most of his non-Russian characters straight in contrast to most of the Russian characters were part of his strategy to show "the West is the best".
However despite her repulsive superiors in the MGB, she is portrayed as a committed Communist who is at the same time vaguely unhappy with her existence as Fleming wrote: "The Romanov blood might well have given a yearning for men other than that type of modern Russian officer she would meet-stern, cold, mechanical, basically hysterical and because of their Party education infernally dull". Upon meeting Bond, she abandons her belief in Communism as she sees the advantage to a Western lifestyle while also finding Bond a much better lover than her Russian lovers. Romanova falling in love with Bond is portrayed as both a political and sexual liberation for her. The way that Bond literally and metaphorically seduces Romanova over to the West was meant by Fleming to prove the superiority of the Western world and western political ideologies. Romanova even prefers Bond for his smell as Fleming portrays Russian men as refusing to bath and hence have unpleasant body odours. The book's message that only men from the West like Bond can really sexually satisfy Romanova was another aspect of Fleming's "the West is the best" message.
In contrast to Romanova who chooses life in the West over life in the Soviet Union, the book's villain, Grant, goes in the opposition direction. Grant is described as a man from Northern Ireland who joins the British Army in the late 1940s which briefly checks his insanity and his love of killing. After Grant is disciplined for his vicious style as a boxer, he decides to defect to the Soviet Union as: "He liked all he heard about the Russians, their brutality, their carelessness of human life, and their guile and he decided to go over to them". Grant rides over on a motorcycle to a Red Army post in East Germany and says: "I am expert in killing people. I do it very well. I like it". Grant narrowly avoids being executed out of hand by the Russians, who eventually decide to accept his offer. Having proven himself, he becomes the top assassin for SMERSH, who happily kills because he is insane and because killing is the only thing he knows how to do well. In contrast to the soft and feminine Romanova who deep down really wants to be in love with a man which causes her to choose the West despite her privileged existence in Moscow, the hard and masculine Grant chooses the East because it is the only system where a perverted, violent man like himself can flourish.
The 1963 film somewhat altered the novel's message by making SPECTRE rather than SMERSH as the main antagonist. The Grant of the film is depoliticised, becoming a murderer who was acquitted by reason of insanity who then escapes from a mental institution and comes to serve as an assassin for a criminal organisation instead of a soldier who broke his oath to serve King and Country by defecting to the Soviet Union. The Romanova of the film is much closer to the Romanova of the book who is shown as thoroughly enjoying the consumerist lifestyle of the West who is constantly buying expensive clothing that Bond introduces her to. Like in the book, her relationship with Bond serves as both a political and a sexual liberation. Unlike in the book, Romanova of the film makes a more clear decision to choose the West by shooting Klebb in the film's climax to save Bond, a decision made more significant as Romanova is unaware that Klebb is really working for SPECTRE. The theme of defection does not play the same central role in the film as it does in the novel. The film's message that the obsessive struggle between MI6 and the MGB allows a criminal organisation like SPECTRE to flourish seems to be a criticism of the Cold War. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 had just occurred the previous year, and the film's message is that through the Soviet Union might be an enemy, it is best to keep the level of hostilities down to a manageable level. The fact that Romanova in the film as in the book chooses the West was meant to prove Western superiority, but at the same time the film seems to be cautioning against her excessively anti-Communist policies.
According to Cubby Broccoli, Ian Fleming modelled Romanova on Anna Kutusova, a Russian involved in the Metro-Vickers Affair.
Other media
The character's role in the video game adaptation of From Russia With Love is more or less the same as in the novel and film, the only major difference being that she is now an unwitting double agent for a terrorist organization called "OCTOPUS". She is voiced by Kari Wahlgren.
The character also appears in the 1993 James Bond comic book that takes place after the events of From Russia With Love, called Light of My Death, in which she is reinstated as KGB agent, aiding Bond in his mission against a shadowy villain who wants to provoke a war between the Soviets and the West.
Books and articles
References
Bond girls
Fictional corporals
Fictional Russian people
Fictional Soviet people
From Russia with Love (film)
Fictional KGB agents
Fictional Soviet Army personnel
Literary characters introduced in 1957
Characters in British novels of the 20th century
Fictional defectors |
4035249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilapidation | Dilapidation | Dilapidation is a term meaning a destructive event to a building, but more particularly used in the plural in English law for
the waste committed by the incumbent of an ecclesiastical living
the disrepair for which a tenant is usually liable when he has agreed to give up his premises in good repair.
Dilapidation is derived from the Latin for scattering the stones () of a building.
Ecclesiastical law
In general English law a tenant for life has no power to cut down timber, destroy buildings, etc., or to let buildings fall into disrepair (see Waste). In the eye of the law an incumbent of a living is a tenant for life of his benefice, and any waste, voluntary or permissive, on his part must be made good by his administrators to his successor in office. The principles on which such dilapidations are to be ascertained, and the application of the money payable in respect thereof, depend partly on old ecclesiastical law and partly on acts of Parliament.
Questions as to ecclesiastical dilapidations usually arise in respect of the residence house and other buildings belonging to the living. Inclosures, hedges, ditches and the like are included in things of which the beneficed person has the burden and charge of reparation. In a leading case (Ross v. Adcock, 1868, L.R. 3 C.P. 657) it was said that the court was acquainted with no precedent or decision extending the liability of the executors of a deceased incumbent to any species of waste beyond dilapidation of the house, chancel or other buildings or fences of the benefice. And it has been held that the mere mismanagement or miscultivation of the ecclesiastical lands will not give rise to an action for dilapidations.
To place the law relating to dilapidations on a more satisfactory footing, the Ecclesiastical Dilapidations Act 1871 was passed. The buildings to which the act applies are defined to be such houses of residence, chancels, walls, fences and other buildings and things as the incumbent of the benefice is by law and custom bound to maintain in repair. In each diocese a surveyor is appointed by the archdeacons and rural deans subject to the approval of the bishop; and such surveyor shall by the direction of the bishop examine the buildings on the following occasions viz.
when the benefice is sequestrated;
when it is vacant;
at the request of the incumbent or on complaint by the archdeacon, rural dean or patron.
The surveyor specifies the works required, and gives an estimate of their probable cost. In the case of a vacant benefice, the new incumbent and the old incumbent or his representatives may lodge objections to the surveyors report on any grounds of fact or law, and the bishop, after consideration, may make an order for the repairs and their cost, for which the late incumbent or his representatives are liable. The sum so stated becomes a debt due from the late incumbent or his representatives to the new incumbent, who shall pay over the money when recovered to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty.
The governors pay for the works on execution on receipt of a certificate from the surveyor; and the surveyor, when the works have been completed to his satisfaction, gives a certificate to that effect, the effect of which, so far as regards the incumbent, is to protect him from liability for dilapidations for the next five years. Unnecessary buildings belonging to a residence house may, by the authority of the bishop and with the consent of the patron, be removed. An amending statute of 1872 (Ecclesiastical Dilapidations Act (1871) Amendment) relates chiefly to advances by the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty for the purposes of the act.
Commercial property
In the commercial property world, ‘dilapidations’ refers to breaches of lease covenants relating to the condition of a property, and the process of remedying those breaches.
Tenants enter commercial leases agreeing to keep premises in repair; if they do not, the law of dilapidations applies. Landlords have the ability to serve a schedule of dilapidations on a tenant either during or more commonly at the end of the lease, itemising the breaches of covenant. Remedies for the landlord will be for the tenant to undertake the specified works or for them to seek to recover from the tenant the cost of making good the disrepair. Dilapidations occur primarily at the end of a lease, and often disputes arise between landlords and tenants as to their extent, and in order to reach a conclusion this inevitably leads to an appraisal of past case law which stems over 100 years. In an economic downturn dilapidations are also commonplace either during a lease term or if the tenant exercises a break clause. Most dilapidations are settled by negotiation, but other methods exist in demonstrating loss suffered by a landlord such as a diminution valuation. Landlords and tenants will normally be advised by a specialist surveyor or property consultant.
Formal guidance on dilapidations exists such as the PLA protocol which was currently adopted under the Civil Procedure Rules in 2012. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors produces a guidance note on dealing with dilapidations claims and this is currently in its sixth edition. The Financial Reporting Council's accounting standard FRS12 requires occupiers to budget for dilapidations in their accounts leading to more tenants seeking advice on dilapidations before the end of their leases.
References
External links
Dilapidations
Dilapidations
Dilapidation Reports
Lease-end Dilapidation Claims
English legal terminology
de:Verfall (Recht) |
4035253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion%20Sound | Champion Sound | Champion Sound is the only studio album by the duo Jaylib (hip hop musicians J Dilla and Madlib). Half of the songs are produced by Madlib and feature J Dilla on vocals, and the other half are produced by J Dilla and feature Madlib on vocals.
History
Jaylib began in 2000 when DJ J Rocc of the Beat Junkies gave a CD of unused instrumental tracks by J Dilla to Madlib. Madlib recorded vocals over these beats and labelled them "Jaylib", without the intention of actually releasing them. Stones Throw Records placed one of these recordings as the B-side to a promo 12" Madlib single, under the name Jaylib, which was eventually heard by Dilla. The pair recorded Champion Sound in separate cities, Madlib in Oxnard, California, and Dilla in Detroit, Michigan by sending recordings back and forth. The two met only once before or during this time, while Madlib was recording in Detroit for J Dilla's album The Diary on MCA Records; a record that was not released until 2016. The album was released in 2003 after much delay due to leaks and bootlegs and received positive reviews.
Following Dilla's move from Detroit to Los Angeles in 2004, they appeared together on tour in Spring 2004 in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York City, and Toronto. Madlib debuted a yet-unreleased Jaylib song on a BBC radio show in May 2005 titled "Take It Back aka The Unofficial", produced by J Dilla with vocals by Madlib. The track was released on Adult Swim and Stones Throw's Chrome Children compilation.
Releases
The first pressings of the album in the USA contained two bonus tracks: "Raw Addict," and "Ice" (which otherwise are only on a white label 12" issued by Stones Throw); the first pressing of the CD in Europe included those two and a third track, "Pillz," which was later featured as the b-side to the single for "McNasty Filth".
In 2005 Madlib's compilation of unreleased Jaylib tracks got leaked as an early version of Madvillain's Madvillainy did before. These two CDs were compiled by Madlib in late 2002 to listen to on a trip to Brazil. The Jaylib compilation is called The Rough Drafts and the Madvillain compilation is called Madvillainy Preview.
The 2007 re-issue of Champion Sound was abruptly delayed when Stones Throw was issued a cease-and-desist from the camp of artist Cris Williamson. "The Red", one of the more popular songs from the LP, contained an unauthorized sample of her song "Shine On, Straight Arrow". According to J-Rocc of the Beat Junkies, the sample clearance issue came down to Williamson's gripe about a Madlib lyric: "There's a Jaylib track called ‘The Red’ they got sued for. Cris Williamson is the artist and she’s a total feminist, a real woman-power type. In that song Madlib says "mostly shitty women". She said, 'I’m not having that, take it off the album.' But she’s still letting them use the instrumental for licensing and so on. So even there they’ve worked something out". "The Red" appears on the reissue with an alternate beat, though one still arranged by Jay Dee. An alternate beat was also used for the song "No Games" on the re-issue.
Reception
In 2010, Champion Sound was listed by Black Milk as one of the "Top Ten Albums of the Last Decade". In 2015, it ranked at number 41 on Facts "100 Best Indie Hip-Hop Records of All Time" list. In that year, it was also listed by HipHopDX as one of the "30 Best Underground Hip Hop Albums Since 2000".
Track listing
References
External links
2003 debut albums
J Dilla albums
Madlib albums
Stones Throw Records albums
Albums produced by J Dilla
Albums produced by Madlib
Collaborative albums |
4035257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Jelen | Eric Jelen | Eric Jelen (born 11 March 1965) is a former tennis player from Germany, who won one singles (1989, Bristol) and five doubles titles during his professional career.
The right-hander Jelen reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 7 July 1986, when he became World No. 23. Jelen was a member of two Davis Cup-winning teams. In 1988, he teamed with Boris Becker in doubles to earn the win that guaranteed a West German victory over Sweden in the final. The following year, West Germany successfully defended the title by defeating Sweden in the final, and Becker and Jelen again won the doubles match.
Career finals
Singles (1 title – 1 runner-up)
Doubles (5 titles – 6 runners-up)
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
German male tennis players
Olympic tennis players of West Germany
Sportspeople from Trier
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
West German male tennis players |
4035262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinar%2C%20Afyonkarahisar | Dinar, Afyonkarahisar | Dinar (formerly Ancient Greek: Celaenae-Apàmea, Κελαιναι-Απαμεια) is a town and large district of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey, 106 km from the city of Afyon. The mayor is Saffet Acar (MHP).
The town is built amidst the ruins of Celaenae-Apamea, near the sources of the Büyük Menderes (Maeander) river. In ancient mythology this was the site of the musical duel between Apollo and Marsyas.
Dinar today is a small town in a rural area, with limited amenities, particularly since there was a large earthquake here in 1995, which caused many people to migrate away from the town. Dinar is a crossroads on journeys from Ankara or Istanbul to Antalya, motorists wouldn't stop here but many trucks do need to.
The folk culture of Dinar is rich, the town granted many well-known folk-songs (türkü in Turkish).
Settlements
Afşar, Dinar
Akgün, Dinar
Akpınarlı, Dinar
Aktoprak, Dinar
Akça, Dinar
Akçin, Dinar
Alacaatlı, Dinar
Alparslan, Dinar
Avdan, Dinar
Bademli, Dinar
Bağcılar, Dinar
Belenpınar, Dinar
Bilgiç, Dinar
Burunkaya, Dinar
Bülüçalan, Dinar
Cerityaylası, Dinar
Cumhuriyet, Dinar
Dikici, Dinar
Dinar, Afyonkarahisar
Dombay, Dinar
Doğanlı, Dinar
Dumanköy, Dinar
Eldere, Dinar
Ergenli, Dinar
Gençali, Dinar
Gökçeli, Dinar
Göçerli, Dinar
Haydarlı, Dinar
Kabaklı, Dinar
Kadılar, Dinar
Karabedir, Dinar
Karahacılı, Dinar
Karakuyu, Dinar
Karataş, Dinar
Kazanpınar, Dinar
Keklicek, Dinar
Kınık, Dinar
Kızıllı, Dinar
Körpeli, Dinar
Muratlı, Dinar
Ocaklı, Dinar
Okçular, Dinar
Palaz, Dinar
Pınarlı, Dinar
Sütlaç, Dinar
Tatarlı, Dinar
Tekin, Dinar
Tuğaylı, Dinar
Uluköy, Dinar
Yakaköy, Dinar
Yapağılı, Dinar
Yelalan, Dinar
Yeşilhüyük, Dinar
Yeşilyurt, Dinar
Yeşilçat, Dinar
Yıprak, Dinar
Yüksel, Dinar
Çakıcı, Dinar
Çamlı, Dinar
Çapalı , Dinar
Çayüstü, Dinar
Çağlayan, Dinar
Çiçektepe, Dinar
Çobansaray, Dinar
Çürüklü, Dinar
Hacıbeşirli, Dinar
References
External links
Dinar, Dinartuning, Dinartuning.com
Afyonkarahisar Dinar
District governor's official website
Afyon Governorship - Dinar District
Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
Districts of Afyonkarahisar Province |
4035267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussilhe%20oblique%20stereographic%20projection | Roussilhe oblique stereographic projection | The Roussilhe oblique stereographic projection is a mapping projection developed by Henri Roussilhe in 1922. The projection uses a truncated series to approximate an oblique stereographic projection for the ellipsoid. The projection received some attention in the former Soviet Union.
The development of the Bulgarian oblique stereographic projection was done for Romania by the Bulgarian geodesist, Hristow, in the late 1930s.
See also
Map projection
References
External links
libproj4 cartographic projection library with Roussilhe oblique stereographic projection support
Map projections
Conformal projections |
4035271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Benito | Don Benito | Don Benito () is a Spanish town and municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, near the left bank of the Guadiana river. According to the 2014 census, the municipality has a population of 37,011.
History
Don Benito dates from the 15th century, when it was founded by refugees from Don Llorente, who deserted their own town due to the danger of floods from the Guadiana.
On 28 March 1809, the 9 km separating Don Benito from Medellín was the site of a major French victory against Spanish troops during the Peninsular War.
By 2021, the municipal government of Don Benito worked alongside that of Villanueva de la Serena to fuse the two neighbouring municipalities into a single one, paving the way for a 2022 non-binding consultation. On 8 November 2021, the Council of Ministers sanctioned the celebration of the consultation, to be held on 20 February 2022. Both municipalities approved the merging, in the case of Don Benito by a whisker (a 66.2% of yes votes relative to the 66.0% threshold set in advance).
Geography
Don Benito has 37,048 inhabitants, and is part of an urban area with Villanueva de la Serena (26,071 inhabitants) 5 km away.
The municipality is composed by the town of Don Benito and seven villages:
Demographics
Transport
The town is served by a railway station on the Ciudad Real-Badajoz railway, part of an international line that links Madrid with Lisbon. It has been interested, along with the nearby Villanueva de la Serena, by a project of a tramway, not yet finalized. The town is also the southern terminus of the EXA2 motorway from Miajadas.
Famous residents
Florinda Chico (1926-2011), actress
Jesús Gil Manzano (b. 1984), referee
Juanma Gómez (b. 1981), footballer
Pedro Porro (b. 1999), footballer
Twin towns
Fquih Ben Salah, Morocco
References
External links
Don Benito official website
Roman Villa of La Majona in Don Benito
Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz |
4035276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bowdoin%20College%20people | List of Bowdoin College people | This list is of notable people associated with Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. This list includes alumni, faculty, and honorary degree recipients.
Presidents of Bowdoin
Joseph McKeen (1802–07)
Jesse Appleton (1807–19)
William Allen (1820–39)
Leonard Woods (1839–66)
Samuel Harris (1867–71)
Joshua Chamberlain (1871–83)
William DeWitt Hyde (1885–1917)
Kenneth C.M. Sills (1918–52)
James S. Coles (1952–67)
Roger Howell, Jr. (1969–78)
Willard F. Enteman (1978–80)
A. LeRoy Greason (1981–90)
Robert Hazard Edwards (1990–2001)
Barry Mills (2001–2015)
Clayton Rose (2015–present)
Distinguished graduates
Arts and letters
Note: individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the most relevant section.
Literature and poetry
Seba Smith 1818, humorist, creator of the fictional character Major Jack Downing
Jacob Abbott 1820, academic and author of 180 books, primarily children's books
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1825, world-renowned poet; professor at Bowdoin (1829–31) and Harvard University (1831–54); memorialized in the Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey; namesake, along with Hawthorne, of Bowdoin's main library
Nathaniel Hawthorne 1825, acclaimed author of classic novels The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851); namesake, along with Longfellow, of Bowdoin's main library
Charles Asbury Stephens 1869, prolific author of children's stories for The Youth's Companion
Arlo Bates 1876, novelist, poet, and professor at MIT
Robert P. T. Coffin 1915, Rhodes Scholar, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1936), and Bowdoin professor (1934–55)
Artine Artinian 1931, French literature scholar
John Gould 1931, novelist, humorist, and columnist
James Bassett 1934, journalist and author of the best-selling novel In Harm's Way (1962)
Lawrence Sargent Hall 1936, novelist, short-story writer, and Bowdoin professor who won the O. Henry Award (1960)
Richard Hooker 1945, doctor and author of the novel M*A*S*H (1968)
Willis Barnstone 1948, four-time Pulitzer Prize-nominated poet
Paul Batista 1970, trial lawyer, television personality, and author
Rinker Buck, 1972, author
Robin McKinley 1975, fantasy author of the Newbery Medal-winning The Hero and the Crown (1985)
Douglas Kennedy 1976, novelist
Charlotte Agell 1981, author
Walter H. Hunt 1981, science fiction author
Taylor Mali 1987, slam poet and teaching activist
Martha McPhee 1987, novelist, nominated for the National Book Award (2002)
Meredith Hall 1993, best-selling author of Without a Map (2007)
Anthony Doerr 1995, novelist; author of All the Light We Cannot See (2014), which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (2015) and was nominated for the National Book Award; writer-in-residence of the state of Idaho (2007–2010)
Claudia La Rocco 2000, poet
Jay Caspian Kang 2002, writer
Kelly Kerney 2002, author
Journalism and nonfiction writing
John Stevens Cabot Abbott 1825, biographer of Napoleon Bonaparte (1855)
John Brown Russwurm 1826, third black college graduate in the United States; founder of Freedom's Journal, America's first black newspaper (1827); governor of the Republic of Maryland (later part of Liberia) (1836–41)
Charles Beecher 1834, author, minister, and abolitionist; brother of the author Harriet Beecher Stowe, the minister Henry Ward Beecher, and educator Catharine Beecher
New York Times Justice Department reporter Katie Benner (1999)
Edward Page Mitchell 1871, editor-in-chief of The New York Sun (1903–26)
Hodding Carter 1927, progressive journalist and winner of the Pulitzer Prize (1946)
Francis Russell 1933, historian, best known for his work on Warren Harding
Arthur Stratton 1935, author and historian
John Rich 1939, NBC News war correspondent
Marcus Merriman 1962, historian, best known for his work on Mary, Queen of Scots
Tom Cassidy 1972, CNN anchor (1981–89) and founder of the weekend news program Pinnacle
Geoffrey Canada 1974, author and activist; president and CEO of the Harlem Children's Zone
Alvin Hall 1974, financial advisor, author, and BBC television presenter
Cynthia McFadden 1978, ABC News anchor of Primetime (2004–14) and Nightline (2005–14); NBC News senior legal & investigative correspondent (2014–present)
Andrew Serwer 1981, Fortune Magazine Managing Editor (2006–present)
Scott Allen 1982, investigative reporter and lead editor of the "Spotlight" news team, The Boston Globe
Judy Fortin 1983, CNN Headline News anchor (1990–2006); medical correspondent (2006–present)
Brian Farnham 1993, editor-in-chief of Time Out New York (2006–08)
Thomas Kohnstamm 1998, author and travel writer
Alan Baker, owner and publisher of The Ellsworth American (1986–present)
Rebekah Metzler 2004, CNN, Senior White House Editor (2014–present)
Film and television
Phillips Lord 1925, radio personality, writer and actor
Albert Dekker 1927, actor
Gary Merrill 1937, actor
Burt Kwouk OBE 1953, British actor
Ned Dowd 1972, actor and film producer
John Davis 1975, film producer
Douglas Kennedy 1976, film producer
Kary Antholis 1984, Academy Award-winning filmmaker and executive at HBO Films
Marcus Giamatti 1984, actor
Brad Anderson 1986, filmmaker
Angus Wall 1988, two-time Academy Award-winning editor
Paul Adelstein 1991, actor
Hayes MacArthur 1999, actor and comedian; husband of actress Ali Larter
Hari Kondabolu 2004, stand-up comedian; featured several times on Comedy Central and on late night network television; writer/correspondent on Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell (2012–13)
Music
Paul "DJ Spooky" Miller 1992, trip-hop musician, turntablist and producer
Michael J. Merenda, Jr. 1998, singer-songwriter with the alternative folk band The Mammals
Art and photography
Jere Abbott 1920, art museum director who helped establish the Museum of Modern Art
Harley Schwadron 1964, cartoonist
Stephen Hannock 1974, American landscape painter
Kevin Bubriski 1975, documentary photographer
Todd Siler 1975, visual artist and researcher of creativity
Abelardo Morell 1977, photographer
Government
Note: individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the most relevant section.
Presidents
Franklin Pierce 1824, congressman (1833–37) and senator (1837–42) from New Hampshire; 14th President of the United States (1853–57); namesake of Franklin Pierce University in New Hampshire
U.S. Cabinet Secretaries
William Fessenden 1823, congressman (1841–43) and senator (1854–64, 1865–69) from New Hampshire; Secretary of the Treasury under President Abraham Lincoln (1864–65)
Hugh McCulloch 1827, Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Abraham Lincoln (1865), Andrew Johnson (1865–69) and Chester A. Arthur (1884–85)
Bill Cohen 1962, congressman (1972–78) and senator (1978–97) from Maine; Secretary of Defense under President Clinton (1997–2001)
U.S. Governors
Robert P. Dunlap 1815, governor of Maine (1834–38) and congressman from Maine (1843–47)
Richard H. Vose 1822, governor of Maine (1841) and president of the Maine state senate
William G. Crosby 1823, governor of Maine (1853–55)
John Fairfield 1826, congressman (1835–38) and senator (1843–47) from Maine; governor of Maine (1839–43)
Alonzo Garcelon 1836, Civil War general, Maine governor (1879–80)
John Andrew 1837, governor of Massachusetts (1861–66) responsible for the formation of the 54th Massachusetts during the Civil War
Frederick Robie 1841, governor of Maine (1883–87)
La Fayette Grover 1846, governor of Oregon (1871–77); congressman (1859) and senator (1877–83) from Oregon
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain 1852, Bowdoin College professor (1855–62), Civil War hero, Medal of Honor recipient (for valor on Little Round Top on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg), Maine governor (1867–71), and president of Bowdoin College (1871–83); a statue of Chamberlain now stands at the entrance to the college
Wilmot Brookings 1855, first provisional governor of the Dakota Territory; namesake of the city and county of Brookings, both in South Dakota'
Henry B. Quinby 1869, governor of New Hampshire from 1909-1911 as well as an American Physician
William T. Cobb 1877, governor of Maine (1905–09)
John Fremont Hill 1877, governor of Maine (1901–05)
Percival Proctor Baxter 1898, governor of Maine (1921–24) and namesake of Baxter State Park
James L. McConaughy 1911 (M.A.), governor of Connecticut (1947–48) and poet
Horrace Hildreth 1925, governor of Maine (1944–48), US Ambassador to Pakistan (1953–57), and president of Bucknell University (1957–67)
James B. Longley 1947, governor of Maine (1975–79)
U.S. Senators
George Evans 1815, congressman (1829–41) and senator (1841–47) from Maine
James Bell 1822, senator from New Hampshire (1855–57)
James Ware Bradbury 1825, senator from Maine (1847–53)
Alpheus Felch 1827, Michigan governor (1846–47), senator from Michigan (1847–1853), professor of law at the University of Michigan, and namesake of Felch Township in Michigan
John Hale 1827, congressman (1843–45) and senator (1847–53) from New Hampshire; ran against Franklin Pierce 1824 as the Free Soil Party candidate for President (1852)
William Frye 1850, congressman (1871–81) and senator (1881–1911) from Maine; played a role in the founding of Bates College (1855)
Paris Gibson 1851, senator from Montana (1901–05)
William D. Washburn 1854, congressman (1879–85) and senator (1889–95) from Minnesota
Charles Fletcher Johnson 1879, senator from Maine (1911–1917)
Wallace White 1899, congressman (1916–31) and senator (1931–49) from Maine; Senate Minority Leader (1944–47); Senate Majority Leader (1947–49)
Ralph Owen Brewster 1909, Maine governor (1925–29); congressman (1935–41) and senator (1941–53) from Maine
Harold Hitz Burton 1909, senator from Ohio (1941–45); associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1945–1958)
Paul Douglas 1913, professor of economics at the University of Chicago (1920–42) and senator from Illinois (1949–67)
George Mitchell 1954, senator from Maine (1982–95); Senate Majority Leader (1989–95); chairman of the Walt Disney Corporation (2004–06); winner of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1999); Chancellor of Queen's University, Belfast
U.S. Representatives
Benjamin Randall 1809, congressman from Maine (1839–43)
Bellamy Storer 1809, congressman from Ohio (1835–37) and law professor
John Anderson 1813, congressman from Maine (1825–33) and mayor of Portland (1833–36,1842)
John D. McCrate 1819, congressman from Maine (1845–47)
John Otis 1823, congressman from Maine (1849–51)
Samuel P. Benson 1825, congressman from Maine (1853–57) and Maine Secretary of State
Jonathan Cilley 1825, congressman from Maine (1837–38) whose death in an 1838 duel with a Kentucky congressman prompted outrage and a congressional ban on the practice
Cullen Sawtelle 1825, congressman from Maine (1845–47, 1849–51)
Seargent Smith Prentiss 1826, congressman from Mississippi (1838–39)
Owen Lovejoy 1832, congressman from Maine (1857–64); abolitionist participant in the Underground Railroad
John Appleton 1834, US Minister to Bolivia (1848–49), congressman from Maine (1851–53), Assistant US Secretary of State (1857–60), and US Ambassador to Russia (1860–61)
Timothy R. Young 1835, congressman from Illinois (1849–51)
Samuel Fessenden 1834, congressman from Maine (1861–63)
Charles H. Upton 1834, congressman from Virginia (1861–62)
E. Wilder Farley 1836, congressman from Maine (1853–55)
Frederick A. Pike 1837, congressman from Maine (1861–69)
Lorenzo De Medici Sweat 1837, congressman from Maine (1863–65)
Samuel Thurston 1843, first congressman from Oregon (1849–51)
T.A.D. Fessenden 1845, congressman from Maine (1862–63)
William W. Rice 1846, congressman from Massachusetts (1877–87)
Isaac Newton Evans 1851, doctor and congressman from Pennsylvania (1877–79, 1883–87)
John A. Peters 1885, United States Representative from Maine (1913–22)
Amos L. Allen 1860, congressman from Maine (1899–1911)
Thomas Brackett Reed 1860, congressman from Maine (1877–99); Speaker of the House (1889–91, 1895–99)
De Alva S. Alexander 1870, congressman from New York (1896–1910) and United States district attorney from New York (1889–93)
Daniel J. McGillicuddy 1881, congressman from Maine (1911–17)
Frederick Stevens 1881, congressman from Minnesota (1897–1915)
John A. Peters 1885, congressman from Maine (1913–22) and United States district attorney from Maine (1922–47)
Simon M. Hamlin 1900, congressman from Maine (1935–37)
Donald F. Snow 1901, congressman from Maine (1929–33)
Robert Hale 1910, congressman from Maine (1943–59)
James C. Oliver 1917, congressman from Maine (1937–43)
Edward C. Moran, Jr. 1917, congressman from Maine (1933–37) and gubernatorial candidate (1928, 1930)
Joseph L. Fisher 1935, congressman from Virginia (1975–81)
Peter A. Garland 1945, congressman from Maine (1961–63)
Thomas H. Allen 1967, Rhodes Scholar, mayor of Portland, Maine (1991–1992), and congressman from Maine (1997–2009)
Tom Andrews 1976, congressman from Maine (1991–1995)
Pat Meehan 1978, congressman from Pennsylvania (2011–2018)
Other prominent federal governmental officials
Horatio Bridge 1825, commodore in the US Navy; chief of the Naval Bureau of Provisions & Clothing (1854–69)
Sumner Increase Kimball 1855, organizer (1878) and superintendent (1878–1916) of the U.S. Life-Saving Service, precursor to the U.S. Coast Guard
Ellis Spear 1858, Civil War general, U.S. Commissioner of Patents
Sumner Pike 1913, member of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1940–46) and member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1946–51)
E. Frederick Morrow 1930, first African American to hold an executive position at the White House
David F. Gordon 1971, Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department (2007–2009).
Lawrence Lindsey 1976, professor of economics at Harvard, and director of the National Economic Council under President George W. Bush.
Khurram Dastgir Khan Minister for Defence, Pakistan (2017–Present)
Ambassadors and other diplomats
Wilhelm Haas 1953, former German Ambassador to Israel, Japan, and the Netherlands
Thomas Pickering 1953, US Ambassador to Jordan (1974–78), Nigeria (1981–83), El Salvador (1983–85), Israel (1985–88), the United Nations (1989–92), India (1992–93), and Russia (1993–96); recipient of thirteen honorary degrees
Laurence Pope 1967, US Ambassador to Chad (1993–96)
David Pearce 1972, US Ambassador to Algeria (2008–11) and Greece (2013-2016)
Christopher Hill 1974, US Ambassador to Macedonia (1996–99), Poland (2000–2004), South Korea (2004–2005), and Iraq (2009–2010); Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs and chief US negotiator with North Korea (2005–2009)
Lawrence Butler 1975, US Ambassador to Macedonia (2002–2005)
Mayors
Samuel Merritt 1844, mayor of Oakland, California (1867–69)
William LeBaron Putnam 1855, mayor of Portland, Maine (1869–70) and gubernatorial candidate (1888)
Edwin M. Lee 1974, mayor of San Francisco, California (2011–2017); first Asian-American mayor in the city's history
Nick Pilch 1983, mayor of Albany, California (2020); candidate for Alameda County Supervisor (2020)
Stephen Laffey 1984, mayor of Cranston, R.I. (2002–07); candidate for U.S. Senate (2006)
Thomas Wilson 1985, mayor of Tuxedo Park, New York (2011–2013); candidate for U.S. Congress (2012)
City and state officials
Stirling Fessenden 1896, Chairman (1923-1929) and Secretary-General (1929-1939) of the Shanghai Municipal Council
Terry Hayes 1980, member of the Maine House of Representatives and Maine State Treasurer
Hoddy Hildreth 1949, Member of the Maine House of Representatives and conservationist
Peter Steinbrueck 1979, Seattle city councilman and activist
Nick Pilch 1983, Albany, CA City Council Member, Vice Mayor, and Mayor (2014-2020) and advocate
Deborah Foote 1983, New House of Representatives (1992–98)
Activists
DeRay Mckesson 2007, civil rights activist
Law
Note: individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the most relevant section.
U.S. Supreme Court Justices
Melville Weston Fuller 1853, 8th Chief Justice of the United States (1888–1910)
Harold Hitz Burton 1909, senator from Ohio (1941–45); associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1945–1958)
Federal and state judges
Josiah Pierce 1821, Judge of Probate for Cumberland County, Maine
Thomas Drummond 1830, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Amos Morrill 1834, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
William LeBaron Putnam 1855, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Clarence Hale 1869, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine
Frank George Farrington 1872, Associate Justice Maine Supreme Judicial Court (1928–1933)
Charles Fletcher Johnson 1879, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
John A. Peters 1885, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine
John David Clifford, Jr. 1910, United States district judge for the District of Maine (1933–47)
Ronald Rene Lagueux 1953, United States district judge for the District of Rhode Island (1986–present)
George J. Mitchell 1954, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine
Michael Anello 1965, Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California
Berle M. Schiller 1965, United States district judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2000–present)
John A. Woodcock, Jr. 1972, United States district judge for the District of Maine (2003–present)
Federal attorneys
Amory Holbrook 1841, first United States attorney for the Oregon territory and senatorial candidate
Pat Meehan 1978, United States attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2001–08)
Legal academics and other legal figures
Hoyt Augustus Moore 1895, Cravath, Swaine, and Moore presiding partner
Edward G. Hudon 1937, librarian for the U.S. Supreme Court (1972–76)
Fred Fisher 1942, Boston attorney and figure in the Army-McCarthy hearings
Dennis J. Hutchinson 1969, Rhodes Scholar, law clerk to US Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, professor of law at the University of Chicago, and biographer of Justice Byron White (1998)
Christopher Wolf 1976, law professor and attorney that represented Joseph Wilson and Valerie Plame and was in critical in the formation of internet law
Cara H. Drinan, professor of law at The Catholic University of America's Columbus School of Law
Karen Mill-Francis, retired Miami-Dade County judge and television arbitrator Judge Karen
Military
John F. Appleton 1860, Union Army colonel during the Civil War
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain 1852, Bowdoin College professor (1855–62), Civil War brigadier general, Medal of Honor recipient, Maine governor (1867–71), and president of Bowdoin College (1871–83)
Michael J. Connor 1980, USN Vice Admiral, Commander, Submarine Forces (2012–2015)
Abraham Eustis 1806 (M.A.), officer during the War of 1812
Francis Fessenden 1858, Union Army brigadier general during the Civil War
James Deering Fessenden 1852, Union Army brigadier general during the Civil War
Andrew Haldane 1941, USMC Silver Star recipient during World War II
Charles Henry Howard 1859, Union Army officer and newspaper publisher
Oliver Otis Howard 1850, Civil War major general, commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865–72), and founder and president of Howard University (1869–74)
Thomas Hamlin Hubbard 1857, Civil War colonel, lawyer, financier, philanthropist
Thomas Hyde 1861, Medal of Honor recipient during the Civil War and founder of Bath Iron Works (1884)
Everett P. Pope 1941, USMC Medal of Honor recipient during World War II
Ellis Spear 1858, Civil War colonel, U.S. Commissioner of Patents
Henry Clay Wood 1854, U.S. Army brigadier general who received the Medal of Honor for heroism at the Battle of Wilson's Creek
Science and medicine
William Smyth 1822, professor of mathematics and philosophy at Bowdoin; author of popular textbooks on algebra, trigonometry, geometry and calculus (1833–59)
James Liddell Phillips 1860, D.D.(Hon.) 1878, medical missionary to India. Christian Missionary founder of the Bible School at Midnapore.
Augustus Stinchfield 1868, co-founder of the Mayo Clinic
George Edwin Lord 1869, doctor killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876
Francis Robbins Upton 1875, mathematician and inventor; long-time associate of Thomas Edison; first student ever to receive a graduate degree from Princeton (1877)
Edwin Hall 1875, physicist, discoverer of the Hall effect, used worldwide in sensors and has led more recently to the quantum Hall effect, the international standard defining the ohm in electrical resistance
Robert Peary 1877, Naval officer and leader of the first expedition to reach the North Pole (1909)
Donald MacMillan 1898, member of the Peary expedition and pioneering Arctic explorer
Philip Hunter Timberlake 1908, prolific entomologist and writer of scientific essays
Malford W. Thewlis 1911, pioneer of gerontology and founder of the American Geriatrics Society
Alfred Kinsey 1916, sex researcher, author of the controversial Kinsey Reports (1948, 1953), professor at Indiana University (1920–56), and founder of the Institute for Sex Research (1947)
Myron Avery 1920, environmentalist instrumental in the creation of the Appalachian Trail
Cornelius P. Rhoads 1920, pathologist and oncologist; winner of awards for his contributions to the field of oncology; the American Association for Cancer research named an award after him, which was later renamed following a scandal
John Ripley Forbes 1938, conservationist and philanthropist of nature museums
J. Ward Kennedy 1955, cardiologist who made novel studies concerning the heart's pumping power
Auden Schendler 1992, corporate environmentalist prominently featured in issues of Time Magazine and Businessweek
Athletics
Whitey Witt, starting center fielder for the World Series-winning 1923 New York Yankees team
Fred Tootell 1923, Olympic gold medalist in the hammer throw (1924)
George Mitchell 1954, Senate Majority Leader (1989–95); in 2007 released the Mitchell Report concerning steroid abuses in Major League Baseball
Fred Ahern 1974, NHL hockey player
Dale Arnold 1979, two-time Emmy Award-winning sportcaster
Joan Benoit Samuelson 1979, world record holder and winner of the Boston (1979, 1983), Olympic (1984) and Chicago (1985) marathons
Rick Boyages 1985, head coach for William & Mary Tribe men's basketball (2000–2003)
Joe Beninati 1987, television play-by-play announcer for the Washington Capitals (1994–present) and Major League Lacrosse (2001–present)
Tom Ryan 1993, professional lacrosse player and coach
Jared Porter 2003, general manager of the New York Mets (2020–2021)
Sean Starke 2003, professional ice hockey player
Will Hanley 2012, professional basketball player in the Liga ACB in Spain
Ben Brewster 2014, professional soccer player (2013-2017) and NCAA D1 collegiate coach (2017-present)
Business
Henry Varnum Poor 1835, founder of Standard & Poor's
Jonathan Eveleth 1847, founder of first U.S. oil company
Thomas Hyde 1861, Medal of Honor recipient and founder of Bath Iron Works (1884)
Charles W. Morse 1877, American ice, shipping and banking magnate; ruined the career of New York mayor Robert Van Wyck and helped spark the Panic of 1907
Freelan Oscar Stanley 1877, inventor of the Stanley Steamer, and builder of the Stanley Hotel
L. Brooks Leavitt 1899, investment banker, partner, Paine, Webber & Co., Overseer, Bowdoin College, donor to college library
Harvey Dow Gibson 1902, Red Cross commissioner and president of the Manufacturers Trust Co; served on the board of the 1939 New York World's Fair
Everett P. Pope 1941, Medal of Honor recipient, bank president, and longtime member (1977–87) and chairman of the college's Board of Trustees (1985–87)
Charles Ireland, Jr. 1942, president of CBS (1971–72)
Bernard Osher 1948, billionaire auctioneer of Butterfield & Butterfield and philanthropist
Raymond S. Troubh 1950, independent financial consultant, general partner at Lazard (1961–74), and interim chairman at Enron (2002–2004)
Peter Buck 1952, billionaire co-founder of the Subway sandwich chain (1965) and physicist
George Mitchell 1954, chairman of the Walt Disney Corporation (2004–06)
Leon Gorman 1956, president (1967–2001) and chairman (2001–present) of L. L. Bean
Donald M. Zuckert 1956, chairman and CEO of Ted Bates Worldwide, Inc.
David A. Olsen 1959, CEO of Johnson & Higgins (1990–97); vice chairman of Marsh & McLennan (1997) and then board member (1997–present)
Kenneth Chenault 1973, president (1997–2001) and CEO (2001–present) of American Express; the first African-American CEO of a Fortune 500 company
Sheldon M. Stone 1974, Oaktree Capital Management founder and partner
Stanley Druckenmiller 1975, billionaire financier and philanthropist; former business associate of George Soros
Robert F. White 1977, founding member of Bain Capital
John Studzinski 1978, American-British investment banker and philanthropist and CBE
James "Jes" Staley 1979, former head of investment banking at JPMorgan Chase
Reed Hastings 1983, founder (1997) and CEO (1997–present) of Netflix
Charity and nonprofit
Geoffrey Canada 1974, author and activist; president and CEO of the Harlem Children's Zone
John J. Studzinski 1978, investment banker and champion of the homeless and the arts; founder of the Genesis Foundation
Academia
Note: individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the most relevant section.
College founders and Presidents
Nathan Lord 1809, president of Dartmouth College (1828–63)
Alpheus Packard, Sr. 1819, professor (1824–65) and acting president (1882–84) of Bowdoin College
William C. Larrabee 1828, president of DePauw University (1848–1849)
William Henry Allen 1833, president of Dickinson College (1847–48) and Pennsylvania State University (1864–68)
Samuel Harris 1833, president of Bowdoin College (1867–71) and Dwight Professor of Systematic Theology at Yale Divinity School (1871–95)
Cyrus Hamlin 1834, co-founder of Robert College in Istanbul (1860); president of Middlebury College (1880–85)
Alonzo Garcelon 1836, donor of Bates College (1855), Civil War general, Maine governor (1879–80)
Laurie G. Lachance 1983, president, Thomas College (2012– )
George Frederick Magoun 1841, first president of Iowa College, now Grinnell College (1865–1885)
Oliver Otis Howard 1850, Civil War general, commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865–72), and founder and president of Howard University (1869–74)
Kenneth Sills 1901, president of Bowdoin College (1918–52)
Asa S. Knowles 1930, president of the University of Toledo and Northeastern University, and namesake of the building which houses the Northeastern School of Law
Lawrence Lee Pelletier 1936, president of Allegheny College, and namesake of the school's library
Robert W. Morse 1943, first president of Case Western Reserve University (1966–71)
George Mitchell 1954, Chancellor of Queen's University, Belfast
Roger Howell, Jr. 1958, Rhodes Scholar, Professor of History, and president of Bowdoin College (1969–78)
Barry Mills 1972, president of Bowdoin College (2001–2015)
Meredith Jung-En Woo 1980, professor at Northwestern University (1989–2000) and the University of Michigan (2001–present); Dean of the College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Virginia (2008–2015); president of Sweet Briar College (2017–present); expert on Korean politics
Paul A. Chadbourne professor 1858, President of University of Wisconsin, Williams College, and University of Massachusetts
Adam S. Weinberg 1987, president of Denison University (2013–present)
Herman Dreer, president of Douglass University in St. Louis, educational reformer and activist
Professors and scholars
Calvin Ellis Stowe 1824, professor of religion at the Andover Theological Seminary, Dartmouth College and Bowdoin College; husband and literary agent of Harriet Beecher Stowe
Henry Boynton Smith 1834, theologian and professor at Amherst College (1847–50) and the Union Theological Seminary (1850–74)
Ezra Abbot 1840, influential biblical scholar and professor at the Harvard Divinity School (1872–84)
Charles Carroll Everett 1850, theologian and philosopher; professor at (1869–78), and dean of (1878–1900), the Harvard Divinity School
William Alfred Packard 1851, classical scholar and professor at Princeton University
Jonathan Stanton 1856, ornithologist and professor at Bates College (1863–1906)
Oliver Patterson Watts 1889, professor of chemistry at University of Wisconsin
Boyd Bartlett 1917, military officer and physics professor at the United States Military Academy
Robert Albion 1918, author and professor at Princeton University (1922–47) and at Harvard University (1948–65)
Douglas Chalmers 1953, Chair of Columbia University's Political Science Department (1978-1986); Acting Dean of Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs (1996-1997); Director of Columbia University's Institute for Latin American and Iberian Studies ( ? - present)
Richard E. Morgan 1959, distinguished professor of Government at Bowdoin College (1969–2014)
Peter Hayes 1968, Holocaust historian
Bruce E. Cain 1970, Rhodes Scholar and Charles Louis Ducommun Professor at Stanford University (2012–present)
Ralph G. Steinhardt 1976, Arthur Selwyn Miller Research Professor of Law at the George Washington University Law School (1985–present)
Lyman Page 1978, astronomer, physicist, and professor at Princeton University
Thomas Glave 1993, O. Henry Award-winning short story writer, essayist and English professor at Binghamton University
Religion
Rev. Joshua Young, Unitarian minister who presided over the funeral of John Brown.
Fictional Alumni
Hawkeye Pierce, the protagonist of Richard Hooker's novel, M*A*S*H (1968), attended a school based on Bowdoin; played by Donald Sutherland in the Academy Award-winning film version (1970) and by Alan Alda in the long-running TV series (1972–83)
Dr. Wilbur Larch, the pro-choice doctor who raises Homer Wells, the protagonist of John Irving's novel, The Cider House Rules (1985); Michael Caine won an Academy Award when he portrayed him in the 1999 film version
Homer Wells, the protagonist of John Irving's The Cider House Rules (1985), recipient of a Bowdoin degree forged by his mentor and father figure, Dr. Wilbur Larch; played by Tobey Maguire in the 1999 film version
Forney Hull, the main love interest of the lead character in Billie Letts' novel, Where the Heart Is (1995); played by James Frain in the 2000 film version
Derek Shepherd ("McDreamy"), a lead character played by Patrick Dempsey in the popular TV series Grey's Anatomy (2005–2015)
Gilbert, a character in Paul Harding's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Tinkers (2009), a semi-legendary literary figured who graduated from Bowdoin and is rumored to have been one of Nathaniel Hawthorne's classmates
Horace Guilder, the villain in Justin Cronin's 2012 novel The Twelve, mentions having running cross-country at Bowdoin.
Honorary degree recipients
John Neal M.A. 1836, American poet, novelist, journalist, critic, editor, lecturer, athlete, and activist
Jefferson Davis L.L.D. 1859, senator from Mississippi (1847–53, 1857–61), Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce (1853–1857), and president of the Confederate States of America (1861–65)
Joshua Young, D.D., 1890, abolitionist, minister of several congregations in Vermont and Massachusetts
Ashley Day Leavitt D.D. 1918, Pastor, State Street Congregational Church, Portland, Maine
Robert Frost Litt.D. 1926, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and professor at Amherst College (1916–38)
Leverett Saltonstall L.L.D. 1940, Governor and United States Senator from Massachusetts
Sturgis Elleno Leavitt Litt.D. 1943, scholar of Spanish language and literature, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Harlan Fiske Stone L.L.D. 1944, Attorney General under President Calvin Coolidge (1924–25); Associate (1925–41) and Chief (1941–46) Justice of the Supreme Court
N.C. Wyeth A.M. 1945, American artist and illustrator
Margaret Chase Smith L.L.D. 1952, representative (1940–49) and senator (1949–73) from Maine
Sir Roger Makins LL.D. 1955, British Ambassador to the United States
Edmund Muskie L.L.D. 1957, Maine governor (1954–58); senator from Maine (1958–1980); Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter (1980–81)
David Rockefeller L.L.D. 1958, banker and philanthropist
Roswell Gilpatric L.L.D. 1963, attorney, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
Edward Brooke LL.D. 1969, senator from Massachusetts (1967–79)
Andrew Wyeth D.F.A. 1970, American artist
E. Frederic Morrow L.L.D. 1970, first black US presidential aide; former Bowdoin undergraduate (1926–30)
Olympia Snowe L.L.D. 1983, representative (1979–94) and senator (1994–present) from Maine
Berenice Abbott D.F.A. 1982, photographer
George H. W. Bush L.L.D. 1982, 43rd Vice President (1981–89) and 41st President of the United States (1989–1993)
Maya Angelou, Litt.D. 1987, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and author
Ken Burns L.H.D. 1991, director of documentaries on the American Civil War (1990), baseball (1994) and jazz (2001)
Cornel West L.H.D. 1999, celebrity professor at Yale, Harvard and Princeton
Paul Simon L.L.D. 2001, congressman (1975–85) and senator (1985–97) from Illinois
Grace Paley Litt. D. 2003, essayist and short story writer
Shulamit Ran Mus.D. 2004, Pulitzer Prize-winning composer
Torsten N. Wiesel S.D. 2004, Nobel Prize winner in medicine
Frederick Wiseman D.F.A. 2005, documentary filmmaker
Roger Angell L.H.D. 2006, senior editor of The New Yorker
Drew Gilpin Faust L.H.D. 2007, president of Harvard University
Yvon Chouinard L.H.D. 2008, businessman, climber, founder of Patagonia Inc.
Gina Kolata Litt.D. 2008, science journalist for The New York Times
Kenneth Roth L.L.D. 2009, executive director of Human Rights Watch
Edward Albee L.H.D. 2009, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright
John E. Baldacci L.L.D. 2011, governor of Maine (2003-11)
Mira Nair D.F.A 2011, Academy Award-nominated Indian filmmaker
Madeleine Albright L.L.D 2013, first female United States Secretary of State
Patrick Dempsey L.H.D. 2013, actor and philanthropist
Susan Rice L.L.D. 2018, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2009–13), U.S. National Security Advisor (2013–17), and U.S. Domestic Policy Council Director (2021–present)
Notable faculty members and trustees (non-graduates)
John Chandler (1762–1841), congressman and senator from Maine, trustee
William King (1768–1862), Maine governor, trustee
Jesse Appleton (1772–1819), president of Bowdoin and father of first lady Jane Pierce
Parker Cleaveland (1780–1858), professor (50 years plus), scientist, "Father of American Mineralogy"
Andrews Norton (1786–1853), theologian, visiting faculty member
Amos Nourse (1794–1877), senator from Maine, professor of obstetrics
James Bradbury (1802–1901), senator from Maine, trustee
Roswell Dwight Hitchcock (1817–1887), professor of natural and revealed religion
Charles Abiathar White (1826–1910), professor of natural history
George Trumbull Ladd (1842–1921), professor of philosophy
Alex Marzano-Lesnevich, professor of English
Roy Ridley (1890–1969), writer and poet, visiting faculty member
Adam Walsh (1901–1985), NFL Coach of the Year for the Cleveland Rams
Rex Warner (1905–1986), English classicist, visiting faculty member
Louis Coxe (1918–1993), poet and author, longtime professor of English
Thomas Cornell (1937-2012), professor of art
Elliott Schwartz (1936–2016), composer and Robert K. Beckwith Professor of Music Emeritus
Brian Lukacher, art historian
Angus King (1944–present), Maine governor, US Senator, adjunct faculty member
Richard Ford (1944–present), Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist of Independence Day (1995)
Paul Franco (1956–present), professor of political philosophy
Michael Crow (1956–present), president of Arizona State University, trustee
Anthony Walton (1960–present), poet and writer-in-residence
Scott Sehon (1963–present), professor of philosophy
John Bisbee (1965–present), sculptor and professor of art
Kristen R. Ghodsee, ethnographer, professor of gender and women's studies
Eddie Glaude, professor of religion
Charles Beitz, professor of politics, former Dean of Academic Affairs
Richard E. Morgan, professor of politics, conservative writer
Susan Faludi, Pulitzer Prize-winning feminist scholar, professor of gender and women's studies
Bob Griffin (born 1980), American-Israeli basketball player, and English Literature professor
Matthew Stuart (-present), professor of philosophy
See also
List of Bates College people
List of Colby College people
List of Dartmouth College people
References
Bowdoin College people
Bowdoin College |
4035279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%20Boon%20Heng | Lim Boon Heng | Lim Boon Heng (; born 18 November 1947) is a Singaporean former politician. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was a Member of Parliament (MP) between 1980 and 2011, and had served in the Cabinet between 2001 and 2011. He was also the chairman of the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC) between 2004 and 2011.
Lim was also served as Chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative, Deputy Chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation, Secretary-General of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and Deputy Chairman of the People's Association.
Since retiring from politics, Lim has been serving as the chairman of Temasek Holdings since 2013.
Early life
Lim grew up in a small farm in Punggol, Singapore. He studied at Montfort Junior School (1955–1960) and Montfort Secondary School (1961–1966). In 1967, Lim was awarded a Colombo Plan Scholarship to study naval architecture at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Upon graduation in 1970, he joined Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) as a naval architect. In 1971, he was awarded a one-year NORAD (Norwegian) Fellowship for practical training in Oslo, leading to a diploma in international shipping inspection. Lim was assigned overseas twice to supervise the construction of NOL's new ships - Denmark (1972–1974) and Japan (1976–1977). He was promoted to Manager of Corporate Planning in 1978, while concurrently holding the post of Manager of Liner Services.
Political career
Lim entered politics in 1980 after he was approached by Goh Chok Tong, who had previously worked with him in NOL. Lim was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kebun Baru (1980–1991). Lim floated the concept of town councils in 1984 and became the Chairman of the first town council in Ang Mo Kio West in 1986. He was MP for the Ulu Pandan (1991–2001) and Jurong (Jurong Central) (2001–2011). Lim was Chairman of the Government Parliamentary Committee (GPC) for Labour (1987–1991) and Deputy Speaker of Parliament (1989–1991).
Lim first entered the Cabinet when he was appointed as Minister without portfolio in October 1993 (later renamed as Minister in the Prime Minister's Office). Before being elevated to the Cabinet, he was appointed Senior Minister of State for the Ministry of Trade and Industry in 1991 and later became the Second Minister in 1993. In 1996, he was the Treasurer of the PAP Central Executive Committee and went on to become the Chairman of the PAP Central Executive Committee in 2004. In 2007, Lim was appointed Chairman of the Ministerial Committee on Ageing to oversee issues related to Singapore's rapidly ageing population.
Lim was Chairman of the National Productivity Board (1991–2003), later known as the Productivity and Standards Board and subsequently the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING Singapore). Lim was also Chairman of the Skills Development Council (1999–2002).
Lim was the Chairman of the Cost Review Committee to look into cost of living in Singapore. (CRC1993 and CRC1996).
Lim announced his retirement from politics in 2011 before the general elections. He also hit the headlines in when he teared up while responding to the media on whether there was groupthink among PAP politicians. He recounts how the Cabinet was deeply split over whether to set up a casino in Singapore and his struggle with the decision.
Trade union career
Lim has a long career with the trade union in Singapore. He spent 26 years at the National Trades Union Congress, with the last 13 as its Secretary-General. He rose from the position of Deputy Director (1981–1983) to Assistant Secretary-General (1983–1987) and Deputy Secretary-General (1987–1991). Thereafter, he had a two-year stint at the Ministry of Trade and Industry (1991–1993). Upon his return to the NTUC, he was elected Secretary-General and served for another four terms until he stepped down in December 2006 to make way for Lim Swee Say.
Lim is Chairman of NTUC Eldercare since 2000 and Deputy Chairman of Singapore Labour Foundation since 1997. Following his retirement from NTUC, Lim helps to oversee the labour movement's network of nine cooperatives. He is currently Chairman of the Social Enterprises Development Council.
Lim served as a member on the National Wages Council from 1981 to 1991. Lim was instrumental in pushing for a flexible wage system to help older workers keep their jobs and to preserve jobs during difficult economic times.
Lim was able to persuade union leaders to support the Central Provident Fund (CPF) cuts and reform during the 1998 recession. He also rallied union leaders and workers to support the restructuring of key companies like PSA International and Singapore Airlines (SIA).
Aware of the many criticisms of his wearing the two hats - that of NTUC chief and Minister in the Cabinet, Lim argued that this arrangement gave labour a place to influence public policy-making at the highest level. He opined that both trade unions and government have the same objective - to better the lives of workers.
In August 1996, Lim was conferred the honorary Doctor of Business from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology for his role in developing and fostering tripartite relationship among government, employers and workers in Singapore. In November 1996, Lim received the honorary Doctorate of Civil Law from his alma mater, the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne for his "combined academic distinction, business acumen, political commitment and social concern". In 2007, the NTUC honoured Lim with the Distinguished Comrade of Labour for his contributions to the trade union movement. The NTUC recognises Lim as having played a key role in building trust among tripartite partners in the tumultuous 1990s when Singapore was rocked by recessions, job losses, and economic restructuring.
Lim was also the Executive Secretary of SMMWU (1981–1991) and advisor to 11 unions affiliated to the NTUC. He was also Chairman of NTUC Pasir Ris Resort Management Committee (1988–1992), Chairman of NTUC Club (1993–2006) and Appointing Governor of the Ong Teng Cheong Institute of Labour Studies (OTC-ILS) (1993–2006).
In 2013, the Lim Boon Heng Scholarship was launched to help Singaporean students who are residents of Jurong Central and Jurong Spring constituencies who have applied for admission into or are pursuing higher education in Singapore universities.
Post-politics career
After Lim's retirement from politics in 2011, he joined Temasek Holding's as a director in June 2012. In July 2013, the investment company announced his appointment as chairman to replace the then outgoing chairman S. Dhanabalan.
Lim is also the chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative. and retains his position as deputy chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation.
In 2017, Lim urged Singaporeans to work as long as they can, as working longer can offer health benefits and give them a sense of purpose. "We should work for as long as we are able to work, and want to work, although we should not expect the same pay."
In 2018, Lim participated in a roundtable to discuss about the merits of the Progressive Wage Model in Singapore versus a universal Minimum Wage.
References
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
Living people
1947 births
Singaporean trade unionists |
4035283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Maurer | Andreas Maurer | Andreas Maurer (born 8 March 1958) is a former tennis player from West Germany.
Maurer won one singles title (1985, Madrid) and two doubles titles (1984, Stuttgart outdoor and 1986, Geneva) during his professional career. The right-hander reached his career-high singles ATP-ranking in May 1986, when he became the world No. 24. His best doubles ranking of world No. 53 was achieved in March 1983
Grand Prix career finals
Singles: 1 (1–0)
Doubles: 2 (2–0)
External links
1958 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gelsenkirchen
West German male tennis players
Tennis people from North Rhine-Westphalia |
4035313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Richmond | Danny Richmond | Daniel "Danny" Richmond (born August 1, 1984) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who most recently played for Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He is the son of former NHL defenseman, Steve Richmond.
Playing career
Amateur career
As a youth, Richmond played in the 1998 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team representing the State of Illinois.
Prior to playing professionally, Richmond played one season each in three different leagues. In 2001–02, Richmond was named the league Rookie of the Year playing for the Chicago Steel of the United States Hockey League, and was named first-team USHL All-Star. His dad was the coach of the Chicago Steel that season. In 2002–03, Richmond played collegiate hockey for the University of Michigan in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, and was named to the CCHA All-Rookie Team. Richmond played for the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League in 2003–04. Richmond also played in the 2004 International Ice Hockey Federation World Junior Championships, helping the United States win the gold medal with two assists in the gold-medal game.
Professional career
Richmond was drafted by the Carolina Hurricanes with the first pick in the second round (the 31st overall selection) in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft, and signed a three-year contract with Carolina on September 15, 2004. Richmond's first professional season was with the Lowell Lock Monsters of the American Hockey League (AHL) in 2004–05, where Richmond scored four goals and had nine assists in 63 games.
In the 2005–06 season, Richmond split time between Lowell and Carolina, appearing in ten games for the Hurricanes and tallying one assist, and was named to the AHL Planet USA All-Star Team. On January 20, 2006, Richmond was traded by the Hurricanes to the Chicago Blackhawks for Anton Babchuk, and was assigned to the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL.
On July 17, 2008, Richmond was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Tim Brent. In the 2008–09 season, Richmond was assigned to Pittsburgh affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. Richmond played in 55 games with the Penguins before he was traded to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Andy Wozniewski on March 4, 2009.
On July 20, 2009, Richmond re-signed to a one-year contract with the Blues. Danny started the 2009–10 season with the Rivermen and played in 54 games before he was traded along with Hannu Toivonen, back to the Blackhawks, for Joe Fallon on March 1, 2010.
On June 11, 2010 Richmond was an honorary guest in the Chicago Blackhawks Stanley Cup parade through Chicago.
On September 30, 2010 Richmond received a Stanley Cup ring along with other Blackhawk players and staff at a private ceremony.
On July 3, 2011, Richmond signed a one-year contract with the Washington Capitals organization. Assigned to AHL affiliate, the Hershey Bears for the 2011–12 season, Richmond played in only 24 games before he was traded by the Capitals to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for Mike Carman on February 2, 2012. He was immediately assigned to AHL affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters, where Richmond was credited in helping the Monsters in a late season push by scoring 7 points in 23 games.
Unable to reach the playoffs with the Monsters, Richmond signed before free agency in North America to a one-year contract with Finnish team Lahti Pelicans of the SM-liiga on May 23, 2012. In the 2012–13 season, Richmond was leading the lowly Pelicans from the Blueline with 18 points in 39 games, before he was released from his contract and signed for the remainder of the season with European club, EC Red Bull Salzburg of the Austrian Hockey League, on January 27, 2013.
After helping Salzburg reach the EBEL semi-finals, Richmond left as a free agent and opted to remain in Europe in signing a one-year contract with German club, EHC München of the DEL, on June 17, 2013.
On June 19, 2014, Richmond transferred from Munich to rivals Adler Mannheim, agreeing to a two-year deal.
In his first season with the Adler Mannheim, Richmond won the DEL championship, defeating Ingolstadt in 6 games. Richmond led all defenders in points for the Adler with 8 goals and 32 assists
After three seasons with Mannheim, Richmond left as a free agent to sign a two-year deal with Eisbären Berlin on May 31, 2017.
Personal life
Richmond's father, Steve, played in the NHL with the New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, New Jersey Devils, and the Los Angeles Kings.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honors
References
External links
1984 births
Adler Mannheim players
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Chicago Steel players
Carolina Hurricanes draft picks
Carolina Hurricanes players
Eisbären Berlin players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey players from Chicago
Lake Erie Monsters players
Living people
London Knights players
Lowell Lock Monsters players
Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey players
EHC München players
Norfolk Admirals players
Lahti Pelicans players
Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
EC Red Bull Salzburg players
Toronto Marlies players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players |
4035316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladno%20%28disambiguation%29 | Kladno (disambiguation) | Kladno is a city in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.
Kladno may also refer to the following places:
Kladno District, part of the Central Bohemian Region
Kladno (Chrudim District), a village in Pardubice Region, Czech Republic
Kładno, Poland |
4035319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston%E2%80%93Felton%E2%80%93Hay%20House | Johnston–Felton–Hay House | The Johnston–Felton–Hay House, often abbreviated Hay House, is a historic residence at 934 Georgia Avenue in Macon, Georgia. Built between 1855 and 1859 by William Butler Johnston and his wife Anne Tracy Johnston in the Italian Renaissance Revival style, the house has been called the "Palace of the South." The mansion sits atop Coleman Hill on Georgia Avenue in downtown Macon, near the Walter F. George School of Law, part of Mercer University. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its architectural uniqueness.
The , 24-room home was designed by the New York architect T. Thomas and Son. It was built in part by craftsman and artisans brought from Italy who were supervised by local master builder James B. Ayers. It has four levels and is crowned by a three-story cupola. Commissioned by imaginative owners and constructed by the most skillful workers of the time, its technological amenities were unsurpassed in the mid-nineteenth century: hot and cold running water, central heat, a speaker-tube system connecting 15 rooms, a French lift equivalent to today's elevator, in-house kitchen, and an elaborate ventilation system.
House history
Two families lived in Hay House, the first over four generations. Most of the home's present-day furnishings date from the Hay family's occupancy (1926–1962). A few pieces are from the Johnston family (1860–1896), most notably the Eastlake-style dining room suite. The most notable piece in the collection may be the 1857 marble statue, "Ruth Gleaning", by American expatriate sculptor Randolph Rogers.
The home was a place of comfort for the Johnston family and their daughters until the late 1800s. In 1896 after the death of Mrs. Johnston, their daughter Mary Ellen Felton and her husband lived in the home. The Feltons updated the plumbing and electricity and stayed in the home until the time of their deaths in 1926.
The Johnstons
William Butler Johnston obtained his substantial wealth through investments in banking, railroads and public utilities rather than from the agrarian cotton economy. In 1851, he married Anne Clark Tracy, 20 years his junior, and the couple embarked on an extended honeymoon in Europe from 1852 to 1855. During their trip, the Johnstons visited hundreds of museums, historic sites and art studios. They collected fine porcelains, sculptures and paintings as mementos during their grand tour. Inspired by the Italian architecture they observed, the Johnstons constructed the monumental Italian Renaissance Revival mansion in Macon upon their return to America. Only two of the Johnstons' six children survived to adulthood. Caroline and Mary Ellen Johnston were born in 1862 and 1864, respectively, and grew up in the house on Georgia Avenue.
The Feltons
After the death of Mrs. Johnston in 1896, daughter Mary Ellen and her husband, Judge William H. Felton, lived in the house. They remodeled and redecorated parts of the house, updated the plumbing and added electricity. Their only child, William Hamilton Felton Jr., was born in 1889. He married Luisa Macgill Gibson in 1915, and the newlywed couple soon moved in with the Feltons. They and their two sons, William Hamilton Felton III and George Gibson Felton, lived in the house until 1926.
The Hays
After the deaths of William Sr. and Mary Ellen Felton, the house was sold to Parks Lee Hay and his wife, Maude. After purchasing, the Hays redecorated the entire home, updating it to fit the new twentieth-century décor. The home was seen as a local landmark to all in middle Georgia. Mr. Hay died in 1957, and Mrs. Hay died in 1962.
Present day
Following Mrs. Hay's death, her heirs established the P.L. Hay Foundation and operated the house as a private house museum. By virtue of its national architectural significance, Hay House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. In 1977, the ownership and operation of the house was formally transferred to The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation to ensure its long-term preservation.
In 2000, the White House Millennium Council designated Hay House an Official Project of Save America's Treasures in 2000. Today, Hay House is one of Macon's most popular tourist attractions with 20,000 visitors each year. The house is also a prominent rental venue for special events.
Hay House campaign
Recently, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation which oversees the management and maintenance of Hay House embarked on a successful $7.6 million capital campaign for the restoration and maintenance of the building. Of the money raised in the capital campaign, $3.5 million was earmarked to establish an endowment for ongoing maintenance. A need of $17.5 million has been identified to fund a complete restoration of the Hay House and permanently endow all future maintenance and management.
The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation received a number of donations and grants including a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, a grant from the National Endowment of the Arts, and an Architectural Conservation grant from the Getty Foundation.
Restoration
Today, Hay House is open to visitors. Tours are held daily. Some of the plants in the landscaping of the home date back to the 19th century. Renovations continue to occur to keep Hay House up to date. Upcoming projects include a redesign of the gift shop, including new insulation, and writing specifications for mortar repairs outside of the building. Half of the money raised in the capital campaign was allocated for restoration of the exterior, cupola, and most public rooms of the house. Other restoration efforts include repairing the porch and stairs, masonry, and window and door shutter; conserving the stained glass; installing UV protection on windows; restoring the ground floor, attic, and cupola; lighting the 8,000-gallon water tank interior to illustrate the technological innovations of the house; conserving the collections of paintings and porcelain; and repairing the exterior grounds. Original furnishings and decorations in the downstairs rooms are also being researched in order to accurately restore the wall coverings, paint finishes, and furniture upholstery to their appearance during the Hay family's residency in the house.
Popular culture
The house served as the filming location for the debutante ball scene in Borat Subsequent Moviefilm.
Gallery
See also
Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation
Rhodes Hall
List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bibb County, Georgia
References
Jones, Tommy H.; Margaret Hall, editor, The Johnstons, Feltons, & Hays: 100 Years in the Palace of the South, Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, 1993.
Linley, John. The Georgia Catalog, Historic American Buildings Survey: A Guide to the Architecture of the State, University of Georgia Press, 1983.*National Historic Landmarks Program: Hay House. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1084&ResourceType=Building
National Register of Historic Places: Johnston-Hay House. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=27
The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation (2009). "Annual Report 2008".
The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation (2007-11-11). The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation Announces Successful $7 Million Fundraising Campaign. Press Release.
External links
Hay House (official website), at Georgia Trust. Includes visiting hours.
Houses completed in 1859
National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses in Macon, Georgia
Museums in Macon, Georgia
Historic house museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Italian Renaissance Revival architecture in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Bibb County, Georgia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state) |
4035327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20Acu%C3%B1a | Ricardo Acuña | Ricardo Acuña (born 13 January 1958) is a former tennis player from Chile, who won three doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 47 in March 1986.
Since his retirement from competition, Acuña has served as both the assistant director and the Director of Tennis at the ATP Headquarters in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. He currently serves on the USTA Player Development staff as a National Coach for Men's tennis.
Career finals
Singles (1 runner-up)
Doubles (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Chilean emigrants to the United States
Chilean male tennis players
Northwestern State University alumni
People from Jupiter, Florida
Sportspeople from Santiago
Tennis people from Florida
Tennis players at the 1979 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Pan American Games silver medalists for Chile
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games |
4035330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%20Vitali | Domino Vitali | Dominetta Vitali, known simply as Domino, is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the James Bond novel Thunderball. For the 1965 film adaptation of the same name, her name was changed to Dominique Derval, nicknamed Domino, and she was portrayed by French actress Claudine Auger. In the 1983 film adaptation Never Say Never Again, her character was renamed Domino Petachi and she was portrayed by American actress Kim Basinger.
Biography
The novel
Born Dominetta Petacchi, she is an Italian beauty from Bolzano who went to school in England at Cheltenham Ladies' College. She later studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art until being forced (after her parents' death in a train wreck) to return to Italy, where she became an actress. She changed her surname to Vitali, a stage name. While in Italy she also became the mistress of Emilio Largo, whom she calls a "guardian" of no relation.
Bond meets Domino while in Nassau. She is staying on Largo's yacht, the Disco Volante, and believes Largo is in the area on a treasure hunt. For reasons she does not understand Largo makes her stay on land while he and his partners (whom she describes as shareholders) go prospecting for the hidden treasure. She also tells Bond that she has never been able to see the map that they use. Although Bond is successful in engaging Domino in conversation, she snubs him, but later agrees to meet with him again when she returns to land. She also becomes testy when Bond uses her given name, Dominetta, and bluntly tells him to call her 'Domino'.
When Bond and Domino meet again at the casino later, she has entirely changed. She tells Bond that she is tired of watching Largo show off and letting him use her. She explains to Bond that she is trapped like a bird in a gilded cage. Domino later reveals that Giuseppe Petacchi is her brother who she hasn't seen for quite some time. Bond finds out that Largo had Petacchi killed after Petacchi had hijacked a bomber on SPECTRE's behalf. He proves this to Domino, and recruits her as an ally to spy on Largo. Domino returns to Largo's yacht, the Disco Volante, with a geiger counter to verify the ship as the location of the two stolen nuclear bombs, however, she is uncovered and taken prisoner. Largo tortures her by burning her with a cigar for heat and then using ice cubes for cold.
Domino ultimately escapes as Largo attempts to carry out his plan. Before he can kill a weakened James Bond, she appears behind him and shoots him through the neck with a harpoon from a spear gun, avenging her brother.
The films
Thunderball
In early drafts of the film's screenplay, the character's name was Dominetta Palazzi. When Claudine Auger was cast as Domino, the character's surname was changed to Derval to reflect her nationality.
Dominique Derval is seen when Bond is swimming in Nassau, her foot gets stuck in coral on the ocean floor but Bond sets her free. She swims up to her boat and thanks Bond. Bond swims back to his boat with his Nassau contact, Paula Caplan. Paula takes care of their boat, as Bond is about to learn more about Domino. Domino and Bond have lunch on the beach, but Quist spies on the two, a sign that Domino had to go back to the yacht Disco Volante. At the hotel Bond stayed in, Bond sees Domino with Largo, Domino smoking a cigar, as Bond bids in the game against Largo. Domino tells Largo that Bond has pressed her to a drink. Domino and Bond slow-dance outside but Largo collects her.
Upon arriving at Largo's home in Palmyra, Domino is swimming when Bond visits. After leaving to make lunch, Largo invites Bond to the Nassau Junkanoo. Domino accompanies them and informs Bond that Felix Leiter is trying to contact him. Bond then searches for Paula, who had been kidnapped by Fiona Volpe. He finds out that Paula committed suicide with cyanide. The next day, Domino and Bond make love in the water. They go on shore and Bond tells Domino the story: Largo killed her brother, a French Air Force pilot assigned to NATO, in order for SPECTRE to steal a Royal Air Force Avro Vulcan strategic bomber with two nuclear bombs. Largo, as a senior SPECTRE operative, plans to create a nuclear holocaust using the weapons.
Domino then aids Bond by helping him kill Vargas and spying on the Disco Volante, but Largo captures and tortures her. Domino escapes and kills Largo with a harpoon in the back. She and Bond then jump off Volante just in time before it explodes. They are immediately rescued by the CIA B-17 and carried into the air on a sky hook.
Never Say Never Again
Domino Petachi (played by Kim Basinger) is structured after Domino Derval. The character is called Domino, it is no longer just a nickname, but her last name has reverted to the novel's original Petachi. Unlike in the first film version where she refers to Largo as her "guardian," there is no disguising the fact they are involved romantically.
She meets Bond at a spa in Monte Carlo, where he poses as a masseur and massages her for information. This gives her immense pleasure, though she later realizes he is not who he appears to be. She encounters him again at a casino where Bond introduces himself to her. They have drinks before being interrupted by Largo. The two dance briefly, where Bond informs her about the death of her brother Jack. Bond is then invited to Largo's yacht, where Largo spies on them kissing in her cabin. He leaves Bond manacled near Palmyra, while Domino is auctioned off as a slave to some unsavory Arabs. Bond eventually escapes and rescues her. They are then chased by the Arabs on horseback until the horse jumps off a cliff into the ocean. They are rescued from the water by Felix Leiter and a team from MI6. After their rescue, Domino and Bond track Largo to a location known as "The Tears of Allah". The two take a shower together, and Bond kisses her before heading off to stop Largo. The circumstances of her spearing Largo as he and Bond fight are altered from the original film – here it takes place underwater, with all the characters in scuba gear. The film ends with Bond indicating his intention to retire from MI6 and settle down with Domino.
Reception
About.com ranked Claudine Auger's Domino as number eight in their list of best Bond girls, calling her a "knockout". In a poll conducted by Moviefone.com in 2008, Basinger was ranked #3 in the top 10 sexiest Bond girls for her portrayal of Domino.
Robert Caplen argues that Auger's Domino is part of a "successful formula" in the first decade of the franchise of "portraying submissive and obedient women" who "willingly allow Bond's masculinity to subdue them".
References
Bond girls
Fictional Italian people
Thunderball (film)
Literary characters introduced in 1961 |
4035332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28United%20States%29 | 14th Infantry Regiment (United States) | The 14th Infantry Regiment ("Golden Dragons" ) is a United States Army light infantry regiment. It has served in the American Civil War, Boxer Rebellion, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Joint Guard, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Gothic Serpent, Operation New Dawn, Operation Resolute Support, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 14th Infantry Regiment did not take part in combat during World War I. It has also conducted peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in the Sinai Peninsula, Guantánamo Bay in Cuba, Bosnia, and Kosovo.
Only the 2nd Battalion of the 14th Infantry Regiment is currently active, assigned to 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum, New York.
History
Civil War, 1861–66
In May 1861, President Abraham Lincoln called for the creation of nine additional Regular Army infantry regiments in preparation for the looming civil war. These regiments were designated the 11th through the 19th Infantry and organized as "three-battalion" regiments, each battalion containing eight companies of infantry, in contrast to the original ten regular regiments of infantry, which were organized on the traditional ten-company line.
The 14th Infantry Regiment was organized on 3 May 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut, in two battalions with the third added in April 1862. Part of the Army of the Potomac, the regiment saw its first combat action in the Peninsula Campaign 17 May 1862. The regiment was assigned to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac and fought at Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness and Petersburg.
In recognition of the regiment's heroic performance of duty during twelve of the bloodiest campaigns of the American Civil War, General George Meade, awarded the 14th Infantry Regiment the place of honor at the "Right of the Line" in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, DC at the end of the war. This is where the regiment takes its motto "The Right of the Line".
Following the Civil War, the Army was reorganized by Congress in July 1866, and the 14th was divided into three regiments, each battalion receiving two additional companies and being organized along traditional lines. The 1st Battalion retained the designation of the 14th Infantry, while the 2nd Battalion became the 23rd Infantry and the 3rd Battalion the 32nd Infantry.
Indian Wars, 1866–78
The regiment was sent to the Presidio of San Francisco following the Civil War and from there line companies were posted to locations in Arizona, California, Oregon, and Washington. The regiment took part in two Indian campaigns and detachments were in two other campaigns (including the 1866-1868 Snake War) but not in sufficient strength to entitle the regiment as a whole to participation credit.
Campaign participation credit during this time includes Arizona 1866; Wyoming 1874; Little Big Horn 1876; Bannocks 1878.
Arizona, 1866-1869
Five companies from the regiment (Campanies B, C, D, F, and G) fought the Apaches in 1866 in Arizona. After three years of service in deserts of the Southwest, the regiment was sent to the South for Reconstruction duty beginning in July 1869.
Wyoming, 1870-1874
The threat of an Indian war in the Dakotas caused the regiment to be moved back to the frontier in April 1870, first to Fort Randall, then to Fort Sedgwick, and finally to Fort Laramie in March 1871. In 1874, three companies from the regiment (Companies D, F, and G) operated against Indian tribes raiding ranches and mines in the Wyoming territory. On February 9, 1874, a soldier from the regiment, 1st Lt. Levi H. Robinson, was killed during a skirmish with Indians north of Fort Laramie. He is the namesake of Fort Robinson in Nebraska.
Great Sioux War, 1876-1877
A total of six companies from the regiment participated in the Great Sioux War.
Soon after the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876, four companies from the regiment (Companies B, C, F, and I) participated in a punitive expedition. They departed Fort Douglas, Utah, by train, arrived at Medicine Bow, Wyoming, on June 25, and then marched overland to join General Crook’s column at Goose Creek. This expedition is noteworthy as it included the infamous Horsemeat March, one of the most grueling marches in American military history, and the Battle of Slim Buttes.
In November 1876, two companies from the regiment (Companies D and G) left Fort Fetterman accompanying eleven cavalry companies commanded by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. The expedition proceeded northward along the Bozeman Trail and attacked a Cheyenne village on November 25, 1876, in what became known as the Dull Knife Fight.
Death of Crazy Horse, 1877
Captain James Kennington, who had led Company B during the Battle of Slim Buttes, was the Officer of the Day at Fort Robinson and escorted Crazy Horse to the guardhouse when the captured Lakota war leader was killed on September 5, 1877. Private William Gentles, Company F, 14th Infantry, bayoneted Crazy Horse during the attempted escape.
Bannock War, 1878
The Bannock War was an armed conflict between the U.S. military and Bannock and Paiute warriors in Idaho and Northeastern Oregon from June to August 1878.
Fort Vancouver, 1884-1898
The regiment was posted to Fort Vancouver, Washington, and was one of the units with the longest association to the site during this era. Members of regiment were deployed to Seattle in response to anti-Chinese riots in 1885-1886.
Spanish–American War, 1898
The regiment was at the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898, in the Spanish–American War, and in the fighting around the same city in 1899.
China Relief Expedition, 1900
During the early years of the 20th century, the 14th Infantry Regiment was deployed to China to help put down the Boxer Rebellion. The 14th was the spearhead in winning a victory over the Chinese army at the Battle of Yangcun. At the Tung Pien Gate in Peking, the regiment was taking heavy fire and was unable to effectively engage the enemy. To counteract, volunteers were called for to scale the wall and lay down suppressive fire from the better vantage point while the rest of the regiment followed. Corporal Calvin P. Titus, a band member and chaplains assistant from E Company, volunteered, and with rope slung over his shoulder scaled the wall and laid down the suppressive fire that allowed more and more soldiers behind him to follow.
For his actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor as well as receiving an appointment to West Point. For their conduct of the operation, the 14th Infantry Regiment was rewarded by the Chinese government a large amount of silver bullion which was later fashioned into an ornamented punchbowl with matching cups and other dinnerware that is still kept in 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment headquarters.
World War I, 1917–18
On the eve of the US entry into World War I, the 14th Infantry Regiment was stationed in Yuma, Arizona, although the 1st Battalion was on detached duty in Alaska. The regiment was subsequently transferred to Vancouver Barracks, Washington. In 1918 the 14th was moved to Butte, Montana, to guard the Anaconda copper mines. Although a Regular Army unit, the regiment did not see active service during the war.
Omar Bradley, who was later to serve with distinction in World War II and a future Chief of Staff of the United States Army, served with this regiment during the early years of his military career.
Interwar Period, 1919-1941
The 14th Infantry Regiment was stationed at Camp Custer, Michigan, in 1919. On 22 October 1920, it was transferred to Fort Davis, in the Panama Canal Zone, and was assigned to the Panama Canal Division on 3 July 1921. When the Panama Canal Division was inactivated in 1932, the regiment was attached to Headquarters, Atlantic Sector on 15 April 1932. On 10 April 1940, the regiment was assigned to the Panama Canal Division's successor, the Panama Mobile Force.
World War II, 1941–45
In 1943, the Golden Dragons were ordered to Camp Carson, Colorado. The regiment arrived in San Francisco, California on 18 June 1943 and was assigned to the 71st Light Division on 10 July 1943. The 14th, along with the rest of the 71st Division underwent unit combat training at Camp Carson then at Camp Roberts, California and at Fort Benning Georgia. At Fort Benning the 71st was reorganized and redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division.
On 25 January 1945, the Golden Dragons sailed from New York with the rest of the 71st Division, arriving in Le Havre on 7 February 1945. The 14th then moved some across France. At Ratzwiller the 71st Division relieved the 100th Division. On 21 March 1945 the 14th took part in the 71st Division's breaching the Siegfried Line and the capture of Pirmasens. On 30 March 1945 the 71st crossed the Rhine River and went into reserve near Frankfurt.
The 14th Infantry then participated along with its sister regiment the 5th Infantry in the elimination of bypassed German forces north of Hanau, Germany on 2 April 1945. On 13 April 1945 the Golden Dragons cut the main Berlin to Munich autobahn. On 14–16 April 1945 the 14th participated in its heaviest combat as the 71st Division seized the town of Bayreuth, Germany. Bypassing German strongpoints the 71st Division sped south with the 14th Infantry crossing the Danube River and participating in the seizure of the city of Regensburg on 27 April 1945. From there the 14th made an assault crossing of the Isar River under fire and entered Austria on 2 May 1945. The 71st Division linked up with advancing Soviet Army units east of Linz, Austria on 8 May 1945 and hostilities ceased on 9 May 1945.
Korean War, 1950–53
In responding to the North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950 the U.S. Army found itself desperately short of units to halt the Communist advance. Continental U.S. (CONUS) units were stripped of personnel and equipment and sent to Korea on a priority basis. On 21 July 1950 the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was reassigned to the Far East Command and then to the 1st Cavalry Division where it was redesignated as the 3rd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment. Unlike other units that had been cobbled together at the last minute, the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was at full strength and due to its rigorous training in mountain warfare was in excellent shape to fight in the Korean mountains.
On 23 July 1951, the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry was transferred to Fort Benning where it was assigned to and redesignated as a battalion in one of the 3rd Infantry Division's regiments. The 3rd Division was initially sent to Japan then to Korea. The remaining personnel and equipment of the 14th Infantry at Camp Carson were reassigned to other CONUS units. On 1 August 1951 the 14th Infantry less personnel and equipment was assigned to the 25th Infantry Division then fighting in Korea. To man and equip the 14th Infantry the assets of the 34th Infantry Regiment of the 24th Division, then conducting infantry training in Japan, were used. The 14th Infantry moved to Korea where it replaced the 24th Infantry Regiment, which was being inactivated due to the 24th's division commander, Gen. William B. Kean, request that it be disbanded because it was "untrustworthy and incapable of carrying out missions expected of an infantry regiment."
The next two years found the regiment in almost constant combat along the 38th parallel defending places like "The Punchbowl" and "Porkchop Hill". The 25th Infantry Division assumed the responsibility of guarding the approaches to Seoul on 5 May 1953. 23 days later, when ceasefire negotiations at Panmunjom stalled, a heavy PVA assault hit the Nevada Complex, the Division held its ground; the brunt of the attack was absorbed by the attached Turkish Brigade and the 14th Infantry. The 14th Infantry's service in Korea earned the regiment five campaign streamers and a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation for gallantry at Munsan-Ni. Three soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in Korea; Sergeant Donn F. Porter, Private First Class Ernest E. West, and Private First Class Bryant H. Womack.
Vietnam, 1965–72
1st Battalion, 14th Infantry: In late 1965 the 25th Division was ordered to South Vietnam. The initial brigade to go was the 3rd Brigade composed of the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry, the 1st Battalion, 35th Infantry, the 2nd Battalion, 35th Infantry and the 2nd Battalion, 9th Artillery. The urgency of getting the 3rd Brigade to the Central Highlands of South Vietnam led to the Army and Air Force undertaking Operation Blue Light, a massive airlift of the entire 3rd Brigade from Hawaii to Pleiku. The airlift began on 28 December 1965 and was successfully concluded on 17 January 1966.
Commanded by LTC Gilbert Procter Jr., the 1/14th spent most of 1966 operating along the Cambodian border as part of the 3rd Brigade's mission of preventing the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) from cutting South Vietnam in half. In November 1966, elements of the 1st Battalion engaged two PAVN battalions inflicting heavy losses on the enemy. Among the numerous Golden Dragons performing heroically during these engagements, two members of the 1st Battalion - 1st Lt. Joseph Grant and Sgt. Ted Belcher were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.
The 1st Battalion was reassigned to the 4th Infantry Division on 1 August 1967 as part of the exchange of 3rd Brigades between the 25th and 4th Infantry Divisions. The 1st Battalion participated in a total of 12 Vietnam campaigns, receiving the Navy Presidential Unit Citation for gallantry in action at Chu Lai. Company A received the Valorous Unit Award for action in Quang Ngai Province. In addition the 1st Battalion received four awards of the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm and one award of the Vietnam Civil Action Medal, First Class.
On 8 December 1970 the 1st Battalion was reduced to zero strength at An Khe, Vietnam with the exception of a battalion color guard which returned the battalion colors to Schofield Barracks. On 15 December 1970 the 1st Battalion was reassigned to the 25th Division and the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was inactivated with its personnel and equipment reassigned to the 1st Battalion.
2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry: The 1st Brigade of the 25th Division to which the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry was assigned was scheduled to be the last of the three maneuver brigades to deploy to South Vietnam. The brigade was shy two of its three infantry battalions. When the 25th was reorganized from battle groups to battalions in 1963 two of the nine authorized infantry battalions were not activated as a cost-saving measure. Initially the plan was to activate and train two new battalions for the 1st Brigade but the timetable was too short. Adding to the problem was the need to heavily levy the 2nd Battalion for fillers for infantry battalions of the 3rd Brigade, which left in December 1965 and of the 2nd Brigade, which departed Schofield in January 1966. To round out the 1st Brigade two battalions assigned to Alaska—the 4th Battalion, 9th Infantry and the 4th Battalion, 23rd Infantry—were reassigned to the 1st Brigade on 14 January 1966.
By February 1966 the 2nd Battalion began receiving large numbers of replacements, most directly out of Advanced Individual Training. This resulted in an accelerated unit training program to ready the battalion for deployment. To enhance developing unit cohesiveness and to create espirit-de-corps the 2nd Battalion took the informal nickname of Battle Dragons. A "Battle Dragon Chant" was also written and used in battalion formations.
In early April, the 1st Brigade was alerted for movement to South Vietnam. On 16 April 1966 the sailed from Pearl Harbor with the entire 1st Brigade aboard. The ship arrived at Vung Tau on 28 April. The 2nd Battalion left the ship on 30 April and was moved by truck and aircraft to Củ Chi.
In its over four years of combat in Vietnam, the 2nd Battalion received participation credit for 12 of the campaigns of the Vietnam War. The battalion received two awards of the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm and one award of the Vietnam Civic Action Medal First Class. On 8 December 1970 the 2nd Battalion left South Vietnam and returned to Schofield Barracks. The battalion was inactivated on 5 June 1972.
3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry: To provide for a Pacific area strategic reserve for contingencies other than the ongoing Vietnam War, the Army activated the 4th Brigade, 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks on 6 December 1969. The 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was activated as one of the 4th Brigade's three infantry battalions.
The 3rd Battalion (descending from Company C) was initially activated under CARS as the 3rd Battle Group, 14th Infantry on 1 June 1959 and assigned to the 102nd Infantry Division, U.S. Army Reserve at Kansas City, Missouri. The 3rd Battle Group was reorganized and redesignated as the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry on 1 April 1963. On 31 December 1965 the 3rd Battalion was inactivated. It was allotted back to the Regular Army on 6 December 1969 and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii as a component of the 4th Brigade, 25th Division.
As the 25th Division returned to Schofield Barracks from South Vietnam to resume its traditional mission of being the strategic reserve for the Pacific area the 4th Brigade along with the 3rd Battalion 14th Infantry was inactivated on 15 December 1970. The personnel and equipment of the 3rd Battalion was used to re-man and re-equip the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry.
Company E served in South Vietnam from 30 June 1971 to 20 November 1972 as a separate rifle security company assigned to the U.S. Army Support Command with the mission of guarding the Long Bình support facility. Company E received campaign participation credit for the last four campaigns of the Vietnam War. In 1986 it was assigned to the 25th Division as Headquarters Company, 5th Battalion. (See below.)
Post Vietnam
As part of the overall post-Vietnam draw-down of the Army only the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division remained active. The 1st Battalion 14th Infantry was assigned to the 1st Brigade and the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry was inactivated but remained assigned to the Tropic Lightning.
The 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was reactivated in 1987 and was based in Fort Drum, New York.
Somalia, 1993
On 3 October 1993, 2-14 Infantry was part of the quick reaction force which helped rescue members of Special Operations Task Force Ranger which had conducted a daylight raid on an enemy stronghold. 2-14 Infantry fought a moving battle for 3 hours from the gates of the Soccer Stadium Mogadishu to the Rangers' perimeter. They successfully linked up with the Rangers and then began to withdraw under fire. During the 12-hour ordeal, 29 soldiers from 2nd Battalion were wounded and 2 were killed (PFC James Martin and Sgt. Cornell Houston).2-14 Infantry along with TF Ranger endured the Mogadishu Mile before returning to the stadium.
Haiti, 1994
Operation Uphold Democracy (19 September 1994 – 31 March 1995) was an intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d'état that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July 1994 United Nations Security Council Resolution 940. Teams were deployed throughout the country to establish order and humanitarian services. Regular Army forces consisting of units from the 10th Mountain Division occupied Port-au-Prince (3-14) with 3rd Bn (Airborne) 73rd Armor Regiment (82nd Airborne Division) and elements from the U.S. Army Materiel Command provided logistical support in the form of the Joint Logistics Support Command (JLSC) which provided oversight and direct control over all Multinational Force and U.S. deployed logistics units
Bosnia, 1997
On 19 March 1997, two companies of 2-14 Infantry deployed to Bosnia. Bravo Company's mission was to defend a critical bridge site over the Sava River, while Charlie Company was to act as the theater reserve.
Kosovo, 2001
In November, 2001, 2-14 Infantry deployed to Kosovo as part of Task Force Falcon, Operation Joint Guardian.
Bosnia, 2002
On 28 March 2002, two companies of 1-14 Infantry deployed to Bosnia.
Iraq, 2003-2011
In March 2003, 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, deployed from Fort Drum in preparation for the invasion of Iraq. As part of Task Force Viking, the battalion was attached to 10th Special Forces Group in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion linked-up with 10th Special Forces in Constanta, Romania, then deployed to Irbil, Mosul, and Kirkuk. This task force, fighting with Kurdish rebels, defeated six Iraqi divisions. The battalion re-deployed to Fort Drum, New York, six months later.
In mid-2004, Soldiers of 2nd Brigade (to include 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment) deployed to Iraq for the second time. In Iraq, the brigade executed combat operations in northwest Baghdad attached to the 1st Cavalry Division and detached forces to support other brigades across the city, including a brigade fighting insurgents in Sadr City. In northwest Baghdad, the Commandos secured several key roads and neighborhoods. In addition, the brigade enabled newly established Iraqi Security Forces to secure polling centers during Iraq's elections in January 2005, the first free election held in the country since the 1950s.
The brigade (which includes 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment) returned to Iraq for a third time in late 2006, this time to the area southwest of Baghdad known as the “Triangle of Death.” There the brigade battled insurgents and international terrorists alongside its Iraqi Security Force comrades in the area's canals, along the banks of the Euphrates River, and through the cities of Mahmudiyah, Yusafiyah, and Lutafiyah.
It was during this deployment that Staff Sergeant Travis Atkins earned the Medal of Honor after engaging a terrorist in hand-to-hand combat. After engaging the enemy combatant in hand-to-hand combat, Staff Sergeant Atkins realized that the terrorist was attempting to detonate an explosive vest. Staff Sergeant Atkins then selflessly slammed the insurgent to the ground and covered the insurgent with his own body to shield the men under him from the impending blast.
Lineage & Honors
14th Infantry Regiment
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as the 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 1 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as the 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with the 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as the 14th Infantry
Assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division
Relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division
Assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division (later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division)
Relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado
Assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division
Relieved 1 February 1957 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division and reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System
Withdrawn 1 March 1986 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System
Campaign participation credit
Decorations
Presidential Unit Citation (Navy), Streamer embroidered CHU LAI
Valorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered MOGADISHU
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered MUNSAN-NI
1st Battalion
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company A, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 8 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company A, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company A, 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with Company G, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company A, 14th Infantry (14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado (14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)
Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battle Group, 14th Infantry, and remained assigned to the 25th Infantry Division (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated)
Reorganized and redesignated 26 August 1963 as the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Relieved 1 August 1967 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division and assigned to the 4th Infantry Division
Relieved 15 December 1970 from assignment to the 4th Infantry Division and assigned to the 25th Infantry Division
Inactivated 3 October 2016 in Hawaii
Campaign participation credit
Decorations
Presidential Unit Citation (Navy), Streamer embroidered CHU LAI
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered MUNSAN-NI
Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1966-1967
Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1967-1969
Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1969-1970
Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1967-1969
Company A additionally entitled to:
Valorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered QUANG NGAI PROVINCE
2nd Battalion
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company B, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 8 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company B, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company B, 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with Company A, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company B, 14th Infantry (14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado (14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division
Redesignated 17 May 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battle Group, 14th Infantry (organic elements concurrently constituted)
Battle Group activated 25 May 1957 at Fort Benning, Georgia
Assigned 1 July 1958 to the 1st Infantry Brigade
Inactivated 16 May 1960 at Fort Benning, Georgia
Relieved 25 June 1960 from assignment to the 1st Infantry Brigade
Redesignated 21 June 1963 as the 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry, and assigned to the 25th Infantry Division
Activated 26 August 1963 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Inactivated 5 June 1972 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Relieved 17 January 1986 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division, assigned to the 10th Mountain Division, and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia
Campaign participation credit
3rd Battalion
Lineage and honors
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company F, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 8 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company F, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company F, 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with Company C, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company C, 14th Infantry
(14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado
(14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division; concurrently, redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Battle Group, 14th Infantry
Withdrawn 11 May 1959 from the Regular Army, allotted to the Army Reserve, and assigned to the 102d Infantry Division (organic elements concurrently constituted)
Battle Group activated 1 June 1959 with headquarters at Kansas City, Missouri (Headquarters and Headquarters Company concurrently consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 406th Infantry, and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Battle Group, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 1 April 1963 as the 3d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Inactivated 30 December 1965 at Kansas City, Missouri, and relieved from assignment to the 102d Infantry Division
Withdrawn 6 December 1969 from the Army Reserve, allotted to the Regular Army, assigned to the 25th Infantry Division, and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Inactivated 15 December 1970 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Relieved 2 March 1986 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division, assigned to the 10th Mountain Division, and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia
Inactivated 15 April 1996 at Fort Drum, New York, and relieved from assignment to the 10th Mountain Division
Campaign participation credit
DECORATIONS
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered MUNSAN-NI
5th Battalion
Lineage and honors
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company E, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 8 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company E, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company E, 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with Company D, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company E, 14th Infantry
(14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado
(14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division; concurrently, redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Battle Group, 14th Infantry
Redesignated 21 December 1960 as Company E, 14th Infantry
Activated 24 December 1960 in Korea
Inactivated 1 January 1966 in Korea
Activated 30 June 1971 in Vietnam
Inactivated 26 November 1972 in Vietnam
Redesignated 16 December 1986 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Battalion, 14th Infantry, assigned to the 25th Infantry Division, and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated)
Battalion inactivated 15 August 1995 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division
Campaign participation credit
Decorations
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered MUNSAN-NI
List of Medal of Honor Recipients
Corporal Calvin P. Titus
Sergeant Donn F. Porter
Private First Class Ernest E. West
Private First Class Bryant H. Womack
First Lieutenant Joseph X. Grant
Sergeant Ted Belcher
Staff Sergeant Travis W. Atkins
Staff Sergeant Oxley Carrington Moultrie
Corporal Thomas W. Bennett
See also
List of United States Regular Army Civil War units
References
External links
History of the 14th Infantry Regiment
25th Infantry Division Association: 14th Infantry Regiment
Fort Drum, New York
25th Infantry Division
Historical materials for 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry
Military units and formations of the Boxer Rebellion
Military units and formations of the United States in the Philippine–American War
0014
United States Regular Army Civil War units and formations
14th Infantry
Military units and formations established in 1861
USInfReg0014
1861 establishments in the United States |
4035351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham%20campaign | Birmingham campaign | The Birmingham campaign, also known as the Birmingham movement or Birmingham confrontation, was an American movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.
Led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others, the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws.
In the early 1960s, Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States, enforced both legally and culturally. Black citizens faced legal and economic disparities, and violent retribution when they attempted to draw attention to their problems. Martin Luther King Jr. called it the most segregated city in the country. Protests in Birmingham began with a boycott led by Shuttlesworth meant to pressure business leaders to open employment to people of all races, and end segregation in public facilities, restaurants, schools, and stores. When local business and governmental leaders resisted the boycott, the SCLC agreed to assist. Organizer Wyatt Tee Walker joined Birmingham activist Shuttlesworth and began what they called Project C, a series of sit-ins and marches intended to provoke mass arrests.
When the campaign ran low on adult volunteers, James Bevel thought of the idea of having students become the main demonstrators in the Birmingham campaign. He then trained and directed high school, college, and elementary school students in nonviolence, and asked them to participate in the demonstrations by taking a peaceful walk 50 at a time from the 16th Street Baptist Church to City Hall in order to talk to the mayor about segregation. This resulted in over a thousand arrests, and, as the jails and holding areas filled with arrested students, the Birmingham Police Department, at the direction of the city Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor, used high-pressure water hoses and police attack dogs on the children and adult bystanders. Not all of the bystanders were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of SCLC to hold a completely nonviolent walk, but the students held to the nonviolent premise. Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC drew both criticism and praise for allowing children to participate and put themselves in harm's way.
The Birmingham campaign was a model of nonviolent direct action protest and, through the media, drew the world's attention to racial segregation in the South. It burnished King's reputation, ousted Connor from his job, forced desegregation in Birmingham, and directly paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited racial discrimination in hiring practices and public services throughout the United States.
Background
City of segregation
Birmingham, Alabama was, in 1963, "probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States", according to King. Although the city's population of almost 350,000 was 60% white and 40% black, Birmingham had no black police officers, firefighters, sales clerks in department stores, bus drivers, bank tellers, or store cashiers. Black secretaries could not work for white professionals. Jobs available to black workers were limited to manual labor in Birmingham's steel mills, work in household service and yard maintenance, or work in black neighborhoods. When layoffs were necessary, black employees were often the first to go. The unemployment rate for black people was two and a half times higher than for white people. The average income for black employees in the city was less than half that of white employees. Significantly lower pay scales for black workers at the local steel mills were common. Racial segregation of public and commercial facilities throughout Jefferson County was legally required, covered all aspects of life, and was rigidly enforced. Only 10 percent of the city's black population was registered to vote in 1960.
In addition, Birmingham's economy was stagnating as the city was shifting from blue collar to white collar jobs. According to Time magazine in 1958, the only thing white workers had to gain from desegregation was more competition from black workers. Fifty unsolved racially motivated bombings between 1945 and 1962 had earned the city the nickname "Bombingham". A neighborhood shared by white and black families experienced so many attacks that it was called "Dynamite Hill". Black churches in which civil rights were discussed became specific targets for attack.
Black organizers had worked in bad houses, they built houses in Birmingham and they lived in houses, for about ten years, as it was the headquarters of the houses Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC). In Birmingham, SNYC experienced both successes and failures, as well as arrests and official violence. SNYC was forced out in 1949, leaving behind a Black population that thus had some experience of civil rights organizing. A few years later, Birmingham's black population began to organize to effect change. After Alabama banned the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1956, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth formed the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) the same year to challenge the city's segregation policies through lawsuits and protests. When the courts overturned the segregation of the city's parks, the city responded by closing them. Shuttlesworth's home was repeatedly bombed, as was Bethel Baptist Church, where he was pastor. After Shuttlesworth was arrested and jailed for violating the city's segregation rules in 1962, he sent a petition to Mayor Art Hanes' office asking that public facilities be desegregated. Hanes responded with a letter informing Shuttlesworth that his petition had been thrown in the garbage. Looking for outside help, Shuttlesworth invited Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC to Birmingham, saying, "If you come to Birmingham, you will not only gain prestige, but really shake the country. If you win in Birmingham, as Birmingham goes, so goes the nation."
Campaign goals
King of the SCLC had recently been involved in a campaign to desegregate the city of Albany, Georgia, but did not see the results they had anticipated. Described by historian Henry Hampton as a "morass", the Albany Movement lost momentum and stalled. King's reputation had been hurt by the Albany campaign, and he was eager to improve it. Determined not to make the same mistakes in Birmingham, King and the SCLC changed several of their strategies. In Albany, they concentrated on the desegregation of the city as a whole. In Birmingham, their campaign tactics focused on more narrowly defined goals for the downtown shopping and government district. These goals included the desegregation of Birmingham's downtown stores, fair hiring practices in shops and city employment, the reopening of public parks, and the creation of a bi-racial committee to oversee the desegregation of Birmingham's public schools. King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said: "The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation".
Commissioner of Public Safety
A significant factor in the success of the Birmingham campaign was the structure of the city government and the personality of its contentious Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor. Described as an "arch-segregationist" by Time magazine, Connor asserted that the city "ain't gonna segregate no niggers and whites together in this town ". He also claimed that the Civil Rights Movement was a Communist plot, and after the churches were bombed, Connor blamed the violence on local black citizens.
Birmingham's government was set up in such a way that it gave Connor powerful influence. In 1958, police arrested ministers organizing a bus boycott. When the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) initiated a probe amid allegations of police misconduct for the arrests, Connor responded that he "[hadn't] got any damn apology to the FBI or anybody else", and predicted, "If the North keeps trying to cram this thing [desegregation] down our throats, there's going to be bloodshed." In 1961, Connor delayed sending police to intervene when Freedom Riders were beaten by local mobs. The police harassed religious leaders and protest organizers by ticketing cars parked at mass meetings and entering the meetings in plainclothes to take notes. The Birmingham Fire Department interrupted such meetings to search for "phantom fire hazards". Connor was so antagonistic towards the Civil Rights Movement that his actions galvanized support for black Americans. President John F. Kennedy later said of him, "The Civil Rights Movement should thank God for Bull Connor. He's helped it as much as Abraham Lincoln."
Turmoil in the mayor's office also weakened the Birmingham city government in its opposition to the campaign. Connor, who had run for several elected offices in the months leading up to the campaign, had lost all but the race for Public Safety Commissioner. Because they believed Connor's extreme conservatism slowed progress for the city as a whole, a group of white political moderates worked to defeat him. The Citizens for Progress was backed by the Chamber of Commerce and other white professionals in the city, and their tactics were successful. In November 1962, Connor lost the race for mayor to Albert Boutwell, a less combative segregationist. However, Connor and his colleagues on the City Commission refused to accept the new mayor's authority. They claimed on a technicality that their terms not expire until 1965 instead of in the spring of 1963. So for a brief time, Birmingham had two city governments attempting to conduct business.
Focus on Birmingham
Selective buying campaign
Modeled on the Montgomery bus boycott, protest actions in Birmingham began in 1962, when students from local colleges arranged for a year of staggered boycotts. They caused downtown business to decline by as much as 40 percent, which attracted attention from Chamber of Commerce president Sidney Smyer, who commented that the "racial incidents have given us a black eye that we'll be a long time trying to forget". In response to the boycott, the City Commission of Birmingham punished the black community by withdrawing $45,000 ($ in ) from a surplus-food program used primarily by low-income black families. The result, however, was a black community more motivated to resist.
The SCLC decided that economic pressure on Birmingham businesses would be more effective than pressure on politicians, a lesson learned in Albany as few black citizens were registered to vote in 1962. In the spring of 1963, before Easter, the Birmingham boycott intensified during the second-busiest shopping season of the year. Pastors urged their congregations to avoid shopping in Birmingham stores in the downtown district. For six weeks supporters of the boycott patrolled the downtown area to make sure black shoppers were not patronizing stores that promoted or tolerated segregation. If black shoppers were found in these stores, organizers confronted them and shamed them into participating in the boycott. Shuttlesworth recalled a woman whose $15 hat ($ in ) was destroyed by boycott enforcers. Campaign participant Joe Dickson recalled, "We had to go under strict surveillance. We had to tell people, say look: if you go downtown and buy something, you're going to have to answer to us." After several business owners in Birmingham took down "white only" and "colored only" signs, Commissioner Connor told business owners that if they did not obey the segregation ordinances, they would lose their business licenses.
Project C
Martin Luther King Jr.'s presence in Birmingham was not welcomed by all in the black community. A local black attorney complained in Time that the new city administration did not have enough time to confer with the various groups invested in changing the city's segregation policies. Black hotel owner A. G. Gaston agreed. A white Jesuit priest assisting in desegregation negotiations attested the "demonstrations [were] poorly timed and misdirected".
Protest organizers knew they would meet with violence from the Birmingham Police Department and chose a confrontational approach to get the attention of the federal government. Wyatt Tee Walker, one of the SCLC founders and the executive director from 1960 to 1964, planned the tactics of the direct action protests, specifically targeting Bull Connor's tendency to react to demonstrations with violence: "My theory was that if we mounted a strong nonviolent movement, the opposition would surely do something to attract the media, and in turn induce national sympathy and attention to the everyday segregated circumstance of a person living in the Deep South." He headed the planning of what he called Project C, which stood for "confrontation". Organizers believed their phones were tapped, so to prevent their plans from being leaked and perhaps influencing the mayoral election, they used code words for demonstrations.
The plan called for direct nonviolent action to attract media attention to "the biggest and baddest city of the South". In preparation for the protests, Walker timed the walking distance from the 16th Street Baptist Church, headquarters for the campaign, to the downtown area. He surveyed the segregated lunch counters of department stores, and listed federal buildings as secondary targets should police block the protesters' entrance into primary targets such as stores, libraries, and all-white churches.
Methods
The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation, including sit-ins at libraries and lunch counters, kneel-ins by black visitors at white churches, and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a voter-registration drive. Most businesses responded by refusing to serve demonstrators. Some white spectators at a sit-in at a Woolworth's lunch counter spat upon the participants. A few hundred protesters, including jazz musician Al Hibbler, were arrested, although Hibbler was immediately released by Connor.
The SCLC's goals were to fill the jails with protesters to force the city government to negotiate as demonstrations continued. However, not enough people were arrested to affect the functioning of the city and the wisdom of the plans were being questioned in the black community. The editor of The Birmingham World, the city's black newspaper, called the direct actions by the demonstrators "wasteful and worthless", and urged black citizens to use the courts to change the city's racist policies. Most white residents of Birmingham expressed shock at the demonstrations. White religious leaders denounced King and the other organizers, saying that "a cause should be pressed in the courts and the negotiations among local leaders, and not in the streets". Some white Birmingham residents were supportive as the boycott continued. When one black woman entered Loveman's department store to buy her children Easter shoes, a white saleswoman said to her, "Negro, ain't you ashamed of yourself, your people out there on the street getting put in jail and you in here spending money and I'm not going to sell you any, you'll have to go some other place." King promised a protest every day until "peaceful equality had been assured" and expressed doubt that the new mayor would ever voluntarily desegregate the city.
City reaction
On April 10, 1963, Bull Connor obtained an injunction barring the protests and subsequently raised bail bond for those arrested from $200 to $1,500 ($ to $ in ). Fred Shuttlesworth called the injunction a "flagrant denial of our constitutional rights" and organizers prepared to defy the order. The decision to ignore the injunction had been made during the planning stage of the campaign. King and the SCLC had obeyed court injunctions in their Albany protests and reasoned that obeying them contributed to the Albany campaign's lack of success. In a press release they explained, "We are now confronted with recalcitrant forces in the Deep South that will use the courts to perpetuate the unjust and illegal systems of racial separation". Incoming mayor Albert Boutwell called King and the SCLC organizers "strangers" whose only purpose in Birmingham was "to stir inter-racial discord". Connor promised, "You can rest assured that I will fill the jail full of any persons violating the law as long as I'm at City Hall."
The movement organizers found themselves out of money after the amount of required bail was raised. Because King was the major fundraiser, his associates urged him to travel the country to raise bail money for those arrested. He had, however, previously promised to lead the marchers to jail in solidarity, but hesitated as the planned date arrived. Some SCLC members grew frustrated with his indecisiveness. "I have never seen Martin so troubled", one of King's friends later said. After King prayed and reflected alone in his hotel room, he and the campaign leaders decided to defy the injunction and prepared for mass arrests of campaign supporters. To build morale and to recruit volunteers to go to jail, Ralph Abernathy spoke at a mass meeting of Birmingham's black citizens at the 6th Avenue Baptist Church: "The eyes of the world are on Birmingham tonight. Bobby Kennedy is looking here at Birmingham, the United States Congress is looking at Birmingham. The Department of Justice is looking at Birmingham. Are you ready, are you ready to make the challenge? I am ready to go to jail, are you?" With Abernathy, King was among 50 Birmingham residents ranging in age from 15 to 81 years who were arrested on Good Friday, April 12, 1963. It was King's 13th arrest.
Martin Luther King Jr. jailed
Martin Luther King Jr. was held in the Birmingham jail and was denied a consultation with an attorney from the NAACP without guards present. When historian Jonathan Bass wrote of the incident in 2001, he noted that news of King's incarceration was spread quickly by Wyatt Tee Walker, as planned. King's supporters sent telegrams about his arrest to the White House. He could have been released on bail at any time, and jail administrators wished him to be released as soon as possible to avoid the media attention while King was in custody. However, campaign organizers offered no bail in order "to focus the attention of the media and national public opinion on the Birmingham situation".
Twenty-four hours after his arrest, King was allowed to see local attorneys from the SCLC. When Coretta Scott King did not hear from her husband, she called Walker and he suggested that she call President Kennedy directly. Mrs. King was recuperating at home after the birth of their fourth child when she received a call from President Kennedy the Monday after the arrest. The president told her she could expect a call from her husband soon. When Martin Luther King Jr. called his wife, their conversation was brief and guarded; he correctly assumed that his phones were tapped. Several days later, Jacqueline Kennedy called Coretta Scott King to express her concern for King while he was incarcerated.
Using scraps of paper given to him by a janitor, notes written on the margins of a newspaper, and later a legal pad given to him by SCLC attorneys, King wrote his essay "Letter from Birmingham Jail". It responded to eight politically moderate white clergymen who accused King of agitating local residents and not giving the incoming mayor a chance to make any changes. Bass suggested that "Letter from Birmingham Jail" was pre-planned, as was every move King and his associates made in Birmingham. The essay was a culmination of many of King's ideas, which he had touched on in earlier writings. King's arrest attracted national attention, including that of corporate officers of retail chains with stores in downtown Birmingham. After King's arrest, the chains' profits began to erode. National business owners pressed the Kennedy administration to intervene. King was released on April 20, 1963.
Conflict escalation
Recruiting students
Despite the publicity surrounding King's arrest, the campaign was faltering because few demonstrators were willing to risk arrest. In addition, although Connor had used police dogs to assist in the arrest of demonstrators, this did not attract the media attention that organizers had hoped for. To re-energize the campaign, SCLC organizer James Bevel devised a controversial alternative plan he named D Day that was later called the "Children's Crusade" by Newsweek magazine. D Day called for students from Birmingham elementary schools and high schools as well as nearby Miles College to take part in the demonstrations.
Bevel, a veteran of earlier nonviolent student protests with the Nashville Student Movement and SNCC, had been named SCLC's Director of Direct Action and Nonviolent Education. After initiating the idea he organized and educated the students in nonviolence tactics and philosophy. King hesitated to approve the use of children, but Bevel believed that children were appropriate for the demonstrations because jail time for them would not hurt families economically as much as the loss of a working parent. He also saw that adults in the black community were divided about how much support to give the protests. Bevel and the organizers knew that high school students were a more cohesive group; they had been together as classmates since kindergarten. He recruited girls who were school leaders and boys who were athletes. Bevel found girls more receptive to his ideas because they had less experience as victims of white violence. When the girls joined, however, the boys were close behind.
Bevel and the SCLC held workshops to help students overcome their fear of dogs and jails. They showed films of the Nashville sit-ins organized in 1960 to end segregation at public lunch counters. Birmingham's black radio station, WENN, supported the new plan by telling students to arrive at the demonstration meeting place with a toothbrush to be used in jail. Flyers were distributed in black schools and neighborhoods that said, "Fight for freedom first then go to school" and "It's up to you to free our teachers, our parents, yourself, and our country."
Children's Crusade
On May 2, 1963, 7th grader Gwendolyn Sanders helped organize her classmates, and hundreds of children from high schoolers down to first graders who joined her in a massive walkout defying the principal of Parker High School who attempted to lock the gates to keep students inside. Demonstrators were given instructions to march to the downtown area, to meet with the Mayor, and integrate the chosen buildings. They were to leave in smaller groups and continue on their courses until arrested. Marching in disciplined ranks, some of them using walkie-talkies, they were sent at timed intervals from various churches to the downtown business area. More than 600 students were arrested; the youngest of these was reported to be eight years old. Children left the churches while singing hymns and "freedom songs" such as "We Shall Overcome". They clapped and laughed while being arrested and awaiting transport to jail. The mood was compared to that of a school picnic. Although Bevel informed Connor that the march was to take place, Connor and the police were dumbfounded by the numbers and behavior of the children. They assembled paddy wagons and school buses to take the children to jail. When no squad cars were left to block the city streets, Connor, whose authority extended to the fire department, used fire trucks. The day's arrests brought the total number of jailed protesters to 1,200 in the 900-capacity Birmingham jail.
Some considered the use of children controversial, including incoming Birmingham mayor Albert Boutwell and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who condemned the decision to use children in the protests. Kennedy was reported in The New York Times as saying, "an injured, maimed, or dead child is a price that none of us can afford to pay", although adding, "I believe that everyone understands their just grievances must be resolved." Malcolm X criticized the decision, saying, "Real men don't put their children on the firing line."
King, who had been silent and then out of town while Bevel was organizing the children, was impressed by the success of the children's protests. That evening he declared at a mass meeting, "I have been inspired and moved by today. I have never seen anything like it." Although Wyatt Tee Walker was initially against the use of children in the demonstrations, he responded to criticism by saying, "Negro children will get a better education in five days in jail than in five months in a segregated school." The D Day campaign received front page coverage by The Washington Post and The New York Times.
Fire hoses and police dogs
When Connor realized that the Birmingham jail was full, on May 3 he changed police tactics to keep protesters out of the downtown business area. Another thousand students gathered at the church and left to walk across Kelly Ingram Park while chanting, "We're going to walk, walk, walk. Freedom ... freedom ... freedom." As the demonstrators left the church, police warned them to stop and turn back, "or you'll get wet". When they continued, Connor ordered the city's fire hoses, set at a level that would peel bark off a tree or separate bricks from mortar, to be turned on the children. Boys' shirts were ripped off, and girls were pushed over the tops of cars by the force of the water. When the students crouched or fell, the blasts of water rolled them down the asphalt streets and concrete sidewalks. Connor allowed white spectators to push forward, shouting, "Let those people come forward, sergeant. I want 'em to see the dogs work."
A.G. Gaston, who was appalled at the idea of using children, was on the phone with white attorney David Vann trying to negotiate a resolution to the crisis. When Gaston looked out the window and saw the children being hit with high-pressure water, he said, "Lawyer Vann, I can't talk to you now or ever. My people are out there fighting for their lives and my freedom. I have to go help them", and hung up the phone. Black parents and adults who were observing cheered on the marching students, but when the hoses were turned on, bystanders began to throw rocks and bottles at the police. To disperse them, Connor ordered police to use German Shepherd dogs to keep them in line. James Bevel wove in and out of the crowds warning them, "If any cops get hurt, we're going to lose this fight." At 3 pm, the protest was over. During a kind of truce, protesters went home. Police removed the barricades and re-opened the streets to traffic. That evening King told worried parents in a crowd of a thousand, "Don't worry about your children who are in jail. The eyes of the world are on Birmingham. We're going on in spite of dogs and fire hoses. We've gone too far to turn back now."
Images of the day
The images had a profound effect in Birmingham. Despite decades of disagreements, when the photos were released, "the black community was instantaneously consolidated behind King", according to David Vann, who would later serve as mayor of Birmingham. Horrified at what the Birmingham police were doing to protect segregation, New York Senator Jacob K. Javits declared, "the country won't tolerate it", and pressed Congress to pass a civil rights bill. Similar reactions were reported by Kentucky Senator Sherman Cooper, and Oregon Senator Wayne Morse, who compared Birmingham to South Africa under apartheid. A New York Times editorial called the behavior of the Birmingham police "a national disgrace." The Washington Post editorialized, "The spectacle in Birmingham ... must excite the sympathy of the rest of the country for the decent, just, and reasonable citizens of the community, who have so recently demonstrated at the polls their lack of support for the very policies that have produced the Birmingham riots. The authorities who tried, by these brutal means, to stop the freedom marchers do not speak or act in the name of the enlightened people of the city." President Kennedy sent Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall to Birmingham to help negotiate a truce. Marshall faced a stalemate when merchants and protest organizers refused to budge.
Standoff
Black onlookers in the area of Kelly Ingram Park abandoned nonviolence on May 5. Spectators taunted police, and SCLC leaders begged them to be peaceful or go home. James Bevel borrowed a bullhorn from the police and shouted, "Everybody get off this corner. If you're not going to demonstrate in a nonviolent way, then leave!" Commissioner Connor was overheard saying, "If you'd ask half of them what freedom means, they couldn't tell you." To prevent further marches, Connor ordered the doors to the churches blocked to prevent students from leaving.
By May 6, the jails were so full that Connor transformed the stockade at the state fairgrounds into a makeshift jail to hold protesters. Black protestors arrived at white churches to integrate services. They were accepted in Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and Presbyterian churches but turned away at others, where they knelt and prayed until they were arrested. Well-known national figures arrived to show support. Singer Joan Baez arrived to perform for free at Miles College and stayed at the black-owned and integrated Gaston Motel. Comedian Dick Gregory and Barbara Deming, a writer for The Nation, were both arrested. The young Dan Rather reported for CBS News. The car of Fannie Flagg, a local television personality and recent Miss Alabama finalist, was surrounded by teenagers who recognized her. Flagg worked at Channel 6 on the morning show, and after asking her producers why the show was not covering the demonstrations, she received orders never to mention them on air. She rolled down the window and shouted to the children, "I'm with you all the way!"
Birmingham's fire department refused orders from Connor to turn the hoses on demonstrators again, and waded through the basement of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church to clean up water from earlier fire-hose flooding. White business leaders met with protest organizers to try and arrange an economic solution but said they had no control over politics. Protest organizers disagreed, saying that business leaders were positioned to pressure political leaders.
City paralysis
The situation reached a crisis on May 7, 1963. Breakfast in the jail took four hours to distribute to all the prisoners. Seventy members of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce pleaded with the protest organizers to stop the actions. The NAACP asked for sympathizers to picket in unity in 100 American cities. Twenty rabbis flew to Birmingham to support the cause, equating silence about segregation to the atrocities of the Holocaust. Local rabbis disagreed and asked them to go home. The editor of The Birmingham News wired President Kennedy and pleaded with him to end the protests.
Fire hoses were used once again, injuring police and Fred Shuttlesworth, as well as other demonstrators. Commissioner Connor expressed regret at missing seeing Shuttlesworth get hit and said he "wished they'd carried him away in a hearse". Another 1,000 people were arrested, bringing the total to 2,500.
News of the mass arrests of children had reached Western Europe and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union devoted up to 25 percent of its news broadcast to the demonstrations, sending much of it to Africa, where Soviet and U.S. interests clashed. Soviet news commentary accused the Kennedy administration of neglect and "inactivity". Alabama Governor George Wallace sent state troopers to assist Connor. Attorney General Robert Kennedy prepared to activate the Alabama National Guard and notified the Second Infantry Division from Fort Benning, Georgia that it might be deployed to Birmingham.
No business of any kind was being conducted downtown. Organizers planned to flood the downtown area businesses with black people. Smaller groups of decoys were set out to distract police attention from activities at the 16th Street Baptist Church. Protesters set off false fire alarms to occupy the fire department and its hoses. One group of children approached a police officer and announced, "We want to go to jail!" When the officer pointed the way, the students ran across Kelly Ingram Park shouting, "We're going to jail!" Six hundred picketers reached downtown Birmingham. Large groups of protesters sat in stores and sang freedom songs. Streets, sidewalks, stores, and buildings were overwhelmed with more than 3,000 protesters. The sheriff and chief of police admitted to Burke Marshall that they did not think they could handle the situation for more than a few hours.
Resolution
On May 8 at 4 am, white business leaders agreed to most of the protesters' demands. Political leaders held fast, however. The rift between the businessmen and the politicians became clear when business leaders admitted they could not guarantee the protesters' release from jail. On May 10, Fred Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King Jr. told reporters that they had an agreement from the City of Birmingham to desegregate lunch counters, restrooms, drinking fountains and fitting rooms within 90 days, and to hire black people in stores as salesmen and clerks. Those in jail would be released on bond or their own recognizance. Urged by Kennedy, the United Auto Workers, National Maritime Union, United Steelworkers Union, and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) raised $237,000 in bail money ($ in ) to free the demonstrators. Commissioner Connor and the outgoing mayor condemned the resolution.
On the night of May 11, a bomb heavily damaged the Gaston Motel where King had been staying—and had left only hours before—and another damaged the house of A. D. King, Martin Luther King Jr.'s brother. When police went to inspect the motel, they were met with rocks and bottles from neighborhood black citizens. The arrival of state troopers only further angered the crowd; in the early hours of the morning, thousands of black people rioted, numerous buildings and vehicles were burned, and several people, including a police officer, were stabbed. By May 13, three thousand federal troops were deployed to Birmingham to restore order, even though Alabama Governor George Wallace told President Kennedy that state and local forces were sufficient. Martin Luther King Jr. returned to Birmingham to stress nonviolence.
Outgoing mayor Art Hanes left office after the Alabama State Supreme Court ruled that Albert Boutwell could take office on May 21, 1963. Upon picking up his last paycheck, Bull Connor remarked tearfully, "This is the worst day of my life." In June 1963, the Jim Crow signs regulating segregated public places in Birmingham were taken down.
After the campaign
Desegregation in Birmingham took place slowly after the demonstrations. King and the SCLC were criticized by some for ending the campaign with promises that were too vague and "settling for a lot less than even moderate demands". In fact, Sydney Smyer, president of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce, re-interpreted the terms of the agreement. Shuttlesworth and King had announced that desegregation would take place 90 days from May 15. Smyer then said that a single black clerk hired 90 days from when the new city government took office would be sufficient. By July, most of the city's segregation ordinances had been overturned. Some of the lunch counters in department stores complied with the new rules. City parks and golf courses were opened again to black and white citizens. Mayor Boutwell appointed a biracial committee to discuss further changes. However, no hiring of black clerks, police officers, and firefighters had yet been completed and the Birmingham Bar Association rejected membership by black attorneys.
The reputation of Martin Luther King Jr. soared after the protests in Birmingham, and he was lauded by many as a hero. The SCLC was much in demand to effect change in many Southern cities. In the summer of 1963, King led the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom where he delivered his most famous speech, "I Have a Dream".
King became Time'''s Man of the Year for 1963 and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.
The Birmingham campaign, as well as George Wallace's refusal to admit black students to the University of Alabama, convinced President Kennedy to address the severe inequalities between black and white citizens in the South: "The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased cries for equality that no city or state or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them." Despite the apparent lack of immediate local success after the Birmingham campaign, Fred Shuttlesworth and Wyatt Tee Walker pointed to its influence on national affairs as its true impact. President Kennedy's administration drew up the Civil Rights Act bill. After being filibustered for 75 days by "diehard southerners" in Congress, it was passed into law in 1964 and signed by President Lyndon Johnson. The Civil Rights Act applied to the entire nation, prohibiting racial discrimination in employment and in access to public places. Roy Wilkins of the NAACP, however, disagreed that the Birmingham campaign was the primary force behind the Civil Rights Act. Wilkins gave credit to other movements, such as the Freedom Rides, the integration of the University of Mississippi, and campaigns to end public school segregation.
Birmingham's public schools were integrated in September 1963. Governor Wallace sent National Guard troops to keep black students out but President Kennedy reversed Wallace by ordering the troops to stand down. Violence continued to plague the city, however. Someone threw a tear gas canister into Loveman's department store when it complied with the desegregation agreement; twenty people in the store required hospital treatment.
Four months after the Birmingham campaign settlement, someone bombed the house of NAACP attorney Arthur Shores, injuring his wife in the attack. On September 15, 1963, Birmingham again earned international attention when Ku Klux Klan members bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church on a Sunday morning and killed four young girls. FBI informant Gary Thomas Rowe was hired to infiltrate the KKK and monitor their activities and plans. Rowe was involved, along with the Birmingham Police, with the KKK attacks on the Freedom Riders, led by Fred Shuttlesworth, in Anniston, Alabama on May 14, 1961. In addition, Rowe and several other Klansmen also partook in the killing of Civil Rights activist Viola Liuzzo on March 25, 1965, in Lowndes County, Georgia after the Selma to Montgomery march.
The Birmingham campaign inspired the Civil Rights Movement in other parts of the South. Two days after King and Shuttlesworth announced the settlement in Birmingham, Medgar Evers of the NAACP in Jackson, Mississippi demanded a biracial committee to address concerns there. On June 12, 1963, Evers was murdered by a KKK member outside his home. He had been organizing demonstrations similar to those in Birmingham to pressure Jackson's city government. In 1965 Shuttlesworth assisted Bevel, King, and the SCLC to lead the Selma to Montgomery marches, intended to increase voter registration among black citizens.
Campaign impact
Historian Glenn Eskew wrote that the campaign "led to an awakening to the evils of segregation and a need for reforms in the region." According to Eskew, the riots that occurred after the bombing of the Gaston Motel foreshadowed rioting in larger cities later in the 1960s. ACMHR vice president Abraham Woods claimed that the rioting in Birmingham set a precedent for the "Burn, baby, burn" mindset, a cry used in later civic unrest in the Watts riots, the 12th Street riots in Detroit, and other American cities in the 1960s. A study of the Watts riots concluded, "The 'rules of the game' in race relations were permanently changed in Birmingham."
Wyatt Tee Walker wrote that the Birmingham campaign was "legend" and had become the Civil Rights Movement's most important chapter. It was "the chief watershed of the nonviolent movement in the United States. It marked the maturation of the SCLC as a national force in the civil rights arena of the land that had been dominated by the older and stodgier NAACP." Walker called the Birmingham campaign and the Selma marches "Siamese twins" joining to "kill segregation ... and bury the body". Jonathan Bass declared that "King had won a tremendous public relations victory in Birmingham" but also stated pointedly that "it was the citizens of the Magic City, both black and white, and not Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC, that brought about the real transformation of the city."
See also
Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
Notes
References
Bibliography
Bass, S. Jonathan (2001). Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Martin Luther King, Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the 'Letter from Birmingham Jail'. Louisiana State University Press.
Branch, Taylor (1988). Parting The Waters; America in the King Years 1954–63. Simon & Schuster.
Cotman, John (1989). Birmingham, JFK, and the Civil Rights Act of 1963: Implications For Elite Theory. Peter Lang Publishing.
Davis, Jack. (2001). The Civil Rights Movement, Oxford.
Eskew, Glenn (1997). But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle. University of North Carolina Press.
Fairclough, Adam (1987). To Redeem the Soul of America: the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. University of Georgia Press.
Franklin, Jimmie (1989). Back to Birmingham: Richard Arrington, Jr. and His Times. University of Alabama Press.
Garrow, David (1986). Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. William Morrow and Company.
Garrow, David, ed. (1989). Birmingham, Alabama, 1956–1963: The Black Struggle for Civil Rights. Carlson Publishing.
Hampton, Henry, Fayer, S. (1990). Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s. Bantam Books.
Isserman, Maurice, Kazin, Michael. (2008). America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s, Oxford.
Manis, Andrew (1999). A Fire You Can't Put Out: The Civil Rights Life of Birmingham's Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth. University of Alabama Press.
McWhorter, Diane (2001). Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. Simon & Schuster.
Nunnelley, William (1991). Bull Connor. University of Alabama Press.
White, Marjorie, Manis, Andrew, eds. (2000) Birmingham Revolutionaries: The Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Mercer University Press.
Wilson, Bobby (2000). Race and Place in Birmingham: The Civil Rights and Neighborhood Movements. Rowman & Littlefield.
Further reading
External links
The Birmingham Campaign Civil Rights Movement Archive
A Film on the Letter from Birmingham Jail
Birmingham Campaign M. L. King Research Institute at Stanford University
Birmingham Civil Rights Movement Birmingham march / riots of the 60s.
– Moore's Birmingham'' photographs
1963 in Alabama
1963 in American politics
African-American history in Birmingham, Alabama
Civil rights protests in the United States
1963 protests
History of Birmingham, Alabama
Martin Luther King Jr.
Protest marches
Civil rights movement
Protests in Alabama
April 1963 events in the United States
May 1963 events in the United States |
4035352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20G%C3%BCnthardt | Heinz Günthardt | Heinz Peter Günthardt (born 8 February 1959) is a retired tennis player from Switzerland.
Tennis player career
Günthardt won five singles titles during his professional career, including the Rotterdam WCT in 1980. The right-hander reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 22 in April 1986.
In doubles, he captured a total number of 30 titles. Günthardt won the men's doubles at the 1981 Roland Garros and the 1985 Wimbledon Championships with Balázs Taróczy, and the mixed doubles at the 1985 US Open with Martina Navratilova. He was also a member of the Swiss team at the 1988 Olympic Games.
Coaching career
Günthardt was the coach of Steffi Graf from the start of 1992 until the end of Graf's tennis playing career in July 1999, and he also worked briefly with Jelena Dokić and Jennifer Capriati.
From February to November 2010, he coached former world No. 1 Ana Ivanovic. He had not coached full-time since Graf's retirement in 1999. When Günthardt started coaching her, Ivanovic had dropped out of the WTA's top 20, and she dropped to a career low of world No. 65 in July 2010. During their partnership, Ivanovic recovered to world No. 17 before Günthardt ended his coaching relationship with her due to family responsibilities.
Career statistics
Tour finals
Singles: 9 (5–4)
Doubles: 59 (30–29)
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
French Open champions
French Open junior champions
Olympic tennis players of Switzerland
Tennis players from Zürich
Swiss male tennis players
Swiss tennis coaches
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
Wimbledon junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Steffi Graf
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles |
4035357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladno%20%28Chrudim%20District%29 | Kladno (Chrudim District) | Kladno is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
External links
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ultimate%20Group | The Ultimate Group | TUG Entertainment (TUG stands for The Ultimate Group), was a record label/Management Company that was once home to such artists as B2K, Omarion, Marques Houston, Mila J, O'Ryan, Jhené Aiko, One Luv, 2 Much and NLT, Simon Phenix/Rawwtunez for Universal Records. TUG CEO Chris Stokes is responsible for many films involving TUG roster members e.g. You Got Served, and his most recent project is Somebody Help Me, a horror film which includes in its cast Omarion and Marques Houston.
The label is currently defunct.
Artist
Former artists
B2K - 4 Member Boy Band
TG4 - 4 Member Girl Band
Marques Houston - Solo Male Singer
Young Rome - Solo Male rapper
Omarion - Solo Male Singer
O'Ryan - Solo Male Singer
Ashley Rose - Solo Female Singer
N2U - 4 Member Boy Band
Willie "Simon Phenix" Hill- Songwriter, Producer, Vocal Arranger
Jane 3 - 3 Member Girl Band
2 Much - 4 Member Boy Band
Emmalyn Estrada - Solo Female Singer
IMx - 3 Member Boy Band
Monteco - Solo Male Singer
Quindon Tarver - Solo Male Singer
Gyrl - 3 Member Girl Band
Dame - 4 Member Girl Band
Jhené Aiko - Solo Female Singer
Mila J - Solo Female Singer
Juanita Stokes - Solo Female rapper/singer
Timothy Hodge - Solo Male Singer
NLT - 4 Member Boy Band
Films
House Party 4: Down to the Last Minute (2001)
You Got Served (2004)
Somebody Help Me (2007)
Somebody Help Me 2 (2010)
External links
TUG Official Site
Simon Phenix Official Site
American record labels
Hip hop record labels |
4035389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kle%C5%A1ice | Klešice | Klešice is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Nákle is an administrative part of Klešice.
References
External links
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Brea%20Avenue | La Brea Avenue | La Brea Avenue is a prominent north-south thoroughfare in the City of Los Angeles and in Los Angeles County, California.
La Brea is known for having diverse ethnic communities, and many shops and restaurants along its route.
History
La Brea is the Spanish phrase meaning "the tar." The La Brea Tar Pits, which the 1828 Mexican land grant Rancho La Brea was named for, are to the west of its intersection with Wilshire Boulevard in the Mid-Wilshire area.
In its early history, its northern section followed Arroyo La Brea, a former creek fed by springs in the Santa Monica Mountains that flowed south into Ballona Creek. Originally the southern section of La Brea Avenue within Inglewood was named Commercial Street.
Route
One end of La Brea Avenue is north of the Century Boulevard intersection in Inglewood, as a continuation of Hawthorne Boulevard in the 17-city South Bay area of Los Angeles County. It continues north through the View Park-Windsor Hills, Ladera Heights, and Baldwin Hills neighborhoods. It also passes through the eastern low Baldwin Hills mountain range, by Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area and the remnant Inglewood Oil Field.
Further north, La Brea passes through Crenshaw and the West Adams neighborhood, and then through the Central Los Angeles area with the Mid-City West, Park La Brea, and Hancock Park neighborhoods. It is the dividing border of eastern West Hollywood and the city of Los Angeles.
The northern end of the avenue is just north of Franklin Avenue, at the foot of the Hollywood Hills in central Hollywood.
La Brea turns into Hawthorne Boulevard or California State Route 107 and terminates in the Palos Verdes Peninsula.
Transportation
Metro Local lines 40 and 212 operate on La Brea Avenue. Line 212 serves the majority of La Brea Avenue and Line 40 starts at Florence Avenue.
An elevated light rail station for the Metro E Line is located at the intersection with Exposition Boulevard in the West Adams neighborhood.
An underground station for the Metro D Line at Wilshire Boulevard is currently under construction and is due to open in 2023.
Landmarks
Ray Charles Station, West Adams Post Office — honoring Ray Charles, on La Brea at Washington Boulevard in the Crenshaw District.
La Brea near Wilshire is at the eastern end of Museum Row in the Miracle Mile district, which includes the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, George C. Page Museum, Craft Contemporary, Petersen Automotive Museum, and Academy Museum of Motion Pictures (in 2017).
La Brea Avenue north of Wilshire Boulevard and south of Melrose Avenue has numerous designer boutiques, antiques and clothing stores, and cafés. The La Brea Bakery and the Lyric Theatre Los Angeles are on La Brea between Wilshire and 5th Street.
Pink's Hot Dogs — on North La Brea Avenue, Hollywood.
Charlie Chaplin Studios — built in 1918 on North La Brea Avenue, Hollywood. Later the A&M Records studios, and the present day Jim Henson Studios. A Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.
References
External links
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Central Los Angeles
Crenshaw, Los Angeles
Baldwin Hills (mountain range)
Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles
Fairfax, Los Angeles
Streets in Hollywood, Los Angeles
Mid-City, Los Angeles
Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles
West Adams, Los Angeles
Streets in West Hollywood, California
Westside (Los Angeles County) |
4035411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Scanlon | Bill Scanlon | William Neil Scanlon (November 13, 1956 – June 2, 2021) was a tennis player from the United States, who won seven singles and two doubles titles during his 13-year professional career. The right-hander reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 9 in January 1984. He is also known for having upset top-seeded John McEnroe in the fourth round at the 1983 US Open.
Career
After winning the NCAA Singles championships in 1976 as a sophomore for Trinity University (upsetting UCLA's Peter Fleming), Scanlon turned pro and, in his first Grand Prix event, defeated world #7 Harold Solomon to reach the quarter-finals. His first ever ATP singles ranking was No. 154. Later that summer, Scanlon defeated world no. 4 Adriano Panatta at the US Open and, with two wins over former world #1 Ilie Năstase in early 1977, climbed the rankings to No. 23 by March 1977.
After a frustrating season in 1978, Scanlon rebounded in his final tournament of the year to take the title in Maui with wins over John McEnroe, Harold Solomon, and Peter Fleming. In 1979 he reached the quarter-finals of Wimbledon (losing to Jimmy Connors) before successfully defending his title in Maui, again beating Fleming in the final.
Scanlon peaked in 1983 when he reached the semi-finals of the US Open. He defeated Henrik Sundström, Chris Lewis, Pat Cash, John McEnroe, and Mark Dickson, before losing to Jimmy Connors.
In 1985 Scanlon underwent two knee surgeries, missing most of the season. He continued to compete through 1989, winning only one more singles title, the 1986 Hall of Fame Championships in Newport, Rhode Island.
During his career, Scanlon would log wins over eight players who had been or would be ranked #1 in the world, namely Stan Smith, Ilie Năstase (twice), Björn Borg, John McEnroe (three times), Ivan Lendl, Mats Wilander, Boris Becker, and Andre Agassi. Scanlon's other notable victories over top players included wins over Guillermo Vilas (career high No. 2) and Vitas Gerulaitis (career high #3), as well as Adriano Panatta (career high No. 4), Pat Cash (career high No. 4), and Harold Solomon (career high No. 5).
Golden set
Scanlon achieved a golden set against Marcos Hocevar of Brazil in the first round of the WCT Gold Coast Classic at Delray Beach, Florida on February 22, 1983. Scanlon won the match, 6–2, 6–0. A golden set is a player winning a set without losing a single point. The feat is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records. Only Tine Scheuer-Larsen, Yaroslava Shvedova, and Julian Reister have since repeated the feat.
Activities and distinctions
Scanlon was inducted into the Intercollegiate Tennis Hall of Fame and the Texas Tennis Hall of Fame. His Golden Set achievement is represented in the International Tennis Hall of Fame. He served on the ATP Board of Directors during his professional career and also founded the Dallas Youth Foundation in 1984 to provide sports activities to Dallas area youth featuring professional tennis players, Dallas Cowboys, Texas Rangers, Dallas Mavericks, and Olympic athletes. He also served on the board of the Southern California Tennis Association and the USTA Davis Cup committee. He was chairman of the Carl Reiner Celebrity Pro-Am and was co-founder of the Beverly Hills Invitational Charity Event.
Post-tennis career
Scanlon was a professional investment advisor from 1992 on. He was founder and principal of Advantage Capital Advisors LLC, a registered investment advisor in Los Angeles, California. He was formerly the senior partner of The Scanlon Group, a top wealth management team at UBS Financial in Los Angeles.
Author
In 2014, Scanlon authored "Zen Tennis - Playing in the Zone" with co-author Dr. Joe Parent. Parent is a renowned PGA Tour mental game coach, and author of "Zen Golf". Scanlon also authored the book Bad News for McEnroe: Blood, Sweat, and Backhands with John, Jimmy, Ilie, Ivan, Bjorn, and Vitas in 2004 as a tribute to the era during which he participated on the ATP International Tour. The book focuses on the high-profile personalities of the sport during that era, their rivalries, their celebrity, and the growth of the sport's popularity.
Personal life
Scanlon and his wife, Stephanie, lived in Bel Air, California, and Park City, Utah.
Bill Scanlon died of cancer on June 2, 2021, at the age of 64.
Career finals
Singles: 14 (6 titles, 8 runners-up)
Doubles: 8 (6 titles, 2 runner-ups)
Records
These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis.
References
External links
1956 births
2021 deaths
American male tennis players
People from Dallas
Tennis people from Texas
Trinity Tigers men's tennis players |
4035426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEice | Kněžice | Kněžice may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
Kněžice (Chrudim District), a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region]
Kněžice (Jihlava District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region
Kněžice (Nymburk District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
Kněžice, a village and part of Jablonné v Podještědí in the Liberec Region
Kněžice, a village and part of Podbořany in the Ústí nad Labem Region
Kněžice, a village and part of Strážov (Klatovy District) in the Plzeň Region |
4035437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20a%20Little%20Faith%20in%20Me | Have a Little Faith in Me | "Have a Little Faith in Me" is a song written and performed by John Hiatt that appears on his 1987 album Bring the Family. His version of the song has also appeared on the soundtracks of the movies Look Who’s Talking Now (1993), Benny & Joon (1993), Phenomenon (film) (1996), The Theory of Flight (1998), Cake (2005), My Best Friend’s Girl (2008), Love Happens (2009), Father Figures (2017), and Benjie (2017). Live versions were included on 1994's Hiatt Comes Alive at Budokan? and 2005's Live from Austin, TX. The song has been included in all of his greatest hits collections, including 1998's The Best of John Hiatt (as a rerecorded version) and Greatest Hits — The A&M Years ’87-’94, 2001’s Anthology, 2003’s 20th Century Masters, and the 2005 box set Chronicles. In 2000 it was proven Jimmy Blankenship wrote the original version as a gospel song .
Background
The song was the first song written by Hiatt following his sobriety from drugs and alcohol, which had contributed to his marriage breakdown and his being released by former record labels. Hiatt's original attempt at recording the song took place at a friend's studio and included a larger instrument accompaniment. However, the recording was plagued by technical issues. The morning after, Hiatt was informed that his estranged wife had committed suicide. Hiatt attributes the technical problems with the original recording as a sign that the song was not meant to be heard that way, and he eventually released the song with a much simpler piano accompaniment.
Mandy Moore version
"Have a Little Faith in Me" is the first single from Coverage (2003), the third studio album from Mandy Moore. The song was written by John Hiatt and produced by John Fields. The song was included on her first greatest hits album The Best of Mandy Moore (2004).
"Have a Little Faith in Me" did not have a major impact in the United States, reaching number 39 on the US Billbord pop airplay chart.
Track listings
US CD single
"Have a Little Faith in Me" (Album Version) — 4:03
"Have a Little Faith in Me" (Ford Remix) — 3:59
Digital download
"Have a Little Faith in Me" - 4:03
Personnel
John Hiatt- Piano, Vocals
Chart
Covers
Bill Frisell released an instrumental version on his 1992 album Have a Little Faith.
Delbert McClinton recorded his version in 1992 for the album Never Been Rocked Enough.
New Zealand electronica band Strawpeople recorded their version in 1992 for the album Worldservice.
Joe Cocker recorded his version in 1994 for the album Have a Little Faith.
Jewel recorded a cover for the soundtrack to the 1996 film Phenomenon.
Ilse DeLange recorded a cover of the song on her live album Dear John, in 1999.
Chaka Khan recorded a cover for the soundtrack to the 2000 HBO film Disappearing Acts.
X Factor UK finalist Daniel Evans recorded this for his 2010 debut album No Easy Way.
Jon Bon Jovi recorded his version in 2011 for the film New Year's Eve (duet with Lea Michele).
Maisy Stella (as Daphne Conrad) and Will Chase (as Luke Wheeler) in the third season of the television show Nashville. The song was performed on episode 19 "The Storm Has Just Begun." It was released as a single and included on the album The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 2.
Pop Rock band The Summer Set sampled the main tempo for their song Heart on the Floor, featured on their 2013 album Legendary.
Dan Mangan recorded his version in 2019 for the covers album Thief.
Galantis and Dolly Parton recorded their version in a 2019 single "Faith".
The English duo 29 Palms recorded the song as the final track on their 1992 album No Eden.
SYML recorded his version in 2022 as a single.
References
1987 songs
2003 singles
Mandy Moore songs
Jewel (singer) songs
Joe Cocker songs
Songs written by John Hiatt
A&M Records singles
Epic Records singles |
4035451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sadri | John Sadri | John Sadri (born September 19, 1956) is a former tennis player from the United States. He reached the final of the 1979 Australian Open, won two singles titles and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 13 in September 1980. Sadri formerly ran a junior tennis academy at Russell Tennis Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Grand Slam finals
Singles (1 runner-up)
Grand Slam tournament performance timeline
Singles
Career finals
Singles (2 wins, 3 losses)
Doubles (3 wins, 6 losses)
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
American male tennis players
NC State Wolfpack men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Tennis people from North Carolina |
4035452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured%20sale | Structured sale | A structured sale or structured installment sale, is a special type of installment sale pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code. In an installment sale, the seller defers recognition of gain on the sale of a business or real estate to the tax year in which the related sale proceeds are received. In a structured sale, the seller is able to pay U.S. Federal income tax over time while having the seller's right to receive those payments guaranteed by a high credit quality alternate obligor. This obligor assumes the buyer's periodic payment obligation. Transactions can be arranged for amounts as small as $100,000.
To fund its future payment obligation, the assignment company then purchases an annuity from a life insurance company, United States treasuries via a trust or other financial instrument. Case law and administrative precedents support recognition of the original contract terms after a substitution of obligors. In addition, proper handling of the transaction will help the parties avoid problems with constructive receipt and economic benefit issues.
After Allstate Life stopped taking new annuity business in 2013, other structured sale opportunities arose. In lieu of annuities, United States Treasury obligations held in a trust (treasury funded structured settlements) are used to fund the future cash flows. Some companies use Key Man Life Insurance Policies in place of annuities, which provide the added protection of a death benefit to the seller and a payout that continues long after the seller passes. This arrangement may preferable when the seller is interested in passing wealth to the seller's beneficiaries after death. A Key Man Policy may also pay out more than an annuity in certain circumstances.
While negotiating the installment payments, the seller is free to design payment streams with a great deal of flexibility. Each installment payment to the seller has three components: return of basis, capital gain, and ordinary income earned on the money in the annuity. Under the doctrine of constructive receipt, with a properly documented structured sale, no taxable event is recognized until a payment is actually received. Taxation is the same as if the buyer were making installment payments directly.
Structured sales are an alternative to a section 1031 exchange. In a 1031 exchange, however, the seller is required to continue to hold some form of property. Structured sales work well for sellers who want to create a continuing stream of income without management worries. Retiring business owners and downsizing homeowners are examples of sellers who can benefit.
The structured sale must be documented, and money must be handled in such a way that the ultimate recipient is not treated as having constructively received the payment prior to the time it is actually made. For the buyer, there is no difference from a traditional cash-and-title-now deal, except for additional paperwork. Because of tax advantages to the seller, structuring the sale might, however, make the buyer's offer more attractive. Because the buyer has paid in full, the buyer gets full title at time of closing.
There are no direct fees to the buyer or seller to employ the structured sale strategy.
Alternatives
A sales method called the Installment sale and a Monetized Installment Sale, are variations of the Structured sale and is intended to protect the seller of a capital asset completely from the risk in connection with the buyer's creditworthiness.
Confusion Created by Secondary Market Firms
Some buyers of structured settlement payment rights have attempted to play off the popularity of the term structured sale to lure prospects for the sale of structured settlement payment rights.
The structured settlement specialist who implements the transaction is paid directly by the life insurance company that writes the annuity, or by the service provider for the treasury funded structured settlements.
The internal rate of return is comparable to long term high quality debt instruments.
Internal Revenue Service Private Letter Ruling 150850-07, dated June 2, 2008, confirmed the IRS position the taxpayer does not constructively receive payment for tax purposes until the actual cash payment is made pursuant to a properly drafted non-qualified assignment.
Notes
Business terms
Taxation in the United States
Sales |
4035468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEice%20%28Chrudim%20District%29 | Kněžice (Chrudim District) | Kněžice is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
External links
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Moor | Terry Moor | Terry Moor (born April 23, 1952) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won two singles and three doubles titles during his professional career.
The left-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on October 29, 1984, when he became world No. 32.
He is currently a database programmer in Memphis, TN.
Grand Slam finals
Doubles
Career finals
Singles: 6 (2 wins, 4 losses)
Doubles (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)
External links
1952 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Hartford, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Memphis, Tennessee
Tennis people from Connecticut
Tennis people from Tennessee |
4035514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20Tender%20Modernization%20Act | Legal Tender Modernization Act | The Legal Tender Modernization Act () was a bill proposed by United States Representative Jim Kolbe of Arizona in 2002. Its main goal was to stop the continual production of pennies. The bill also mentions other provisions including:
Allows the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to print postage stamps, currency, and security documents for foreign governments and U.S. states or political subdivisions in order to make foreign currency consistent with U.S. foreign policy.
Five different new designs each year for the $2 Federal reserve notes.
Prohibits redesigning the $1 Federal Reserve Note, as it is not as inclined into being counterfeited therefore there is no need of a redesign.
States that the seigniorage (the U.S. government's profit earned from selling money to the Federal Reserve) should be included in the budget as a receipt.
The bill failed to advance in the house and died when the 107th Congress adjourned.
Criticism
Critics of the Legal Tender Modernization Act state that by eliminating the penny, the rounding system would increase prices that could hurt the consumer, especially the lower class. Kolbe however has responded to such criticism and has stated that the rounding system "favors neither the consumer nor the retailer because the probability of rounding up or down is 50 percent either way – it would all come out even in the end."
Other common criticisms include charitable causes depending on the penny, its perceived historical importance, and the adverse effect on the zinc industry as a penny is 97.5% zinc.
See also
Penny (United States coin)
Penny debate in the United States
References
External links
House Republican Conference
CNN: Should the Penny Go?
CNN: The Fight Against the Penny
Citizens for Retiring the Penny
USA Today: Coins cost more to make than face value
Coins of the United States
Proposed legislation of the 107th United States Congress |
4035529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode%20logic | Diode logic | Diode logic (DL), or diode-resistor logic (DRL), is the construction of Boolean logic gates from diodes. Diode logic was used extensively in the construction of early computers, where semiconductor diodes could replace bulky and costly active vacuum tube elements. The most common use for diode logic is in diode–transistor logic (DTL) integrated circuits that, in addition to diodes, include inverter logic to provide a NOT function and signal restoration.
While diode logic has the advantage of simplicity, the lack of an amplifying stage in each gate limits its application. Not all logical functions can be implemented in diode logic alone; only the non-inverting logical AND and logical OR functions can be realized by diode gates. If several diode logic gates are cascaded, the voltage levels at each stage are significantly changed, so diode logic is normally limited to a single stage, though, in special designs, two-stage systems are sometimes achieved.
Simplifying assumptions
For illustration this discussion assumes idealized diodes that conduct in the forward direction with no voltage drop and do not conduct in the reverse direction. Logic design assumes two distinct levels of signals that are labeled 1 and 0. For positive logic the 1 represents the most positive level and 0 for the most negative level. For illustration in this discussion, positive logic 1 is represented by +6 volts and 0 volts represents logic 0. In binary logic the exact magnitude of the signal voltage is not critical and it is only necessary that 1 and 0 states be represented by detectably different voltage levels.
In these examples at least one input of every gate must be connected to a voltage level providing the defined logic 1 or logic 0 levels. If all the inputs are disconnected from any driving source the output signal is not confined to the correct voltage range.
Diode logic gates
In logic gates, logical functions are performed by parallel or series connected switches (such as relay contacts or insulated gate FETs like CMOS) controlled by logical inputs or parallel resistors or diodes which are passive components. Diode logic is implemented by diodes which exhibit low impedance when forward biased and a very high impedance when reverse biased. There are two kinds of diode logic gates - OR and AND. It is not possible to construct NOT (invert) diode gates because the invert function requires an active component such as a transistor.
OR logic gate
The image to the right shows a diode OR circuit. The diode symbol is an arrow showing the forward low impedance direction of current flow. All diodes have inputs on their anodes and their cathodes are connected together to drive the output. R is connected from the output to some negative voltage (-6 volts) to provide bias current for the diodes.
If all inputs A and B and C are at 0 volts (logic level 0), current flowing through R will pull the output voltage down until the diodes clamp the output. Since these diodes are treated as ideal, the output is clamped to 0 volts, which is logic level 0. If any input switches to a positive voltage (logic 1), current flowing through the now forward-biased diode will pull the output voltage up, providing a positive voltage at the output, a logic 1. Any positive voltage will represent a logic 1 state; the summing of currents through multiple diodes does not change the logic level. The other diodes are reverse biased and conduct no current.
If any input A OR B OR C is 1, the output will be 1. Only if all inputs, A and B and C are 0 will the output be 0. This is the definition of a logic OR. The truth table on the right of the image shows the output for all combinations of inputs.
This can be written as:
A OR B OR C = OUTPUT
or
A+B+C=OUTPUT
In Boolean algebra the plus sign (+) is used to denote OR.
R can return to any negative voltage. If R is connected to 0 volts it will have no drive current available to drive the next circuit; practical diodes need a bias current. In a practical circuit, all signal levels, the value of R and its return voltage are chosen by the circuit designer to meet the design requirements.
AND logic gate
The diode AND is basically the same as the OR except it is turned upside down. The diodes are reversed so that the cathodes are connected to the inputs and the anodes are connected together to provide the output. R is connected to +12 volts to provide the forward bias current for the diodes and current for output drive.
If all inputs A AND B AND C are a positive voltage (+6 volts here), current flowing through R will pull the output positive till the diodes clamp the output to +6 volts, the logical 1 output level. If any input switches to 0 volts (logical 0 level), current flowing through the diode will pull the output voltage down to 0 volts. The other diodes would be reverse biased and conduct no current.
If input A or B or C is 0, the output will be 0. Only if all inputs, A AND B AND C are 1 will the output be 1. This is the definition of a logic AND. The truth table on the right of the image shows the output for all combinations of inputs.
This can be written as:
A AND B AND C = OUTPUT
or
A×B×C=OUTPUT
(In Boolean algebra the multiplication symbol denotes AND.)
Similar to the diode OR, R can return to any voltage that is more positive than the logic level 1. If R is connected to a voltage equal to the 1 level it will have no drive current available to drive the next circuit. All signal levels, the value of R and its return voltage are options chosen by the circuit designer to meet the design requirements.
Negative logic
The assignment of 1 and 0 to the positive and negative signal levels respectively is an option of the logic designer using the AND or OR circuits. With this assignment it assumes that the logic is positive. It is just as likely that the assignment might be the reversed where 1 is the negative voltage and 0 is the positive voltage. This would be negative logic. Switching between positive and negative logic is commonly used to achieve a more efficient logic design.
In Boolean algebra it is recognized that a positive logic OR is a negative logic AND. Similarly a positive logic AND is a negative logic OR.
This relationship can easily be recognized by reading the above description of their operation. In the OR it stated, “Only if all inputs, A and B and C are 0 will the output be 0.” In negative logic each node at the lower voltage would become a logic 1, making the statement, “Only if all inputs, A AND B AND C are 1 will the output be 1.” That is the definition of an AND function.
Similarly for the AND it was stated, “If input A or B or C is 0 the output will be 0.” In negative logic each node at the lower voltage would become a logic 1, making the statement, “If input A OR B OR C is 1 the output will be 1.” That is the definition of an OR function.
The logical function of any arrangement of diodes can only be established if the representation of logic states by voltage levels is known.
Diode logic with real diodes
The above descriptions assumed an ideal diode with zero resistance in the forward direction and infinite resistance in the reverse direction. Circuit designers must concern themselves with real diodes. The articles p-n diode and a less detailed article p-n junction describe the physics of the PN diode. After all the discussion of electrons, holes, majority and minority carriers etc. each come down to an equation that most directly relates to the circuit designer. The real PN diode actually has a voltage current characteristic similar to the curve on the right. A more specific definition can be found in the Shockley diode equation. The designer of a reliable diode logic circuit is usually limited to what the diode specification provides which is often less than the equation suggests. Typically the specification will primarily provide a maximum forward voltage drop at one or more forward currents and a reverse leakage current. It will also provide a maximum reverse voltage limited by zener or avalanche breakdown. Typical worst case specifications are shown below for both germanium and silicon PN diodes.
Germanium diode:
Max forward voltage at 10 mA = 1 volt @ 0 to 85 °C
Max reverse leakage current at 15 volts = 100 microamps @ 85 °C
Silicon diode:
Max forward voltage at 10 mA = 1 volt @ 0 to 125 °C
Max reverse leakage current at 15 volts = 1 microamps @ 85 °C
Effects of component manufacturing variations and temperature are usually included in these specifications.
More realistically the germanium forward voltage might be 0.25 to 0.4 volts but this is often not specified. The silicon leakage current might be much lower, possibly 1 to 100 nanoamps.
PN diodes also have transient behaviors that might be of concern with the design. The capacitance of a PN diode between anode and cathode is inversely proportional to the reverse voltage, growing as it approaches zero volts and into forward bias. There is also a recovery concern where the current will not decrease immediately when it is switched from forward bias to reverse bias. In the case of the diode OR if two or more of the inputs are at the 1 level and one switches to 0 it will cause a glitch or increase in current in the diodes that remain at 1. This can cause a short term dip in the output voltage. In practice if the diode logic gate drives a transistor inverter, as it usually does, and the diode and transistor are of similar construction the transistor will have a similar base collector capacitance that is amplified by the transistor gain so that it will be too slow to pass the glitch. Only when the diode is of a much slower construction will it become any concern at all. In one unusual design small selenium diode discs were used with germanium transistors. The recovery time of the very slow selenium diodes caused a glitch on the inverter output. It was fixed by placing a selenium diode across the base emitter junction of the transistor making it “think” it was a selenium transistor (if there could ever be one).
Early diode logic with transistor inverter
Up until 1952, IBM manufactured transistors by modifying off-the-shelf germanium diodes, after which they had their own alloy-junction transistor manufacturing plant at Poughkeepsie. In the mid 1950s, diode logic was used in the IBM 608 which was the first all-transistorized computer in the world. The image on the right shows two basic logic circuits used on 608 cards. A single card would hold four two-way circuits or three three-way or one eight-way. All input and output signals were compatible. The circuits were capable of reliably switching pulses as narrow as one microsecond.
The designers of the 1962 D-17B guidance computer used diode-resistor logic as much as possible, to minimize the number of transistors used.
Restoration
Digital logic implemented by active elements is characterized by signal restoration. True and false or 1 and 0 are represented by two specific voltage levels. If the inputs to a digital logic gate is close to their respective levels, the output will be closer or exactly equal to its desired level. Active logic gates may be integrated in large numbers because each gate tends to remove noise at its input. Diode logic gates are implemented by passive elements; so, they have two restoration problems.
Forward voltage drop
The first restoration problem of diode logic is that there is a voltage drop VF about 0.6 V across the forward-biased diode. This voltage is added to or subtracted from the input of every gate so that it accumulates when diode gates are cascaded. In an OR gate, VF decreases the high voltage level (the logical 1) while in an AND gate, it increases the low voltage level (the logical 0). The feasible number of logic stages thus depends on the voltage drop and difference between the high and low voltages.
Source resistance
Another problem of diode logic is the internal resistance of the input voltage sources. Together with the gate resistor, it constitutes a voltage divider that causes deviations in voltage levels. In an OR gate, the source resistance decreases the high voltage level (the logical 1) while in an AND gate, it increases the low voltage level (the logical 0). In the cascaded AND-OR diode gates in the picture on the right, the AND high output voltages are decreased because of the internal voltage drops across the AND pull-up resistances.
Applications
Diode logic gates are used to build diode–transistor logic (DTL) gates as integrated circuits.
The outputs of conventional ICs (with complementary output drive stages) are never directly connected together since they act as voltage sources. However, diodes can be used to combine two or more digital (high/low) outputs from an IC such as a counter. This wired logic connection can be a useful way of producing simple logic functions without using additional logic gates.
Most circuit families are designed to have compatible inputs and outputs depending on these signal levels to achieve reliable performance. Adding diode logic will degrade the signal level and result in poor noise rejection and possible failure.
Tunnel diodes
During the 1960s the use of tunnel diodes in logic circuits was an active research topic. When compared to transistor logic gates of the time, the tunnel diode offered much higher speeds. Unlike other diode types, the tunnel diode offered the possibility of amplification of signals at each stage. The operating principles of a tunnel diode logic rely on biasing of the tunnel diode and supply of current from inputs over a threshold current, to switch the diode between two states. Consequently, tunnel diode logic circuits required a means to reset the diode after each logical operation. A simple tunnel diode gate offered little isolation between inputs and outputs and had low fan in and fan out. More complex gates, with additional tunnel diodes and bias power supplies, overcame some of these limitations. Advances in discrete and integrated circuit transistor speed and the more nearly unilateral nature of transistor amplifiers overtook the tunnel diode gate and it is no longer used in modern computers.
See also
Diode matrix
Transistor–transistor logic
References
External links
"Joystick Controller: Using Diodes to Create OR Circuits" by David Cook
Logic families |
4035536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8D%C3%AD%20%28Chrudim%20District%29 | Kočí (Chrudim District) | Kočí is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
References
External links
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koci | Koci | Koci may refer to:
Kočí, Czech surname
Kočí, Czech Republic
Koći, a village in Montenegro
Koçi, Albanian surname
Koci Cliffs, an Antarctic cliff
See also
Kuci (disambiguation) |
4035545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaSharon%20Junction | HaSharon Junction | The HaSharon Junction (), commonly known as Beit Lid Junction (), is a key road junction in the Sharon region of Israel. It intersects Highway 4 and Highway 57. The junction serves as a large transportation hub for dozens of Egged and Kavim buses.
On the southwest corner of the junction is Ashmoret Prison, a civilian jail.
The junction was the scene of the Beit Lid suicide bombing, a 1995 attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
It is planned that in the future, a large interchange will replace the current intersection. It will be located slightly north of the existing junction, along a new alignment of Highway 57, which will be shifted to the north.
Buses
The following buses stop at the Beit Lid Junction. The junction itself does not have routes using it as a starting or ending station.
Egged
Nativ Express
Road junctions in Israel
Geography of Central District (Israel) |
4035551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast%20Guard%20Island | Coast Guard Island | Coast Guard Base Alameda also referred to as Coast Guard Island is an artificial island in the Oakland Estuary between Oakland and Alameda, California. It is home to several major United States Coast Guard commands and cutters, including the Coast Guard Pacific Area. It is one of the largest Coast Guard bases on the West Coast. From 1942 until 1982, the island was the site of the Coast Guard's recruiting training center (boot camp), enlisting and training hundreds of thousands of Coast Guardsmen including many of the 214,239 who served in the Pacific and European Theaters of World War II.
The island is situated in the historic Brooklyn Basin, now known as Embarcadero Cove. It is within Alameda city limits, but is tied to land only via a bridge from Dennison Street in Oakland.
Tenant commands
The island houses a number of U.S. Coast Guard commands and its facilities are managed by Base Alameda. Over 1200 personnel are assigned to the island. Area commands include:
Pacific Area and Defense Force West
Maritime Intelligence Fusion Center Pacific (MIFCPAC)
Sector San Francisco (Prevention Department; the remainder of Sector San Francisco is housed at nearby Yerba Buena Island)
Pacific Regional Fisheries Training Center (formerly known as Training Team West)
Maritime Safety and Security Team 91105 (MSST 91105)
It is also the homeport for four Legend-class cutters:
USCGC Bertholf (WMSL-750)
USCGC Waesche (WMSL-751)
USCGC Stratton (WMSL-752)
USCGC Munro (WMSL-755)
Coast Guard Island also houses and supports a number of other Coast Guard commands with detachments or regional offices located on the island, including:
Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS) Pacific Region
Legal Service Command West
Personnel Service Center Detachment Alameda
Coast Guard Office of Civil Rights Detachment Region 3
Coast Guard Office of Civilian Human Resources (CG-121), Human Resources Operations Division, Human Resources Center-West
Surface Force Logistics Center
Detachment Alameda
Shore Infrastructure Logistics Center Detachment Alameda
Coast Guard Office of Contingency and Deployable Logistics, DOL-42 (Pacific Area) and DOL-43 ((Atlantic Area)
Atlantic Area International Port Security Detachment Alameda
Coast Guard Engineering Support Unit (ESU) Alameda and Naval Engineering Support Unit (NESU) Alameda were also located on the island until those units were decommissioned in 2013. The functions and capabilities of the units remain as departments within Base Alameda.
The facilities on Coast Guard Island also include an industrial service center, enlisted barracks, a medical and dental clinic, and public works facilities to service the island.
History and formation
Originally known as Government Island, this artificial island was formed in 1913 by the dredging project that extended the Oakland Estuary to San Leandro Bay. The Coast Guard first came to the island in 1926 when it established "Base 11" under an Executive Order signed in September 1931 that gave title to a tract for a permanent base. Improvements were started at that time and by 1933 included streets, utilities, spur tracks, a trestle bridge from Oakland, a transformer station, and rebuilding of the existing wharves. The cost was more than one and a half million dollars and provided facilities for Base 11 and the Coast Guard Store (warehouses).
Establishment
The shore establishment expanded in 1939 with the amalgamation of the Lighthouse Service. A training center was established in 1940 to meet the service's increased personnel needs.
An area of was acquired from the City of Alameda in 1939 with an additional purchased by the U.S. Coast Guard in 1942. The entire island of was devoted to training center facilities. The first contract provided for five barracks, mess hall and galley, engineering and administration buildings, an infirmary, roadways, heating, plumbing, electrical and fire protection. The contract was awarded February 21, 1942 and completed June 30, 1942 at a cost of $1,680,082.94. Additional contracts for another half million dollars provided for additional barracks, clothing issue building, paving a drill field, band room, incinerator, anti-aircraft trainer building, and docks for small boats.
Recruit Training Center
The training center was first opened on June 1, 1942 with accommodations for 900 men. It was solely to train recruits. Specialty training was added later to include fireman, signalman, laundryman, radioman, boatswain's mate, cooks and bakers, and port security.
After the war, Government Island remained a Coast Guard Training Center with addition of the Weather Bureau, Internal Auditors, and the Bureau of Roads. During the late 1960s the Training & Supply Center was the Coast Guard's largest field unit on the West Coast. The Training Center graduated 60-100 seaman apprentices and fireman apprentices each week. The Supply Center provided support to the western area districts including Squadron One and Squadron Three in Vietnam. The cutters Taney, Gresham, and Barataria were homeported on the island at the time.
In 1982, the Training Center was closed and recruit training was moved to United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May, New Jersey, where it remains today. Support Center Alameda was established June 1, 1982 and the island was renamed Coast Guard Island. The Coast Guard Pacific Area, Coast Guard 11th District (then known as Coast Guard 12th District), and Marine Safety Office San Francisco moved from downtown San Francisco to the island. On June 24, 1987, Maintenance & Logistics Command Pacific was established and located on the island until its decommissioning. The Support Center was redesignated as Integrated Support Command Alameda on March 15, 1996, and today is Base Alameda.
Notable Commanders
World War II Era Rear Admiral A. J. Carpenter, Commanding Officer of Alameda and District 3.
Vietnam War Era Captain Henry P. Kniskern, Commanding Officer
Captain Michael L. Woolard, Commanding Officer 2011–2015.
Captain Jonathan P. Hickey, Commanding Officer 2015–2018.
See also
Islands of San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay Area
Integrated Support Command Alameda
References
External links
Coast Guard description
Geography of Alameda, California
Islands of Alameda County, California
Islands of Northern California
United States Coast Guard bases
Military facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Islands of San Francisco Bay |
4035560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostelec%20u%20He%C5%99manova%20M%C4%9Bstce | Kostelec u Heřmanova Městce | Kostelec u Heřmanova Městce is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Tasovice is an administrative part of Kostelec u Heřmanova Městce.
References
External links
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole%20Forester | Nicole Forester | Nicole Forester (born November 19, 1972) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Maggie Zajac on the Starz original series Boss and as Cassie Layne Winslow on Guiding Light. She currently appears as Christie on NBC's Chicago Fire.
Early life
Forester was born Nicole Theresa Schmidt in Ann Arbor, Michigan. She began dance training at the age of five and began working locally in professional musical theatre at the age of twelve. She majored in drama in the Creative and Performing Arts Program at Winston Churchill High School in Livonia, Michigan (fellow alumni include actress Judy Greer and musician Rosie Thomas) and majored in Musical Theatre Performance at Western Michigan University before moving to Los Angeles at 19. She graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1993, when she took Forester, her grandmother's maiden name, as her professional name.
Career
Her early work in Los Angeles included roles in the television series Two and a Half Men, Monk, Will & Grace, The Single Guy, Beverly Hills 90210, and Mister Sterling, among others. Forester guest starred in two of the Star Trek spin-offs, playing a dabo girl in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Distant Voices", and Nora in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Horizon". Her all-American classic beauty landed her in numerous national commercials, including The Olive Garden, Miller Lite, Claritin, and American Airlines. Forester has also appeared in many pilots, including playing the wife of Saturday Night Live's Chris Kattan in the sitcom Enough About Me for ABC.
After moving to New York City in 2005, Forester booked the coveted contract role of "Cassie Layne Winslow" on CBS soap opera Guiding Light, replacing the originating actress, Laura Wright. In her three years on the show, Forester performed in nearly 300 episodes and received a Lead Actress Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her work in 2008.
In 2010, David Schwimmer cast Forester in his film, Trust, starring Clive Owen and Catherine Keener. Also in 2010 (and while 7 months pregnant with her second child), Forester worked with Richard Gere in The Double, directed by Michael Brandt. In 2012, Forester appeared in Jack Reacher, starring Tom Cruise and directed by Academy Award-winner Christopher McQuarrie.
In 2012, Forester filmed season two of Boss, the Golden Globe nominated drama series on Starz, starring Kelsey Grammer. Forester played "Maggie Zajac", the politically savvy wife of gubernatorial candidate and chronic philanderer "Ben Zajac", played by Jeff Hephner.
Personal life
She is married to Paul Brown and they have two children: Frances Eleanor, born on February 11, 2009, and Paul Walker III, born on October 14, 2010.
Of French and German descent, Forester spent three years studying German at UCLA and, in 2006, a term at the Goethe Institut in Schwaebisch Hall, Germany.
An avid knitter, Forester models on the cover of and inside the book Greetings from Knit Cafe by former CBS vice president, Suzan Mischer.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
NicoleForester.com - Official website
1972 births
Living people
Actors from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Western Michigan University alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Michigan
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni |
4035585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy%20L.%20Davis | Sammy L. Davis | Sammy Lee Davis (born November 1, 1946) is an American soldier who served in the United States Army during the Vietnam War and was awarded the nation's highest military medal for valor, the Medal of Honor.
Early years
Born in Dayton, Ohio, on November 1, 1946, Davis was raised in French Camp, California. His family had a long tradition of military service; his grandfather served in the Spanish–American War, his father Robert Davis was in World War II, and his brothers Hubert ("Buddy") and Darrell Davis served in Korea and Vietnam, respectively. Davis attended Manteca High School in Manteca, California, where he was a member of the football and diving teams. He also participated in Sea Scouting in Stockton. After his junior year of high school, Davis' family moved to Indiana. He graduated from Mooresville High School in 1966.
Military career
Davis enlisted in the United States Army from Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1965.
In March 1967, Davis was sent to South Vietnam as a private first class, and was assigned to Battery C, 2nd Battalion, 4th Artillery Regiment, 9th Infantry Division.
On November 18, 1967, his unit at Firebase Cudgel () west of Cai Lay, fell under machine gun fire and heavy mortar attack by an estimated three companies of Viet Cong from the 261st Viet Cong Main Force Battalion, which swarmed the area from the south and then west. Upon detecting an enemy position, Davis manned a machine gun to give his comrades covering fire so they could fire artillery in response. Davis was wounded, but ignored warnings to take cover, taking over the unit's burning howitzer and firing several shells himself. He also disregarded his inability to swim due to a broken back, and crossed a river there on an air mattress to help rescue three wounded American soldiers. He ultimately found his way to another howitzer site to continue fighting the NVA attack until they fled. The battle lasted two hours.
Davis was subsequently promoted to sergeant and received the Medal of Honor the following year from President Lyndon B. Johnson. After he was presented the medal at the White house ceremony, Davis played "Oh Shenandoah" on his harmonica in memory of the men he served with in Vietnam.
Davis retired in 1984 due to his war-time injuries.
Later years
In 1994, footage of his Medal of Honor award ceremony was used in the film Forrest Gump, with actor Tom Hanks' head superimposed over that of Davis.
Davis tells his story in the 2002 documentary A Time For Honor.
In July 2005, while in Indianapolis, Davis' medal was stolen out of the trunk of his car. It was recovered a few days later in neighboring White River.
On July 4, 2010, Davis helped celebrate the 100th birthday of the Boy Scouts of America at Arlington Park. Davis entered scouting at the age of 9. He has also been honored by the Joe Foss Institute for his dedication to serving America.
Davis is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Military awards
Davis's military decorations and awards include:
Medal of Honor
Citation:
Bibliography
Davis, Sammy L. and Caroline Lambert (2016). You Don't Lose 'Til You Quit Trying: Lessons on Adversity and Victory from a Vietnam Veteran and Medal of Honor Recipient. New York, NY: Berkley Books.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
References
External links
Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
1946 births
Living people
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army soldiers
Military personnel from Dayton, Ohio
Recipients of the Silver Star
Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Indiana |
4035600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonito%20Lake | Bonito Lake | Bonito Lake is an alpine reservoir located high in the Sierra Blanca mountains northwest of Ruidoso, New Mexico. It is a popular fishing and camping destination, and although it is surrounded by the Lincoln National Forest, it is not a part of the national forest. It is currently owned by the city of Alamogordo, New Mexico as their primary water source. Because of the high altitude, the lake's temperature is cold year round, and is home to an abundance of rainbow trout. The area around the lake has several campgrounds with hiking trails and streams.
The area is now a part of the Lincoln National Forest, but in the late 19th century, the Southern Pacific Railroad owned most of the water rights in the area. In 1907 the railroad built a small dam in South Fork Canyon, upstream from the current dam. From that dam they extended a wooden pipeline to Pastura, New Mexico to provide water for the steam trains of the era. The remnants of the original dam and pieces of the wooden pipeline are still visible to hikers along the trail in South Fork Canyon.
By the 1920s, the railroad needed even more water, and they petitioned the Government of New Mexico to allow them to build another, larger dam along Bonito Creek. The engineers who surveyed the canyon determined that the best place to build a dam would be downstream from the town of Bonito, across a narrow spot in the canyon. This location would allow the dam to contain the water of two streams which merged just above the dam. This location, however, meant that the town of Bonito would be flooded by the dam's lake. The people living in Bonito were given land further down the canyon, and the entire town was moved downstream to a new location.
The dam was completed in 1931, and by 1933 the lake was completely filled. At full capacity, the lake contains 1,500 acre-feet of water.
By the 1950s, steam locomotives had been replaced by diesel electric locomotives, and the railroad no longer needed the water from the lake. The railroad sold the lake to the city of Alamogordo, New Mexico, which needed a reliable water supply to provide the town's drinking water. A pipeline was built to Alamogordo's "La Luz" water treatment plant. Alamogordo still owns the dam and lake, but all of the land around the lake is a part of the Lincoln National Forest. The lake and the surrounding mountains are now popular for fishing, camping, and hiking.
Little Bear Fire
The 2012 Little Bear Fire caused flooding and other damage to Bonito Lake and the surrounding area. The lake has been closed to fishing since that time, and the campgrounds around the lake are also closed. The fire caused severe erosion in the watershed above the lake, and the lake was contaminated with sediment and ash from the fire. In the summer of 2015 engineers began the process of draining the lake in order to dredge it. The expected reopen date is currently unknown, but may be as late as 2019 or 2020.
On September 26, 2017 the Alamogordo city commissioners approved an $8.6 million contract to drain, dredge, and restore the lake. The city engineer estimated that it would take about 24 months for the work to be completed and the lake reopened.
References
External links
History article about the town of Bonito
Reservoirs in New Mexico
Bodies of water of Lincoln County, New Mexico
Protected areas of Lincoln County, New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, New Mexico
Lincoln National Forest |
4035605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1%20%C5%A0m%C3%ADd | Tomáš Šmíd | Tomáš Šmíd (born 20 May 1956) is a former tennis player from Czechoslovakia, who won nine singles titles during his career. In doubles, he won 54 titles and was world No. 1 in doubles from December 17, 1984 to August 11, 1985. The right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 11 in July 1984. Šmíd participated in 31 Davis Cup ties for Czechoslovakia from 1977–1989, posting a 20-10 record in doubles and a 22-15 record in singles.
Career finals
Singles: 28 (9 wins, 19 losses)
Doubles: 101 (54 wins, 47 losses)
Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 3 (2 wins, 1 loss)
External links
1956 births
Living people
Czech male tennis players
Czechoslovak male tennis players
French Open champions
Sportspeople from Plzeň
US Open (tennis) champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Universiade medalists in tennis
Universiade gold medalists for Czechoslovakia
Medalists at the 1977 Summer Universiade
ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players |
4035611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Lardner | James Lardner | James or Jim Lardner may refer to:
James L. Lardner (1802–1881), American naval officer
James Lardner (politician) (1879–1925), Irish nationalist politician
James Lardner (Cobra), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe |
4035614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Ramanauskas | Adam Ramanauskas | Adam Ramanauskas (born 19 November 1980) is a former Australian rules footballer for the Essendon Football Club.
Of Lithuanian descent, Ramanauskas was selected at no. 12 in the 1998 AFL Draft and was mainly a defender or midfielder. In 2000, he was a regular selection on the wing in Essendon's 2000 premiership season, in which they lost just one game for the entire year.
Biography
Ramanauskas debuted with the Essendon Football Club in 1999 after being selected at No. 12 in the 1998 AFL Draft. Playing mainly as a defender or midfielder, he was an integral member of the dominant 2000 Bombers' premiership team.
Regarded as one of AFL's up-and-coming young stars, Ramanauskas was runner-up in the AFL Rising Star Award in 2000 and placed third in Essendon's Crichton Medal the following year before being diagnosed with cancer in 2003.
After surgery, Ramanauskas missed eight matches but made a quick recovery to play a handful of games again in 2003 before a recurrence of his cancer. He had weeks of radiotherapy treatment, but he managed to come back and compete a solid 2004 season, where he played in all of the Bombers' 24 games.
Ramanauskas had more misfortune in 2005 when he underwent a season-ending knee reconstruction after a Round 4 training mishap. After he had completed his recovery, he was set to make another comeback. However, in February 2006, a recurrence of the cancer appeared, and he underwent further invasive surgery and six months of chemotherapy treatment.
At the end of 2006, Essendon sought special consideration from the AFL to place Ramanauskas on a mature-aged rookie list for the 2007 season. In July 2007, Ramanauskas was elevated to the senior list and played his first AFL match in two years.
Named as one of The Australian newspaper's "Most Inspirational People" in 2007, Ramanauskas's courage and determination both on and off the field has inspired many. Since 2007, he has worked passionately with the Essendon Football Club Community Affairs Department, co-ordinating youth programs and developing a strong alliance with the Cancer Council of Victoria.
Ramanauskas announced his retirement from AFL football at the end of the 2008 season. In 2009, he accepted a part-time role at Essendon focusing on fast-tracking the development of the club's youngest players. Alongside his duties at Essendon, he also began work on the management team at Elite Sports Properties, a sports talent management agency. He has also joined the football commentary team at 774 ABC Radio.
Career highlights
Essendon Football Club, VFL Reserves Premiership, 1999
Essendon Football Club, VFL Reserves Best & Fairest Player, 1999
Essendon Football Club, AFL Pre-Season Premiership, 2000
Essendon Football Club, AFL Premiership, 2000
AFL Rising Star Award, Runner-Up, 2000
Represented Australia, International Rules Series against Ireland, 2001
Essendon Football Club, Crichton Medal (Best & Fairest Award), 3rd Runner-Up, 2001
Essendon Football Club, "Best Clubman", 2005
Essendon Football Club, "Most Courageous Player", 2007
AFLPA, "Community Spirit Award Winner", 2008
Best games
32 disposals (26 kicks, 6 handballs), 8 marks and a goal in Round 10, 2002: 8-point loss to the North Melbourne Football Club
31 disposals (17 kicks 14 handballs) and 14 marks in Round 11, 2000: 58-point win over Geelong Football Club
Football, cancer and injury
In 2003, Ramanauskas was diagnosed with a low grade cancer (fibromatosis) in his neck after Round 3. He missed the next eight matches but made a quick recovery to play again in 2003. Following this was a solid 2004 season in which he played in all of the Bombers' 24 games.
Ramanauskas had more misfortune in 2005 when he underwent a knee reconstruction after a Round 4 training mishap. After he had completed his recovery, however, in February 2006, a recurrence of the cancer appeared.
At the end of 2006, Ramanauskas was delisted by Essendon, who asked for special consideration in placing him on a mature-aged rookie list for the 2007 season. After long deliberation by the AFL Commission on this issue, Essendon were granted permission for this to go ahead. Ramanauskas was re-drafted by Essendon with pick 33 in the 2006 Rookie Draft. On Wednesday, 4 July, Ramanauskas was elevated to the senior list and played his first AFL match in two years against the Geelong Football Club on 6 July 2007.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 9 || 4 || 13 || 1 || 5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 4.5 || 2.0 || 6.5 || 0.5 || 2.5 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 24 || 13 || 8 || 221 || 155 || 376 || 105 || 38 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 9.2 || 6.5 || 15.7 || 4.4 || 1.6 || 4
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 25 || 13 || 3 || 258 || 124 || 382 || 90 || 50 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 10.3 || 5.0 || 15.3 || 3.6 || 2.0 || 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 23 || 13 || 5 || 275 || 124 || 399 || 109 || 49 || 0.6 || 0.2 || 12.0 || 5.4 || 17.3 || 4.7 || 2.1 || 7
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 10 || 8 || 10 || 107 || 63 || 170 || 34 || 23 || 0.8 || 1.0 || 10.7 || 6.3 || 17.0 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 24 || 6 || 6 || 220 || 104 || 324 || 112 || 31 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 9.2 || 4.3 || 13.5 || 4.7 || 1.3 || 0
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 22 || 16 || 38 || 9 || 8 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 7.3 || 5.3 || 12.7 || 3.0 || 2.7 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 0 || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 0
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 5 || 3 || 2 || 36 || 24 || 60 || 19 || 6 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 7.2 || 4.8 || 12.0 || 3.8 || 1.2 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 9 || 18 || 7 || 2 || 140 || 102 || 242 || 77 || 28 || 0.4 || 0.1 || 7.8 || 5.7 || 13.4 || 4.3 || 1.6 || 0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 134
! 63
! 36
! 1288
! 716
! 2004
! 556
! 238
! 0.5
! 0.3
! 9.6
! 5.3
! 15.0
! 4.1
! 1.8
! 14
|}
Retirement
On 25 August 2008, Ramanauskas and longtime teammate Jason Johnson announced their retirements from AFL effective at the end of the season.
Media career
Ramanauskas is now an expert AFL commentator for 774 ABC as well as a Foxtel Cup commentator for Fox Footy.
Personal life
Ramanauskas was born to Joseph and Lucy Ramanauskas and grew up in Doveton, Victoria. He has an older brother, Daniel, and younger sister, Kayla. Ramanauskas attended Doveton Primary School. He later graduated high school from St John's Regional College, Dandenong, in 1998. Growing up, he supported the Richmond Football Club.
Ramanauskas married his high-school sweetheart, Belinda Henneman, in January 2006. They have two sons, Aidan (born October 2008) and Lucas (born August 2010).
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Australian people of Lithuanian descent
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Dandenong Stingrays players
Essendon Football Club players
Essendon Football Club Premiership players
Australia international rules football team players
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players |
4035618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockie%20Leonard | Lockie Leonard | Lockie Leonard is a fictional character and the protagonist of a trilogy of young adult novels by Australian by the author Tim Winton.
Character
Lockie Leonard is a 12-year-old who moves to Angelus, a fictional, small coastal town in the southwest region of Western Australia. Lockie has to deal with starting high school in a new town, his father is a police officer who everybody calls Sarge, his mother Joy, is overly understanding, and his brother Phillip still wets the bed. The books follow his adventures and the disasters which beset him. From falling in love, being dumped, finding a best friend, being embarrassed by his family, and through it all making discoveries about himself.
The Lockie Leonard TV series, adapted from the books, was shot in Albany, Western Australia and originally screened on the Nine Network in 2007, and a second season began airing in 2010. It was popular all around the world and still has many avid fans.
Books in the series
Lockie Leonard, Human Torpedo
Published in 1990 the book has been republished several times by different publishers and in different formats (print, eBook, audio, braille) and languages (English, French, Dutch). Lockie Leonard is a teenage boy new in town who pines for the most unattainable girl in the class.
A stage version, dramatized by Paige Gibbs and published by Currency Press, was performed by the Perth Theater Company 1995. It was first commissioned and performed by the WA Youth Theatre Company, Perth in 1993.
Awards
1991 Joint winner Western Australian Premier's Book Awards: Children's Book
1993 American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults Award
1996 Winner YABBA Awards: Fiction for Older Readers
Lockie Leonard, Scumbuster
Published in 1993 the book has been republished several times by different publishers and in different formats (print, eBook, audio, braille) and languages (English, French). Lockie has been dumped by his girlfriend but finds a new friend Egg the metal head, wants to save the planet and has a new love interest.
Awards
1993 Wilderness Society Environment Award
Lockie Leonard, Legend
Published in 1997 the book has been republished several times by different publishers and in different formats (print, eBook, audio, braille) and languages (English, French). With the first year of High School behind him Lockie finds embarrassment behavior from all his family members but then events occur and Lockie makes some discoveries about himself.
Awards
1998 Family Award for Children's Literature
References
Series of children's books
Australian children's novels
Novels by Tim Winton
Novels set in Western Australia
Characters in children's literature |
4035619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Lettl | Wolfgang Lettl | Wolfgang Lettl (18 December 1919 – 10 February 2008) was a surrealist painter who was born and who died in Augsburg, Germany. His retrospective was exhibited at the Schaezlerpalais in 2019.
In 1939, at the age of 20, Wolfgang joined the German Army and served as a communications officer in occupied Paris from 1940 to 1943, during which time he worked on his watercolours and first became exposed to surrealism. Later in the war, he became a reconnaissance airman in Norway, where he was captured at the end of the war and held for four months.
He returned to Augsburg in 1945, and worked there as a freelance painter from 1945 to 1948. In 1949, however, the currency reform forced him to turn to construction work to make ends meet. He continued working on his landscapes, portraits and surrealist art while working construction jobs and odd jobs. From 1954 onwards, he was able to concentrate on his art.
He married Franziska Link in 1949.
Success with his freelance art led him to develop his surrealism, and in 1963 he participated in the Grosse Kunstausstellung München (the "Grand Art Exhibition Munich"), becoming a member of the Neue Münchener Künstlergenossenschaft ("New Munich Artists' Cooperative Society"). One-man shows in Germany and abroad followed. In addition to his surrealist work, the landscapes around Manfredonia, his second home in Apulia, Italy, inspired him to sometimes paint in an impressionistic style.
In 1992, on the occasion of a retrospective exhibition at the Toskan Hall of Columns, he offered his paintings to the city of Augsburg on permanent loan. After the opening of the "Lettl Atrium - Museum for Surreal Art" in Augsburg in 1993, Lettl has concentrated on experiments in other media (including film), as well as continuing with his painting. A major retrospective exhibition was held in Augsburg in 2000.
References
External links
Official Lettl Website
Wolfgang Lettl at Google Arts & Culture
1919 births
2008 deaths
German Army personnel of World War II
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
Artists from Augsburg |
4035627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulionys | Kulionys | Kulionys is a village in Lithuania (Molėtai district municipality), near Molėtai, mostly famous for its Molėtai Astronomical Observatory and Lithuanian Museum of Ethnocosmology. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 34 people.
References
Villages in Utena County
Molėtai District Municipality |
4035659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Mayer | Sandy Mayer | Alexander "Sandy" Mayer (born April 5, 1952) is a former tennis player from the United States. He won twelve titles in singles and twenty-four titles in doubles in his professional career, and was part of the winning tennis squad at Stanford University in 1973.
Career
Mayer was born in Flushing, New York. He entered Stanford University in 1970. In 1972, Mayer and Roscoe Tanner won the NCAA doubles championship, and the Stanford team finished second in the NCAA tournament, behind Trinity University.
In 1973, Mayer and Stanford won everything in the NCAA tournament: Mayer won singles, Mayer and Jim Delaney won doubles, and the team won the national championship ahead of USC.
The right-handed Mayer reached his highest singles ATP-ranking in April 1982, when he became world No. 7. His younger brother Gene was also a world tour tennis player and reached a career high of world No. 4 in 1980.
Family
Mayer has four sons and a daughter, all of whom had been previously ranked in the United States Tennis Association Junior Tennis League (Northern California Section). Mayer's wife, Libby, is a teacher.
Career finals
Singles (11 titles, 10 runner-ups)
Doubles (24 titles, 16 runner-ups)
External links
1952 births
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Living people
Sportspeople from Queens, New York
People from Portola Valley, California
American people of German descent
Stanford Cardinal men's tennis players
Tennis people from New York (state)
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles |
4035663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurchenko | Yurchenko | Yurchenko is a Ukrainian patronymic surname that comes from the name Yuriy. It may refer to:
David Yurchenko (born 1986), Russian-Armenian footballer
Denys Yurchenko (born 1978), Ukrainian pole vaulter
Ihor Yurchenko (born 1960), Soviet and Ukrainian footballer
Henrietta Yurchenko (1916–2007), American ethnomusicologist, folklorist, radio producer, and radio host
Kateryna Yurchenko (born 1976), Ukrainian sprint canoer
Mikhail Yurchenko (born 1970), Kazakhstani boxer
Mykola Yurchenko (born 1966), Ukrainian footballer
Natalia Yurchenko (born 1965), Soviet artistic gymnast
Yurchenko (vault), a vault routine in artistic gymnastics
Yurchenko loop, a balance beam skill in artistic gymnastics
Tatyana Yurchenko (born 1993), Kazakhstani middle-distance runner
Vasyl Yurchenko (born 1950), Soviet sprint canoer
Vitaly Yurchenko (born 1936), KGB officer
Vladimir Yurchenko (born 1989), Belarusian footballer
Vladlen Yurchenko, (born 1994), Ukrainian footballer
See also
Ukrainian-language surnames
Surnames of Ukrainian origin
Patronymic surnames |
4035676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Help%20of%20Christians%20Academy%20%28Warren%2C%20Michigan%29 | Mary Help of Christians Academy (Warren, Michigan) | Mary Help of Christians Academy was a small, Traditionalist Catholic K-12 school located in Warren, Michigan. It was founded by Donald Sanborn in 1986 with the purchase of a former Montessori school campus. From a few families it expanded to around 200 students at its peak of enrollment.
Internal disagreement between parents and school management (then including Robert Neville) in 1999 caused a number of families to leave. The school's teachers were dismissed from their positions and replaced with nuns from Robert McKenna's Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. Enrollment continued to decline and the school was closed in 2004. The campus was sold to a local Eastern Orthodox church.
Notes and references
RenewAmerica: News update on the closure of the school
Metro Detroit
Schools in Macomb County, Michigan
Traditionalist Catholicism
Defunct schools in Michigan
Educational institutions established in 1986
Educational institutions disestablished in 2004
Defunct Christian schools
1986 establishments in Michigan |
4035678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding%20the%20multitude | Feeding the multitude | In Christianity, the feeding the multitude is two separate miracles of Jesus reported in the Gospels.
The first miracle, the "Feeding of the 5,000", is the only miracle—aside from the resurrection—recorded in all four gospels (Matthew 14:13–21; Mark 6:31–44; Luke 9:12–17; John 6:1–14).
The second miracle, the "Feeding of the 4,000", with 7 loaves of bread and a few small fish, is reported by Matthew 15:32–39 and Mark 8:1–9, but not by Luke or John.
The feeding of the 5,000 people
The Feeding of the 5,000 is also known as the "miracle of the five loaves and two fish"; the Gospel of John reports that Jesus used five loaves and two fish supplied by a boy to feed a multitude. According to Matthew's gospel, when Jesus heard that John the Baptist had been killed, he withdrew by boat privately to a solitary place. Luke specifies that the place was near Bethsaida. The crowds followed Jesus on foot from the towns. When Jesus landed and saw a large crowd, he had compassion on them and healed their sick. As evening approached, the disciples came to him and said, "This is a remote place, it's already getting late. Send the crowds away, so they can go to the villages and buy themselves some food."
Jesus said that they did not need to go away, and therefore the disciples were to give them something to eat. They said that they only had five loaves and two fish, which Jesus asked to be brought to him. Jesus directed the people to sit down in groups on the grass. In Mark's Gospel, the crowds sat in groups of 50 and 100, and in Luke's Gospel, Jesus' instructions were to seat the crowd in groups of 50, implying that there were 100 such groups.
Taking the five loaves and the two fish and looking up to Heaven, he gave thanks and broke them. Then he gave them to the disciples, and the disciples gave them to the people. They all ate and were satisfied, and the disciples picked up twelve baskets full of broken pieces that were leftover. The number of those who ate was about five thousand men, beside women and children.
In John's Gospel, the multitude has been attracted around Jesus because of the healing works he has performed, and the feeding of the multitude is taken as a further sign that Jesus is the Messiah.
The feeding of the 4,000
This story, which appears only in Mark and Matthew, is also known as the miracle of the five loaves of bread and two small fishes, as the Gospel of Matthew refers to five loaves and a few small fish used by Jesus to feed a multitude. According to the Gospels, a large crowd had gathered and was following Jesus. Jesus called his disciples to him and said:
"I have compassion for these people; they have already been with me three days and have nothing to eat. I do not want to send them away hungry, or they may collapse on the way."
His disciples answered:
"Where could we get enough bread in this remote place to feed such a crowd?"
"How many loaves do you have?" Jesus asked.
"Seven," they replied, "and a few small fish."Jesus told the crowd to sit down on the ground. Then he took the seven loaves and the fish, and when he had given thanks, he broke them and gave them to the disciples, and they in turn give to the people. They all ate and were satisfied. Afterward, the disciples picked up seven basketfuls of broken pieces that were leftover. The number of those who ate was four thousand men, besides women and children. After Jesus had sent the crowd away, he got into the boat and went to the vicinity of Magadan (or Magdala).
Analysis
Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer notes the differences between some of the details of the accounts as a means of emphasizing that there were two distinct miracles: for example, the baskets used for collecting the food that remained were twelve (hand baskets) in but seven (large baskets) in . Cornelius a Lapide stated that a or 'large basket' was double the size of a . An indication of the size of a is that the apostle Paul was let out of a building through a gap in the Damascus city wall in one in order to avert a plot to kill him (Acts 9:25).
Meyer also comments that in John's Gospel, the feeding of the multitude is taken as a further sign ( ) that Jesus is the Messiah, the prophet who (according to the promise in the Book of Deuteronomy () is to come into the world" ().
Justus Knecht gives some moral lessons from this miracle stating, that it shows 1. The importance of saying grace at meals, because before Jesus multiplied and distributed the bread, He "raised His eyes to heaven and prayed." 2. The importance of not being wasteful with food, because Jesus tells them, "Gather up the fragments, lest they be lost." 3. The Goodness of Jesus, because he feeds those who seek Him, “Seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things (which are necessary for the life of the body) will be added unto you." 4. The annual multiplication of food, since the multiplication of loaves shows how every year God increases the seed sown by farmers, i.e for every 10 grains of wheat sown in the ground, 300-400 grains are harvested. Lastly Knecht, like many commentators, draws parallels between this miracle and the Eucharist.
See also
Chronology of Jesus
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
Elisha feeding hundred men
References
Bibliography
HarperCollins Bible Commentary (2000)
External links
Biblical phrases
Miracles of Jesus
Bethsaida
Fish in Christianity
Gospel of John
Gospel of Luke
Gospel of Mark
Gospel of Matthew
Animals in the Bible |
4035680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukka%20Raya%20II | Bukka Raya II | Bukka Raya II (born 1363, reign 1405–1406 CE) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty.
After the death of Harihara II, the succession of the throne was disputed amongst and eventually changed hands between Harihara II's three sons: Virupaksha Raya, Bukka Raya II, and Deva Raya I. First, Virupaksha Raya managed to rule for a few months before he was murdered by his own sons. Bukka Raya II then succeeded Virupaksha as emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire. However similar to his brother before him, Bukka Raya II only reigned for a short time period before he too was be overthrown by his brother Deva Raya I who took the throne.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20051219170139/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_medieval.html
http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnatagggfgbnjjka40.htm
1406 deaths
People of the Vijayanagara Empire
15th-century Indian monarchs
1363 births
Indian Hindus
Hindu monarchs
Sangama dynasty |
4035681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostelec | Kostelec | Kostelec means 'fortified church' in Czech and may refer to several places in the Czech Republic:
Kostelec (Jičín District), a municipality and village in the Hradec Králové Region
Kostelec (Jihlava District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region
Kostelec (Hodonín District), a municipality and village in the South Moravian Region
Kostelec (Tachov District), a municipality and village in the Plzeň Region
Kostelec na Hané, a town in the Olomouc Region
Kostelec nad Černými lesy, a town in the Central Bohemian Region
Kostelec nad Labem, a town in the Central Bohemian Region
Kostelec nad Orlicí, a town in the Hradec Králové Region
Kostelec nad Vltavou, a municipality and village in the South Bohemian Region
Kostelec u Heřmanova Městce, a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region
Kostelec u Holešova, a municipality and village in the Zlín Region
Kostelec u Křížků, a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
Červený Kostelec, a town in the Hradec Králové Region
Vrbatův Kostelec, a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region
Fictional
Kostelec, a fictional town in northeast Bohemia, the setting for Josef Škvorecký's novel The Cowards and episodes of The Engineer of Human Souls, and based on Náchod. |
4035685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%20boy | Bat boy | Bat boy or batboy or variation, may refer to:
Batboy, a nickname for a US Army airborne ranger assigned to the 75th Ranger Regiment originating from the period prior to the organization of the Ranger regiment in 1984 when there were only two independent Ranger Battalions
Boy serving as a batman, particularly in the British army in colonial period India
Batboy, a person who carries bats for a baseball team
Batsboy, a boy batter (baseball)
Batsboy, a boy batter (cricket)
The Batboy (2010), a novel about a batboy, by Mike Lupica
Bat Boy (character), a fictional creature who made many appearances in the defunct supermarket tabloid Weekly World News
Bat Boy: The Musical, a musical based on the Bat Boy character
"Bat Boy and Rubin!" (Mad #8, Dec. 1953 – Jan. 1954), Kurtzman/Wallace Wood parody of Batman and Robin
a boy vampire
a male bat (Chiroptera)
See also
Batkid Miles Scott, cancer survivor and subject of 2015 documentary Batkid Begins
Boy (disambiguation)
Bat (disambiguation)
Batman (disambiguation)
Batgirl (disambiguation)
Batwoman (disambiguation)
Batter (disambiguation) |
4035688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usotsuki%20Alice%20to%20Kujirag%C5%8D%20o%20Meguru%20B%C5%8Dken | Usotsuki Alice to Kujiragō o Meguru Bōken | is the fifth album by Yui Horie.
Track listing
"はじまりの唄" (Hajimari no Uta, A starting song)
"マッシュルームマーチ" (MASSHURUUMU MAACHI, Mushroom March)
"世界中の愛を言葉にして" (Sekai juu no ai wo kotoba ni shite, Turning the world's love into words)
"蒼い森" (Aoi Mori, Blue forest)
"Shiny merry-go-round"
"くじら光線" (Kujira Kousen, Whale light beam)
"Puzzle"
"いつか" (Itsuka, someday)
"day by day"
"スクランブル" (SUKURANBURU, Scramble)
"LET'S GO!!"
"Will"
"口笛" (Kuchibue, Whistle)
Yui Horie albums
2005 albums |
4035692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasne | Krasne | Krasne or Krásné may refer to:
Places
Canada
Krasne, Saskatchewan, near Quinton, Saskatchewan
Czech Republic
Krásné (Chrudim District), a village in the Pardubice Region
Krásné (Žďár nad Sázavou District), a village in the Vysočina Region
Poland
Krasne, Gmina Rejowiec Fabryczny in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Krasne, Gmina Wojsławice in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Krasne, Augustów County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Krasne, Białystok County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Krasne, Gmina Giby in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Krasne, Gmina Krasnopol in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Krasne, Lubartów County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Krasne, Sokółka County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Krasne, Zamość County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Krasne, Przeworsk County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
Krasne, Rzeszów County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
Krasne, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Krasne, Człuchów County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Krasne, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Krasne Commune, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Krasne Commune, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
Ukraine
Krasne, Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Lviv Oblast, site of Krasne longwave transmitter
Krasne, Pokrovsk Raion, a village in Pokrovsk Raion (Donetsk Oblast)
Krasne, Tarutyne Raion, a village in Tarutyne Raion
Krasne, Turka Raion, a village in Turka Raion (Lviv Oblastn)
Crimea (disputed)
Krasne Lake, part of the Syvash salt lake system
People
Nancy Krasne, American politician
Philip N. Krasne (1905-1999), American lawyer and film and TV producer
See also
Krasna (disambiguation)
Krasno (disambiguation) |
4035693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meymand | Meymand | Meymand (, also Romanized as Maimand; also known as Meyman) is a city and capital of Meymand District, in Firuzabad County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 8,615, in 2,138 families.
Meymand is located a few miles east of Firuzabad and about from Shiraz. Its population is almost wholly occupied with the manufacture and sale of rose water, which is largely exported to many parts of Iran as well as to Arabia, India and Java. Shafaq cave is located nearby. The district also produces great quantities of almonds.
In 1961, Meymand became a city after consensus with the three villages of Meymand-e Sofla, Meymand-e Olya and Shabankareh.
Gallery
See also
Meymand, Kerman
References
Populated places in Firuzabad County
Cities in Fars Province |
4035706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emme%20Rylan | Emme Rylan | Emme Marcy Rylan (born Marcy Faith Behrens; November 4, 1980) is an American actress. From 2005 until 2013, she was credited as Marcy Rylan. She is best known for her portrayals on the CBS soap operas Guiding Light as Lizzie Spaulding and The Young and the Restless as Abby Newman. From 2013 to 2020, she portrayed the role of Lulu Spencer on ABC's General Hospital.
Career
Rylan joined the cast of Guiding Light as Lizzie Spaulding on February 7, 2006, taking over the role from Crystal Hunt, until the finale on September 18, 2009. She won the role of Winnie Harper in the straight-to-video 2006 cheerleading film Bring It On: All or Nothing in which she co-starred with fellow Guiding Light alumnus Hayden Panettiere. She was a guest star on the Nickelodeon show Drake & Josh and appeared in several national network commercials.
After CBS announced the cancellation of Guiding Light, Rylan joined The Young and the Restless as Abby Newman. Her first airdate was May 18, 2010. She was later absent from the soap during the 2011 holiday season due a maternity leave. In September 2012, it was announced that Rylan had been let go from The Young and the Restless due to budgetary cuts.
She made her final appearance on October 23, 2012; she later returned to the role from February 11, 2013, to April 10, 2013, when she ultimately left the role; she was recast with actress Melissa Ordway. On March 6, 2013, it was announced that Rylan would join the cast of General Hospital as Lulu Spencer, replacing Julie Marie Berman. On December 1, 2020, after increased speculation, Rylan exited the role.
Personal life
Rylan graduated from Tyrone Area High School in Tyrone, Pennsylvania in 1999. She and her long term significant other Don Money have three children — two sons and a daughter.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
Actresses from North Carolina
Actresses from Pennsylvania
People from Blair County, Pennsylvania
People from Providence Township, Rowan County, North Carolina
21st-century American actresses |
4035713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actor%20%E2%80%93%20Female | Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female | The Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female is chosen by the members of Zee Entertainment Enterprises as part of its annual award ceremony for Hindi films, to recognise a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. Following its inception in 1998, a ceremony wasn't held in 2009 and 2010, but resumed back in 2011.
Superlatives
Multiple Winners
3 Wins : Alia Bhatt
2 Wins : Tabu, Aishwarya Rai, Rani Mukerji, Kajol, Deepika Padukone, & Vidya Balan
Multiple Nominees
9 Nominations : Kajol, Deepika Padukone
8 Nominations : Aishwarya Rai, Kareena Kapoor
7 Nominations : Rani Mukerji
6 Nominations : Karisma Kapoor
5 Nominations : Vidya Balan, Alia Bhatt
4 Nominations : Priyanka Chopra, Preity Zinta, Tabu, Anushka Sharma
3 Nominations : Katrina Kaif, Madhuri Dixit, Urmila Matondkar
Winners and nominees
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Notes
References
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Film awards for lead actress
Zee Cine Awards |
4035715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fothergill%27s%20sign | Fothergill's sign | Fothergill's sign is a medical sign. If a mass in the abdominal wall does not cross midline and does not change with flexion of the rectus muscles, this is a positive sign for a rectus sheath hematoma.
It is named for English obstetrician William Edward Fothergill, who described features of rectus sheath hematomas in a 1926 article in the British Medical Journal entitled "Haematoma in the abdominal wall simulating pelvic new growth".
In rectus sheath haematoma, the haematoma produces a mass that does not cross the midline and remains palpable when the rectus muscle is tense.
External links
Medical signs |
4035716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiwand | Maiwand | Maiwand is a village in Afghanistan within the Maywand District of Kandahar Province. It is located 50 miles northwest of Kandahar, on the main Kandahar–Lashkargah road.
The area is irrigated by the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority.
Maiwand is the birthplace of the 13th-century Sufi saint Lal Shahbaz Qalandar.
The village is notable for the Battle of Maiwand, which took place on July 27, 1880, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Ayub Khan together with Malalai Anaa defeated a British brigade under General Burrows. The British commemorated the battle with the Maiwand Lion sculpture at Forbury Gardens in England.
References
Populated places in Kandahar Province |
4035717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musgrave%20Block | Musgrave Block | The Musgrave Block (also known as the Musgrave Province) is an east-west trending belt of Proterozoic granulite-gneiss basement rocks approximately long. The Musgrave Block extends from western South Australia into Western Australia.
The Musgrave Block is primarily exposed through the actions of the Petermann Orogeny at c. 535-550 Ma, which exhumed the orogenic belt along the Woodroffe Thrust.
Geomorphology of Quaternary deposits
The Musgrave Block is currently passive geologically, with surficial processes described as residual erosion. The area currently experiences on average less than 150mm (6 inches) of rainfall per annum, which provides little surface runoff and hence virtually no erosion.
The landforms of the area are primarily composed of wide calcrete plains, often covered by Pleistocene Age aeolian deposits of sand dunes, sometimes reworked into ephemeral sheetwash fans. Outcrop is rare, restricted primarily to the igneous rocks of the Giles Complex and several granite domes, gneiss domes and isolated outcrops.
This area is also a distinct physiographic province of the larger West Australian Shield.
Palaeozoic rocks
Several Palaeozoic to neoproterozoic sedimentary basins onlap the Musgrave Block, and are exposed mostly around its edges. These were derived from erosion of the Musgrave Block basement during the neoproterozoic to Permian.
Proterozoic basement
The Proterozoic of the Musgrave Block is composed of seven main classes of rocks:
Surficial volcanics of c.1050 to 1080 Ma, both mafic (Mummawarrawarra Basalt) and andesitic to rhyolitic (Tollu, Smoke Hill Volcanics) and the Bentley Supergroup volcanics and sediments of c. 1080 Ma
Large intrusive caldera type granite intrusive complexes (Palgrave, Skirmish Hill, Smoke Hill), possibly of c. 1050 and likely no older than 1080 Ma
Partly metamorphosed, rarely dissected c. 1080 Ma granite
Usually unmetamorphosed, rarely dissected granites of a c. 1050 intrusive suite
Partly metamorphosed, dissected intrusive rocks of the mafic-ultramafic c. 1080 Ma Giles Complex
Highly metamorphosed metagranites of the c. 1200 Ma suite
High-grade crystalline metamorphic basement rocks of c. 1550-1300 Ma age
The Musgrave Block is flanked by several Proterozoic to Palaeozoic sedimentary basins, whose sedimentary history can elucidate the timing of tectonic events in the Musgrave Block post-1080 Ma. These include the Proterozoic Amadeus and Officer Basins.
Events
The most illustrating way of considering the Musgrave Block is as part of a time-space plot in which geological events are arrayed in time against rock units, stratigraphic relationships and for correlative purposes.
The key events in the Musgrave Block are:
Protolith formation ~1550 Ma. Formation of crustal rocks of the Birksgate Complex, which are both mafic and felsic in composition.
Igneous event and orogeny ~1300 Ma inferred from geochronology and distribution of felsic “volcanic” supracrustal sequence of the high grade gneisses
Musgravian orogeny at ~1200 Ma including generation of voluminous Kulgera Suite of granites and metamorphosis of the Birksgate Complex and ~1300 supracrustal sequence to amphibolite-granulite facies
Warakurna Large igneous province at 1076 ± 6 Ma including the intrusion of the Giles Complex and the Winburn Suite of granites, plus deposition of the Bentley Supergroup (including Tollu and Smoke Hill Volcanics)
Amata Dyke Suite at ~830-880 Ma
Petermann Orogeny, 535-550 Ma; marginal foreland basin formation, trending to crustal consolidation and quiescence
Permian glaciation and erosion of Petermann Orogeny mountains; deposition of Permian sequences in Officer and Amadeus basins
Intracontinental setting till present
Granites and calderas
There are three main phases of granite intrusion into the Musgrave Block:
Kulgera Suite at 1200 Ma
At ~1080Ma synchronous with the Giles Complex
Winburn Suite at ~1050Ma postdating the Giles Complex
The Kulgera Suite is a widespread, voluminous suite of fractionated amphibole-bearing plagioclase rich tonalite to granodiorites of an I-type affinity (Stewart, 2003). They are dated at ~1200 Ma and are considered to be related to melting of the lower crust during the ~1200 Ma Musgravian Orogeny.
The Windburn Suite is considered to be an anorogenic A-type granite suite produced by anatexis of the lower crust at ~1080 to 1050 Ma by the injection of the mafic Giles Complex intrusions. They are in most cases poorly fractionated, biotite-muscovite granites, with little hornblende, a high radiometric count and the presence of fluorine. The 1080 Ma granites and 1050 Ma granites can be distinguished on geochemical grounds, the latter is perhaps created by the above process, and the earlier suite a hybrid between A-type and I-type granites formed by assimilation and mixing.
There are also significant granite caldera complexes, of many hundred square kilometres in area, which intrude the Musgrave Block. These are of the ~1050 Ma age, and are subvolcanic, possibly related to some of the ~1050 Ma volcanic rocks.
Palgrave Volcanic Association
The Palgrave Palgrave Volcanic Association is a large volcanic and granite caldera edifice of about 1500 square kilometres sandwiched between the Jameson Range Intrusion and the gneisses underlying the Bentley Supergroup volcanics.
The caldera is in two parts, an overlying volcanic edifice composed primarily of porphyritic rhyolite and dacite with occasional vent complex agglomerates, which shows prominent circular ring-complex faults, and the Winburn Granite which underlies the caldera and is primarily exposed in the east as a pink, potassium-feldspathic porphyry granite, the lower margins of which are weakly tectonised.
The whole caldera edifice is tilted to the southwest, which is why the Winburn Granite is exposed along the east and northeast.
Skirmish Hill Caldera
The Skirmish Hill Caldera is poorly exposed along the southern margin of the Musgrave Block and consists of granite and overlying? rhyolite. It has been traditionally seen as a potential source for the Tollu Volcanics.
The caldera is truncated on the north by a north-dipping thrust fault and is probably tilted to the south.
Other calderas
Several other prominent gravity and magnetic highs are arranged along the Mugrave Block strike line, one of which was drilled by BHP in the 1990s through 300m of Permian glacial sediments.
This caldera is composed of highly tectonised, stretched felsic volcanic rocks, interleaved with a significant thickness of equally sheared titaniferous differentiated mafic sills. The best interpretation of this, and probably also of the Palgrave Caldera is that they represent hot spots along the Musgrave Block where significant magma flux penetrated, formed volcanic calderas with large subvolcanic granite intrusions, and associated mafic volcanism.
The relationship of the large granite calderas to the 1050-1080 Ma volcanics has been postulated as one in which the granite calderas were the source for the intermediate and felsic volcanic rocks.
Bentley Supergroup
The Bentley Supergroup Volcanics are a sequence of bimodal supracrustal volcanic rocks formed during the ~1080 Warakurna Large Igneous Province, and are widely considered comagmatic with the mafic to ultramafic Giles Complex intrusions.
The Bentley Supergroup is composed primarily of bimodal volcanism, with several hundred-metres thicknesses each of alternating rhyolite and basaltic volcanism adding up to several kilometres true thickness in the area of the Warburton Range to the southwest of the Palgrave caldera. The Bentley Supergroup is divided into the Cassidy Group, Pussycat Group and Tollu Group.
The prevailing theory of the formation of the Bentley Supergroup is that the Warakurna Large Igneous Province, primarily represented by the Giles Complex intruding into the lower crust, breached the crust and erupted voluminous basaltic lava flows, and when enough heat had been added to the crust by the massive intrusions below, intracrustal felsic and intermediate melts were produced, forming A-type intracontinental granites of the Winburn Suite, and the felsic volcanic rocks.
This created the typical bimodal volcanic signature of the Cassidy Group and Pussycat Groups; the Tollu Group is a bit different, and it is considered the product of the large granite calderas which were formed immediately after the Giles Complex magmatism.
Giles (1980) and earlier mappers have assigned the MacDougall Formation, overlying Mummawarrawarra Basalt, intermediate Smoke Hill Volcanics and the Tollu Volcanics to the Bentley Supergroup.
There has been little real study done on the Bentley Supergroup Volcanics since the 1960s. Geochemical and petrological observations are few and far between or lacking comprehensive rare earth and trace elements suites. The Bentley Supergoup is poorly exposed in South Australia (if at all).
References
Further reading
GLIKSON A.Y., STEWART A.J., BALLHAUS C.G., CLARKE G.L., FEEKEN E.H.J., LEVEN J.H., SHERATON J.W., AND SUN S.S. 1996. Geology of the western Musgrave Block, central Australia, with particular reference to the mafic-ultramafic Giles Complex. Australian Geological Survey Organisation Bulletin 239. 205 pp.
Geology of South Australia
Geology of Western Australia
Precambrian Australia
Orogeny
Physiographic provinces |
4035718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1sn%C3%A9%20%28Chrudim%20District%29 | Krásné (Chrudim District) | Krásné is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Chlum and Polánka are administrative parts of Krásné.
Sights
On the hill Krásný, there is a television transmitter with a tall guyed steel tube mast. It was built in 1958–1960.
References
External links
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20Drive | Ohio Drive | Ohio Drive is a street in Southwest Washington, D.C., located in East and West Potomac Parks and bordering the Tidal Basin, Washington Channel, and the Potomac River. It is a central organizing feature of East Potomac Park, providing the only major vehicular route to and through the area. Unlike most roadways named after states in the District of Columbia, Ohio Drive is not an avenue, nor it is heavily used like Wisconsin or Rhode Island Avenues. However, the segment from Independence Avenue to the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway is an important commuter route.
Ohio Drive SW is a contributing property to the East and West Potomac Parks Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in November 1973.
Route description
Ohio Drive starts at the Lincoln Memorial and continues south on the west side of West Potomac Park. It crosses a small channel connecting the Potomac River to the Tidal Basin via the Tidal Basin Inlet Bridge, and continues under the 14th Street Bridge and the Washington Metro Yellow Line span. The street enters and continues along the west side of East Potomac Park almost to the southern point of the island, then turns northwest up the eastern side of the island. Ohio Drive passes under 14th Street and CSX railroad tracks before ending at East Basin Drive (where that street connects to Maine Avenue).
History
Construction
Construction on what was then known as Riverside Drive began in 1912 and was completed in 1916. A portion of it was already finished by June 1913. (President Woodrow Wilson walked along it to take in the view.) The road was nicknamed "The Speedway" from the informal horse and buggy racing that used to occur on the road.
Riverside Drive in West Potomac Park was lit at night using the "Twin Twentys" lamppost. These wrought iron light standards, approved by the United States Commission of Fine Arts, have twin globes connected to a main pole by a decorative U-shaped bracket. The main pole is octagonal in cross-sextion and high. With the bracket and globes, the lamppost's total height is . As constructed, the road was one lane wide and consisted of macadam. At some point between 1916 and 1941, the portion of the road on the east side of the island between the railroad tracks and East Potomac Park Golf Course was turned into a two-lane road divided by a boulevard.
Important structures
A number of important and historic structures are located on Ohio Drive SW.
The West Potomac Park Polo Grounds, located between Independence Avenue SW and Ohio Drive SW, were laid out in 1908. Paved over in 1942 to provide parking for the temporary United States Department of War offices on the National Mall, the southern half was restored to athletic fields in 1943. A Women Appointed to Voluntary Emergency Services (WAVES) dormitory was constructed on the remaining parking lot in 1944. The dormitory was demolished in 1965, and the area at last completely restored to athletic fields.
In 1926, the John Ericsson National Memorial was erected on Riverside Drive SW near the Lincoln Memorial. This statue commemorates the contributions of John Ericsson, a Swedish immigrant and designer of USS Monitor ironclad warship during the American Civil War. President Calvin Coolidge and Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, Crown Prince of Sweden, attended the dedication ceremonies.
Riverside Drive was renamed Ohio Drive by 1950.
Cherry trees are also a defining feature of Ohio Drive. In the 1930s, a large grove of Yoshino cherry trees were planted on both sides of the street in the northwestern corner of West Potomac Park. From 1966 to 1968, more than 1,800 Yoshino cherry and other trees were planted along Ohio Drive SW in East Potomac Park. The trees were donated and planted by friends of President Lyndon B. Johnson and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson in honor of Lady Bird Johnson's continuing efforts at civic beautification nationwide. A plaque commemorating the planting of these trees is located on the east shore of East Potomac Park on Ohio Drive. The cherry trees, according to the National Park Service, "are a major character-defining component of the landscape of East Potomac Park" and are also considered a contributing property to the East and West Potomac Parks Historic District.
In 1957, another major memorial was erected on Ohio Drive SW and West Basin Drive SW. This object is a stone Japanese Pagoda. The stone pagoda is a gift from the people of Yokohama, Japan, to the people of Washington, D.C. It arrived on June 19, 1957, in five separate pieces and was assembled on-site. Yokohama mayor Ryozo Kiranuma helped dedicate it once it was erected. This stone pagoda is also a contributing property to the East and West Potomac Parks Historic District.
Another historic object on Ohio Drive SW is the First Air Mail Flight Marker. This object consists of a brass plaque attached to a boulder next to the Polo Grounds south of Ohio Drive SW. It was dedicated on May 15, 1958, by the District of Columbia to mark the spot where the aircraft took off with the first scheduled domestic air mail service. The original marker was stolen in 1969 and the plaque was replaced in 1971.
National Capital Parks structures
Two major National Capital Parks structures are located on Ohio Drive SW. The first is the headquarters of the National Capital Parks Central Office, which is at 900 Ohio Drive SW.
The second is the U.S. Engineers' Storehouse, also located at 900 Ohio Drive SW. This structure was designed in 1912 by the noted local architectural firm of Wood, Donn and Deming. The Mediterranean Revival style building was constructed in 1913. This building is also a contributing property to the East and West Potomac Parks Historic District.
Confusion with Ohio Avenue
Ohio Drive should be distinguished from Ohio Avenue. Ohio Avenue was part of the original L'Enfant Plan for the District of Columbia. It began on 15th Street NW, halfway between C and D Streets NW, and ran southeast (parallel to Pennsylvania Avenue) until it reached a small plaza at 12th Street NW. The avenue was obliterated in the early 20th century by the Federal Triangle complex. The Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center, Herbert C. Hoover Building, and Internal Revenue Service Building currently sit on the path of the old Ohio Avenue.
References
External links
Streets in Washington, D.C.
Historic district contributing properties in Washington, D.C.
Southwest (Washington, D.C.) |
4035729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Frawley | Rod Frawley | Rod Frawley (born 8 September 1952) is a former tennis player from Australia, who won one singles title (1982, Adelaide) and five doubles titles during his professional career. The right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 43 in December 1980.
Frawley reached the semifinals of Wimbledon in 1981, before losing to eventual champion John McEnroe.
He is the older brother of John Frawley.
Career finals
Singles: 2 (1 win, 1 loss)
References
External links
Living people
1952 births
Australian male tennis players
Tennis players from Brisbane
20th-century Australian people
21st-century Australian people |
4035738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musakhel%20%28Pashtun%20tribe%29 | Musakhel (Pashtun tribe) | The Musa Khel, or Moosa Khel, is a Pashtun tribe of Ghilji origin. They are part of the Ghilji. The tribe resides in the tribal range of Musakhel and Batagram District in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This tribe also reside in Khost & Ghazni province of Afghanistan. Musakhel tribe enjoy unique history due to its location. Musakhel borders the district of the southern Pashtun belt. It separates the Pashtun belt from the Baloch belt and Punjab (Tunsa).
References
External links
Balochistan.gov.pk
Khel Bāzār|PK|Pakistan|Asia/Karachi|PK.02|PPL|30.8666667|69.8166667|Balochistān
PASHTUN TRIBAL DYNAMICS
Gharghashti Pashtun tribes
Social groups of Pakistan
Pashto-language surnames
Pakistani names |
4035747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Rodgers | Christopher Rodgers | Christopher Rodgers may refer to:
Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers (1819–1892), officer in the United States Navy
Chris Rodgers (born 1976), English golfer
See also
Chris Rogers (disambiguation) |
4035754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalem%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park | Dalem Lake Provincial Park | Dalem Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park located in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia on Boularderie Island.
Straddling the county line between Victoria and Cape Breton counties, the park is located in the communities of Dalem Lake and New Dominion and is adjacent to the communities of Big Bras d'Or, Millville Boularderie and Black Brook.
The 74 hectare picnic park is managed by the provincial Department of Natural Resources and completely surrounds Dalem Lake, a small lake that is almost perfectly circular - it sometimes also referred to by locals as "Round Lake". The lake has a small sand beach suitable for swimming and is popular for paddling such as canoeing and kayaking. The park also permits licensed trout fishing. There is a 1 kilometre hiking trail encircling the lake.
The park is open for day use (from dawn to dusk), from May 15 to October 12. There is no charge for using the park and its facilities.
Dalem Lake Provincial Park was established by Order in Council (OIC) 77-82 on January 25, 1977. Civic address: 220 New Dominion Rd., Boularderie, Nova Scotia.
References
Sources
Dalem Lake Provincial Park - Outdoors - Provincial Parks and Community Parks
Map of Dalem Lake Provincial Park
http://local.google.ca/local?q=%22dalem%20lake%22%20map&hl=en&lr=&sa=N&tab=wl
Provincial parks of Nova Scotia
Tourist attractions in Victoria County, Nova Scotia
Parks in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality
Geography of Victoria County, Nova Scotia |
Subsets and Splits