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4033102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Chester | Eric Chester | Eric Thomas Chester is an American author, socialist political activist, and former economics professor.
Born in New York City, he is the son of Harry (a UAW economist) and Alice (a psychiatrist née Fried) Chester. Both parents were active socialists from Vienna, opposing the rise of fascism and nazism.
Chester was a member of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) while at the University of Michigan in the 1960s, when he opposed the war in Vietnam. In the spring of 1965 he was among those answering the call of the southern civil rights movement, going to Alabama to demonstrate against the federal government's support of Alabama's segregationist policies. Later that summer he once again answered the call, going to Jackson, Mississippi in support of people struggling against the segregationist policies of Mississippi and the federal government. He spent 10 days in the Hinds County, Mississippi jail. In October 1965 he was arrested in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the first draft board sit-in as part of one of the first acts of civil disobedience against the American government's warfare against the people of Viet Nam. He served 15 days in the Washtenaw County Jail. He was a member of New American Movement in the 1970s, and has been a member of the Socialist Party USA since 1980. He helped organize the faculty union while teaching at the University of Massachusetts Boston. He is currently a member of the National Writers Union (UAW), an active member in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the Socialist Party of Massachusetts, and the Socialist Party USA, and was the Socialist Party USA's candidate for Vice President in 1996. Chester's ability to campaign was seriously hindered by injuries sustained in a car accident in NYC. The 1996 Socialist Party USA presidential ticket of Mary Cal Hollis and Chester received 4,765 votes. He campaigned for the SP's presidential nomination for the 2000, 2004 and 2008 elections, but lost to David McReynolds, Walt Brown and Brian Moore, respectively. He twice ran for Congress from Massachusetts's First Congressional District, in 2002 and 2006.
Chester taught economics at the University of Massachusetts Boston (1973–1978; 1986) and San Francisco State University (1981). He has published four books, focusing especially on "the hidden secrets of U.S. foreign policy" and "the connections between U.S. foreign policy and social democrats, in this country and abroad". In an interview with Contemporary Authors, he described the resulting difficulties in archival research, "the search for previously undiscovered primary source documents", and often a declassification process that "usually entails extended appeals as provided for under the Freedom of Information Act." Chester is unwilling to rely on the public record, and urges researchers "to probe beneath the surface" and keep in mind that "the goals and actions of decision makers, as well as their envoys, are frequently in marked contrast to their public statements."
Up until October 2007, Chester was Convener of the International Commission of the Socialist Party USA. In 2006–2007 he also served as a member of the International Solidarity Committee of the IWW. He advocates supporting and uniting the new radical and revolutionary anti-capitalist movements that are being generated by the conditions of worldwide economic globalization of capitalism, into a mass revolutionary socialist party that is independent of the two capitalist parties, the Democratic and Republican Parties. Following the principles and ideas of Eugene V. Debs and Rosa Luxemburg, he describes himself as a revolutionary democratic socialist.
Chester was living in Montague, Massachusetts in 2004.
He lives in Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
Selected bibliography
True Mission: Socialists and the Labor Party Question in the U.S., , Pluto Press, 2004.
Rag-Tags, Scum, Riff-Raff and Commies: The U.S. Intervention in the Dominican Republic, 1965–1966, , New York University Press, 2001.
Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee, and the CIA, , M. E. Sharpe, 1995.
Socialists and the Ballot Box, , Praeger Publishers, 1985.
Article contributions to Public Finance, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Insurgent Sociologist, New Politics, Against the Current, and The Socialist.
See also
2006 Massachusetts general election
2006 Massachusetts congressional elections
1996 United States presidential election
References
American anti-war activists
Economists from New York (state)
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
American democratic socialists
Industrial Workers of the World members
Writers from New York City
Socialist Party USA vice presidential nominees
Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election
21st-century American politicians
1996 United States vice-presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
1943 births
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
Activists from New York City
People from Montague, Massachusetts
Historians from Massachusetts
Historians from New York (state)
Economists from Massachusetts
21st-century American economists |
4033103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Mathieu | Georges Mathieu | Georges Mathieu (27 January 1921 – 10 June 2012) was a French abstract painter, art theorist, and member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He is considered one of the fathers of European lyrical abstraction, a trend of informalism.
Biography
Early life and education
Mathieu was born in 1921 in Boulogne-sur-Mer. His father, Adolphe Georges Mathieu, was employed as a bank manager at Barclays. His mother, Madeleine Durpé, taught him drawing as a child. The family lived near the ramparts of the city at 38 Boulevard du Prince Albert. In 1933 Mathieu's parents divorced and he was placed in the care of his aunt at Versailles.
From 1927 to 1933, he attended a variety of schools in Boulogne-sur-Mer and later in Lycée Hoche in Versailles. Thereafter, he studied English and law at the University of Lille.
Mathieu obtained a position as an English teacher in 1942 at the lycée of Douai in the north of France. During the ensuing years he held several jobs, serving as an interpreter for the American Army in Cambrai in 1944, teaching in the American University of Biarritz, and teaching at Istres during years 1945-46.
In 1942, he executed figurative paintings of England from postcards as a hobby (Oxford Street By Night). Later during year 1944, he began his reflection on aesthetics held by the following concept: painting does not need to represent to exist. This revelation originates from the readings of Edward Crankshaw and his interpretation of the work of Joseph Conrad as an abstract literature. Consequently, he executed his first non-figurative painting, Inception.
United States Lines
In 1947, he settled in Paris, employed the American Express, and rented a chambre de bonne near the Luxembourg Palace.
Mathieu then worked for the United States Lines in charge of public relations on the line between New York City and Le Havre: his function was to welcome and accompany the travelers during their move between Le Havre and Paris. This position was an opportunity for Mathieu to reach a prestigious clientele, and form his first network of potential customers. He meets Salvador Dalí for the first time on his occasion.
From 1953 to 1963, he was proposed to be the editor-in-chief of the United States Lines Paris Revue. With a print run of 15000 copies, this yearly journal is distributed for free until 1963 : it gave Mathieu the opportunity to interview celebrities of the time, from the artistic (John Cage, Pierre Boulez, Mark Tobey, Henry Miller) and scientific scene (Albert Einstein, Norbert Wiener, Oskar Morgenstern).
First exhibitions
In 1946, his first abstract paintings were featured at the Salon des moins de 30 ans exhibition in Paris. He founded the first artistic group L’Imaginaire with Wols, Jean-Michel Atlan, Hartung, Bryen, Riopelle and exposes with fourteen painters at the Galerie du Luxembourg on 16 December 1947. The exhibition was called Towards Lyrical Abstraction, but the title was later changed because of the presence of works of Pablo Picasso and Jean Arp. The same year, he exposes at the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles and at the Salon des Surindépendants.
The group is later expanded, with Michel Tapié, Picabia and François Stahly to form H.W.P.S.M.T.B., exposing at the Galerie Allendy. He promoted an art free from the constraints of figurative paintings and defining the concept of Lyrical Abstraction.
In 1948, he put in place the first confrontation between American and French avant-garde painters : on this occasion he revealed the importance of the American abstraction of Jackson Pollock and Alton Tobey to the French audience.
He painted his first large canvases as soon as 1952.
Recognition
From 1957 he traveled and painted in Japan, USA and in 1959 in Brazil, Argentina and Middle-East. Restropectives of his work started as early as 1959.
Mathieu and Simon Hantaï held a series of conferences called the Cérémonies commémoratives de la seconde condamnation de Siger de Brabant in 1957. During three weeks, various debates questioned the foundations of western civilisations, the role of the great men and revolutions that shaped the western culture from the Edict of Milan in 313 up to the contemporary breakthroughs in physics and philosophy. Many scholars like essayist T.S. Eliot, philosopher Stéphane Lupasco and scientists took a stand at these conferences. The event was named after the philosopher Siger de Brabant, who played a key role in the 13th-century.
In 1965, Mathieu exposed a hundred paintings at the Galerie Charpentier. He executed for this event Paris, Capitale des Arts, a giant canvas featuring primary colors on a blue background. Today, Galerie Charpentier's walls house the headquarters of Sotheby's France, rue Faubourg Saint-Honoré in Paris.
A great retrospective at the Grand Palais opened in 1978 and covered the fifteen last years of his production. Seven six meters wide paintings, executed from January to March 1978, were made especially for the occasion.
He received the Legion of Honour and is Commander of Arts and Letters. Mathieu's works now appears worldwide in more than 90 museums.
Academie des Beaux-Arts
In 1976 he became a member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts and was delivered the seat number 7 of the painting section.
Commitment for public culture and education
Mathieu advocated for the embellishment of cities, the improvement of the design of everyday objects and the debasement of culture organised by mass medias. He made influential contributions to decorative arts, craftsmanship and architecture.
Concurrently, he rose up against the weak presence of arts in national education and defended the introduction of compulsory art courses in French schools, covering history of arts, practice of sensitivity and exercise of arts (drawing, sculpture, music, singing). He finally initiated political workgroups with Pierre Dehaye in 1980 to reform the cultural education at the French ministry of education and submitted a bill presented to the French parliament. The bill was refused in 1980, for lack of proper financial support.
He died on 10 June 2012 at 91 years old in Boulogne-Billancourt and lies in the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris.
Conception of lyrical abstraction
From 1947 Mathieu published several manifestos to define his conception of a lyrical abstraction. In particular, he postulates four conditions that characterizes the movement:
Primacy of speed of execution : speed prevails to avoid the interference of consciousness of the artist.
No preexisting shapes : the painter must not rely on any reference at all.
No premeditated moves from the artist : painting is not a cognitive process.
Ecstatic state of mind of the artist : isolation and concentration of the artist help release.
Mathieu positions its work, and more generally lyrical abstraction, as the latest of all cyclical transitions to happen in history of art. Each transition concerns a specific painting characteristic : shape, color, signification of signs, ...). One full transition can be broken down into six different stages, according to the intensity of the alteration of the considered painting characteristic.
Mathieu reacted consistently against greco-Latin classicism, Renaissance's legacy and all forms of later geometric abstraction. He considers lyrical abstraction as the latest revolution to happen in the history of arts : freed from realism by Impressionism, from shapes by Cubism, from representation of perceptible reality by geometric abstraction, art experiences the liberation of the all its past references from nature. From his reflexion he develops his own expression of a lyrical abstraction : "Henceforth in the history of shapes as in the history of the world, the sign precedes its meaning".
Thus, Mathieu considered later art movements as Dadaism, Nouveau réalisme, Arte Povera as a relapse, because they appeal to representations of visible real. In addition, he criticized them for their so-called nihilist dimension, as their interpretation does not call on human sensibility.
Fine arts works
Public performance and precursor of the happenings
Mathieu tried to move the artist and the observer closer. He often performed in front of an audience : "Few understood that painting in public represents for me a true communion amongst men". These happenings outlined the virtuosity and speed of his gestures. In 1956 was painted in front of 2000 people at the théatre Sarah Bernard Hommage aux poètes du monde entier, a 400x1200cm canvas using more than 800 paint tubes. Many of his performances were filmed, as in 1963 for the Canadian television.
"The most important moments are clearly when I paint in public. In fact, this process, without me being aware of it, works in a mediumistic way to heighten the concentration of the situation. As a result, concentration is the decisive element that separates this type of art from all other art the West has known over the past twenty centuries… It is the joy of communion with the other. A little like what happens in love. What defines love is this tension between two beings with a shared focus. If it were just a simple attraction between two people, it would have none of the grandeur."
He also worked with sculpture and performed light painting.
Painting technique and execution
Mathieu handled brushes, flannels or painted directly out of the tube. He pioneered dripping techniques in some of his early works, as in Evanescence 1945).
His speed of execution very quickly became his signature style. In 1959 he painted the 2.5x6 metre painting Le Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy (The Saint-Bartholomew's Day Massacre) in less than half an hour, accompanied by the jazz drummer Kenny Clarke. "I did not paint fast by lack of time or to break records, but simply because I did not need more time to do what I had to do and conversely, a longer time would have slowed down gesture, introducing doubts, would have affected the purity of strokes, the cruelty of shapes, the unity of the artwork."
He occasionally wore outfits during his performances. He painted most of his major works and wrote most of his essays on Sundays.
Mathieu rapidly explored giant-sized canvases. "I love to paint excessively large paintings, because the risk is hereby higher". Furthermore, it allowed him to exploit graphical effects of centrifugal forces applied by wide gestures on the paint.
Evolution of the style
Informalism
The first abstract works of Mathieu featured organic shapes, "shapes with no possible signification". Some of his techniques anticipated the work of Jackson Pollock to come two years later and announced the movement of Action Painting.
Tachisme
In 1950 his drips became more solid and aggregate around a central kernel. The palette was limited to warm colors.
From 1951 Mathieu studied tachism on monochromic canvases: blobs of painting appeared "because one needs a certain colored area at a certain place, and the most direct way is to lay the brush on the canvas with a varying degree of violence (inducing spatters) without having delimited the space to be so colored.", as in Le Maréchal de Turenne, Blanche de Turenne, La Bataille de Bouvines.
Lyrical abstraction
In the 1960s, his zen period features only a few strokes on monochromatic backgrounds, illuminating the power of the sign. Examples include La Bataille de Brunkerberg and Bulle Omnium Datum Optimum.
In 1970 Mathieu focused on the equilibrium between balance and vividness, and showed central shapes on a uniform blocks of color.
From 1984 Mathieu achieved what he calls a "cosmic turning point" in his painting. His compositions did not favor a center anymore: the graphical elements multiplied on the canvas, the painting found its balance by the tension between these elements.
Titles
Mathieu admitted a deep passion for history, especially for the Middle-Ages. Therefore, many works of the painter were named after historical battles and events : La Bataille de Bouvines (The Battle of Bouvines), La Victoire de Denain (The Victory of Denain) and Les Capétiens partout (Capetians everywhere). The question of the relation between the canvas names and the act of painting has often been debated, as some critics saw in his painting the renewal of historical painting.
However, the painter always denied any representation of historical events in his works. He nonetheless admitted having chosen titles in relation to the place where the canvas had been painted (Hommage au général Hideyoshi, Hommage au général San Martin), the day it had been performed (La Victoire de Denain, La Bataille de Tibériade), or its tone (La Bataille des Eperons d’Or).
Other titles were inspired by mathematics (Théorème d'Alexandrov), physics (Le principe de Pauli) or philosophy (Grand algorithme blanc).
Other artistic contributions
Throughout his career, Mathieu fought for the introduction of art in the modern society and applied his style to a variety of fields.
Urbanism and architecture
In 1964 Mathieu carried out architectural plans for the city of Castellas. In 1966, industrial owner Guy Biraud commissioned him to draw up the plans of the electrical transformer factory of Fontenay-le-Comte.
Tapestry and porcelain
Mathieu considered handcrafts to have experienced little evolution during the 20th century and worked with French national factories. In 1966 he joined the porcelain workshop Manufacture de Sèvres and created his series of porcelain plates. He produced many tapestries in partnership with the Manufacture nationale des Gobelins in Paris.
Stamps
Some of Mathieu's work have been adapted as national stamps designs. In 1972 he designed his first featured stamp for the Indian post office of New Delhi. Later in 1974 was emitted a stamp featuring the tapestry Hommage à Nicolas Fouquet. Another stamp commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Battle of France led by General Charles de Gaulle was created in 1980.
Mint
In 1973 a public contest was launched for the renewal of the ten-francs coin : Mathieu was asked to participate. His project features the depiction of the industrial France on one side, and the Mathieu hexagonal shaped outline of the country on the other side. On the 31 July 1974, the French Minister of Finance announced that Mathieu's proposal had been chosen among the 342 other submitted projects. The cupronickel aluminium coin was emitted from 1974 to 1987 with a print-run of 100 million copies.
Advertising
Mathieu has been commissioned several advertising campaigns. In 1966 the airlines company Air France ordered Mathieu a series of posters for its future advertising campaign. The series featured paintings evocative of some major destinations (New York, Brazil, Japan, Germany...), all in the style of lyrical abstraction, pointed out for the graphical coherence between the countries and their representation.
The French television awards Les 7 d'or, broadcast from 1985 to 2001, offered a statue designed by Mathieu to the winners.
The Champagne producer Deutz created decorated bottles of Champagne designed by Mathieu.
Legacy
The Gutai group of Japanese artists also created a live work inspired from Mathieu's in a similar spirit to his art during the 1950s. In their 1956 manifesto, its members acknowledged their interest in the techniques of two specific painters: “Concerning contemporary art, we respect Pollock and Mathieu because their work seems to embody cries uttered out of matter, pigment and enamel. Their work is about merging with matter using techniques that are particularly reflective of their own individual personalities. More precisely, they put themselves at the service of matter in a powerfully symbiotic way.”
Some of his works anticipates the revival of the modern-style Graffiti.
Publications
Writings by Mathieu
1959 : De l’abstrait au possible, Ed. Cercle d’Art Contemporain.
1960 : From the abstract to the possible, Ed. Cercle d’Art Contemporain.
1963 : Au-delà du Tachisme, Ed. Julliard, Paris.
1967 : Le Privilège d’être, Ed. Robert Morel, Paris.
1973 : De la révolte à la renaissance, Collection « Idées », Ed. Gallimard, Paris.
1975 : La Réponse de l’Abstraction lyrique, Ed. La Table Ronde, Paris.
1976 : Notice sur la vie et les travaux d’Alfred Giess, Institut de France, Paris.
1984 : L’Abstraction prophétique, Collection « Idées », Ed. Gallimard.
1994 : Le Massacre de la sensibilité, Ed. Jean Picollec, Paris.
1998 : Désormais seul en face de Dieu, Ed. l’Age de l’Homme.
Writings on Mathieu
Georges Mathieu; Dominique Quignon-Fleuret. Mathieu (New York : Crown Publishers, 1977) ;
Michel Tapié; Georges Mathieu; Stable Gallery (New York, N.Y.). The significant message of Georges Mathieu (New York : Stable Gallery, 1952) OCLC 79307225
Müller-Yao, Marguerite Hui: Der Einfluß der Kunst der chinesischen Kalligraphie auf die westliche informelle Malerei, Diss. Bonn, Köln 1985.
Filmography
1954 : La Bataille de Bouvines, Robert Descharnes.
1956 : Le Couronnement de Charlemagne, Robert Descharnes.
1959 : La Saint-Barthélémy, O.R.T.F. Productions.
1959 : Hommage au Connétable de Bourbon, A. Rainer.
1961 : Georges Mathieu, J. Mousseau et J. Feller.
1965 : Paris, capitale des arts, O.R.T.F. Productions.
1967 : Georges Mathieu, F. Warin.
1968 : Georges Mathieu, P. Lhoste et G. Roze.
1968 : Georges Mathieu, par les Analyses Cinématographiques.
1971 : Georges Mathieu, L. Thorn.
1971 : Georges Mathieu ou la fureur d’être, par Frédéric Rossif, TéléHachette.
1979 : A la recherche de Georges Mathieu, Daniel Lecomte, Antenne 2.
1986 : Georges Mathieu, Philippe Ducrest.
1992 : Spectacle son et lumière donné en août 1992 dans la cour du Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer, Th. Choumitzky.
See also
Lyrical Abstraction
French art
Tachisme
Groupe Gutaï
Michel Tapié
References
External links
Official site and reference for exhibitions and paintings
Georges Mathieu's selected works
Georges Mathieu interviewed on a 90 minutes dedicated TV show "L'homme en question"
Art Informel and Tachisme painters
1921 births
2012 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
21st-century French painters
21st-century French male artists
School of Paris
Abstract expressionist artists
People from Boulogne-sur-Mer
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
French stamp designers
Abstract painters
French abstract artists |
4033111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20My%20Mind%20%28Pharrell%20Williams%20album%29 | In My Mind (Pharrell Williams album) | In My Mind is the debut studio album by American rapper and record producer Pharrell Williams. The album was released on July 25, 2006 by Star Trak Entertainment and Interscope Records. It debuted at number 3 on the US Billboard 200, selling 142,000 copies in its first week of release. The album is also certified Silver in the United Kingdom for sales of over 60,000 copies. In My Mind would go on to receive a nomination for Best Rap Album at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards.
Background
In June 2003, after having produced and featured on several songs by other artists, Williams released his debut single "Frontin'", featuring Jay-Z. Despite insisting that the single was a one-off, and that he was purely a producer and not an artist in his own right, it was announced that Williams would release his own studio album.
The album includes the three already-released singles "Can I Have It Like That" (featuring Gwen Stefani), "Angel" (only released in the UK) and "Number One" (featuring Kanye West) and performances featuring Jay-Z, Nelly, Slim Thug, Snoop Dogg, Lauren London, Jamie Cullum and Pusha T of Clipse. Originally the album had been slated for release on November 15, 2005, but the date was delayed at Williams' request. Most recently, a music video for "That Girl" (featuring Snoop Dogg) was released and has been receiving airplay on VH1.
On this album, Pharrell makes his solo production debut without his partner Chad Hugo. In an interview on the delay, he stated that he felt the album needed more work. Nearly six months later, it was finally released.
Critical reception
The album received generally mixed reviews from critics. Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone called it "still only so-so, offering a series of modestly tuneful, sometimes snoozy soul-pop-hip-hop songs". Entertainment Weekly said the album "seems divided against itself, rest assured that all of the songs have something in common: they're not remotely catchy". For AllMusic, Andy Kellman wrote that "it's not like any part of it is flat-out poor, but it's a shame it didn't turn out better". In his consumer guide for MSN Music, Robert Christgau gave the album a two-star honorable mention rating (), indicating a "likable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy". He cited "Raspy Shit" and "Number One" as highlights and quipped, "keepin' it playa like he says, for exactly what that's worth".
Accolades
The album was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards, but lost to Release Therapy by Ludacris.
Commercial performance
In My Mind debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 behind LeToya's self-titled debut album and the compilation's Now 22, selling 142,000 copies in its first week. The album dropped to the number nine in its second week, selling an additional 51,000 units, for a two-week total of 193,000 copies sold. As of March 2014, In My Mind has sold 406,000 copies in the United States. The album has sold 2,889,025 copies worldwide.
Track listing
All songs written and produced by Pharrell Williams; songs with co-writers are noted.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Pharrell Williams albums
2006 debut albums
Albums produced by Pharrell Williams
Interscope Records albums
Star Trak Entertainment albums |
4033124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th%20Guards%20Rifle%20Division | 13th Guards Rifle Division | The 13th Guards Poltava Order of Lenin Twice Red Banner Orders of Suvorov and Kutuzov Rifle Division () was an infantry division of the Red Army that was highly decorated during World War II.
Formed in January 1942 from the 87th Rifle Division (Second Formation) in January 1942, the division suffered heavy losses in the Second Battle of Kharkov and the subsequent Soviet retreat. Rebuilt, the division entered the Battle of Stalingrad in mid-September, in which it distinguished itself during several months of urban combat in the city center and at Mamayev Kurgan. After the end of the battle in early February, the division was withdrawn for rebuilding and in July 1943 joined the 5th Guards Army with which it spent the rest of the war. The division fought in the Battle of Kursk and the subsequent Soviet advance into Ukraine, capturing Dresden in the last days of the war.
After the end of the war, the division was reorganized as the 13th Guards Mechanised Division. It became part of the Soviet occupation forces in Austria during the Cold War and served there until the Soviet withdrawal from the country in 1955. The division was disbanded and merged into the 39th Mechanised Division, which was redesignated as the 39th Guards Mechanized Division to perpetuate the traditions of the 13th Guards. The division fought in the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and was stationed in Hungary for the rest of the Cold War. It was converted into the 21st Guards Tank Division in 1957 and returned to its wartime number as the 13th Guards Tank Division in 1965. As the Cold War drew to a close, the division was withdrawn to Crimea in 1989 and disbanded there under Soviet military reductions.
World War II
On 6 November 1941, the 87th Rifle Division (Second Formation) was re-formed and placed under the command of former commander of 5th Airborne Brigade Alexander Rodimtsev. On 19 January 1942, the 87th Rifle Division was officially awarded Guards status and was re-designated as the 13th Guards Rifle Division.
Battle of Kharkov
In May 1942, the 13th Division was involved in the Soviet counter-offensive at Kharkov, where they fought on its northern axis, thus escaping the encirclement and destruction of a substantial portion of the Soviet forces engaged, followed by the Russian defeat. During this offensive, the division suffered more than fifty-percent casualties, most of which were sustained in the repelling of fierce German counter-attacks. It was during one of these attacks that an Artillery Captain of the 13th earned the first Order of the Great Patriotic War 1st Class to be awarded. Following his unit's success during this offensive, Colonel Rodimtsev was subsequently promoted to Major General. The division was withdrawn from the front on 16 July to be rebuilt.
The Battle of Stalingrad
First blows
On 13 September of that year, German infantry divisions made their first advance into Stalingrad, marking the opening salvos of the Battle of Stalingrad. By the end of the day the German 71st Infantry Division had reached the city centre, north of the Tsaritsa Gorge. A Stavka directive ordered the 13th Guards Division (in the midst of its resupply and reinforcement) to the Volga River and Stalingrad. After being briefed by Lieutenant General Vasily Chuikov, the commander of the 62nd Army, Rodimtsev famously and determinedly declared:"I am a Communist! I have no intention of abandoning the city [Stalingrad]!"
Because of the recent influx of new recruits, the division was now largely inexperienced and untrained, and lacked both maps and knowledge of Stalingrad's rubble-strewn streets, which would prove enormously difficult to overcome in the struggle ahead. However, thanks to his experience fighting in the Spanish Civil War, Major General Rodimtsev was well versed in urban warfare. At 17.00, 14 September, the forward elements of the 13th Guards swiftly crossed the river to reinforce a line that was being held by a mere 15 tanks and few hastily assembled combat groups. It is estimated that more than half of the first wave perished during the river crossing, more than 3,000 being killed in just the first 24 hours. Ultimately, after extremely heavy losses on both sides, the German advance was repelled. Rodimtsev's soldiers recaptured the Mill and secured the central river crossing for other regiments of the 13th Guards.
The Railroad Station
The following morning one of Rodimtsev's junior officers, Lieutenant Anton Kuzmich Dragan was personally ordered by Chuikov to hold a key railroad station in downtown Stalingrad against an impending German assault. Dragan proceeded to gather a platoon of less than fifty men and moved them over to the railroad station. Here, the small but determined force prepared itself for the German attack.
Soon after digging in, a substantial force of German infantrymen arrived to seize control of the station. The Russians proceeded to repeatedly frustrate the Germans in an epic room-by-room struggle for control of the depot for nearly three weeks. Breaking through walls, crawling over rafters, and burrowing under the floorboards, the Russians would yield but a portion of the structure to the Germans, only to emerge elsewhere and start the struggle all over again.
Exchanging gunfire down hallways, hurling grenades back and forth between rooms, Dragan's men inflicted significant casualties on the Germans. In spite of this heroic resistance, Dragan's platoon was eventually reduced to a handful of men. After running out of ammunition, and with their rations gone, one of the Soviet Guardsmen took out his bayonet and carved on a wall,
Rodimtsev's Guardsmen fought and died for their country here.
Under cover of darkness, Dragan and the five remaining soldiers under his command eventually slipped out of the building, made their way through the German lines, and were reunited with the remainder of the division.
The Mamaev Kurgan
The battle at the Mamaev Kurgan began approximately three weeks after the brutal fighting between the German and Russian infantrymen had begun in the outskirts of Stalingrad, on 15 September. During this portion of the battle, the division fought several Wehrmacht divisions for control of the park's central hilltop summit, which changed hands multiple times. Meanwhile, other divisional units fought in different sectors of Stalingrad. The division was in the midst of the combat throughout the city in the remains of the bombed-out buildings and factories, on the slopes of the Mamaev Kurgan hills, in the Red October Tractor Plant and in the key strategic building known as "Pavlov's House" (Yakov Pavlov was the commanding NCO of the platoon which defended the building). Most accounts state that of the 10,000 men of the division that crossed the Volga into the Battle of Stalingrad, only between 280 and 320 of them survived the struggle.
Battle of Kursk
Following the Soviet victory at Stalingrad and the destruction of the German 6th Army, the 13th Guards are again pulled from the lines for re-fit and re-supply. Alongside the 5th Guards Army (Voronezh Front), the division was held in reserve south of Kursk, in order to counter the forthcoming German offensive there – Operation Citadel. The original intention was for these two formations to counter-attack the Germans after the German assault had been ground down by the front line Soviet units, but both formations were committed to prevent a possible breakthrough. After several days of continuous fierce fighting (including the tank battle at Prokhorovka, in which the division's small number of armored units participated in), they successfully ground the elite Waffen-SS formations to a standstill. Meanwhile, the rifle battalions on the 13th held the line around Oboyan, repelling attacks from trenches. Relatively few casualties were sustained because the Germans were focusing their attention on Prokhorovka by the time they had moved up from the reserve area in the rear.
Liberation of Ukraine
Shortly thereafter, the 13th Guards Rifle Division advanced south-westwards, where they participated in the Red Army's assault to liberate Ukraine from German control. The division took part in the in which they gained control of the town of Poltava after extremely fierce fighting, it was liberated on 23 September 1943. This is indicated by the designation of 13th Guards Rifle Division, Poltava (given in September 1943), which shows that the division was cited for their actions in seizing Poltava. After Poltava the division took part in the battle of the Dnieper. It was assigned to accomplish a false crossing of the Dnieper River to confuse the Germans and allow for crossings further north and south. Elements of the division crossed the river on floats and rafts to reach the island of Peschanny to the north-west of Kremenchuk where German infantry had occupied the west side of the island and had to be dislodged in hand-to-hand combat. The division forces sustained heavy losses in this operation when they were pinned down by enemy fire (even the deputy commander of the division Pavel Gayev was killed in action on the battlefield when commanding the operation).
After the Kremenchuk the division fought in the Kirovograd offensive, the Uman–Botoșani offensive, and the Lvov–Sandomierz offensive. For its capture of Novoukrainka and the key rail junction of Pomoshnaya during the Uman–Botoșani Offensive, the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov 2nd class on 29 March. It received a second Order of the Red Banner on 1 April 1944 for the capture of Pervomaysk. In July the division and the army fought in the Lvov–Sandomierz offensive as part of the 1st Ukrainian Front.
Advance into Germany
During the Red Army's final drive into Germany, the division was a part of the 32nd Guards Rifle Corps or was under direct command of the 5th Guards Army (2nd Ukrainian Front). This force drove the Germans back through northern Ukraine and central Poland in to the northern regions of Germany itself.
The division fought in the Vistula–Oder offensive, capturing Busko-Zdrój and Częstochowa, and crossing the German border on 19 January 1945. In February and early March 1945 the 13th Guards fought in the Upper Silesian offensive and the Lower Silesian offensive. During the Berlin Offensive, from 16 to 21 April, the division, as part of the army shock group, forced the Neisse and the Spree, advancing 60 km to cut the Dresden–Lübben autobahn northwest of Senftenberg. The 13th Guards reached Torgau on the Elbe on 23 April, its troops met with American units. For its "courage and valor" in the breakthrough of German defenses on the Neisse, the division was awarded the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class on 28 May. The division then turned southwards with the 5th Guards Army in the Prague offensive, in which it captured the strategic rail junction of Dresden on 8 May. During the war, over 20,000 soldiers of the division were decorated, and nineteen received the highest Soviet award, Hero of the Soviet Union.
Later service
The division became part of the Central Group of Forces after the war and by 1 November 1945 had been converted into the 13th Guards Mechanised Division. The division was stationed in Vienna until 1955, when the group was disbanded following the Soviet withdrawal from Austria. The division was disbanded and its personnel and equipment became part of the 39th Mechanised Division of the 38th Army in the Carpathian Military District on 9 September 1955. On 4 December, the 39th Mechanised was redesignated as a Guards unit and inherited the lineage of the 13th Guards. In 1956, during Operation Whirlwind, the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the 38th Army covered the Austrian and Yugolavian borders of Hungary on the right bank of the Danube. After the end of the invasion, the division became part of the Southern Group of Forces at Veszprém, where it remained for much of the Cold War. In December 1956, the 39th Guards became the 21st Guards Tank Division. In January 1965, the 21st Guards was renumbered as the 13th Guards Tank Division, restoring its World War II designation. According to American military sources corroborated by Vitaly Feskov and others, in September 1989, the division was transferred to Sovietske, Crimea in the Odessa Military District. It was disbanded there in December. The division's 130th Guards Tank Regiment, 56th Separate Reconnaissance Battalion, and 77th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion became part of the 19th Guards Tank Division in Belarus.
The division's final honorifics in 1988 included 'Poltava', Order of Lenin, Twice Red Banner, Suvorov and Kutuzov.
Subordinate units during World War II
42nd Guards Rifle Regiment
39th Guards Rifle Regiment
34th Guards Rifle Regiment
32nd Guards Artillery Regiment
4th Guards Anti-Tank Battalion
8th Guards Sapper Battalion
14th Reconnaissance Company
139th Signal Battalion
12th Chemical Warfare Company
11th Transportation Company
17th Field Bakery
15th Medical Battalion
2nd Veterinary Hospital
References
Citations
Bibliography
Michael K. Jones. Stalingrad. How the Red Army triumphed.
Further reading
Keith E. Bonn (ed), Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front, Aberjona Press, Bedford, PA, 2005, p. 361
CIA, History, 1953
G013
Military units and formations disestablished in 1989
1942 establishments in the Soviet Union
1989 disestablishments in the Soviet Union |
4033125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauta%20hians | Argonauta hians | Argonauta hians, also known as the winged argonaut, muddy argonaut or brown paper nautilus, is a species of pelagic octopus. The common name comes from the grey to brown coloured shell. The Chinese name for this species translates as "Grey Sea-horse's Nest". The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus). The eggcase is characterised by a wide keel that gives it a square appearance, few rounded tubercles along the keel, and less than 40 smooth ribs across the sides of the shell. The shell is usually approximately 80 mm in length, although it can exceed 120 mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 121.5 mm.
A. hians is cosmopolitan, occurring in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. It is an extremely variable species and there appear to exist at least two distinct forms; a "southern" form and "northern" form (see images). The former is most abundant in the Philippines and South China Sea. It is a much smaller animal, with a shell that rarely exceeds 80 mm and lacks the winged protrusions for which this species is named. The "northern" form, which is found in the waters surrounding Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan, produces a much larger, darker and more robust shell that can reach 120 mm and has the characteristic winged protrusions. It is usually less elongated than that of the "southern" form and lacks its porcelain-like shine. Further research is needed to determine whether these forms represent two separate species or not.
A. hians feeds primarily on pelagic molluscs. Remains of heteropods have been reported from the stomachs of A. hians. The species is preyed on by numerous predators. It has been reported in the stomach contents of Alepisaurus ferox from the south-western Pacific.
Males of this species reach sexual maturity at a mantle length (ML) of about 7 mm, presumably the maximum size attained. Females mature at about half the size of Argonauta argo. They begin to secrete an eggcase at 6.5–7 mm ML. Egg laying usually commences when females reach 14–15 mm ML; by 18–20 mm ML female A. hians have laid their eggs. However, the size at which this takes place differs across the animal's range. Females grow to 50 mm ML, while males do not exceed 20 mm ML.
A. hians is known to cling to objects floating on the surface of the sea, including other argonauts. Chains of up to 20-30 argonauts of similar size have been reported. The first female in such chains usually clings to some inanimate object, while the other females hold on to the ventral part of the shell of the preceding animal. Gilbert L. Voss and Gordon Williamson observed six freshly mated female A. hians off Hong Kong that were swimming along in a string.
In the open ocean, A. hians is often observed attached to jellyfish. It has been photographed atop the jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata in the Philippines. This behaviour has been known for a long time, although little was understood about the relationship prior to the work of Heeger et al. in 1992.
Underwater photographer Mark Strickland observed and photographed a female A. hians clinging to a jellyfish in the Mergui Archipelago, Andaman Sea, Myanmar. The argonaut was observed using the jellyfish as cover, rotating the animal to hide itself from potential predators (in this case the photographer). The argonaut was also seen using the jellyfish as a 'hunting platform', as it "manoeuvered its host close to a smaller comb jelly, quickly grasped it with another pair of tentacles and devoured it".
A. hians appears to be closely related to the smaller A. bottgeri from the Indian Ocean and A. cornuta from the north-east Pacific. The oldest known fossil material of A. hians originates from the middle Pliocene Sadowara Formation of southwestern Japan. In terms of eggcase morphology, A. hians resembles the extinct A. sismondai.
The type locality and type repository of A. hians are unknown.
References
Sweeney, M. J. (2002). Taxa Associated with the Family Argonautidae Tryon, 1879. Tree of Life web project.
External links
Tree of Life web project: Argonauta
hians
Molluscs described in 1786 |
4033130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan%20Municipal%20Xinying%20Stadium | Tainan Municipal Xinying Stadium | Tainan Municipal Xinying Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Tainan, Taiwan. It is currently used mostly for athletics and other events. The stadium is able to hold 30,000 people and was opened in 1998.
See also
List of stadiums in Taiwan
External links
Official site
Football venues in Taiwan
Multi-purpose stadiums in Taiwan
Buildings and structures in Tainan |
4033139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Pinewood%20Studios%20productions | List of Pinewood Studios productions | Pinewood Studios is a series of major film and television studios, with the primary studio situated approximately 20 miles west of London among the pine trees on what was the estate of Heatherden Hall, near the village of Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire. Users can now search an interactive filmography on the Pinewood Studios Group website.
Here is a list of Pinewood productions by Year and Studio Location:
(Note that these are filming dates and not necessarily year released)
Source:
Iver Heath
1930s-1990s
2000s to present
Television
EastEnders
Emmerdale
Extras
Little Charley Bear
The IT Crowd
Midsomer Murders
UFO (1970)
The Persuaders (1970–1971)
Space: 1999 (1975–1977)
Parallel 9 (1992–1994)
Teletubbies (1997-2001)
Bob the Builder (1998-2004)
My Family (2000-2011)
The Weakest Link (2001–2009)
Bob the Builder: Project: Build It (2005-2008)
La Casa De Papel (Money Heist) (2018)
Would I Lie to You? (2009–)
10 O'Clock Live (2011–2013)
Sing If You Can (2011)
Big School (2013–2014)
Through the Keyhole
Count Arthur Strong (2013–)
8 Out of 10 Cats (2013–)
The National Lottery Draws (2013–)
The Voice UK (2013; live shows only)
The Taste (2014)
Duck Quacks Don't Echo (2014–)
Birds of a Feather (2014–)
Red Dwarf (2015–2020)
The Great American Baking Show (2015–)
Still Open All Hours (2015–)
Debatable (2016–)
Taskmaster (2017–)
Tenable (2017–)
Not Going Out (2017)
Black Narcissus (2020)
Cursed (2020)
Red Dwarf: The Promised Land (2020)
Andor (2022)
Moon Knight (2022)
Loki (2022)
Atlanta (2013-2020)
Toronto
It's a Boy Girl Thing (2006)
Chloe (2009)
Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010)
388 Arletta Avenue (2011)
Dream House (2011)
Take This Waltz (2011)
The Thing (2011)
Cosmopolis (2012)
Prometheus (2012)
Red Lights (2012)
The Vow (2012)
Total Recall (2012)
Carrie (2013)
Kick-Ass 2 (2013)
Mama (2013)
Pacific Rim (2013)
The Best Man Holiday (2013)
The Colony (2013)
RoboCop (2014)
The Captive (2014)
Wolves (2014)
Crimson Peak (2015)
He Never Died (2015)
Pixels (2015)
Poltergeist (2015)
Regression (2015)
Room (2015)
Spotlight (2015)
Special Correspondents (2016)
Suicide Squad (2016)
Downsizing (2017)
Flatliners (2017)
It (2017)
XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017)
The Christmas Chronicles (2018)
It Chapter Two (2019)
Let It Snow (2019)
Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark (2019)
Shazam! (2019)
Television
Battle of the Blades (2009–2013)
The Listener (2009–2014)
Happy Town (2010)
Beauty & the Beast (2012–2016)
The Strain (2014–2017)
Good Witch (2015–2021)
Schitt's Creek (2015–2020)
Star Trek: Discovery (2017–present)
Malaysia (2009-2019)
Lost in the Pacific (2015)
Television
Marco Polo (2014–16)
Dominican Republic
XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017)
47 Meters Down (2017)
If Beale Street Could Talk (2018)
47 Meters Down: Uncaged (2019)
Old (2021)
The Lost City (2022)
Television
The I-Land (2019)
References
Citations
External links
Pinewood Studios
British film studios
Films shot in England
Lists of British films
Culture in Buckinghamshire |
4033142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Curle | Keith Curle | Keith Curle (born 14 November 1963) is an English football manager and former professional player, who most recently was in charge of League Two side Oldham Athletic.
He played as a centre back from 1981 to 2005, notably in the Premier League for Manchester City, where he was also the club captain. He also played for Bristol Rovers, Torquay United, Bristol City, Reading, Wimbledon, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Sheffield United, Barnsley. He was capped three times by England and received four caps at B Team level.
He became player-manager of Mansfield Town in 2002, where he remained until 2005. He later managed Chester City, Torquay United, Notts County, Carlisle United, Northampton Town and Oldham Athletic.
Playing career
Born in Bristol, Curle began his career at hometown club Bristol Rovers, for whom he made a goalscoring debut on 29 August 1981 in the (old) Third Division against Chester. He left two seasons later to join Torquay United for £5,000 but remained at Plainmoor only for four months before returning to his native city, this time with Bristol City.
The Robins won promotion from the fourth tier at the end of the 1983–84 season soon after Curle's arrival. He remained with the club for three full seasons in the third flight, amassing 128 appearances in total. He finally left Ashton Gate to join Reading for £150,000 in October 1987.
After a year at Reading – which saw relegation from the Second Division – he made a £500,000 move to Division One and FA Cup holders Wimbledon. He spent two and a half years battling with the Crazy Gang before Manchester City paid a club record £2.5million for him in August 1991. This was the joint highest fee paid for a defender by a British club at the time, and one of the highest paid for a player of any position.
His first season at Maine Road saw a 5th place league finish and earned him a call-up to the England squad, debuting on 29 April 1992 as a substitute in a 2–2 friendly draw against the CIS in Moscow. After starting in a further warm-up game (a 1–0 win over Hungary), he was selected for the squad for Euro '92. Here, he covered at right-back in their opening goalless group game against Denmark, but played no further part as the nation crashed out at the first stage and was not selected again.
Back with his club, Curle was promoted to club captain but they were unable to match their 5th-place finish after manager Peter Reid was fired and eventually suffered relegation in the 1995–96 season. Curle remained with the club during pre-season for the following campaign but was soon stripped of his captaincy and transfer-listed before being sold to Wolves in August 1996 for £650,000.
He spent four seasons at Molineux as the club tried to win promotion to the Premier League. His first season with the team saw them lose in the play-offs to Crystal Palace, but they failed to qualify for them in his subsequent seasons. He was however made club captain and led to the side to an FA Cup semi-final in 1998, where they lost to eventual double winners Arsenal.
The promise of a coaching role saw him move to Sheffield United in 2000 and he spent two years working with manager Neil Warnock in this capacity, scoring once as a player against Bradford City. He joined Barnsley in 2002 but stayed just two months before ending his contract by mutual consent and joining third flight club Mansfield Town, where he was soon appointed player-manager. He played through the remainder of the 2002–03 season before focusing solely on management.
Managerial career
Curle began his management career on 3 December 2002 after being appointed as player-manager of Mansfield Town, after the dismissal of Stuart Watkiss. He took over with the team struggling in the relegation zone and could not prevent the drop to the fourth tier, but took them to the play-off final in his first full season in charge, where they lost on penalties to Huddersfield Town.
He was controversially sacked in December 2004 after allegations that he bullied a youth-team player. However, in August 2006, Curle won a case for wrongful dismissal against the club and was awarded undisclosed damages. The judge in the case cleared Curle of any wrongdoing, and described Mansfield's disciplinary process as a "sham".
Despite the outcome of his hearing not yet being clear, he was appointed as manager of Chester City in May 2005 and began brightly with the club challenging for promotion from League Two and eliminating Nottingham Forest from the FA Cup. However, a disastrous losing run of 11 games in 12 cost Curle his job in February 2006 after just nine months in charge.
On 8 February 2007, he was appointed head coach (effectively manager under Director of Football Colin Lee, his former manager at Wolves) at Torquay United, where he had played earlier in his career. He was on a short-term contract that ended in the summer of 2007. After failing to save Torquay from relegation, Curle's contract was not renewed and he was replaced by Leroy Rosenior on 17 May 2007.
Curle reunited with Neil Warnock, when the latter was appointed manager of Championship side Crystal Palace in October 2007 and immediately brought Curle into his coaching team. Curle followed Warnock across London to Queens Park Rangers on 1 March 2010, again as coach. On 8 January 2012, he was sacked by the club with manager Warnock and assistant manager Mick Jones
On 20 February 2012, he was named as manager of Notts County. Curle made an impressive start to his reign at Notts County winning his first four games. He finished the 2011–12 season with Notts in 7th place, only missing out on the play-offs by goal difference. Curle's team made a good start to the 2012–13 season. A 2–2 draw with Oldham Athletic meant Curle equaled a 41-year record by going unbeaten away from home in the league in 10 consecutive games for the first time since 1971. The record was broken three days later when Notts County drew 1–1 with MK Dons. The run finally came to end on 27 January 2013 when Notts County were beaten 2–1 by Leyton Orient. Before that the team had gone 22 consecutive away games without defeat.
On 3 February 2013, Curle was sacked by Notts County.
In September 2014, he was appointed as manager of Carlisle United, where he remained until the end of the 2017–18 season.
On 1 October 2018, Curle was appointed manager at Northampton Town.
On 29 June 2020, Northampton Town won the League Two Play-Off Final under Curle, gaining him his first promotion with a club in the EFL as the Cobblers beat Exeter 4–0 at Wembley.
On 10 February 2021, Curle was sacked by Northampton Town with the club occupying 23rd place in League One, having endured a run of one win in 10 matches, and 1 goal scored in 2021.
On 8 March 2021 Curle was appointed boss of League Two side Oldham Athletic following the sacking of Harry Kewell the day before. Curle left his position on 24 November 2021 with the club sitting in 22nd position in League Two, one place and two points above the relegation zone.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Footballers from Bristol
English footballers
England B international footballers
England international footballers
Association football defenders
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
UEFA Euro 1992 players
English football managers
Mansfield Town F.C. managers
Chester City F.C. managers
Torquay United F.C. managers
Notts County F.C. managers
Carlisle United F.C. managers
Northampton Town F.C. managers
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Crystal Palace F.C. non-playing staff
Queens Park Rangers F.C. non-playing staff |
4033156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20University%20of%20Paris | American University of Paris | The American University of Paris (AUP) is a private, independent, and accredited liberal arts university in Paris, France. Founded in 1962, the university is one of the oldest American institutions of higher education in Europe, and the first to be established in France. The university campus consists of seven buildings, centrally located in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, on the Left Bank near the Eiffel Tower, Les Invalides, and the Seine.
The university's language of instruction is English, although students must prove a level of proficiency in French prior to graduation. The university has over 1,100 students, representing over 100 nationalities, with an average student-to-faculty ratio of thirteen to one. The university's faculty members represent 21 nationalities, with 71% holding doctoral degrees and close to 70% speaking three or more languages.
History
Founded by Dr. Lloyd DeLamater, a then 40-year-old US Foreign Service officer, in 1962 as the American College in Paris (ACP), the university was renamed 26 years later as The American University of Paris (AUP).
ACP was initially a two-year junior college located in the American Church in Paris. Its inaugural class consisted of 100 students, many of whom were children of American service members and expatriates living in France and Europe. Fifteen part-time professors taught courses in Economics, English, Fine Arts, Government History, French, German, Spanish, Mathematics, Philosophy, and Sociology. In 1964, the first 40 students received their diplomas for two years of study, going on to complete their degree in the United States.
Another key aspect of the university’s curriculum was its Cultural Program, originally set up by Marie DeLamater, Lloyd DeLamater’s wife, and Walter J. Brennan, the first Director of the Cultural Program. The program aimed to provide students with the opportunity to visit museums, monuments, and other cities in order to contextualize theory learned in class. The Cultural Program Office is still organising study trips at AUP today.
ACP's student body changed with time, in part due to the decrease of US military presence in Europe. Thirteen years after its founding, over half of the student body was non-American. In 1978, ACP became an accredited four-year, degree-granting college, which was followed by the change of its name to The American University of Paris in 1988. In the year 2006, the University expanded its course offerings to include master’s courses. Most recently, the University has consolidated its campus, acquiring several new buildings in the seventh arrondissement: the largest of which is the Quai d’Orsay Learning Commons, on the same street as the American Church in which the University began.
Accreditation
The American University of Paris is accredited in the United States by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The American University of Paris is a non-profit educational institution incorporated in the state of Delaware and licensed by the State Board of Education as a Delaware institution of higher education. The American University of Paris is registered in the United States as a 501 (c)(3) not-for-profit organization.
The university confers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, and Master of Science degrees accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. The institution is authorized to offer bachelor's and master's degrees through the State of Delaware.
The American University of Paris is declared to the Rectorat de Paris as an établissement privé d'enseignement supérieur libre, and has maintained this right to ouverture since 1964. Like other officially US-accredited diplomas, AUP's bachelor's degrees are recognized as an equivalent to the French Licence (BAC+3). This allows AUP students to apply for graduate studies within the French higher education system following the completion of their undergraduate degree.
AUP degrees are also separately recognized by the Ministries of Higher Education in Norway, and Turkey.
Academics
Undergraduate programs
All undergraduate students must complete the Global Liberal Arts Core Curriculum (GLACC) requirements as part of the curriculum at AUP. The requirements include the demonstration of knowledge in Science, English, French, Mathematics, and the completion of FirstBridge, an interdisciplinary first-year course. The GLACC also includes an experiential learning component, and a Capstone project.
The university offers 27 majors and 34 minors in its undergraduate program, along with courses covering a variety of other subjects, including Art History, Fine Arts, Environmental Science, Gender Studies, Mathematics and Computer Science, and various languages, including French, Latin, and Ancient Greek.
The university has 11 academic departments:
Department of Art History and Fine Arts
Department of Comparative Literature and English
Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Science
Department of Economics
Department of Film Studies
Department of French Studies and Modern Languages
Department of Global Communications
Department of History
Department of International and Comparative Politics
Department of International Business Administration
Department of Psychology
The university also offers students the possibility of designing their own major, referred to as the Self-Designed Major.
Graduate programs
The university offers ten graduate programs:
Coursework Masters (38 credits)
Master of Arts in International Affairs
Coursework and Research Masters (40 and 48 credits)
Master of Science in International Management
Master of Science in International Management (Sustainability Systems track)
Master of Science in International Management (NGO and Mission Based Management track)
Master of Arts in Global Communications
Master of Arts in Global Communications (Development Communications track)
Master of Arts in Global Communications (Fashion track)
Master of Arts in Global Communications (Digital Culture and Industries track)
Master of Arts in Diplomacy and International Law
Research Masters (62 credits)
Master of Arts in International Affairs, Conflict Resolution, and Civil Society Development
Financial aid and scholarships
The American University of Paris awards more than 4 million euros in financial assistance every year. The university offers several types of merit-based scholarships, including one specifically for students who have obtained the International Baccalaureate diploma. Based on their final score, students can receive a reduction ranging from 36% to 75% of tuition. The university also offers university-funded financial aid, which is both need- and merit-based. Scholarships are awarded automatically while students wanting to receive financial aid need to apply for it separately. Total financial assistance ranges from 25% to 50%. A limited number of awards are as high as 75% of tuition. The university is also a Title IV school, which qualifies it to certify U.S. federal loans to American citizens and permanent residents.
Global Professional Skills Program
Undergraduate students are encouraged to take part in the Global Professional Skills (GPS) Program, which launched in spring 2017. The aim of GPS is to improve career-focused skills and help students develop a personal narrative that will benefit them after graduation. Running throughout a student’s entire time at AUP, the program ends with an opportunity to present a personal narrative to a panel of alumni, employers, and faculty. The winning submission receives an award at graduation.
In addition, the GPS Program brings together students’ co-curricular achievements on a personal co-curricular record (CCR). Students’ activities are registered from semester to semester through attendance tracking, synced through AUP’s student-facing online campus activity platform (AUP Engage). Students who complete GPS Program requirements will also earn a GPS Certificate and a mention of GPS achievement is added to their official AUP academic transcript.
The GPS program is structured around AUP’s faculty-defined four core capabilities:
Professional: Independent, Creative Thinkers
Cultural Fluency: Adaptable Communicators with a Global Perspective
Leadership: Responsible, Empowered Leaders
Personal: Engaged, Lifelong Learners
The GPS Program consists of the following three program requirements plus a fourth optional Panel Presentation.
Minimum involvement requirement. This is referred to as the GPS path, which lives on AUP Engage. This involves attending a minimum number of events and activities that feed into each of the four pillars listed above.
Designing Your Narrative (DYN) Workshop. This design thinking workshop for seniors (open to all, regardless of GPS participation) helps students make explicit the connections between experiences at university and post-graduation plans. This two-hour workshop promotes strategies for how students can “pitch” themselves to prospective employers, graduate school admissions decision-makers, investors, etc. They are given the guidelines for how to translate all of this into their Personal Narrative – the third and final requirement for the GPS Program.
Personal Narrative Submission. Students identify a specific objective, and then construct a narrative imagining they are presenting themselves in the context of that objective – to an employer, graduate school admissions counsellor, angel investor, etc. The format of the narrative is open, but common formats include PowerPoint/Prezi, video, website, portfolio, essay, etc.
(Optional) Panel Presentations and Coaching Sessions. In addition to the three program requirements, GPS seniors have the option to present their personal narrative to a panel of AUP alumni, employers, and faculty in April of their senior year. Participants get immediate constructive feedback on their presentations, and top presenters are invited to the GPS President’s panel, which takes place during the GPS Award Ceremony, just before commencement. To prepare for the panel presentations (and in so doing, prepare for interviews), the Careers and Internships Office organizes a large number of collective drop-in style coaching sessions.
Cultural Program
The Cultural Program provides students with the opportunity to participate in cultural excursions, faculty-led study trips, and other activities. They range from one-day trips to month-long excursions to a variety of destinations across the globe including London, Iceland, Rome, Fez and Auroville, India. The Coup de Pouce fund gives students the possibility to apply for financial assistance for faculty-led study trips.
Campus
The university is located in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, on the left bank and in close proximity to the Eiffel Tower, the Seine River and the Invalides. Its urban campus consists of seven buildings.
In 2014, the university began a campus renovation plan to renovate every university building. The Combes building was renovated in 2014 and became the Combes Student Life Center, housing the university's own AMEX Café, student clubs, student government, the Thamer Salman Media Center, and the Joy and Edward Frieman Environmental Science Center, as well as art studios, faculty offices, classrooms and the AUP Fine Arts Gallery. The gallery, founded in 2003 by Professor Emeritus Ralph Petty, has welcomed over 120 exhibitions to date and is today curated by Jonathan Shimony, a Professor of Fine Arts.
In the summer of 2015, the university's administration moved into a renovated building on Boulevard de La Tour-Maubourg. In 2019, the university finished renovations on a newly acquired building, which is now known as the Quai d'Orsay Learning Commons. The building consists of 2000 square meters over ten floors. It houses the AUP Library, Academic Resource Center, and an integrated center for academic, career and experiential advising. It connects to the Combes Student Life Center via a glass atrium. The two buildings together form the Student Life and Learning Commons, which between them centralize all student services in a single building complex. A final renovation of a building on the rue de Monttessuy to create a center for the arts is planned for 2020.
Library
The university library, open to the AUP community, is located in the Quai d'Orsay Learning Commons. The library offers students over 41,000 books, more than 545,000 electronic books, 2,900 DVDs and videos and additional access to other libraries around Paris. The university library also provides online resources including e-books, e-encyclopedias, e-journals, and full text databases. Group study rooms and reading areas, wireless Internet access, electrical outlets for laptops, and flat screens are available. The library's staff assists with research and provides information concerning additional resources in Paris.
Athletics
The first sports team at the university was founded one year after the university's creation in 1962. Over the following decades, other sports teams were introduced, some of which are still active at AUP today, including volleyball and equestrian sports.
After the re-establishment of a small sports activities program in Fall 2008, today's teams participate regularly in Regional University Championships (CRSU) with various teams. Students can go to tryouts and integrate competitive teams, but also have the possibility to engage in recreational activities.
Due to its collaboration with local sports clubs and fitness companies, AUP students benefit from preferential deals for gym memberships. The Athletics Office also supports students in launching their own sports team/club at the university.
The AUP Athletics Office also organizes charity events, to which student athletes contribute.
Student life
The university hosts 1,115 students with over 100 nationalities represented on campus.
Students have the opportunity to learn and meet other students through clubs and organizations, including AUP for Consent, AUP Oslo Pax Club, Migrant Justice Club, the Debate and Politics Club, AUP Cares (philanthropic club), AUP Green (environmental club), the Student Government Association (SGA), and the Graduate Student Council (GSC).
Students also manage student-run media production for print, digital and broadcast media. They produce the Peacock Magazine, write articles for The Plume, a news student-run news website, and film videos for Peacock TV, the university's own student-run video production club. The AUP Radio Club also organizes a daily radio show. The university supports student media through three media workshops that allow students to get involved in production teams, overseen by faculty and staff.
Students live in the city of Paris. In 2013, the university partnered with Comforts of Home – now BlueStripe Paris – to provide all students with furnished, Internet-equipped, shared housing options in two- to three-bedroom apartments. All incoming first-year, transfer, and visiting students are required to arrange their housing through the university, either in a shared student apartment, or in a home stay. Graduate students or returning undergraduate students have the option of searching for an independent apartment with the assistance of the Office of Residential Life.
The Academic Resource Center (ARC) was created to link technology to the curriculum and to supplement academic support services at the university. Located in the Quai d’Orsay Learning Commons, ARC provides multiple services to students, including library research stations and video production equipment, peer tutoring services, and a writing lab.
Notable faculty
Jim Bittermann - senior European correspondent for CNN in Paris
Oliver Feltham - philosopher
Matthew Fraser - British-Canadian academic, author and former journalist. He was the former editor at the Post and co-hosted a weekly CBC Newsworld television show, "Inside Media"
Hall Gardner - professor of International Politics
Ziad Majed - political researcher
Ali Rahnema - economist and historian
Notable alumni
The university has over 20,000 alumni who work and live in 145 countries. A study of more recent graduates indicates that 93% are employed or pursue graduate studies within one year of graduation. The majority of alumni report that AUP was helpful in their career paths. Half of alumni reported that they were pursuing graduate or professional studies three years out. Nine out of ten alumni are fluent in two or more languages, and 87% say that their careers have an international element. More than half also having worked in a country not native to them.
Individuals of note who have attended the university include:
Cleo von Adelsheim - German noblewoman and actress
Diana Álvares Pereira de Melo, 11th Duchess of Cadaval - Portuguese noblewoman
Tarak Ben Ammar - movie producer and distributor
Pamella Bordes - Indian model, photographer and Femina Miss India Universe 1982
Andrea Casiraghi - fourth in line to the Monegasque throne
KC Concepcion - actress, singer, VJ, model, stage actress and ambassador against hunger of the UN's World Food Programme (WFP)
Eva Green - French actress and model
Tara Jarmon - Canadian fashion designer
Alex Ko - Broadway star Billy Elliot the Musical; author; award-winning film writer/director
Claire Lademacher - German bioethicist and princess of Luxembourg
Peggy Lehner - former Ohio State Senator
Olivia Palermo - American socialite, features on the MTV reality show The City
Fernando Rees - Brazilian professional race car driver
Daniel Rose - American chef based in Paris
Sultan Sooud Al Qassemi – translator, art curator and journalist
Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis - German princess and blogger
Michael J. Varhola - American author, editor, and publisher
Michael Weatherly - American actor
See also
American University (disambiguation) for a list of similarly-named institutions
The American University of Rome
The American University in Cairo
AUC Press
Cairo International Model United Nations
American University of Sharjah (AUS)
American University of Beirut (AUB)
American University of Iraq - Sulaimani (AUI)
American University in Dubai (AUD)
The American University of Kurdistan
References
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1962
1962 establishments in France
Education in Paris
English as a global language
Universities in Paris |
4033167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands%20Ranch%20Mansion | Highlands Ranch Mansion | The Highlands Ranch Mansion is a historic property in Colorado.
History
The Mansion was built over a number of years. Samuel Allen Long homesteaded the property, building a small stone house on the far east side of today's mansion, which he called Rotherwood after a favorite childhood farm. John W. Springer, a wealthy man with ties to politics, banking, and law, owned the ranch from 1897 to 1913. He sold the Mansion to his father-in-law, Col. William Hughes, who renamed the property "Sunland Ranch". Springer's daughter, Annie Clifton Springer Hughes, inherited the home after Col. Hughes passed in July 1918. It is unknown how much of the mansion the Springer/Hughes family built, but photos from the 1920s indicate that the footprint of the current building existed by 1926.
Waite Phillips purchased Sunland Ranch from Annie Springer and her husband Lafayette Hughes (no relation to Colonel William Hughes) in 1920 and used it as a breeding location for high grade horses and cattle. He consolidated the ranch with other nearby land purchases to create a prodigious spread called Phillips Highland Ranch (no S) named after the Highland Hereford cattle he raised here. Waite conducted a renovation at the former Springer/Hughes home which included the addition of a western wing. A whimsical photograph taken of Waite's son, Elliott Waite “Chope,” sitting atop a pony in the middle of the living room reveals a unique view into family life at Phillips Highland Ranch. Waite owned the ranch for six years before commitments in Oklahoma forced him to sell it in 1926.
In 1926, Frank E. Kistler purchased the Mansion renamed it the Diamond K Ranch, and began breeding operations that specialized in dairy and Angus cattle, sheep, chickens, and hogs. The Diamond K Ranch proved to be another successful venture for Frank. He, Florence, and their four children, quickly settled into Denver's high society scene, rubbing elbows with the influential upper class. In 1929, Kistler remarried a beautiful widow named Leanna Antonides. They transformed the exterior style from a gothic stone castle to a classic English Tudor, included a sprawling front patio, and added to the western wing. Beautiful interior additions included a breathtaking clock and personalized fireplace facade in the living room. The renovations occurred simultaneously with a troubling period in US history, the Stock Market Crash of 1929, and Frank was among the many that lost millions during this crippling era. He was forced to sell the Diamond K Ranch in 1937 to Lawrence Phipps, Jr. and moved to Glenwood Springs where he bought and operated the Hotel Colorado and adjoining hot springs.
Lawrence Phipps, Jr., a son of former Colorado Senator Lawrence C. Phipps, bought the property in 1937. A keen business sense served Lawrence well in all of his varied pursuits, but his true love in life was ranching, with a special fondness for horses. In 1929, he resurrected the Arapahoe Hunt Club, a group of horse backed hunters who, aided by a band of foxhounds, pursued coyote as opposed to the English tradition of foxes. At Lawrence's request, Frank Kistler granted permission in 1929 to the club to headquarter and hunt at the Diamond K Ranch and a few years later Lawrence was honored with the title Master of the Hunt.
During his days spent chasing the wily prey, Lawrence fell in love with the ranch's rolling hills, and when Kistler finally succumbed to his financial woes and put the ranch up for sale in 1937, Lawrence did not hesitate to snatch it up. He renamed it Highlands Ranch and happily lived the remainder of his life here. Upon Lawrence's death in 1976, the ranch passed to his estate which handled its sale to Marvin Davis, head of the Highlands Ventures Corporation.
Marvin Davis marketed the Mansion and the surrounding property. In 1978, the Mission Viejo Corporation agreed to a two-year option agreement to finally become the official owners of the Highlands Ranch lands in 1979. In 1978, the Mansion was used as the setting of the fictional Venneford Ranch in the miniseries Centennial.
In 1978, Highland Ventures sold the property to Mission Viejo Company and the development of the planned community called Highlands Ranch began. Mission Viejo subsequently sold the remaining undeveloped property in Highlands Ranch to Shea Homes in 1997. During that entire 30 year time frame, the Mansion sat basically empty.
Shea Homes conveyed the Mansion to the Highlands Ranch Metro District in April 2010. The renovations of the Mansion cost $6 million. The Metro District used interest earnings on developer fees, collected for the purpose of building Highlands Ranch infrastructure, to fund the renovations. With the concurrence of Shea Homes as representative of the builders within the Highlands Ranch community, the Metro District Board of Directors decided that $4 million of developer fees be set aside as an "endowment'" Interest earnings on the endowment may be used to support the operations of the Mansion. The Metro District continues to operate the Mansion without the use of tax dollars.
Highlands Ranch Metro District Now Owners of Mansion
The Highlands Ranch Metro District became the current owner of the Highlands Ranch Mansion in April 2010. The Metro District developed a projected timeline for the next couple years. The Metro District proceeded with the design of the building renovation and managed the site planning process and subsequent Douglas County approvals. Renovations to the Mansion commenced in 2011.
The renovations of the Mansion cost $6 million, with another $4 million dedicated to an endowment fund that will use interest earned to support future operations.
On June 15, 2012, the Highlands Ranch Metro District hosted the Grand Re-Opening of the Mansion.
The Mansion is open year-round to the public. The Mansion also hosts many community events throughout the year. All public events and property operations are funded by private events hosted at the Mansion.
See also
Highlands Ranch, Colorado
References
External links
Highlands Ranch photographs, history and documentation (1962) at Historic American Buildings Survey
Highlands Ranch Community Association
Houses in Douglas County, Colorado |
4033172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%20score | Hip score | Hip scoring is a procedure used to determine the degree of hip dysplasia in dogs and other animals and reporting the findings in a standard way. The hip score is the sum of the points awarded for each of nine radiographic features of both hip joints.
The British Veterinary Association uses the following criteria to determine hip score:
Norberg Angle
Subluxation
Cranial Acetabular Edge
Dorsal Acetabular Edge
Cranial Effective Acetabular Rim
Acetabular Fossa
Caudal Acetabular Edge
Femoral Head/Neck Exostosis
Femoral Head Recontouring
The lower the score, the less the degree of dysplasia present. The minimum (best) score for each hip is zero, and the maximum (worst) is 53, giving a range for the total of 0 to 106. Each hip is scored separately under the BVA, so within the UK scores are usually displayed as two numbers separated by a forward slash (e.g. 2/6). The highest score of one of both hips (BVA) is taken to provide a score for international comparison.
The following table compares the scores recognised by Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), the British Veterinary Association (BVA) and Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (SV).
British Veterinarian Association
The average hip scores in the year 2005 for popular breeds from Australia are tabulated below:
(Scores of both hips together)
References
Dog anatomy
Dog health |
4033173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana%20Falconieri | Juliana Falconieri | Juliana Falconieri, O.S.M., (1270 – 19 June 1341) was the Italian foundress of the Religious Sisters of the Third Order of Servites (Mantellate Sisters or the Servite Tertiaries).
Biography
Juliana belonged to the noble Falconieri family of Florence. Her uncle, Alexis Falconieri, was one of the seven founders of the Servite Order. Under his influence, she decided at a young age to follow the consecrated life. After her father's death, she received c. 1285 the habit of the Third Order of the Servites from Philip Benizi, then Prior General of that Order. She remained at home following the rule Benizi had given her until her mother's death, when Juliana and several companions moved into a house of their own in 1305. This became the first convent of the Sisters of the Third Order of Servites. Juliana would serve as Superior until the end of her life.
The Servites' dress consisted of a black gown, secured by a leather girdle, and a white veil. Because the gown had short sleeves to facilitate work, people called the sisters of the new Order "Mantellate." The sisters devoted themselves especially to the care of the sick and other works of mercy. It is said she would often fall in to long moments and hours of ecstacy... She was daily caring for the sick in the streets, homes, and in hospitals and was known for using her own lips to suck out the infection of her patients open sores without fear of contracting any illness. Truly a magnificent act. Juliana directed the community of Servite Tertiaries for 35 years and was more of a servant to her subordinates than a mistress.
A putative miracle mentioned in the liturgical texts for her feast day, is said to have occurred at Juliana's death. At this time, unable to receive Holy Communion because of constant vomiting, she requested the priest to spread a corporal upon her chest and lay the Eucharistic host on it. Shortly thereafter, the host disappeared and Juliana died on 19 June 1341. The image of a cross, just like the one on the host, was found on her breast.
Immediately after her death she was honored as a saint.
The Servite Order was approved by Pope Martin V in the year 1420. Pope Benedict XIII recognized the devotion long paid to her and granted the Servites permission to celebrate the feast of the Blessed Juliana. Pope Clement XII canonized her in the year 1737, and extended the celebration of her feast day (June 19) to the entire Church. Juliana is usually represented in the habit of her Order with a host upon her breast.
See also
List of Catholic saints
Notes
External links
Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
Patron Saints Index: St Juliana Falconieri
1270 births
1341 deaths
Religious leaders from Florence
Servite nuns
Servite tertiaries
13th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Founders of Catholic religious communities
14th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Burials in Florence
13th-century Christian saints
14th-century Christian saints
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
Canonizations by Pope Clement XII
Beatifications by Pope Innocent XI |
4033188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagotek | Lagotek | Lagotek was a privately held company specializing in home automation. It was founded in 2005 by four former Microsoft employees and it is located in Bellevue, WA. Lagotek developed Home Intelligence Platform (HIP) technology. The 4 founders of Lagotek are Eugene Luskin, Alex Grach, David Kizhnerman and Lev Tcherkachine,
Lagotek officially ceased operations in 2011.
HIP
HIP is a wireless home automation system that allows homeowners a complete control of lighting, temperature, entertainment, surveillance, security, irrigation and other home appliances in any room from any location of their home
based on any number of touch-screen controllers, mounted into a standard 2-gang switch boxes of a new or a remodel home; these controllers communicate through Wi-Fi with Z-Wave power outlets, dimmers, switches and other devices; each controller acts as a server, enhancing the system's reliability, while devices also act as repeaters, increasing the systems range to infinite
Software running on top of Microsoft Windows CE system
Systems controlled by Lagotek
Current software applications for the HIP platform from Lagotek and its partners include:
Climate control with multiple zones of heating and air conditioning
Lighting
Intercom
Distributed audio
Video Surveillance
Irrigation
Security
Applications that provide integration and automation are:
Modes
Rules
HIP 100 Control Panel Simplicity Rather Than Complexity
The HIP100 touch screen panels from which the users control the functionality of their homes are elegant, but unobtrusive, easily blending with the walls when not used. Due to the wireless nature of the product there is no need to run new wires since the panels fit into the standard 2-gang box replacing the "so 20th century "dumb" dimmers and switches.
Form factors and devices
Lagotek HIP is the distributed system (no single point of failure) that runs on HIP100 touch screen panels, PDAs, PC, UMPC, and Windows Vista MCE. Multiple instances of Lagotek HIP running on various devices throughout the house are fully synchronized and provide unique level of reliability compare to any other Home Automation system where there is only one central controlling device.
Through the support of SideShow technology Lagotek Modes can be controlled from any SideShow device, so no matter where you are and what device you have in your hands you will be able to monitor and control your home.
Remote connection to the Home
From the cell phone:
Lagotek cell phone application (powered by Crayon Interface’s Moshi server) provides both information about the current state of the home and control of the home through Modes. It is possible to see live real time video from the cameras installed in the house, know how many lights are on and where and what is the temperature in the house. Every system in the house can send Alerts to the cell phone.
From the Web browser:
The same functionality that is accessible on the phone is available through the Web interface due to the integration between Lagotek HIP and Microsoft Windows Home Server.
The Target Market and Distribution
The target markets for Lagotek are new home construction and aftermarket remodeling. A network of Certified Installer/Dealers, who install the systems and provide aftermarket service both on an as-needed and post-installation service agreement basis, serves these markets. As a member of CEDIA (Custom Electronic Design & Installation Association), Lagotek is currently adding to its network of Certified Installer/Dealers, and is interviewing and training Certified Installers from the over 6,000 CEDIA installer/dealers
Lagotek touts its technology as an open platform, on top of which other vendors can provide extensions and customizations.
Electronics companies of the United States
Companies based in Bellevue, Washington
Electronics companies established in 2005
Home automation companies
American companies established in 2005 |
4033192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20dock | Space dock | A space dock is a hypothesised type of space station that is able to repair or build spacecraft similar to maritime shipyards on Earth. They remove the need for new spacecraft to perform a space launch to reach space and existing spacecraft to make an atmospheric entry and landing for repair work. They currently only exist in fiction, however concept work has been undertaken on real space dock facilities that could be built with current technology.
Real world
Space docks, as part of a wider space logistics infrastructure, are considered a relevant part of a true space-faring society. Scientists of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics have proposed that future, near-term LEO space facilities should include "a large space dock making possible the on-orbit assembly and maintenance of large space facilities, space platforms, and spacecraft" (see image for design concept). A space dock / hangar could also allow enclosed (and possibly pressurized) maintenance of smaller spacecraft and space planes, though the construction of non-atmospheric spacecraft and other space facilities is envisaged as its main use.
The use for orbital maintenance could be especially critical for damaged atmospheric spacecraft, which are at great risk during reentry into the atmosphere, as was shown during the Columbia disaster. In the wake of the disaster, NASA improvised repairs to shuttles while in flight, a procedure which would have been much easier with a dedicated orbital facility. The use of a major space dock as a construction facility would also be required for the construction of an interstellar colonization starship built with current or near-term technology.
Future Ares V missions for example could serve to cost-effectively transport construction materials for future spacecraft and space exploration missions, delivering raw materials to a Moon-based space dock positioned as a counterweight to a Moon-based space elevator.
Science fiction
Space docks in science fiction play an important role in the construction and maintenance of space vessels. They add a depth of realism to the fictional worlds they appear in and continue the nautical parallels that most space-based science fiction uses. Space docks serve the same purpose as their non-fictional terrestrial dry dock counterparts, being used for construction, repairs, refits and restorations of spacecraft. Some play significant plot roles, others hide in the background in many sci-fi media.
Such science fiction settings as Star Wars, Babylon 5, the Honorverse and the Foundation series mention or allude substantially to such facilities.
Star Trek
Space docks of varying styles and sizes have made a number of appearances in the Star Trek science fiction universe. Often they were shown as open, metal framed structures in which a vessel could be docked. The first such drydock was seen in Star Trek: The Motion Picture with the refit USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) contained within such an "orbital dockyard" before being sent to intercept an alien vessel on course for Earth — "chronologically" speaking in the storyline, an earlier example (set in 2151) also housed the first Enterprise of Capt. Jonathan Archer at the start of the Star Trek: Enterprise series.
A larger facility, known as Earth Spacedock was seen for the first time in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. These were huge orbital command installations incorporating internal space docks that could be completely enclosed – starships could enter through bay doors to receive supplies or maintenance.
A third type of space dock was seen occasionally in The Next Generation and following series. This type of dock had a large command pod at the top, with arms underneath that could house a starship. The Enterprise-D was refitted and repaired in such a dock following combat with the Borg in 2367.
Babylon 5
Dock facilities were occasionally seen on the Babylon 5 television series and movies. In the Babylon 5 universe, the space docks were structures deployed outside the station when larger ships were in need of repair. The Babylon-station itself effectively served as a Space dock with internal docking facilities for freighters, personal transport vessels and its own complement of fighter-craft designated to protect the station.
During the events of the movie A Call to Arms, the Excalibur and the Victory were shown in the dry dock facilities in which they were constructed. The dock was destroyed by the Drakh following their attack on Earth, which would halt the construction of further Victory class destroyers until the facilities could be rebuilt.
Star Wars
Large space dock facilities were common above major shipbuilding worlds, such as Sullust and Corellia. Most notably, the massive Kuat Drive Yards corporation owned many facilities in the extensive moon system in the Kuat system and even a massive ringworld dry dock around Kuat (the planet) itself.
References
Science fiction themes
Megastructures
Fictional space stations
Spaceflight |
4033196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%20Winter%20Olympics | Canada at the Winter Olympics | Canada (IOC country code CAN) has competed at every Winter Olympic Games, and has won at least one medal each time. By total medals, the country's best performance was in the 2018 Winter Olympic Games where Canadian athletes won 29 medals. Canada set a new record for most gold medals won by a country in a single Winter Olympics with 14 at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. This achievement surpassed the previous record of 13 gold medals held by the Soviet Union (1976) and Norway (2002). Both Germany and Norway matched the record total of 14 gold medals in Pyeongchang in 2018. This record has since been surpassed by Norway with 16 at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Canada has hosted the winter games twice: in Calgary in 1988, and in Vancouver in 2010. Canada has also hosted the Summer Olympic Games once, in 1976 in Montreal.
Medal tables
Medals in Winter Games
Medals by sport
*One of Canada's ice hockey gold medals was won during the 1920 Summer Olympics. This table includes this medal, resulting in the discrepancy between the medals by games and medals by sports tables.
Canada has never won an Olympic medal in the following current winter sport: Nordic combined.
Canada has finished with the highest Canadian Winter medals total at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games with 29 medals. This represents Canada's second highest medal haul at the Olympics, behind the 44 of the Soviet-bloc-boycotted 1984 Summer Games.
Canada has finished the 2010 Winter Olympics at the first place at the medal table, with 14 gold medals.
Canada was the first nation to win 14 gold medals at a single Winter Games. In 2018, Germany and Norway matched this record. Then in 2022 Norway set a new record with 16
Olympians
The Canadian with the most times at the Winter Olympics is Jasey-Jay Anderson, who appeared at 6 Olympics; 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018.
The Canadian with the most Winter medals is Cindy Klassen, who has 6 medals; 1 gold, 3 silver, 2 bronze. While Canadian Winter Olympian Clara Hughes also has 6, her medals are split across Winter (4 medals) and Summer (2 medals) Games.
The Canadian with the most medals at a single Winter Games is Cindy Klassen, who won 5 at the 2006 Games.
Biathlon
Canada's only medals in biathlon were won by Myriam Bedard in the Albertville and Lillehammer games.
Bobsleigh
Bobsleigh
Canada has won five gold medals in bobsleigh. The first, a surprising victory by Vic Emery's four-man team in Innsbruck (1964). The second was won by Pierre Lueders and Dave MacEachern in the two-man event in Nagano (1998) - a race that produced a rare tie in which both the Canadian pair and an Italian pair were awarded gold (a German pair won bronze). The Canadian men's duo of Justin Kripps and Alex Kovacz would repeat the feat in 2018, tying for gold with a German sled. In the first back to back wins by a two-woman team, Kaillie Humphries and Heather Moyse won gold medals in Vancouver (2010) and Sochi (2014).
Skeleton
In the 2006 Turin games Mellisa Hollingsworth-Richards won Canada's first medal in skeleton and later Duff Gibson became the first Canadian to win a gold medal in skeleton in the men's event. At the 2010 Vancouver games, Jon Montgomery won a gold in the men's event.
Curling
Curling is one of the most popular sports in Canada, and both the men's and women's teams have won a medal at each of the five Olympics curling has been held at so far. Canadian curlers also finished in the top 3 places when curling was a demonstration sport in 1988 and 1992. The women's team in 1998, led by skip Sandra Schmirler, the men's team in 2006, led by skip Brad Gushue, the men's team in 2010, led by Kevin Martin, the women's team in 2014 led by Jennifer Jones and the men's team in 2014 led by Brad Jacobs have won gold medals. In 2018, Kaitlyn Lawes and John Morris won gold in the first mixed doubles tournament at a Winter Olympics.
Ice hockey
Hockey is Canada's national winter sport, and Canadians are extremely passionate about the game. The nation has traditionally done very well at the Olympic games, winning 6 of the first 7 gold medals. However, by 1956 its amateur club teams and national teams could not compete with the teams of government-supported players from the Soviet Union. When Canada's best players (from the National Hockey League) were able to compete starting in 1998, expectations were high for the country's return to glory, but the Czech Republic won gold and the team fell to Finland in the bronze medal game. Canada finally won its first hockey gold in 50 years in Salt Lake City in 2002, sparking national celebrations.
The 2010 games were the first Olympics to take place in an NHL market since the league's players started to compete in the games, as Vancouver is home to the Vancouver Canucks.
Women's ice hockey was introduced at the Nagano Olympics in 1998, with Canada winning the silver medal. Canada has appeared in every Olympic gold medal game, facing the United States six times (1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022) and Sweden once (2006). Canada has topped the podium five times (2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2022), taking silver against the United States twice (1998, 2018).
Note: Ice hockey was part of the Summer Olympic program for the 1920 games in Antwerp, but is listed here for completeness. As it was held at a Summer Games, it is not counted in the total for Canada's performance at the Winter games.
Luge
Following the announcement on December 22, 2017 that the 2014 luge team relay results of the silver medallists Russian team were voided due to team members being banned for doping violations, Canada was expected to be upgraded from fourth to bronze. However, the bans and annulment of results were successfully appealed at the Court of Arbitration for Sport, and on 1 February 2018 the results were restored. The IOC intended to appeal the decision to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, however following the Court's upholding of the CAS' decision in the related case of Alexander Legkov, the IOC decided not to proceed with the appeal.
Alex Gough won Canada's first ever Olympic medal (Bronze) in Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.
Skating
Figure skating
Canada has won at least one medal in figure skating in 14 of the 17 post-war Winter Olympic games (since 1948). Canada's gold medalists are Barbara Ann Scott (1948) and the pairs of Barbara Wagner and Robert Paul (1960); Jamie Salé and David Pelletier (2002); and Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir (2010 and 2018). Canada also won gold in the team event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. Virtue and Moir celebrated a number of firsts at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics when they won the gold medal for Ice Dancing: their first gold medal at their first Olympics, and the first North Americans as well as the youngest pair to win gold in this event. Other notable Canadian skaters include 1976 Bronze medalist Toller Cranston, as well as Brian Orser and Elvis Stojko, both of whom won silver medals in successive games.
Short track speed skating
Canada has benefitted from the addition of short track speed skating to the Olympic program in 1992, winning multiple medals at each games since. Marc Gagnon, who won 3 gold and 2 bronze medals between 1994 and 2002 and François-Louis Tremblay, who has collected 2 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medals from 2002 to 2010, are among only 5 Canadian Olympians to win a total of 5 medals.
Speed skating
Gaetan Boucher (1000 m and 1500 m in 1984), Catriona Le May Doan (500 m in 1998 and 2002), Cindy Klassen (1500 m in 2006), Clara Hughes (5000 m in 2006), Christine Nesbitt (1000 m in 2010) and Ted-Jan Bloemen (10000 m in 2018) are Canada's gold medalists in speed skating. In 2006, Cindy Klassen became the first Canadian to ever win five medals in one winter games, winning one gold (1500 m), two silver (Team Pursuit and 1000 m) and two bronze medals (3000 m and 5000 m). She also won a bronze medal in the 2002 games, giving her 6 medals, surpassing short track speed skater Marc Gagnon for the title of most decorated Canadian Winter Olympian. However, Clara Hughes was able to tie Klassen's record following her bronze medal in 2010. In addition to this, Hughes won 2 bronze medals at the 1996 Summer Olympics, one in 2002 Winter Olympics (making her the first Canadian to have won a medal in both the Summer and Winter Olympics), and two in 2006.
Skiing
Alpine skiing
Canada's most celebrated alpine skier is Nancy Greene, who won gold and silver at the 1968 games in Grenoble.
Cross country skiing
Canada's first medal in cross country skiing was the gold won by Beckie Scott in Salt Lake City (2002), the first time a North American woman won any Olympic medal in this sport. Chandra Crawford followed this up at the next games with a gold medal in the sprint event, and the team of Scott and Sara Renner also won a silver medal in Turin (2006).
Freestyle skiing
Canada has enjoyed success in freestyle skiing after its introduction to the Winter Olympics in 1992. Jean-Luc Brassard (1994), Jennifer Heil (2006), Alexandre Bilodeau (2010 & 2014), Justine Dufour-Lapointe (2014), and Mikael Kingsbury (2018) have won gold in the moguls event. Canada has won gold in the women's ski cross at every olympics that featured it (Ashleigh McIvor, 2010; Marielle Thompson, 2014; and Kelsey Serwa, 2018). Brady Leman (2018) won gold in the men's ski cross event. In 2014 and 2018 the Canadian women also took the silver medals (Serwa in 2014, and Brittany Phelan in 2018). Dara Howell took gold in the slopestyle event in 2014. Cassie Sharpe added a halfpipe gold in 2018.
Canadian skiers also finished in the top 3 positions in aerials at the 1988 and 1992 games, when it was a demonstration sport.
Nordic combined
Canada has never won an Olympic medal in the Nordic combined competition. Their best finish was tenth in the individual normal hill competition at the 1932 games.
Ski jumping
Canada won the bronze medal in the mixed team ski jumping event at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Snowboarding
Ross Rebagliati won a gold medal in snowboarding when the sport made its Olympic debut at the 1998 Nagano games. Initially he was stripped of the medal when traces of marijuana were found in his blood during a drug test, but the IOC reversed its decision after an appeal a few days later because marijuana was only a restricted substance, not a banned substance.
See also
Canada at the Summer Olympics
Own the Podium - Canada's government-sponsored program to win more medals
References
External links
CBC Digital Archives - Gold Medal Athletes - 1948-1968
CBC Digital Archives - Cold Gold: Canada's Winter Winners 1984–2002
Olympics |
4033250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Union%20MMU | The Union MMU | The Union MMU is the students' union of Manchester Metropolitan University, an institution of higher education and research in North West England. Named MMUnion until August 2014; Manchester Metropolitan Students' Union (MMSU) until July 2005; and Manchester Polytechnic Students' Union (MPSU) before the institution gained its university status in 1992.
The union has one building on the All Saints campus in Manchester after the Crewe campus closed its doors in Cheshire in 2019. The union is affiliated to the National Union of Students (NUS).
The union has an independent advice centre available for all students at the University as well as an activities centre for the sports clubs and societies at MMU.
Governance
The Union is controlled by the Union Officers Group formed of 5 current students and graduates of the university, elected by the students to control the Union on their behalf.
Structure pre 2008 Governance Review
Prior to the 2008 review of the Union's governance structures, there were 17 Executive Officers each with their own areas of responsibility in addition to acting in the interests of the Union as a whole.
Seven of the officers were sabbaticals. Two sabbaticals based in MMU Cheshire and the other five in Manchester. The ten remaining officers were based across both campuses, were non-sabbaticals and studied during their term in office receiving no payment.
The Union's sovereign body was Student Council, to which all committees, representatives and officers, either directly or indirectly, were answerable. The Student Council, chaired by an independent non-executive student, was composed of the Executive Committee and students elected from each faculty of the university. The Chair and Vice-Chair of the Athletic Unions, and one representative of each Societies Union were ex officio members of the council.
Structure from 2009
Board of Trustees
From the start of 2009, the highest level of governance has been the Board of Trustees, composed of the sabbatical officers and up to 4 external trustees, and 1 co-opted trustee.; The Trustee Board has the ability to call binding referendums on issues and motions as it sees fit, referendums may also be called by students directly by secure petition.
Union Officers Group
Policy decisions are made by the Union Officers Group, which meets weekly.
The Union Officers Group as of the academic year 2020/21 is structured as;
President: Evelyn Sweeney
Education Officer: Bran Catron
Sports Officer: Fabienne Robertson-Barnett
Wellbeing Officer: America Fabiana Pardo-Gomez
Societies and Development Officer: Savannah Middleton
The Union Officers Group consists of five sabbatical officers, and no non-sabbaticals, as of the 2019/20 academic year. The Union Officers Group is held accountable to all students.
The Union Officers Group was structured as;
President: Anna Welsh
Education Officer: Lucy Follon
Sports Officer: Ross Sharmon
Wellbeing Officer: Andy Harmon
Societies and Development Officer: Evelyn Sweeney
Sports and societies
The Union supports current students to manage and run all the official sports clubs and societies at the University. There is a range of societies on offer, covering a variety of different groups including Academic, Campaigning and Liberation, Faith, Hobbies and Interests, Media, Music and Performance, Nationality and Culture and Political Perspectives.
Hive Radio
Student media is an expanding area of the Union. Hive Radio, MMU's student radio station, is an active society, using its resources within the university and their technical ability to help promote their own activity, as well as expand into other areas of interest, such as sports commentating, radio dramas, and online journalism through the Hive Radio website reviewing music events & performances in Manchester and surrounding areas, films, and other issues of interest.
Campaigns
The Real Cost
In 2012, the Union launched 'The Real Cost' campaign. This is based around students being given the real cost upfront of being a student at MMU and revealing everything considered a 'hidden cost' this included things such as workbooks, club and society memberships, printing and technical supplies. The union is currently looking at working with MMU to banish these to allow MMU students better control of their finances.
Exam locations
In recent years the Students' Union have successfully campaigned against Business School exams being held in a tent, and supported Shane Ward on his way to winning The X Factor. It also started a scheme of co-operative housing for students in Manchester.
Access privileges
The Union also successfully lobbied for access privileges to be reinstated, for students of MMU, at the John Rylands University Library of the University of Manchester.
Bursaries
In 2008, The Union campaigned on the £2.7 million of bursaries that the university predicted to, but hadn't, paid out to its students in the last year. This is part of a wider campaign on education funding and the union is supporting and promoting the National Union of Students' Broke & Broken campaign.
Library access
The Union won a campaign in 2008 to extend the library hours until midnight and is currently working on to make 24-hour computer drop-in-centre available for students.
LGBTQ+ access to blood donations
The union, together with the MMU LGBT society and the National Union of Students, are running the Please Give Blood Because I Can't campaign, lobbying and demonstrating against the National Blood Services lifetime ban on gay and bisexual men from giving blood. They are running a series of demonstrations in Manchester city centre to raise awareness and encourage people to give blood on behalf of a healthy gay man who cannot, in which the President of the union and Chair of Student Council gave blood. Debates are also being held on the issue.
Late campaign
In autumn 2008 the union launched the Late Campaign after consultation with Course Reps, who expressed concern that students were suffering because of late and cancelled lectures that were never rearranged - The Late Campaign was organised to find out how many students across MMU were finding this to be the case.
Exam timetables
The University Student Agreement (the statement that the University agreed would be the principles of an MMU education) says that “staff will give reasonable notice of changes to the teaching timetable and will arrange for classes to be re-scheduled or for alternative delivery of the content, or will explain why this is not possible”. The Students' Union has stated they "think that this is the best way to test whether that's actually happening and to help identify where there are problem areas."
"This is a variation on traditional course rep activity, collecting information in a way that is easier for modern students. We fully understand that lectures may need to be cancelled and re-arranged for legitimate reasons and believe that it is crucial to establish a means of measuring the impact of cancelled lectures. We have faith that the results will demonstrate the professional approach adopted by the majority of staff" Nicola Lee, President
COVID-19 campaigns
In 2021, the Union announced four key campaigns in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, these included 'Students have a right to a reduction in tuition fees', 'Students have a right to some form of rent rebate', 'Students have a right to quality online teaching' and 'Students have a right to increased access to mental health support'.
Union building
The Union has a presence and building on the MMU campus. Originally occupying the Righton Building on the corner of Cavendish Street and Lower Ormond Street, the Union moved in 1982 to a purpose-built building at 99 Oxford Road. The new building was opened by Bobby Charlton and in 1984 it was named the Mandela Building after Winnie Mandela, during the ANC Year of the Woman. Following the death of Stompie Moeketsi in 1989, an event with which Winnie Mandela was linked, moves were made to change the name to something less controversial and for a time it was named the Bruce Forsyth building after the popular entertainer. The name was dropped shortly after.
A Barclays Bank mini-branch was opened in the building shortly after the bank had cut its links with apartheid South Africa, following an NUS lead campaign.
The Union's facilities were arranged over 4 floors and included;
Ground Floor; Reception, Barclays ATM, The Union Shop, Icycle and the Student Officers Office.
First Floor; "The met" union bar and club, opened in September 2009, formerly K2 nightclub.
Second Floor; Student Activities Centre, the VP Student Activities office and campaigns, societies and students open space.
Third Floor; Student Advice Centre, accredited as a Community Legal Service. Union Administration, Finance Office, Committee Meeting Rooms and Conference Facilities.
In January 2015, the union moved to a new purpose-built building on the All Saints campus, directly adjacent to the University's Cambridge and Cavendish Halls of Residence, on Cambridge Street, next to the Salutation pub, which the Union now runs. The new building incorporates a dance studio, radio studio, media suite, and conferencing facilities, a Starbucks and a shop, as well as a new large open multi-purpose space which is used for club nights, fashion shows, freshers and refreshers fairs and also stalls and campaigns when required.
References
External links
The Union MMU
Students' unions in England
Manchester Metropolitan University |
4033255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field%20%28mathematics%29 | Near-field (mathematics) | In mathematics, a near-field is an algebraic structure similar to a division ring, except that it has only one of the two distributive laws. Alternatively, a near-field is a near-ring in which there is a multiplicative identity and every non-zero element has a multiplicative inverse.
Definition
A near-field is a set together with two binary operations, (addition) and (multiplication), satisfying the following axioms:
A1: is an abelian group.
A2: = for all elements , , of (The associative law for multiplication).
A3: for all elements , , of (The right distributive law).
A4: contains an element 1 such that for every element of (Multiplicative identity).
A5: For every non-zero element a of there exists an element such that (Multiplicative inverse).
Notes on the definition
The above is, strictly speaking, a definition of a right near-field. By replacing A3 by the left distributive law we get a left near-field instead. Most commonly, "near-field" is taken as meaning "right near-field", but this is not a universal convention.
A (right) near-field is called "planar" if it is also a right quasifield. Every finite near-field is planar, but infinite near-fields need not be.
It is not necessary to specify that the additive group is abelian, as this follows from the other axioms, as proved by B.H. Neumann and J.L. Zemmer. However, the proof is quite difficult, and it is more convenient to include this in the axioms so that progress with establishing the properties of near-fields can start more rapidly.
Sometimes a list of axioms is given in which A4 and A5 are replaced by the following single statement:
A4*: The non-zero elements form a group under multiplication.
However, this alternative definition includes one exceptional structure of order 2 which fails to satisfy various basic theorems (such as for all ). Thus it is much more convenient, and more usual, to use the axioms in the form given above. The difference is that A4 requires 1 to be an identity for all elements, A4* only for non-zero elements.
The exceptional structure can be defined by taking an additive group of order 2, and defining multiplication by for all and .
Examples
Any division ring (including any field) is a near-field.
The following defines a (right) near-field of order 9. It is the smallest near-field which is not a field.
Let be the Galois field of order 9. Denote multiplication in by ' '. Define a new binary operation ' · ' by:
If is any element of which is a square and is any element of then .
If is any element of which is not a square and is any element of then .
Then is a near-field with this new multiplication and the same addition as before.
History and applications
The concept of a near-field was first introduced by Leonard Dickson in 1905. He took division rings and modified their multiplication, while leaving addition as it was, and thus produced the first known examples of near-fields that were not division rings. The near-fields produced by this method are known as Dickson near-fields; the near-field of order 9 given above is a Dickson near-field.
Hans Zassenhaus proved that all but 7 finite near-fields are either fields or Dickson near-fields.
The earliest application of the concept of near-field was in the study of incidence geometries such as projective geometries. Many projective geometries can be defined in terms of a coordinate system over a division ring, but others can not. It was found that by allowing coordinates from any near-ring the range of geometries which could be coordinatized was extended. For example, Marshall Hall used the near-field of order 9 given above to produce a Hall plane, the first of a sequence of such planes based on Dickson near-fields of order the square of a prime. In 1971 T. G. Room and P.B. Kirkpatrick provided an alternative development.
There are numerous other applications, mostly to geometry. A more recent application of near-fields is in the construction of ciphers for data-encryption, such as Hill ciphers.
Description in terms of Frobenius groups and group automorphisms
Let be a near field. Let be its multiplicative group and let be its additive group. Let act on by . The axioms of a near field show that this is a right group action by group automorphisms of , and the nonzero elements of form a single orbit with trivial stabilizer.
Conversely, if is an abelian group and is a subgroup of which acts freely and transitively on the nonzero elements of , then we can define a near field with additive group and multiplicative group . Choose an element in to call and let be the bijection . Then we define addition on by the additive group structure on and define multiplication by .
A Frobenius group can be defined as a finite group of the form where acts without stabilizer on the nonzero elements of . Thus, near fields are in bijection with Frobenius groups where .
Classification
As mentioned above, Zassenhaus proved that all finite near fields either arise from a construction of Dickson or are one of seven exceptional examples. We will describe this classification by giving pairs where is an abelian group and is a group of automorphisms of which acts freely and transitively on the nonzero elements of .
The construction of Dickson proceeds as follows. Let be a prime power and choose a positive integer such that all prime factors of divide and, if , then is not divisible by . Let be the finite field of order and let be the additive group of . The multiplicative group of , together with the Frobenius automorphism generate a group of automorphisms of of the form , where is the cyclic group of order . The divisibility conditions on allow us to find a subgroup of of order which acts freely and transitively on . The case is the case of commutative finite fields; the nine element example above is , .
In the seven exceptional examples, is of the form . This table, including the numbering by Roman numerals, is taken from Zassenhaus's paper.
The binary tetrahedral, octahedral and icosahedral groups are central extensions of the rotational symmetry groups of the platonic solids; these rotational symmetry groups are , and respectively. and can also be described as and .
See also
Near-ring
Planar ternary ring
Quasifield
References
External links
Nearfields by Hauke Klein.
Algebraic structures
Projective geometry |
4033263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa-class%20patrol%20boat | Moa-class patrol boat | The Moa-class patrol boat was a class of patrol boats built between 1978 and 1985 for the Royal New Zealand Navy by the Whangarei Engineering and Construction Company. They were based on an Australian boat design.
Vessels of the class
Altogether there were seven vessels in the class
The lead vessel, Kahu, was initially named HMNZS Manawanui from 28 May 1979 to 17 May 1988. She was modified so she would function as a diving tender. After the commissioning of the dedicated Diving Support Tender HMNZS Manawanui (A09) she remained in service (as the Kahu) attached to the Royal New Zealand Naval College as the basic seamanship and navigation training vessel.
The next two vessels, Tarapunga and Takapu, were modified with their superstructure accommodation increased so they could function as inshore survey vessels. These were both decommissioned in the year 2000.
The last four vessels functioned as inshore patrol vessels for the Naval Volunteer Reserve. From 1994 these were modified to conduct mine countermeasures route surveying using side-scan sonar. This was used on several occasions for search-and-rescue or transport investigations. In 2005, three vessels were relocated to Auckland to fill the training gap left by the decommissioning of . Kiwi relocated to Auckland during 2006. On relocating, the vessels' side scan sonars were removed.
With the introduction of the Project Protector ships, Moa, Kiwi, Wakakura and Hinau were replaced by four Protector-class inshore patrol vessels during 2007 and 2008. Kahu remained in service for seamanship and Officer of the Watch training until 2009.
References
Patrol boat classes |
4033270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20West%20Harward | Donald West Harward | Donald West "Don" Harward is an American philosopher who served as the sixth President of Bates College from March 1989 to November 2002, where he was succeeded by the first female president, Elaine Tuttle Hansen.
Early life and career
Harward received his B.A. in mathematics from Maryville College, then his M.A. from American University, and Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Maryland. Harward then taught at the University of Delaware and the College of Wooster, where he served as a dean and vice president of academic affairs.
On March 1, 1989, Harwad was tapped to succeed Thomas Hedley Reynolds as the sixth President of Bates College. His first years leading the college revolved around stressing the importance of egalitarian values and involvement in the community through the creation of a thesis program, and the strengthening of the study-abroad program. Overall, he would create 22 new programs available to students and faculty. He expanded the campus of Bates by constructing Pettengill Hall, the Residential Village, and the Bates College Coastal Center at Shortridge.
Harward stepped down from the Bates presidency on November 1, 2002. Three years later in 2005, The Harward Center for Community Partnerships was opened in Lewiston in his honor.
Harward currently serves as a senior advisor for the American Council on Education Fellows Program and a senior fellow with the American Association of American Colleges and Universities.
He received an honorary doctorate from Bates College on May 26, 2003.
Personal life
He and his wife, Ann, have two children.
See also
History of Bates College
List of Bates College people
References
Further reading
Bates College Mirror 2006 (Lewiston, ME: Bates College, 2006).
External links
Donald Harward bio
Harward Center
American philosophers
Maryville College alumni
American University alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Living people
Presidents of Bates College
University of Delaware faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
College of Wooster faculty
Philosophy teachers |
4033315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOL%20Ar%C3%A9na%20S%C3%B3st%C3%B3 | MOL Aréna Sóstó | MOL Aréna Sóstó (MOL Aréna Salt Lake) is a multi-purpose stadium in Székesfehérvár, Hungary, primarily used for football matches.
History
Planning
On 12 November 2014, the design of the new stadium was revealed at press conference held by László Vigh and András Cser-Palkovics, mayor of Székesfehérvár. Three new stands are going to be built. The main stand is going to be renewed. The reconstruction is going to start in autumn 2015. The expected finish of the construction is going to be the end of 2016. During the 2015-16 season the club are going to play their matches at the Pancho Arena in Felcsút, Fejér County.
On 18 September 2015, it was announced that the demolition of the current stadium is going to be in January 2016.
On 10 December 2015, András Cser-Palkovics said that a totally new multi-use stadium will be built creating the Vidi-city. He emphasised the importance of the reconstruction of the neighbouring parks, routes and buildings. The demolition will kick off on 14 December 2015 and the new stadium will be opened in 2017. During that period the trainings for the club will be in Székesfehérvár. However, the Nemzeti Bajnokság I matches will be played at the Pancho Arena, in Felcsút.
Construction
On 14 October 2016, it was revealed by feol.hu that the construction might start within days as soon as the contracts are signed by all parties. The feol.hu website also adds that the opening will be further delayed due to the late start of the constructions.
On 23 November 2016 the construction officially started.
On 7 February 2017, László Horváth, project manager of Sóstó Konzorcium, said that the first phase of the construction ended. The demolition of the interior of the remaining main stand ended. The concrete of the demolished parts of the main stand will be reused in the building of the new stands. The Sóstó Konzorcium will have 14 months to finish the construction of the stadium.
On 13 March 2017, László Horváth, project manager of Sóstó Konzorcium, said that thanks to the mild winter the construction of the new stadium is in good progress. The construction of the base of the stands were finished in March.
On 27 March 2017, it was confirmed that the construction of the stadium would be finished by 16 January 2018. Péter Gönczöl, managing director of Strabag-MML Kft., said that the construction is in the most spectacular phase when the biggest panels are positioned into their places. András Cser-Palkovics, mayor of Székesfehérvár, said that due to the severe weather conditions during winter the construction could be finished by the deadline. Róbert Varga, director of Strabag-Hungary, added that the new stadium will be able to host 14,201 spectators and the stadium will be lying on a base of 10,199 square metres and the highest point of the stadium will be 21.28 metres.
On 4 April 2017 new pictures were revealed on Nemzeti Sport about the construction. It was also confirmed by the official webitse of Videoton that the construction will be finished by 16 January 2018.
On 18 August 2017, it was announced that the main stand should also be demolished due to statical problems. Originally, the new stadium would have been built around the main stand. Due to the reconstruction of the main stand the opening of the new stadium will be delayed to June 2018.
On 27 July 2018, it was announced that MOL Vidi FC will rent the stadium.
On 14 August 2018, an article was published on the Hungarian news website, Index.hu, stating that there will be further delays in the opening of the new stadium. One day later, it was announced that the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League play-off matches will be played at Ferencvárosi TC's home stadium, Groupama Aréna in Budapest.
Opening
The stadium was opened on 21 November 2018. The first match was played between MOL Vidi and Újpest in the 6th round of the 2018–19 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season and the match ended with a 1-0 victory for the home side. The first goal was scored by Roland Juhász in the 58th minute.
The opening of the stadium started with the performance of the Hungarian pop band Wellhello since the singer of this group, Tomi Fluor, has roots in Székesfehérvár. In addition, the members of the legendary 1958-team were also present including Péter Disztl, Gábor Horváth, and Imre Vadász. Former football coaches of Videoton FC were also present such as János Csank, Péter Bozsik, and Imre Gellei.
On 21 November 2018 the stadium was renamed as MOL Aréna Sóstó due to sponsorship reasons.
On 27 February 2019, the first Magyar Kupa match was played at the stadium. MOL Vidi FC hosted Taksony SE in the 8th round of the 2018–19 Magyar Kupa season. The match ended with a 3-0 victory for MOL Vidi. Huszti scored twice, while Anel Hadžić once. The home side qualified for the quarter finals on 4-0 aggregate.
Recent
The stadium was selected to host the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.
Milestone matches
Attendances
As of 11 April 2017.
Gallery
References
External links
Videoton FC official website
Stadium pictures at www.stadiumdb.com
Football venues in Hungary
Multi-purpose stadiums in Hungary
Fehérvár FC
Buildings and structures in Székesfehérvár
Buildings and structures in Fejér County
Sports venues completed in 2018 |
4033322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20Suzhen | Sun Suzhen | Sun Su Chen (孫素真) (16 October 1895 - 23 February 1975) was the 18th matriarch of Yiguandao. She was the successor of Zhang Tianran, Yiguandao's contemporary founder. Sun was also known as Ming Shan (明善) or Hui Ming (慧明), her religious name.
Sun was born in Shan County, Shandong on the 28th day of the eighth lunar month in 1895. She was introduced to Yiguandao in 1908 and became the student of Lu Zhongyi. All the incident which was believed to be Heaven's will and lifted her as the incarnation of the Yuehui "Moon Wisdom" Bodhisattva, the counterpart of Ji Gong. Heaven's will regarded her to hold the seat of the 18th patriarch together with Zhang in 1930.
After the death of Zhang in 1947, she took control of Yiguandao. Many of Zhang's followers followed her leadership. Only a small fraction stayed on with Madame Liu.
When the communists took over China in 1949, Sun moved to Hong Kong. She then went to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for a short period (1951–52) then returned to Hong Kong.
In Hong Kong she was said to have left behind a large number of "heavenly mandates" (). To this day, there are a few elders in Hong Kong who are believed to be the keepers of these heavenly mandates.
In 1954, she moved to Taiwan. Because Yiguandao was illegal in China under communism, she kept a low profile and was kept under seclusion. She was sick in the last years and under the care of a nun surnamed Zhou in Taichung. Later she was under the care of Wang Hao De until her death. She died on the 23rd day of the second lunar month in 1975 (4 April 1975) one day before the death of Chiang Kai-shek.
She was buried in Daxi, Taoyuan. She was given the title Zhonghua Shengmu () (Holy Mother of the Chinese) by her followers.
References
David Jordan & Daniel Overmyer. 1985. The Flying Phoenix: Aspects of Chinese Sectarianism in Taiwan. Princeton University Press.
Soo Khin Wah. 1997. A Study of the Yiguan Dao (Unity Sect) and its Development in Peninsular Malaysia. Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia.
External links
History of Sun Su Zhen according to her followers
The patriarch of I Kuan Tao
History of I Kuan Tao according to the followers
1895 births
1975 deaths
I-Kuan Tao Patriarchs
People from Heze
Taiwanese people from Shandong
Deified Taiwanese people |
4033323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanty%20Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki | Konstanty Wiśniowiecki | Prince Konstanty Wiśniowiecki (1564–1641) was a Ruthenian nobleman of Kingdom of Poland, voivode of Belz since 1636, of Ruthenia since 1638 and starost of Czerkasy and Kamieniec was a wealthy, powerful and influential magnate, experienced in both politics and warfare.
Marriage and issue
He was married four times:
circa 1583 Anna Zahorowska Korczak; had issue
son Janusz Wiśniowiecki (1598–1636), daughters Helena Wiśniowiecka (married Stanisław Warszycki) and Marianna Wiśniowiecka (1600–1624; married Jakub Sobieski)
1603 Urszula Mniszech, sister of Maryna Mniszech; had issue
sons Jerzy Wiśniowiecki (died 1641) and Aleksander Wiśniowiecki (died 1638/39), daughter Teofila Wiśniowiecka
1626/28 Katarzyna Korniaktowna (died circa 1635); no issue – daughter of Konstanty Korniakt h. Krucyni
Krystyna Strusiowna h. Korczak (died after 1647); no issue
Wiśniowiecki outlived all of his three sons; after his death, his estate was inherited by Prince Jeremi Wiśniowiecki.
Bibliography
Czamańska I., Wiśniowieccy. Monografia rodu, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 2007, , s. 147–155.
References
1564 births
1641 deaths
Konstanty
Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
4033334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala%20Jagat%20Narain | Lala Jagat Narain | Lala Jagat Narain (31 May 1899 − 9 September 1981) was an Indian editor, member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly, Member of Parliament and founder of the Hind Samachar media group.
Early life
Lala Jagat Narain was born at Wazirabad, Gujranwala District (now in Pakistan) in 1899. He graduated from D.A.V. College, Lahore in 1919, and joined the Law College, Lahore.
Establishment
He left his studies in 1920 at the call of Mahatma Gandhi to join the Non-cooperation movement. He was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. In jail, he acted as Lala Lajpat Rai's personal secretary.
In 1924 he became the editor of Bhai Parmanand's weekly Hindi language paper Akashvani. He participated in the Satyagraha movement and was in jail for about nine years on different occasions. His wife was in jail for six months and his eldest son, Ramesh Chandra, was arrested during the Quit India movement.
Political life
Narain was President of the Lahore City Congress Committee for seven years, leader of the Congress Party in the Lahore Corporation, a member of the Punjab Provincial Congress Committee for more than thirty years and member of the All-India Congress Committee for about 30 years.
Lala Jagat Narain was detained under MISA during the Indira Gandhi's Emergency which was later on revoked on 4 January 1977. Following this incident, he parted ways with the party.
Narain had come to Jalandhar as a refugee from Lahore and started an Urdu daily, Hind Samachar in 1948. Urdu then was the language of the salaried urban men of Punjab, the people who could afford the time and money for a newspaper. But Urdu in independent India lacked government support. In 1965, he founded Punjab Kesari, a Hindi-language daily.
During the Punjabi Suba movement, he had resigned as minister in protest when the Regional Formula, a proposition to give the Punjabi and Hindi languages equal status in Punjab that the Akali Dal had provisionally accepted, had been implemented in 1956. He would periodically opine when the Akalis and the government would appear to make progress on the issue of Punjab statehood, stating once that "the Hindus of Punjab would never accept the settlement."
An Arya Samaji widely known for anti-Sikh communalism, Narain had urged Hindus in Punjab to reply to disown Punjabi as their mother tongue. His paper played a significant role in "fanning the flames of communal hatred between Hindus and Sikhs," and the Hindi press based in Jalandhar consistently vilified Sikhs, without making any distinction between Sikh groups.
After the Punjabi Suba was nevertheless established, he would later denounce the Anandpur Sahib Resolution which sought to rectify perceived injustices in water allotment and state powers and development following its formation; he and other Arya Samaj leaders and editors like Virendra would continue to communalize demands for the welfare of the entire state of Punjab, which would be further pursued during the Dharam Yudh Morcha. Again presuming to speak on behalf of the state's Hindus, he would assert in an article in the Indian Express that the primarily urban Hindu population in the state had nothing to do with the continuing state-center dispute over the proportionally unequal distribution of river waters, disregarding the influence on the state's economy of the water allotment amount, and in turn its social cohesion.
Death and legacy
Jagat was a critic of the Khalistan movement and he had earlier survived an assassination attempt in January 1981. However, on 9 September 1981, Narain was shot dead by a two-man team of assassins. Nachhatar Singh, a self-described Naxalite, was arrested at the scene of crime. Dalbir Singh and Swaran Singh are two others accused in the case.
Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, who had accused Narain of portraying the Sikh gurus as "lovers of wine and women" in his newspapers in spite of protests, was implicated in the assassination, though it was the Dal Khalsa which had likely committed it. An Indian Airlines plane would be hijacked by them on 29 September 1981 to demand his release, with no casualties.
The White Paper issued by the government of India, mentioned that Narain was assassinated because of his criticism of Bhindrawale. He was present during the clash that occurred between the Sant Nirankaris and Akhand Kirtani Jatha members, and stood witness at the Karnal trial against Bhindrawale.
In 1981, Bhindranwale remained inside Gurudwara Gurdarshan Parkash at Mehta Chowk, but was persuaded to surrender on 20 September 1981. For 25 days, violence exploded all over Punjab, while Bhindranwale was jailed in Circuit House.
India's Union Home Minister, Giani Zail Singh, announced to Parliament that there was no evidence that Bhindranwale was involved in Lala Jagat Narain's assassination, and was released on 15 October 1981.
H.K. Dua, a former Editor-in-Chief of The Tribune, praised Narain's Hind Samachar Group for standing up against terrorism pointing out that 62 of his staff were gunned down over a period of time.
A chair in the name of Narain was established at Kurukshetra University in 1998.
On 9 September 2013, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh released a postage stamp in memory of Jagat Narain.
References
1889 births
1981 deaths
People from Wazirabad
Punjabi people
Indian newspaper chain founders
Sikh politics
Indian editors
Assassinated newspaper publishers (people)
Assassinated Indian journalists
People murdered in Punjab, India
Deaths by firearm in India
Businesspeople from Punjab, India
1981 murders in India
Indian National Congress politicians |
4033337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braemar%20Hill | Braemar Hill | Braemar Hill () is a hill with a height of south of Braemar Point on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. The hill was likely named after the Scottish village of Braemar by British officials.
Contrary to popular belief, the peak of Braemar Hill lies on the eastern end of Braemar Hill Road instead of the western end, where the ascent towards Red Incense Summit is noticeably steeper. Hikers often misidentify Red Incense Summit and nearby hilltops as the peak of Braemar Hill.
The north and western sides of this hill are largely residential, consisting primarily of private upmarket real estate. Because of its convenient location and high real estate prices, Braemar Hill is considered one of the more affluent neighbourhoods in the city.
Infrastructure and establishments
Education
The area is home to a large number of schools, including one-third of the secondary schools in Eastern District.
Primary schools
Building Contractors' Association School
Chinese International School (漢基國際學校)
Quarry Bay School (鰂魚涌小學)
SKH St. Michael's Primary School
Secondary schools
Belilios Public School
CCC Kwei Wah Shan Secondary School
Cheung Chuk Shan College
Chinese International School
Clementi Secondary School
Concordia Lutheran School, North Point
Kiangsu-Chekiang College
Man Kiu Secondary School
Pui Kiu Middle School
St. Joan of Arc Secondary School (聖貞德中學)
Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Lee Ching Dea Memorial College
Braemar Hill formerly had the Japanese International School, Hong Kong junior high school section. In April 2018 the junior high school moved to the Happy Valley campus.
University
Hong Kong Shue Yan University (香港樹仁大學)
Parks
Choi Sai Woo Park
Tin Hau Temple Road Garden No. 2
Private housing developments
Tempo Court ()
Ho King View ()
Braemar Hill Mansions ()
Sky Horizon ()
Pacific Palisades ()
Kingsford Garden ()
Wilshire Towers ()
Braemar Heights
Maiden Court ()
Broadview Terrace ()
Evelyn Towers ()
Seaview Garden ()
Summit Court ()
Hilltop Mansion ()
Hanking Court ()
Coral Court ()
Sky Scraper ()
Flora Garden ()
Beverley Heights ()
Oxford Court ()
Viking Villas ()
Transport
Buses
23B to Park Road
25 to Central Piers (circular)
25A to Wan Chai Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre New Wing (circular)
27 to North Point Ferry Pier
41A (Special departure) from North Point Ferry Pier to Wah Fu Estate (via Braemar Hill)
81A from Hing Wah Estate to Lai Tak Tsuen (via Braemar Hill)
85 to Siu Sai Wan (Island Resort) (circular)
85A to Shau Kei Wan
85P to Island Resort
108 to Kowloon Bay (Kai Yip Estate)
Minibuses
25 to Causeway Bay Paterson Street
49M to Tin Hau station
Pedestrian escalator system
The Government of Hong Kong proposes to build a Pedestrian Link and Escalator system between Braemar Hill and Fortress Hill, which has an MTR station. It would be the second such system in Hong Kong, after the Central–Mid-Levels escalator.
Nearby hills
Mount Parker
Jardine's Lookout
References
Eastern District, Hong Kong
Restricted areas of Hong Kong red public minibus |
4033346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diekman%20Stadion | Diekman Stadion | Diekman Stadion () was a multi-use stadium in Enschede, Netherlands. It was used mostly for football matches. The stadium was able to hold 13,500 people and opened in 1956. The stadium closed in 1998 when the Arke Stadion opened.
History
When construction of the stadium started it was not yet known which football club would make it its home ground. VV Rigtersbleek, Enschedese Boys and Sportclub Enschede were interested. Enschedese Boys were champions of eastern Netherlands in 1950 and appeared to have the best claim on the stadium. The city council of Enschede pushed for the clubs to merge but this was refused by the three clubs.
On 8 August 1956 the Diekman was opened with a match between Sportclub Enschede and Preußen Münster from Germany attended by 22,000 spectators. Abe Lenstra scored the first goal from a penalty and the match ended in a 3–0 win for Sportclub Enschede.
In 1965 Sportclub Enschede merged with Enschedese Boys to create FC Twente and on 12 August 1965 FC Twente became the occupant of the Diekman stadium in a friendly match against Aston Villa.
On 3 November 1968 FC Twente won a home match against Ajax with 5-1 for a home crowd of 26,500 spectators which was the attendance record for the Diekman.
On 22 April 1998 the last match was played in the stadium when FC Twente beat SC Heerenveen with 3–1 in front of 10,000 spectators. Martijn Abbenhues scored the last goal in the Diekman. FC Twente moved to the newly built Arke Stadium which was later expanded to form the current Grolsch Veste.
The last sporting event in the Diekman was the 30th Marathon of Enschede on 7 June 1998 won by Ahmed Salah and the stadium was subsequently demolished.
References
Sports venues in Overijssel
Multi-purpose stadiums in the Netherlands
Defunct football venues in the Netherlands
Buildings and structures in Enschede
FC Twente
Sports venues completed in 1956
1956 establishments in the Netherlands
1998 disestablishments in the Netherlands |
4033347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified%20Quality%20Engineer | Certified Quality Engineer | Certified Quality Engineer, often abbreviated CQE, is a certification given by the American Society for Quality (ASQ). These engineers are professionally educated in quality engineering and quality control.
They are trained in researching and preventing unnecessary costs through lack of quality, lost production costs, lost market share due to poor quality, etc. They possess the knowledge needed to set up quality control circles, assess potential quality risks, and evaluate human factors and natural process variation.
Scope
CQE training includes the following topics:
Management Systems
Project Management
Quality Information Systems
Leadership Principles and Techniques
Training
Cost of Quality
Quality Philosophies & Approaches
History of Quality
Total Quality Management
Customer Relations
Quality Deployment
Supplier Qualification & Certification Systems
Quality Systems
Documentation Systems
Configuration Management
Planning, Controlling and Assuring Product and Process Quality
Design Inputs and Design Review
Validation and Qualification Methods
Process Capability
Interpretation of Technical Drawings and Specifications
Material Control
Acceptance Sampling
Calibration Systems
Measurement Systems
Measurement System Analysis
Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (Gage R & R)
Destructive and Nondestructive Testing and Measuring
Traceability to Standards
Reliability and Risk Management
Design of Systems for Reliability
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Management and Planning Tools
Corrective Action
Preventive Action
Overcoming Barriers to Quality Improvement
Concepts of Probability and Statistics
Properties and Applications of Probability Distributions
Tests for Means, Variances, and Proportions
Statistical Decision Making
Drawing Valid Statistical Conclusions
Statistical Process Control
Control Charts
Design of Experiments
Techniques
Some techniques that Quality Engineers use in quality engineering/assurance include:
Statistical Process Control
Deming's Wheel
Total Quality Management (TQM)
Six Sigma
Applications
These techniques are applicable company/system wide and are, by definition, not only developed for manufacturing processes.
Application areas include:
Purchasing
Sales and After-sales Support
Manufacturing
Customer Service
Human Resource Management
Research and Development
Information Technology
Professional certification
The American Society for Quality (ASQ) is a professional institute that examines the professional competency of candidates and, if found to be acceptable, awards them with official certification.
This process helps to establish and maintain a minimum body of knowledge and skill level among certified engineers.
The exam changes from test-to-test in minor detail and the body of knowledge is revised and updated by peer review committees set up by the ASQ.
There are two formats for the ASQ certification test:
Computer Delivered - This CQE examination is a one-part, 175- multiple choice question, five-and-a-half-hour exam and is offered in English only. 160 multiple choice questions are scored and 15 are unscored.
Paper and Pencil - This CQE examination is a one-part, 160- multiple choice question, five-hour exam and is offered in English only.
References
External links
ASQ.org
CQE-web
Quality Council
CQE Academy
Quality assurance |
4033379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchore | Sanchore | Sanchore is a City in Jalore district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is the headquarters of the Sanchore tehsil located on National Highway 68. The town is situated from the city of Jalore and was once known as Satyapur. Nearby villages include Amli ( away), Chitalvana ( away) and Dabhal ( away).
Economy
many infrastructure projects were in progress in Sanchor. Oil exploration company Cairn Energy, discovered of crude oil in the Barmer-Sanchore basin in 2010. The Narmada Canal, which begins in Gujarat, enters Rajasthan state near the village Silu in Sachore tehsil, after passing through in Gujarat.
Pathmeda village near Sanchore has Gopal Govardhan Gaushala, the largest Gaushala in India. Spread over , the gaushala takes care of more than 18,000 cattle.
Demographics
, Sanchore had a population of 264653 (135761 Males constitute of the population and females 128892. Males constituted 53% of the population. Sanchore has an average literacy rate of 48%, lower than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 62% and female literacy is 32%. Twenty percent of Sanchore's population is under six years of age.
Transport
Narmada Canal
The Narmada Canal in Rajasthan is long and has nine major distributaries. The main canal, major and secondary distributaries supply an area of serving 124 villages in the Jalore and Barmer districts.
Railways
The stations nearest to Sanchore are Raniwara, on State Highway 11; Dhanera, on MRD No 108; Bhinmal, on State Highway No 11.
References
Cities and towns in Jalore district |
4033383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Rochester | Robert Rochester | Sir Robert Rochester KG (ca. 1494 – 28 November 1557) was an English Catholic and Comptroller of the Household and a member of the Privy Council in the reign of Mary I.
Family
Rochester's family were 'minor Essex gentry' associated with the Earls of Oxford. According to Ross, Robert Rochester, esquire, was Comptroller of the Household to John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, at a fee of £10 per year, from about 1495 until his death in 1508.
Robert Rochester was born at Terling, Essex, the third son of John Rochester and Grisold Writtle, daughter of Walter Writtle of Bobbingworth. Grisold Writtle's sister, Eleanor, married James Walsingham, and was the mother of Edmund Walsingham, Lieutenant of the Tower of London.
Rochester's younger brother, Blessed John Rochester, was a Carthusian priest and martyr who was executed in York in May 1537, and beatified in 1888.
Career
According to Hughes, by 1542 Rochester had been appointed receiver to John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford, and was also appointed bailiff of the Earl's manor of Lavenham in Suffolk. By 1551 Rochester had been appointed Comptroller of the Household to Mary Tudor, Henry VIII's elder daughter by Catherine of Aragon. In that year, the Privy Council ordered Rochester to stop any priest from saying mass in the Princess's household; Rochester refused, and was imprisoned in the Tower (according to the National Archives he was imprisoned in the Fleet), and replaced as Comptroller by Sir Anthony Wingfield. The next year, he was released to retire to the county because of his health. He was soon allowed to resume his post as Comptroller.
When the Princess assumed the throne as Mary I, she rewarded Rochester for his faithful service, making him Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and appointing him to the inner circle of the Privy Council. He served as a Member of Parliament for Essex from 1553 to 1555.
Rochester never married. He died on 28 November 1557. William Rochester, Sir Robert's older brother received a third of Robert's lands. Robert was buried on 4 December at the Charterhouse at Sheen, the house reconstituted by the remnant of the English Carthusians under Dom Maurice Chauncy. He was succeeded in his post as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster by his nephew, Sir Edward Waldegrave (died 1 September 1561), son of John Waldegrave (died 1543) and Rochester's sister Lora (died c. 1545).
Notes
References
External links
Attribution
1490s births
1557 deaths
People from Terling
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Garter Knights appointed by Mary I
15th-century English people
15th-century Roman Catholics
16th-century Roman Catholics
English Roman Catholics
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English MPs 1554
English MPs 1554–1555
English MPs 1555 |
4033386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Rizzetta | Sam Rizzetta | Sam Rizzetta (born May 23, 1942 died October 26, 2021) was a hammered dulcimer player, builder, and designer originally from Chicago, had lived in Inwood, West Virginia.
Rizzetta discovered the hammered dulcimer while working in the repair of guitars and illustrated books in the 1960s to put himself through graduate school. His first exposure to the instrument was hearing the traditional player Chet Parker. Sam and his wife Carrie moved east around 1968, and he took a job with the Smithsonian Institution. Within a few years he transitioned to playing and building instruments on a full-time basis.
In 1974, Rizzetta and Paul Reisler formed a string band called Trapezoid, along with Pete Vigour and Paul Yeaton. The group's trademark was hammered dulcimer quartets, which included soprano and bass models designed by Rizzetta. Rizzetta performed with the group until 1978, when he decided to pursue solo playing, and concentrate more on building and composing. As a performer he is best known for his hammered dulcimer playing, but his recordings often feature the Appalachian dulcimer as well. He was active in teaching the dulcimer at the Augusta Heritage Center at Davis and Elkins College for many years starting in 1981. Rizzetta has also been a regular columnist in Dulcimer Players News, writing the Technical Dulcimer column.
Rizzetta is particularly noted for a number of innovations in hammered dulcimer design. These include bridge markers (a standard feature of modern instruments), chromatic designs, extra bridges, damper pedals, and many more. Rizzetta has collaborated closely with the Dusty Strings Company of Seattle, Washington; they have produced a "Rizzetta series" of chromatic models for many years.
Discography
Trapezoid (self-titled), 1975 (reissued, 1998)
Bucks & Does, 1982
Seven Valleys, 1987
When You And I Were Young, 1989
Christmas In The Air, 1991
In The Garden, Hymns For Hammer Dulcimer, 1992
Ocean's Edge', 1993Flowing Waters, 1993Saving Trees, 1999Dulcimer Boogie, 2000Peace Of Christmas'', 2003
References
External links
Smithsonian pamphlet on making a hammered dulcimer, written by Rizzetta
1942 births
Living people
American folk musicians
Hammered dulcimer players
American musical instrument makers
Musicians from Chicago
People from Inwood, West Virginia |
4033388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20Armand-Cesari | Stade Armand-Cesari | Stade Armand-Cesari, also known as the Stade de Furiani, is a multi-purpose stadium in Furiani, France. It is currently used mostly for football matches of SC Bastia. The stadium is able to hold 16,000 people and opened in 1932.
It was the venue for the first leg of the 1978 UEFA Cup Final, which saw a 0–0 tie between SC Bastia and the Dutch-side PSV Eindhoven. Eventually, PSV won the Final with a 3–0 victory on their home ground Philips Stadion.
The record attendance at the stadium was set on 1 September 2012, when 15,505 people saw Bastia lose against Saint-Étienne (3–0) in a league match. This broke the record set on 26 April 1978, when 15,000 people saw Bastia draw 0–0 against PSV Eindhoven in the first leg of the 1978 UEFA Cup Final.
Furiani disaster
The stadium is mostly known outside Corsica for the Furiani disaster, which occurred on 5 May 1992 when one of the four terraces collapsed, causing the death of 18 people and injuring more than 2,300 others.
Background
When they reached the semi-final of the 1991–92 Coupe de France, the draw gave Bastia a tie against Olympique de Marseille, the Division 1 leader at the time. In order to accommodate more fans, the club board decided to create a temporary terrace instead of the old Tribune Claude Papi which could only take 750 fans. The new capacity of the terrace was 10,000.
Matchday
An hour before the start of the match, problems were already noticeable, such as the instability of the structure. At 8:20 p.m., the whole structure collapsed, with supporters and journalists in the wreckage. Every medical option on the island was exhausted. The victims were eventually evacuated to the mainland, including Marseille. Poretta Airport was quoted as resembling more of a hospital than an airport that night.
Aftermath
On 8 May, an official investigation began in order to find who was responsible. After the disaster, the FFF decided — after some hesitation — to cancel the remaining matches in the Cup. On the 12th, the investigators came to the conclusion that there had been a number of rules broken concerning the terrace. All these findings led to the investigation's conclusion "Le soir du 5 mai, il n'y a pas eu de fatalité," which translates as "On the evening of May 5, there was no fatality." Ultimately, at the trial a year later, the main protagonists were proven guilty but were only given prison sentences of less than two years.
Recent history
Following the disaster, the stadium waited a long time to be rebuilt. The Tribune Nord was rebuilt in 1997, before Bastia could play again in the 1997–98 UEFA Cup.
For the 100th anniversary of the club, in 2005, the four terraces were renamed:
North terrace: Tribune Claude Papi
East terrace: Tribune Jojo Petrignani
South terrace: Tribune Victor Lorenzi
West terrace: Tribune Pierre Cahuzac
References
External links
Complete website in french about the disaster
for 1992
Armand Cesari
SC Bastia
Multi-purpose stadiums in France
Sports venues in Haute-Corse
Sports venues completed in 1932 |
4033390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Luskin | Eugene Luskin | Eugene Luskin is the CEO and founder of VYRTY Corporation. Previously, Luskin was the CEO and founder of Lagotek. Earlier in his career Luskin worked as a software engineer at Intel and Microsoft. The VYRTYreader is a tool designed to help physicians communicate clinically important data using a card reader and card system that allows the patient for the first time ever to possess all the records needed to manage their care on the most secure and HIPAA compliant system ever invented. All the records are stored on a card the size of a credit card. The patient, the doctor, and the reader each have separate encrypted security, and all three are needed to use the system. Records can be completed using the VYRTYreader after the patient has left the office, with stringent security. Only the useful records need be put on the card.
VYRTY has solved the record security problem, delivered HIPAA, and bypassed entirely the interoperability problem.
This system supports the doctor, and the patient. Scalability potential is to every human being. The system is agnostic as to your EMR, since it mimics the printer and print functions common to all systems: print to, and print from, the card.
References
Corporate executives
American computer businesspeople
Microsoft employees
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people) |
4033394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornada%20%28PDA%29 | Jornada (PDA) | The Jornada was a line of personal digital assistants or PDAs manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. The Jornada was a broad product line that included Palm-Size PCs, Handheld PCs, and Pocket PCs. The first model was the 820, released in 1998, and the last was the 928 model in 2002 when Compaq and HP merged. The Jornada line was then succeeded by the more popular iPAQ model PDAs. All Jornada models ran Microsoft Operating Systems that were based on Windows CE.
Model variations
Handheld PCs
Jornada 820/820e
It ran on the Windows CE 2.11 operating system, Handheld PC Professional Edition 3.0, had a small trackpad with two buttons and a built-in miniature keyboard. It had 16 MB of RAM, 16 MB of ROM, Intel StrongARM CPU at 190 MHz, 640x480 256 color screen, 1 CF Type II, 1 PC card. It had a 10-hour battery life, and allowed for sending and receiving of faxes through its built-in modem. There is a software update to Handheld PC Professional Edition 3.01/Service Pack 1, and a 16 MB RAM upgrade card, bringing the RAM to a total of 32 MB. There is also an extended battery available, giving the Jornada 820 15 hours of running time, versus 10 in the standard battery. The Jornada 820 was bundled with TrueSync 2.0 to allow native synchronisation support for the Franklin Rex Classic and Rex Pro PDA.
The Jornada 820e was identical to the Jornada 820 except that it lacked the integrated 56 kbit/s modem.
Jornada 620LX
The Jornada 620LX was released in 1997. It is a HVGA Handheld PC running Windows CE 2.0. The device has a Hitachi SH3 processor clocking at 75MHz with 16MB of integrated RAM. The device has PCMCIA and CF cards. The screen is 8-bit (256 colours) and is touchscreen. It also features a serial and infrared connection.
Jornada 680/680e
The Jornada 680 was released in 1998. It was an HVGA Handheld PC running the Windows CE 2.11 based Handheld PC Professional 3.0. The device had a 133 MHz Hitachi SH3 processor with 16 MB of integrated RAM and a 16 MB ROM. The internal RAM/ROM configuration could be upgraded to 32 MB/HPC 3.01 through a user upgrade kit. The HP HVGA screen operated at 256 colours with a driver update providing 64K color support. Compact flash cards (including those of at least 4GB) and PCMCIA memory cards could be used simultaneously. The PCMCIA card slot could be used for modems, network cards (including WiFi), VGA adapters and many more.
The Jornada 680e was identical to the Jornada 680 except that it lacked the integrated 56 kbit/s modem.
Jornada 690/690e
The Jornada 690 was released in 1999. It was an HVGA Handheld PC running the Windows CE 2.11 based Handheld PC Professional 3.01. The device had a 133 MHz Hitachi SH3 processor with 32 MB of integrated RAM and a 16 MB ROM. The HP HVGA screen operated at 64K colour.
The Jornada 690e was identical to the Jornada 690 except that it lacked the integrated 56 kbit/s modem.
Jornada 710
The Jornada 710 was released in 2001 into the European / Middle Eastern Market place. It featured 32 MB of RAM, a Compact Flash slot, a PC card slot, a smart card slot, 640x240 16-bit display, and a 206 MHz StrongARM SA1110 CPU. It also ran on HPC2000, however the package differed from the higher end 720 and 728, making the 710 a lower cost alternative. The 710 did not ship with an integrated 56 kbit/s modem, and it is not possible to add one as an upgrade. It had a scaled down CD bundle and came without a docking cradle.
Jornada 720
The Jornada 720 was released in 2000. It featured 32 MB of RAM, a Compact Flash slot, a PC card slot, a Smart card slot, 56K Modem, 640x240 16-bit display, a 206 MHz StrongARM CPU, and has 9 hours of battery life. It ran under the Windows CE 3.0 based HPC2000.
Jornada 728
The Jornada 728 was released in 2002. It featured 64 MB of RAM, a Compact Flash slot, a PC card slot, a smart card slot, 56K Modem, 640x240 16-bit display, and a 206 MHz StrongARM SA1110 CPU. It runs on the Windows CE 3.0 based Handheld PC 2000 and contains a slightly higher OS revision than the 710 or 720, providing the user with native PPTP VPN functionality. The Jornada 728 contained a slightly higher spec battery package, giving it a 14 hour runtime, and was also cosmetically different from the previous 700 series releases by using light purple and grey tones instead of the monochromatic blue chassis of its predecessors. This was the last Handheld PC produced by HP.
There are a number of 728 handhelds in existence with only 32 MB of RAM, but they are otherwise identical in spec to the 64MB model.
Palm-Size PCs
Jornada 420
The Jornada 420 debuted in 1999. It was notable for being the first Palm-Size PC with a color screen, and ran on Windows CE 2.11. It had a touch-screen, a speaker, and featured full e-mail capabilities.
Jornada 430/430se
Also produced in 1999.
The se model came with free earphones and a clip case.
James Bond sported a HP Jornada 430se in the 1999 film The World Is Not Enough. For a limited period of time, consumers could purchase the 430se and receive with the device a collectible Bond keychain and a coupon for three free Bond movies.
Pocket PCs
Jornada 520 series
The Jornada 520 series was HP's answer to an affordable Pocket PC, and could be described as a stripped down version of the 540 series. It featured 16 MB of RAM, a Type I CompactFlash slot, a 256 color screen, and a 133 MHz SH3 processor. It ran on a variant of Windows CE 3.0 dubbed "Pocket PC 2000". The 520 allowed for an optional flip cover like the 540 models, but was only capable of supporting a serial cable for synchronization. The Jornada 520 series had the same form factor as the 540, but was silver.
Jornada 540 series
The Jornada 540 series was one of the original models of Pocket PC, when the platform was first announced. Sharing the Operating System, CPU and memory card slot of the 520 series, it featured a 12-bit display (originally advertised as 16-bit display) and USB connectivity. Two models were made available that were identical except for the amount of RAM. The 545 had 16 MB RAM and the 548 had 32 MB RAM.
Jornada 560 series
The Jornada 560 series was the first to run on the Pocket PC 2002 operating system and the only Pocket PC Jornada to use the StrongARM processor. It debuted in October 2001, and featured a reflective LCD screen with an ambient light sensor, and had a completely redone form factor. It also featured a flashable ROM that allowed for updates to the operating system. The Windows Mobile 2003 operating system, however, was never released by HP for this model.
Phones
Jornada 928
The Jornada 928 was Hewlett-Packard's sole Pocket PC phone under the Jornada branding and only available in the United Kingdom. It ran on the Pocket PC 2002 Phone Edition operating system, and had 64 MB of RAM with 32 MB flashable ROM. It used a Texas Instruments OMAP 710 processor clocked at 150 MHz. The phone was a European GSM Dual band device capable of accessing GPRS.
Integrated solutions
HP Labs in Bristol used the GPRS Jornada devices initially with the 568 and later the 928 to create some of the first connected solutions and wearable computing in Bristol ranging from interactive tours of the city to instant language translation trials were also conducted by HP senior executives with major clients such as Disney to explore the use of the technologies in business applications.
Prototypes
Hewlett-Packard's Appliances and Calculators Organization (ACO) in Melbourne, Australia, also worked on the HP Jornada X25 (F1904A) aka "Calypso", a PDA based on a customized Linux version provided by Lineo Australia and Taiwan. It came with a StrongARM 133 MHz processor, 8 MB of flash, 32 MB of RAM, compact flash card expansion port, infra-red connectivity and USB. Similar to the Windows CE-based HP Xpander, which was cancelled in November 2001, the X25 project was cancelled close to release in early 2002 as well. Between 140 and 200 units were manufactured in a pre-production run.
See also
Handheld PC
iPAQ
Linux on the HP Jornada
List of HP Pocket Computers
Palm-size PC
Pocket PC
Smartphone
Windows CE
References
External links
NetBSD's port to ARM-based handhelds, including Jornada 710/720/728
NetBSD's port to SH-3 based handhelds, including Jornada 620LX/680/690
JLime - Linux port for Jornada 7xx, 6xx
Windows CE devices
Windows Mobile Professional devices
Windows Mobile Classic devices
Embedded Linux
Mobile computers
Jornada |
4033424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Gubba | Tony Gubba | David Anthony Gubba (23 September 1943 – 11 March 2013) was an English journalist and television sports commentator.
Life and career
Born in Manchester, Gubba was educated at Blackpool Grammar School in North West England. He began work as a local newspaper reporter with the Cyril Briggs Press Agency in Museum Street, Warrington Lancashire contracted to work on the Lymm edition of the Cheshire Country Express newspapers before moving up to the job of staff reporter for the Daily Mirror. He later worked at Southern TV in Southampton.
BBC
Gubba joined the BBC as a sports correspondent, based in Liverpool. His first Olympic Games as a commentator with the BBC was in 1972, and he covered every World Cup tournament from 1974 to 2006. In 1972, he was given the job of presenting the popular Sportsnight show, a post he held until 1975.
After leaving Sportsnight, Gubba moved on to commentate on a range of sports for the BBC. He made regular appearances on Match of the Day, frequently acted as stand-in presenter on Grandstand and the occasional return to Sportsnight, live international football matches and FA Cup matches. This was the era when John Motson and Barry Davies were the BBC's senior commentators so Gubba rarely got to commentate on games at the highest level, but notable matches he covered were the 1986 World Cup semi-final between France and West Germany, the 1992 Olympic Final, the 1996 Charity Shield and the 2007 League Cup final.
He also commentated on ice-skating, hockey, table tennis, bobsleigh, ski jumping, speed skating, cycling, rowing, judo, golf and tennis and was the main presenter of the BBC's coverage of the World Darts Championship from 1984 to 1990.
Gubba spent 40 seasons as a football commentator, overtaking Barry Davies as the third-longest serving football commentator on British television after John Motson and Gerald Sinstadt. He listed witnessing the debuts of George Best for Manchester United and Michael Owen for Liverpool as highlights of his career.
He provided commentaries also for football video games: the PC version for FIFA International Soccer and the Nintendo 64 game International Superstar Soccer 98.
ITV
Gubba commentated on eight series of ITV's Dancing on Ice from 2006 to 2013. He provided a round-up of the performances and trivia about the celebrities and their skating partners. His last Dancing on Ice commentary was heard on 17 February 2013.
Personal life
Gubba lived in Sonning-on-Thames, near Reading, Berkshire, with his partner of 15 years, Jenny. He had two daughters Claire and Libby, from his previous marriage.
He died on 11 March 2013 aged 69, of leukaemia. The BBC's head of TV Sport, Philip Bernie, said of him:
"For a generation he was one of the most familiar and respected names in sports broadcasting. Tony was an outstanding sports journalist and a formidable broadcaster, whose death will sadden everyone at BBC Sport."
References
External links
A collection of quotes from Gubba and fellow commentators
Profile bbc.co.uk
1943 births
BBC sports presenters and reporters
British association football commentators
Cycling announcers
English male journalists
English sports broadcasters
People educated at Blackpool Grammar School
Journalists from Manchester
Place of death missing
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in England
2013 deaths |
4033435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch%20Me%20Who%20Can | Catch Me Who Can | Catch Me Who Can was the fourth and last steam railway locomotive created by the inventor and mining engineer Richard Trevithick. It was an evolution of three earlier locomotives which had been built for Coalbrookdale, Penydarren ironworks and Wylam colliery. Demonstration runs began in July 1808, and Catch Me Who Can was the first locomotive in the world to haul fare-paying passengers.
Catch Me Who Can was constructed during 1808 by the engineers John Urpeth Rastrick and John Hazledine at their foundry in Bridgnorth, England. It was demonstrated to the public at Trevithick's "Steam Circus", a circular track in Bloomsbury, just south of the present-day Euston Square tube station, in London. Members of the public could pay to ride in carriages pulled by Catch Me Who Can around this track. During these demonstration runs, the locomotive reached a reported speed of between and .
The circus closed following a derailment caused by one of the rails breaking underneath the locomotive. While the advantages and applications of steam locomotives had been demonstrated, the venture was a financial failure that played a significant part in Trevithick's bankruptcy in 1809.
History
Design and construction
During the late 1700s and early 1800s, the inventor and mining engineer Richard Trevithick was the primary developer of the steam locomotive. He wanted to present his new invention to the general public, and he looked for a suitable site to demonstrate his invention. He chose Bloomsbury, directly south of the Euston Road, near London's Euston Square. The site is believed to be under University College London’s Chadwick Building, which now houses the Centre for Transport Studies. A circular track in diameter was built, on which a locomotive and a small number of carriages would run. Members of the public could view and ride on this train for a fare of 1 shilling. Trevithick hoped this would be a commercial venture, as well as creating publicity and hopefully demand for more locomotives.
Trevithick's fourth railway locomotive was built new for the Steam Circus. It was named Catch Me Who Can by the sister of Davies Gilbert. This new locomotive differed from the previous locomotive designs: instead of a horizontal cylinder, flywheel, and geared drive, Catch Me Who Can used a vertical cylinder encased in the boiler, driving one pair of wheels directly. The cylinder was in diameter, with a stroke. The boiler was Trevithick's return-flue type, complete with an internal firebox. The locomotive was similar to an engine that Trevithick had built in 1803 to power a dredger for use on the Thames.
Operations
In spite of his goal of introducing steam locomotion to the public, Trevithick built a high wooden fence around the demonstration track, concealing it from view to all but those who paid to enter. This may have been done as a means of increasing revenue. Catch Me Who Can became the world’s first locomotive to haul fare-paying passengers.
Some claimed that performance of the locomotive was inferior to that of a horse over a 24 hour endurance test. Trevithick claimed that Catch Me Who Can could travel over in that time. The locomotive was reported to have reached a top speed of on the circular track and Trevithick was of the opinion that it was capable of on straight track.
Operation of Catch Me Who was hindered by the soft ground that the track was laid on. Trial runs began around 24 July 1808, but almost immediately the ground under the track sank, causing the iron rails to break as the 8-ton locomotive passed over them. Trevithick had the track taken up and timber baulks laid under it to provide a more stable footing. By 28 July, almost all the track had been relaid and the train ran again soon afterwards.
Within two months of its original opening, the locomotive again derailed. By then, fewer people were paying the shilling fare. Trevithick had spent all of his savings on setting up the Steam Circus, and he could not pay to have the railway fixed, and it closed.
Impact
In the long term, the Steam Circus was not a fruitless venture. Trevithick had become the first person to successfully prove that a steam locomotive on iron rails was feasible. It would be another 20 years before Trevithick’s concept was fully realised at the Rainhill Trials of 1829, at which the pioneering railway engineers George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson successfully demonstrated the potential of their locomotive ’’Rocket’’.
Illustrations
In 2008, the curator of the National Museum of Science and Industry, John Liffen, announced that the most widely-known depiction of Catch Me Who Can and the Bloomsbury demonstration track was likely a twentieth century forgery. Other depictions based on this influential work were in turn misleading. There are few reliable illustrations of the locomotive. Even before this, the lack of reliable information about Catch Me Who Can had long been acknowledged.
Replica
A replica is under construction by the Trevithick 200 charity at the Severn Valley Railway workshops, close to the site where the original locomotive was built. As of July 2017 work towards completion of the engine continues with the braking mechanism being the only major item left to complete. The replica engine can be seen outside near to the entrance of the Severn Valley Railway at Bridgnorth station.
See also
History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830
References
External links
1808 - Trevithick's Catch Me Who Can (Incorrectly gives site as Torrington Square instead of UCL Chadwick Building)
Catch-Me-Who-Can, 1808 (Incorrectly gives site as Euston Square instead of UCL Chadwick Building)
Cruchley's Plan 1827 site of Trevithick's 1808 steam circus, now underneath the UCL Chadwick Building.
Bowle's Plan 1806 an earlier plan of the area.
Richard Trevithick : Cornwall's Pioneer of Steam (Incorrectly gives site as Euston Square instead of UCL Chadwick Building)
www.steam-circus.info - Compilation of research on the exact location of the Steam Circus, with some new ideas
Early steam locomotives
Steam locomotives of Great Britain
English inventions
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
Richard Trevithick
Scrapped locomotives |
4033442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ships%20of%20the%20Royal%20New%20Zealand%20Navy | List of ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy | Sortable list of commissioned vessels of the Royal New Zealand Navy from its formation on 1 October 1941 to the present. It does not include vessels of the New Zealand Division (1921–1941) or New Zealand Naval Forces (1913–21) or earlier vessels up to 1913.
See also
Current Royal New Zealand Navy ships
References
Walters, Sydney David (1956) The Royal New Zealand Navy, Official History, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington Online
McDougall, R J (1989) New Zealand Naval Vessels. Government Printing Office.
Royal New Zealand Navy Official web site
Ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy
New Zealand |
4033457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20%28band%29 | Atlanta (band) | Atlanta was an American country music group formed in 1982 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. It was composed of Brad Griffis (vocals, bass guitar), Bill Davidson (vocals, guitar), Tony Ingram (vocals, fiddle), Alan David (vocals, lead guitar), Allen Collay (vocals, keyboards), Bill Packard (vocals, keyboards), Jeff Baker (bass vocal, harmonica), Dick Stevens (bass), and John Holder (drums). Between 1983 and 1988, Atlanta recorded two albums for MCA Records and charted nine hit singles on the Billboard country chart.
Chart history included two Top 10 country hits in "Atlanta Burned Again Last Night" and "Sweet Country Music". The latter was also the band's highest-charting single, peaking at #2 on Cashbox.
History
Atlanta was formed in 1982 by Brad Griffis (bass guitar), Bill Davidson (vocals, rhythm guitar), Tony Ingram (vocals, fiddle), Alan David (lead guitar), Allen Collay (keyboards), Bill Packard (keyboards), Jeff Baker (harmonica), Dick Stevens (bass), and John Holder (drums). Prior to the foundation, Ingram had recorded on Epic Records in the band Spurzz, and Stevens, Davidson, Griffis, and David had previously toured as a re-establishment of The Vogues. The group was founded through the assistance of record producer Larry McBride, who had also launched the career of Alabama. With nine members, Atlanta was the largest country music band at the time.
"Atlanta Burned Again Last Night" was the band's debut single, released in 1983 on the independent MDJ record label, which McBride owned. This recording spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles chart, peaking at #9. This single was one of the highest-charting debut singles by an independently signed country music act.
After it came the #11 "Dixie Dreaming", the band's second and final MDJ release. By early 1984, MCA Records assumed promotion of the band's singles and albums, releasing "Sweet Country Music" early in the year. It became the band's highest-charting hit, reaching #5 on the Billboard country chart. MCA released the band's debut album Pictures in 1984. MCA also released the singles "Pictures" and "Wishful Drinkin'", the latter of which was included in the film Ellie.
Atlanta released its self-titled second album for MCA in 1985 with Larrie London as a session drummer before Boo Boo McAfee join the group after Holder left. It included the singles "My Sweet-Eyed Georgia Girl" and "Why Not Tonight", both of which peaked outside the Country Top 40. The band later moved to the Southern Tracks label as Davidson and David left and David was replaced by Jody Worrell on guitar, and releasing "We Always Agree on Love" and "Sad Clichés".
Allen Collay (born Allen Callais on January 1, 1943 in New Orleans) died on February 16, 2010 at age 67.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
References
Country music groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musical groups from Atlanta
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
MCA Records artists |
4033471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%27s%20Nose%20%28disambiguation%29 | Anthony's Nose (disambiguation) | Anthony's Nose is a peak overlooking the Hudson River near Peekskill, New York
Anthony's Nose or Anthony's Nose may also refer to:
Anthonys Nose (Victoria), a point on Port Phillip, Australia
Anthony's Nose (Washington County, New York), a peak on Lake George near Glenburnie, New York
Anthony's Nose, a peak in the Franklin Mountains, El Paso County, Texas |
4033481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik%20clan%20%28Bihar%29 | Malik clan (Bihar) | The Mallick (Hasani Qadiriyya) , Malik baya, ) are small Sayyid Muslim community found in the state of Bihar in India and follow Sunni Islam. According to Bihar Minority commission report and several other historical books they are considered to be an ashraf community among Bihari Muslims which means that they have high social status. They are mainly concentrated around Nalanda and Bihar Sharif.
History
They are the descendants of Syed Ibrahim Mallick baya and family according to the government data of bihar Sharif and ancient books, a Sufi born near Ghazni (Afghanistan), descended from ancestors who had migrated there from Baghdad. The Muslim population of Bihar was around 13% before the partition of India in 1947. At that time "Syed Mallick Baya Families" constituted about 15% of the Muslim population of Bihar.
See also
Bihari Muslims
Bihar Sharif
Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya
References
Muslim communities of India
Social groups of India
Social groups of Bihar
Muslim communities of Bihar |
4033483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolowa%20language | Tolowa language | The Tolowa language (also called Chetco-Tolowa, or Siletz Dee-ni) is a member of the Pacific Coast subgroup of the Athabaskan language family. Together with three other closely related languages (Lower Rogue River Athabaskan, Upper Rogue River Athabaskan or Galice-Applegate and Upper Umpqua or Etnemitane) it forms a distinctive Oregon Athabaskan cluster within the subgroup.
Geographic distribution
At the time of first European contact Tolowa was spoken in several large and prosperous village communities along the Del Norte County coast in the far northwestern corner of California and along the southern coast of adjacent Curry County, Oregon. Today the term Tolowa (or sometimes Smith River) is used primarily by those residing in California, most of whom are affiliated with Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation. Those residing in Oregon, most of whom are affiliated with the Confederated Tribes of Siletz southwest of Portland, where their ancestors were removed in the 1850s (Beckham 1971), refer to themselves as Chetco, Tututni, or Deeni.
For details of the linguistic documentation of Chetco-Tolowa and a survey of Oregon Athabaskan phonology and grammar, see Golla (2011:70-75).
Phonology
As with many Athabaskan languages, Tolowa features contrasting aspirated, unaspirated, and ejective stops, as well as contrasting vowel length and nasality. Tolowa is not fully tonal, but instead has a pitch accent. This is typical of the Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages.
Consonants
/ɬ/ is affricated to after vowels. /j/ is realized as after nasal vowels.
Vowels
Tolowa vowels have some degree of allophonicity. /u/ and /o/ are in free variation; is an allophone of /a/ after palatals and velars; /ə/ is raised to near palatals and to before velars, and is nasalized ([ə̃]) before nasal consonants. In addition, Tolowa has three diphthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui].
Alphabet
Syllables are usually separated with an en dash (-) for clarity. The 1997 Tolowa Dee-niʼ alphabet (below) replaces the special characters ą, į, ɨ, ł, ų, and ʉ with a~, i~, lh, u~ and v, respectively. Note that the distinction between ɨ and ʉ is lost.
Tolowa language revitalization
Loren Bommelyn, a fluent speaker and linguist, has published several pedagogical books and teaches young Tolowa students in Crescent City, California.
Three alphabets have been used since the formation of the Tolowa Dee-ni’ Language program, sponsored by the Del Norte Indian Welfare Association in 1969. The first was a "Tolowa version of the Uni-fon alphabet', written by hand. A new Practical Alphabet was devised in 1993 for purposes of typing on the computer. In 1997, Loren Bommelyn developed an alphabet which did not require a barred l or nasal hook characters called the Tolowa Dee-ni’ Alphabet (see previous section).
Siletz Dee-ni language revitalization
Siletz Dee-ni is a form of Tolowa historically spoken by members of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians on the Siletz Indian Reservation in Oregon. According to a report by the National Geographic Society and the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, it is the last of many languages spoken on the reservation and was said in 2007 to have only one living speaker. However, the language has since been at least partially revived, and in some areas, ‘many now text each other in Siletz Dee-ni’.
Courses for 6th- through 8th-graders have been offered at Oregon's Siletz Valley Charter School. Alfred "Bud" Lane has gathered 14,000 words of Siletz Dee-ni, a variety of Chetco-Tolowa "restricted to a small area on the central Oregon coast," in an online audio/picture dictionary for the use of the community.
Notes
Bibliography
Beckham, Stephen Dow (1971). Requiem for a People: The Rogue River Indians and the Frontiersmen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Bommelyn, Loren (1995). Now You're Talking Tolowa. Arcata: Humboldt State University, Center for Indian Community Development.
Collins, James (1998). Understanding Tolowa Histories: Western Hegemonies and Native American Responses. London: Routledge
Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. .
Macnaughtan, Don. Oregon Athapaskan Languages: Bibliography of the Athapaskan Languages of Oregon.
External links
Siletz Tribal Language Project
Tolowa language, at native-languages.org
Tolowa language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
Tah-Ah-Dun Indian Magnet Charter School
OLAC resources in and about the Tolowa language
OLAC resources in and about the Chetco language
Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages
Indigenous languages of Oregon
Endangered Athabaskan languages
Native American language revitalization
Languages extinct in the 2000s
2001 disestablishments in Oregon
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast |
4033505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon%2C%20Chicken%20%26%20Gritz | Watermelon, Chicken & Gritz | Watermelon, Chicken & Gritz is the commercial debut studio album by American hip hop sextet Nappy Roots from Kentucky. It was released on February 26, 2002 via Atlantic Records. Recording sessions took place at Tree Sound and PatchWerk Recording Studios in Atlanta, at Soundstage Studios in Nashville, at Rusk, Larrabee West & North and Image Recording Studios in Los Angeles, and at Signature Sound in San Diego. Production was handled mostly by James "Groove" Chambers, along with the Trackboyz, Mike Caren, Mike City, Brian Kidd, Carlos Broady and Troy Johnson. It features guest appearances from Anthony Hamilton, The Bar-Kays, Jazze Pha, Ayesha Kirk, CJ "Voodou" Henry and Tiffany Villarreal.
The album peaked at number 24 on the Billboard 200 and at number 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on April 16, 2002 and later reached platinum certification on October 10, 2002.
The album was preceded by a promotional single "Set It Out"/"Hustla" and its lead single "Awnaw", both released in 2001. "Awnaw", featuring vocals from Jazze Pha, made it to #51 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The second single from the album was "Po' Folks" featuring Anthony Hamilton, which also reached Billboard Hot 100 at peak position #21. The albums' third single, "Headz Up", charted at #88 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and at #39 on the Rhythmic Songs.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Sample Credits
"Ho Down" contains an interpolation of "Delgado", written by Edward Harris.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
2002 albums
Nappy Roots albums
Atlantic Records albums
Albums produced by Mike City |
4033516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibolya%20Cs%C3%A1k | Ibolya Csák | Ibolya Csák (6 January 1915 – 9 February 2006) was a Hungarian athlete.
Career
Csák was best known as the winner of the women's high jump at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. She won a gold medal in the European Championships in Athletics in 1938 in unusual circumstances. She was the first Hungarian woman to win a gold medal in both events.
Her win in the 1936 Olympics was one of the tightest in the history of high jumping. Three athletes cleared 160 cm but none cleared 162. The three competitors were offered a fourth opportunity and Csák was the only one to clear the height.
She was a Hungarian Jew; she was one of a number of Jewish athletes who won medals at the Olympics in Berlin in 1936.
Csák won the gold medal in the 1938 European championships after the original winner, Germany's Dora Ratjen, turned out to be a man. The height Csák cleared in that event was the Hungarian record for the high jump for the next 24 years.
She won nine Hungarian titles in all, including two in the long jump.
She was a competitor of the National Gymnastics Club (NTE) from 1929 until 1939, a gymnast from 1929 until 1932, and an athlete from 1933 until 1939. She also received the International Fair Play Life Achievement Award in 2005.
Personal life
Between 1936 and 1970, she worked in the central office of the Hungarian Banknote Printing Co.
She had two children, Ibolya (1940) and Attila (1942).
See also
1936 Summer Olympics
Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump
References
External links
"Hungarian great Csak dies aged 91, CNN, February 10, 2006 accessed February 11, 2006
Sports Illustrated Olympic gold medallists in athletics
photo
1915 births
2006 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
Hungarian female high jumpers
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Hungary
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Hungarian Jews
Jewish sportspeople
Athletes from Budapest |
4033519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20Census%20%282002%29 | Russian Census (2002) | The Russian Census of 2002 () was the first census of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat).
Data collection
The census data were collected as of midnight October 9, 2002.
Resident population
The census was primarily intended to collect statistical information about the resident population
of Russian Federation. The resident population included:
Russian citizens living in Russia (including those temporary away from the country, provided the absence from the country was expected to last less than one year);
non-citizens (i.e. foreign citizens and stateless persons) who were any of the following:
legal permanent residents;
persons who have arrived to the country with the intent to settle permanently or to seek asylum, regardless of whether they have actually obtained the appropriate immigration status;
authorized foreign workers or students, provided the period of temporary residence in Russia was expected to last at least one year.
All detailed census tables are for the resident population.
All (resident) participants were asked question on their gender, birth date, marital status, household composition,
birthplace, citizenship, ethnic or tribal self-identification (национальность), education level, language
competence, sources of income, and employment status. A sample of the participants were also asked more
detailed questions about their economic and housing situation.
Non-residents
Also, the census also counted two more groups of people:
Russian citizens currently living abroad for more than one year in connection with the employment with the federal government.
Persons (regardless of their citizenship) permanently residing abroad, but temporarily present in Russia (as tourists, short-term foreign workers or students, etc.).
Foreign citizens present in Russia as employees of foreign diplomatic missions or international organizations, and members
of their household, were excluded from the census altogether.
Census results
The Census recorded the resident population of 145,166,731 persons, including 67,605,133 men and 77,561,598 women.
That included urban population of 106,429,000 (73%) and rural population of 38,738,000 (27%).
The non-resident populations included:
Russian citizens living abroad in connection with the federal government service: 107,288 (67,058 men and 40,230 women);
Foreign residents present in Russia on the census date: 239,018 (177,465 men and 61,553 women).
Citizenship
Census participants were asked what country (or countries) they were citizens of. 142,442,000 respondents reported
being Russian citizens; among them, 44,000 also had citizenship of another country.
Among Russia's resident population, 1,025,413 foreign citizens and 429,881 stateless persons were counted.
1,269,023 persons did not report their citizenship.
Language abilities
Among the questions asked were "Are you competent in the Russian language?" (Владеете ли Вы русским языком?) and "What other languages are you competent in?" (Какими иными языками Вы владеете?). As the census manual explained, "competence" (владение) meant either the
ability to speak, read and write a language, or only the ability to speak it.
The questions did not distinguish native and non-native speakers,
nor did they try to measure the degree of language competence. For small children, presumably, the recorded answer was based on the language(s) spoken by the parents.
142.6 million (98.3%) of the responders claimed competence in Russian. Other widely reported
languages (more than 500,000 speakers each) are listed in the table below.
1.42 million responders did not provide language information.
For a more detailed list, see List of languages of Russia.
See also
Demographics of Russia (includes ethnic composition and some other census results)
Russian Empire Census
Soviet Census
External links
Official census home page
Population of Chechnya: was the Census correct?
Censuses in Russia
Census
2002 censuses |
4033521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvester%20Jenks | Silvester Jenks | Silvester Jenks (c. 1656 – December 1714) was an English Catholic priest and theologian.
Born in Shropshire, Jenks attended the English College, Douai, where he served as Professor of Philosophy from 1680 to 1686. He later served as a preacher to James II. After the Glorious Revolution in 1688, he fled to Flanders. Upon his return to England, he laboured as a missionary in or near London and was appointed Archdeacon of Surrey and Kent. In 1711, he was elected Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District. Bishops Giffard and Witham wrote Rome to say that Jenks had been ill, and that it would be better to defer his consecration until after parliament had been dissolved to avoid any disturbance. Jenks died before being consecrated, probably in mid-December 1714.
Among Jenks's works are:
A Contrite and Humble Heart
Practical Discourses on the Morality of the Gospel
The Blind Obedience of a Humble Penitent the Best Cure for Scruples
The Whole Duty of a Christian
A Short Review of the Book of Jansenius
A portrait engraved by le Pouter in 1694 is prefixed to a Paris edition of A Contrite and Humble Heart.
References
1650s births
1714 deaths
English College, Douai alumni
17th-century English Roman Catholic theologians
Clergy from Shropshire
17th-century English Roman Catholic priests
18th-century English Roman Catholic priests |
4033532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsonite | Lawsonite | Lawsonite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sorosilicate mineral with formula CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O. Lawsonite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in prismatic, often tabular crystals. Crystal twinning is common. It forms transparent to translucent colorless, white, and bluish to pinkish grey glassy to greasy crystals. Refractive indices are nα=1.665, nβ=1.672 - 1.676, and nγ=1.684 - 1.686. It is typically almost colorless in thin section, but some lawsonite is pleochroic from colorless to pale yellow to pale blue, depending on orientation. The mineral has a Mohs hardness of 8 and a specific gravity of 3.09. It has perfect cleavage in two directions and a brittle fracture.
Lawsonite is a metamorphic mineral typical of the blueschist facies. It also occurs as a secondary mineral in altered gabbro and diorite. Associate minerals include epidote, titanite, glaucophane, garnet and quartz. It is an uncommon constituent of eclogite.
It was first described in 1895 for occurrences in the Tiburon peninsula, Marin County, California. It was named for geologist Andrew Lawson (1861–1952) of the University of California by two of Lawson's graduate students, Charles Palache and Frederick Leslie Ransome.
Composition
Lawsonite is a metamorphic silicate mineral related chemically and structurally to the epidote group of minerals. It is close to the ideal composition of CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2 . H2O giving it a close chemical composition with anorthite CaAl2Si2O8 (its anhydrous equivalent), yet lawsonite has greater density and a different Al coordination (Comodi et al., 1996). The substantial amount of water bound in lawsonite’s crystal structure is released during its breakdown to denser minerals during prograde metamorphism. This means lawsonite is capable of conveying appreciable water to shallow depths in subducting oceanic lithosphere (Clarke et al., 2006). Experimentation on lawsonite to vary its responses at different temperatures and different pressures is among its most studied aspects, for it is these qualities that affect its abilities to carry water down to mantle depths, similar to other OH-containing phases like antigorite, talc, phengite, staurolite, and epidote (Comodi et al., 1996).
Geologic occurrence
Lawsonite is a very widespread mineral and has attracted considerable interest because of its importance as a marker of moderate pressure (6-12 kb) and low temperature (300 - 400 °C) conditions in nature (Clarke et al., 2006). This mainly occurs along continental margins (subduction zones) such as those found in: the Franciscan Formation in California at Reed Station, Tiburon Peninsula of Marin County, California; the Piedmont metamorphic rocks of Italy; and schists in New Zealand, New Caledonia, China, Japan and from various points in the circum-Pacific orogenic belt.
Crystal structure
Though lawsonite and anorthite have similar compositions, their structures are quite different. While anorthite has a tetrahedral coordination with Al (Al substitutes for Si in feldspars), lawsonite has an octahedral coordination with Al, making it an orthorhombic sorosilicate with a space group of Cmcm which consists of Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or > [4] coordination. This is much similar to the epidote group which lawsonite is often found in conjunction with, which are also sorosilicates because their structure consists of two connected SiO4 tetrahedra plus connecting cation. The water contained in its structure is made possible by cavities formed by rings of two Al octahedral and two Si2O7 groups, each containing an isolated water molecule and calcium atom. The hydroxyl units are bound to the edge-sharing Al octahedral (Baur, 1978).
Physical properties
Lawsonite has crystal habits of orthorhombic prismatic, which are crystals shaped like slender prisms, or tubular figures, which are form dimensions that are thin in one direction, both with two perfect cleavages. This crystal is transparent to translucent and varies in color from white to pale blue to colorless with a white streak and a vitreous or greasy luster. It has a relatively low specific gravity of 3.1g/cm3, and a pretty high hardness of 7.5 on Mohs scale of hardness, slightly higher than quartz. Under the microscope, lawsonite can be seen as blue, yellow, or colorless under plane polarized light while the stage is rotated. Lawsonite has three refractive indices of nα = 1.665 nβ = 1.672 - 1.676 nγ = 1.684 - 1.686, which produces a birefringence of δ = 0.019 - 0.021 and an optically positive biaxial interference figure.
Significance of lawsonite
Lawsonite is a significant metamorphic mineral as it can be used as an index mineral for high pressure conditions. Index minerals are used in geology to determine the degree of metamorphism a rock has experienced. New metamorphic minerals form through solid-state cation exchanges following changing pressure and temperature conditions imposed upon the protolith (pre-metamorphosed rock). This new mineral that is produced in the metamorphosed rock is the index mineral, which indicates the minimum pressure and temperature the protolith must have achieved in order for that mineral to form.
Lawsonite is known to form in high pressure, low temperature conditions, most commonly found in subduction zones where cold oceanic crust subducts down oceanic trenches into the mantle (Comodi et al., 1996). The initially low temperature of the slab, and fluids taken down with it manage to depress isotherms and keep the slab much colder than the surrounding mantle, allowing for these unusual high pressure, low temperature conditions. Glaucophane, kyanite and zoisite are other common minerals in the blueschist facies and are commonly found to coexist (Pawley et al., 1996). This assemblage is diagnostic of this facies.
References
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley,
Comodi P. and Zanazzi P. F. (1996) Effects of temperature and pressure on the structure of lawsonite, Piazza University, Perugia, Italy. American Mineralogist 81, 833-841.
Baur W. H. (1978) Crystal structure refinement of lawsonite, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois. American Mineralogist 63, 311-315.
Clarke G. L., Powell R., Fitzherbert J. A. (2006) The lawsonite paradox: a comparison of field evidence and mineral equilibria modeling, Australia. J. metamorphis Geol. 24, 715-725.
Maekawa H., Shozul M., Ishll T., Fryer P., Pearce J. A. (1993) Blueschist metamorphism in an active subduction zone, Japan. Nature 364, 520-523.
Pawley A. R., Redfern S. A. T., Holland T. J. B. (1996) Volume behavior of hydrous minerals at high pressure and temperature: I. Thermal expansion of lawsonite, zoisite, clinozoisite, and diaspore, U.K. American Mineralogist 81, 335-340.
Calcium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Sorosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 63 |
4033533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Newcastle%20United%20F.C.%20players | List of Newcastle United F.C. players | Below is a list of notable footballers who have played for Newcastle United. Generally, this means players that have played 100 or more first-class matches for the club. However, some players who have played fewer matches are also included; this includes the club's founder members, players from the club's pre-Football League days, when they played fewer matches in a season than the present day, and some players who fell just short of the 100 total but made significant contributions to the club's history (e.g. Keegan, Ferdinand, Asprilla).
List of players
Players are listed according to the date they signed for the club. Appearances and goals are for first-team competitive matches only; wartime matches are excluded. Substitute appearances included.Statistics correct as of 3 September 2021.
Club captains
Hall of Fame
Source:
References
Newcastle United
Players
Association football player non-biographical articles |
4033543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorton%20Arena | Dorton Arena | J. S. Dorton Arena is a 7,610-seat multi-purpose arena located in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the grounds of the North Carolina State Fair. It opened in 1952.
Architect Maciej Nowicki of the North Carolina State University Department of Architecture was killed in an airplane crash before the construction phase. Local architect William Henley Dietrick supervised the completion of the arena using Nowicki's innovative design. Said design features a steel cable supported saddle-shaped roof in tension, held up by parabolic concrete arches in compression. The arches cross about 20 feet above ground level and continue underground, where the ends of the arches are held together by more steel cables in tension. The outer walls of the arena support next to no weight at all. Dorton Arena was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 1973. Originally named the "State Fair Arena", it was dedicated to Dr. J. S. Dorton, former North Carolina State Fair manager, in 1961.
In the past, it has hosted many sporting events, concerts, political rallies and circuses.
Historic significance
The Dorton Arena was the first structure in the world to use a cable-supported roof. The structure is based on two parabolic concrete arches which lean over to the point that they are closer to being parallel to the ground than they are to being vertical. The arches lean toward and beyond each other such that they cross each other 26 feet above ground. These arches, approaching horizontal in plane, thus serve as the outer edges of the structure, which when viewed from above appears almost elliptical. The arches are supported by slender columns around the building perimeter. Cables are strung between the two opposing arch structures providing support for the saddle-shaped roof. This was the first permanent cable-supported roof in the world. Constructed in 1952, the arena was the predecessor of more famous domed stadiums to follow such as the Houston Astrodome in 1965 and the Louisiana Superdome in 1975. Dorton Arena was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2002.
Sports
Dorton Arena has hosted numerous sporting events and teams throughout the decades. The longest-running tenant was the Raleigh IceCaps (ECHL) ice hockey team from 1991–1998. The American Basketball Association's Carolina Cougars also played some games in the arena from 1969–74. It was also the home of the Carolina Rollergirls (WFTDA).
The Cougars became tenants after the Houston Mavericks moved to North Carolina in 1969. The Cougars were a "regional franchise", playing "home" games in Charlotte (Bojangles' Coliseum), Greensboro (Greensboro Coliseum), Winston-Salem Memorial Coliseum and Raleigh (Dorton Arena). Hall of Fame Coach Larry Brown began his coaching career with the Cougars in 1972. Billy Cunningham was the ABA MVP for the Brown and theCougars in the 1972–73 season. Despite a strong fan base the Cougars were sold and moved to St. Louis in 1974.
Dorton Arena was a popular venue for professional wrestling in the 70s and 80s, with sometimes weekly matches. Wrestler Rowdy Roddy Piper defeated “Nature Boy” Ric Flair for the National Wrestling Alliance U.S. Heavyweight championship in Dorton Arena on Jan. 27, 1981.
Beginning in 2016, it became the home of the Triangle Torch in American Indoor Football. The Torch have since played as members of Supreme Indoor Football but left Dorton Arena prior to the 2018 season in the American Arena League.
Other events
Besides hosting sporting events, the arena is also used for concerts during the North Carolina State Fair. Various conventions and fairs also use floorspace of the arena as an exhibition space, often in conjunction with the neighboring Jim Graham building.
The arena has hosted the FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) regional robotics competition and was the first space to hold a regional in the state.
Both Shaw University and Meredith College use Dorton Arena as a site for graduation, and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics use the facility as a rain site for their commencement exercises.
Concerts in Dorton (non-fair)
Dorton Arena and Reynolds Coliseum were the only concert venues in the Capital City for many decades before Walnut Creek Amphitheater and PNC Arena were built. The building was originally designed for livestock shows, not for concerts, so while there are unobstructed views of the stage, the sound tends to bounce off the glass. Fair officials have made significant changes to improve the acoustics of the building in recent years. Many of the biggest names in entertainment have played in this arena.
See also
Tensile architecture
Tensile and membrane structures
Thin-shell structure
List of thin shell structures
List of Registered Historic Places in North Carolina
List of historic civil engineering landmarks
References
External links
Official Website via the NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Extended history including construction photos and structural details
Historic photos of Dorton Arena
Matthew Nowicki Papers at NCSU Libraries, includes drawings of Dorton
Video: JS Dorton Arena, the Fairground Pavilion That Was a Modernist Marvel by ArchDaily.com, 4 September 2014
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Sports venues completed in 1952
American Basketball Association venues
Basketball venues in North Carolina
Carolina Cougars
Arena football venues
Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Indoor arenas in North Carolina
Tensile membrane structures
Buildings and structures in Raleigh, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Raleigh, North Carolina
Sports venues in Raleigh, North Carolina
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
1952 establishments in North Carolina |
4033575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco%20Mayo | Taco Mayo | Taco Mayo Restaurant is an American fast food chain which specializes in Mexican-style food. The company was founded in Norman, Oklahoma, and is currently headquartered in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Taco Mayo has franchise locations throughout Oklahoma, northern Texas, southern Kansas, and western Arkansas.
History
The chain originated in Norman, Oklahoma in May 1978, and by 1980, Taco Mayo had expanded into franchising by establishing three stores in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Over the years, Taco Mayo has expanded from a single store in Norman into a regional operation with 53 Taco Mayo locations throughout Oklahoma and its surrounding areas. The restaurant wanted to expand to 200 locations by the year 2000. While it did not reach that goal, it had reached its 100th location by 1997. After the “expansion program” failed, the company began realizing its marketing mistake: never force quantity over quality. Many of the restaurants were built and opened in such a rush that the company did not care about finding the right individuals to run the restaurant or finding the right locations to place the restaurants. Not wanting to be the fast-food chain that everyone stereotyped as poorly crafted or run-down, Taco Mayo's corporate offices closed down many of the locations that were functioning poorly.
Fresh Mex
Also contributing to saving the franchise's name was the idea to upgrade to a “Fresh Mex” style on the restaurant's 25th anniversary. This upgrade included simplifying the menu and showing the customer the freshness of their food by using an open layout bar that displayed the ingredients in plain sight.
References
External links
Official website
Companies based in Oklahoma City
Restaurants in Oklahoma
Economy of the Southwestern United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1978
Fast-food Mexican restaurants |
4033580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Marching%20Morons | The Marching Morons | "The Marching Morons" is a science fiction story by American writer Cyril M. Kornbluth, originally published in Galaxy in April 1951. It was included in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two after being voted one of the best novellas up to 1965.
The story follows John Barlow, who was put into suspended animation by a freak accident involving a dental drill and anesthesia. Barlow is revived hundreds of years in the future. The world seems mad to Barlow until he discovers the 'Problem of Population': due to a combination of intelligent people not having children and excessive breeding by less intelligent people and coupled with the development of more sophisticated machinery that makes it less important to possess intelligence in one's working life, the world is full of morons, with the exception of an elite few who work slavishly to keep order. Barlow, who was a shrewd real estate con man in his day, has a solution to sell to the elite, in exchange for being made World Dictator.
Background
In the "Introduction" to The Best of C. M. Kornbluth, Frederik Pohl (Kornbluth's friend and collaborator) explains some of the inspiration to "The Marching Morons". The work was written after Pohl suggested that Kornbluth write a follow-up story that focuses on the future presented in the short story "The Little Black Bag". In contrast to the "little black bag" arriving in the past from the future, Kornbluth wanted to write about a man arriving in the future from the past. To explain sending a man to the future, Kornbluth borrowed from David Butler's 1930 science fiction film, Just Imagine, in which a man is struck by lightning, trapped in suspended animation, and reanimated in the future. In "The Marching Morons", after the character John Barlow is told how he had been in a state of suspended animation, Barlow mutters, "Like that movie."
Plot
The human population is now 3 million highbred elite and 5 billion morons, and the "average" IQ is 45 (whereas today an IQ score of 100 is average, by definition). Several generations before the onset of the story, the small number of remaining 100-and-higher-IQ technocrats work feverishly to keep the morons alive.
The elite have had little success in solving "The Problem" (also called "Poprob", for 'population problem', in the story) for several reasons:
The morons must be managed or else there will be chaos, resulting in billions of deaths and "five hundred million tons of rotting flesh";
It is not possible to sterilize all of the morons;
Propaganda against large families is insufficient, because every biological drive is towards fertility (the story predates the development of hormonal contraception).
The elite have tried everything rational to solve the population problem, but the problem cannot be solved rationally. The solution requires a way of thinking that no longer exists – Barlow's "vicious self-interest" and his knowledge of ancient history.
Barlow derives a solution based on his experience in scamming people into buying worthless land and knowledge of lemmings' mass migration into the sea: convince the morons to travel to Venus in spaceships that will kill their passengers out of view of land. The story predates the moon landing, and the safety of space travel is summed up in a description of a rocket that crashed on the moon. Propaganda depicts Venus as a tropical paradise, with "blanket trees", "ham bushes" and "soap roots". In a nationalistic frenzy, every country tries to send as many of their people to Venus as possible to stake their claim.
Barlow's help includes using his knowledge of Nazi propaganda tactics: postcards are sent from the supposedly happy new residents of Venus to relatives left behind, describing a wonderful, easy life, in the same way as fraudulent postcards were sent to relatives of those incinerated in the Nazi death-camps.
But Barlow is duped by his erstwhile assistants. Barlow does not realize that the elite despise him, as they despise all people from the past for not having solved The Problem earlier. In the end, Barlow is placed on a spaceship to Venus to share the fate of his victims and realizes that crime does not pay, just before he dies.
References in other works
The 1954 novel Search the Sky, a collaboration with Frederik Pohl, uses the same plot idea in the last section; so does the 1980 novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe with the Golgafrinchan Ark.
In the short story The Little Black Bag, a highly sophisticated medical kit designed for use by a person of limited intelligence is sent back to the 20th century by mistake. It appears to have come from the future described in The Marching Morons, with the future genocide implied.
The 1987 film Robocop adapts the gameshow catchphrase "Would you buy that for a quarter?" but modernizes it to "I'd buy that for a dollar!"
The 2006 film Idiocracy borrows the idea of the world population becoming moronic through the stupid breeding more, but it does not have genocide or a super-clever elite.
Characters
Efim Hawkins: A potter owning a shop near a lake. Often goes for walks through the woods while waiting for his kilns to cool. An "all around man". Reanimated Barlow with 60cc of "simple saline in the trigeminal nerve".
John Barlow: A real estate agent from the past (1988). Put in a state of suspended animation after a freak dentist accident involving an electrical shock and the "experimental anesthetic Cycloparadimethanol-B-7" (a fictional organic compound), known as "Levantman shock" in the future.
Tinny-Peete: A psychist.
Ryan-Ngana (Hawk-faced man): Meets with Tinny-Peete and Barlow. He has Tutsi or "Watusi" heritage and so the prejudiced Barlow refuses to work with him.
See also
Fertility and intelligence
Flynn effect
Eugenics
Idiocracy
Harrison Bergeron
The Space Merchants
The Gene Bomb
A Day Without a Mexican
The City Without Jews
Search the Sky
Sources
External links
"The Marching Morons" at the Internet Archive
1951 short stories
Short stories by Cyril M. Kornbluth
Dystopian literature
Overpopulation fiction
Eugenics in fiction
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction |
4033584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongno%203%28sam%29-ga%20station | Jongno 3(sam)-ga station | Jongno 3(sam)-ga Station is an underground station on lines 1, 3 and 5 of the Seoul Subway in South Korea.
In December 2010 the station is recorded as having the fifth highest WiFi data consumption of all the Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations, following Express Bus Terminal Station, Sadang Station, Dongdaemun Station and Jamsil Station.
Station layout
History
The station opened to Line 1 services on August 15, 1974. On October 18, 1985, services on Line 3 began stopping at Jongno 3(sam)-ga, and on December 30, 1996, Line 5 trains began calling here.
Entrances
The following places are accessible from this station's exits as listed.
Exit 1: Jongno 1, 2, 3, 4 Ga Dong Office, Jongno 2 Ga Post Office, Jongno 2 Ga Public Safety Centre, Tapgol Park; Insa Dong
Exit 2; 2-1: Changdeokgung
Exit 3: Donui Dong; Jongno 3 Ga Fire Station; Jongno 3 Ga Public Safety Centre; Jongmyo; Jongmyo Citizens' Park
Exit 4: Nakwon Dong
Exit 5: Seoul Gyodong Primary School; Seoul Unhyeon Primary School; Jongnno 1, 2, 3, 4 Ga Dong Office; Jongno 2 Ha Post Office; Jongno 2 Ga Public Safety Centre; Jongno Tax Office; Tapgol Park
Exit 6: Jongno 3 Ga Fire Station
Exit 7: Anguk Dong; Donhwamun; Jongno 3 Ga Public Safety Centre; Changdeokgung
Exit 8: Myo Dong; Changdeokgung; Jongmyo Citizens' Park
Exit 9: Jongmyo; Jongno 3 Ga Fire Station; Jongno 3 Ga Public Safety Centre
Exit 10: Jongmyo; Jongmyo Citizens' Park
Exit 11: Daerim Shopping
Exit 12: Jongno 4 Ga
Exit 13: Jangsa Dong; Cheonggyecheon 3 Ga
Exit 14: Cheonggyecheon 3 Ga; Seoul Teenagers' Training Centre
Exit 15: Gwansu Dong; Jongno 2 Ga; Industrial Bank of Korea, End of Jongno
Tourism
In January 2013, the Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, which operates this line, published free guidebooks in three languages: English, Japanese and Chinese (simplified and traditional), which features eight tours as well as recommendations for accommodations, restaurants and shopping centers. The tours are designed with different themes, e.g. Korean traditional culture, which goes from this station to Anguk Station and Gyeongbokgung Station on line No 3 that showcases antique shops and art galleries of Insa-dong.
References
Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Jongno District
Railway stations opened in 1974
Seoul Subway Line 3
Seoul Subway Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 5 |
4033608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20Mitchell | Duke Mitchell | Duke Mitchell (born Dominic Salvatore Miceli; May 9, 1926 – December 2, 1981) was an American film actor, slapstick comedian, crooner and independent film director of 1970s gangster movies starring himself. Mitchell often performed his nightclub act in and around Palm Springs, California, and anointed himself the "King of Palm Springs."
Early life and career
On May 9, 1926, Mitchell was born Dominic Salvatore Miceli in Farrell, Pennsylvania. In 1951, he teamed with comic Sammy Petrillo for a nightclub act. Mitchell's cabaret-style crooning and Petrillo's manic, rubber-faced clowning bore more than a passing resemblance to the popular team of Martin and Lewis (Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, whom Mitchell and Petrillo physically resembled), which led to Lewis taking legal action.<ref name="NYTimes">Sammy Petrillo obituary, The New York Times, August 24, 2009; accessed July 2, 2017.</ref> The suit was later dismissed.
Movie producer Jack Broder intended to star Mitchell and Petrillo in a feature-length comedy. Petrillo later recalled his suspicion that Broder never really intended to make the film: Broder expected Paramount Pictures to pay him off, but when Paramount dropped the lawsuit, Broder had to follow through. The resulting film was Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla, a jungle-themed comedy. Mitchell had a small appearance in the Martin and Lewis film Sailor Beware (1952).
After Mitchell and Petrillo parted ways, Mitchell stayed in show business, performing at nightclubs in New York, Las Vegas, Seattle, Palm Springs, Chicago (opening for his friend Lenny Bruce), and The Cloisters, Crescendo and Coconut Grove in Los Angeles and began directing self-financed independent films such as Massacre Mafia Style (1974) and Gone with the Pope (1976), which have since developed a cult following. In 1960, Mitchell provided the singing voice of Fred Flintstone for his friends William Hanna and Joseph Barbera on The Flintstones episodes "Hot Lips Hannigan" and "Girls' Night Out".
Mitchell was a regular on the scene in Palm Springs, California, where he started the fad and trend of "Sunday Brunches" with shows including Liza Minnelli, David Janssen, Cary Grant, Frank Sinatra, and his son, guitarist/songwriter Jeffrey Mitchell, who got his start at the Ranch Club brunches with his father, Doug McClure, James Drury, and a myriad of stars including Lucille Ball, Red Skelton, Vince Edwards, and acts from the world of show-biz. Stars would take the weekend plunge into the Palm Springs scene and join the brunch festivities on Sunday.
Several of Mitchell’s projects originally weren't released, including his "Tribute to Durante" and his second feature film Gone with the Pope, which only existed as a work print when it was found in Mitchell's son Jeffrey Mitchell's garage by Grindhouse Releasing’s Bob Murawski and Sage Stallone. Sage wanted to purchase Gone with the Pope from Jeffrey Mitchell and he did, save for the musical rights, as Mitchell's music is published out of London. It was carefully restored and released theatrically in 2011 by Grindhouse Releasing, which has also restored and released Mitchell’s Massacre Mafia Style, owned by Jeffrey Mitchell and Bob Murawski, on Blu-ray in 2015."Weekend Weirdness: Gone with the Pope", Slashfilm.com, November 15, 2009.
Personal life and death
Mitchell and his wife, Jo, had two children. On December 2, 1981, Mitchell died of lung cancer at the age of 55.
Filmography
Director
Massacre Mafia Style (1974, re-released in 2010 by Grindhouse Releasing) (a.k.a. Like Father Like Son, a.k.a. The Executioner)
Gone with the Pope (1976, released in 2010 by Grindhouse Releasing)
Actor
Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla (1952)
Sailor Beware (1952) (uncredited)
Crime in the Streets (1956) (uncredited)
Baby Face Nelson (1957)
Paradise Alley (1962)
Massacre Mafia Style (1974)
Gone with the Pope'' (1976)
References
External links
1926 births
1981 deaths
American male film actors
American crooners
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lung cancer
Liberty Records artists
People from Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Film directors from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers |
4033612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira%20Gandhi%20National%20Centre%20for%20the%20Arts | Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts | Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), New Delhi is a premier government-funded arts organization in India. It is an autonomous institute under the Union Ministry of Culture.
History
The Indira Gandhi National centre for arts was launched on 19 November 1985 by Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi at a function where the symbolism of the components was clearly articulated at different levels. The elements - fire, water, earth, sky and vegetation - were brought together. Five rocks from five major rivers - Sindhu (Indus), Ganga, Kaveri, Mahanadi and the Narmada (where the most ancient ammonite fossils are found) were composed into sculptural forms. These remain at the site as reminders of the antiquity of Indian culture and the sacredness of her rivers and rocks.
The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts Trust was constituted and registered at New Delhi on 24 March 1987.
Board of Trustees
Executive Committee
About
The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, is visualised as a centre encompassing the study and experience of all the arts – each form with its own integrity, yet within a dimension of mutual interdependence, interrelated with nature, social structure and cosmology.
This view of the arts, integrated with, and essential to the larger matrix of human culture, is predicated upon the role of the arts as essential to the integral quality of person, at home with himself and society. It partakes of the holistic worldview so powerfully articulated throughout Indian tradition, and emphasized by modern Indian leaders from Mahatma Gandhi to Rabindranath Tagore.
The arts are here understood to comprise the fields of creative and critical literature, written and oral; the visual arts, ranging from architecture, sculpture, painting and graphics to general material culture, photography and film; the performing arts of music, dance and theatre in their broadest connotation; and all else in fairs, festivals and lifestyle that has an artistic dimension. In its initial stages the centre will focus attention on India; it will later expand its horizons to other civilizations and cultures. Through diverse programmes of research, publication, training, creative activities and performance, the IGNCA seeks to place the arts within the context of the natural and human environment. The fundamental approach of the centre is all its work will be both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary.
Recognising the need to encompass and preserve the distributed fragments of Indian art and culture, a pioneering attempt has been made by Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) to serve as a major resource centre for the arts, especially written, oral and visual materials. One of the programmes of this centre, in collaboration with UNDP, is to utilise multimedia computer technology to create a wide variety of software packages that communicate cultural information. Multimedia technology allows the user to interact and explore the subject in a non-linear mode by combining audio, text, graphics, animation and video on a computer.
Aims and Objectives
to serve as a major resource centre for Indian arts, especially written, oral and visual source materials
to conduct research on the arts and humanities, and to publish reference works, glossaries, dictionaries and encyclopedia
to establish a tribal and folk arts division with a core collection for conducting systematic scientific studies and live presentations
to provide a forum for dialogue through performances, exhibitions, multi-media projections, conferences, seminars and workshops on traditional and contemporary Indian arts
to foster dialogue between the arts and current ideas in philosophy, science and technology, with a view toward bridging the gap in intellectual understanding between modern sciences and arts and culture
to evolve models of research programmes and arts administration pertinent to the Indian ethos
to elucidate the formative and dynamic factors in the complex web of interactions between diverse social strata, communities and regions
to interact with other national and international institutions
to conduct related research in the arts, humanities and culture
Divisions
Kalanidhi – (कलानिधि) KalaNidhi is a repository of research and reference material in Humanities and the Arts. It has built a massive collection of source material, encapsulating the entire spectrum of textual, visual and auditory data. Within the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA).
Kalakosa - (कलाकोश) Kālakośa is the research and publication division, investigating the intellectual traditions in their dimensions of multi-layers and multi-disciplines
Janapada Sampada - (जनपद संपदा) Janapada Sampadā, is the division engaged in lifestyle studies. It has a programmatic character classified as Lifestyle Studies, Multi-media Presentation, Events, and Children's World, each with a number of subprograms.
Kaladarsana - Kalādarśana (कलादर्शन) is the executive unit that transforms researches and studies emanating from the IGNCA into visible forms through exhibitions.
Cultural Informatics - कल्चरल इन्फॉर्मेटिक्स (सीआईएल) – एक मल्टीमीडिया शोध केन्द्र Cultural Informatics Laboratory where there are applied technology tools for cultural preservation and propagation. Among its projects it is Kalāsampadā (कलासंपदा), a digital repository of content and information integrated with a user-friendly interface, for encompassing and preserving the rare archival collections of the IGNCA.
Sutradhara - (सूत्राधार) Sutrādhāra is the administrative section, supporting and coordinating all the activities. The Member Secretary is the Executive head of both academic and administrative divisions. It comprises Administration, Finance, Accounts, Services & Supplies and International Dialogue Unit.
Media Centre – (मीडिया सेंटर) Since the inception of IGNCA, it was envisioned that the centre would develop into a huge digital repository in future. Media Centre has been endeavouring to do audio/visual research documentation and archiving them for prosperity and implementing worldwide dissemination as well.
Adi Drishya – (आदि-दृश्य ) The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) has conceived a major academic programme, which relates to exploring artistic manifestations emanating from man's primary sense perceptions. Amongst the senses that lead to aesthetic experience are vision (Drishya) and hearing (Shravya). The rock art forms a crucial component of the Adi Drishya programme.
Conservation Lab. – (संरक्षण प्रयोगशाला ) Conservation Lab specializes in the areas of preventive conservation, conservation training, conservation of books, manuscripts, paintings, and objects (metals, wooden objects, ethnographic objects, etc.). Conservation Division also undertakes research and documentation projects in the field of cast iron objects and rust converters.
Academic – (पीजी डिप्लोमा पाठ्यक्रम) Ministry of Culture, Government of India set up IGNCA in the year 1987 to explore, study and disseminate Indian arts, revive the dialogue between India and her neighbours, especially in South and Southeast Asia, in the areas pertaining to the arts. Arts encompasses a wide area of studies, such as creative literature – written and oral; visual arts – architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics and general material culture; photography and films; the performing arts – music, dance and theatre; festivals with artistic dimension
Photo Unit – (फोटो यूनिट )The Photography Unit undertake photo-documentation of various Objects of Cultural Archives, Preparing Preservation copies and Copy Negatives of Photo collections, Regular activities of IGNCA, such as Seminars, Lectures, Workshops, Visits of Dignitaries, Documentation of Exhibitions as and when required also Preparation of Slides for various Divisions for publication purposes and for Lecture Series by Scholars.
Regional centres
Varanasi
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Ranchi
Puducherry
Thrissur
Goa
Vadodara
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References
2.https://ignca.gov.in/
External links
Official website
Arts councils
Arts organisations based in Delhi
Government buildings in Delhi
Ministry of Culture (India)
National Centre for the Arts
Arts organizations established in 1985
1985 establishments in Delhi |
4033613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsztyn | Morsztyn | Morsztyn can refer to three Polish writers of that surname:
Hieronim Morsztyn (ca.1581-1623)
Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (1621-1693)
Zbigniew Morsztyn (1627-1689) |
4033616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranganathaswamy%20Temple%2C%20Srirangam | Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam | The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ranganatha, a form of the Supreme God, Maha Vishnu, located in Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India. Constructed in the Hindu architectural style, the temple is glorified by Alvars in their Divya Prabhanda and has the unique distinction of being the foremost among the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to The Supreme God Vishnu.
It is the most illustrious Vaishnava temples in South India rich in legend and history. The temple has played an important role in Vaishnavism history starting with the 11th-century career of Ramanuja and his predecessors Nathamuni and Yamunacharya in Srirangam. Its location, on an island between the Kollidam and Kaveri rivers, has rendered it vulnerable to flooding as well as the rampaging of invading armies which repeatedly commandeered the site for military encampment. The temple was looted and destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate armies in a broad plunder raid on various cities of the Pandyan kingdom in early 14th century. The temple was rebuilt in late 14th century, the site fortified and expanded with many more Gopurams in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was one of the hubs of early Bhakti movement with a devotional singing and dance tradition, but this tradition stopped during the 14th century and was revived in a limited way much later.
The temple occupies an area of with 81 shrines, 21 towers, 39 pavilions, and many water tanks integrated into the complex making it the world's largest functioning Hindu temple. The temple town is a significant archaeological and epigraphical site, providing a historic window into the early and mid medieval South Indian society and culture. Numerous inscriptions suggest that this Hindu temple served not only as a spiritual center, but also a major economic and charitable institution that operated education and hospital facilities, ran a free kitchen, and financed regional infrastructure projects from the gifts and donations it received.
The Srirangam temple is the largest temple compound in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world. Some of these structures have been renovated, expanded and rebuilt over the centuries as a living temple. The latest addition is the outer tower that is approximately tall, completed in 1987. Srirangam temple is often listed as one of the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world, the still larger Angkor Wat being the largest existing temple. The temple is an active Hindu house of worship and follows Thenkalai tradition of Sri Vaishnavism. The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of Margazhi (December–January) attracts 1 million visitors. The temple complex has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is in UNESCO's tentative list.
Location
The Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, also known as Periyakovil and Srirangam Tirupati, is located about north of the city of Tiruchirappalli, about southwest of Chennai. The city is connected daily to other major cities by the network of Indian Railways, Tamil Nadu bus services and the Highway 38. The site is near the Tiruchirappalli International Airport (IATA: TRZ).
The temple site is on a large island bounded by the Kaveri River and Kollidam River. It is vast and planned as a temple town with Sapta-Prakaram design where the sanctum, gopuram, services and living area are co-located in seven concentric enclosures. Rampart walls were added after medieval centuries that saw its invasion and destruction. The temple monuments are located inside the inner five enclosures of the complex, surrounded by living area and infrastructure in outer two enclosures. Numerous gopurams connect the Sapta-Prakaram enclosures allowing the pilgrims and visitors to reach the sanctum from many directions. The site includes two major temples, one for Vishnu as Ranganatha, and other to Shiva as Jambukeshvara. The island has some cave temples, older than both.
History
A temple at Srirangam is mentioned in Tamil literature of the Sangam era (6th century BCE to the 4th century CE), including the epic Silapadikaram (book 11, lines 35–40):
The Temple was first Built by Dharma varma chola Then, Later Kaveri river flood destroyed the temple vimanam and later the Early Cholas King Killivalavan rebuilt the temple complex as is present today. Beyond the ancient textual history, archaeological evidence such as inscriptions refer to this temple, but these stone inscriptions are from late 1st millennium CE. The inscriptions in the temple belong to the Chola, Pandya, Hoysala and Vijayanagar dynasties who ruled over the region. These inscriptions range in date between the 9th and 16th centuries.
During the period of invasion and plunder by the Ala ud Din Khilji's Muslim general Malik Kafur and his Delhi Sultanate forces in 1311, the Arabic texts of the period state that he raided a "golden temple" on river "Kanobari" (Kaveri), destroyed the temple and took the plunder with the golden icon of the deity to Delhi. According to Steven P. Hopkins, this is believed to be the Ranganathaswamy Temple.
The Tamil texts that followed offer various inconsistent legends on how the temple regained the Vishnu icon. According to one found in Koil Oluku, a young girl had vowed to fast till she had seen the icon. She followed the Muslim army as it returned with the loot back to Delhi. There she sneaked into the palace and saw that the Sultan's daughter had fallen in love with the image. The young girl returned to Srirangam and told the priests about what she had seen in Delhi. The priests went with musicians to Delhi, found the icon in capriciously playful possession of the Sultan's daughter, day and night. They sang and danced before the Sultan to return the icon, and he gave it back which upset his daughter. To console the daughter, the Sultan sent in his army again to bring it back, but this time they were not successful. According to other versions, the Muslim daughter followed the icon from Delhi to Srirangam on a horse and still not seeing the idol, gave up her life before the door of the sanctum, symbolizing that love brought back the icon after the war had taken it away.
Beyond these legends, there was a more severe second invasion of South India including Srirangam between 1323 CE and 1327 CE by the armies of the Sultanate under Muhammad bin Tughluq. The sanctum's Vishnu image with its jewelry was pre-emptively removed by the Hindus before the Delhi Sultanate troops reached Srirangam by a group led by the Vaishnavite Acharaya Pillai Lokacharyar to Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu. The Goddess Ranganayaki (Lakshmi) was also taken away to another location by a separate group. The temple was defended and according to the Tamil tradition some 13,000 Sri Vaishnavas devotees of Srirangam, died in the fierce battle.
After nearly six decades when Madurai Sultanate ruled after the Pandyan rulers were ousted after the repeated Delhi Sultanate's invasions, the Vijayanagara Empire ousted the Madurai Sultanate in 1378. Thereafter, the image of Namberumal was brought back to Srirangam. Before then, for decades the deity and the priestly wardens wandered and secretly carried the temple's icon through villages of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. They finally went to the hills of Tirumala Tirupati, where they remained until the temple was rebuilt in 1371. The icon was consecrated again according to the legends. This time, in memory of the first Sultan's daughter which tradition calls Thulukha Nachiyar, a niche in the temple was built for her. The niche shows her as a girl sitting on a horse that carried her to Delhi. Her legend is still remembered. During contemporary processions when the icon is taken out of sanctum and then returned to it after its journey, Thulukha Nachiyar is dressed in Muslim garments and food offerings are made to her in the form of butter and (wheat bread).
Thereafter, under the Vijayanagara Empire, the temple site saw over 200 years of stability, repairs, first round of fortifications, and addition of mandapas. The Vishnu and Lakshmi images were reinstalled and the site became a Hindu temple again in 1371 CE under Kumara Kampana, a Vijayanagara commander and the son of Bukka I. In the last decade of the 14th century, a pillared antechamber was gifted by the Vijayanagara rulers. In the 15th century, they coated the apsidal roofs with solid gold sheets, followed by financing the addition of a series of new shrines, mandapas and gopuras to the temple, according to George Michell.
After the destruction of the Vijayanagara in late 16th century, geo-political instability returned. The site became the focus of bitter wars between the Hindu Nayakas and the Muslim Mughals in the 17th century. The Nayakas fortified the temple town and the seven prakaras. It was taken over by Muslim Nawabs of Arcot as a lucrative source of revenues, and thereafter attracted a contest between the French and British military powers. Srirangam temple site and the neighboring city of Tiruchirappalli (Trichy) became an intense center of Christian and Muslim missionary activity during the 18th and 19th centuries. With the establishment of the Madras Presidency within the British Empire, geo-political stability returned and the Ranganathaswamy Temple site attracted interest in archeological and historical studies.
Sri Vaishnavism
The epigraphical evidence suggests that these Hindu dynasties — Cholas, Pandyas, Hoysalas, Gajapatis, Nayaks, Vijayanagara – assisted with rebuilding, renovation and supported the traditional customs. Some mention substantial gifts to the temple. A Chola king, for example, presented the temple with a golden serpent couch. Some historians identify this king with Rajamahendra Chola. The temple has witnessed and played a key role in the early Sri Vaishnavism history, particularly the centuries that followed the major Hindu philosopher Ramanuja (1017–1137 CE), and his predecessors Nathamuni and Yamunacharya. It witnessed the debate between the Dvaita (dualistic) and Advaita (non-dualistic) sub-traditions within Vaishnavism. Centuries later, it was a key site in the debate and disagreements between the northern Tamil and southern Tamil traditions, also called as the Vadakalai and Thenkalai. The early rulers such as the Pallavas, Cholas and Pandiyas supported it as a hub of the Bhakti movement with a devotional singing and dance tradition, but this tradition stopped during the 14th century and was revived in a limited way much later.
Puranical Story
The temple and its artwork are a subject of numerous different Tamil legends covered in regional Puranic texts. Sriranga Mahathmiyam, for example, is one of the compilation of the temple mythology about its origins. According to it, Brahma was performing austerities during the samudra manthan (churning of cosmic ocean), and Srirangam Vimanam emerged as a result. It remained in Satyaloka for ages, was brought to Ayodhya by king Ikshvaku. After Rama, an Avatar of Vishnu had killed the evil demon Ravana, he gave it to King Vibhishana who wanted to be with Rama. When Vibhishana passed through Trichy en route to Sri Lanka where he had become the king, the Srirangam Vimanam would not move from the island. So he gave it to a local king called Dharma Varma if the king consecrated the Vimanam to face the south cardinal direction eternally, blessing him and Lanka. Hence it is that the deity (in a reclining posture) faces South, his body aligned to the east-west axis.
As per another legend, Sanaka, the four child sages, came for a darshana of Ranganatha in Srirangam. They were stopped by Jaya and Vijaya, the guardians of Vaikuntha. In spite of their pleadings, they were refused entry. In anger, all four of them cursed the guardians in one voice and left. The guardians approached Vishnu and told him about the curse. Ranganatha said that he would not be able to revert the curse and gave them two options: be born as demons opposing Vishnu in three births or good human beings in the following seven births. Eager to be back with the Lord, The guardians accepted being demons and are believed to have taken the form of Hiranyaksha and Hiranyakasipu; Ravana and Kumbakarna; and Sisupala and Dantavakra. Vishnu took four avatars – Varaha, Narasimha, Rama, and Krishna, respectively – to kill the demons in each one of those births.
Architecture
The temple is enclosed by 7 concentric enclosures with courtyards (termed prakarams or mathil suvar). Each layer has walls and gopurams, which were built or fortified in and after the 16th century. These walls total or over six miles. The temple has 17 major gopurams (towers, 21 total), 39 pavilions, 50 shrines, 9 sacred water pools, Ayiram kaal mandapam (a hall of 1000 pillars) and several small water bodies inside.
The temple is aligned to the north-south and east-west axis, on an island surrounded by the Kaveri River. The river has long been considered sacred, and called the Daksina Ganga or the "Ganges of the South". The outer two prakarams (outer courtyard) are residential and markets with shops, restaurants and flower stalls. The five inner courtyards have shrines to Vishnu and his various avatars such as Rama and Krishna. Major shrines are additionally dedicated to goddess Lakshmi and many saints of Vaishnavism. In particular, these shrines celebrate and commemorate the Tamil poet-saints and philosophers called the Alvars, as well Hindu philosophers such as Ramanuja and Manavala Mamunigal of Sri Vaishnavism tradition.
Despite the construction of various mandapas and gopuras over a span of many centuries, the architecture of the Ranganathaswamy temple is one of the better illustrations of Hindu temple planometric geometry per agama design texts in the Tamil tradition. According to George Michell, a professor and art historian on Indian architecture, the regulating geometry and plan of Srirangam site takes on "a ritual dimension since all the architectural components, especially the focal gopuras and the most important colonnades and mandapas, are arranged along the axes dictated by the cardinal directions". This alignment integrates the routes that devotees follow as they journey into the innermost sanctum.
Shrines
The temple complex includes over 50 shrines. These are dedicated to Vishnu, Lakshmi as well as various Vaishnava scholars and poets. The shrines to Vishnu display him in his various avatars, as well as his iconography. For example, Sri Ranganathaswamy temple shrines include those of Chakkarathazhwar, Narasimha, Rama, Hayagreeva and Gopala Krishna.
The Chakrathazhwar shrine is in the east facing on the south side of Akalanka. The sanctum is approached through a Mukamandapa (six rows of pillars) built during the Cholas and a Mahamandapa with six rows of eight pillars built during the period of Vijayanagar Empire. There is a circumambulation passage around the sanctum. The image of Chakrathazhwar is sculpted with Narasimha on the rear side and can be viewed from the passage around the sanctum. The Venugopala shrine, one of the most elaborately carved, is in the south-west corner of the fourth enclosure of the temple was rebuilt by Chokkanatha Nayak, according to an inscription dated 1674.
The main shrine for Ranganatha is in the innermost courtyard. The sanctum has a golden vimanam (crown tower over the sanctum sanctorum). It is shaped like the Tamil omkara (om symbol), shows anthropomorphic Paravasudeva on its gable, has an etching of Ramanuja as well on it, and is plated with gold. Inside, a edifice of Sri Ranganthar reclining on Adisesha, the coiled serpent, can be seen. Adisesha has five hoods and is coiled into three and a half rounds. Vishnu's head rests on a small cylindrical pillow and his right palm which faces upwards rests next to his head. Neither Sridevi (goddess Lakshmi) nor Bhudevi (goddess Earth) are depicted near his feet, as is found in late medieval era paintings. The sanctum does not show Brahma coming out of or connected to his navel either. However, the procession images of Sridevi, Bhudevi and Ranganathar, otherwise known as Azhagiyamanavalan and Namperumal reside within the sanctum in different places to ease their darshana (viewing).
The sanctum can be entered through the south gateway, one the reclining Vishnu is facing. The doorway as one enters from the mukhamandapam, also called the Gayatri mantapa, is flanked by Jaya and Vijaya, the guardians of Vaikuntha. The sanctum chamber is round, even though the vimana above is an oval projection. The circumambulation path (pradakshina-patha) is set in a square, to journey clockwise. This garbha-griya is surrounded by a raised square Tiruvunnali, encircling pillars and another inner square. As the visitor completes the circumambulation around the resting Vishnu, one sees four additional images. On the western wall inside the core sanctum is Vighnesvara (son of Shiva and Parvati, Ganesha, Shaivism), on the northwestern corner is Yoga-Ananta (Vishnu seated in yoga asana on Sesha, Vaishnavism), on the northeastern side is Yoga-Narasimha (Narasimha seated in yoga asana, Vaishnavism), and on the eastern wall is Durga (an aspect of Parvati, Shaktism).
The exterior of the vimana and attached mandap (hall) have intricately carved pilasters with fluted shafts, double capitals, and pendant lotus brackets. Sculptures are placed in the niches of three sides of the sanctuary walls; maidens enhance the walls in between. The elevation is punctuated with a secondary set of pilasters that support shallow eaves at different levels to cap larger and smaller recesses. The sanctuary is crowned in the traditional fashion with a hemispherical roof. The double-curved eaves of the entrance porch on the east side are concealed in a later columned hall. Dhanvantari, a great physician of ancient India is considered to be an avatar of Vishnu – there is a separate shrine of Dhanvantari within the temple.
The shrine of Ranganatha's consort, Ranganayaki (Lakshmi) is in the second precinct of the temple with 2 main idols (moola mortis) and 1 procession idol (utsava murti). During the festival processions, Ranganayaki does not visit Ranganatha, but it is he who visits her. Ranganatha visiting Ranganayaki and being with her is called as 'Saerthi' during 'Panguni Uthiram'. There are three images of Ranganayaki within the sanctum.
There are separate shrines for major saints in the Vaishnava tradition, including Ramanuja.
Mandapams (Halls)
The Ranganathaswamy Temple has many mandapams:
Thousand pillar mandapam is a theatre like structure made from granite. It was built during the Vijayanagara rule period. It has a central wide aisle with seven side aisles on each side with pillars set in a square pattern.
Sesharaya mandapam is the intricately carved hall built during the Nayaka rule period. It is found on the east side of the fourth prakaram courtyard. The northern side of this community hall has 40 leaping animals with riders on their back, all carved out of monolithic pillars.
Garuda Mandapam is named after the vahana (vehicle) of Vishnu, named Garuda. It is on the south side of the third prakaram courtyard. It too is dated to the Nayak rule era. Inside the community hall, on its pillars, are portrait sculptures. In the middle is a free-standing seated Garuda figure, identifiable by his eagle-head, wings and him facing the Vishnu shrine.
Kili mandapam is found inside the innermost (first) prakaram courtyard. It is next to the Ranganatha sanctum. Here walking elephant balustrades line the steps that lead into the gathering hall. This is dated to the 17th century Hindu rulers. The hall and structural elements are carved with animals, and in its center is a raised square platform with four carved pillars.
Ranga Vilasa mandapam is one of the larger community halls designed for large spaces between the pillars for the pilgrim groups and families to sit together and rest. It is covered with Hindu mythology murals and narratives from the Ramayana.
The Hall of 1000 pillars is a fine example of a planned theatre-like structure and opposite to it is the "Sesha Mandap". The 1000-pillared hall made of granite was constructed in the Vijayanagara period (1336–1565) on the site of the old temple. The most artistic halls that the Nayaks added to the complex is the Sesha Mandap on the east side of the fourth enclosure. The hall is celebrated for the leaping animals carved on to the piers at its northern end. The pillars consists of sculptures of wildly rearing horses bearing riders on their backs and trampling with their hoofs upon the heads of rampant tigers, seem only natural and congruous among such weird surroundings. The great hall is traversed by one wide aisle in the centre for the whole of its greater length, and intersected by transepts of like dimension running across at right angles. There still remain seven side aisles on each side, in which all the pillars are equally spaced out.
The Garuda Mandapa (hall of the legendary bird deity of Vishnu, garuda) located on the south side of the third enclosure is another Nayak addition. Courtly portrait sculptures, reused from an earlier structure, are fixed to the piers lining the central aisle. A free-standing shrine inside the hall contains a large seated figure of Garuda; the eagle-headed god faces north towards the principal sanctum.
The Kili mandapa (Hall of parrot) is located next to the Ranganatha shrine, in the first enclosure of the temple. Elephant balustrades skirt the access steps that ascend to a spacious open area. This is bounded by decorated piers with rearing animals and attached colonettes in the finest 17th-century manner. Four columns in the middle define a raised dais; their shafts are embellished with undulating stalks.
Gopurams
There are 21 gopurams (tower gateways), among which the towering Rajagopuram (shrine of the main gateway) is the tallest temple tower in Asia. The 13-tiered Rajagopuram was built in 1987 by Ahobhila Matha, a historic Srivaishnava Hindu monastery. This tower dominates the landscape for miles around, while the remaining 20 gopurams were built between the 12th and early 17th centuries. The gopurams have pronounced projections in the middle of the long sides, generally with openings on each of the successive levels. The Vellai gopura (white tower) on the east side of the fourth enclosure has a steep pyramidal superstructure that reaches a height of almost . The structure of the Rajagopuram remained incomplete for over 400 years. Started during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya of Vijayanagara Empire, the construction stopped after the fall of Vijayanagara in late 16th century and wars thereafter. The Rajagopuram (the main gopuram) did not reach its current height of until 1987, when the 44th Jiyar (acharya, chief counsellor) of Ahobila Matha began collecting donations to complete it. The whole structure was constructed in a span of eight years. The Rajagopuram was consecrated on 25 March 1987. The length and breadth at the base of the Rajagopuram is , while the length and breadth at the top is . The 13 glistening copper '' atop the tower weigh each, are high with a diameter vessel.
Inscriptions and frescoes
The Ranganathaswamy Temple town has over 800 inscriptions, of which nearly 640 are on temple walls and monuments. Many of these relate to gifts and grants by rulers or the elite, while others relate to the temple's management, scholars, dedication and general operation. The inscriptions have been a source of information about South Indian history, culture, economy and social role. These range from the late 9th century to the rule of Aditya Chola I, to the last historical ones from the 16th century. Others are from the times of Cholas, Nayakas, Pandyas, Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara era.
The historic inscriptions at the Ranganathaswamy Temple are in six major Indian languages: Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi and Odia. Many of the inscriptions are in Grantha characters.
Some of the mandapam and corridors of the Temple complex have frescoes, of which some have faded. These narrate Hindu legends and mythologies, or scenes relating to Vaishnava scholars.
Granaries, tanks and other monuments
The Ranganathaswamy Temple complex includes huge medieval era Kottarams or granaries. These provided food reserves and security to the temple town and supplies to its kitchen serving the needy travelers, pilgrims and local population. The temple has many other structures, participating and supporting various aspects of social life. Some mandapams and temple compounds were devoted to education, both religious and secular such as of musicians and dancers. The temple inscriptions state that its premises had an arokyashala (hospital) for those needing medical care. Several 11th and 12th century inscriptions describe a gift of land to support recitation of Hindu texts in the temple and for feeding Sri Vaishnavas.
The temple has twelve major water tanks. Of these, the Surya Pushkarini (sun pool) and Chandra Pushkarani (moon pool) are two of the largest that harvest most of rainwater. They have a combined capacity of two million liters of water.
The temple has wooden monuments that is regularly maintained and used for festive processions. These have intricate carvings of Hindu legends, and some are plated with silver or gold foils. The most significant of the temple chariots are the Garuda vahana, the Simha vahana, the Yanai vahana, the Kudirai vahana, the Hanumantha vahana, the Yazhi vahana, the Sesha vahana, the Annapakshi vahana, the Otrai vahana and the Prabhai vahana.
Significance
Bhakti movement
Ranganathaswamy temple is the only one out of the 108 temples that was sung in praise by all the Azhwars (Divine saints of Tamil Bhakthi movement), having a total of 247 pasurams (divine hymns) against its name. Acharyas (guru) of all schools of thought – Advaita, Vishistadvaita and Dvaita recognise the immense significance of the temple, regardless of their affiliations.
Nalayira Divya Prabhandam is a collection of 4000 hymns sung by twelve azhwars saints spread over 300 years (from the late 6th to 9th century CE) and collected by Nathamuni (910–990 CE). Divya Desams refer to 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in Nalayira Divya Prabandham. 105 of these are located in India, 1 in Nepal, while 2 are located outside of the Earthly realms. Divya in Tamil language indicates premium and Desam indicates place or temple. Periyalvar begins the decad on Srirangam with two puranic stories according to which Krishna restored to life the son of his guru Sandeepani and the children of a brahmin. Thondaradippodi Alvar and Thiruppaana Alvar have sung exclusively on Ranganatha. Andal attained Sri Ranganatha on completion of her Thiruppavai (a composition of 30 verses) in Srirangam. In total there are 247 hymns of the 4000 Pasurams dedicated to Ranganthar deity of this temple. Except Madhurakavi Alvar, all the other eleven azhwars have created Mangalasasanam (praise) about the Ranganathar in Srirangam. Out of 247, 35 are by Periyalvar, 10 by Aandaal, 31 by Kulasekara Alvar, 14 by Thirumalisai Alvar, 55 by Thondaradippodi Alvar, 10 by Thiruppaan Alvar, 73 by Thirumangai Alvar, one by Poigai Alvar,4 by Bhoothathalvar, two by Peyalvar and twelve by Nammalvar. Kulasekarar (Cheraman II) gave up his kingdom to his son during 798 CE and started visiting temples and singing praises about them. He visited the temple, praised the presiding deity and his works are compiled in Nalayira Divya Prabandam.
Kambar is a 12th-century Tamil poet who composed Kamba Ramayanam, a work inspired from the epic, Valmiki Ramayana. He is believed to have come to the temple to get the approval of his work from scholars. The Jain scholar Tirunarungundam honoured the work and it resulted in Tamil and Sanskrit scholars approving the work. The open hall where he recited his verse lies close to the Ranganayaki shrine within the temple.
Some of the religious works like Sri Bhashyam by Ramanuja, Gadya Traya (which is a compilation of three texts called the Saranagati Gadyam, Sriranga Gadyam and the Vaikunta Gadyam) by Ramanuja, Sri Renga natha shtakam by Adi Shankaracharya, Renga raja Stavam and Guna ratna kosham by Sri Parasar bhattar, Renga raja Sthothram by Kurathazhwar, are some of the works that were exclusively composed in praise of the presiding deities Lord Ranganatha and Goddess Ranganayaki of Srirangam temple.
Pilgrimage
Koil or koyil in Tamil means the house of the Master and thus refers to the temples. Srirangam is the most prominent among such temples. For many Vaishnavas the term Koyil exclusively refers to this temple, indicating its extreme importance for them (for saivas and all other Tamil people the term koyil refers to Thillai Natarajar Golden Shrine (Chidambaram Temple)). The presiding deity Ranganathar is praised in many names by his devotees, including Nam Perumal (our god in Tamil), Azhagiya Manavaalan (beautiful groom in Tamil). The deity is also known as Kasturi Ranga and Alagiya Manavalan.
The temple is considered in the Alwar traditions as one of the eight Sywayambu Kshetras of Vishnu where presiding deity is believed to have manifested on its own. Seven other temples in the line are Bhu Varaha Swamy temple, Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, and Vanamamalai Perumal Temple in South India and Saligrama, Naimisaranya, Pushkar and Badrinath Temple in North India.
Vaishnava scholarship
Many of the medieval Sri Vaishanava scholars like Nathamuni, Ramanuja, Pillai Lokacharya, Vedanta Desika and Manavala Mamunigal are associated with the temple. Ramanuja was a theologian, philosopher, and scriptural exegete. He is seen by as the third and one of the most important teacher (ācārya) of their tradition (after Nathamuni and Yamunacharya), and by Hindus in general as the leading expounder of , one of the classical interpretations of the dominant Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. Ramanuja renounced his family life and went to Srirangam to occupy the pontificate – Srirangam became the stronghold of him and his disciples.
The doctrine of Vishishtadvaita philosophy, Sri Bhashyam was written and later compiled by Ramanuja over a period of time in this temple town. During his stay in Srirangam, he is said of have written "Gadhya Thrayam", which is recited in the temple during the ninth day (Panguni Uttaram) of the festival of Adi brahmotsavam. The temple is a center for the Vishishtadvaita school where Sanskrit Vedas and Tamil works are preached and taught with great reverence. He attained divinity in Srirangam. The disciples of Ramanuja got his permission to install three metallic images, one each at Sriperumpudur, Melukote and the third, at Srirangam.
He is found seated in the Padmasana (yogic sitting posture), depicting the Gnyana-Mudrai (symbol of knowledge) with his right palm. "Kovil Ozhugu" is a codification of all temple practices, religious and administrative, shaped and institutionalised by Sri Ramanuja after receiving the due rights from Sri Thiruvarangathamudanar. A stone inscription to this effect is installed in the Arya patal vasal (main gate before the first precinct).
Pancharanga Kshetrams (also called Pancharangams, meaning the "five Rangams or Ranganathas") is a group of five sacred Hindu temples, dedicated to Ranganatha, a form of the god Vishnu, on the banks of the Kaveri River. The five Pancharanga Kshetrams in the order of their successive locations, on the banks of the Kaveri River are: The Srirangapatnam called the Adi Ranga, the first temple on the banks of the Kaveri River from the upstream side; the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam known as Adya Ranga (the last temple), Appalarangam or Koviladi at Tiruppernagar in Tamil Nadu, Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple or Mayuram at Indalur, Mayiladuthurai and Vatarangam at Sirkazhi. The Sarangapani temple at Kumbakonam is mentioned in place of Vatarangam in some references.
Administration
The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu. An Executive officer appointed by the Board manages the temple along with Sri Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple, Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple at Thiruvellarai, Sri Vadivazhagiya Nambi Perumal Temple and Mariamman Temple at Anbil. There are three trustees and a chairman for the board of trustees. Annadhanam scheme, which provides free food to devotees, is implemented in the temple by the Board. Under the scheme, free food is offered to two hundred devotees every day in the temple and the expenditure is fully funded by the contributions from devotees.
Festivals and routine visits
The temple celebrates numerous festivals around the year including processions. These are called utsavam (celebrations).
Vaikunta Ekadashi
Pagal Pathu (10 day time) and Ra Pathu (10 night time) festival is celebrated in the month of Margazhi (December–January) for twenty days. The first ten days are referred as Pagal-Pathu (10-day time festival) and the second half as Ra Pathu (10 day night-time festival). The first day of Ra pathu is Vaikunta Ekadashi. The eleventh day of each fortnight in Hindu calendar is called ekadasi and the holiest of all ekadasis as per vaishnavite tradition is the Vaikunta Ekadashi. During the festival, through song and dance, this place is affirmed to be Bhooloka Vaikuntam (Heaven on Earth). Araiyar Sevai is a divine colloquium of araiyars, who recite and enact Nalayara Divya Prabanda, the 4000 verses of Alvars. Araiyars are born to Araiyar tradition most prevalent in Sri Vaishnava families in Srirangam, Alwar Thirunagari and Srivilliputhur. The tradition of Araiyar Sevai was started by Nathamuni during 10th century. It is believed as per Hindu mythology that 33 crores of gods come down to witness the event. The processional deity is brought to the 1000-pillared hall on the morning of Vaikunta Ekadashi through the Paramapada Vasal (gate to paradise). Lakhs of pilgrims rush to enter it after the gate is opened and the deity passes through it as it is believed that one who enters here will reach vaikuntam (heaven) after death. The gate is open only during the ten days of Ra Pathu (10-day night-time festival). On the last day of the festival, the poet Nammazhwar is said to be given salvation. The performance is enacted by priests and images in the temple depicts Nammazhwar as reaching heaven and getting liberation from the cycle of life and death. At that point, a member from the crowd of devotees, who are witnessing this passion play, goes up to the centre stage and requests Vishnu to return Nammazhwar to humanity, so that his words and form in the temple will continue to inspire and save the devotees. Following this performance of the salvation of Nammazhwar, the cantors are taken in procession round the temple.
Jyestabisheka
The annual gold ornament cleaning festival is called Jyestabisheka (first of anointing) and is celebrated during the Tamil month of aani (June–July). The icons of all deities are abluted with water brought in large vessels of gold and silver.
Brahmotsavam
Brahmotsavam (Prime festival) is held during the Tamil month of Panguni (March–April). The preliminaries like ankurarpanam, rakshabandhanam, bheri thadanam, dhwajarohanam and the sacrificial offerings in the yagasala are gone through as usual. The processions go round the Chitrai street in the evenings. On the second day, the deity is taken to a garden inside the temple. The deity is taken in a palanquin through the river Kaveri to a village on the opposite shore namely Jiyarpuram on the third day.
Other Festivals
The annual temple chariot festival, called Rathothsavam is celebrated during the Tamil month of thai (January–February) and the processional deity, utsavar is taken round the temple in the temple car. Chitra Poornima is a festival based on the mythological incident of Gajendra Moksha (elephant crocodile). The elephant suffered in the jaws of crocodile and god rescued the elephant. Vasanthothsavam is celebrated during the Tamil month of vaikasi (May–June) which according to inscriptions is celebrated from 1444 CE.
Inscriptions
The temple has a lot of inscriptions of Kulottunga I. One interesting epigraph is a Kannada record that states that an entourage led by the Kannada-sandhivigrahi (foreign affairs minister) of Chalukya Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI) made some donations to the temple. The inscription is dated in the 29th year of the reign of Kulottunga I.
The temple has inscriptions of the Suryavamshi Gajapatis of Odisha as well. In one inscription, it is mentioned that Hamvira Deva Mahapatra, son of the legendary Kapilendra Deva Gajapati, made donations to the temple after he aggressively marched upon the Vijayanagara Empire upto Tiruchirapally and then Rameswaram. This inscription is in Tamil.
See also
Chidambaram Nataraja Temple
Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
Great Living Chola Temples
Meenakshi Temple, Madurai
Rangapura Vihara
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli
Divya Desams
Vaishnavism
Vishnu temples
UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards winners
Pandyan architecture |
4033621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Holland%20%28AS-3%29 | USS Holland (AS-3) | USS Holland (AS-3) was a submarine tender that served in the United States Navy before and during World War II. Holland was launched by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington on 12 April 1926, sponsored by Miss Elizabeth Saunders Chase, daughter of Admiral J. V. Chase, and commissioned on 1 June, Comdr. John B. Earle in command. Stationed at San Diego, California, tending submarine divisions there with periodic tours to Panama to service submarines based at the Canal Zone pre-World War two. Later serving in the Pacific theatre, by close of hostilities having given 55 instances of refit to submarines, provided repair and service to 20 surface craft and completed various jobs on shore installations.
She shifted to San Pedro for inactivation overhaul in the Terminal Island Navy Yard, then was towed to San Diego where she was decommissioned on 21 March 1947. She was assigned to the San Diego, California, group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet until her name was struck from the Navy Register on 18 June 1952. Her hull was sold for scrapping on 3 October 1953 to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
Service history
Pre-World War II
Holland arrived in San Francisco from Puget Sound on 24 April to become flagship of Captain J. T. Thompkins, Commander Submarine Divisions, Battle Fleet. On 24 September, she was permanently assigned to base at San Diego, California, tending submarine divisions there with periodic tours to Panama to service submarines based at the Canal Zone.
On 5 November 1930, Holland became flagship of Captain Chester W. Nimitz, Commander Submarine Divisions, Battle Fleet with additional duty as Commander of Submarine Division 20. The former command was abolished as of 1 April 1931 and Captain Nimitz retained his flag in Holland as Commander, of his submarine division, now designated Submarine Division 12. He left Holland on 17 June, relieved by Captain Wilhelm L. Friedell.
In addition to being the flagship of Submarine Division 12, Holland temporarily served as Submarine Force Flagship (March–July 1933). In June 1935, she became joint flagship of Submarine Squadron 6 and Submarine Division 12. This duty continued until June 1941 when she became flagship of Submarine Squadron 2.
World War II
On 22 November 1941, Holland arrived at Cavite Naval Base, Philippines, to service submarines of the Asiatic Fleet. Due to the air raids in early December 1941, Holland was hurried out of Manila Bay under cover of night with her vital cargo of repair and replacement parts for submarines of the Asiatic Fleet. Heading south, she escaped unscathed from two air raids while at Balikpapan, Borneo, then repaired a battle-damaged submarine at Soerabaja, Java where she was joined by two destroyers that gave her escort to Port Darwin, Australia, which she reached on 2 January 1942 for round-the-clock operations which included the building of docks and floats as well as the constant repair and equipping of ships as well as submarines. On 3 February, Captain C.Q. Wright took command and she was underway for Tjilaljap, Java, to remove Rear Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, Jr., and his Asiatic Fleet Submarine Force Staff to Australia. Her outstanding service to the Fleet during the first crucial months of the war brought Holland a Navy Unit Commendation.
While based in Australia, under the command of Captain C.Q. Wright, Holland serviced and overhauled several submarines before returning for overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard in late February 1943. She reached Pearl Harbor from the West Coast in June and completed 22 refits and 13 repair jobs for submarines within the next 11 months. She shifted to Midway Atoll on 1 June 1944 and sailed the following month directly to support submarines in the Mariana Islands. Holland returned to Pearl Harbor late in November 1944, to be fitted out as headquarters ship for Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, Jr., Commander Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet. In January 1945, she steamed out of Pearl Harbor for Guam where she embarked Vice Admiral Lockwood. By the close of hostilities, Holland had given 55 instances of refit to submarines, provided repair and service to 20 surface craft and completed various jobs on shore installations.
Post-war
Vice Admiral Lockwood shifted his Submarine Force Flag ashore to his new quarters on Coconut Island off Guam on 30 August 1945, setting up operations and communications for the work ahead. This left Holland ready to begin a new career as an internal combustion engine repair ship ARG-18. Her value to the submarine force had diminished with the commissioning of many new and modern tenders better equipped to carry on the job of keeping submarines in condition for their assaults against the enemy. With a few alterations, she headed for Buckner Bay, Okinawa, where she embarked Rear Admiral Allen B. Smith, Commander of Service Squadron 10 and his staff before proceeding for Tokyo Bay where she dropped anchor on 29 September 1945.
Holland set course 6 June 1946 by way of Pearl Harbor for San Diego where she arrived on 28 June. She shifted to San Pedro for inactivation overhaul in the Terminal Island Navy Yard, then was towed to San Diego where she was decommissioned on 21 March 1947. She was assigned to the San Diego, California, group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet until her name was struck from the Navy Register on 18 June 1952. Her hull was sold for scrapping on 3 October 1953 to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
Awards
Navy Unit Commendation
American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Medal
References
External links
Mare Island Navy Yard – 1928. Elbridge Ayer Burbank pencil sketch.
Submarine tenders of the United States Navy
Ships built in Bremerton, Washington
1926 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States |
4033635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming%20Supreme%20Court | Wyoming Supreme Court | The Wyoming Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The Court consists of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices. Each Justice is appointed by the Governor of Wyoming from a list of three nominees submitted by the judicial nominating commission, for an eight-year term. One year after being appointed, a new justice stands for retention in office on a statewide ballot at the next general election. If a majority votes for retention, the justice serves the remainder of the term and may stand for retention for succeeding eight-year terms by means of a nonpartisan retention ballot every eight years. A justice must be a lawyer with at least nine years' experience in the law, at least 30 years old, and a United States citizen who has resided in Wyoming for at least three years. Justices must retire when they reach 70 years of age.
The five Justices select the Chief Justice from amongst themselves. The person chosen serves as Chief Justice for four years. However, Richard V. Thomas of Cheyenne, a justice from 1974 to 2001, was chief justice only for two years (1985–1986).
Justices
Current justices
References
Notes
External links
Official site
Wyoming
Wyoming state courts
Cheyenne, Wyoming
Courts and tribunals with year of establishment missing |
4033641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Landis | Joshua Landis | Joshua M. Landis (born May 14, 1957) is an American academic who specializes in the Middle East and is an expert on Syria. He is the head of the Center for Middle East Studies at the University of Oklahoma, and since 2004, he has published the blog Syria Comment. He is married to Manar Kachour and has two sons, Kendall and Jonah Landis.
Background
Landis was born on May 14, 1957 in Manhattan, New York City, New York. When he was one year old, his family moved to Saudi Arabia, where his father was sent by Citibank to open the first branch of an American bank in the country. After staying in Saudi Arabia for three years, Landis' family moved to Beirut, Lebanon, due to his father being transferred there to work as Citibank's Vice-President for the Middle East. When Landis was ten years old, his family moved back to the United States.
Landis earned a BA from Swarthmore College, majoring in European History and French Literature. He spent his college sophomore year in France. After graduating, Landis then returned to Beirut in the midst of the Lebanese Civil War to teach at the International College, Beirut. According to Landis, his experience of living in Beirut during the civil war shaped his interpretation of the Syrian Civil War later on. In 1981, Landis went to Damascus University on a Fulbright Grant. During the following year, whilst Landis was still living in Damascus, the Hama uprising of 1982 took place. Landis visited Hama a week after the uprising. Later he earned an MA from Harvard University, and his PhD from Princeton University.
Fluent in Arabic and French, he has studied Turkish, Italian, and Ottoman Turkish. He has received three Fulbright grants and a Social Science Research Council award.
Academia
He taught at Sarah Lawrence College, Wake Forest University, and Princeton University before moving to the University of Oklahoma. Since May 2004, Landis has published the Syrian Comment blog, which focuses on Syrian politics, history, and religion. Landis regularly travels to Washington, D.C. to consult with government agencies. In 2008, he received the Outstanding Teaching Award at his university.
Landis is a frequent analyst on TV and radio, such as PBS News Hour, Charlie Rose Show, CNN and Fox News. He comments frequently for NPR and BBC radio. He has spoken at the Brookings Institution, USIP, Middle East Institute, and Council on Foreign Relations.
References
External links
Joshua M Landis at the University of Oklahoma
Syria Comment
Articles written by Joshua Landis:
""The Battle between ISIS and Syrias Rebel Militias,"" (January 4, 2014) in Syrian Comment
"“The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Assad Regime is Likely to Survive to 2013,”" (February 2012) in Middle East Policy Vol. XIX, No. 1 (2012).
"Shishakli and the Druzes: Integration and Intransigence," in The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998: 369-396
Syria and the 1948 War in Palestine A shorter version of this article was published as “Syria in the 1948 Palestine War: Fighting King Abdullah’s Greater Syria Plan,” in Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim, eds., Rewriting the Palestine War: 1948 and the History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 178–205. (Translated into French, Spanish and Arabic)
"Early U.S. Policy toward Palestinian Refugees: the Syria Option," in The Palestinian Regugees: Old Problems - New Solutions, eds. Joseph Ginat and Edward J. Perkins, University of Oklahoma Press: Norman OK, 2001, pp. 77–87.
Islamic Education In Syria: Undoing Secularism in Eleanor Doumato and Gregory Starrett, Eds., Teaching Islam: Textbooks and Religion in the Middle East, London & Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007, pp. 177–196.
"The Syrian Opposition,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 30, pp. 45–68. 2007. (written with Joe Pace)
"The Syrian Opposition: The struggle for unity and relevance, 2003–2008," in Fred Lawson, ed., Demystifying Syria, Saqi Books, 2009, pp. 120–143. (written with Joe Pace)
"Will failure to solve the Arab-Israeli conflict mean a new Cold War in the Middle East?" Foreign Policy - Middle East Channel, Tuesday, May 11, 2010
"The U.S.-Syria Relationship: A Few Questions," Middle East Policy, Vol. XVII, No. 3, Fall 2010, pp. 64–73.
Living people
1957 births
University of Oklahoma faculty
Middle Eastern studies in the United States
Swarthmore College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University alumni |
4033646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%20Price%20Card | Student Price Card | The Student Price Card, also known as SPC Card, is a student loyalty discount program in Canada offering discounts and deals on items such as fashion, food, shoes, and travel and more. Students show their SPC Card at participating locations to receive instant savings every time they shop. Offers vary by participating partner locations.
The program's membership include elementary through post-secondary level students throughout Canada. The program has a reported 1,100,000 members and 120+ participating retail chains. The SPC Card is a fee-based annual loyalty program, valid from August 1 until July 31 the following year.
Banking partner
Since August 2019, CIBC is the banking partner for SPC. Students with an eligible bank account or credit product receive free SPC membership.
The company previously partnered with BMO Bank of Montreal for a BMO SPC MasterCard, offering either Air Miles or cash back for credit card purchases, in addition to no annual fee and a free SPC membership. The credit card can no longer be used for SPC benefits after November 30, 2019.
References
External links
SPC Card Website
Companies based in Vaughan
Customer loyalty programs in Canada
Sales promotion |
4033654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20into%20Gold | Lead into Gold | Lead into Gold is a side project of American industrial musician Paul Barker, best known as the former bassist for Ministry and the Hermes Pan half of the Luxa/Pan production team. Primarily a solo project by Barker, Lead into Gold featured occasional guest performances by his Ministry bandmates Al Jourgensen and Bill Rieflin as well as Stuart Zechman of Stabbing Westward.
History
In its first incarnation, Lead into Gold only released two 12 inch singles and one full-length studio LP. Idiot was the first release in 1988, followed by the Chicks & Speed: Futurism single and Age of Reason album, both released in 1990. The CD release of Chicks & Speed included the Idiot single in its entirety.
Alternative Press characterized Lead Into Gold as a departure from the "all-encompassing industrial dance cloud" of Barker's other projects that delivers a more intellectual music whose lyrics and message makes up for what it lacks in danceability.
In the video for "Faster Than Light", Nine Inch Nails' vocalist Trent Reznor can be seen playing the guitar. He was rumored to have been in the area for the "Head Like a Hole" video shoot when he made his cameo.
Revival (2015-present)
A limited edition 12” EP titled Low and Slow was released in 2015, roughly 25 years after its recording, on Wax Trax! Records. The tracks are "The Sweetest Kiss", "Cry Baby", "Low & Slow", and a remix of the track "Lunatic/Genius" with additional percussion by Bill Rieflin.
In November 2017, Barker announced that he would be releasing new music under the Lead into Gold name for the first time in 25 years. A 12" single, "A Savage Gift" / "Inside a Golden Sun", was released in February 2018. A full length album, The Sun Behind the Sun, followed in July 2018.
Discography
Studio albums
Age of Reason (1990)
The Sun Behind the Sun (2018)
Singles & EPs
Idiot (1988)
Chicks & Speed: Futurism (1990)
Faster Than Light (12" promo) (1990)
Low & Slow (2015)
A Savage Gift (2018)
References
External links
Lead into Gold at discogs.com
Faster than Light video
Low & Slow EP at bandcamp.com
American industrial music groups
American rock music groups
Wax Trax! Records artists |
4033658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%20Dietrich | Noah Dietrich | Noah Dietrich (February 28, 1889 – February 15, 1982) was an American businessman, who was the chief executive officer of the Howard Hughes business empire from 1925 to 1957. (Even though these dates have been recorded as the official period of employment, Noah Dietrich continued to oversee and make executive decisions for the Hughes industries as late as 1970.) According to his own memoirs, he left the Hughes operation over a dispute involving putting more of his income on a capital gains basis. The manuscript of his eventual memoir, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, may have been a key, if inadvertent, source of novelist Clifford Irving's infamous fake autobiography of Hughes.
Early life
Dietrich was born on February 28, 1889 in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of German-born evangelical Lutheran minister John Dietrich, and the former Sarah Peters. He graduated from Janesville High School in 1906, married in 1910, and became a bank cashier in Maxwell, New Mexico for the next six months. They then moved to Los Angeles, where he became an auditor for the Los Angeles Suburban Land Co., and then the Janass Investment Co. In 1917, he became an assistant comptroller for Edward L. Doheny Oil companies in New York City. Then Dietrich, along with his family now consisting of his wife and two daughters, decided to move back to Los Angeles, where he worked for the CPA firm of Haskins and Sells. There he passed the California Board of Accountancy exam in 1923.
Career
"Noah Can Do It"
In November 1925, at the age of 36, Dietrich met 19-year-old Hughes, who had gained control of Hughes Tool Company after buying out the other family heirs. Started by his father, Howard R. Hughes, Sr., Hughes Tool Company – or Toolco – manufactured oil drilling equipment, especially the multiple-edge, revolving-teeth roller cutter drill bits the elder Hughes invented.
Hughes, according to Dietrich, was "looking for someone with wide general knowledge," "Someone who is resourceful and can solve problems." Questions Hughes asked Dietrich included "how a battleship finds the range on its target?", and to "Explain the principles of the internal combustion engine," both of which Dietrich was able to answer satisfactorily.
Dietrich was hired as an executive assistant to explain the production and financial reports issued by Hughes' tool company, eventually becoming Hughes' personal delegate. In his memoir, Dietrich observed that Hughes had little interest in Toolco, other than as a source of revenue. "The tool company," he quoted Hughes as saying, "was my father's success. And it always will be." The company's earnings, however, allowed Hughes to pursue his interest in Hollywood movies.
When still in his early twenties, Hughes told Dietrich, "My first objective is to become the world's number one golfer. Second, the top aviator, and third I want to become the world's most famous motion picture producer. Then, I want you to make me the richest man in the world."
In time, Dietrich came to serve as an executive for most of Hughes' enterprises, including Trans World Airlines (TWA), RKO Pictures and Hughes Aircraft.
Dietrich became Hughes' most indispensable executive – "Noah can do it" was, according to Dietrich's memoir, a frequent Hughes expression whenever difficult, if not impossible, wants or needs needed to be met. Some – such as when Dietrich arranged a stock ticker to be installed in a Hughes home – were merely difficult. Others – such as the time Dietrich arranged the shipment of Hughes' large private liquor stock from his Texas home to his California home during Prohibition – put him at serious risk.
Dietrich guided the expansion of Hughes empire by using Hughes Tool Co. profits to purchase real estate, thus avoiding penalties for excess accumulated surplus. Hughes also limited his salary to $50,000 per year, without dividend payments, thus limiting his income tax. All of Hughes' major expenses, planes, automobiles, houses, etc., were also charged to Hughes Tool Co. as business expenses. Hughes even said of Dietrich, "He knows more about my business than I do," referring to Noah as a "genius".
Some of Dietrich's duties got him caught in the middle of disputes with members of Hughes' family. During a period when Hughes refused to talk to anyone outside a few business associates, Dietrich recalled, a Hughes' aunt Loomis accused Dietrich – who turned out to have been kept in the dark about Hughes' exact whereabouts himself – "of hiding his body and running things" himself. When Hughes returned, Dietrich wrote, he made a special point of calling this aunt. "I didn't want her to continue believing that I was running the Hughes empire while I kept her nephew in the Deep-freeze." A few years later, while Hughes was recovering from injuries he sustained in the crash of his experimental XF-11 aircraft, Hughes refused a visit from his favorite aunt Annette Lummis, and her husband Dr. Fred Lummis. The uncle turned to Dietrich and said, "Now I can better understand your problems in dealing with Hughes. I don't understand him at all."
In 1946, Hughes put Dietrich in charge of Toolco. Dietrich proceeded to modernize the company, and was able to increase profits to the point that Hughes Tool Co. made $285,000,000 in profits over the next eight years.
Dietrich also discussed in considerable detail the real impetus behind the government's investigation of Hughes Aircraft following World War II. Ostensibly, the probe involved Hughes' failure to deliver the infamous flying boat, the Hercules, a military transport aircraft, to the government on time. Dietrich wrote, however, that the real purpose of the probe may have been neutralizing Hughes, owner of TWA, while rival Pan Am – whose president, Juan Trippe, had implored Maine Senator Owen Brewster to carry it – pushed for a federal law establishing only one official American carrier of international air traffic, and Pan Am becoming that carrier.
Dietrich discussed the famous Hughes counterattack before the Senate committee investigating him – and revealed that both his own and Hughes' hotel suites had been bugged during the hearings, allegedly at the behest of Brewster and Trippe. The hearings, and Hughes' legendary triumph over them, helped end both the legislation and Brewster's political career; On Hughes' orders, Dietrich poured money into a challenger's campaign a few years later.
By 1948, Dietrich wrote that his duties were getting "immensely onerous", "If an executive had to be fired, 'Noah can do it.' If millions had to be raised overnight, 'Noah can do it.' If a politico or a starlet had to be paid off, 'Noah can do it.' Noah was getting tired of doing it."
Falling out with Hughes
Though Dietrich was pulling in a salary of $500,000 per year, his tax burden was 70% on the first $100,000 and then 93% for the remainder. Dietrich wanted compensation based on a stock option, which was subject only to a tax of 25%. Yet, Dietrich wrote, Hughes "simply could not bring himself to let anyone share in his ownership."
In 1957, after working for Hughes for 32 years, Dietrich left the Hughes organization over a capital-gains dispute: Hughes had promised to make more of Dietrich's income on a capital gains basis. At the time of the falling-out, Hughes was trying to finance jets for TWA and decided the key was to inflate Hughes Tool profits in order to sell the company to pay for the jets, since Hughes had rejected all other financing solutions, because they threatened to dilute his TWA ownership. At the same juncture, Hughes, Dietrich recalled, also did everything in his power to stop Dietrich's long-planned African safari with his two sons, the first long vacation Dietrich had taken in decades of working for Hughes. Dietrich returned from Africa, he wrote, and finally agreed to go to Texas to implement the plan – on condition that Hughes finally implement the capital gains agreement. When Hughes refused, Dietrich immediately quit – stunning Hughes. (Dietrich quoted Hughes as saying, "Noah, I can't exist without you!")
Hughes didn't let him go without a fight. After pleading failed, Hughes tried to strong-arm Dietrich into reconsidering, going so far, Dietrich recorded, as changing the lock on Dietrich's office– a practice Hughes had followed any time top executives were fired or otherwise departed the Hughes operation, Dietrich recalled. Hughes also sought Dietrich's interest in their oil partnerships. Dietrich wrote that he surrendered his interest just to be rid of Hughes, a move he later regretted, since the leases turned big profits eventually. Dietrich got a court order to reclaim many of his personal possessions from his old offices.
Post-Hughes career and memoirs
After parting ways with Hughes, Dietrich, as a well-respected financial and executive advisor, served on several corporate and financial boards as well as traveled to many speaking engagements. His 1971 memoir, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, provided many with the first genuine inside look into the world of Howard Hughes, including and especially his occasional lack of concern that things he wanted done often required breaches of ethics or even the law. Only when he was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis (the same illness that killed shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis), did Dietrich finally retire in full.
Dietrich wrote of Hughes, "Of all his possessions, TWA held a certain mystique for him. He didn't give a damn about the tool company, except as a source of wealth. Hughes Aircraft was an avocation for him, and outlet for his tendency to tinker. RKO was a heady diversion, an opportunity to pursue his sensual enjoyments."
Personal life
By 1936, he had divorced his first wife, and their two daughters were married. By 1945, Dietrich had three children with his second wife. By 1951, Dietrich was separated from his second wife. After leaving Hughes in 1957, Dietrich married for a third time.
In his book Howard, Dietrich wrote, "I much preferred the more exciting life," rather than the sedate life of a CPA. He wrote the book "to leave, for my children and grandchildren, a record of the role I played in a colorful subchapter of American history," and in part, so "the American public should be informed on the uses and misuses of great wealth."
Time revealed in 1972 that a copy of an early draft of the manuscript for Dietrich's memoir, ghost-written by journalist James Phelan, may have fallen into Clifford Irving's hands, and identified the draft as a key element in Irving's being able to convince publishers and others that his hoax Hughes autobiography was genuine. "The instances of duplicated material are numerous," the magazine wrote. "In some cases, the books are virtually identical in detail. In others, they are substantively the same, although the Irving manuscript has been reworded and otherwise disguised. One curiosity: the writing in the Irving manuscript is much better than that in the hastily drafted Phelan version. It is ironic that Irving may be more convincing as a forger than as an author in his own right – just as Elmyr de Hory, Irving's Ibiza friend and the main character in his book Fake!, is much better at doing Picassos and Modiglianis than he is at doing De Horys." When he later wrote his own memoir, The Hoax, Irving corroborated the hypothesis posited by the Time article, writing that he indeed obtained and a made a copy of a draft of Dietrich's manuscript, which he then used as source material for his fabricated Hughes autobiography.
Dietrich and Phelan eventually settled for $40,000 after Dietrich became dissatisfied with Phelan's work. He then turned the project over to another journalist, Bob Thomas, who finished the Dietrich memoir within six weeks.
Death
On February 15, 1982 Dietrich died of heart failure in a hospital in Palm Springs, California. He was just thirteen days short of his ninety-third birthday. He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in Glendale, California.
TV/movie adaptations
Noah Dietrich has been portrayed within several adaptations:
Ed Flanders played Dietrich against Tommy Lee Jones as Hughes in the 1977 mini-series The Amazing Howard Hughes. Released one year after Hughes' death, Dietrich's role is highlighted from his commencement with Hughes as Accountant, his subsequent contribution in restructuring Hughes Empire, and his later departure.
Eli Wallach played Dietrich in the 2006 movie The Hoax, about author Clifford Irving's faked Howard Hughes autobiography.
John C. Reilly played Dietrich against Leonardo DiCaprio as Hughes within the 2004 movie The Aviator. A criticism of this adaptation was that it downplayed the role Dietrich played in helping Hughes amass his fortune.
Martin Sheen portrayed Dietrich in the 2016 film Rules Don't Apply.
References
External links
Authorized tribute site
Howard Hughes
1889 births
1982 deaths
American people of German descent
Businesspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
American business executives
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century American businesspeople |
4033683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20tube%20battery | Vacuum tube battery | In the early days of electronics, vacuum tube (called valves in British contexts) devices (such as radios) were powered by batteries. Each battery had a different designation depending on which tube element it was associated with.
Initially, the only such device was a diode with only a filament (cathode) and a plate (anode). Following the direction of electron flow, these electrodes were identified as "A" and "B", respectively and thus the associated batteries were referred to as the "A" and "B" batteries respectively. Later, when the control grid element was added to create the triode tube, it was logically assigned the letter "C" and supplied from a "C" battery. Subsequent addition of further internal elements to improve the performance of the triode did not require an extension to this series of batteries – these elements were either resistively-biased from the existing batteries, connected to ground or to the cathode.
This nomenclature was used primarily within North America. Different battery names were used elsewhere in the English speaking world.
Categories
The "A" battery is used to provide power to the filament. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "wet battery". (A dry cell could be used for the purpose, but the ampere-hour capacity of dry cells was too low at the time to be of practical use in this service.) The term comes from the days of valve (tube) radios when it was common practice to use a dry battery for the plate (anode) voltage and a rechargeable lead/acid "wet" battery for the filament voltage. (The filaments in vacuum tubes consumed much more current than the anodes, and so the "A" battery would drain much more rapidly than the "B" battery; therefore, using a rechargeable "A" battery in this role reduced the need for battery replacement. In contrast, a non-rechargeable "B" battery would need to be replaced relatively infrequently.) A batteries were initially 2 volts, being lead acid accumulators, but with the introduction of all dry battery radios, 1.4 volts became more common. Other voltages can be encountered. For example, 7.5 volt batteries were sometimes used to power a series connected set of 1.4 volt valves (tubes). In Britain and some other countries, the "A" battery was known as the "LT" (low tension) battery if dry, and simply the "accumulator" if wet.
The "B" battery is used to provide the plate voltage. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as a "dry battery" (although there's no reason why a "wet" battery of suitable voltage couldn't be utilised for the purpose). The filament is primarily a heat source and therefore the A battery supplies significant current and rapidly discharges. The B battery experiences comparatively little current draw and retains its stored capacity far longer than an A battery. Early B batteries used with bright emitter tubes were 120 volts, but these quickly became obsolete as they were replaced with examples having voltages of typically 45 volts, 67½ volts, or 90 volts as more efficient tubes became available. Some examples had taps every 22½ volts. Even when the plate voltage rail is fed by a power supply rather than a battery, it is generally referred to as the "B+" line in American schematics. Because plate voltages can be as high as 300V DC, multiple B batteries may be connected together in series to additively provide the required operating voltages. The much higher available voltage of B batteries means that they must be handled more carefully than other battery types due to their ability to shock and/or burn the person handling them. In Britain and in some other countries, the "B" battery was known as the "HT" (high tension) battery.
The "C" battery is used to provide bias to the control grid. Until the early 1930s this was common practice in valve (tube) radio sets but was largely superseded by grid leak resistors or voltage divider biasing. Because the tube grids drew no current, the C battery provided the bias voltage with no current draw. The battery's life in the radio was essentially its shelf life. Grid bias batteries are still manufactured today, but not for radio use. They are popular in schools and colleges as a convenient variable voltage source in science classes. The most popular battery is the 9 volt type with taps every 1½ volts that accept banana plugs. A rare form of "C" battery was the bias cell, a button-size miniature battery designed to deliver a constant voltage with no current drain. These were briefly popular between 1936 and 1945 as the bias cell was less costly than a resistor/capacitor bias network. In Britain and in some other countries, the "C" battery was known as the "GB" (grid bias) battery.
See also
History of the battery
List of battery sizes
List of battery types
Battery nomenclature
References
External links
Instructions for Operating The Crosley 51 Radio Receiver - examples of usage of A, B, and C batteries in an early radio.
1951 Radio Battery Cross Reference Chart - Radio Retailing
Vacuum tubes
Battery shapes
Battery applications |
4033685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolowa | Tolowa | The Tolowa people or Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni’ are a Native American people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethno-linguistic group. Two rancherias (Smith River and Elk Valley) still reside in their traditional territory in northwestern California. Those removed to the Siletz Reservation in Oregon are located there.
Related to current locations, Tolowa people are members of several federally recognized tribes: Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation (Tolowa, Chetco, Yurok), Elk Valley Rancheria (Tolowa and Yurok), Confederated Tribes of Siletz (more than 27 Native Tribes and Bands, speaking 10 distinct languages, including Athapascans speaking groups of SW Oregon, like Upper Umpqua, Coquille, Tututni, Chetco, Tolowa, Galice and Applegate River people), Trinidad Rancheria (Chetco, Hupa, Karuk, Tolowa, Wiyot, and Yurok), Big Lagoon Rancheria (Yurok and Tolowa), Blue Lake Rancheria (Wiyot, Yurok, and Tolowa) as well as the unrecognized Tolowa Nation.
History
Their homeland, Taa-laa-waa-dvn (“Tolowa ancestral-land”) lies along the Pacific Coast between the watersheds of Wilson Creek and Smith River (Tolowa-Chetco: Xaa-wun-taa-ghii~-li, Xaa-wvn’-taa-ghii~-li~, or Nii~-li~) basin and vicinity in northwestern California Del Norte. The area was bounded by the California/Oregon to the north and Wilson Creek, north of the Klamath River (Tolowa-Chetco: Tʽáˑtʃʽɪᵗˑʼdɜn) in California, to the south. They lived in approximately eight permanent villages including on Crescent Bay and Lake Earl (Tolowa-Chetco: Ee-chuu-le' or Ch'uu-let - "large body of water"). The most important Tolowa village is Yontocket, California (Tolowa-Chetco: Yan’-daa-k’vt). Their tribal neighbors were the Chetco (Tolowa-Chetco: Chit Dee-ni’ or Chit-dv-ne' , also: Chit-dee-ni / Chit-dee-ne), Tututni (Tolowa-Chetco: T’uu-du’-dee-ni’ or Ta-́a te ́ne, also: Tu-́tutûn t̟ûn-nĕ) to the north; Shasta Costa (Tolowa-Chetco: Shis-taa-k'wvs-sta-dv-ne or See-staa-k’wvt-sta Dee-ni’), Takelma (Tolowa-Chetco: Ghan’-ts’ii-ne), Galice Creek / Taltushtuntede (Tolowa-Chetco: Talh-dash-dv-ne' ) to the NE, all of which were removed to the Siletz Reservation, and Karuk (Tolowa-Chetco: Ch'vm-ne Dee-ni' , also: Ch’vm-ne Xee-she’ ) to the east; and the Yurok (Tolowa-Chetco: Dvtlh-mvsh, also: Dvtlh-mvsh Xee-she’ ) to the south.
The name "Tolowa" is derived from Taa-laa-welh (Taa-laa-wa), an Algic name given to them by the Yurok (Klamath River People) (meaning "people of Lake Earl").
Their autonym is Hush, Xus or Xvsh, meaning "person" or "human being".
The neighboring Karuk called them Yuh'ára, or Yurúkvaarar ("Indian from downriver") and used this Karuk name also for the Yurok, and the Tolowa territory Yuh'aráriik / Yuh'ararih (″Place of the Downriver Indians″). Today the Karuk use also the term Imtípaheenshas (from Imtipahéeniik - ″Tolowa Indian place, i.e. Crescent City, California″).
They called themselves in a political sense also Dee-ni’ , Dee-ne, Dvn-’ee, Dee-te which means "(is a) citizen of a yvtlh-’i~ (polity)" or "a person belonging to a place or village".
The Tolowa or Dee-ni’ population exceeded 10,000. In the 19th century, epidemics of new infectious diseases, such as smallpox, broke out among the Tolowa, resulting in high mortality. These occurred before they had face-to-face encounters with non-natives because of contact through intermediaries. In 1828 the American Jedediah Smith and his exploration party were the first known non-natives to contact the Tolowa.
The Tolowa embraced the Ghost Dance religion from 1872 to 1882, in hopes of getting relief from European-American encroachment.
Genocide
In 1770 the Tolowa had a population of 1,000; their population soon dropped to 150 in 1910; this was almost entirely due to deliberate mass murder in what has been called genocide which has been recognized by the state of California. In a speech before representatives of Native American peoples in June 2019, California governor Gavin Newsom apologized for the genocide. Newsom said, "That’s what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that’s the way it needs to be described in the history books." Among these killings the Yontoket Massacre left 150 to 500 Tolowa people recorded dead. Because their homes had burned down, the place received the name "Burnt Ranch". The Yontoket massacre decimated the cultural center of the Tolowa peoples. The natives from the surrounding areas would gather there for their celebrations and discussions. The survivors of the massacre were forced to move to the village north of Smith's River called Howonquet. The slaughtering of the Tolowa people continued for some years. They were seemingly always caught at their Needash celebrations. These massacres caused some unrest which led in part to the Rogue River Indian war. Many Tolowa people were incarcerated at Battery Point in 1855 to withhold them from joining an uprising led by their chief. In 1860, after the Chetco/Rogue River War, 600 Tolowa were forcibly relocated to Indian reservations in Oregon, including what is now known as the Siletz Reservation in the Central Coastal Range. Later, some were moved to the Hoopa Valley Reservation in California. Adding to the number of dead from the Yontoket Massacre and the Battery Point Attack are many more in the following years. These massacres included the Chetko Massacre with 24 dead, the Smith creek massacre with 7 dead, the Howonquet Massacre with 70 dead, the Achulet massacre with 65 dead (not including those whose bodies were left in the lake) and the Stundossun Massacre with 300 dead. In total, 902 Tolowa Native Americans were killed in 7 years. There are no records that any of the perpetrators were ever held accountable. This means over 90% of the entire Tolowa population was killed in deliberate massacres.
Language
They have traditionally spoken Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni' Wee-ya' (Tolowa Dee-ni' Language), the Tolowa language, one of the Athabaskan languages.
At the Siletz Reservation in central Oregon, tribes speaking 10 distinct languages were brought together in the mid-19th century. In the early 21st century, the remaining native language spoken is known as Siletz Dee-ni, related to Tolowa, although many of the original tribes spoke Salish languages.
In 2007, in coordination with the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians produced a "talking dictionary" in this language to aid in preservation and teaching. Alfred "Bud" Lane, among the last fluent native speakers of Siletz Dee-ni on the reservation, has recorded 14,000 words of the language in this effort.
Culture
The Tolowa organized their subsistence around the plentiful riverine and marine resources and acorns (san-chvn). Their society was not formally stratified, but considerable emphasis was put on personal wealth.
Tolowa villages were organized around a headman and usually consisted of related men, in a patrilineal kinship system, where inheritance and status passed through the male line. The men married women in neighboring tribes. The brides were usually related (sisters), in order for the wealth to remain in the paternal families.
Ethnobotany
They apply a poultice of the chewed leaves of Viola adunca to sore eyes.
Population
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Various estimates for the 1770 population of Tolowa have ranged from as low as 450 to an upper end around 2,400.
In 1910, there were reportedly 150 Tolowa. The 1920 census listed 121 Tolowa left in Del Norte County, California. By 2009, there were approximately 1,000 Tolowa Indians.
See also
Tolowa language
Tolowa traditional narratives
Eunice Bommelyn, Tolowa historian, genealogist and language advocate
Loren Bommelyn
Notes
Further reading
Collins, James. 1996. Understanding Tolowa Histories: Western Hegemonies and Native American Responses. London: Routledge.
Drucker, Philip. 1937. "The Tolowa and their Southwest Oregon Kin," University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 36:221–300. Berkeley.
Gould, Richard A. 1978. "Tolowa," In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 128–136. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
External links
Elk Valley Rancheria
Official Tolowa Tribe of the Smith River Rancheria website
About the Tolowa Nation
Clinton Hart Merriam photograph collection, Images of Tolowa People
California genocide
Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
Native Americans in Del Norte County, California
Native American tribes in California
Native American tribes in Oregon
History of Del Norte County, California |
4033694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto%2C%20Queensland | Monto, Queensland | Monto is a rural town and locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Monto had a population of 1,156 people.
Geography
Monto is located on the Burnett Highway north-west of Brisbane and south of Rockhampton. The Gladstone–Monto Road intersects with the Burnett Highway in the town.
The main street in the town is Newton Street.
History
Gureng Gureng (also known as Gooreng Gooreng, Goreng Goreng, Goeng, Gurang, Goorang Goorang, Korenggoreng) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Gureng Gureng people. The Gooreng Gooreng language region includes the towns of Bundaberg, Gin Gin and Miriam Vale extending south towards Childers, inland to Monto and Mt Perry.
The town takes its name from its railway station, which in turn is an Aboriginal word meaning ridgy plain.
Europeans settled in the area in the late 1840s, maintaining large pastoral holdings at the northern end of the Burnett Valley. Gold unearthed along Three Moon Creek — a tributary of the Burnett River — in the 1870s attracted further settlers. The original site of the diggings, north of present-day Monto, has since been flooded by construction of Cania Dam.
The township of Monto was not formally established until 1924 in which year the post office opened.
Norton Diggings Provisional School opened circa 1881 and is believed to have been repositioned circa 1892 and renamed Norton Goldfield Provisional School. It closed circa 1903 but reopened in 1904 as Norton Provisional School, but then closed in 1907.
Monto State School opened on 25 January 1926.
Monto Baptist Church opened on 23 April 1930. It was at 24 Kelvin Street (). It closed in 1997 and passed into private ownership.
St Therese's Catholic Primary School was opened on 5 February 1940 by the Presentation Sisters.
With dwindling gold reserves, Monto turned its economy towards farming and logging, two of the region's major industries today. Deposits of thermal coal and limestone have been discovered in the shire.
Monto State High School opened on 28 January 1964.
At the 2006 census, Monto had a population of 1,159.
The town was the administrative centre of Monto Shire until its amalgamation in 2008 into the new North Burnett Region local government area.
Amenities
Monto has a cultural and historical complex with a museum reserve, sporting facilities, swimming pool and golf club.
Monto Hospital is a 14-bed hospital operated by Queensland Health at 35 Flinders Street (). It has a 24-hour emergency service.
The North Burnett Regional Council operates a public library in Monto at 50 Newton Street.
The Monto-Bancroft branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 9 Rutherford Street.
Education
Monto State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 3 Leichhardt Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 110 students with 9 teachers (7 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (5 full-time equivalent).
Monto State High School is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at Mouatt Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 159 students with 23 teachers (20 full-time equivalent) and 19 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent).
Monto Cluster Special Education Program is a primary and secondary (Prep-12) special education program at Monto State High School.
St Therese's Catholic Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Rayleigh Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 88 students with 9 teachers (8 full-time equivalent) and 3 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).
Heritage listings
Monto has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Gladstone-Monto Road: Monto Cemetery No 1 and No 2
corner of Huxley, Bell & Edison Streets: Monto Watertower and Rotary Park
Lister, Kelvin, Lyell & Faraday Streets: Monto Town Design (also known as Monto Government Administration Precinct)
Newton Street: Hotel Albert
Newton Street: Monto Shire Hall
53 Newton Street: former Monto Court House
Rutherford Street: former Monto Council Office and Chambers (also known as Sunshine House)
corner Rutherford and Newton Streets: Monto Post Office
Yarrol Road, Ventnor: Ventnor State School
Tourism
Tourism is also a major industry in the region. Besides being a major highway town, the chief local attractions are Cania Gorge National Park and Cania Dam, north of town.
Monto has also added to its attractions as being () the most northerly silo art installation in Australia. Its "Three Moons" silos depict several stories of the past, including the era of gold mining, cattle mustering and The Dreaming. It also has a mural on an old water tower.
Dairy farming
Monto was once the centre of a thriving dairy industry, with more than 400 dairy farms in the area, but deregulation in the 1990s changed that. The number of dairy farms dropped to three.
Mining
In 2006, Monto Minerals floated on the Alternative Investment Market in London, raising approximately A$41 million before expenses. In 2007 it announced plans to begin commercial production of feldspar, ilmenite, apatite and titanomagnetite from its site at the Goondicum crater, just outside the eastern border of Monto Shire. It was reported in September 2008 that Monto Minerals had placed itself in voluntary administration. The mine was then operated by Belridge Enterprises from September 2012 to June 2013, and Melior Resources from April to July 2015 when production was halted due to low market prices. After resuming operations the mine was again closed when Melior Resources appointed a voluntary administrator in September 2019.
Coal mining company Macarthur Coal also owns large amounts of land in the Mulgildie area.
Climate
Notable people from Monto
Gordon Bennett (artist)
Michael Caton
Prof. Megan Davis was born here in 1975.
Gil Jamieson
Mal Meninga
Jeff Seeney
Mark Steketee
See also
Shire of Monto
The Boyne Valley
Cania Gorge National Park
References
External links
Town map of Monto, 1981
Monto Shire Council
Monto: The Age newspaper write-up (includes historical information)
Monto Online
Monto
Populated places established in 1924
North Burnett Region
1924 establishments in Australia
Localities in Queensland |
4033704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bec%20%28novel%29 | Bec (novel) | Bec is a book by Darren Shan in The Demonata series. It is the fourth book of the series released but it is the first chronologically. The protagonist of the book is the central character Bec. It is set in Ireland around 1600 years ago. The last line of the book, "Screams in the dark," is also the first line of the book, as well as the tagline for the novel. Bec is the end of the first part of the Demonata books, where the three protagonists are introduced.
Plot
When a "simple child" named Bran who can run incredibly fast comes to Bec's demon-besieged rath, she and a small consignment of warriors go with him, including the chief's son, Connla, who is "largely untested" in battle; Goll, an old warrior; Lorcan and Ronan, two teenage twins; Fiachna the blacksmith; and Orna, a female warrior. During the journey, the group is attacked by demons, but luckily manage to hide near some ancient lodestones which protect them with powerful Old Magic. Eventually, Bran leads them to a crannóg, where everyone is dead except a druid, Drust. The druid tells them about a tunnel to the demons' world, and how he aims to destroy it. They go with him.
The group finds some horses which help them reach their destination in time, but Fiachna is soon abandoned after his wound becomes life-threatening.
Bec manages to force Bran through the closing tunnel at the last moment with the last of her magic, but is trapped as a result. Soon after, Lord Loss appears and tells Bec that when she appeared to absorb power from him several days earlier, Lord Loss had actually intended for that to happen so that she could close the tunnel. This is because Lord Loss is unique among demons, in that instead of wishing to slaughter all the humans in the world, he actually prefers to prolong the suffering for as long as possible. If the tunnel had remained open, countless other demons would have passed through and destroyed all of mankind within a matter of weeks, which would have ruined Lord Loss' "sport". After telling Bec this, Lord Loss reminds her of the geis that he had placed on her, and that he is bound by his word to kill her. Lord Loss sets his familiars upon Bec, and without any magic to defend herself with, she is easily overwhelmed and killed.
References
Shanville Monthly 68
External links
Official Darren Shan Site
Official Darren Shan Blog
Demonata website
2006 novels
The Demonata novels
Demon novels
Novels about orphans
Novels set in Ireland
HarperCollins books
Little, Brown and Company books |
4033708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauta%20cornuta | Argonauta cornuta | Argonauta cornuta is a species of pelagic octopus belonging to the genus Argonauta. The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus reminiscent of the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus). The shell is usually approximately 80 mm in length, although it can exceed 90 mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 98.6 mm.
This species seems to have a relatively limited distribution confined to the waters surrounding Western Mexico and Baja California. For this reason, it is considered one of the rarest of the Argonauta species.
The taxonomic status of this species is questionable. Further research is needed to determine whether it is a valid species or a synonym of the highly variable A. hians.
The type locality of A. cornuta is unknown. The type specimen is deposited at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.
References
Sweeney, M. J. (2002). Taxa Associated with the Family Argonautidae Tryon, 1879. Tree of Life web project.
External links
Information on the genus Argonauta
cornuta
Cephalopods described in 1854
Taxa named by Timothy Abbott Conrad |
4033723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Wallsend | Electoral district of Wallsend | Wallsend is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It has only ever been represented by a member of the Labor Party and is currently represented by Sonia Hornery.
Wallsend is a Newcastle suburban electorate, deriving its name from the suburb of the same name, covering 116.83 km². It encompasses part or whole of the suburbs of Beresfield, Birmingham Gardens, Black Hill, Callaghan, Cardiff, Cardiff Heights, Elermore Vale, Fletcher, Glendale, Hexham, Jesmond, Lambton, Lenaghan, Maryland, Minmi, New Lambton, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle University, North Lambton, Rankin Park, Shortland, Tarro, Wallsend, Waratah and Waratah West. There were 56,506 people enrolled within the electorate as of January 2015.
History
Wallsend was initially settled as a coal mining area and has developed into one of the poorer dormitory areas for the industrial hub of Newcastle. Throughout its history Wallsend has been a safe Labor seat.
It was first created in 1894 with the abolition of multi-member districts from part of the electoral district of Newcastle, but was abolished in 1904 with the reduction of the size of the Legislative Assembly after Federation. It was recreated between 1917 but with the introduction of proportional representation in 1920, it was absorbed into Newcastle. In 1930, it was abolished and partly replaced by Waratah. It was most recently recreated at the 1968 redistribution, largely from the abolished district of Kurri Kurri.
In its current incarnation it has had three members to date. The first was Ken Booth who eventually became the state treasurer in the Wran and Unsworth governments. He was succeeded by John Mills, who was in turn succeeded by Sonia Hornery.
Members for Wallsend
Election results
References
Wallsend
1894 establishments in Australia
Wallsend
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Wallsend
1913 establishments in Australia
Wallsend
1920 disestablishments in Australia
Wallsend
1927 establishments in Australia
Wallsend
1930 disestablishments in Australia
Wallsend
1968 establishments in Australia
Wallsend
Politics of Newcastle, New South Wales |
4033731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Jarlath | Saint Jarlath | Saint Jarlath, also known as Iarlaithe mac Loga (fl. 6th century), was an Irish priest and scholar from Connacht, remembered as the founder of the monastic School of Tuam and of the Archdiocese of Tuam, of which he is the patron saint. No medieval Life for Jarlath is extant, but sources for his life and cult include genealogies, martyrologies, the Irish Lives of St Brendan of Clonfert, and a biography compiled by John Colgan in the 17th century.
Background
The Irish genealogies record the existence of two saints named Jarlath: Jarlath son of Lugh (Iarlaithe m. Loga), founder of Tuam, and Jarlath son of Trian (Iarlaithe m. Trena), bishop of Armagh.
Jarlath of Tuam is said to have belonged to the Conmhaícne, who ruled over the greater part of what would become the parish of Tuam. The other saint is said to have belonged to the Dál Fiatach in east Ulster. He is identified as the third Bishop of Armagh, that is after Patrick's heir Benignus and the Annals of Ulster and Innisfallen record his death in the year 481.
In the two Irish Lives of St Brendan, possibly of the 12th century, Jarlath is called a son of Lug, son of Trén, son of Fiacc, son of Mochta, and the First Life in the Book of Lismore continues the pedigree by calling Mochta a son of Bresal, son of Siracht, son of Fiacha the Fair. Both Lives substitute Imchada for Mochta and on this basis, Séamus Mac Mathúna argues that they go back to an original which conflates the genealogy of Iarlaithe mac Loga with that of his namesake in Armagh.
Dónall Mac Giolla Easpaig suggests that the saints could refer to one and the same person:[...] both are given as the third bishop of Armagh [...] placename evidence from the Tuam area would tend to corroborate [this] view [...] the evidence suggests that there was a strong Patrician and, consequently, a strong Armagh influence in the Tuam area from the earliest Christian period [...] the fact that Iarlaithe was a bishop like Benignus of Kilbennan and Felartus of Donaghpatrick, would further indicate that Tuam [...] would have predated Brendan of Clonfert by almost a century.
St Brendan's Irish Lives
Jarlath appears briefly as a prominent figure in the medieval Irish Lives of St Brendan of Clonfert. Brendan is said to have visited Connacht to study under the famous Jarlath. One day, when Jarlath was in his old age, Brendan advised his mentor to leave the school and to depart in a newly built chariot until its two hind shafts broke, because there would be the place of his resurrection (esséirge) and that of many after him. Because Jarlath acknowledged the divinity and superior wisdom of his pupil, saying "take me into thy service for ever and ever", he gladly accepted his advice. His travel did not take him very far, as the shafts broke at Tuaim da Ghualann ("Mound of two shoulders"), that is, at Tuam.
Jarlath died, "full of days", on 26 December, circa 540, aged about 90 years old.
In attributing a leading role to St Brendan in the foundation of Tuam, the Lives suggest that the see of Tuam was united with but subordinate to that of Annaghdown.
Tuam achieved the status of the principal see of Connacht only in 1152 at the Synod of Kells-Mellifont, while Annaghdown became an independent diocesan seat at the Synod of Dublin in 1192. In this light, the assertion in the Lives has been read as reflecting circumstances in the 12th century.
Foundation of Tuam
John Colgan drew up a memoir of the saint in his Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae (1645). Jarlath is said to have studied under St Benignus at Kilbennen, disciple of St Patrick.
Afterwards, he founded his first monastery at Cluainfois (Cloonfush), near Tuam, while his principal seat came to be at Tuam. His monastic school is said to have attracted scholars from all parts of Ireland, including such students as St Brendan of Ardfert and Saint Colman of Cloyne. On the significance of the place-name Tuam, Dónall Mac Giolla Easpaig posits:"[t]he first element in the placename Tuaim Dá Ualann/Ghualann referred to a pagan burial-ground similar to that designated by the second element of Cluain Fearta (see Clonfert). If so Tuam offers another example of an early church being built on or near a pre-Christian sacred site."
Despite his fame, Jarlath left Cloonfush to study under Saint Enda of Aran around 495. In the 520s, he retired to Tuam. He chose Tuam because the wheel of his chariot broke there. Jarlath is included in the second order of Irish saints, which implies that he must have lived prior to the year 540.
A poem ascribed to Cuimmín of Coindeire, which is also cited in Ó Cléirigh's Martyrology of Donegal, states that Jarlath was known for his generosity and devotion to prayer ("three hundred genuflexions every night, and three hundred genuflexions every day"). In the Martyrology of Donegal, he is credited with having predicted the names of his successors, including those of three 'heretical' bishops and one Máel. Similarly, his hagiography in the "Great Synaxaristes of the Orthodox Church" records that as a result of his great asceticism and devotion to prayer he was granted the gift of prophecy.
Feast-day
Saint Jarlath's feast day is 6 June, which is the date of the translation of his relics to a church specially built in his honour next to the Cathedral of Tuam. His remains were encased in a silver shrine, from which the 13th-century church gained the name Teampul na scrín, that is the "church of the shrine", a perpetual vicarage united to the prebend of Kilmainemore in 1415. In a note added to the Félire Óengusso and in other martyrologies, Jarlath's feast-day was recorded as 25 or 26 December.
Jarlath in the 21st century
The first St Jarlath's Festival in Tuam, organised by the Energise Tuam community group, was organised for Saturday 7 June 2008. This included a pageant/parade from Tuam Cathedral through the streets of the town, a school's art competition to raise awareness of the saint and local cultural heritage, and street entertainment.
St Jarlath's broken wheel is a heraldic symbol of Tuam, and is included on the crest of many local organisations, including Tuam Town Council.
St Jarlath Road, a residential street in Cabra in Dublin 7 is named in his honour.
A parish in Oakland, California in the United States and one in Yarragon, Australia are named after him.
See also
School of Tuam
St. Jarlath's College
Aed Ua Oisin
References
Primary sources
Martyrology of Donegal, ed. J.H. Todd and W. Reeves, The Martyrology of Donegal, a calendar of the saints of Ireland. Dublin, 1864. [pp. 348–9 (26 December)]
Poem ascribed to Cuimmín, ed. and tr. Whitley Stokes, "Cuimmín's poem on the saints of Ireland." ZCP 1 (1897). pp. 59–73.
Colgan, John. Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae. Leuven, 1645. 308–10.
The First Irish Life of St Brendan
ed. and tr. Whitley Stokes, Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore. Anecdota Oxoniensia, Mediaeval and Modern Series 5. Oxford, 1890. pp. 99–116, 247–61. Based on the Book of Lismore copy.
ed. and tr. Denis O’Donoghue, Brendaniana. St Brendan the Voyager in Story and Legend. Dublin, 1893. Partial edition and translation, based on the Book of Lismore as well as copies in Paris BNF celtique et basque 1 and BL Egerton 91.
The Second Irish Life of St Brendan (conflated with the Navigatio). Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique 4190–4200 (transcript by Mícheál Ó Cléirigh)
ed. and tr. Charles Plummer, Bethada náem nÉrenn. Lives of the Irish saints. Oxford: Clarendon, 1922. Vol. 1. pp. 44–95; vol 2.
Great Synaxaristes of the Orthodox Church: Ὁ Ἅγιος Ζαρλάθιος Ἐπίσκοπος Τούαμ Ἰρλανδίας. 6 Ιουνίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
Secondary sources
Charles-Edwards, T.M. (2007). "Connacht, saints of (act. c.400–c.800)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, Sept 2004: January 2007; accessed 14 December 2008.
Mac Giolla Easpaig, Dónall (1996). "Early Ecclesiastical Settlement Names of County Galway", Galway: History and Society. Interdisciplinary essays on the history of an Irish county, ed. Gerard Moran. Dublin: Geography Publications. pp. 795–815.
Mac Mathúna, Séamus (2006). "The Irish Life of Saint Brendan: Textual History, Structure and Date", The Brendan Legend. Texts and versions, ed. Glyn Burgess and Clara Strijbosch. Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp. 117–58.
Further reading
Ó Riain, P. (ed.). Corpus Genealogiarum Sanctorum Hiberniae. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin 1985. pg. 26, line 150.
External links
Archive of
445 births
540 deaths
5th-century Irish priests
6th-century Irish priests
6th-century Christian saints
Medieval saints of Connacht
People from County Galway
Prophets in Christianity
Religion in Tuam
Roman Catholic monks
People of Conmaicne Cuile Toladh |
4033740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal%20celebration | Goal celebration | In sports, a goal celebration is the practice of celebrating the scoring of a goal. The celebration is normally performed by the goalscorer, and may involve their teammates, the manager or coaching staff or the supporters of the team. Whilst referring to the celebration of a goal in general, the term can also be applied to specific actions, such as a player removing their shirt or performing a somersault. Celebrations are generally more substantial in lower-scoring sports, such as association football and ice hockey, where a score has greater significance.
Many goal celebrations have been immortalised, such as in a statue (Thierry Henry), advertisements (Ronaldo), postage stamps (Pelé), magazine covers, or in video games: Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale, Lionel Messi among many others are featured in the FIFA series.
Celebration
Goal song
A goal song or goal celebration music is a short piece of music that is played in sports like football or ice hockey after a goal is scored. A goal horn sometimes sounds before the song is played, especially in the National Hockey League (NHL).
One such song is Bellini's "Samba de Janeiro", which is played after each Bolton Wanderers goal when they play at home and was used as the goal song in UEFA Euro 2008. Van Halen's "Jump" is played every time A.C. Milan scores a goal at the San Siro. "Song 2" by Blur is played at some German and Austrian clubs. In North America, "Rock and Roll (Part Two)" by the Glitter Band is commonly played. Donbass Arena, the home ground of Ukrainian football club Shakhtar Donetsk, has a tradition of playing music each time home players score goals, with a track corresponding to the nationality of a scorer. For example, "Sabre Dance" by the Armenian Aram Khachaturian was played whenever his compatriot Henrikh Mkhitaryan scored. When FC Bayern Munich score a goal in the Allianz Arena, the Can-can plays.
In ice hockey, the use of goal songs is very common. Prior to 2012, a goal by the NHL's Montreal Canadiens, on home ice, was followed by U2's "Vertigo". The New York Rangers play the song "Slapshot", which was written by Ray Castoldi, the music director at Madison Square Garden. The Chicago Blackhawks and Nottingham Panthers play "Chelsea Dagger" by The Fratellis after every home goal.
Common celebrations
A group hug of the players on the pitch with the scorer underneath, or the players jumping on each other's shoulders.
The scorer running to corner flag, standing with one of his hands holding the flagpole while screaming – Gabriel Batistuta's similar celebration when he played for Fiorentina inspired the design of his life-size bronze statue.
The scorer putting an index finger to his lips, as if telling the (opposition) crowd and/or critics to be quiet – Real Madrid forward Raúl memorably celebrated in this manner when scoring against fierce rivals Barcelona at the Nou Camp in 1999.
The scorer pretending to fire a machine gun, as done by Gabriel Batistuta and Edinson Cavani.
The scorer turning his wrist near his ear, this is usually done while running. It was used many times, if not all, by Luca Toni.
The scorer diving onto the grass with arms and legs outstretched. This was supposedly first done by Jürgen Klinsmann, shortly after he joined Tottenham Hotspur. Klinsmann was actually performing this goal celebration to satirise his own (in his belief unjustified) reputation for diving to win free-kicks and penalties. It became known as "a Klinsmann".
The scorer walking or running away in a nonchalant style with a "cocky" smirk as if to say, "I'm the best, that was easy, etc." An adaptation of this involves the scorer standing still and turning or looking around with said look. This was done by Manchester United striker Eric Cantona, and later by Zlatan Ibrahimović.
Ibrahimović also popularised shaping the fingers on both hands in the shape of a heart for his goal celebrations. This has since been used by Gareth Bale and Lorenzo Insigne.
The scorer kissing the ring finger – as Raúl always did. Married players are saluting to their husbands/wives with this celebration. Rivaldo also famously performed this celebration in the quarter-final match against Denmark in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Luis Suárez has popularised a similar celebration, kissing his wrist and fingers as a tribute to his wife and kids.
The scorer sliding on his knees – often done by Didier Drogba and Eden Hazard.
The scorer outstretching both arms and running around changing the angle of arms mimicking an aeroplane. This was made famous by former Brazilian striker Careca and later earned Italian forward Vincenzo Montella his nickname of "little aeroplane" (l'aeroplanino in Italian).
The scorer outstretching both arms and running straight. Brazilian striker Ronaldo often celebrated in this manner in his early career – his goal celebration was the basis for Pirelli's 1998 commercial where he replaced the figure of Christ from the Christ the Redeemer statue while in an Inter Milan strip. Zlatan Ibrahimović, whose idol was Ronaldo, often celebrates with both arms outstretched.
The scorer rocking his arms from side to side, as though rocking a baby. This usually signifies that the scorer recently became a parent, whether or not for the first time. It was brought to the world's attention by Brazilian striker Bebeto (joined by teammates Romário and Mazinho) at the 1994 FIFA World Cup after his quarter-final goal against the Netherlands, celebrating his son Mattheus, born two days before.
The scorer putting the ball underneath their shirt to indicate the pregnancy of a loved one.
The scorer sucking his thumb as a tribute to his child(ren) or to signify that scoring a goal is like child's play, over the years this has become a trademark celebration of Roma legend Francesco Totti. Bruno Fernandes often places his hands over his ears after sucking his thumb.
The scorer pointing towards the skies, either to express gratitude to God or to reference a person who is deceased – Kaká invariably gave thanks. Lionel Messi also celebrates goals in a similar manner, dedicating them to his late grandmother.
The scorer putting his hands behind his ears as if to listen to the reaction of the crowd more. This is usually done when a player is getting booed during the game and then scores, or if a player returns to score against his former club – as Manchester United striker Romelu Lukaku did when he cupped his ears to Everton fans after scoring (they had booed him throughout the game). Rarely, this celebration is aimed at club staff, players or officials for various internal reasons.
The scorer exhibiting some kind of dancing after the goal, usually joined in by teammates. The first player to gain worldwide fame for this was probably Cameroon veteran Roger Milla at the 1990 FIFA World Cup, who celebrated all four of his goals by dancing around the corner flag. Peter Crouch garnered attention for his robot dances after scoring goals for England. Five South Africa (Bafana Bafana) players performed a memorable Macarena-style dance after scoring the opening goal at the 2010 World Cup. Antoine Griezmann's 'Hotline Bling' goal celebration dance features in a 2016 Puma commercial.
The scorer performing some kind of acrobatic routine after the goal. Mexico striker Hugo Sánchez was the first notable exponent of the backflip. Nigerian footballers are well known for performing backflips after they score a goal, this includes a very famous one performed by Julius Aghahowa at the 2002 FIFA World Cup after he scored a goal against Sweden. Lomana LuaLua was banned from performing backflips by his then-club Portsmouth after injuring one of his feet during a celebration. Miroslav Klose and Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang are also noted for celebrating in this manner, albeit with front flips.
The scorer removing his shirt. As of 2004, this is considered Excessive Celebration per FIFA's Laws of the game, and results in a yellow card. Andrés Iniesta was so punished for his celebration in the 2010 World Cup Final.
A common alternative, although more common in the late 1990s and early 2000s, was for the scoring player to lift up his shirt and show the crowd a T-shirt with a message underneath. Romário was a frequent adopter of this kind of celebration, showing up with a different message every match. Roma striker Francesco Totti often celebrated goals against Lazio in the Rome derby in this way, once memorably revealing a t-shirt which sported the Italian equivalent of the phrase "I have done you again!"
The scorer imitating to shoot with some kind of weapon, either aiming towards the sky or to some other virtual target. Republic of Ireland striker Robbie Keane once performed a forward roll and finished by mimicking an archer against Saudi Arabia.
Teammates congratulating the scorer by kneeling down and pretending to shine his shoe – Ronaldo's Inter Milan teammates often congratulated him in this manner.
Lying in the prostrate position to thank God in sujud, mostly done by Muslim players – Egyptian forward Mohamed Salah performs this after a goal.
The scorer saluting the crowd – alternatively the scorer mocking the crowd, as Cristiano Ronaldo did twice after scoring against Barcelona at the Nou Camp, in 2012 and 2016, when he gestured to the crowd to "calm down" after he scored.
The scorer jumping and punching the air – this celebration features in Pelé's 1969 Brazilian postage stamp that commemorates his 1,000th career goal. Swedish forward Tomas Brolin often celebrated with a jump-pirouette.
The scorer pulling his shirt over his face – often done by Fabrizio Ravanelli.
The scorer jumping into the crowd. This is commonly done whenever a very significant goal, such as an injury-time winner, is scored, an example being Troy Deeney's last-minute goal for Watford against Leicester City in 2013, sending Watford to a Wembley Play-Off Final.
The scorer running the length of the field. Infamously done by then-Manchester City striker Emmanuel Adebayor against his former club Arsenal in 2009.
Some players who have tattoos on their wrists or forearms will often kiss them to show respect to whoever or whatever the tattoo symbolises. Spanish striker Álvaro Negredo is an example, as is the Uruguayan Luis Suárez.
"The Thierry Henry" or "Henrying" was made famous by striker Thierry Henry, who would celebrate by simply propping himself up against the goal post while another hand was on the hip, hinting that he's tired and/or tired of scoring goals, and has a "been there, done that"-type of reaction. This went viral in social networks, using the pose to photoshop Henry into appropriate settings, from propping up the Leaning Tower of Pisa, to helping Muhammad Ali with his punching bag.
The scorer hitting or kicking the corner flag. Dutch striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar kicked the corner flag after scoring the winning penalty against Mexico in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Australian midfielder Tim Cahill was famous for his regular celebration of shadow boxing around the corner flag. West Ham United forward Paolo Di Canio once snapped a corner flag in half after kicking it in celebration of a goal against Leicester City, which was thought at the time to have been the Italian's final goal for the club before a strongly-rumoured transfer to Manchester United; the move never materialised.
The scorer reacting with their mouth as wide open as possible – the magnitude of Zinedine Zidane's left foot volleyed winner in the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final saw him produce one of his most emotional goal celebrations as he ran towards the touchline with mouth wide open, screaming in delight. Liberian star George Weah had a similar open mouthed expression having run almost the entire length of the field and scored for Milan in 1996.
The scorer blowing a kiss to the crowd (this can be done in a mocking gesture); alternatively, the scorer provoking the crowd by kissing his team badge, or in the case of Barcelona captain Carles Puyol in 2009, kissing his Catalan armband in front of Real Madrid fans.
The scorer pointing/waving to their own fans – alternatively, wave in a provocative manner to opposition fans; after scoring against Manchester United at Old Trafford in 2009 Liverpool striker Fernando Torres held his hand in the air to fans of arch rivals United, with his 'five times' gesture (spread out five fingers) signifying Liverpool's five Champions League titles (to United's three).
The scorer swinging an arm – Mick Channon celebrated with his trademark windmill (swinging one arm round and round); South Korea's Park Ji-sung performed a two armed windmill after scoring against Greece at the 2010 World Cup. The two-armed windmill was also a trademark celebration for Marcelinho Carioca.
The scorer kissing the club/national badge on his or her shirt, to show his or her love and loyalty for the club/country; some players have even revelled in kissing the badge of their new team when scoring against their former club, a notable example being Wayne Rooney kissing the Manchester United badge when scoring against his boyhood team Everton.
Punishment
According to the rules of the games (Law 12):
While it is permissible for a player to demonstrate his joy when a goal has been scored, the celebration must not be excessive.
In recent seasons, FIFA have attempted to crack down on some of the more enthusiastic celebrations. If a player incites the crowd and/or takes their shirt off or puts the ball under their shirt to indicate a pregnancy after scoring a goal, they are likely to get booked by the referee. This can cause huge controversy if the player has already been booked, since they would then be sent off. However, some players get around this rule by pulling the hem of their shirts over the head, without taking the shirt off entirely, but this is not always overturned by the referees. Some players have received fines for dropping their shorts after scoring.
Jumping into the crowd is also a bookable offence ("deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee's permission", as identified in Law 12).
Players might be also fined for revealing T-shirts which contain some kind of message directed to the spectators. Notable examples include Robbie Fowler being fined for showing a T-shirt that was designed to show support for the Liverpool dockers' strike, incorporating the Calvin Klein "CK" into the word doCKer; and Thierry Henry, who was fined by UEFA after he removed his Arsenal shirt to reveal a T-shirt reading "For the new-born Kyd", which was directed to his friend, Texas lead singer Sharleen Spiteri, who had just given birth. In 1999, Robbie Fowler was also fined £60,000 by his club and the Premier League for having celebrated his penalty goal against Everton by getting down on all fours and miming the snorting of cocaine off of the white touchline. Although it was seen as Fowler's response to being accused of drug abuse in the tabloid press, then-manager Gérard Houllier famously claimed that he was merely imitating "a cow eating grass".
In January 1998, Rangers midfielder Paul Gascoigne courted serious controversy during a goal celebration where he mimed playing a flute (symbolic of the flute-playing of Loyalist Orange Order marchers) during a game against Celtic at Celtic Park. The gesture infuriated Celtic fans who had been taunting him and Gascoigne was fined £20,000 by Rangers after the incident. He also received a death threat from an Irish Republican Army (IRA) member following the incident.
Boca Juniors striker Carlos Tevez was sent off for imitating a chicken when celebrating a goal against arch-rivals River Plate during the 2004 Copa Libertadores, clearly mocking the opposition crowd, with River called 'Gallinas' ('chickens') by other fans for choking late on.
Paolo Di Canio made his mark in 2005, when during his period at Lazio, he made a fascist salute to the right-wing fans. He was fined and suspended as a result.
Ipswich Town player David Norris received a fine after using a handcuff gesture to celebrate scoring against Blackpool in November 2008, dedicating the goal to ex-teammate Luke McCormick, who was jailed for death by dangerous driving.
Everton midfielder Tim Cahill received a similar fine for a similar gesture in a match on 2 March 2008.
A similar incident took place in Chelsea against Middlesbrough, when Chelsea's Salomon Kalou scored a brace and thereafter crossed hands with Ivorian teammate Didier Drogba. It was later revealed, however, that he claimed to have wanted to try out a new celebration and was not supporting an Ivorian convictionist.
In a 2009 Premier League match between Manchester City and Arsenal, Manchester City striker Emmanuel Adebayor received a yellow card for running the length of the pitch to celebrate his goal in front of the Arsenal fans. This was seen as controversial because Adebayor signed for Manchester City that summer from Arsenal.
In March 2013, AEK Athens midfielder Giorgos Katidis made a Nazi salute towards the crowd after scoring the winning goal against Veria. Though he later said he did not realise the meaning of the gesture, Katidis was fined €50,000, banned from playing for AEK for the remainder of the season, and given a lifetime ban from representing Greece at the international level.
West Bromwich Albion striker Nicolas Anelka was banned for five games and fined for celebrating a goal scored in December 2013 with a quenelle. While there was controversy with the gesture being linked to anti-Semitism, Anelka was cleared of being anti-Semitic or endorsing anti-Semitism.
At the 2018 World Cup in Russia, Xherdan Shaqiri and fellow Swiss goalscorer Granit Xhaka, who is also of Kosovar descent, celebrated their goals by making an eagle gesture, a symbol of ethnic Albanians, towards Serbian fans. FIFA fined Xhaka and Shaqiri 10,000 Swiss francs "for unsporting behaviour contrary to the principles of fair-play".
Not celebrating a goal
Refusing to celebrate a goal or undertaking muted goal celebrations is not unknown and not uncommon in football. In the case of the former, it is often seen when a player scores against a former club, especially one where the player began his career and/or had his greatest period of success, or where he first made his name. Non-celebration against former clubs does seem to be a fairly recent trend, however. There are several recorded examples of players celebrating against their old club prior to the 2000s, when this practice started to become regarded as disrespectful. Conversely, not celebrating a goal for your current side could be considered somewhat strange. Goalkeepers who score goals via a long kick that is perhaps taken by the wind or evades the opposition goalkeeper upon bouncing on the pitch may not celebrate, as a mark of respect to the opposition goalkeeper.
Muted celebration usually occurs when scoring a consolation goal in a match that is otherwise already lost; celebration may be omitted entirely if there is not enough time left on the clock and the losing team wants the match to continue as soon as possible. It also occurs when a large number of goals have been scored by one team in a match, and the result has been put beyond doubt; for later goals, celebrations might be reduced or non-existent. Several (though not all) of Southampton midfielder Matthew Le Tissier's goal celebrations were notably understated despite the fact that he scored a number of spectacular or technically difficult goals during his career; an example of this being his lack of celebration after scoring a goal from 30 yards against Blackburn Rovers in 1994–95 season which was later voted Goal of The Season. Le Tissier has since stated that he did not celebrate out of respect for his former teammate and friend Tim Flowers, who was the Blackburn goalkeeper that he beat.
In ice hockey, it is seen as good etiquette not to celebrate a goal made on an empty net where the goaltender has been pulled, due to the vulnerability of the opposing team and the lack of challenge.
Notable non-celebrations
Gabriel Batistuta, upon scoring for Roma against Fiorentina, refused to celebrate and even broke down in tears upon doing so; Batistuta was Fiorentina's all-time leading goalscorer and a club symbol for a long time before he joined Roma.
Denis Law, upon scoring for Manchester City against his former club Manchester United on the last day of the 1973–74 Football League First Division, which caused the latter to relegate, refused to celebrate his goal.
Hakan Yakin, a Swiss international of Turkish origin, refused to celebrate when he scored against Turkey at UEFA Euro 2008.
Mesut Özil, a German international of Turkish origin, refused to celebrate when he scored against Turkey during a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match.
A number of players have chosen not to celebrate against their former clubs, including Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink upon scoring for Charlton Athletic against Chelsea, Gary McAllister upon scoring for Liverpool against Coventry City, Fernando Torres upon scoring for Chelsea against Atlético Madrid, Gareth Bale upon scoring for Tottenham Hotspur against Southampton, Romelu Lukaku upon scoring for Everton against West Bromwich Albion, Ivan Rakitić upon scoring for Barcelona against Sevilla (and vice versa upon return to Sevilla) and Gonzalo Higuaín upon scoring for Juventus against Napoli.
Fabrizio Miccoli, upon scoring for Palermo against Lecce, refused to celebrate and even broke down in tears upon doing so, as Lecce was his hometown club.
Before the match between Manchester United and Arsenal, which have a heated rivalry, at Old Trafford on 3 November 2012, former Arsenal captain Robin van Persie said he wouldn't celebrate if he scored. The striker scored within 3 minutes and reacted by raising his hands with an almost blank expression. Later in the reverse fixture of the season on 28 April 2013, he also didn't celebrate after scoring a penalty goal. However, he celebrated against his former club in the following season, causing controversy.
In 2012, Everton goalkeeper Tim Howard scored against Bolton Wanderers from a wind-assisted, 102-yard clearance. Despite becoming just the fourth goalkeeper in Premier League history to score a goal, and despite being mobbed by teammates, Howard refused to celebrate out of respect for opposition goalkeeper Ádám Bogdán.
In the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League knockout phase, Cristiano Ronaldo scored twice against Manchester United, once in the first leg and again in the second leg. Both times he refused to celebrate out of respect to United; he also did not celebrate scoring against Barcelona in May 2018 as former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson had recently suffered a brain haemorrhage.
In 2013, Stoke City goalkeeper Asmir Begović scored after just 13 seconds with a long clearance against Southampton. Scoring from a distance of 97.5 yards, it earned him a place in the 2015 Guinness World Records for the 'longest goal scored in football'. Despite becoming just the fifth goalkeeper in Premier League history to score a goal, Begović refused to celebrate out of respect to opposing goalkeeper Artur Boruc.
Aaron Ramsey, upon scoring twice for Arsenal against Cardiff City in 2013, refused to celebrate against the club that developed him as a kid. He received applause from Cardiff fans, with some even joining Arsenal fans in singing Ramsey's name late on.
In 2013, Mario Götze did not celebrate after scoring for Bayern Munich against his former club Borussia Dortmund.
In the 2014 World Cup semi-final, it was noted by several commentators during the match that the German players toned down their celebrations as the goals piled up against host nation Brazil. Mats Hummels confirmed that this was deliberate on the part of the German players out of a desire not to humiliate the Brazilians unnecessarily.
Frank Lampard, upon scoring for Manchester City against Chelsea in 2014, refused to celebrate; Lampard was Chelsea's all-time leading goalscorer.
In the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals, Álvaro Morata refused to celebrate against former club Real Madrid after scoring for Juventus in both legs.
During a 2017 Cascadia Cup match against Seattle Sounders FC, Vancouver Whitecaps FC striker Fredy Montero refused to celebrate either of his goals in a 2-1 win out of respect for his former club. Montero previously spent four years in Seattle and left as the Sounders' leading goalscorer, which included the first top-flight goal in club history during their inaugural year in Major League Soccer.
In the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League group stage, Cristiano Ronaldo did not celebrate his free kick for Real Madrid against childhood club Sporting CP, stating "they made me who I am".
David Villa has never celebrated scoring against Sporting Gijón, where he started his career, while playing for Valencia and Barcelona.
During a Premier League match, Liverpool's Egyptian forward Mohamed Salah did not celebrate against former club Chelsea to also pay tribute to those killed and injured in the 2017 Sinai mosque attack. Salah did not celebrate scoring against another former club, Roma, after scoring twice for Liverpool in the Champions League. Salah also never celebrated scoring against former club Fiorentina while he played in Italy.
Radamel Falcao, upon scoring for Monaco against former club Porto in 2017, refused to celebrate. He was applauded by Porto fans for the gesture.
In the 2018 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, Antoine Griezmann did not celebrate his goal against Uruguay because his mentor and club teammates are Uruguayan.
In the 2018–19 FA Cup, Álvaro Morata refused to celebrate after scoring 2 goals against Nottingham Forest. According to Marca, this was aimed at Chelsea assistant manager Gianfranco Zola, who had criticised Morata's performance prior to the match.
After scoring a penalty to give Real Madrid the lead against Levante in 2019, winger Gareth Bale refused to celebrate with his teammates, which some saw as growing dissatisfaction with them as well as his role in the club.
In UEFA Euro 2020, Joel Pohjanpalo of Finland did not celebrate his goal against Denmark out of respect for Christian Eriksen, who had collapsed earlier in the game due to a cardiac arrest.
Injuries
While unusual and somewhat ironic, a variety of football players have injured themselves during celebration: examples include Paulo Diogo (who severed a finger after it got caught in a fence), Thierry Henry, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Fabián Espíndola, (who celebrated a goal that was later disallowed due to offside) and Michy Batshuayi. An Indian footballer, Peter Biaksangzuala, died from a spine injury in 2014 following a failed somersault celebration.
Nicolai Muller once injured himself while celebrating scoring a goal against FC Augsburg when he spun around repeatedly in a "helicopter" style which had until that point, been his trademark celebration. Medical examination confirmed that the striker had ruptured the ACL in his right knee. He was out of action for 10 months, and after his team were relegated he left the club.
Managers and coaches celebrations
Managers (and coaching staff) have been known for their exuberant goal celebrations. Some notable celebrations include;
On 10 April 1993, Alex Ferguson's Manchester United were losing to Sheffield Wednesday in the Premier League with four minutes of the 90 to go before Steve Bruce equalised. After 7 minutes of injury time – dubbed 'Fergie Time', alluding to extra minutes allegedly being granted to Ferguson's teams to get a goal – Bruce scored the 97th-minute winner, with Ferguson running from his dugout on to the touch line, while assistant Brian Kidd ran and leapt on to the field.
In the 2004 Champions League last 16 game between Manchester United and Porto, José Mourinho's Porto were on the verge of a defeat when Costinha scored a goal with 30 seconds left of the official 90 minutes to win the tie. Mourinho jumped up from his dugout, fists punching the air as he sprinted down the sideline near to his celebrating players – this dramatic celebration is regarded as the moment when Mourinho announced himself to the game.
In the 2009 Champions League semi-final, Pep Guardiola's Barcelona were losing to Chelsea with minutes remaining before Andrés Iniesta fired in from 20 yards to win the tie on away goals. An ecstatic Guardiola uncharacteristically sprinted down the touch line near to where his players were celebrating.
At the closing stages of a 2018 Premier League game between Chelsea and Manchester United, former Chelsea and United manager José Mourinho was involved in a tunnel incident. With Chelsea's Ross Barkley scoring a 96th-minute equaliser, Chelsea coach, Marco Ianni, celebrated by running in front of the Manchester United bench and clenching his fists close to Mourinho's face. An incensed Mourinho leapt up and attempted to chase Ianni down the tunnel, with security intervening. As he sat back down Chelsea fans repeatedly (and loudly) chanted "fuck off Mourinho". At full-time, Mourinho walked over to United fans and applauded, and on his way back to the tunnel he held up three fingers towards Chelsea fans, reminding them he won three Premier League titles with the club.
During a Merseyside derby in the 2018–19 Premier League, Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp caused controversy for his celebrations near the end of the match. As Divock Origi scored a 96-minute winner against Everton, Klopp ran onto the pitch to hug goalkeeper Alisson Becker. Klopp later apologized for his actions, but was nonetheless fined £8,000 by The Football Association.
See also
Football culture
Gatorade shower
Pitch invasion
Touchdown celebration
Try celebration
References
External links
Association football terminology
Gaelic games terminology
Association football culture
Australian rules football culture
Sports culture |
4033741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacor | Jacor | Jacor Communications was a media corporation, existing between 1987 and 1999, which owned many radio stations in the United States. In 1998, Jacor was purchased by Clear Channel Communications, now iHeartMedia, for $2.8 billion.
Jacor Communications began with three religious stations and went on to acquire dozens of radio stations between 1992 and its sale to Clear Channel in 1999. It also owned a few television stations, including WKRC-TV in Cincinnati.
History
Jacor Communications was founded by Terry Jacobs. Jacobs incorporated Jacor Communications in 1979 and purchased three religious stations in 1981. In June 1989, Jacor purchased Telesat Cable, a Northern Kentucky cable provider, for $5 million, which it later sold in May 1994. In 1993, an investor named Sam Zell paid $80 million from the Zell Chillmark fund to purchase controlling interest in Jacor.
In 1992, the Federal Communications Commission increased the number of radio stations a single company could own in one city to 3AMs and 3FMs. After this change, Jacor began purchasing stations, including WKRC (AM) in Cincinnati in 1993.
On February 6, 1996, Jacor announced plans to acquire Noble Broadcast Group Inc for $152 million. After the passing of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Jacor began buying more radio stations.
On February 13, 1996, Jacor announced it would buy Citicasters for $770 million. As part of the merger, Jacor acquired WKRC-TV, a Cincinnati CBS-affiliate television station, and WTSP, a television station in Tampa, Florida. In September, Jacor announced WTSP would be sold to Gannett Co. in exchange for three radio stations.
In May 1993, founder and CEO Terry Jacobs left Jacor. The VP of programming and COO, Randy Michaels, was named president of the company that year, and in 1996, he was promoted to CEO. Jacor's corporate headquarters were in downtown Cincinnati from the mid-1980s through 1996 when they moved across the Ohio River to Covington, Kentucky. In 1997, Jacor acquired the assets of Nationwide Communications.
In 1999, Jacor was sold to Clear Channel Communications for $3.4 billion in stock. Clear Channel also assumed approximately $1.2 billion of Jacor's debt. At the time of its acquisition, Jacor was the third-largest provider of syndicated radio programming, owning 230 radio stations and Premiere Radio networks (a radio syndication company), as well as disseminating The Rush Limbaugh Show and the Dr. Laura Schlessinger show.
Clear Channel named Randy Michaels CEO and chairman of Clear Channel Radio in 2000. In 2008, private equity firms Thomas H. Lee and Bain Capital Partners completed a buyout of Clear Channel Communications.
References
External links
Clear Channel Overview
IHeartMedia
Defunct radio broadcasting companies of the United States
Mass media companies established in 1987
Mass media companies disestablished in 1999
Defunct companies based in Ohio
Defunct companies based in Cincinnati
1987 establishments in Ohio
1999 disestablishments in Ohio |
4033753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzy%20Alc%C3%A1ntara | Izzy Alcántara | Israel Crisóstomo "Izzy" Alcántara (born May 6, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball player for the Boston Red Sox and Milwaukee Brewers.
Minor leagues
Alcántara was signed as an amateur free agent by the Montreal Expos in 1990. In the minor leagues, Alcantara was very successful, with at least 27 home runs and an OPS of .940 or higher in each of his seasons from 1997 to 2001. He led the International League in home runs twice, with 36 in 2001 and 27 in 2002. His OPS of 1.023 in 2000 was the best in the International League. In all his minor league years he batted .283 with 239 home runs and 988 runs batted in.
Boston Red Sox
Alcántara's minor league success did not carry over to the little time he spent in the Major Leagues, as he played parts of two seasons for the Boston Red Sox, debuting in the major leagues on June 25, 2000. That season, he hit .289 with four home runs in 45 at bats. Despite some success at the plate, Alcántara quickly found himself deep on the Red Sox bench after irking Boston manager Jimy Williams by a perceived lack of hustle during a game against the Chicago White Sox. For a time, Williams refused to play Alcántara despite general manager Dan Duquette's insistence the outfielder be put in the lineup of a team that suffered from low power numbers. In , Alcántara's average declined to .263 with no home runs in 38 at bats in Boston although he continued to smash AAA pitching.
Alcántara is remembered for an incident while he was playing with the Pawtucket Red Sox, Boston's AAA affiliate of the International League. On July 3, 2001, after being brushed back a second time by Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons pitcher Blas Cedeño, Alcántara turned around, kicking catcher Jeremy Salazar, karate-style, in the mask before charging the mound, throwing an unsuccessful punch at Cedeño before turning around as other players joined the fight until he was tackled by Kevin Orie. The incident cost Alcántara a six-game suspension and his spot on the International League's All Star squad.
Milwaukee Brewers
Before the season, he was signed as a free agent by the Milwaukee Brewers, where he hit .250 with 2 home runs in 32 at bats. His final Major League game was on August 22, 2002 and he was released by the team after that season.
Later career
2003
Alcántara then played in 2003 with the Mexican League team Vaqueros Laguna but after agreeing a release with his Mexican team, he moved to the Korean league after he played 61 games with 14 home runs and a .341 batting average. He signed a US$100,000 contract with LG Twins including a US$30,000 signing bonus.
2004
He came back to Vaqueros Laguna for the 2004 season, but this time Vaqueros arranged a high buyout clause to his contract in order to have him the whole season. On 24 March 2004 he tied a Mexican league record after hitting 8 home runs in six games, tying the previous record set by the Mexican Héctor Espino in 1969. He was selected to play the Mexican home run derby where he made it to the final round losing to the American Morgan Burkhart 7-8. He finished the season leading the Mexican league in home runs with 27. After the Mexican league imposed a salary cap starting in the 2004 season, that Alcántara refused to accept, his was then suspended.
He returned to the Korean baseball for the 2004 season with Doosan Bears.
Playing the Korean playoff against the Kia Tigers and winning 2-0 but losing to Samsung Lions 1–3 and winning the league third place.
2005
He played for Uni-President Lions of Taiwan's Chinese Professional Baseball League in , where he was nicknamed "Al-Qaeda". He hit 15 home-runs in 44 games, with a batting average of .330, but was released for reasons never fully explained by the management. He later played with the Mexican team Rojos del Águila de Veracruz, posting a .281 with five home runs and 15 RBI in just 27 games. He then joined Rojos del Águila de Veracruz in July in the late part for the league playoffs fight but his team was disqualified by Tigres de la Angelópolis.
Alcántara also played four games for the New Jersey Jackals of the independent Canadian-American Association of Professional Baseball, homering on 10 August before being released on 15 August.
2007
Alcántara contributed with the Colombian team Caimanes de Barranquilla 2007–08 league championship, when he hit a home run in the 10th inning of the fourth game of the best-of-7 series that his team swept.
Winter league
Alcantara played for the Dominican team Tigres del Licey from 1994–95 to the 2004–05 season, winning the 2004 Caribbean Series and the All-Star team selection. He led the Dominican Professional Baseball League in home runs in the 1999-00 season with six, and had 10 HR with 34 RBI and the 2002–03 when he hit 9 HR and had produced 21 RBI. He was released by Licey after hitting .171 with only 4 homers, but surpassing Alonzo Perry with 47 home runs with the Licey uniform and played with Leones del Escogido in the 2005–06 and finally with Estrellas Orientales and later for Gigantes del Cibao for the 2006-07 season, retiring in fourth place with 52 HR in the Dominican league. He acted as assistant coach for Tigres del Licey in the 2009–10 season.
Since 2015, Alcantara acted as assistant coach for Leones del Escogido and became a Christian.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Boston Red Sox players
Burlington Bees players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Doosan Bears players
Dominican Republic Protestants
Gigantes del Cibao players
Gulf Coast Expos players
Harrisburg Senators players
Indianapolis Indians players
Leones de Yucatán players
LG Twins players
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball right fielders
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball outfielders
Milwaukee Brewers players
New Jersey Jackals players
Orlando Rays players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Baní
Reading Phillies players
Rojos del Águila de Veracruz players
St. Petersburg Devil Rays players
Trenton Thunder players
Uni-President Lions players
Vaqueros Laguna players
West Palm Beach Expos players |
4033771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20Blind%20%28TV%20series%29 | Flying Blind (TV series) | Flying Blind is an American sitcom that aired on Fox from September 1992 to May 1993. The series stars Corey Parker and Téa Leoni.
Synopsis
The series revolves around awkward post-collegian Neil Barash (Parker) who, by serendipity, meets beautiful libertine Alicia (Leoni) and begins a relationship with her. The show explores the difficulties faced by self-conscious and repressed Neil in dealing with the erotic antics of Alicia and her eccentric roommates, Jordan (Robert Bauer) and Megan (Clea Lewis).
Veteran comedy actor Peter Boyle guest starred as Alicia's father, a former spy, and Charles Rocket had a recurring role as movie maker Dennis Lake. Thomas Haden Church, acting full-time on Wings, also served in a recurring role as Jonathan. In addition to Leoni, an assortment of stars had guest spots or cameos in the series before they became famous, including Diedrich Bader, Jill Hennessy, Greg Grunberg, Lisa Kudrow, Adam Ferrara, Andy Dick, Willie Garson and Noah Emmerich.
Cast
Corey Parker as Neil Barash
Téa Leoni as Alicia
Cristine Rose as Ellen Barash
Robert Bauer as Jordan
Clea Lewis as Megan
Marcus Giamatti as Ted Sharperson
Michael Tucci as Jeremy Barash
Production
The series was created by Richard Rosenstock, who later went on to write for Fox's Arrested Development. The theme song for the show was "A Million Miles Away", written and performed by David Byrne which appeared on his spring 1992 album release Uh-Oh.
The production companies were Sweetum Productions, and Paramount Network Television in association with (eventual corporate sibling) Viacom Productions. The series later became owned by CBS Television Distribution.
Episodes
Reception
The series got generally favourable notices upon its debut. Ken Tucker gave the show a B+ in Entertainment Weekly, "Flying Blind's pilot episode is so well written, so zippily sexy, that it immediately stands out among Fox's usual run of self-consciously crude comedies. But even if it soon crashes and burns, this pilot for Flying Blind is easily one of the best debut shows of the year." People also graded the pilot a B+ and stated "The show may never again attain the sustained comic brilliance of last week's pilot. But this is a rarity for Fox: a sophisticated and clever sitcom." Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times wrote "It's not only the episode's sharp writing but also its eroticism and its balance between the naivete and predictability of Neil and the spontaneity and instability of Alicia that give "Flying Blind" its uniqueness. What a nice beginning." Mike Duffy of the Detroit Free Press wrote, "Rosenstock has a terrific sense of irreverent non-sexist humor, the sort of contemporary, self-deprecating wit that makes Neil and the outlandishly attractive Alicia most enjoyable. Plus, Flying Blind stars Parker and Leoni share a very nifty comic chemistry in this hip, fast-talking and contemporary romance." The show only lasted one year and has never been released on DVD. Joel Keller of The Huffington Post remarked "I'm not sure why the show only lasted one year, given the talent both in front of and behind the camera (James Burrows directed some episodes, and Linwood Boomer was one of the writers). But when it was on the air, it was mostly an enjoyable show to watch."
References
External links
1990s American sitcoms
1992 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Television series about Jews and Judaism
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows set in New York City
English-language television shows
Comedy television theme songs |
4033773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Angelo | Tony Angelo | Tony Angelo (born December 24, 1978) is an American professional drift racer and stunt driver. Tony formerly drove in the Formula Drift series in his 2013 Scion FR-S for Scion Racing and is also the former host for Motor Trend Channel's Hot Rod Garage.
Career
Tony began building and modifying his own cars as a teenager in his hometown of Doylestown, PA. In the late 90s, Tony was inspired to start drifting by Japanese videos and magazines. He and friend and future pro-driver Chris Forsberg soon helped to start East Coast grassroots drifting events which quickly took off.
In 2003, Tony personally gained national exposure in an article in Wired Magazine at the same time that drifting was gaining massive popularity. At this time doors began to open for Tony to race in the pro series.
Tony began racing professionally in 2004 in Formula Drift’s first year. He was quickly seen as a force on the track. In 2005, Tony earned his D1 license by placing first in a national driver’s search.
After years in FD as a serious competitor, Tony took a break from driving professionally in the U.S. in 2009 and became a judge for Formula Drift. Tony is credited with having majorly changed FD judging and scoring format for the better during this time.
Tony returned to the driver’s seat in 2012 for Scion Racing in his 2009 Scion tC.
In 2013, Tony purchased a salvage Scion FR-S that had been damaged during Hurricane Sandy. In just ten weeks, Tony and his TAngelo Racing team transformed the car into his 750 hp racecar.
Tony Angelo also does stunt work, having driven in ads for Audi, Nissan and Chevrolet.
Tony is the founder and president of Drift Alliance, based out of Englishtown, New Jersey. He is also a member of the Blood Masters team. Tony often drifts his Lexus SC 300 missile car at grassroots events alongside amateur drivers at the Englishtown track where his career started.
Tony was a host on the Motor Trend show Hot Rod Garage, which he left after 6 seasons.
Achievements
President of Drift Alliance
Multiple Formula Drift top 10 and top 8 finished
2013 FD Palm Beach Top 16
2013 FD Palm Beach Top FR-S qualifier
2013 Drift Week Triple Crown at Pikes Peak - 3rd Place
2012 FD Palm Beach Top Scion qualifier
2012 FD Palm Beach Top 4-cylinder qualifier
2012 Top 32 Qualifier all Formula Drift events
2010 FX Open Belarus - 5th Place
3 Formula Drift Team Drift wins
1st place D1 driver’s search
Fastest qualifier record on fastest FD track, Evergreen Speedway
Sponsors
Scion Racing
Hoonigan
Hankook Tires
Exedy Clutches
Alpinestars
Electric Visual
Brian Crower
Recaro
FTW Fuels
Mothers
References
External links
Tony Angelo Driver Page at Scion.com
Formula Drift Profile
Racing drivers from Pennsylvania
D1 Grand Prix drivers
Drifting drivers
Living people
Formula D drivers
1978 births |
4033776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Naborowski | Daniel Naborowski | Daniel Naborowski (1573–1640) was a Polish Baroque poet.
Daniel Naborowski was born in Kraków. Like many Polish noblemen of the time, he was a Calvinist by faith. His education took place not only in Cracow, but also in Wittenberg (1590–1593) and Basle (1593–1595). In Basle he studied medicine, in Orléans he studied law, and from Galileo in Padua he learned military engineering. Once he returned to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he joined the court of magnate Janusz Radziwiłł, where he became his secretary and physician. He was also magnate's diplomatic envoy, and often traveled abroad. After Janusz death, he moved to the court of his relative Krzysztof Radziwiłł.
He died in Vilna, where near the end of his life, he was appointed the city's judge.
Although some of his works were published in the 17th century (like On the eyes of the English princess who was married to Frederick, the pfaltzgrave of Rhein, elected the king of Bohemia, published in 1621), the majority of his poems were published only in 1961. Besides poems, Naborowski was a translator, and wrote letters, epitaphs, trifles and laments, mostly praising the country's peaceful life in the spirit of sarmatism. He translated three sonnets by Petrarch. He used in these poems Polish alexandrine instead of hendecasyllable, starting thus long tradition of writing sonnets in 13(7+5) metre.
Notes
References
Michael J. Mikoś, Polish Baroque and Enlightenment Literature: An Anthology. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1996. 104-108.
1573 births
1640 deaths
Nobility from Kraków
Polish poets
Polish male writers
Writers from Kraków
Baroque writers |
4033808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20reconciliation | Bank reconciliation | In bookkeeping, a bank reconciliation is the process by which the bank account balance in an entity’s books of account is reconciled to the balance reported by the financial institution in the most recent bank statement. Any difference between the two figures needs to be examined and, if appropriate, rectified.
Bank statements are commonly routinely produced by the financial institution and used by account holders to perform their bank reconciliations. To assist in reconciliations, many financial institutions now also offer direct downloads of financial transaction information into the account holders accounting software, typically using the .csv file format.
Differences between an entity’s books of account and the bank’s records may arise,for mainly three reasons,they are as follows
1)Difference due to timing in recording entries.
2)Transactions being recorded by the bank but not by the account holder.
3)Errors in recording entries.
Sometimes it may be easy to reconcile the difference by looking at the transactions in the bank statement since the last reconciliation and the entity's own accounting records (cash book) to see if some combination of them tally with the difference to be explained. Otherwise it may be necessary to go through and match every transaction in both sets of records since the last reconciliation, and identify which transactions remain unmatched. The necessary adjustments should then be made in the cash book, or reported to the bank if necessary, or any timing differences recorded to assist with future reconciliations.
For this reason, and to minimise the amount of work involved, it is good practice to carry out reconciliations at reasonably frequent intervals.
Bank reconciliation statement
A bank reconciliation statement is a statement prepared by the entity as part of the reconciliation process' which sets out the entries which have caused the difference between the two balances. It would, for example, list outstanding cheques (ie., issued cheques that have still not been presented at the bank for payment).
The entries in the entity’s books to rectify the discovered discrepancies (except for the outstanding cheques) would typically be made in a subsequent date or period, not backdated. When cheques become stale (ie., out of date), they would typically be reversed, not cancelled.
References
Accounting terminology |
4033829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers%20of%20the%20Night | Soldiers of the Night | Soldiers of the Night is the first studio album by the American heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1985 through Shrapnel Records (United States) and Roadrunner Records (Europe); a remastered edition was reissued in 2010. It is notably the only Vicious Rumors album to feature vocalist Gary St. Pierre as well as guitarist Vinnie Moore, the latter of whom would release his own debut album, Mind's Eye, in 1986.
Track listing
Personnel
Vicious Rumors
Gary St. Pierre – lead and background vocals
Geoff Thorpe – guitar, background vocals
Vinnie Moore – guitar
Dave Starr – bass, background vocals
Larry Howe – drums, gong, tubular bells
Production
Lionel Baker II – cover art
Steve Fontano – engineer, producer
Steve Pollutro – logo design
Jim Marshall – photography
Tim Gennert – remastering (reissue)
References
Vicious Rumors albums
1985 debut albums
Shrapnel Records albums
Roadrunner Records albums |
4033849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20in%20Command | Second in Command | Second in Command is a 2006 American action film starring Jean-Claude Van Damme and directed by Simon Fellows. The film was released direct-to-DVD in the United States on May 2, 2006.
Plot
Commander Sam Keenan (Jean-Claude Van Damme), a decorated US Navy SEAL, is sent to the Eastern European nation of Moldavia to become the new security attaché at the US Embassy.
When he arrives, Keenan learns that Moldavia is in the middle of a civil war. At the embassy, Keenan meets with Ambassador George Norland (Colin Stinton), who designates Keenan as his "second in command" despite the traditional diplomatic hierarchy, which is contested by others afterward. Recently, the US installed a new government in Moldavia, which is led by Moldavia's newly elected president Yuri Amirev (Serban Celea). Amirev wants the nation to be run as a democratic republic, but under the command of Anton Tavarov (Velibor Topić), communist insurgents have caused a riot at the presidential palace, threatening the fragile stability of the country. The insurgents are loyal to Alexei Kirilov (Costel Lupea), the former brutal communist dictator of Moldavia.
When the palace guards start firing on the insurgents without Amirev's authorization, the insurgents storm the palace, demanding Amirev's head. Keenan volunteers to bring Amirev to the embassy. But events reach critical mass, and the insurgents open fire. Keenan barely makes it back with Amirev, but the fight isn't over yet. Fifty Americans are holed up in the embassy, and Tavarov and his massive army have arrived at the gates, with plans to crash the building and drag Amirev out by any means necessary. To add to Keenan's problems, Norland is killed by a rocket that was launched by one of Tavarov's men.
To defend the embassy, Keenan has only 15 Marines, CIA bureaucrat Frank Gaines (William Tapley), limited ammunition, and his martial arts skills to hold Tavarov's army off until American reinforcements arrive. To make matters worse, Keenan's girlfriend, reporter Michelle Whitman (Julie Cox), is one of the hostages. With Tavarov's crew getting in position for attack, a power struggle takes place between Keenan and Gaines; with help hours away, it will be up to Keenan to rescue the hostages.
When the supposedly loyal General Borgov (a personal CIA "asset" claimed by Gaines) arrives, he turns out to side with the insurgents but Keenan rescues the surviving personnel with help from arriving American military reinforcements.
Cast
Jean-Claude Van Damme as Commander Sam Keenan
Julie Cox as Michelle Whitman
Alan McKenna as Captain John Baldwin
William Tapley as CIA Agent Frank Gaines
Raz Adoti as Gunnery Sergeant Earl Darnell
Velibor Topić as Anton Tavarov
Warren Derosa as Mike Shustec
Ian Virgo as Corporal Will Butler
Serban Celea as President Yuri Amirev
Vlad Ivanov as Regional Security Officer John Lydon
Emanuel Parvu as Corporal Chevantón
Razvan Oprea as Private First Class Devereaux
Mihai Bisericanu as Marshall Geller
Elizabeth Barondes as Jennifer Lennard
Colin Stinton as Ambassador George Norland
Dan Radulescu as Private First Class Pazzini
Catalin Paraschiv as Private First Class Burke
Eugen Cristea as General Borgov
Costel Lupea as President Alexei Kirilov
Production
It is set and filmed in Bucharest, Romania in 50 days on June 7 and July 27, 2005.
Reception
The film opened in the 24th place with $1.04 million in the rentals chart.
David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews gave it 1.5 out of 4. He said that after Van Damme's surprisingly decent previous film Wake of Death it was hard not to be disappointed and criticized the "astonishingly inept directorial choices".
Home media
DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on May 2, 2006. It was released in Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 15 May 2006. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
References
External links
2006 films
2006 action thriller films
2006 direct-to-video films
American action thriller films
American political thriller films
English-language films
Films about the United States Marine Corps
Films about United States Navy SEALs
Films produced by Donald Kushner
Films set in Europe
Films set in a fictional country
Films shot in Bucharest
Films shot in Romania
Political action films
Sony Pictures direct-to-video films |
4033867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20to%20Touch%20the%20Earth | Not to Touch the Earth | "Not to Touch the Earth" is a 1968 song by the Doors from their third album Waiting for the Sun. It is part of an extended performance piece called "Celebration of the Lizard" that the band played live multiple times. A 17-minute studio recording of the complete piece was attempted during the sessions for Waiting for the Sun, and the lyrics were printed in their entirety on the gatefold LP sleeve, but only the musical passage "Not to Touch the Earth" was included on the LP.
The full 1968 studio recording of "Celebration of the Lizard" was released in 2003 on the Legacy: The Absolute Best compilation and the 40th Anniversary Edition CD re-issue of Waiting for the Sun.
Lyrics
In the 2020 book Listen to Classic Rock! Exploring a Musical Genre, author Melissa Ursula Dawn Goldsmith compares "Not to Touch the Earth" to "Shaman's Blues" (from the 1969 The Soft Parade), since both songs lyrically seem to indicate that "Morrison was fascinated by shamanism". Portion of the lyrics refer to John F. Kennedy's assassination: "dead president's corpse in the driver's car".
The song begins with the line, "Not to touch the earth, not to see the sun", these are subchapters of the 60th chapter of The Golden Bough by James Frazer. The chapter is called "Between Heaven and Earth", with subchapter 1, "Not to Touch the Earth", and subchapter 2, "Not to See the Sun". These subchapters detail taboos against certain people (generally royalty or priests) walking upon the ground or having the sun shine directly upon them. Frazer had noted that these superstitions were recurring throughout many primitive cultures, and appeared to be related to traditions and taboos concerning menarche and the following female initiation rites. Frazer's work had an influence on Morrison, according to the Doors biography No One Here Gets Out Alive (1980).
Musical style
"Not to Touch the Earth" has received many characterizations and definitions by both authors and critics, concerning its musical style. Writing a review for the compilation album Perception, critic Stuart Berman characterized it as an acid rock track. Author Melissa Ursula Dawn Goldsmith wrote that the song represents a conventional psychedelic track on Waiting for the Sun, but "musically it is real part of the Doors' art and progressive rock effort." The tune has also been classified as avant-rock song, notably by British journalist Mick Wall.
References
External links
1968 songs
The Doors songs
Songs written by John Densmore
Songs written by Robby Krieger
Songs written by Ray Manzarek
Songs written by Jim Morrison
Song recordings produced by Paul A. Rothchild |
4033876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey%20Phillips | Dewey Phillips | Dewey Phillips (May 13, 1926 – September 28, 1968) was one of rock and roll's pioneering American disc jockeys, along the lines of Cleveland's Alan Freed, before Freed came along.
Early life
Phillips was born in Crump, Tennessee, but spent his childhood in Adamsville. After serving in the Army during World War II, seeing action in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, he moved to Memphis.
Career
Phillips started his radio career in 1949 on WHBQ/560 in Memphis with a special studio at the Gayoso Hotel. His nightly radio program, "Red, Hot & Blue," appeared on the WHBQ schedule for the first time the night of November 3, 1949, in the 10:15 - 11:00 pm slot. In 1953 WHBQ moved to the mezzanine floor of the Chisca Hotel. Dewey Phillips was the city's leading radio personality for nine years and was the first to simulcast his "Red, Hot & Blue" show on radio and television. During the 1950s he had 100,000 listeners to his 9pm-midnight slot and he received 3,000 letters a week.
Phillips' on-air persona was a speed-crazed hillbilly, with a frantic delivery and entertaining sense of humor. He also had a keen ear for music the listening public would enjoy, and he aired both black and white music, which was abundant in post-World War II Memphis, a booming river city which attracted large numbers of rural blacks and whites (along with their musical traditions). Dr. W. Herbert Brewster, pastor of East Trigg Baptist Church, was a frequent guest on Dewey's program. He played a great deal of rhythm and blues, country music, boogie-woogie, and jazz as well as Sun Records artists. In 1950, Phillips and his friend Sam Phillips (no relation) decided to launch their own record label. Joe Hill Louis waxed an electric blues single, "Boogie in the Park" (recorded in July 1950 and released the following month). It was the only record released on the Phillips label before Sam founded Sun Records.
In July 1954, he was the first DJ to broadcast the young Elvis Presley's debut record, "That's All Right" / "Blue Moon Of Kentucky" (Sun 209), and got Presley to reveal his race in an interview by asking which high school the 19-year-old singer attended (knowing that, because of segregation, his audience would readily know what race attended which schools).
Dewey Phillips was bringing Black Music to segregated Memphis before Alan Freed did the same as Moon Dog in Cleveland. Phillips briefly hosted an afternoon program on WHBQ-TV/13 in the mid-1950s, before Dick Clark took over Philadelphia Bandstand then American Bandstand on WFIL-TV. It mostly consisted of Phillips playing records while he and others clowned around in front of the camera.
Though Phillips was not involved in the payola scandals of the time (as was Freed), he was fired in late 1958 when the station adopted a Top 40 format, phasing out his freeform style. He had Sam Phillips and three other friends, Wink Martindale, T.L. Meade, and Sonny Gilmore to bail him out and keep him steady as work and recognition faded. He spent the last decade of his life working at smaller radio stations, seldom lasting long.
The popular musical Memphis is said to be based loosely on Dewey Phillips' life and career, although elements crucial in the career of Phillips' contemporary Alan Freed appear to be intermixed as well.
Death
Phillips died of heart failure at age 42. He is buried in Hardin County, Tennessee, at Crump Cemetery.
References
Additional sourcing
External links
One hour of airchecks, 1952-1960s. Broadcast August 14, 2002.
American radio personalities
1926 births
1968 deaths
Rockabilly
People from Hardin County, Tennessee
People from Adamsville, Tennessee |
4033885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WILM%20%28AM%29 | WILM (AM) | WILM (1450 AM) is a conservative talk radio station broadcasting in Wilmington, Delaware, United States. The station is owned by iHeartMedia. WILM is known as the station where radio and television talk show Joe Pyne developed the confrontational style now standard in radio and TV talk shows. Another well-known WILM personality was Tom Mees (ESPN) who worked at the station in the 1970s.
In the 1950s and 1960s WILM, under the ownership of Ewing Hawkins, experimented with various music formats, including Top-40 and MOR (middle-of-the-road). For a time, the WILM deejays were known as the "Flip Top Jocks." One of the program directors was Dean Tyler, who would later go on to be an influential broadcaster and manager in Philadelphia radio. In the early 1970s WILM adopted an Adult contemporary music format and featured an all-night block of rhythm and blues music geared to the city's African-American community. At this time, the station was affiliated with the Mutual Broadcasting System.
In January 1976, WILM switched to an all-news format, using the short-lived NIS (News and Information Service), operated by NBC. When the NIS ceased operations shortly thereafter, WILM continued on with its news format. Eventually the station modified its format and affiliated with the CBS radio network for news and features. The station also kept a secondary affiliation with the Mutual Broadcasting System, which carried The Larry King Show.
By the 1990s, WILM had added syndicated talk programming throughout its lineup. The station became one of the first to add, then, the very first to drop Rush Limbaugh's daily show from its schedule. A former program director said the decision was made due to incompatibilities with sales and audience demand but has since acknowledged the station chose not to pay increased carriage fees. During this period, another Wilmington station with a stronger signal, WDEL also adopted a full-time news and talk format, beginning direct competition with WILM, including picking up Rush Limbaugh's program.
By 2000, WILM began to shift toward talk radio. Mike Gallagher's syndicated show joined local host John Watson on the station's daily schedule. An evening hour featured a cavalcade of amateur talk radio hosts; most were members of the Wilmington-area community. Weekend programming was almost exclusively all satellite talk by 2004.
In 2004, owner Sally V. Hawkins sold WILM to Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) for $4 million. On July 28, 2006, WILM dropped the national newscasts from CBS Radio and switched to Fox News Radio. Clear Channel moved WILM into a new broadcast facility shared with its other Delaware stations. The new facility allows automated operation and Clear Channel reduced WILM's local air staff and local programming and added syndicated talk programming including Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity and Michael Savage. Both Limbaugh and Hannity had been carried by WDEL during a period when it dominated local ratings in the talk format, although these programs have not received comparable ratings on WILM.
In 2010, Clear Channel dropped WILM's morning news block programming and replaced it with a local talk show hosted by Bruce Elliott, who had previously done a weekend talk show at WBAL in Baltimore. In 2011, about six months after Elliott's arrival, Clear Channel dropped WILM's late morning local talk show hosted by John Watson and replaced it with a syndicated program hosted by Glenn Beck (which Clear Channel distributes). Almost all programs on WILM are simulcast on Clear Channel's WDOV in Dover. WILM, which once boasted about its large local news staff, now carries local news from WDOV. Sunday morning programs on WILM are generally public access shows which include health, real estate, gardening and Italian-American programs.
Notable alumni
Tom Donahue - Top 40 DJ in Philadelphia and Los Angeles, d. 1975
Tom Mees - Sports broadcaster, ESPN Radio, d. 1996
Joe Pyne - Nationally syndicated talk show host, d. 1970
External links
FCC History Cards for WILM
ILM
News and talk radio stations in the United States
IHeartMedia radio stations
Radio stations established in 1928
1928 establishments in Delaware |
4033889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Cannon | Frank Cannon | Frank Cannon may refer to:
Frank Cannon (footballer) (1888–1916), English footballer
Frank J. Cannon (1859–1933), United States Senator from Utah
Franklin Cannon (1794–1863), Lieutenant Governor of Missouri
Frank Cannon (drag racer), American drag racer, early user of a front engine dragster
Frank Cannon, fictional title character of the U.S. TV series Cannon
Ardath Mayhar (1930–2012), American author who used the pseudonym Frank Cannon |
4033890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetsaut%20language | Tsetsaut language | The Tsetsaut language is an extinct Athabascan language formerly spoken by the now-extinct Tsetsaut in the Behm and Portland Canal area of Southeast Alaska and northwestern British Columbia. Virtually everything known of the language comes from the limited material recorded by Franz Boas in 1894 from two Tsetsaut slaves of the Nisga'a, which is enough to establish that Tsetsaut formed its own branch of Athabaskan. It is not known precisely when the language became extinct. One speaker was still alive in 1927. The Nisga'a name for the Tsetsaut people is "Jits'aawit"
The Tsetsaut referred to themselves as the Wetaŀ. The English name Tsetsaut is an anglicization of , "those of the interior", used by the Gitxsan and Nisga'a to refer to the Athabaskan-speaking people to the north and east of them, including not only the Tsetsaut but some Tahltan and Sekani.
Examples
The examples by Merritt Ruhlen:
Bibliography
Boas, Franz, and Pliny Earle Goddard (1924) "Ts'ets'aut, an Athapascan Language from Portland Canal, British Columbia." International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–35.
Collison, W. H. (1915) In the Wake of the War Canoe: A Stirring Record of Forty Years' Successful Labour, Peril and Adventure amongst the Savage Indian Tribes of the Pacific Coast, and the Piratical Head-Hunting Haida of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Toronto: Musson Book Company. Reprinted by Sono Nis Press, Victoria, B.C. (ed. by Charles Lillard), 1981.
Dangeli, Reginald (1999) "Tsetsaut History: The Forgotten Tribe of Southern Southeast Alaska." In: Alaska Native Writers, Storytellers & Orators: The Expanded Edition, ed. by Ronald Spatz, Jeane Breinig, and Patricia H. Partnow, pp. 48–54. Anchorage: University of Alaska.
References
External links
First Nations Languages of British Columbia page
OLAC resources in and about the Tsetsaut language
Extinct languages of North America
Northern Athabaskan languages
North Coast of British Columbia
Languages extinct in the 20th century
20th-century disestablishments in North America |
4033896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetsaut | Tsetsaut | The Tsetsaut (Nisga'a language: Jits'aawit; in the Tsetsaut language: Wetaŀ or Wetaɬ) were an Athabaskan-speaking group whose territory was around the head of the Portland Canal, straddling what is now the boundary between the US state of Alaska and the Canadian province of British Columbia. The name T'set'sa'ut, meaning "those of the Interior", was used by the Nisga'a and Gitxsan in reference to their origin as migrants into the region from somewhere farther inland; their use of the term is not to the Tsetsaut alone but also can refer to the Tahltan and the Sekani.
Other than Nisga'a stories about them, little is known about the Tsetsaut other than bits of their language collected from two Tsetsaut slaves of the Nisga'a interviewed by Franz Boas in 1894.
Demise
In 1830 their numbers were estimated to be up to 500, at which point they were living in the Behm Canal, where they had been friendly with the Sanya kwaan of the Tlingit and Lakweip at which point they moved to the Portland Canal. Decimated by attacks and disease, the surviving Tsetsaut, estimated at 12 in 1895, came under the protection of the Nisga'a Eagle clan chief, Sim'oogit "Sganisim Sim'oogit" (Sim'oogit means "mountain chief"). Since the death of the remaining Tsetsaut, that chiefly lineage is now in possession of the Tsetsaut legacy in native law.
According to Teit, Tsetsaut territory "...lay in a strip from near Bradfield Canal and the Iskut across the streams flowing into Behm Canal perhaps to about the head of Boca de Quadra. They occupied all of the upper part of Portland Canal around the BC town of Stewart, and Salmon and Bear Rivers. They may have come down the canal as far as Maple Bay. They occupied all the White River and Meziadin Lake basins and one of their original headquarters, especially for salmon fishing, was at Meziadin Lake. They stretched across the head of the Skeena River above the Kuldo River over to Bear and Sustut lakes "
References
External links
Further reading
Dangeli, Reginald (1999) "Tsetsaut History: The Forgotten Tribe of Southern Southeast Alaska." In: Alaska Native Writers, Storytellers & Orators: The Expanded Edition, ed. by Ronald Spatz, Jeane Breinig, and Patricia H. Partnow, pp. 48–54. Anchorage: University of Alaska.
First Nations in British Columbia
Alaska Native ethnic groups
Native American history of Alaska
North Coast of British Columbia
Extinct Native American peoples |
4033898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20J.%20Cannon | Frank J. Cannon | Frank Jenne Cannon (January 25, 1859July 25, 1933) was the first United States Senator from Utah, who served from 1896 to 1899.
Early life
Born in Salt Lake City, Cannon was the eldest child of Sarah Jenne Cannon and George Q. Cannon. His father was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and later was a member of its First Presidency. After attending the school in Salt Lake City, Frank Cannon studied at University of Deseret, graduating at the age of 19. He married Martha Brown of Ogden in 1878.
Political career
In 1891 he helped to organize the Utah Republican Party. After a failed bid to become delegate from the Utah Territory, he succeeded and served from March 4, 1895, to January 4, 1896. Cannon was chosen in 1896 to serve as senator by the Utah Legislature in spite of LDS church leadership favoring his father for the job. He served in the United States Senate, initially, as a member of the Republican Party; however, he later became a member of the Silver Republican Party, founded by his successor (and future employer at The Salt Lake Tribune) Thomas Kearns.
Cannon lost re-election in 1899. Utah's state legislators indicated they would not support Cannon for re-election shortly after the November 1898 elections. Cannon had voted against the Dingley Act, which would have raised tariffs on sugar and helped the Utah sugar industry. It was strongly supported by the LDS Church hierarchy, who now opposed his re-election. Other factors were his support for Free Silver, rumors about immoral acts he may have committed while living in Washington, DC, and the fact that the Utah legislature was controlled by Democrats. Alfred W. McCune, one of Salt Lake City's most prominent businessmen, sought and won the backing of the LDS Church in his bid for the seat. But the legislature quickly deadlocked over the election. One-hundred and twenty-one ballots were cast, and no winner emerged. On February 18, a state representative accused McCune of trying to buy his vote. A seven-member legislative voted 7-to-2 to absolve McCune of the charge, and although ballotting resumed on March 8 McCune still lacked enough votes to win office (he had only 25 votes). The legislature adjourned without having chosen a senator,
Utah's U.S. Senate seat remained vacant until January 1901. The Republicans regained their majority in the state legislature in the election of 1900 and elected a wealthy mine owner Thomas Kearns to fill the seat. The election was still hotly disputed. Kearns received only 8 votes on the first ballot, and balloting continued for four more days. On January 22, Kearns won the election by a vote of 37-to-25 (with a unanimous block of Republican votes).
Cannon affiliated with the Democratic Party in 1900 and served as its state chairman 1902–1904.
Later life
After failing to be re-elected to the U.S. Senate by the Utah legislature, in part due to opposition by the Mormon hierarchy, Cannon worked as the editor of several newspapers, including The Salt Lake Tribune, the Ogden Herald (Ogden, Utah) and established the Ogden Standard in 1888. Between 1904 and 1911, Cannon consistently supported the anti-Mormon American Party in newspaper editorials.
Cannon later rejected Mormonism and wrote a book, with Harvey J. O'Higgins, called Under the Prophet in Utah exposing the rigidly hierarchical nature of the Mormon organization. The book denounced what the authors described as the "church" leadership's "absolutism" and "interference" in politics: "[Mormons] live under an absolutism. They have no more right of judgment than a dead body. Yet the diffusion of authority is so clever that nearly every man seems to share in its operation... and feels himself in some degree a master without observing that he is also a slave". The book details the negotiations Cannon participated in on Utah's behalf leading to statehood in exchange for official rejection of polygamy and LDS leadership's domination of civil politics during the 1890s, and the subsequent back-sliding he observed in the years following statehood.
During the last two decades of his life, he lectured against Mormonism and in support of "free silver" policies (as opposed to the Gold Standard). He died, at the age of 74, in Denver, in 1933.
See also
List of United States senators who switched parties
United States congressional delegates from Utah Territory
References
Sources
Alexander, Thomas G. Mormonism in Transition. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1902.
Committee on Privileges and Elections. In the Matter of the Protests Against the Right of Hon. Reed Smoot, A Senator From the State of Utah, to Hold His Seat. Doc. No. 486. 59th Cong, 1st Sess. Committee on Privileges and Elections. United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1906.
Powell, Allan Kent. Utah History Encyclopedia. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1995.
External links
Frank J. Cannon letter, MSS SC 2042 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
1859 births
1933 deaths
Politicians from Salt Lake City
Writers from Salt Lake City
Cannon family
American people of Manx descent
Former Latter Day Saints
People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Utah Territory
Republican Party United States senators from Utah
Silver Republican Party United States senators from Utah
Utah Republicans
Utah Silver Republicans
Critics of Mormonism
American newspaper editors
The Salt Lake Tribune people
Editors of Utah newspapers
University of Utah alumni |
4033901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Leaf | Richard Leaf | Richard Leaf (born 1 January 1967) is an English actor.
He has had several small parts in television and stage productions. Leaf met actress Tamsin Greig at a wrap party after Neil Gaiman's 1996 miniseries Neverwhere finished recording. They married in 1997 and they have three children. The actor is notable for his role as the Duke of York, nephew of King Edward I in Mel Gibson's Braveheart. He appeared as Hannibal Lecter's father in the 2007 film Hannibal Rising. He also appeared as John Dawlish, an Auror, in the film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, and portrayed Jack, the bartender of the Cloverdilly public house, in the 2006 film,'' Penelope.
Filmography
External links
References
1967 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors |
4033904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi%20Theatre%2C%20Saint%20Petersburg | Bolshoi Theatre, Saint Petersburg | The Saint Petersburg Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre (The Big Stone Theatre of Saint Petersburg, ) was a theatre in Saint Petersburg.
It was built in 1783 to Antonio Rinaldi's Neoclassical design as the Kamenny (i.e., Stone) Theatre; Giovanni Paisiello’s opera Il mondo della luna was performed at the opening on 24 September. It was rebuilt in 1802 according to the designs of the architect Thomas de Thomon and renamed the Bolshoi, but burned down in 1811. The building was restored in 1818, and modified between 1826 and 1836 by Alberto Cavos to accommodate more modern machinery.
Until 1886, the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre was principal theatre for both the Imperial Ballet and the Imperial Russian Opera.
In 1886 the building was declared unsafe and, at the behest of the theatre director Ivan Vsevolozhsky, the ballet and opera performances moved to the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, where they have remained ever since. The Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre was then torn down to make way for the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.
Notable premieres
Operas
A Life for the Tsar (1836) – Mikhail Glinka
Ruslan and Lyudmila (1842) – Mikhail Glinka
La forza del destino (1862) – Giuseppe Verdi
Ballets
The Pharaoh's Daughter (1862) – chor. Marius Petipa, mus. Cesare Pugni
The Beauty of Lebanon or The Mountain Spirit chor. by Marius Petipa mus. Cesare Pugni.
The Little Humpbacked Horse (1864) – chor. Arthur Saint-Léon, mus. Cesare Pugni
La Bayadère (1877) – chor. Marius Petipa, mus. Ludwig Minkus
References
Benois, Alexandre: Reminiscences of the Russian Ballet (London, Wyman & Sons, 1941)
Opera houses in Russia
Music venues completed in 1783
Theatres completed in 1783
1783 establishments in the Russian Empire |
4033906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolan%20Overture | Coriolan Overture | The Coriolan Overture (), Op. 62, is a composition written by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1807 for Heinrich Joseph von Collin's 1804 tragedy Coriolan.
The structure and themes of the overture follow the play very generally. The main C minor theme represents Coriolanus' resolve and war-like tendencies (he is about to invade Rome), while the more tender E-flat major theme represents the pleadings of his mother to desist. Coriolanus eventually gives in to tenderness, but since he cannot turn back having led an army of his former enemies to Rome's gates, he kills himself. (This differs from the better-known play Coriolanus by William Shakespeare, in which he is murdered. Both Shakespeare's and Collin's plays are about the same semi-legendary figure, Gaius Marcius Coriolanus, whose actual fate was not recorded.)
The overture was premiered in March 1807 at a private concert in the home of Prince Franz Joseph von Lobkowitz. The Symphony No. 4 in B-flat and the Piano Concerto No. 4 in G were premiered at the same concert.
Scoring
The Coriolan Overture is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in B, 2 bassoons, 2 French horns in E, 2 trumpets in C, timpani, and strings.
Recordings
Two of the most highly regarded recordings are of Wilhelm Furtwängler conducting the Berliner Philharmoniker (1943) and Fritz Reiner conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in 1959. Sir Roger Norrington has created a notable period performance version with his recording of the overture with the London Classical Players.
Other notable recordings include those of Otto Klemperer with the Philharmonia Orchestra, Herbert von Karajan with the Berlin Philharmonic, Karl Böhm with the Vienna Philharmonic, Carlos Kleiber conducting the Bavarian State Orchestra, Christopher Hogwood with the Academy of Ancient Music, and Bruno Walter conducting the Columbia Symphony. The work was a staple of Arturo Toscanini's repertoire, and six recordings under Toscanini's baton are extant as well as one recording of rehearsal excerpts.
Notes
References
Sources
Joseph Kerman/Alan Tyson, "Ludwig van Beethoven", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 21 August 2007), (subscription access)
External links
(includes original manuscript)
Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Overtures
1807 compositions
Compositions in C minor |
4033920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi%20Hamasaki%20Countdown%20Live%202005%E2%80%932006%20A | Ayumi Hamasaki Countdown Live 2005–2006 A | Ayumi Hamasaki Countdown Live 2005–2006 A is a DVD issued by a Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki. It was released on 23 March 2006. It is well-known for its performance of Boys & Girls in which Hamasaki forgets the lyrics.
Track listing
Opening
STEP you
SURREAL
UNITE!
fairyland
Endless sorrow
Because of You
theme of a-nation '03
evolution
flower garden
Humming 7/4
Boys & Girls
Bold & Delicious
Encore
rainy day
LOVE 〜Destiny〜
HEAVEN
Startin'
Trauma
winding road
Ayumi Hamasaki video albums
2006 video albums
Live video albums
2006 live albums
Albums recorded at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium |
4033922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad%20Smith%20%28disambiguation%29 | Chad Smith (disambiguation) | Chad Smith may also refer to:
Chad Smith (born 1961), drummer for the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
Chad Smith (athlete) (born 1974), American decathlete
Chad Smith (soccer) (born 1980), American soccer player
Chad Smith (politician) (born 1950), Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
Chad Smith (baseball, born 1989), American baseball pitcher
Chad Smith (baseball, born 1995), American baseball pitcher
See also
Chad (name) |
4033927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk-seeking | Risk-seeking | In accounting, finance, and economics, a risk-seeker or risk-lover is a person who has a preference for risk.
While most investors are considered risk averse, one could view casino-goers as risk-seeking. A common example to explain risk-seeking behaviour is; If offered two choices; either $50 as a sure thing, or a 50% chance each of either $100 or nothing, a risk-seeking person would prefer the gamble. Even though the gamble and the "sure thing" have the same expected value, the preference for risk makes the gamble's expected utility for the individual much higher.
The Utility Function and Risk-Seekers
Choice under uncertainty is when a person facing a choice is not certain of the possible outcomes or their probability of occurring. The standard way to model how people choose under uncertain condition, is by using expected utility. In order to calculate expected utility, a utility function 'u' is developed in order to translate money into Utility. Therefore, if a person has '' money, their utility would be . This is explored further when investigating potential "prospects". A prospect, in this context, is a list of expected payoffs and their probabilities of occurring. A prospect is summarised using the form;
The overall expected value of the prospect (A) is subsequently expressed as;
The expected utility, U(A), of the prospect is then determined using the below formula;
The utility function is convex for a risk-lover and concave for a risk-averse person (and subsequently linear for a risk-neutral person). Subsequently, it can be understood that the utility function curves in this way depending on the individual's personal preference towards risk.
Below is an example of a convex utility function, with wealth, '' along the x-axis and utility, '' along the y-axis. The below graph shows how greater payoffs result in larger utility values at an increasing rate. Showing that the person with this utility function is "risk-loving".Alternatively, below is an example of a concave utility function, with wealth, '' along the x-axis and utility, '' along the y-axis. The below graph again display's an individual's utility function, however this time lower payoffs have a larger utility with respect to the original payoff (or "wealth") value. The utility values, although still increasing, do so as a decreasing rate. Showing that this person is "risk-averse".
It is important to note that for prospect theory value functions, risk-seeking behaviour can be observed in the negative domain , where the functions are convex for but concave for .
Psychology
Child personality traits' effect on adulthood – What traits contribute to risk-seeking?
In a study done by Friedman et al. (1995), they found significant evidence to support that low childhood conscientiousness contributed heavily to adulthood mortality. Those who were high in conscientiousness as a child were 30% less likely to die in their adulthood. Ultimately, their findings solidified that low levels of childhood conscientiousness predict risk seeking, and risk-seeking increases the chance of accidental death. Though risk-seeking deteriorates with age, risky exposure to abusive substances in adolescence can lead to lifetime risk factors due to addiction. Conscientious individuals are subject to greater internal impulse control which lets them think out risky decisions more carefully, while those low on conscientiousness are more likely to endanger themselves and others by risky, or sometimes even criminal behaviour.
Psychometric paradigm
The psychometric paradigm explores what stable personality traits and risk behaviours have in common with an individualistic approach. Zuckerman's (1994) sensation seeking theory is important in assessing the causative factors of certain risk-seeking behaviours. Many risk-seeking behaviours justify humans need for sensation seeking. Behaviours like adventurous sports, drug use, promiscuous sex, entrepreneurship, gambling, and dangerous driving to name a few both represent sensation seeking, as well as risk seeking. Impulsivity has been linked to risk-seeking and can be described as the desire to indulge in situations with a potential reward, and little to no planning of the potential punishments of loss or reward. Impulsivity has also been linked to sensation seeking and in recent theories have been combined to form a higher order trait called impulsive sensation seeking.
Neuropsychological paradigm
The neuropsychological paradigm looks at why people make the decisions they do, as well as the neuropsychological processes that contribute to the decisions people make. This view looks less at impulsivity, puts more emphasis on cognitive dynamics and assumes people take risks because they have assessed the future outcomes.
Men vs. women seeking risks
Demographic differences also play a role in risk-seeking between individuals. Through an analysis done by scientists, they demonstrated that men typically seek risks more than women. There are biological differences in men and women that may lead to the drive to seek risks. For example, testosterone plays a large role in risk-seeking in people and women have significantly lower levels of this hormone. This hormone has behavioural effects on aggression, mood and sexual function, all of which can lead to risk-seeking decision making. In their study, they also found that testosterone in excess leads to increased sexual enjoyment, and therefore more of an incentive to engage in risky unprotected sex.
References
Financial economics
Prospect theory
Financial risk
Utility
Personality |
4033930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown%20Point%20State%20Historic%20Site | Crown Point State Historic Site | Crown Point State Historic Site is the site of a former military stronghold at the south end of the wider part of Lake Champlain. The location is in Essex County, New York, United States. The site is on a peninsula in the town of Crown Point, New York.
Crown Point is the location of the 1734–1759 French-built Fort St. Frédéric limestone fortress and an even more ambitious British fort constructed during the French and Indian War, starting in 1759, Fort Crown Point. During the American Revolutionary War, the fort was captured by Seth Warner and his Green Mountain Boys militia on May 12, 1775, but was re-taken by the British invasion under General John Burgoyne early in the summer of 1777.
Once at the front line of the New World clash between two colonizing European nations, the two forts' ruins remain and are operated as a historic attraction by the State of New York.
History
Fort St. Frédéric
Construction started in 1734. When complete, Fort Saint-Frédéric walls were twelve feet thick and four stories high, with cannons on each level. It was manned by hundreds of officers and troops, principally from Les Compagnies Franches de la Marine.
The fort gave the French control of the frontier between New France and the British colonies to the south. As the only permanent stronghold in the area until the building of Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga starting in 1755, many French raids originated there and it was a target of British operations in the French and Indian War. Constructed on the tip of a strategic peninsula at a narrows in the lake, the cannons of Fort Saint-Frédéric and the later British Fort Crown Point were capable of halting all north-south travel on the lake.
In 1759 when British forces moved against Fort Saint-Frédéric during the war, the retreating French destroyed it.
Fort Crown Point
Rather than rehabilitate the ruins of the French fort, General Amherst embarked on the construction of an enormous earthen fort. The Crown Point fort was constructed by his following the capture of Fort Carillon, a French fort to the south (which he renamed Fort Ticonderoga), and the destruction of Fort St. Frédéric. Amherst used the construction of the fort as a means of keeping his men working through the winter of 1759 after pushing the French into modern Canada. The Fort was never directly assaulted. Mostly built after the threat of French invasion had ended, it was used largely for staging rather than as a position in its own right.
After the French and Indian War the British left only a skeletal force at the Fort, which yielded easily to Capt. Seth Warner and 100 Green Mountain Boys, an American militia, on May 12, 1775 in the battle of Crown Point at the start of the American Revolutionary War. The 111 cannons captured from the British at Crown Point proved valuable in driving the British out of Boston. The fort was used as a staging ground by Benedict Arnold during the war for his navy on Lake Champlain. After the destruction of that navy in 1776 in the Battle of Valcour Island, the fort was abandoned to the British in 1777. It was abandoned for good in 1780.
The large earthen walls of the fort are still visible today. A massive, accidental fire in April 1773 entirely destroyed the log and earth fortress, leaving the empty stone ruins of two barracks buildings standing. These ruins still stand and are being carefully preserved.
Today
The historic site was established in 1910 to preserve the ruins of the two forts. Both fort ruins are listed as U.S. National Historic Landmarks. Fort Saint-Frédéric was registered as a National Historic Landmark in 1962.
The park's facilities and services include a picnic area, scenic views, hiking, a museum, history interpreters in replica clothing, and educational services.
See also
List of New York state parks
Notes
External links
Crown Point State Historic Site at NYS OPRHP
Further information on Crown Point
New York (state) historic sites
American Revolutionary War sites
Museums in Essex County, New York
Military and war museums in New York (state)
Parks in Essex County, New York
American Revolutionary War museums in New York (state) |
4033934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretibial%20myxedema | Pretibial myxedema | Pretibial myxedema (myxoedema in British English, also known as Graves' dermopathy, thyroid dermopathy, Jadassohn-Dösseker disease or Myxoedema tuberosum) is an infiltrative dermopathy, resulting as a rare complication of Graves' disease, with an incidence rate of about 1–5%.
Signs and symptoms
Pretibial myxedema is almost always preceded by the ocular signs found in Graves' disease.
It usually presents itself as a waxy, discolored induration of the skin—classically described as having a so-called peau d'orange (orange peel) appearance—on the anterior aspect of the lower legs, spreading to the dorsum of the feet, or as a non-localised, non-pitting edema of the skin in the same areas. In advanced cases, this may extend to the upper trunk (torso), upper extremities, face, neck, back, chest and ears.
The lesions are known to resolve very slowly. Application of petroleum jelly on the affected area could relieve the burning sensation and the itching. It occasionally occurs in non-thyrotoxic Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and stasis dermatitis. The serum contains circulating factors which stimulate fibroblasts to increase synthesis of glycosaminoglycans.
Risk factors
There are suggestions in the medical literature that treatment with radioactive iodine for Graves' hyperthyroidism may be a trigger for pretibial myxedema which would be consistent with radioiodine ablation causing or aggravating ophthalmopathy, a condition which commonly occurs with pretibial myxedema and is believed to have common underlying features.
Other known triggers for ophthalmopathy include thyroid hormone imbalance, and tobacco smoking, but there has been little research attempting to confirm these are also risk factors for pretibial myxedema.
Diagnosis
A biopsy of the affected skin reveals mucin in the mid- to lower- dermis. There is no increase in fibroblasts. Over time, secondary hyperkeratosis may occur, which may become verruciform. Many of these patients may also have co-existing stasis dermatitis. Elastic stains will reveal a reduction in elastic tissue.
Management
Many cases of pretibial myxedema, particularly cases that are mild, can be managed without specific pharmacologic treatment; approximately 50% of mild cases achieve complete remission without treatment after several years. When pharmacologic treatment is considered, topical, locally injected, or systemic corticosteroids may be used.
References
External links
Mucinoses
Thyroid
William Osler |
4033938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Qadir%20Gilani | Abdul Qadir Gilani | ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī, (, ) known by admirers as Muḥyī l-Dīn Abū Muḥammad b. Abū Sāliḥ ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī al-Ḥasanī wa'l-Ḥusaynī (March 23, 1078February 21, 1166), was a Sunni Muslim preacher, ascetic, mystic, jurist, and theologian, known for being the eponymous founder of the Qadiriyya tariqa (Sufi order) of Sufism.
He was born on 11 Rabi' al-Thani 470 AH (March 23, 1078) in the town of Na'if in Gilan, Iran, and died on Monday, February 21, 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH), in Baghdad. He was a Persian Hanbali Sunni jurist and Sufi based in Baghdad. The Qadiriyya tariqa is named after him.
Name
The honorific Muhiyudin denotes his status with many Sufis as a "reviver of religion". Gilani (Arabic al-Jilani) refers to his place of birth, Gilan. However, Gilani also carried the epithet Baghdadi, referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad.
Family background
Gilani's father, Abu Saleh, was from a Sayyid lineage, tracing his descent from Hasan ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Saleh was respected as a saint by the people of his day, and was known as Jangi Dost (meaning "fight-lover" in Persian), which was originally his father's sobriquet. Gilani's mother, Ummul Khair Fatima, was also a Sayyid, having been a descendant of Muhammad al-Jawad, himself descended from Husayn ibn Ali, the younger brother of Hasan.
Education
Gilani spent his early life in Gilan, the province of his birth. In 1095, at the age of eighteen, he went to Baghdad. There, he pursued the study of Hanbali law under Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi and ibn Aqil. He studied Hadith with Abu Muhammad Ja'far al-Sarraj. His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas. (A detailed description of his various teachers and subjects are included below). After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years wandering in the deserts of Iraq.
School of law
Al-Jilani belonged to the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools of law. He placed Shafi'i jurisprudence (fiqh) on an equal footing with the Hanbali school (madhhab), and used to give fatwa according to both of them simultaneously. This is why al-Nawawi praised him in his book entitled Bustan al-'Arifin (Garden of the Spiritual Masters), saying: "We have never known anyone more dignified than Baghdad's Sheikh Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, may Allah be pleased with him, the Sheikh of Shafi'is and Hanbalis in Baghdad".
Later life
In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public. He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his own teacher, al-Mazkhzoomi, and was popular with students. In the morning he taught hadith and tafsir, and in the afternoon he held discourse on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran. He was said to have been a convincing preacher and converted numerous Jews and Christians. He was able to reconcile the mystical nature of Sufism with the sober demands of Islamic Law.
Death and burial
Gilani died on 21 February 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH) at the age of 87. His body was entombed in a shrine within his madrasa in Babul-Sheikh, Rusafa on the east bank of the Tigris in Baghdad, Iraq.
During the reign of the Safavid Shah Ismail I, Gilani's shrine was destroyed. However, in 1535, the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent had a dome built over the shrine, which still exists.
Birthday and death anniversary celebration
11 Rabi' al-Thani is celebrated as Gilani's birthday, although some scholars give 29 Sha'ban and 17 Rabi' al-Thani as his birth and death days. In the Indian subcontinent, his ‘urs, or death anniversary, is called Giyarwee Shareef, or Honoured Day.
Books
Kitab Sirr al-Asrar wa Mazhar al-Anwar (The Book of the Secret of Secrets and the Manifestation of Light)
Futuh al ghaib (Secrets of the unseen)
Ghunyat tut talibeen (Treasure for seekers) غنیہ الطالیبین
Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniya (Emanations of Lordly Grace)
Fifteen Letters: Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban
Kibriyat e Ahmar
A Concise Description of Jannah & Jahannam
The Sublime Revelation (al-Fatḥ Ar-rabbānī)
See also
Jilala
Moinuddin Chishti
Bibliography
Sayings of Shaikh Abd al-Qadir al-Jīlānī Malfūzāt, Holland, Muhtar (translator). S. Abdul Majeed & Co, Kuala Lumpur (1994) .
Fifteen letters, khamsata ashara maktūban / Shaikh Abd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī. Translated from Persian to Arabic by Alī usāmu D-Dīn Al-Muttaqī. Translated from Arabic into English by Muhtar Holland.
Kamsata ašara maktūban. First edition. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, ʿAlī B., ʿAbd al-Malik al- Muttaqī al-Hindī (about 1480–1567) and Muhtar Holland (1935–). Al-Baz publications, Hollywood, Florida. (1997) .
Jalā Al-Khawātir: a collection of forty-five discourses of Shaikh Abd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī, the removal of cares. Chapter 23, pg 308. Jalā al-Khawātir, Holland, Muhtar (1935–) (translator). Al-Baz publications, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (1997) .
The sultan of the saints: mystical life and teachings of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani / Muhammad Riaz Qadiri Qadiri, Muhammad Riyaz. Gujranwala, Abbasi publications. (2000) .
The sublime revelation: al-Fath ar-Rabbānī, a collection of sixty-two discourses / Abd al-Qādir al- Jīlānī, Second edition. al-Rabbānī, al-Fath. Al-Baz publications, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (1998). .
Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din, (Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion), Parts one and two in Arabic. Al-Qadir, Abd, Al-Gaylani. Dar Al-Hurya, Baghdad, Iraq, (1988).
Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din, (Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion.) in Arabic. Introduced by Al-Kilani, Majid Irsan. Dar Al-Khair, Damascus, Bairut, (2005).
Encyclopædia Iranica'', Bibliotheca Persica PresS, .
Geography of the Baz Ahhab second reading in the biography of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, and the birthplace of his birth according to the methodology of scientific research (MA in Islamic History from Baghdad University in 2001) of Iraqi researcher Jamal al-Din Faleh Kilani, review and submission of the historian Emad Abdulsalam Rauf،Publishe Dar Baz Publishing, United States of America, 2016, translated by Sayed Wahid Al-Qadri Aref.
Notes
References
External links
lisanarabs.جغرافية الباز الأشهب – قراءة ثانية في سيرة الشيخ عبد القادر الكيلاني – جمال الدين الكيلاني GOGHRAFI ALBAZ ALASHB, at archive.org.
Revelations of the Unseen Translation of Futuh al-Ghaib, at archive.org.
Sufficient Provision For Seekers Of The Path Of Truth Translation of parts of Al-Ghunya Li Talibi Tariq Al-Haqq, at archive.org.
Openings from the Lord Translation of excerpts from Al-Fath Al-Rabbani, at archive.org.
Utterances Translation of Malfuzat, at archive.org.
Iranian Sunni Muslims
Iranian religious leaders
Iranian Sufi religious leaders
12th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Hanbalis
Hashemite people
1078 births
1166 deaths
Iranian emigrants to Iraq
People from Gilan Province
People from Amol
11th-century Iranian people
12th-century Iranian people
Hasanids
Iranian Sufi saints
12th-century jurists
Founders of Sufi orders
Mystics from Iran |
4033944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20Case%20File | Virtual Case File | Virtual Case File (or VCF) was a software application developed by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) between 2000 and 2005. The project was officially abandoned in April 2005, while still in development stage and cost the federal government nearly $170 million. In 2006, the Washington Post wrote "In a 318-page report, completed in January 2005 and obtained by The Post under the Freedom of Information Act, [the Aerospace Corporation] said the SAIC software was incomplete, inadequate and so poorly designed that it would be essentially unusable under real-world conditions. Even in rudimentary tests, the system did not comply with basic requirements, the report said. It did not include network-management or archiving systems—a failing that would put crucial law enforcement and national security data at risk"
Origins
In September 2000, the FBI announced the "Trilogy" program, intended to modernize the bureau's outdated Information Technology (IT) infrastructure. The project had three parts: purchasing modern desktop computers for all FBI offices, developing secure high-performance WAN and LAN networks, and modernizing the FBI's suite of investigative software applications. The first two goals of Trilogy were generally successful, despite cost overruns. Replacing the Bureau's Automated Case Support (ACS) software system proved difficult. It had been developed in-house by the bureau and was used to manage all documents relating to cases being investigated by the FBI, enabling agents to search and analyze evidence between different cases. The project was originally scheduled to take three years and cost US$380 million. ACS was considered by 2000 a legacy system, made up of many separate stovepipe applications that were difficult and cumbersome to use. ACS was built on top of many obsolete 1970s-era software tools, including the programming language Natural, the ADABAS database management system, and IBM 3270 green screen terminals. Some IT analysts believed that ACS was already obsolete when it was first deployed in 1995.
Launch
Bob E. Dies, then the bureau's assistant director of information resources and head of the Trilogy project, prepared initial plans in 2000 for a replacement to ACS and several other outdated software applications. In June 2001, a cost-plus contract for the software aspects of the project was awarded to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), and the network aspects were contracted to DynCorp. Dies was the first of five people who would eventually be in charge of the project. The software was originally intended to be deployed in mid-2004, and was originally intended to be little more than a web front-end to the existing ACS data.
Problems and abandonment
Robert Mueller was appointed director of the FBI in September 2001, just one week before the September 11, 2001 attacks. The attacks highlighted the Bureau's information sharing problems and increased pressure for the Bureau to modernize. In December 2001, the scope of VCF was changed with the goal being complete replacement of all previous applications and migration of the existing data into an Oracle database. Additionally, the project's deadline was pushed up to December 2003.
Initial development was based on meetings with users of the current ACS system. SAIC broke its programmers up into eight separate and sometimes competing teams. One SAIC security engineer, Matthew Patton, used VCF as an example in an October 24, 2002 post on the InfoSec News mailing list regarding the state of federal information system projects in response to a Senator's public statements a few days earlier about the importance of doing such projects well. His post was regarded by FBI and SAIC management as attempting to "blow the whistle" on what he saw as crippling mismanagement of a national security-critical project. Patton was quickly removed from the project and eventually left SAIC for personal reasons.
In December 2002, the Bureau asked the United States Congress for increased funding, seeing it was behind schedule. Congress approved an additional $123 million for the Trilogy project. In 2003, the project saw a quick succession of three different CIO's come and go before Zal Azmi took the job, which he held until 2008. Despite development snags throughout 2003, SAIC delivered a version of VCF in December 2003. The software was quickly deemed inadequate by the Bureau, who lamented inadequacies in the software. SAIC claimed most of the FBI's complaints stemmed from specification changes they insisted upon after the fact.
On March 24, 2004, Robert Mueller testified to Congress that the system would be operational by the summer, although this seemed impractical and unlikely to happen. SAIC claimed it would require over $50 million to get the system operational, which the Bureau refused to pay. Finally, in May 2004 the Bureau agreed to pay SAIC $16 million extra to attempt to salvage the system and also brought in Aerospace Corporation to review the project at a further cost of $2 million. Meanwhile, the Bureau had already begun talks for a replacement project beginning as early as 2005. Aerospace Corp.'s generally negative report was released in the fall of 2004. Development continued throughout 2004 until the project was officially scrapped in April 2005.
Reasons for failure
The project demonstrated a systematic failure of software engineering practices:
Lack of a strong technical architecture ("blueprint") from the outset led to poor architectural decisions
Repeated changes in specification
Repeated turnover of management, which contributed to the specification problem
Micromanagement of software developers
The inclusion of many FBI personnel who had little or no formal training in computer science as managers and even engineers on the project
Scope creep as requirements were continually added to the system even as it was falling behind schedule
Code bloat due to changing specifications and scope creep—at one point it was estimated the software had over 700,000 lines of code.
Planned use of a flash cutover deployment made it difficult to adopt the system until it was perfected.
Implications
The bureau faced a great deal of criticism following the failure of the VCF program. The program lost $104 million in taxpayer money. In addition, the bureau continued to use the antiquated ACS system, which many analysts felt was hampering the bureau's new counter-terrorism mission. In March 2005, the bureau announced it was beginning a new, more ambitious software project code-named Sentinel to replace ACS. After several delays, new leadership, a slightly bigger budget, and adoption of agile software development methodology, it was completed under budget and was in use agency-wide on July 1, 2012.
References
External links
IEEE Spectrum article: Who killed the virtual case file? 11 page detailed article of the entire timeline
The FBI's Upgrade That Wasn't - Washington Post article about the project
Testimony of Inspector General Glenn A. Fine before the Department of Justice - February 3, 2005: Project Audit results
Testimony of Inspector General Glenn A. Fine before the Department of Justice - July 27, 2005
Matthew Patton's October 24, 2002 posting on InfoSec News about VCF
IEEE Spectrum Radio audio discussion of the failure. Participants are Peter Neumann, Steve Bellovin, Matt Blaze, and Robert Charette.
Federal Bureau of Investigation |
4033945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side%20of%20the%20road | Side of the road | Side of the road may refer to:
Driving on the left or right
Shoulder (road), a reserved area alongside the verge of a road or motorway
Sidewalk, also known as a pavement or footpath
See also
"Bright Side of the Road", song by Van Morrison
Wrong Side of the Road, a low-budget film made in South Australia in 1980 |
4033946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain%20beetle | Rain beetle | The rain beetles are a group of beetles found in the far west of North America. They spend most of their lives underground, emerging in response to rain or snow, thus the common name. Formerly classified in the Scarabaeidae (and later the Geotrupidae), they are currently assigned to their own family Pleocomidae, considered the sister group to all the remaining families of Scarabaeoidea. The family contains a single extant genus, Pleocoma, and two extinct genera, Cretocoma, described in 2002 from Late Cretaceous deposits in Mongolia, and Proteroscarabeus of Late Cretaceous China.
Possessing a robust oval body form similar to other scarabaeiforms, their ventral side is densely covered with fine, long hairs (genus name derives from Greek (, abundant) and (, hair), extending to the legs and to the margins of thorax and elytra. The back is hairless and glossy. Overall colors range from black to a reddish-brown, while the hairs may range from yellow to red to black. The antennae are 11-segmented, with a club of four to eight lamellae, more than in any other group of the Scarabaeoidea. The mandibles are not functional, and the opening into the esophagus is closed off; adults do not eat.
Larvae have the typical scarabaeiform characteristics, C-shaped bodies generally a creamy white. They feed on roots in the soil, often deep beneath the host plant. Details of the larval stage are only known for some species; they have nine or more instars, and may take up to 13 years to mature. After a late summer pupation, adults of both sexes dig their way to the surface, emerging around the onset of the fall/winter rainy season typical of, for instance, California's climate; some species are active as late as early spring. Females have only vestigial wings, so the males fly around (often while it is raining), homing in on pheromones released by the females. They mate on the surface or in a burrow dug out by the female, then the female lays eggs in the bottom of the burrow. The "triggering" conditions required for some species to fly are so stringent that a given population may only be active for a single day in a given year. Males are commonly attracted to bright lights.
Members of Pleocoma are known from extreme southern Washington, throughout the mountains of Oregon and California, and into the extreme north of Baja California.
References
External links
Scarabaeiformia |
4033952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenz%20Priessnitz | Vincenz Priessnitz | Vincenz Priessnitz, also written Prießnitz (sometimes in German Vinzenz, in English Vincent, in Czech Vincenc; 4 October 1799 – 26 November 1851) was a peasant farmer in Gräfenberg, Austrian Silesia, who is generally considered the founder of modern hydrotherapy, which is used in alternative and orthodox medicine. Priessnitz stressed remedies such as vegetarian food, air, exercise, rest, water, and traditional medicine. He is thus also credited with laying the foundations of what became known as Nature Cure, although it has been noted that his main focus was on hydrotherapeutic techniques. The use of cold water as a curative is recorded in the works of Hippocrates and Galen, and techniques such as spas, bathing, and drinking were used by various physicians in Europe and the US through to the 18th century. The practice was becoming less prevalent entering the 19th century however, until Priessnitz revived the technique after having major success applying it on patients in his spa in Gräfenberg (now Lázně Jeseník). Priessnitz's name first became widely known in the English-speaking world through the publications and lecture tours of Captain R. T. Claridge in 1842 and 1843, after he had stayed at Grafenberg in 1841. However, Priessnitz was already a household name on the European continent, where Richard Metcalfe, in his 1898 biography, stated: "there are hundreds of establishments where the water-cure is carried out on the principles laid down by Priessnitz". Indeed, Priessnitz's fame became so widespread that his death was reported as far away as New Zealand.
Biography
Early life
Vincenz Priessnitz was born into a farmer's family in the village of Gräfenberg (now Lázně Jeseník) near Frývaldov (now Jeseník) and baptized Vincenz Franz. His parents were among the first settlers of the village. When Vincenz was eight his father went blind and he had to help in the farm, especially after his elder brother died four years later. Once Vinzenz watched a roebuck with a wounded limb coming to a pond (or stream) to heal its wound. He healed his own finger injured during timber felling with water wraps (1814). He also relieved pain after spraining his wrist by applying wet bandages, which lessened the inflammation.
In 1816 he was injured more seriously when he broke his ribs in an accident with a cart and the doctor claimed it was fatal or at least crippling. Priessnitz refused to accept the doctor's diagnosis, and over the next year, he healed after applying wet bandages to his chest and drinking large quantities of water. His recovery strengthened his conviction in the practice, and brought him local fame. Priessnitz began healing animals on his farm and in his village, and later began developing techniques and protocols for healing people. Different types of baths focused on healing different body parts and various afflictions, including paralysis, insanity and poisoning. Soon queues of people were coming to Gräfenberg, so in 1822 Vincenz decided to rebuild his father's house, building part of it as a sanatorium and spa for his patients.
Practice at Gräfenberg
As Priessnitz's experience grew, the procedures of his treatments became more precise and regular. To treat many diseases, he would wrap the patient in wet bandages and many layers of blankets to cause heavy perspiration from the heat. After several hours, the patient was then instructed to bathe in cold water, and also drink plenty of water. He believed that the rapid changes in temperature allowed the pores of the skin to open and evacuate bad substances in the blood. Another theory Priessnitz held was that the body tended towards health naturally. His treatments, which involved no drugs or herbal medicines, were designed then to help the body remove foreign matter from the body. The extreme conditions disturbs this matter, which prompts a bodily response. Priessnitz also required his patients to add strenuous exercise to their daily regimen, and sometimes required his patients to fast. The food served was bland and hard, and water was the only drink served. Cold water was sometimes added to the food to promote water intake, and patients were required to drink twelve glasses of water per day at a minimum, with some drinking as many as thirty glasses.
Before Priessnitz's spa was built near his family house, Priessnitz mostly made house calls. As his popularity grew, Priessnitz limited his practice to his residence, and began expanding the Gräfenberg spa with lodgings, dining rooms, showers and bathhouses. Some patients lived in the spa for up to four years. He constructed several douches, which were heavy showers of cold water that flowed from nearby mountains. The water from these douches fell from up to 20 feet in the air, with a stream so strong that new patients were sometimes "flattened by the force of the stream." Other baths were created for different body parts, such as eye baths, foot baths and head baths.
In 1826 he was invited to Vienna to heal the Emperor's brother Anton Victor, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. This gave him a great reputation so many people from all over the country streamed into Gräfenberg.
Opponents and controversy
His "sponge washing" was not accepted by local doctors who accused him of being an impostor with no medical background. These early opponents brought Priessnitz to court several times, but he was acquitted each time, and inspections of his spa confirmed that water was the sole healing agent used in the facility. In 1838 Priessnitz was granted a permit to establish the spa he founded several years earlier. These high-profile cases only served to expand his fame throughout Europe. As hydrotherapy became more widely accepted, his opponents became more concerned with his exact methods than the overall practice, finding Priessnitz's treatments far too extreme and taxing on the body. The food offered at the spa was also notoriously bad-tasting and unhealthy. One visitor complained about being served "veal 10 days old." Dr. Robert Hay Graham, who visited the Gräfenberg spa in October 1842, noted that Preissnitz did not keep any records of his patients, and that his practice was based on hunch and experience over any systematic approach. Graham suggested that Preissnitz's treatment worked on one out of twenty people at best, and that a milder water-cure that was combined with other medicines would be preferable.
Success
In 1839, 1500 patients arrived (among them one monarch, a duke and duchess, 22 princes and 149 counts and countesses) and 120 doctors to study the new therapy. A visit by Arch-Duke Franz Carl in October 1845 was greeted with an address extolling the virtues of Priessnitz and his methods, signed by 124 guests, from a variety of countries. The new spa house, built that year with 30 rooms, was called Castle and the next house was called New Spa House. In 1846 Priessnitz was awarded a medal by the Emperor. Various aristocratic patients did him reverence by erecting monuments in the spa town. Among the most famous guests was Nikolai Gogol who visited the spa twice (1839 and 1846).
In 1842, R. T. Claridge published The Cold Water Cure, its Principles, Theory, and Practice, which detailed Preissnitz's treatments. Claridge was himself a patient of Preissnitz, and his book's descriptions contain notes on the process of his own treatment at the spa, and the effectiveness of Preissnitz's treatments on other patients with various diseases.
Preissnitz's practice spread to the U.S. soon after becoming established in Europe, and several hydropathic medical schools and medical journals were created in the U.S. Some practitioners performed scientific experiments on the effects of known water-cures, and they developed new methods and theories about the field. The usage of extreme temperature was toned down to account for differences in patients' age and condition. One notable theory that emerged was that osmosis contributed to the healing effects of water. The skin was thought to act as a membrane, and impurities in the body would flow out into pure water applied by bandages and baths.
Priessnitz's English biographer, Richard Metcalfe, notes that despite the fame of the Graefenberg setting, Priessnitz believed that the water-cure treatment was what provided his patients relief, not the locale.
That Priessnitz was of this opinion appears from the fact that after his fame had spread throughout Europe, and people came to Graefenberg from all quarters, he did not confine his practice of hydropathy to that healthy region, but visited and treated patients at their own homes in towns, where similar success attended his manipulations.
There are some who would stultify Priessnitz by making his saying, "Man muss Gebirge haben" (One must have mountains), to mean that he considered a mountainous region indispensable to the successful practice of hydropathy. But, as the facts stated above show, the whole career of Priessnitz gives the lie to such a notion.
Death
Vincenz Priessnitz died in 1851. Newspapers of the day reported that on the morning of his death "Priessnitz was up, and stirring about at an early hour and complaining of the cold, and had wood brought in to make a large fire. His friends had for some time believed him to be suffering from dropsy in the chest, and at their earnest entreaty he consented to take a little medicine, exclaiming all the while, 'it is no use.' He would see no physician, but remained to the last true to his profession". At about four o'clock in the afternoon, "he asked to be carried to bed, and upon being laid down he expired. Priessnitz's wife Sofie died in 1854, and was buried in the family crypt in Gräfenberg, where Priessnitz also lay. They had nine children, comprising eight daughters and one son. The son, Vincent Paul Priessnitz, was born on 22 June 1847, and died on 30 June 1884, aged 37.
Legacy
The Museum of Vincenz Priessnitz is in the house which was the seat of the first hydrotherapy institute in Lázně Jeseník.
There is a statue of Priessnitz in Vienna (1911), in Kirchheim unter Teck and a Priessnitz fountain by Carl Konrad Albert Wolff in Poznań, Poland
The 200th anniversary of his birth was listed among the UNESCO anniversaries in 1999.
A band from Jeseník named itself Priessnitz.
A Czech movie based on his life was made in 1999 under the name of Vincenz Priessnitz.
Knowledge of Priessnitz's work in Britain led to the foundation of twenty hydropathic establishments. Of these, two remain one in Peebles, the other Crieff Hydro, Crieff.
In the Polish language, Priessnitz is the eponym for the word for shower, prysznic.
In literature
In The Confidence-Man by Herman Melville, the herb-doctor says, '"The water-cure? Oh, fatal delusion of the well-meaning Preisnitz!"
Further reading
Cornell University Library. Making of America collection.
.
.
Notes
a. Metcalfe's earlier essay on Priessnitz, while comprising a readily digestible summary of his life and work, is best reviewed in conjunction with other works, including Metcalfe's own later book on Priessnitz. For example, in Metcalfe's 1869 essay, he describes Priessnitz's eldest son as having died at an apparently young age. However, there is no mention of this in Metcalfe's better researched 1898 book, which not only provides a picture of Priessnitz's adult son (per this article), but in which the son is stated as being born in 1847 and having died in 1884. This is also consistent with the tribute website that gives the same birth and death dates, and which states the son's age at death as being 37.
References
1799 births
1851 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
19th-century Czech people
Hydrotherapists
Naturopaths
People from Austrian Silesia
People from Jeseník |
4033967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleocoma | Pleocoma | Pleocoma is the only extant genus of rain beetles (family Pleocomidae) and is endemic to the Pacific states of North America. Fossil remains of Pleocoma have been found in the Yixian Formation in China, suggesting beetles in this genus have existed in something like their present form since at least the Cretaceous period. There are 27 described species in Pleocoma.
Species
Fossil Species
†Pleocoma dolichophylla Nikolajev & Ren, 2012
References
Further reading
Scarabaeiformia |
4033979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomposa%20Abbey | Pomposa Abbey | Pomposa Abbey is a Benedictine monastery in the comune of Codigoro on the Adriatic coast near Ferrara, Italy. It was one of the most important in northern Italy, famous for the Carolingian manuscripts preserved in its rich library, one of the wealthiest of Carolingian repositories,<ref>G. Mercati, Il Catalogo della biblioteca di Pomposa, 1896; M. Inguanez, "Inventario di Pomposa del 1459", Bollettino del bibliofilo (the 1459 inventory in the archives of Monte Cassino); Guido Billanovich, "'Veterum Vestigia Vatum' nei carmi dei preumanisti padovani", Italia medioevale e umanistica, I (1958:161-64); Billanovich, La biblioteca di Pomposa: Pomposia monasterium modo in Italia primum, 1994.</ref> and for the Romanesque buildings.
History
The earliest report of a Benedictine abbey at this site dates from 874, by which time Pomposa was already a center of sophisticated Carolingian art The settlement was probably two centuries earlier, founded at some point following the devastation of Classe, the port of Ravenna (574) during the Lombard epoch of northern Italy by monks of the Irish missionary, Columbanus. A letter of c. 1093 mentions among classical texts acquired or copied for the library by the abbot Girolamo alludes to Horace (Carmen Saeculare, Satires, Epistles), Virgil's Georgics, Juvenal, Persius, Quintilian, Terence's Andria, Jerome's preface to the history of Eusebius, Cicero's De officiis and De oratore, the abridgement of Livy called Periochae and the Mathematica of Julius Firmicus Maternus.
Until the 14th century the abbey had possessions in the whole of Italy, making its cartulary of more than local importance, but later declined due to impoverishment of the neighbouring area owing to the retreat of the sea front and the increasing presence of malaria of the lower Po valley. It played an important role in the culture of Italy thanks to the work of its scribe monks and in part to the sojourn at Pomposa of Peter Damian. In this abbey Guido d'Arezzo invented the modern musical notation in the early 11th century.
The monks of Pomposa migrated to San Benedetto, Ferrara, 1650, leaving the abbey unoccupied. In the 19th century the abbey was acquired by the Italian government.
The church of Santa Maria is an example of a triple-nave Ravennan Romanesque-style basilica with arcaded aisles and carpentry rafters, originating in the 7th-9th century, and sequentially enlarged as the abbey grew in power and prestige, attaining its present aspect, with a segmental apse, in the 11th century. The interior contains a 12th-century Cosmatesque and mosaic inlaid stone pavement, and frescoes in the apse by Vitale da Bologna and his assistants; and there are also paintings in the refectory by a Riminese master. The chapter hall has early 14th-century frescoes by a pupil of Giotto.
The free-standing campanile (begun in 1063 and completed within several decades), standing at 48 m, is one of the finest surviving belltowers from the Romanesque period, together with the campanile of Abbey of San Mercuriale (75 m), in Forlì.
Notable also is the mid-11th century Palazzo della Ragione facing the abbey church in the forecourt or atrium'' that was built before the abbey church was consecrated in 1026, by an architect trained at Ravenna, Mazulo.
References
External links
Pomposa Abbey - Polo Museale dell'Emilia-Romagna
Benedictine monasteries in Italy
Monasteries in Emilia-Romagna
Romanesque architecture in Emilia-Romagna
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Churches in the province of Ferrara |
4033980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomposa | Pomposa | Pomposa may refer to:
Pomposa Abbey
Lido di Pomposa, an Italian seaside resort in the province of Ferrara
Pomposa (phasmid), stick insect genus of the subfamily Necrosciinae |
4033984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Police%20Commission%20%28Philippines%29 | National Police Commission (Philippines) | The National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM; ) is an agency attached to the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) responsible for the administration and control of the Philippine National Police (PNP). It has the authority to administer police entrance examination, to investigate police anomalies and irregularities, and to summarily dismiss erring police officers.
History
The NAPOLCOM traces its roots from the creation of the Police Commission (POLCOM) under Republic Act 4864 (Police Act of 1966). It was reorganized as the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) in 1972.
The NAPOLCOM was under the Office of the President before being transferred to the Ministry of National Defense in 1975 by virtue of Presidential Decree 765 (Police Integration Law). In 1980, the agency was returned to the Office of the President by Executive Order No. 1040.
In 1990, with the establishment of the Philippine National Police (PNP), the present NAPOLCOM was created within the newly reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) under Republic Act No. 6975. The agency's authority was further strengthened and expanded by Republic Act No. 8551, otherwise known as 'Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998'. Republic Act 8551 also amended Republic Act 6975, carving NAPOLCOM out of the DILG organization and making it simply an attached agency. The attachment of NAPOLCOM to DILG preserves it independence as the sole administrator and controller of the national police force under Article XVI, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
Organization
The NAPOLCOM as a collegial body is composed of an ex-officio chairperson, four regular Commissioners, and the PNP Chief as ex-officio member, one of whom is designated by the President as the vice-chairperson. The DILG Secretary is the ex-officio chairperson, while the vice-chairperson is the executive officer of the Commission.
The ex-officio Chairperson and four Commissioners constitute the Commission Proper which serves as the governing body thereof.
The staff services of the Commission are as follows:
Planning and Research Service (PRS) provides technical services to the Commission in areas of overall policy formulation, strategic and operational planning, management systems or procedures, evaluation and monitoring of the Commission’s programs, projects and internal operations; and conducts thorough research and analysis on social and economic condition affecting peace and order in the country.
Legal Affairs Service (LAS) provides the Commission with efficient and effective service as legal counsel of the Commission; draft or studies contracts affecting the Commission and submit appropriate recommendations pertaining thereto; and render legal opinions arising from the administration and operation of the Philippine National Police and the Commission.
Crime Prevention and Coordination Service (CPCS) undertakes criminological researches and studies; formulates a national crime prevention plan; develop a crime prevention and information program; and provide editorial direction for all criminology research and crime prevention publications. Personnel and Administrative Service (PAS) performs personnel functions for the Commission; administers the entrance and promotional examinations for policemen, provides the necessary services relating to records, correspondence, supplies, property and equipment, security and general services, and the maintenance and utilization of facilities; provides services relating to manpower, career planning and development, personnel transactions and employee welfare.
Personnel and Administrative Service (PAS) performs personnel functions for the Commission; administers the entrance and promotional examinations for policemen, provides the necessary services relating to records, correspondence, supplies, property and equipment, security and general services, and the maintenance and utilization of facilities; provides services relating to manpower, career planning and development, personnel transactions and employee welfare.
Inspection, Monitoring and Investigation Service (IMIS) conducts continuous inspection and management audit of personnel, facilities and operations at all levels of command of the PNP; monitors the implementation of the Commission's programs and projects relative to law enforcement; and monitors and investigates police anomalies and irregularities.
Installations and Logistics Service (ILS) reviews the Commission’s plans and programs and formulates policies and procedures regarding acquisition, inventory, control, distribution, maintenance and disposal of supplies and oversees the implementation of programs on transportation facilities and installations and the procurement and maintenance of supplies and equipment.
Financial Service (FS) provides the Commission with staff advice and assistance on budgetary and financial matters, including the overseeing of the processing and disbursement of funds pertaining to the scholarship program and surviving children of deceased and/or permanently incapacitated PNP personnel.
The ex-officio chairperson and four commissioners constitute the Commission Proper which serves as the governing body of NAPOLCOM. The incumbent chairperson is DILG Secretary Eduardo M. Año.
The NAPOLCOM also has disciplinary appellate boards and various staff services as well as 17 regional offices which are strategically located in the different regional divisions of the country.
References
External links
Philippine National Police
Department of the Interior and Local Government (Philippines)
National law enforcement agencies of the Philippines |
4033991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Andrews%20%28composer%29 | Simon Andrews (composer) | Simon Warren Andrews (born 1958 in Croydon) is a British composer, and Head of Theoretical Studies, Composition, and Director of The Academy Chorale.
Life
He was educated at Chichester Cathedral Choir School. He has a B.A. and B.Mus. in composition, from Christ Church, Oxford, and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.
He pursued composition and piano accompaniment at the Royal Academy of Music. His compositions have been performed in California, New York, Baltimore, Boston, China and Zambia.
In addition to composition, Dr. Andrews has been involved in education as Assistant Professor of Music and Director of Choral Ensembles at Franklin and Marshall College, and as Conductor of the Lancaster Opera Company and Music Director of the Harrisburg Choral Society. He joined the faculty of the Pennsylvania Academy of Music in 2001. Dr. Andrews joined the faculty at Elizabethtown College, near Lancaster, PA, as an adjunct theory professor for the spring semester of 2011.
Compositions
Mozart Requiem- For 20 years Simon's passion and obsession led him to revise, edit, and re-orchestrate the final work of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His version is very different from many others as he strived to take the work of Mozart's friend Franz Xaver Süssmayr, who completed Mozart's requiem after his death, and re-orchestrate it to sound more like Mozart had composed it himself, including the complete restructuring of the development section of Süssmayr's Hosanna fugue in the Sanctus and Benedictus movements.
This piece was first performed in 1996 in Lancaster, PA with the Franklin & Marshall Choir and had its professional debut in November 2006 with the Lancaster Symphony Orchestra in collaboration with the Lancaster Symphony Choir, the Franklin & Marshall Choir, and the Millersville University Chorale under the direction of maestro Stephen Gunzenhauser.
Who Will Go to Bethlehem 2003
References
External links
Artist's website
Living people
English composers
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
1958 births |
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