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4032198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BClich%20radio%20transmitter | Jülich radio transmitter | The Jülich shortwave transmitter operated by Deutsche Telekom / T-Systems, was a part of the shortwave broadcasting facility at Jülich, Germany.
In 1956 WDR broadcaster established the first shortwave transmitter near Mersch, and in subsequent years this site was expanded. On 1 September 1961 this site was handed over to the Deutsche Bundespost (German Federal Post) to establish the German foreign broadcasting service, "Deutsche Welle". In time 10 transmitters of 100 kilowatts were installed. These were transmitting antennas with enormous dipole arrays between free-standing steel framework towers which were installed. Today these transmitters are rented predominantly to non-German broadcasting organisations. In the 1990s a mediumwave transmitter was installed on the site, using a long wire antenna which is spun at a tower on the transmitter site. It was intended to be used for transmission of the programmes of "Radio Viva" on 702 kHz, but it never went into regular service for this broadcaster. Since 6 December 2004, the mediumwave transmitter has been used to broadcast the programme of the German commercial broadcaster "TruckRadio" on 702 kHz.
In 2006, the British multi-millionaire Bob Edmiston from West Bromwich, acquired the entire transmitter. The car dealer and founder of the Christian missionary vision is regarded as creationist and had, amongst other things, bought a radio transmitter in Darwin, Australia 6 years ago.
In January 2008 the broadcasting facility was sold by T-Systems to the religious broadcaster CVC / Christian Vision.
When the broadcasting had been discontinued a recreation area with camping and hotels was to be built there.
Meanwhile, all antennas have been removed. (1 December 2010)
References
Radio masts and towers in Germany
Düren (district) |
4032210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine%20Australia | Wine Australia | Wine Australia is an Australian Government statutory corporation that promotes and regulates the Australian wine industry. It was created as the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation (AWBC) in 1981 to replace the Australian Wine Board by the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980, and had its name changed by the amended Wine Corporation Act 1980, passed in December 2010. Wine Australia is now governed by the superseding law, Wine Australia Act 2013. Wine Australia determines the boundaries of Australia's wine regions and sometimes names them. Wine Australia also regulates wine exports, ensuring the quality and integrity of each shipment of wine exported. Wine Australia has three main departments; Compliance, Market Development and Knowledge Development.
Wine Australia has its headquarters in Adelaide.
History
Wine Australia is a type of statutory authority known as a statutory corporation, established by the Australian Government. It was originally created as the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation, which was established to provide strategic support to the Australian wine sector. It was established as an Australian Government statutory corporation directed by a board appointed by the federal Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry at the time.
Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980
In 1980, the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980 was passed, forming the AWBC authority that has progressed to the present. With the passing of this act, the functions of the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation, and thus the purpose of its formation were declared. Holistically, this act lists out its explicit objectives Part 1 s3 (1):
(1) The objects of this Act are:
(a) to promote and control the export of grape products from Australia; and
(b) to promote and control the sale and distribution, after export, of Australian grape products; and
(c) to promote trade and commerce in grape products among the States, between States and Territories and within the Territories; and
(d) to improve the production of grape products, and encourage the consumption of grape products, in the Territories; and
(e) to enable Australia to fulfil its obligations under prescribed wine‑trading agreements and other international agreements;
and this Act shall be construed and administered accordingly.
The Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980 was passed in Australian federal parliament to lawfully govern the operational activities of the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation and the Australian wine regions respectively. This process involved the act being presented to the House of Representatives as a bill. In this form, it was subject to three readings and once ministers are satisfied, the bill was then sent to the Senate by the Sarjeant-at-Arms where the same three reading process is followed. The bill was then passed by both houses and given royal assent by the Governor General. The act itself, however came into effect 28 days after consent (in compliance with the legal policy) - known as date of proclamation.
The Wine Corporation Act 1980, an amended version of the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation Act 1980, passed in December 2010, enacting a change of name to Wine Australia.
In 2013, this piece of legislation was amended and thus recompiled to include up to date modifications and to respond to the changing demands of the wine industry in Australia. As such, it now stands as the Wine Australia Corporation Act 2013 (Cth).
RDCs
The organisation is one of 15 Rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs) in Australia, and one of the five that is a statutory corporation, along with AgriFutures, the Cotton Research and Development Corporation, the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation and the Grain Research and Development Corporation (the rest are industry-owned). They are funded largely by the government for the purposes of investing in R&D (research and development), with the aim of improving "profitability, productivity, competitiveness and long-term sustainability of Australia's primary industries".
Aims
The aims of Wine Australia include:
export regulation compliance
integrity maintenance
define wine region boundaries
strategic marketing
negotiating trade barrier reduction
provide statistics and analysis
Funding
Funding of all of the Wine Australia corporation’s endeavours is sourced primarily from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment.
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
The Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE) was previously structured in separate government departments as the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Environment and Energy. These two departments were then brought together to establish the current department on 1 February 2020. As well as this, ministers responsible for the department were appointed. These being; David Littleproud as Minister for Agriculture, Drought and Emergency Management; Keith Pitt as Minister for Resources and Water; and Sussan Ley as Minister for the Environment. Along with this, Andrew Metcalfe AO was appointed as the secretary for the department.
The department itself stands as the national representative of the country’s interests in agriculture, water and the environment whilst leading efforts to protect and strengthen the nation’s agriculture, water resources, the environment and heritage.
Funding Initiatives
DAWE is responsible for the practical funding of Wine Australia’s business plans for the maintenance and sustainable achievement of their main objective. This being investing in practices to expand domestic and international markets. They intend to achieve this by conducting research, development and extension to protect and administer Australian wine exports and the wine industry itself.
DAWE has provided monetary funding to establish and phase in Wine Australia’s “Export and Regional Wine Support Package”, which is at the forefront of their role. Explicitly stated in their 2017-18 Grants Report, DAWE states that they intend to provide this funding “to implement the government approved business plan for the Export and Regional Wine Support Package”. Through this, sum of $54,263,000 has been granted to Wine Australia with a grant term of 32months (2.5years) commencing 11 December 2017.
Departments
Wine Australia states its different areas of departmental focus to be:
compliance
market development
knowledge development
Compliance
This department of Wine Australia is responsible for ensuring that the practices and activities undertaken by stakeholders to the Australian wine industry are lawful and comply with the obligations set out in the Wine Australia Act 2013. This department is concerned with the legalities of running the corporation and their compliance regime is administered by the appointed staff in this department. The areas of compliance that this department particularly monitor and assess include the; Label Integrity Program, Winemaking, Wine labelling, Exporting, Wine Export Levy & fees, Shipping and Logistics. All of which play a role in this department being able to contribute to establishing a wine regulatory system that protects consumers; and ensures a fair trading environment for producers and exporters.
Label Integrity Program
The "Label Integrity Program" is one of the main operational initiatives of the Compliance department within Wine Australia. Its role is to: ensure the truth, and the reputation for truthfulness, of statements made on wine labels, or made for commercial purposes in other ways, about the vintage, variety or geographical indication of wine manufactured in Australia This program sets out multiple controls on wine labelling in compliance and adherence to the Geographic Indications regulations explicit in Part 6B of the Wine Australia Corporation Act. In doing so, the compliance department are able to hold administrative control over truth in labelling by ensuring winemakers keep records and by imposing audits where required. These audits under the program can occur randomly, but are also scheduled annually for each region.
Compliance protocols under this program stipulate that the minimum labelling information on wine sold in Australia is:
producers name
producers address
alcohol level
number of standard drinks
'contains sulfites' statement
'Wine of Australia' or 'Product of Australia'
prescribed allergenic substances - milk and casein, egg whites, nuts, isinglass
Market development
This department of Wine Australia is responsible for ensuring that the growth of domestic and international markets for wine is maintained and maximised through research, development and extension measures that are undertaken.
This department is responsible for measures and initiatives which promote a movement to greater capacity of trade relations. This includes projects of different scale and magnitude that are organised, developed and implemented by the market development department. All of which share a common aim to improve and strengthen export opportunities for Australian wine with favourable trading conditions and increased investment internationally.
This department makes practical efforts to achieve the above under the impetus of the '$50million package' that they have been provided through funding from Department of Water, Agriculture and the Environment. Through this, market development team puts into place certain measures focused particularly on helping Australian wine businesses capture market opportunities specifically in China and USA. These projects involve print, broadcast, online and social media, key influencer engagement and events, and consumer education which work together to develop a portfolio and presence for Australian wine exports with enhanced perception to consumers and potential investors.
Knowledge development
This department of Wine Australia is responsible for performing the more strategic and tactical operations of the corporation to allow the board to make decisions which accurately reflect the complexity of the modern Australian wine industry. This department is more practical in nature with many projects that are worked on to strategise and tactically evaluate all of the initiatives undertaken. The bulk of this department's focus is put to enabling wine businesses to be assisted in their information obtaining processes to make it a lot easier for the industry as a whole to collect and manage information in an efficient manner.
In terms of its operational objectives, this department is positioned to focus on: providing information on the wine sector, collecting and providing global wine market intelligence, regularly projecting and updating wine sector data and trends, responding to inquiries on their publications, initiating and collaborating with others on data collection, contributing and collaborating with related publications and forums.
More specifically, this department is able to achieve this through the collection and analysis of Australian and foreign wine industry statistics. From this, the department then also organises and hosts an information centre, which is readily accessible and in place to attend to different demands of wine businesses that may arise. Along with this, the knowledge department also develops, adds to and administers an extensive data base on Australian and international wine export information that is also accessible to those in the industry to access and benefit from should they require.
Headquarters
The Wine Australia corporation has its headquarters in Adelaide, South Australia. The Wine Australia head office address is: Industry House: Corner of Hackney and Botanic Roads, Adelaide, South Australia.
See also
Agriculture in Australia
Australian and New Zealand Wine Industry Journal
Australian Wine
Australian Wine Research Institute
Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology
Australia's First Families of Wine
Langton's Classification of Australian Wine
National Wine Centre of Australia
References
External links
Companies established in 1981
Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
Wine industry organizations
Australian distilled drinks
Australian wine
1981 establishments in Australia
Australian legislation |
4032215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael%20Ravenscroft | Raphael Ravenscroft | Raphael Ravenscroft (4 June 1954 – 19 October 2014) was a British musician, composer and author. He is best known for playing the saxophone on Gerry Rafferty's song "Baker Street".
Early life
While his place of birth is disputed, the England and Wales Birth Index places it at Stoke-on-Trent. He was the eldest son of Trevor Ravenscroft, author of the 1972 occult book The Spear of Destiny, and spent much of his young life in Dumfries, where his father lived.
Career
Gerry Rafferty and "Baker Street"
In January 1978, Scottish singer-musician Gerry Rafferty released his first solo material since 1972 and first material of any kind since the demise of Stealers Wheel in 1975. As a then-unheralded session musician, Ravenscroft was asked to play the saxophone on the album City to City (1978). His contribution included the sax riff on the best-known song from the album and of Rafferty's career, "Baker Street". The song was an international hit, charting at number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US. "Baker Street" was reported in 2010 as having received 5 million air plays worldwide to date. City to City reached number 1 in the US album charts and went platinum. In the UK the album reached number 6 and went gold.
Ravenscroft told the BBC's The One Show in 2010 that he was only paid £27.50 for the "Baker Street" session, which was the Musicians' Union rate at the time. It has been (falsely) reported that the cheque bounced and that it was kept on the wall of Ravenscroft's solicitors; in contrast, the song is said to have earned Rafferty £80,000 a year in royalties.
The saxophone break on "Baker Street" has been described as "the most famous saxophone solo of all time", "the most recognizable sax riff in pop music history", and "one of the most recognisable saxophone solos of all time".
In a radio interview in 2011, Ravenscroft said that his performance on the song annoyed him. "I'm irritated because it's out of tune", he said. "Yeah, it's flat. By enough of a degree that it irritates me at best." Ravenscroft mostly refused to play "Baker Street" during interviews. The last time Ravenscroft played "Baker Street" was in the summer of 2014 when he organised a charity gala concert in Exeter for Nicole Hartup, a 12-year-old city schoolgirl who had died in a fall.
Ravenscroft worked with Rafferty from 1977 to 1982. As well as the songs he worked on for City to City he contributed to Rafferty's next two albums, Night Owl (1979) on which he played the lyricon on the title track of the album, and follow-up album Snakes and Ladders (1980).
In 2011, he recorded a tribute to commemorate the funeral of Gerry Rafferty called "Forgiveness", which combined his saxophone playing with the voices of Grammy-nominated choir Tenebrae.
While Ravenscroft falsely claimed to have made the decision to incorporate the riff (based, he said, on "an old blues riff") into "Baker Street", earlier demo recordings for "Baker Street" have the same refrain, played by Rafferty on guitar, which were recorded before Ravenscroft became involved in the sessions for the song, indicating that Ravenscroft was not responsible for including the melody in the song. An almost identical riff had actually been written ten years earlier for the 1968 Steve Marcus jazz track "Half a Heart", and it has been suggested by Gary Burton, a friend of Marcus, that Ravenscroft's performance on "Baker Street" was likely influenced by the earlier song.
Other work
From his breakthrough with "Baker Street" he went on to perform with Pink Floyd (The Final Cut, 1983), ABBA and Marvin Gaye. Other Ravenscroft performing credits include work with America, Maxine Nightingale, Daft Punk, Kim Carnes, The Only Ones, Mike Oldfield, Chris Rea, Robert Plant, Brand X, Hazel O'Connor and Bonnie Tyler. In 1979, he released the solo album Her Father Didn't Like Me, Anyway (CBS Portrait JR 35683). In 1983, Ravenscroft released the track "Maxine" which gained airplay, but performed poorly on the charts. In 1987, he was credited, along with Max Early and Johnny Patrick for the new theme to the Central Television soap opera Crossroads.
In 2010, Ravenscroft played on albums and on sessions with Duffy, Mary Hopkin and Jamie Hartman. In 2011–12, Ravenscroft contributed to the album Propeller by Grice.
Ravenscroft wrote several books on saxophone technique, including The Complete Saxophone Player (1990).
In 2012, Ravenscroft created the music for a series of films featuring photographer Don McCullin, and during 2011–2012 composed for several major advertising campaigns around the world. In summer 2012 he took a break due to ill-health, and moved back to Devon.
In 2014, Ravenscroft went to Belgium to help and set up the saxophone project Wie is Sax4Pax? with the company Adolphe Sax & Cie.
Personal life and death
He married and divorced twice, and separated from his third wife in 2009. His daughter is the artist Scarlett Raven. Ravenscroft died on 19 October 2014 at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, aged 60, of a suspected heart attack.
Collaborations
City to City - Gerry Rafferty (1978)
Night Owl - Gerry Rafferty (1979)
Romance Dance - Kim Carnes (1980)
Snakes and Ladders - Gerry Rafferty (1980)
In Our Lifetime - Marvin Gaye (1981)
The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking - Roger Waters (1984)
Pictures at Eleven, Robert Plant, Pledge Pin
References
External links
Raphael Ravenscroft on Myspace
LinkedIn profile
1954 births
2014 deaths
English rock saxophonists
British male saxophonists
English male writers
People from Stoke-on-Trent
People from Dumfries
Musicians from Staffordshire
20th-century saxophonists |
4032221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Schulman | Tom Schulman | Thomas H. Schulman (born October 20, 1951) is an American screenwriter best known for his semi-autobiographical screenplay Dead Poets Society based on his time at the illustrious Montgomery Bell Academy (MBA), a college-preparatory day school located in Nashville, Tennessee.
Following high school, Schulman earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in philosophy, graduating in 1972 from Vanderbilt University in Nashville. Schulman pursued his interest in film at the University of Southern California's Graduate School of Cinema.
Dead Poets Society won the Best Screenplay Academy Award in 1989, and was nominated for Best Picture and Best Director (Peter Weir). The character of John Keating was inspired by one of Schulman's teachers at MBA.
Prior to Dead Poets Society, Schulman had already written a number of telemovies. However, Dead Poets Society was his first movie script to reach the screen. He was hired to rewrite the hit movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids shortly before the film was due to begin shooting; Schulman had just seven days to turn it from a drama into a comedy.
Other scripts written or co-written by Schulman include comedies Welcome to Mooseport, What About Bob?, Second Sight (which Schulman sold the same day as Dead Poets Society) and Holy Man, which stars Eddie Murphy. The Sean Connery drama Medicine Man, originally entitled The Stand, proved a critical failure. Schulman executive produced the movie Indecent Proposal.
Schulman's only film as director to date is 1997 black comedy 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag, which stars Joe Pesci as a gangster attempting to transport a bag of severed heads across the United States.
In 2009, Schulman was elected vice president of the Writers Guild of America, West.
Schulman lives in Los Angeles with his wife, attorney Karen Gaul Schulman.
Filmography
References
External links
Dead Poets Society's Tom Schulman on the Art of Surviving Hollywood, March 15, 2004
Tom Schulman Biography (1951–)
1951 births
Living people
People from Nashville, Tennessee
American male screenwriters
Film producers from Tennessee
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
Film directors from Tennessee
Screenwriters from Tennessee |
4032228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim%20Hisami | Karim Hisami | Karim Hisami or Kerîmî Hisamî, (1926–2001) was an Iranian-Kurdish writer. He was born in the village of Beyrem near Mahabad. His real name was Karimi Mirza Hamed. Karim Hisami was his pen-name. At early age, he became involved in politics, and was registered as the 18th member of Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd party. He was a member of political bureau of Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran until 1984. He lived most of his life in exile. In 1958, he fled to Iraq. In 1960, he moved to Czechoslovakia, where he studied in university. In the 1970s, he was working in Radio Peyk Iran (Radio Iranian Messenger) in Bulgaria. He went back to Iran in 1978 after the revolution. In 1985 he moved to Sweden, where he stayed until his death on October 6, 2001. In Sweden, he published a Kurdish journal titled Serdemî Nwê from 1986 to 1990. He was also closely affiliated with the Iraqi Communist Party.
He is famous for his memoires, titled Le Bîreweriyekanim (From my memoires). He published eleven volumes of his massive memoires, between 1986 and 2001. This work is an important source for the study of Kurdish political movements in Iran. He has also translated literary works of Maxim Gorky, Ignazio Silone and Nikos Kazantzakis into Kurdish.
Publications
Karwanêk le şehîdanî Kurdistanî Êran (The martyrs of the Iranian Kurdistan), 1971
Pêdaçûnewe (Review), Mardin Publishers, Sweden. / 9188880230
Le Bîreweriyekanim (From my memoires), Vol. I, 316 pp., Jîna Nû Publishers, Uppsala, Sweden, 1986.
Komarî Dêmokratî Kurdistan yan Xudmuxtarî (The Kurdistan Democratic Republic or Autonomy), 112 pp., Azad Publishers, Sverige, Sweden, 1986.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1957–1965, Vol.II., 164 pp., Stockholm, 1987.
Yadî Hêmin, 97 pp., Kista, 1987.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1965–1970, Vol. III, 250 pp., Stockholm, 1988.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1970–1975, Vol. IV, 235 pp., Stockholm, 1990.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1975–1979, Vol. V, 291 pp., Stockholm, 1991.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1979–1983, Vol. VI, 295 pp., Stockholm, 1992.
Le Bîreweriyekanim: 1983–1985, Vol. VII, 275 pp., Stockholm, 1994.
Seferê bo Kurdistan (A Travel to Kurdistan), Stockholm, 1994.
Geştêk benêw Bîreweriyekanda, 303 pp., Solförl. Publishers, Sullentuna, 1997.
Dîmokrasî çiye? (What is Democracy?), 230 pp., Mukriyani Publishers, Arbil, 2001.
Translation
Dayik, translation of Mother by Maxim Gorky.
Azadî yan Merg, translation of Freedom or Death by Nikos Kazantzakis
Nan û şerab, translation of Bread and Wine by Ignazio Silone, Ministry of Education Publishers, Arbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, 2003.
References
Karim Hisami, Immigrant Institute (in Swedish)
External links
List of Author's books- WorldCat.org
Interview- University of Toronto
1926 births
2001 deaths
Iranian writers
Kurdish-language writers
Iranian Kurdish people
Kurdish scholars |
4032239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Launer | Dale Launer | Dale Launer (born May 19, 1952) is an American comedy screenwriter. His films include Ruthless People, Blind Date, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels and My Cousin Vinny.
Biography
Launer was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and brought up in the San Fernando valley. He is Jewish. He attended California State University, Northridge, where, after changing his major to Film, he recognised his desire for a job writing and directing films. His first successful screenplay was Ruthless People (1986).
In May 2007, his film Tom's Nu Heaven, which he produced, wrote and directed, won Best Picture at the Monaco Film Festival.
Launer was friends with the family of murderer Elliot Rodger. At the behest of Rodger's father, Launer attempted to advise Rodger on how to be more confident with women. After Rodger's death, Launer wrote an article for the BBC about his experience.
Filmography
Ruthless People (1986) - writer
Blind Date (1987) - writer
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988) - executive producer, writer
My Cousin Vinny (1992) - producer, writer
Love Potion No. 9 (1992) - producer, director, writer
Tom's Nu Heaven (2005) - producer, director, writer
References
External links
Dale Launer's Official Website
American male screenwriters
1952 births
Living people
Writers from Los Angeles
William Howard Taft Charter High School alumni
Screenwriters from California |
4032249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20McFarlane%27s%20Spawn | Todd McFarlane's Spawn | Todd McFarlane's Spawn, also known as Spawn: The Animated Series or simply Spawn is an American adult animated superhero television series that aired on HBO from 1997 through 1999 and reran on Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block in Japan. It has also been released on DVD as a film series. The show is based on the Spawn character from Image Comics, and won an Emmy Award in 1999 for Outstanding Animation Program (Longer Than One Hour).
Plot
The series revolves around the story of former Marine Force Recon Lieutenant Colonel Al Simmons, who worked as a government assassin in covert black ops. He was betrayed and killed by a man whom he believed to be his close friend (the man, later to be revealed as Chapel, burned him alive with a flamethrower during a mission). Upon his death, Simmons vowed revenge on Chapel and hoped that he would one day return to his beloved wife Wanda.
Because of his life as an assassin, Simmons' soul goes to Hell. In order to accomplish his vow, he makes a pact with the devil Malebolgia (who was the overlord on the eighth plane of Hell). The pact was a simple one: Simmons would become a soldier in Malebolgia's army (known as a "Hellspawn" or "Spawn" for short) in return for the ability to walk the earth once again in order to see Wanda. However, Simmons was tricked by Malebolgia: his body was not returned to him and he is returned to Earth five years after his death. He had been given a different body which was a festering, pungently cadaverous, maggot-ridden walking corpse that had a massive living red cape attached to it. Because his new body had been rotten for some time and was in an advanced state of decay, his face had become heavily malformed, to the point that he barely appeared human, which led to Simmons donning a mask in order to cover its grotesque appearance.
Upon his return to "life", Spawn seeks out Wanda, who had apparently got over the grief of having lost Al and married another man, Al's best friend Terry Fitzgerald with whom she had had a daughter, Cyan. Terry, a respectable man, works as an analyst for a man named Jason Wynn. Wynn is a powerbroker in the CIA and secretly a black market arms dealer, amongst other things (such as the head of secret government organizations within the NSA and National Security Council). Wynn is revealed to be the man responsible for the death of Al Simmons due to a disagreement that the two had between each other concerning their "work". Jason's actions would also prove dangerous to the lives of Terry, Wanda, and their daughter as well. Realizing that he is no longer the man in Wanda's life, Al swears to protect her and her new family.
The series depicts Spawn nesting in the dark alleyways, killing any who invade his newfound territory. Rejecting these actions as unworthy of Spawn's time and power, Malebolgia then dispatches another of his minions (a demonic creature known as the Violator that assumes the form of a short, obese clown) to try to persuade Spawn to commit acts of violence and savagery in the name of Hell.
Spawn struggles to fight the lure of evil, as well as seeking to escape being hunted by not only the forces of Hell, but by assailants from Heaven, who have a need to destroy the Hellspawns in order to cripple the forces of Hell so that they do not gain an edge in the escalating war between the two spiritual hosts. As the war intensifies, the line between the forces of good and evil become increasingly blurry. Spawn finds help along the way in the form of a disheveled old man named Cogliostro who was once a Hellspawn that overcame the demonic powers resting within, amongst a number of other characters.
In the last episodes of the series, Spawn learns how to shapeshift and, appearing as Terry, makes love to Wanda, impregnating her. It is revealed that there is a prophecy that the child of a Hellspawn will play the deciding factor in Armageddon, and may be the real reason Spawn was allowed to return to Earth.
Episodes
Todd McFarlane's Spawn
Todd McFarlane's Spawn 2
Todd McFarlane's Spawn 3: The Ultimate Battle
Voice cast
Production
Regarding his initial meeting with HBO executives for the project, Todd McFarlane recalled, "I wanted to ask one question . . . can I say the word, "f_-?" If they let me do that, there's 100 other things I could get away with, too." He also remarked in 1997, "People have such a stereotype about animation — they immediately think cartoons and Disney. They're not used to seeing Silence of the Lambs, The Godfather and Seven all in one cartoon, but that's what they're getting." HBO granted the show a six million dollar budget for its first season. It was produced in Los Angeles, although McFarlane lived in Phoenix, Arizona at the time, stating in a 2021 interview, "I was flying into Century City every week while we were doing that, for three years."
The score and opening theme was handled by Shirley Walker, who also composed background music for Batman: The Animated Series. While Batman: The Animated Series featured traditional movie orchestra-type music, the producers of Todd McFarlane's Spawn requested that Walker give the series a more organic and subtle electronic soundtrack, with only minimal usage of orchestral sounds. J. Peter Robinson composed the score for the third and final season.
The series included live action intros by McFarlane. The intros for the first season were shot inside a castle-like location, and feature McFarlane asking rhetorical questions to the viewer, before introducing the episodes. Live action intros continued to be made for the remaining seasons. The intros were included on VHS and DVD releases which packaged the show's episodes individually, but are removed from releases which present the seasons in a singular movie format.
The first season concluded on HBO in late June 1997, a month after it had begun airing. At the beginning of August 1997, a live action Spawn film was released by New Line Cinema. It was noted for having a more mainstream tone than the animated series. Shortly after the release of the film, work on a second season of episodes began, which would begin airing the following year.
On October 31, 1997, St. Louis Blues hockey player Tony Twist filed a successful lawsuit against HBO and Todd McFarlane Productions, after finding out that a mob boss character from the first season was named after him. He stated, "I'm in pink thong underwear, smoking a cigar, ordering the kidnapping of a child while two women are naked on the couch making love to each other. I obviously didn't want any part of that. Even if I was a good guy I wouldn’t have participated. You’ve got kids being kidnapped, you’ve got nudity, you’ve got police raping women. It’s nothing I want to be affiliated with." The Tony Twist character originally appeared in the Spawn comics, but was not included in New Line's live action film.
It ended in 1999 following the conclusion of the third season. A fourth season was originally planned, but never came to fruition. John Leekley who served as the head writer and showrunner for the second and third season revealed that some of the ideas for the scrapped fourth season involved the return of Angela looking to avenge the death of Jade who was her previous lover, several one time characters would've returned and had larger roles, a gang war spiraling out of control led by the ruthless Barrabas, Spawn befriending a runaway teenage girl named Kristen with a case of pyrophobia, a now disfigured Wynn looking for redemption, Chapel breaking out of the asylum and winds up a pawn for Angela, Merrimack having to team up with Twitch to save her daughter, and most of the characters coming to the realization of Spawn's identity.
Reception
Some critics believe that the series was overshadowed by the poorly received film adaptation of Spawn, which also debuted in the summer of 1997. It has achieved a small but loyal cult following who praise the animation, writing, voice acting, music, and dark tone, whereas the graphic violence and intentional unresolved cliffhanger has attracted criticism. Variety stated in 1997 that "It's as dark and complex as anything HBO has attempted in the live-action arena. And visually, it's quite the stunner. HBO wanted different, and it surely got it." A more mixed review at the time came from The Dallas Morning News, they questioned why anyone would "want to subject themselves to such a relentlessly grim, gruesome dehumanizing experience." The Tampa Bay Times remarked that the first three episodes "unfold in a disjointed, abstract style that owes as much to the animated movie Heavy Metal as the Batman trilogy."
NowThis News claimed it was "one of the most shocking shows on TV in the ‘90s" and that it "set a new bar for mature animation." Bloody Disgusting stated in 2018 that it was "still the character's best incarnation", while the Comic Book Herald commented in 2021 that "it almost plays like an adult extrapolation of Batman: The Animated Series". In 2017, CBR praised the show's music, stating "[Shirley] Walker’s work on Spawn takes the gothic elements of her Batman: The Animated Series compositions to an even darker place. The epic heroic themes are gone, replaced with long, low notes and eerie hints of ethereal threats lurking in the distance. Some of the more “adult” elements of the series were dismissed as juvenile attempts at maturity, but the score isn’t one of them. It’s moody beyond belief, the perfect musical companion for the bleakness of the series."
Legacy
Todd McFarlane's Spawn was ranked 5th on IGN's list of "The Greatest Comic Book Cartoons of All Time", and 23rd on IGN's list of "Top 25 Primetime Animated Series of All Time" (despite the fact the show was aired at midnight on HBO). In 2011, Complex ranked it 8th on their 2011 list of "The 25 Most Underrated Animated TV Shows of All Time".
Series producer Eric Radomski reflected in a retrospective interview that "Spawn TAS was a personal triumph for me. Very rarely do artists get the opportunity to have as much uncensored creative freedom as I did at HBO on Spawn."
A sequel series titled Spawn: The Animation was in development in 2004 and was set to be released in 2007 with Keith David reprising his role, but due to McFarlane wanting to push the animation further, the project ended up in production limbo until it was quietly cancelled. Keith David would go on to reprise Spawn as a guest character for Mortal Kombat 11 in 2019.
Home media
All three seasons have been released separately on DVD and VHS as three two-hour movies, under the titles Todd McFarlane's Spawn, Todd McFarlane's Spawn 2, and Todd McFarlane's Spawn 3: The Ultimate Battle.
On July 24, 2007, HBO Video released a 4-disc 10th-anniversary signature collector's edition on DVD with all 18 episodes and multiple bonus features.
When the show's first and second seasons were released on video they were released in two formats. The first format was called the "Uncut Collector's Edition", which is the version that was shown on TV and held a TV-MA rating, and the other was a special edited version called the "Special Edited Edition" which held a PG-13 rating by toning down the violence and sexual content.
The first movie was also released in the UMD format for Sony's PSP handheld video game system, but the other two movies were not.
On July 5, 2016, HBO added all three seasons to its streaming services, HBO GO and HBO NOW. It also available on HBO Max as of 2021.
See also
Spawn (character)
Spawn (film)
References
External links
Todd McFarlane's Spawn at Toon Zone
1990s American adult animated television series
1990s American black cartoons
1997 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
American adult animated action television series
American adult animated drama television series
American adult animated fantasy television series
American adult animated horror television series
American adult animated science fiction television series
American adult animated superhero television series
American animated science fantasy television series
American black superhero television shows
Animated thriller television series
Anime-influenced Western animated television series
Dark fantasy television series
Emmy Award-winning programs
English-language television shows
HBO original programming
Religious drama television series
Spawn (comics)
Superhero horror television shows
Television shows based on comics
Television series about demons
Television series based on Image Comics
Television shows set in New York City |
4032255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestockings%20%28bookstore%29 | Bluestockings (bookstore) | Bluestockings is a radical bookstore, fair-trade café, and activist center located in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City. It is volunteer-supported and collectively owned. The store started in 1999 as a feminist bookstore and was named for a group of Enlightenment intellectual women, the Bluestockings.
Influences
Bluestockings actively supports "movements that challenge hierarchy and all systems of oppression" and is one of 13 identified feminist bookstores in the United States and Canada. Ideologically, Bluestockings has been influenced by intersectional feminism, anti-capitalism, and the anti-globalization movement of the early 2000s, and conceptually, by other collectively run spaces and infoshops like Time's Up! Its collective members see Bluestockings as an experiment in self-managed autonomous space that challenges the neoliberalist economic organization of New York City, creating a community for queer or femme activists. Inspired by feminist consciousness-raising reading groups, Bluestockings provides information on social oppression through its books, zines, and events.
Structure
Bluestockings is a collectively owned independent bookstore that contains a small fair trade café serving coffee from Zapatista coffee cooperatives. The Bluestockings collective is a small group of worker-owners. They make decisions based on consensus, with the input and support of volunteers and community members. As of 2017, the store is registered as an S corporation in which no one person can own a majority of shares. Volunteers contribute through self-directed projects and working groups. At its peak, Bluestockings had over 70 active volunteers.
Bluestockings serves as a community meeting space for literary, activist, feminist, and intellectual gatherings. In this public space, guests can relax and socialize as long as they want without purchasing anything. Most nights, Bluestockings hosts author readings, discussions, screenings, workshops, open mics, and panels, all of which are free to attend. Some notable speakers include members of the band Pussy Riot, poet Eileen Myles, Transgender Vanguard, and the Icarus Project.
History
Bluestockings opened in 1999 as a feminist bookstore. Founder Kathryn Welsh cited a lack of women's bookstores in New York among her reasons for founding Bluestockings. She started the store with the help of an anonymous investment of $50,000, and at the start, only women could be members of the collective. At the end of 2002, Bluestockings' revenue was negatively affected by the desertion of New York City's downtown following the September 11 attacks. This caused the store to incur debt, and its informal collective broke up.
Welsh put the bookstore up for sale in February 2003, which she described as a personal, not business, decision. Brooke Lehman, a former member of Direct Action Network, and Hitomi Matarese, an artist, bought the store from Welsh, and formed a new collective. Bluestockings reopened in May 2003 with a new model as a worker-owned bookstore and activist center. Its intersectional, leftist mission included male and transgender collective members. The founding collective members expanded Bluestockings' titles and event programming to include more social justice topics, including more books on race, class, queer politics, and the environment, in addition to fiction and poetry. Bluestockings expanded into an adjacent storefront in 2005 and began running more social programs like its "Foodstockings" cropsharing initiative.
The store was particularly successful following a 2015 Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign, held to make repairs and replace the store's awning, all of which had been delayed due to high rent in the store's gentrifying neighborhood. They also received increased support after the 2016 United States elections.
The collective hoped to remain in the Lower East Side to oppose the effects of gentrification and keep the store open as a queer safer space. In 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic, Bluestockings was forced to move from its original location at 172 Allen Street. After extensive fundraising, the bookstore announced that it would remain in the Lower East Side and moved to 116 Suffolk Street. As of April 2021, the bookstore is now run as a worker coop.
See also
ABC No Rio
Firestorm Cafe & Books
Lucy Parsons Center
LGBT culture in New York City
List of anarchist communities
References
Further reading
External links
Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States
Feminism in New York City
Infoshops
Organizations established in 1999
Feminist bookstores
Bookstores in Manhattan
Independent bookstores of the United States
History of women in New York City
Feminist organizations in the United States
1999 establishments in New York City |
4032261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20C.%20Burleigh | Edwin C. Burleigh | Edwin Chick Burleigh (November 27, 1843June 16, 1916) was an American politician from the state of Maine.
Life and career
Burleigh was born on November 27, 1843, in Linneus, Maine, the son of Caroline Peabody (Chick) and Parker Prescott Burleigh. He attended the common schools and Houlton Academy before becoming a teacher himself. He also worked as a surveyor and farmer before entering government. He served first as a clerk in the state adjutant general's office and then was clerk in the State land office at Bangor, Maine from 1870 to 1876. He moved to Augusta, Maine and became the state land agent from 1876 to 1878 and then assistant clerk in the Maine House of Representatives in 1878. He then served four years (1880–1884) in the office of the State treasurer before becoming Maine State Treasurer himself in 1884 and serving for four years. During this time he also became principal owner of the Kennebec Journal newspaper. His great grandson is currently a writer for the paper.
In 1889 he was elected the 42nd Governor of Maine, a position he held for three years subsequent. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1897 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Seth L. Milliken and served in that body for 14 years. Unsuccessful in his campaign for reelection in 1910 he returned to business for three years until he was elected to the United States Senate in 1912. He served until his death three years later in Augusta, Maine in 1916.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)
References
Sources and external links
The Burleigh family of Linneus
Bio of Edwin C. Burleigh, as found in Representative Men of Maine (1893)
Edwin C. Burleigh, late a senator from Maine, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1917
1843 births
1916 deaths
Governors of Maine
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
United States senators from Maine
People from Linneus, Maine
Republican Party United States senators
Maine Republicans
State treasurers of Maine
Ricker College alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians |
4032265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeley%20Davis | Keeley Davis | Keeley Davis (born January 4, 1976) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter and graphic designer. He is best known as a member of the post-hardcore band At the Drive-In, with whom he has recorded one studio album, In•ter a•li•a (2017). Davis is also a former member of the rock bands Sparta and Engine Down.
Career
He was the primary lead singer of the band Engine Down, in which he also played guitar. He was also in the band Denali with his sister, Maura Davis. He played bass and synthesizer.
Engine Down disbanded (under friendly circumstances) after a farewell tour in 2005, and Davis joined Sparta as lead guitarist. Davis has since recollaborated with Maura in the ambient indie rock side-project Glös, formed by him and former Engine Down drummer Cornbread Compton. Their debut album, Harmonium, was released in April 2007 on Lovitt Records. As of 2009, he is working with new band, Heks Orkest, which features longtime collaborators, Jonathon Fuller and Cam DiNinzio. As of March 2016, Davis is a touring member of At the Drive-In, following the sudden departure of guitarist and founding member Jim Ward. Since 2005, Davis has performed alongside Ward in Sparta.
With Bughummer
Getaway With (1998)
Drummer Brian Lackey
Guitar Jon Proctor
With Engine Down
Under the Pretense of Present Tense (1999)
To Bury Within the Sound (2000)
Demure (2002)
Engine Down (2004)
With Denali
Denali (2002)
The Instinct (2003)
With Sparta
Threes (2006)
With Glös
Harmonium (2007)
With Heks Orkest
(2 songs free) (2009)
With at the Drive-In
in•ter a•li•a (2017)
Diamanté (2017)
Equipment with Sparta
Unlike bandmate Jim Ward, Davis keeps relatively the same guitar and amp setup on each tour. All of Davis' pedals, two guitars and one amplifier were stolen when their storage facility in Los Angeles was broken into, so the equipment he performs with as of May 2007 is mostly new.
Guitars
Rickenbacker 330
Gibson Les Paul Special Double Cut
Epiphone 50th Anniversary 1961 SG Special
Amplifiers
Orange 100 Watt Rockerverb Amp
Orange 4x12 Cab
Effects
Line 6 DM-4
Line 6 DL-4
Line 6 MM-4
Digitech Whammy
Equipment with at the Drive-In
Gretsch G2622T TG Streamliner
References
External links
Sparta's Official Site
Keeley's Post Production Company – MONDIAL
The Liberty Movement Zine – Interview with Keeley
Sparta (band) members
Living people
American rock guitarists
Alternative rock guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Alternative rock singers
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Virginia
1976 births
Guitarists from Virginia
American male guitarists
21st-century American singers
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers |
4032267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20National%20Bank | First National Bank | First National Bank may refer to:
Worldwide
Lebanon
First National Bank (Lebanon)
Japan
Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, formerly
South Africa
First National Bank (South Africa)
United States
Banking institutions (existing)
First National Bank of Florida
First National Bank of Layton, Utah
First National Bank of Omaha, Nebraska
FNB Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Banking institutions (former)
First National Bank (Brooksville, Florida)
First National Bank (Clinton, Iowa)
First National Bank of Davenport, Iowa
First National Bank (Iowa Falls, Iowa)
First National Bank of Mason City, Mason City, Iowa
First National Bank (Mount Pleasant, Iowa)
First National Bank (Bolivar, Missouri)
First National Bank, Hoboken, New Jersey
First National Bank (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
First National Bank (New Cumberland, West Virginia)
First National Bank of Arizona, became part of First Interstate Bancorp
First National Bank of Boston, acquired by Fleet Bank and merged into Bank of America
First National Bank of Brooklyn, acquired by Bank of the Manhattan Company and merged into JPMorgan Chase
First National Bank of Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
First National Bank of Dubuque, merged into US Bancorp
First National Bank of Minneapolis and First National Bank of St. Paul, Minnesota, now part of US Bank
First National Bank of New York, now part of Citibank
First National Bank of Oregon, became part of First Interstate Bancorp
First National Bank of San Francisco, merged with Crocker National Bank
First National Bank of Whitestone, acquired by Bank of the Manhattan Company and merged into JPMorgan Chase
First Bank of the United States, first private central bank of the United States
First Chicago Bank, formerly First National Bank of Chicago, Illinois
First Financial Bank, formerly First National Bank of Terre Haute, Indiana
First Maryland Bancorp, now part of M&T Bank
PNC Financial Services, formerly First National Bank of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Regions Bank, formerly First National Bank of Little Rock, Arkansas
Seafirst Bank or Seattle-First National Bank; acquired by Bank of America
Security Pacific Bank, formerly Security-First National Bank of Los Angeles, California
Southeast Banking Corporation, formerly First National Bank of Miami, Florida
Wachovia Bank of Georgia, formerly First National Bank of Atlanta, Georgia
See also
First National Bank Building (disambiguation)
First Bank (disambiguation)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti |
4032280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Health%20Improvement%20Network | The Health Improvement Network | The Health Improvement Network (THIN) is a large database of anonymised electronic medical records collected at primary care clinics throughout the UK. The THIN database is owned and managed by The Health Improvement Network Ltd in collaboration with In Practice Systems Ltd.
The Health Improvement Network Ltd & In Practice Systems Ltd are both subsidiary companies of Cegedim SA
History
The THIN database is similar in structure and content to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD, previously known as GPRD), which is now managed by the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
Between 1994 and 2002, EPIC (UK), a not-for-profit company, held a non-exclusive licence to use GPRD for research benefitting public health. On the expiry of that licence, THIN was developed by EPIC as an alternative to the GPRD, and a substantial number of primary care practitioners now contribute data to both resources. In 2005 EPIC was acquired by Cegedim, a global technology and services company specialising in the healthcare field.
THIN data are made available under more permissive terms than other similar resources (such as the CPRD, which does not allow for-profit use by private companies), but access is subject to ethical approval by an independent Scientific Review Committee.
Data
Data collection commenced in January 2003, using information extracted from VISION a widely used general practice management software package developed by In Practice Systems Ltd a company also owned by Cegedim SA.
The database is regularly updated and currently contains data on over 10 million individuals living in the United Kingdom.
Clinical data in THIN are catalogued using Read codes, a comprehensive and searchable classification scheme for medical conditions, symptoms and important background information. This system is complemented by a set of Additional Health Data (AHD) codes which provide a standardised system for the recording of a wide variety of clinical measurements, and by drug codes which identify prescribed medications.
Since 2004, the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework, a performance-related pay scheme for primary care practitioners, has effectively mandated the use of computer systems (such as Vision) to maintain patient medical records, and has imposed standardised recording methods for a wide range of important medical conditions. In addition, practitioners contributing data to THIN receive training to ensure consistent recording of important clinical outcomes and indicators including:
Asthma
Coronary heart disease
Diabetes mellitus
Epilepsy
Menopause
Hypertension
Hypothyroidism
Leg ulcers
Heart failure
Warfarin use
Lithium use
Use of hormonal contraception
Pernicious anaemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Secondary stroke prevention
Lower back pain
Mental health
Smoking status
THIN is an important resource in the fields of epidemiology, drug safety and health outcomes research, providing an inexpensive means to study the causes of disease and effectiveness of interventions in a large, representative population.
References
External links
The Health Improvement Network (THIN)
Cegedim SA
Medical and health organisations based in the United Kingdom
Medical databases in the United Kingdom |
4032309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Hamadani | Yusuf Hamadani | Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Hamadānī, best simply known as Yusuf Hamadani (born 1048 or 1049 / 440 AH - died 1140 / 535 AH), was a Persian figure of the Middle Ages. He was the first of the group of Central Asian Sufi teachers known simply as Khwajagan (the Masters) of the Naqshbandi order. His shrine is at Merv, Turkmenistan.
Life
Born in Buzanjird near Hamadan in 1062, he moved to Baghdad when he was eighteen years of age. He studied the Shafi'i school of fiqh under the supervision of the master of his time, Shaykh Ibrahim ibn Ali ibn Yusuf al-Fairuzabadi. He kept association in Baghdad with the great scholar, Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi, who gave him greater deference than to any of his other students although he was the youngest. But he was a Hanafi Maturidi unlike his teachers.
According to Ibn Khallikan, he began his religious career with the cultivation of the religious sciences, becoming both a respected scholar of hadith and fiqh and a popular preacher in Baghdad. He was so brilliant a jurisprudent that he became the Marja of his time for all scholars in that field. He was known in Baghdad, the center of Islamic knowledge, in Isfahan, Bukhara, Samarqand, Khwarazm, and throughout Central Asia.
Later he abandoned these pursuits, adopting an intensely ascetic way of life and travelled east, first settling in Herat and later in Merv, where his tomb is still reputed to exist. He became an ascetic and engaged in constant worship and mujahada (spiritual struggle), instructed by Shaykh Abu 'Ali al-Farmadhi. He associated with Shaykh Abdullah Ghuwayni and Shaykh Hasan Simnani. He named four khalifas or successors, a pattern that repeated itself for several succeeding generations of the Khwajagan, including Ahmad Yasawi and Khwaja Abdul Khaliq Gajadwani, the next link in the Naqshbandi silsila.
See also
Naqshbandi
References
Sources
Abu Ya`qub Yusuf ibn Ayyab ibn Yusuf ibn al-Husayn al-Hamadani——May Allah Sanctify His Soul; https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111446/http://www.naqshbandi.org/chain/9.htm
Further reading
Sufi teachers
1140 deaths
Iranian Sufis
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century jurists
12th-century jurists
1062 births
Hanafis
Maturidis
Naqshbandi order
11th-century Iranian people
People from Hamadan
Mystics from Iran
12th-century Iranian people |
4032312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagjit%20Singh%20Chohan | Jagjit Singh Chohan | Dr. Jagjit Singh Chohan was the founder of the Khalistan movement that sought to create an independent Sikh state in the Punjab region of South Asia.
Politics
Jagjit Singh grew up in Tanda in Punjab's Hoshiarpur district, about 180 km from Chandigarh. He was a dentist. Chohan was first elected to the Punjab Assembly from the Tanda as a candidate of the Republican Party of India in 1967. He became Deputy Speaker when the Akali Dal-led coalition Government took office in Punjab. When Lachhman Singh Gill became Chief Minister, Chohan was made Finance Minister. In 1969, he lost the Assembly election.
Activity Overseas
Two years after losing the Punjab Assembly elections in 1969, Chohan moved to the United Kingdom to start his campaign for creation of Khalistan. In 1971, he went to Nankana Sahib in Pakistan to attempt to set up a Sikh government. Chohan was invited by Pakistani army dictator Yahya Khan and was proclaimed as a Sikh leader. Certain Sikh relics that were in Pakistan were handed down to him and taken to UK. The relics had helped Chohan to gather Sikh supporters and followers. He then visited the United States at the invitation of his supporters among the Sikh diaspora.
On 13 October 1971, he paid for an ad in the New York Times claiming an Independent Sikh state. Advertisement of Khalistan enabled him to collect millions of dollars from the Sikh diaspora.
In later part of 1970s, Chohan was in touch with the Pakistani diplomatic mission in Pakistan with objective of encouraging Sikh youths to travel to Pakistan for pilgrimage and indoctrination for separatist propaganda.
On 12 April 1980, he declared the formation of a "National Council of Khalistan", at Anandpur Sahib. He declared himself the President of the Council and Balbir Singh Sandhu as its Secretary General.
In 1977, he returned to India. Chohan travelled to Britain in 1979, and established the Khalistan National Council.
In May 1980, Jagjit Singh Chohan travelled to London and announced the formation of Khalistan. A similar announcement was made by Balbir Singh Sandhu, in Amritsar, who released stamps and currency of Khalistan. Operating from a building termed "Khalistan House", he remained in contact with the Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who was campaigning for a Sikh theocratic homeland. Chohan also maintained contacts among various groups in Canada, the US, and Germany. He visited Pakistan as a guest of leaders like Chaudhuri Zahoor Elahi. Chohan declared himself president of the "Republic of Khalistan", named a Cabinet, and issued symbolic Khalistan "passports", "postage stamps", and "Khalistan dollars".
It is reported that with the assistance of a wealthy Californian supporter, a peach magnate, he opened an Ecuadorian bank account to support his operation.
Operation Blue Star and later
In June 1983, Bhindranwale was asked: "If Jagjit Singh Chohan attacks India with assistance from England, America, and Canada, whom will you help?" Bhindranwale hedged and did not indicate his support.
On 12 June 1984, in London Chohan was interviewed by BBC. The interviewer asked: "Do you actually want to see the downfall of Mrs Gandhi's Government?" Chohan answered: "..within a few days you will have the news that Mrs Gandhi and her family have been beheaded. That is what Sikhs will do..". After this interview, the Thatcher government curtailed Chohan's activities.
On 13 June 1984, Chohan announced a government in exile. On 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated.
Chohan visited Punjab in 1989 and hoisted the flag of Khalistan at a gurdwara in Anandpur Sahib. Chohan's Indian passport was cancelled on 24 April 1989. India protested when he was allowed to enter USA using the canceled passport. Vancouver fundamentalists Talwinder Singh Parmar and Surjan Singh Gill were at one time aligned with Chohan.
He had assisted the Tamil Tigers International Federation in setting up the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. The Nanavati Commission considered him a co-conspirator in the assassination.
Softening and return
Chohan gradually softened his stance. He supported India's attempts to defuse the tension by accepting surrenders by the militants. Other organizations, mainly in UK and North America, continue to work for a Khalistan. The Indian government first permitted his wife to return and after he was pardoned by the Atal Bihari government, he was allowed to return to India in June 2001, after having been exiled for 21 years. The government decided to overlook his past activities.
After his return, in an interview Chohan said he would keep the Khalistan movement alive democratically and pointed out that he has always been against violence.
Khalsa Raj Party
After Chohan returned to India, he started a political party in 2002 named the Khalsa Raj Party and became its president. The stated aim of the political party was to continue his campaign for Khalistan. Chohan could not attract the support from the new generation of Sikhs. The Pioneer (newspaper) stated that his party was a 'Letterhead organization'.
Death
Chohan withdrew himself from the public life in his later years. He died on 4 April 2007, aged 78 due to heart attack at his native village Tanda in Hoshiarpur District of Punjab.
After his death, the Khalistan movement gradually died down.
See also
Gurmit Singh Aulakh
Separationist
Separation of church and state
References
http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mai02/artlg.pdf The globalization of identity politics : the Sikh experience, International Journal of Punjab Studies, 7 (2), July–December 2000 (page 29).
THE KHALISTAN MOVEMENT IN PUNJAB, Meredith Weiss, Yale, 25 June 2002.
External links
Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's Speech June 1983
HC allows Sikh separatist to return after 21 years
Return of the Khalistan protagonist
Childhood Chum
1920s births
2007 deaths
Punjab, India politicians
Punjabi people
Sikh politics
People from Hoshiarpur district
Khalistan movement people
Indian Sikhs
British people of Indian descent |
4032343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltillo%20Institute%20of%20Technology | Saltillo Institute of Technology | The Saltillo Institute of Technology (), or ITS, is located in the city of Saltillo, state capital of Coahuila, Mexico. It is a college level technological institution. Founded in July 1950 by Mexican President Miguel Alemán Valdez, it started operations on January 3, 1951.
History
Since its foundation, the institute has changed names several times. It was founded as Instituto Tecnológico de Coahuila, but then changed in 1968 to Instituto Tecnológico Regional de Coahuila. Again, by 1977, it was renamed to Instituto Tecnológico Regional de Saltillo and, finally, since 1981, as Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo.
In 1951, the objective of the institution was to provide students technical degrees suitable for the industry; however, due to expansion, it later offered high school, engineering and graduate degrees. By 1951, enrollment consisted of barely 314 students, but after 55 years of existence, it currently amounts to 7,016 students: (6,963 at the undergraduate level and 53 at the postgraduate level) in addition to the school staff (4 directors, 23 department heads, 424 professors, 16 researchers, 357 administrative staff and 74 service staff).
The institute campus is made up of 35 buildings, 153 classrooms, 20 laboratories and 4 auditoriums.
Academics
Nowadays ITS offers the following degrees:
Undergraduate
Electrical Engineering
Electronic Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Materials Engineering
Computer Systems Engineering
Mechatronics Engineering
Computer Engineering
Business Management
Mechanical Engineering
Graduate
Ph.D. in materials
Master's degree in Materials Engineering
Master's degree in Industrial Engineering
List of directors
Its directors have been:
Santiago Tamez Anguiano (1950–1951)
Narciso Urrutia Lozano (1951–1952)
Segundo Rodríguez Alvarez (1952)
Oscar Peart Pérez (1952–1960)
Gabriel H. Acosta (1960–1961)
Jorge Fernández Mier (1961–1966)
Benjamín Rodríguez Zarzosa (1966–1967)
Jorge Fernández Mier (1967–1973)
Rodolfo Rosas Morales (1973–1976)
David Hernandez Ochoa (1976)
Luis Rosales Celis (1976–1981)
Carlos Herrera Pérez (1981–1983)
Manuel F. Flores Revuelta (1983–1986)
Jesús H. Cano Ríos (1986–1988)
José Claudio Tamez Saénz (1988–1991)
Manuel F. Flores Revuelta (1991–1996)
Juan Francisco Mancinas Casas (1996–2001)
Enriqueta Gonzalez Aguilar (2001–2005)
Jesús Contreras García (current, since August 2005)
External links
Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo's Official Site
Universities and colleges in Coahuila
Saltillo
Educational institutions established in 1951
1951 establishments in Mexico |
4032347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20B.%20Seibert | Florence B. Seibert | Florence Barbara Seibert (October 6, 1897 – August 23, 1991) was an American biochemist. She is best known for identifying the active agent in the antigen tuberculin as a protein, and subsequently for isolating a pure form of tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD), enabling the development and use of a reliable TB test. Seibert has been inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame and the National Women's Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Seibert was born on October 6, 1897, in Easton, Pennsylvania, to George Peter Seibert and Barbara (Memmert) Seibert. At age three, Florence contracted polio. She had to wear leg braces and walked with a limp throughout her life. As a teenager, Seibert is reported to have read biographies of famous scientists which inspired her interest in science.
Seibert did her undergraduate work at Goucher College in Baltimore, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1918. She and one of her chemistry teachers, Jessie E. Minor, did war-time work at the Chemistry Laboratory of the Hammersley Paper Mill in Garfield, New Jersey.
Seibert earned her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Yale University in 1923. At Yale she studied the intravenous injection of milk proteins under the direction of Lafayette Mendel. She developed a method to prevent these proteins from being contaminated with bacteria. She was a Van Meter Fellow from 1921 - 1922 and an American Physiological Society Porter Fellow from 1922 - 1923, both at Yale University.
Professional achievements and awards
In 1923 Seibert worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Otho S.A. Sprague Memorial Institute at the University of Chicago. She was financed by the Porter Fellowship of the American Philosophical Society, an award that was competitive for both men and women. She went on to work part-time at the Ricketts Laboratory at the University of Chicago, and part-time at the Sprague Memorial Institute in Chicago.
In 1924, she received the University of Chicago's Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize for work she began at Yale and continued in Chicago. At Yale she reported a curious finding: intravenous injections often caused fever in patients. Seibert determined that the fevers were caused by toxins produced by the bacteria. The toxins were able to contaminate the distilled water when spray from the boiling water in the distillation flask reached the receiving flask. Seibert invented a new spray-catching trap to prevent contamination during the distillation process. She published her pyrogen-free process in the American Journal of Physiology. It was subsequently adopted by the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and various pharmaceutical firms. She was further recognized in 1962 with the John Elliot Memorial Award from the American Association of Blood Banks for her work on pyrogens.
Seibert served as an instructor in pathology from 1924 to 1928 at the University of Chicago and was hired as an assistant professor in biochemistry in 1928. In 1927, her younger sister Mabel moved to Chicago to live and work with her, employed variously as her secretary and her research assistant.
During this time, she met Esmond R. Long MD PhD, who was working on tuberculosis.
In 1932 she agreed to relocate, with Long, to the Henry Phipps Institute at the University of Pennsylvania. He became professor of pathology and director of laboratories at the Phipps Institute, while she accepted a position as an assistant professor in biochemistry. Their goal was the development of a reliable test for the identification of tuberculosis. The previous tuberculin derivative, Koch's substance, had produced false negative results in tuberculosis tests since the 1890s because of impurities in the material.
With Long's supervision and funding, Seibert identified the active agent in tuberculin as a protein. Seibert spent a number of years developing methods for separating and purifying the protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, obtaining purified protein derivative (PPD) and enabling the creation of a reliable test for tuberculosis.
Her first publication on the purification of tuberculin appeared in 1934. Some sources credit her with successfully isolating the tuberculosis protein molecule during 1937–38, when she visited the University of Uppsala, Sweden, as a Guggenheim fellow to work with Nobel-prize winning protein scientist Theodor Svedberg. She developed methods for purifying a crystalline tuberculin derivative using filters of porous clay and nitric-acid treated cotton. In 1938, she was awarded the Trudeau Medal of the National Tuberculosis Association.
In the 1940s, Seibert's purified protein derivative (PPD) became a national and international standard for tuberculin tests.
In 1943, Seibert received the first Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women.
She remained at the Henry Phipps Institute at the University of Pennsylvania from 1932 to 1959. She was an assistant professor from 1932 to 1937, an associate professor from 1937 to 1955, a full professor of biochemistry from 1955 to 1959, and professor emeritus as of her official retirement in 1959.
She and her sister Mabel then moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where Florence continued to research the possible relationships between bacteria and types of cancers, working with Mound Park Hospital and with the Bay Pines V.A. Research Center. She continued to publish scientific papers until 1977. Theories relating bacteria to cancer continue to be controversial.
In 1968, Seibert published her autobiography - Pebbles on the Hill of a Scientist.
Siebert received the Trudeau Medal from the National Tuberculosis Association in 1938, the Francis P. Garvan Medal from the American Chemical Society in 1942, and induction into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1990. A historic marker was placed in her honor in Easton in 1993.
She died at the Palm Springs Nursing Home in St. Petersburg, Florida on August 23, 1991.
On November 15, 1993, a historical marker was dedicated at the location of her birth at 72 N. 2nd Street, Easton, PA.
References
External links
"Electrodialysis of Tuberculin", Florence B. Seibert and Milton T. Hanke
Florence B. Seibert Papers: An Inventory at Goucher College
National Women's Hall of Fame page on Florence B. Seibert (with photo)
Further reading
1897 births
1991 deaths
American women biochemists
Goucher College alumni
People from Easton, Pennsylvania
People with polio
Recipients of the Garvan–Olin Medal
American women chemists
University of Chicago faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Yale University alumni
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American chemists
American women academics |
4032398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%27s%20Hospital | The King's Hospital | The Hospital and Free School of King Charles II, Oxmantown, also called The King's Hospital (KH; ) is a Church of Ireland co-educational independent day and boarding school situated in Palmerstown, Dublin, Ireland. It is on an 80-acre campus beside the River Liffey, called Brooklawn, named after the country houses situated on the site and in which the headmaster and his family reside. The school is also a member of the HMC Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the BSA.
Founded in 1669, it is one of the oldest schools in Ireland and was also known as the Blue Coat School. Although priority is given to those of the main Protestant tradition, as a Christian school, it is attended by students of other denominations and faiths. The school's colours are navy and gold. The school crest is three burning castles with the date "1669", almost identical to the crest for Dublin city. The current headmaster is Mark Ronan.
History
Founding
The school was founded in 1669 as The Hospital and Free School of King Charles II and was located in Queen Street, Dublin. King's Hospital was a continuation of the old Free School of Dublin. On 5 May 1674, the school opened with 60 pupils, including 3 girls. From 1783 to 1971, the school was located in Blackhall Place, Dublin, currently the headquarters of the Law Society of Ireland.
During the early seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries it was used as the site of elections to the Irish Parliament's Dublin City. When this was changed to the Tholsel for the 1713 general election, it led to the Dublin election riot.
Morgan's takeover
The take-over of Morgan's School (1957) contributed to steadily increasing numbers of students, and by 1970, a need for extra space and facilities led to the move from the city centre to a modern purpose-built school set in its own site on the banks of the River Liffey in Palmerstown, County Dublin.
Erwin Schrödinger
A 57-year-old manuscript by renowned Nobel Prize in Physics winning physicist Erwin Schrödinger recently resurfaced at the school. Entitled "Fragment From An Unpublished Dialogue Of Galileo", it was written for the School's 1955 edition of the annual Blue Coat magazine to coincide with Schrödinger leaving Dublin to take up his appointment as Chair of Physics at the University of Vienna. Schrödinger wrote the manuscript for the school's former English teacher and Editor of the Blue Coat magazine, Ronnie Anderson (now deceased), a friend of Schrödinger when he lived in Dublin. It is now in the possession of Professor Jonathan Coleman in CRANN at Trinity College, Dublin.
Structure
The school is co-educational and caters for some 720 pupils, roughly 440 day pupils and 280 boarders in 2018/19. The King's Hospital has students from all over Ireland and from overseas. Students from Germany and Spain are the most common international students.
The School is divided into five boarding houses: Bluecoat, Mercer, Grace, Morgan and Ormonde and five day pupil houses. Each boarding house has its own resident housemaster or housemistress.
Sport
The school has a gymnasium and sports hall with an advanced fitness center. The school also has access to a swimming pool, grass hockey pitch, rugby pitches and tennis courts.
Various sports (with a focus on rugby) are played on campus and training is provided by staff. The school has teams for rugby, hockey, cricket, athletics, cross-country, badminton, soccer, basketball and swimming.
Notable past pupils
Jack Boothman - President of the GAA (1994 and 1997);
Jonathan Coleman (physicist), lecturer in the School of Physics in CRANN at Trinity College Dublin and the 2011 Science Foundation Ireland 'Researcher of the Year'
Natalya Coyle is an Irish athlete who competed for Ireland at the 2012 Summer Olympics London 2012 where she finished 9th in the modern pentathlon.
Harvey du Cros - financier; the founder of the pneumatic tire industry based on the discovery of John Boyd Dunlop
Robert Dowds - politician; a former Irish Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Mid-West constituency from 2011 to 2016.
Ian Fitzpatrick - Rugby player, domestically as a full back for Leinster and internationally as a forward for the Irish rugby sevens side.
John and Edward Grimes - members of the pop duo Jedward
Lisa Hannigan - Irish folk/pop singer famous for her recordings with Damien Rice
Niall Hogan - co-founder of Touchtech Payments, bought by billion dollar online global payments company Stripe in 2019
Heike Holstein - is the most successful ever dressage rider based in Ireland and was a three times competitor equestrianism at the Olympics in Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004.
Noel Mahony - First-class cricketer for Ireland and president of the Irish Cricket Union, also taught mathematics at the school.
Angus McKeen - Former Leinster and Ireland rugby prop forward;
Tom Murphy - Tony Award-winning Irish actor;
Carlos O'Connell Irish athlete, who competed in the 1988 Olympic Games.Irish record holder for the decathlon.
Roderic O'Gorman - Cllr and Chairman of The Green Party (Ireland)
Andy Orr - member of the pop group Six
Randal Plunkett, 21st Baron of Dunsany - film producer
Judy Reynolds, Irish Olympic dressage rider
Robin Roe - captain of the Ireland national rugby union team. Also capped with The Lions and The Barbarians;
Camilla Speirs - competed in equestrianism for Ireland at the 2012 Summer Olympics London 2012 Summer Olympics;
Kathryn Thomas - Irish television presenter;
Leo Varadkar - 14th Taoiseach of Ireland (2017–2020);
Robert Alexander Warke (born 1930), Bishop of Cork, Cloyne and Ross;
John Weir - Loyalist murderer and member of the Glenanne gang;
Notable headmasters
1922–1927: John Mason Harden
References
External links
The King's Hospital website
The King's Hospital Past Pupil Union website
Secondary schools in South Dublin (county)
Educational institutions established in the 1660s
Boarding schools in Ireland
Private schools in the Republic of Ireland
Anglican schools in the Republic of Ireland
Bluecoat schools
1669 establishments in the British Empire |
4032431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Richards%20%28snowboarder%29 | Todd Richards (snowboarder) | Todd Richards is a snowboarder from Paxton, Massachusetts. Richards helped introduce "skate style" at a time when the sport was mainly influenced by alpine racing events. Richards grew up skateboarding on the East Coast and translated his skills on four wheels to riding a halfpipe made of snow.
During his career, Richards won multiple US Open halfpipe titles, X Games gold medals, and World Championship firsts. He was a member of the 1998 US Olympic Halfpipe Team in Nagano. In 2003, Richards published an autobiography titled P3: Parks, Pipes, and Powder. He has done color commentary for NBC's coverage of the Torino, Vancouver, Sochi, Pyeongchang, and Beijing Olympic Games and has produced a series of webisodes entitled "Todcasts for Quiksilver."
Richards is the subject of a documentary entitled "Me, Myself and I" that was released in 2009.
Actor
He played a former professional snowboarder in the 2001 movie Out Cold.
References
External links
Athlete Bios: Snowboard Halfpipe
Todd Richards on Snowboard Videos
American male snowboarders
Living people
Olympic snowboarders of the United States
People from Paxton, Massachusetts
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Worcester County, Massachusetts
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4032432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski%20%281581%E2%80%931637%29 | Jan Tęczyński (1581–1637) | Jan Tęczyński (1581–1637), of the Topór coat-of-arms, was governor of Kraków (1620–37), Crown Cupbearer (czesnik koronny) from 1618, starosta of Płock, and owner of Tenczyn and Rytwiany.
He was the son of Andrzej Tęczyński. In 1606 he married Dorota Mińska. As his three sons died young, he became the last of this line of the Tęczyński family.
In his youth Jan Tęczyński traveled throughout Europe and studied under Galileo. This experience led him to become a patron of the arts and sciences. He expanded the palace at Rytwiany, and his court was always open to writers and philosophers, such as Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, one of the most celebrated poets of the Polish Baroque. Piotr Kochanowski dedicated to Tęczyński his translation of Torquato Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. Tęczyński was a patron of Jan Brożek, professor at the Kraków Academy. Tęczyński himself was also a writer.
His library and much of his wealth were inherited by the son-in-law of his brother Andrzej Tęczyński, Łukasz Opaliński, husband of Izabela, who was also a famous writer and patron of the arts and sciences.
See also
House of Tęczyński
1581 births
1637 deaths
Jan |
4032435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting%20%28magazine%29 | Scouting (magazine) | Scouting magazine is a publication of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). The target audience is adult leaders of Cub Scouts, Scouts, and Venturers. It carries news on Scouting events, articles on aspects of Scouting such as service, outdoor skills and activities, and features about Scouting activities. It began publication on April 15, 1913, with five-times-a-year mail subscriptions included in the registration fee for all volunteer leaders registered with the BSA. The last print edition was the May–June 2020 issue, although online content continues to be updated.
Recurring content includes: Feature articles, Trailhead, What I've Learned, Advancement FAQs, Cub Scout Corner, Nature of Boys, What Would You Do?, Merit Badge Clinic, Ethics, Great Gear, Health & Wellness, Survive This!, Fuel Up, Dutch Treat, Boys' Life Preview, and Cool Camp.
See also
Scout Life
References
External links
Scouting, official Web site
Bryan on Scouting, official blog
Scouting, archives
Scouting archives at Ten Mile River Scout Museum
Scouting archives at the Portal to Texas History
1913 establishments in the United States
2020 disestablishments in Texas
Boy Scouts of America
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Literature of the Boy Scouts of America
Magazines established in 1913
Magazines disestablished in 2020
Magazines published in Texas
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Online magazines published in the United States
Online magazines with defunct print editions |
4032441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry%20Creek%20%28Missouri%20River%20tributary%29 | Perry Creek (Missouri River tributary) | Perry Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River in the state of Iowa. It rises in central Plymouth County and flows generally to the south-by-southwest, crossing the Woodbury County line at the city limits of Sioux City, north of Briar Cliff University and the Sioux City Country Club. At Sixth Street, the creek enters a conduit near , which then takes the flow underground to its mouth at the Missouri on the western edge of the downtown riverfront area. Perry Creek courses through residential neighborhoods, and has been plagued by past flooding; it has recently been at the center of a major federally funded flood control project.
See also
List of rivers of Iowa
References
External links
Perry Creek Flood Control
Rivers of Iowa
Rivers of Plymouth County, Iowa
Rivers of Woodbury County, Iowa
Tributaries of the Missouri River |
4032443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alh%C3%B3ndiga%20de%20Granaditas | Alhóndiga de Granaditas | The Alhóndiga de Granaditas (Regional Museum of Guanajuato) (public grain exchange) is an old grain storage building in Guanajuato City, Mexico. This historic building was created to replace an old grain exchange near the city's river. The name Alhóndiga translates roughly from both Arabic and Spanish as grain market or warehouse. It is equivalent to the regional grain exchange. Its construction lasted from 1798 to 1809, by orders of Juan Antonio de Riaño y Bárcena, a Spaniard who was the quartermaster of the city during the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla helped build it. The building received World Heritage listing as part of the Historic Town of Guanajuato in 1988.
Architecture
The Grain Exchange is an example of Neoclassical ideas. The original design was drafted in 1796 by Josė Alejandro Durán y Villaseñor, who was the master of public works. Josė de Mazo y Avilés modified the plans later.
It measures 72 by 68 metres, with a height of 23 metres, and occupies an area of 4,828 square metres. It is constructed on the side of a hill and two of its sides are surrounded by elevations. There are no ornamental facets on the exterior, except for a few windows at the top of each storage room. It has cornices built in a Doric style, constructed with two types of regional stone—reddish and greenish. This gives it a curious appearance, resembling a stronghold or a castle, which it has come to be called by the people of Guanajuato. In the interior, there is a porch that leads to a spacious central patio. The porch contains Tuscan columns and adornments. There are two staircases that lead to the upper floor. The Grain Exchange building has only two access doors, a small one facing the east, adorned by two columns, and a large door of the same basic style, facing the north. The edifice was used for the buying and selling of wheat, corn, and other grains. Prior to the Mexican independence from Spain, it was used as a warehouse, military barracks, and prison. Currently it serves as a regional museum.
History
Battle for Grain Exchange at Granaditas
When Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's insurgent troops threatened to take over this city during the Mexican War of Independence, Riaño secured himself in the Grain Exchange on 28 September 1810, along with many other Spaniards and some rich criollos. There were about 300 loyalists who took refuge from 20,000 rebels led by Hidalgo. Riaño believed that the strength of the building, its ample supplies and its positioning would make it easy to repel the insurgents' attacks. In addition to the corn the building already held, other provisions and twenty-four women were brought in to "make tortillas."
At first the building held, but soon the insurgents surrounded the building and began throwing rocks. Riaño died in this attack. His death caused "division and discord among the defenders of the Grain Exchange." The insurgents decided to burn down the eastern door to be able to enter and attack those that were inside. According to a popular tradition the man chosen to perform this task was Juan José Martínez "El Pípila", an extraordinarily strong local miner. He is said to have tied a large flat stone to his back to protect himself from the bullet and rock storm expected once he entered. He poured petroleum on the door and lit it using a torch. When the door burnt down, the attackers stormed into the Grain Exchange, led by Martínez. Everyone inside the Grain Exchange was killed and the building sacked. Reportedly, blood stains from the attack could still be seen on the pillars of the building and the main staircase as late as 1906. At the end of the day, hundreds of bodies were buried, and the whole city of Guanajuato pillaged. This event would encourage Hidalgo not to attack Mexico City, afraid his followers would repeat the massacres and looting of Guanajuato.
These first insurgents eventually fell. The four main participants - Hidalgo, Ignacio Allende, Juan Aldama, and José Mariano Jiménez - were shot by Spanish firing squads, and their bodies decapitated. The four heads were hung from the corners of the Grain Exchange, to discourage other independence movements. The heads remained hanging for ten years, until Mexico achieved its independence. They were then taken to Mexico City and eventually put to rest under el Ángel de la Independencia in 1910.
In 1867, during the French Intervention in Mexico, the Emperor Maximilian ordered the Grain Exchange building to be converted into a prison. It remained a prison for nearly a century.
Between 1955 and 1966, artist José Chávez Morado painted murals on the building reflecting the historical significance of the place. In 1958, the Grain Exchange opened officially as a museum.
Public venue
Attached to one side of the Grain Exchange is a large plaza with a set of wide steps that rise to meet the edge of the building. During the annual International Cervantino Festival, this space is converted into a large open air auditorium for live performances. The shows (often music and dance by groups of worldwide acclaim) are free to the general public, with reserved seats directly below the stage.
Inside of the museum are exhibits and art honoring heroes of the Independence. The museum also holds a collection of Pre-Columbian art donated by Morado and his wife in 1975.
References
External links
Guanajuato Regional Museum
Buildings and structures in Guanajuato
History museums in Mexico
Museums in Guanajuato
Mexican War of Independence
1798 establishments in New Spain
1809 in New Spain
Buildings and structures completed in 1809
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico
Guanajuato City
Alhóndigas |
4032466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst%20Infoshop | Catalyst Infoshop | The Catalyst Infoshop was an infoshop and bookshop at 109 N. McCormick Street, Prescott, Arizona, founded in 2004. It had closed by 2010.
Foundation
Catalyst Infoshop was founded in an old railroad cabin in Prescott, Arizona in 2004, by Katie Rose Nelson and William C. Rodgers. The space was used for a reading group, a philosophy salon, a knitting circle, a high school girl club, a free school and an all ages venue. It was fostered by Prescott College. By 2010, the infoshop had closed down.
Raid
On December 7, 2005, Catalyst Infoshop was raided by federal agents working on information provided by Jacob Ferguson. Rodgers and Nelson were both arrested. The raid was part of Operation Backfire investigating an eco-terrorist unit within the Earth Liberation Front that caused upwards of $20 million in damage across numerous states. Rodgers was charged by Federal Bureau of Investigation with masterminding the arson that destroyed the Two Elk Lodge in Vail, Colorado in 1998.
Rodgers committed suicide by self-asphyxiation, in jail, two weeks after his arrest and before standing trial.
References
External links
The Catalyst Infoshop (archive)
Infoshops
Prescott, Arizona |
4032491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Eugene%20Carl | Marion Eugene Carl | Major General Marion Eugene Carl (November 1, 1915 – June 28, 1998) was an American military officer, World War II fighter ace, record-setting test pilot, and naval aviator. He was the United States Marine Corps' first ace in World War II.
Early years
Born on the family dairy farm near Hubbard, Oregon, Carl was always attracted to aviation. He learned to fly while attending college and soloed after only 2½ hours of instruction; eight to ten hours is typical. He studied aeronautical engineering at Oregon State College (now a university) and, in 1938, graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree as a lieutenant in the Army Reserve.
Marine Corps career
Carl resigned his Army commission to become a naval aviation cadet and received his "Wings of Gold" and Marine Corps commission in December 1939. His first posting was to Marine Fighting Squadron One (VMF-1) at Quantico, Virginia. After a year there, he was posted back to Pensacola as an instructor pilot helping to train the rapidly growing number of naval aviators, before receiving orders to the newly formed Marine Fighting Squadron 221 (VMF-221) at NAS North Island in San Diego, California.
World War II
The 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor found VMF-221 preparing to embark aboard the aircraft carrier for transport to Marine Corps Air Station Ewa on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The unit was rushed to Hawaii, then to Wake Island as part of the WI Relief Task Force, still aboard Saratoga. After the relief attempt was cancelled, VMF-221 was deployed to Midway Atoll on Christmas Day, 1941. Carl's first combat occurred six months later during the Battle of Midway on June 4, 1942, when 15 of the 25 aircraft VMF-221 put into the air that morning were destroyed. Nevertheless, Carl was credited with destroying one enemy aircraft, a Mitsubishi Zero. All the survivors of VMF-221 were returned to Hawaii shortly after the battle.
After a short rest, Carl was reassigned to Marine Fighting Squadron 223 (VMF-223), led by former VMF-221 pilot Captain (later Major) John L. Smith. On August 20, VMF-223 was deployed to Guadalcanal, the first fighter unit ashore with the Cactus Air Force. Over the next two months, Carl became the Marines' first ace, running his tally to 16.5 victories, during which time he had to bail out once from a badly-damaged airplane. It is believed that on August 26 Carl shot down the famous Japanese Navy Tainan Kōkūtai ace Junichi Sasai over Henderson Field. When the squadron left Guadalcanal in October, Carl was America's second-ranking ace behind Major Smith.
In 1943, then-Major Carl returned to the Pacific and led VMF-223 until the following summer. During combat in the Solomon Islands, he claimed two more enemy planes, finishing as the Corps' seventh-ranking ace with 18.5 victories.
Aerial victory credits
Test pilot
In 1945, Carl graduated in the first test pilot class at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland. As a Lieutenant Colonel, he conducted pioneering jet operations from aircraft carriers and later commanded VMF-122, the first Marine jet squadron.
In 1947, Carl was one of two pilots selected to fly the Douglas D-558/I Skystreak in record-setting speed attempts. That August, he was recorded at , establishing a new world record for a conventional aircraft. When Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in October, he also broke Carl's record.
At Patuxent River on April 1, 1952, Carl had a close brush with death. He was performing a series of check spins in the new Grumman AF-2S Guardian anti-submarine attack aircraft. The anti-spin parachute that had been fitted in earlier tests had been removed. Climbing to over Chesapeake Bay, Carl commenced the spin. The aircraft entered a flat spin with strong centrifugal forces. Carl could not break the spin and rode it down to . He tried to operate the ejection seat, but the face blind ripped away in his hands and the seat failed to fire. He climbed out at . He then tried the wind-tunnel approved method of getting out on the inside of the spin, but was forced back due to airflow. He finally got out on the other side and felt his parachute open as he fell into the splash of the aircraft. The success of this proved bailing out on the inside of the spin to avoid being hit by the tail was an incorrect theory.
During a second test pilot tour in 1953, Carl set an unofficial altitude record of in the Douglas D-558/II.
Between test pilot duties, Carl commanded other units including a reconnaissance squadron based on Taiwan. In 1954, he led missions over Mainland China, photographing Communist forces along the coast. After his death, an incorrect version of his reconnaissance missions appeared in several obituaries, stating that he had flown U-2 spy planes.
Vietnam War
Though still a colonel, Carl became Director of Marine Corps Aviation for five months in 1962. In 1964 he was promoted to brigadier general; in 1965, he took the 1st Marine Brigade to Danang, South Vietnam. Despite his seniority, he repeatedly flew combat missions in helicopter gunships and jet fighters.
Carl received his second star as a major general in 1967, commanding the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing at MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina from 1968 to 1970. He subsequently served as Inspector General of the Marine Corps, until retiring in 1973. By then he had logged some 13,000 flying hours, more than twice as much as most contemporaries.
Murder
Carl returned to his native Oregon, where he and his wife Edna settled near Roseburg. Marion Carl's memoir, Pushing the Envelope, coauthored with his friend Barrett Tillman, was published in 1994. In 1998, at age 82, he was shot to death during a robbery, defending Edna from a home invader. Carl had entered his living room late one evening and had found an intruder pointing a shotgun at his wife and demanding money and car-keys. Carl lunged at the intruder who fired his weapon, the shot grazing Edna's head and leaving her injured. The attacker then turned the weapon on Carl, fatally shooting him and the former then fled, stealing cash and the couple's car. Carl was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.
His murderer, 19-year-old Jesse Fanus, was apprehended one week later. In April 1999, he was convicted on two counts of aggravated murder (and 11 additional felony charges) and sentenced to death. In 2003, his conviction and death sentence were upheld by the Oregon Supreme Court. In December 2011, the sentence was overturned based on the prisoner's inadequate legal representation. Fanus was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole on May 7, 2015.
Carl's widow Edna passed away in 2007. His two children were Bruce and Lyanne.
Awards and legacy
Carl's decorations include (having declined any personal medals for service in Vietnam):
First Navy Cross citation
Citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Captain Marion Eugene Carl (MCSN: 0-6053), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession while serving Section Leader and a Pilot in Marine Fighting Squadron TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-ONE (VMF-221), Marine Air Group TWENTY-TWO (MAG-22), Naval Air Station, Midway, during operations of the U.S. Naval and Marine Forces against the invading Japanese Fleet during the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942. Leading his section in a dauntless and aggressive attack against a vastly superior number of Japanese bomber and fighter planes, Captain Carl aided in the disruption of enemy plans and lessened the effectiveness of their attack. As a result of his daring tactics, he succeeded in destroying one OO Isento KI Navy Fighter. The courageous leadership and utter disregard for personal safety displayed by Captain Carl in this attack were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
Second Navy Cross citation
Citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Cross to Captain Marion Eugene Carl (MCSN: 0-6053), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession while serving as a Pilot in Marine Fighting Squadron TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-THREE (VMF-223), Marine Air Group TWENTY-THREE (MAG-23), FIRST Marine Aircraft Wing, in aerial combat against enemy Japanese forces in the Solomons Islands Area from 24 August 1942 to 9 September 1942. With utter disregard for his own personal safety, Captain Carl, during the period of sixteen days, shot down ten enemy aircraft unassisted, and with the help of another Marine Corps pilot, succeeded in shooting down the eleventh plane. His brilliant daring and conspicuous skill as an airman served as an inspiration to other pilots of his squadron and contributed greatly to the security of the positions of the United States Forces in the Solomon Islands. His courageous and loyal devotion to duty is in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
In 1992 Carl was inducted into the Lancaster Aerospace Walk of Honor.
On July 21, 2001, Carl was enshrined at Dayton, Ohio, in the National Aviation Hall of Fame class of 2001, along with North American X-15 pilot Joe Engle, USAF ace Robin Olds, and Albert Ueltschi.
In 1984, 1986, 1989, and 1992, Carl was honored at the Air Command and Staff College's Gathering of Eagles at Maxwell Air Base, Montgomery Alabama. This program encourages the study of airpower history by emphasizing the contributions of air and space pioneers.
Roseburg Regional Airport, in Roseburg, Oregon, was named the Marion E. Carl Memorial Field in his honor.
MATSG-23 holds an annual "Mud Run" in honor of Carl at the Naval Air Station, Lemoore, California. The 5-mile run includes mud pits, climbing walls, and other military obstacles to challenge the runners. The 13th Annual Mud Run was held on June 6, 2006.
The airfield at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay was named for Carl.
See also
United States Marine Corps Aviation
References
Sources
Major General Marion E. Carl, USMC, Who's Who in Marine Corps History, History Division, United States Marine Corps.
External links
Arlington National Cemetery
1915 births
1998 deaths
American aviation record holders
American test pilots
American World War II flying aces
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Aviators from Oregon
Battle of Midway
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths by firearm in Oregon
Flight altitude record holders
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
Oregon State University alumni
People from Hubbard, Oregon
People from Roseburg, Oregon
People murdered in Oregon
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Shot-down aviators
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II
United States Naval Aviators
Military personnel from Oregon |
4032493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s%20Luck | Murphy's Luck | Murphy's Luck may refer to:
"Murphy's Luck", an episode from the television series Charmed
An alternate term for the phrase Murphy's Law |
4032494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Dieter | Paul Dieter | Paul Dieter (born May 23, 1959) is an American sound engineer and record producer. He has been the staff engineer at Groove Masters, the Santa Monica, California recording studio owned by Jackson Browne, since 1990.
Dieter's first major job was as an audio engineer on tour with 10,000 Maniacs from 1985 to 1987, and he has since worked as an audio engineer on various projects with Linda Ronstadt, David Lindley, Fleetwood Mac, and David Crosby. He also mixed the sound for Vonda Shepard's performances on Ally McBeal.
In 1994, Dieter was a co-nominee for a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical (along with Ed Cherney and Rick Pekkonnen) for the Jackson Browne album I'm Alive. A great deal of his work in the past decade has been with Browne, at Groove Masters and on tour, most recently co-producing Browne's Solo Acoustic, Vol. 1.
References
Paul Dieter's archived bio
Record producers from California
American audio engineers
Living people
1959 births |
4032498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipi%20Tales | Tipi Tales | Tipi Tales was a Canadian children's television series about a First Nations family living in a woodlands cottage, and focused on teaching children about the importance of family and friends, as well as First Nations culture.
The show premiered on 5 February 2003, and ended in 2007. The series had three seasons, each consisting of twenty-six 10- to 14-minute episodes (a total of 78 episodes). The characters were represented by puppets.
The show was co-produced by APTN and Treehouse TV, and filmed by Eagle Vision in their dedicated studio in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Both networks aired the show simultaneously; the show was also broadcast in New Zealand and Australia. Reruns were cancelled from Treehouse TV on 6 September 2009, while APTN's reruns continued until 2010.
Characters
The series centers around four Ojibway cousins who learn various wisdoms of life during their visits to their great-grandfather’s home.
Russell
Russell (voiced by Herbie Barnes) is four years old. He is big for his age but is a very gentle and sensitive boy. People often expect more from him because of his size. He loves to eat and is always hoping that Great-Grandmother has something cooking in the kitchen, especially cookies or pies.
Russell has many fears. He tries hard to keep them to himself, but they usually surface in some type of disaster. He looks up to Junior and Elizabeth and wants to be "grown-up" just like them.
Russell counts on Sam to be his accomplice. Junior is his hero and Russell takes great pride in playing drums for Junior's dancing or even being asked to play with him. He is goofy and loud and his enthusiasm for life is contagious. But his greatest gift is the joy he brings to others.
Sam
Samantha "Sam" (voiced by Jan Skene) is a three-year-old who is a mischievous, funny, free spirit living in the moment. She thinks everything is "the bestest!" She's cute and snuggly with a curly bob of black hair flopping carelessly on top of her head. Sam can get away with just about anything. Her cousins find her a little annoying but would do anything for her.
Sam always pushes the limits and rarely listens to anyone. She thinks she doesn't need anyone's advice, but that usually gets her into her biggest scrapes.
In a way that only a three-year-old can, Sam always tells it like it is. She's smart, quick, and has sudden bolts of great big ideas. As a result, she can persuade her cousins to do wild and crazy things. She lives with joy and abandon.
Elizabeth
Elizabeth (voiced by Rebecca Gibson) is a precocious and confident five-year-old. She is artistic, expressive, and has an opinion on everything. She sees herself as the leader of the group. She can sometimes be self-absorbed and often ends up being excluded.
The "princess" of the group, Elizabeth wants things to go her way and is determined to see that happen. She has many fears but usually manages to hide them well. She fights for what she believes in (even when she is wrong) and periodically has meltdowns, but she has a good heart and loves her cousins very much.
While she can be nurturing, she often plays the martyr, complete with whole body sighs. "I have to do everything myself I guess...." Elizabeth knows she is destined for greatness. Even though she drives them crazy, her cousins all look up to her.
Junior
Junior (voiced by Ryan Rajendra Black) is a five-year-old Ojibway boy who stays at his great-grandparents' house in the every week while his parents work. His real name is Eugene, which he hates, so everyone calls him Junior. Junior is traditional and proud of it. He wears long braids and loves everything about being Native. He is very spiritual. Focused and serious, his feelings often get hurt. He and Elizabeth frequently clash over leadership issues. He can be very self-righteous, even a bulldozer at times, but he has great passion for life and nature.
Great-Grandfather is his hero and like him, Junior is a great dancer and loves telling traditional stories. He is sincere, loving, and hungry for life.
Great-Grandparents
The great-grandparents are wonderful caregivers. They love and support their great-grandchildren and are essential to their learning. They often open the door to new ways of thinking. They have gentle humour and great wisdom but never preach. They listen, understand and guide the children to the animal who will help them discover the best course of action.
Great-Grandmother
Great-Grandmother (voiced by Michelle St. John) is wise and kind, but often enigmatic. Great-Grandmother has a sense of humour and the kids make her laugh all the time.
Great-Grandmother makes the best saskatoonberry pies in the world. She makes quilts and gardens with equal passion.
Great-Grandfather
Great-Grandfather (voiced by Jules Desjarlais) is a fairly traditional man, but is willing to accept the modern world through the children. Great-Grandfather is a dreamer and storyteller but lives the seven principles.
Great-Grandfather listens well and understands. He doesn't judge. He has endless stories that enchant and inform the kids. He loves playing his drum and teaching the children to do a Native dance. His laugh is infectious and he never seems to get riled.
He is tender and humble and has a wonderful sense of humour. He has a respect for the natural world and teaches the kids about the voice in the wind, the spirit of the tree and giving a gift of thanks. He knows the stars, moon, and sun personally.
Animals
When the children have a problem, the great-grandparents instruct them to speak with an animal guide to help solve the problem. They would usually sing songs with the children. Each animal represents one of the Seven Sacred Laws, or teachings:
Wolf is Humility
Sabe (Bigfoot) is Honesty
Bear is Courage
Eagle is Love
Buffalo is Respect
Turtle is Truth
Beaver is Wisdom
References
External links
2000s Canadian children's television series
Television series about Indigenous people in Canada
Treehouse TV original programming
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network original programming
Canadian television shows featuring puppetry
Television series about children
Television series about bears
Television series about birds
Television series about turtles
Television series about wolves
Television shows filmed in Winnipeg
Canadian preschool education television series
Fictional characters from Manitoba |
4032505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal%20conservatism | Fiscal conservatism | Fiscal conservatism is a political and economic philosophy regarding fiscal policy and fiscal responsibility with an ideological basis in capitalism, individualism, limited government, and laissez-faire economics. Fiscal conservatives advocate tax cuts, reduced government spending, free markets, deregulation, privatization, free trade, and minimal government debt. Fiscal conservatism follows the same philosophical outlook of classical liberalism. This concept is derived from economic liberalism and can also be referred to as fiscal liberalism outside the United States.
The term has its origins in the era of the American New Deal during the 1930s as a result of the policies initiated by modern liberals, when many classical liberals started calling themselves conservatives as they did not wish to be identified with what was passing for liberalism in the United States. In the United States, the term liberalism has become associated with the welfare state and expanded regulatory policies created as a result of the New Deal and its offshoots from the 1930s onwards.
Fiscal conservatives form one of the three legs of the traditional American conservative movement that emerged during the 1950s together with social conservatism and national defense conservatism. Many Americans who are classical liberals also tend to identify as libertarian, holding more cultural liberal views and advocating a non-interventionist foreign policy while supporting lower taxes and less government spending. As of 2020, 39% of Americans polled considered themselves "economically conservative".
Because of its close proximity to the United States, the term has entered the lexicon in Canada. In many other countries, economic liberalism or simply liberalism is used to describe what Americans call fiscal conservatism.
Overview
Principles
Fiscal conservatism is the economic philosophy of prudence in government spending and debt. The principles of capitalism, limited government, and laissez-faire economics form its ideological foundation. Fiscal conservatives advocate the avoidance of deficit spending, the lowering of taxes, and the reduction of overall government spending and national debt whilst ensuring balanced budgets. In other words, fiscal conservatives are against the government expanding beyond its means through debt, but they will usually choose debt over tax increases. They strongly believe in libertarian principles such as individualism and free enterprise, often advocating deregulation, privatization, and free trade.
In his Reflections on the Revolution in France, Edmund Burke argued that a government does not have the right to run up large debts and then throw the burden on the taxpayer, writing "it is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged. The claim of the citizen is prior in time, paramount in title, superior in equity. The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditor's security, expressed or implied. [...] [T]he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large".
Factions or subgroups
Although all fiscal conservatives agree generally on a smaller and less expensive government, there are disagreements over priorities. There are three main factions or subgroups each advocating for a particular emphasis. Deficit hawks emphasize balancing government budgets and reducing the size of government debt, viewing government debt as economically damaging and morally dubious since it passes on obligations on to future generations who have played no part in present-day tax and spending decisions. Deficit hawks are willing to consider tax increases if the additional revenue is used to reduce debt rather than increase spending.
A second group put their main emphasis on tax cuts rather than spending cuts or debt reduction. Many embrace supply-side economics, arguing that as high taxes discourage economic activity and investment, tax cuts would result in economic growth leading in turn to higher government revenues. According to them, these additional government revenues would reduce the debt in the long term. They also argue for reducing taxes even if it were to lead to short term increases in the deficit. Some supply-siders have advocated that the increases in revenue through tax cuts make drastic cuts in spending unnecessary. However, the Congressional Budget Office has consistently reported that income tax cuts increase deficits and debt and do not pay for themselves. For example, the CBO estimated that the Bush tax cuts added about $1.5 trillion to deficits and debt from 2002 to 2011 and it would have added nearly $3 trillion to deficits and debt over the 2010–2019 decade if fully extended at all income levels.
A third group makes little distinction between debt and taxes. This group emphasizes reduction in spending rather than tax policy or debt reduction. They argue that the true cost of government is the level of spending not how that spending is financed. Every dollar that the government spends is a dollar taken from workers, regardless of whether it is from debt or taxes. Taxes simply redistribute purchasing power, doing so in a particularly inefficient manner, reducing the incentives to produce or hire and borrowing simply forces businesses and investors to anticipate higher taxes later on.
History
Classical liberalism
Classical liberalism in the United States forms the historical foundation for modern fiscal conservatism. Kathleen G. Donohue argues that classical liberalism in the 19th century United States was distinct from its counterpart in Britain:
[A]t the center of classical liberal theory [in Europe] was the idea of laissez-faire. To the vast majority of American classical liberals, however, laissez-faire did not mean no government intervention at all. On the contrary, they were more than willing to see government provide tariffs, railroad subsidies, and internal improvements, all of which benefited producers. What they condemned was intervention in behalf of consumers.
Economic liberalism owes its ideological creation to the classical liberalism tradition in the vein of Adam Smith, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, Ayn Rand, and Ludwig von Mises. They provided moral justifications for free markets. Liberals of the time, in contrast to modern ones, disliked government authority and preferred individualism. They saw free market capitalism as the preferable means of achieving economic ends.
Early to mid 20th century
In the early 20th century, fiscal conservatives were often at odds with progressives who desired economic reform. During the 1920s, Republican President Calvin Coolidge's pro-business economic policies were credited for the successful period of economic growth known as the Roaring Twenties. However, his actions may have been due more to a sense of federalism than fiscal conservatism as Robert Sobel notes: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards".
Contrary to popular opinion, then-Republican President Herbert Hoover was not a fiscal conservative. He promoted government intervention during the early Great Depression, a policy that his successor, Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt, continued and increased despite campaigning to the contrary. Coolidge's economic policies are often popularly contrasted with the New Deal deficit spending of Roosevelt and Republican Party opposition to Roosevelt's government spending was a unifying cause for a significant caucus of Republicans through even the presidencies of Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Barry Goldwater was a famous champion of both the socially and fiscally conservative Republicans.
In 1977, Democratic President Jimmy Carter appointed Alfred E. Kahn, a professor of economics at Cornell University, to be chair of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). He was part of a push for deregulation of the industry, supported by leading economists, leading think tanks in Washington, a civil society coalition advocating the reform (patterned on a coalition earlier developed for the truck-and-rail-reform efforts), the head of the regulatory agency, Senate leadership, the Carter administration and even some in the airline industry. This coalition swiftly gained legislative results in 1978.
The Airline Deregulation Act (Pub.L. 95–504) was signed into law by President Carter on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to remove government control over fares, routes and market entry of new airlines from commercial aviation. The CAB's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing market forces to determine routes and fares. The Act did not remove or diminish the Federal Aviation Administration's regulatory powers over all aspects of airline safety.
In 1979, Carter deregulated the American beer industry by making it legal to sell malt, hops and yeast to American home brewers for the first time since the effective 1920 beginning of Prohibition in the United States. This Carter deregulation led to an increase in home brewing over the 1980s and 1990s that by the 2000s had developed into a strong craft microbrew culture in the United States, with 3,418 micro breweries, brewpubs and regional craft breweries in the United States by the end of 2014.
Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except under Carter and Bill Clinton. The United States national debt rose during the 1980s as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. The numbers of public debt as % of GDP are indicative of the process:
Reagan era
Fiscal conservatism was rhetorically promoted during the presidency of Republican Ronald Reagan (1981–1989). During Reagan's tenure, the top personal income tax bracket dropped from 70% to 28% while payroll taxes and the effective tax rates on the lower two income quintiles increased. Reagan cut the maximum capital gains tax from 28% to 20%, though in his second term he raised it back up to 28%. He successfully increased defense spending, but conversely liberal Democrats blocked his efforts to cut domestic spending. Real GDP growth recovered strongly after the 1982 recession, growing at an annual rate of 3.4% for the rest of his time in office. Unemployment dropped after peaking at over 10.7% percent in 1982, and inflation decreased significantly. Federal tax receipts nearly doubled from $517 billion in 1980 to $1,032 billion in 1990. Employment grew at about the same rate as population.
According to a United States Department of the Treasury nonpartisan economic study, the major tax bills enacted under Reagan caused federal revenue to fall by an amount equal to roughly 1% of GDP. Although Reagan did not offset the increase in federal government spending or reduce the deficit, his accomplishments are more notable when expressed as a percent of the gross domestic product. Federal spending fell from 22.2% of the GDP to 21.2%. By the end of Reagan's second term, the national debt held by the public increased by almost 60% and the total debt equalled $2.6 trillion. In fewer than eight years, the United States went from being the world's largest creditor nation to the world's largest debtor nation.
Ross Perot
In the 1992 presidential election, Ross Perot, a successful American businessman, ran as a third-party candidate. Despite significant campaign stumbles and the uphill struggles involved in mounting a third-party candidacy, Perot received 18.9% of the popular vote (the largest percentage of any third-party candidate in modern history), largely on the basis of his central platform plank of limited-government, balanced-budget fiscal conservatism.
Clinton era
While the mantle of fiscal conservatism is most commonly claimed by Republicans and libertarians, it is also claimed in some ways by many centrist or moderate Democrats who often refer to themselves as New Democrats. Although not supportive of the wide range tax cut policies that were often enacted during the Reagan and Bush administrations, the New Democrat coalition's primary economic agenda differed from the traditional philosophy held by liberal Democrats and sided with the fiscal conservative belief that a balanced federal budget should take precedence over some spending programs.
Former President Bill Clinton, who was a New Democrat and part of the somewhat fiscally conservative Third Way advocating Democratic Leadership Council, is a prime example of this as his administration along with the Democratic-majority congress of 1993 passed on a party-line vote the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 which cut government spending, created a 36% individual income tax bracket, raised the top tax bracket which encompassed the top 1.2% earning taxpayers from 31% to 39.6% and created a 35% income tax rate for corporations. The 1993 Budget Act also cut taxes for fifteen million low-income families and 90% of small businesses. Additionally during the Clinton years, the PAYGO (pay-as-you-go) system originally introduced with the passing of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 (which required that all increases in direct spending or revenue decreases be offset by other spending decreases or revenue increases and was very popular with deficit hawks) had gone into effect and was used regularly until the system's expiration in 2002.
In the 1994 midterm elections, Republicans ran on a platform that included fiscal responsibility drafted by then-Congressman Newt Gingrich called the Contract with America which advocated such things as balancing the budget, providing the President with a line-item veto and welfare reform. After the elections gave the Republicans a majority in the House of Representatives, newly minted Speaker of the House Gingrich pushed aggressively for reduced government spending which created a confrontation with the White House that climaxed in the 1995–1996 government shutdown. After Clinton's re-election in 1996, they were able to cooperate and pass the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 which lowered the top capital gains tax rate from 28% to 20% and the 15% rate to 10%.
After this combination of tax hikes and spending reductions, the United States was able to create budget surpluses from fiscal years 1998–2001 (the first time since 1969) and the longest period of sustained economic growth in United States history.
Modern fiscal conservatism
American businessman, politician and former Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg considers himself a fiscal conservative and expressed his definition of the term at the 2007 British Conservative Party Conference, stating:
To me, fiscal conservatism means balancing budgets – not running deficits that the next generation can't afford. It means improving the efficiency of delivering services by finding innovative ways to do more with less. It means cutting taxes when possible and prudent to do so, raising them overall only when necessary to balance the budget, and only in combination with spending cuts. It means when you run a surplus, you save it; you don't squander it. And most importantly, being a fiscal conservative means preparing for the inevitable economic downturns – and by all indications, we've got one coming.
While the term "fiscal conservatism" would imply budget deficits would be lower under conservatives (i.e., Republicans), this has not historically been the case. Economists Alan Blinder and Mark Watson reported in 2016 that budget deficits since WW2 tended to be smaller under Democratic Party presidents, at 2.1% potential GDP versus 2.8% potential GDP for Republican presidents, a difference of about 0.7% GDP. They wrote that higher budget deficits should theoretically have boosted the economy more for Republicans, and therefore cannot explain the greater GDP growth under Democrats.
Rest of the world
As a result of the expansion of the welfare state and increased regulatory policies by the Roosevelt administration beginning in the 1930s, in the United States the term liberalism has today become associated with modern rather than classical liberalism. In Western Europe, the expanded welfare states created after World War II were created by socialist or social-democratic parties such as the British Labour Party rather than liberal parties. Many liberal parties in Western Europe tend to adhere to classical liberalism, with the Free Democratic Party in Germany being one example. The Liberal Democrats in the United Kingdom have a classical liberal and a social liberal wing of the party. In many countries, liberalism or economic liberalism is used to describe what Americans call fiscal conservatism.
Fiscal conservatism in the United Kingdom was arguably most popular during the premiership of Conservative Margaret Thatcher. After a number of years of deficit spending under the previous Labour government, Thatcher advocated spending cuts and selective tax increases to balance the budget. As a result of the deterioration in the United Kingdom's public finances—according to fiscal conservatives caused by another spate of deficit spending under the previous Labour government, the late-2000s recession and by the European sovereign debt crisis—the Cameron–Clegg coalition (Conservative–Liberal Democrats) embarked on an austerity programme featuring a combination of spending cuts and tax rises in an attempt to halve the deficit and eliminate the structural deficit over the five-year parliament.
In Canada, the rise of the socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation pushed the Liberal Party to create and expand the welfare state before and after World War II. Fiscal conservatism in Canada is generally referred to as blue Toryism when it is present within the Conservative Party of Canada. In Alberta, fiscal conservatism is represented by the United Conservative Party. In Ontario, fiscal conservatism is represented by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.
See also
Balance of payments
Balance of trade
Capitalism
Citizens Against Government Waste
Classical liberalism
Concord Coalition
Criticism of welfare
Economic freedom
Economic liberalism
Market economy
Minarchism
Republican Main Street Partnership
Right-wing politics
Trickle-down economics
Notes
References
Further reading
Barber, William J. (1985). From New Era to New Deal: Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy. Cambridge University Press.
Beito, David (1989). Taxpayers in Revolt: Tax Resistance During the Great Depression. University of North Carolina Press.
Brownlee, W. Elliot (1996). Federal Taxation in America: A Short History. Cambridge University Press.
Kimmel, Lewis (1959). Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy, 1789–1958. Brookings Institution Press.
Left, Mark (September 1983). "Taxing the "forgotten man": The politics of Social Security finance in the New Deal". Journal of American History. 70: 359–81. Online in JSTOR.
Morgan, Iwan W. (1995) Deficit Government: Taxing and Spending in Modern America. Ivan Dee.
Sargent, James E. (Winter 1980) "Roosevelt's Economy Act: Fiscal conservatism and the early New Deal". Congressional Studies. 7: 33–51.
Savage, James D. (1988) Balanced Budgets and American Politics. Cornell University Press.
Herbert Stein (1994). Presidential Economics, 3rd Edition: The Making of Economic Policy From Roosevelt to Clinton.
Julian E. Zelizer (2000). "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1938". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 30 (2): pp. 331. Online.
Capitalism
Classical liberalism
Conservatism
Conservative liberalism
Conservatism in the United States
Criticisms of welfare
Economic liberalism
Conservatism
Political theories |
4032508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia%20%28Cyrenaica%29 | Apollonia (Cyrenaica) | Apollonia () in Cyrenaica (modern Libya) was founded by Greek colonists and became a significant commercial centre in the southern Mediterranean. It served as the harbour of Cyrene, to the southwest.
Apollonia became autonomous from Cyrene at latest by the time the area came within the power of Rome, when it was one of the five cities of the Libyan Pentapolis, growing in power until, in the 6th century A.D., it became the capital of the Roman province of Libya Superior or Libya Pentapolitana. The city became known as Sozusa, which explains the modern name of Marsa Susa or Susa, which grew up long after the cessation of urban life in the ancient city after the Arab invasion of AD 643.
Sozusa was an episcopal see and is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.
Ruins
The early foundation levels of the city of Apollonia are below sea level due to submergence in earthquakes, while the upper strata of the later Byzantine Christian periods are several meters above sea level, built on the accumulated deposits of previous periods. The existence of buildings in the sea was noted by Beechey (1827), with some rough drawings, and Goodchild (1950s) and André Laronde also published archaeological surveys of the site. In 1958 and 1959 Nicholas Flemming, then an undergraduate at Cambridge University, led teams of undergraduates trained in scuba diving and underwater surveying to map the large sector of the city beneath the sea. The results of this work were published, complete with maps and diagrams of underwater buildings in the references cited below. Carlo Beltrame and colleagues have recently made an underwater photographic survey of some of the buildings.
The Crete earthquake and tsunami of 21 July 365 AD apparently caused extensive damage to the city and harbor.
The Apollonia (Susa) Museum houses many artifacts found on the ancient site.
The ancient port
The remains of the ancient port in Apollonia are extremely well preserved because they are underwater. The difference in sea level, indeed, was estimated to be around 3.70-3.80 m.
The port is relatively early in date, dating from the 6th/7th Century BC, and this makes it unique as no other complete port is this old.
Churches
Apollonia is particularly known for its ruins of three churches (out of five originally standing) dating from the Byzantine period. They are located at the south, center and east of the governor's palace. The eastern one, dating the 5th century, was the most important. The marble columns used in the nave were reused as Spolia and come originally from Euboea.
Palace
The Palace of the Dux was excavated by Goodchild between 1959 and 1962. It was last used as the Byzantine Duke's Palace and contains over 100 rooms. A marble inscription testifyies its use as a Roman military commander's house, however the identification of the name and status of the man who edified the palace is problematic.
Theatre
The well-preserved Greek theatre stands facing the sea outside the old city walls. This monument dates to the 3rd century BCE and is therefore one of the oldest sites in Apollonia. The structure was modified under Domitian, suggesting its use as an arena for gladiatorial fights.
The 5th century saw the abandonment of the theatre and the re-use of the columns from the stage as spolia in the eastern basilica. The cavea has 28 seat levels.
Christian bishopric
Apollonia was also the seat of an ancient Christian bishopric
of the Roman province of Libya Pentapolitana (Cirenaica). Before the advent of the emperor Diocletian, the city called Apollonia: with Diocletian became the capital of Libya Superior.
Today Sozusa of Libya survives as a bishopric holder; The seat is vacant from 11 December 1989. Known bishops include:
Eliodorus (fl.359)
Zosimo (mentioned in 449)
Hailé Mariam Cahsai (1951–1961)
Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (1962–1964) of Bangalore
Guido Attilio Previtali (1969–1989)
Present
Since 2011, vandals have smeared graffiti on columns. Artifacts have also been looted. Various treasures e.g. heads or entire torsos of statues listed in guidebooks issued in 2011 are stolen. According to the head of the antiquities department of a parallel administration in charge of eastern Libya, "many artifacts have been smuggled abroad".
There was better site protection before 2011.“There has been a lot of destruction in recent years,” said Ismail Miftah, a farmer living next to Cyrene.
Apollonia is featured as the chief port city for Cyrene in the 2017 video game Assassin's Creed Origins.
Apollonia is the main site of the graphic novel Alix - Le Dieu Sauvage by Jacques Martin, published originally in 1969 in Tintin magazine in Belgium.
See also
Barca
Ptolemais, Cyrenaica
List of ancient Greek cities
References
LookLex
Beechey, F.W. 1827. Proceedings of an Expedition to Explore the North African coast. John Murray, London.
Flemming, N.C. 1959. "Underwater adventure in Apollonia". Geographical Magazine, v. 31, pp. 497–508.
Flemming, N.C. 1971. Cities in the Sea. Doubleday, New York, 222 pp; New English Library, London, 222pp.
Flemming, N.C. and Webb, C.O, 1986. "Tectonic and eustatic coastal changes during the last 10,000 years derived from archaeological data". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. December, Suppl – Bd62, p. 1 29.
The ancient port of Apollonia is an archaeological treasure to be preserved.
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Libya
Jabal al Akhdar
Ancient Cyrenaica
Former populated places in Libya
Sozusa in Libya
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Greek colonies in Libya
Crete and Cyrenaica |
4032514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Khaliq%20Ghijduwani | Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani | Abdul Khaliq Ghijduvani (died 1179) was one of a group of Central Asian Sufi teachers known simply as Khwajagan (the Masters) of the Naqshbandi order.
Abdul Khaliq was born in the small town of Ghijduvan, near Bukhara. His father had migrated to Central Asia from Malatya, in eastern Anatolia where he had been a prominent faqih. While Abdul Khaliq was studying tafsir in Bukhara he first had an awakening of interest in the path. He received further training at the hands of Yusuf Hamdani, and was the next link in the Naqshbandi silsila following him.
The way Abdul Khaliq taught became known as the way of the Khojas - teachers.
Abdul Khaliq bequeathed to subsequent generations of the Naqshbandi silsila a series of principles governing their Sufi practice, concisely formulated in Persian and known collectively as "the Sacred Words" (kalimat-i qudsiya), or the "Rules" or "Secrets" of the Naqshbandi Order.
See also
Eleven Naqshbandi principles
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
References
Bibliography
External links
Eleven Principles Of The Naqshbandi Sufi Order
Eleven Principles in Order (first eight from Gajadwani) from the Khwajagan Masters of Love
1179 deaths
Sufi teachers
Naqshbandi order
Year of birth unknown |
4032542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-verse%20TV | U-verse TV | U-verse TV is a DirecTV brand of IPTV service. Launched on June 26, 2006, U-verse included broadband Internet (now AT&T Internet or AT&T Fiber), IP telephone (now AT&T Phone), and IPTV (U-verse TV) services in 48 states.
In September 2016, AT&T announced that the "U-verse" brand would no longer apply to its broadband and phone services, renaming them "AT&T Internet" and "AT&T Phone", respectively.
On February 25, 2021, AT&T announced that it would spin off DirecTV, U-verse and AT&T TV into a separate entity, selling a 30% stake to TPG Capital while retaining a 70% stake in the new standalone company. The deal was closed on August 2, 2021.
History
SBC Communications announced its plans for a fiber-optic network and Internet Protocol television (IPTV) deployment in 2004 and unveiled the name "U-verse" (formerly "Project Lightspeed") for the suite of network services in 2005. SBC eventually became AT&T in late 2005, and the AT&T name was applied for the service. Beta testing began in San Antonio in 2005 and AT&T U-verse was commercially launched June 26, 2006, in San Antonio. A few months later on November 30, 2006, the service was launched in Houston. In December 2006, the product launched in Chicago, San Francisco, Oakland, Hartford, Indianapolis, and other cities in their vicinities. In February 2007, U-verse was launched in Milwaukee. One month later, service was initiated in Dallas and Kansas City. In May 2007, U-verse launched in Detroit, Los Angeles, and surrounding areas. Launch continued in Cleveland, Akron, and San Diego in June 2007. The Oklahoma City and Sacramento launches occurred in August 2007. In November 2007, service was started in Austin. In December 2007, U-verse was launched in Orlando and St. Louis. A controlled launch was also initiated in Atlanta that month marking the first launch in the Southeastern United States. On December 22, 2008, the product debuted in Birmingham. On January 25, 2010, AT&T announced that U-verse was available to over 2.8 million households.
AT&T Phone (formerly known as AT&T U-verse Voice) was added on January 22, 2008, and was first available in Detroit. In 2008, U-verse availability approached 8 million households and over 225,000 customers had been enrolled, with new installations reaching 12,000 per week. By 2009, 1 million Phone customers and 2.1 million U-verse TV customers had been enrolled.
At the end of 2011, U-verse was available to more than 30 million living units in 22 states and U-verse TV had 3.8 million customers. By mid-2012, AT&T had 4.1 million U-Verse TV subscribers, 2.6 million Phone subscribers, and 6.5 million Internet subscribers.
By the third quarter of 2012, AT&T had 4.3 million TV subscribers, 2.7 million Phone subscribers and 7.1 million Internet. This represents 7% growth quarter on quarter. The actual number of customers is lower, as most customers subscribe to a bundle (such as TV and Phone) and so are counted in both categories.
At an analyst meeting in August 2015, following AT&T's acquisition of satellite provider DirecTV, AT&T announced plans for a new "home entertainment gateway" platform that will converge DirecTV and U-verse around a common platform based upon DirecTV hardware with "very thin hardware profiles". AT&T Entertainment and Internet Services CEO John Stankey explained that the new platform would offer "single truck roll installation for multiple products, live local streaming, improved content portability, over-the-top integration for mobile broadband, and user interface re-engineering."
In February 2016, Bloomberg reported that AT&T was in the process of phasing out the U-verse IPTV service by encouraging new customers to purchase DirecTV satellite service instead, and by ending the production of new set-top boxes for the service. An AT&T spokesperson denied that U-verse was being shut down and explained that the company was "leading its video marketing approach with DirecTV" to "realize the many benefits" of the purchase, but would still recommend U-verse TV if it better-suited a customer's needs. AT&T CFO John Stephens had also previously stated that DirecTV's larger subscriber base as a national service gave the service a higher degree of leverage in negotiating carriage deals, thus resulting in lower content costs.
On March 29, 2016, AT&T announced that it would increase data caps on its Internet service on May 23, 2016.
On May 16, 2016, AT&T acquired Quickplay Media, a cloud-based platform that powers over-the-top video services.
On September 19, 2016, AT&T announced that the "U-verse" brand would no longer apply to its broadband and phone services, renaming them "AT&T Internet" and "AT&T Phone", respectively. AT&T adopted "AT&T Fiber" as the new brand name for its fiber-based internet service, with the "AT&T Internet" brand continuing to be used for its DSL internet service.
On April 25, 2017, AT&T reported that it had lost 233,000 subscribers in the first quarter of 2017.
In selected markets, AT&T began to replace AT&T U-verse TV with a new service based on its DirecTV Now platform, AT&T TV, in August 2019.
On April 3, 2020, AT&T began announcing that U-verse would no longer be available to new customers. New customers ended up receiving AT&T TV for TV service. However, by September 2020 AT&T spokesman Ryan Oliver, when asked if AT&T was still selling U-verse, said that “U-verse is available in select locations,” and "AT&T never stopped selling U-verse", even though an AT&T customer attempted to order U-verse, but ended up receiving 2 boxes of AT&T TV instead.
On August 2, 2021, the spin off of DirecTV, AT&T TV, and U-verse was completed. It is now a wholly owned subsidiary of DirecTV.
Services
Television
AT&T used the Ericsson Mediaroom platform to deliver U-verse TV via IPTV from the headend to the consumer's receiver, required for each TV. Transmissions use digital H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC) encoding, compared to the existing deployments of MPEG-2 codec and the discontinued analog cable TV system. The receiver box does not have a RF tuner, but is an IP multicast client that requests the channel or "stream" desired. U-Verse TV supports up to four/six active streams at once, depending on service tier. The system uses individual unicasts for video on demand, central time shifting, start-over services and other programs.
U-verse TV packages
AT&T grouped its general channels into progressive packages (U-family, U200, U300, and U450); each adds channels to the package before it, with rare exceptions. All subscribers receive at least the equivalent of the U-family package, which also includes 65 of the 75 Stingray Music channels. Many U-family channels were also available on the historical U-basic package. The historical U400 package is identical to the U450 package, except that U450 automatically includes the HD Services package.
Specialty channels were grouped into a la carte packages, which can be combined with the general packages: The Sports Package; ESPN College Extra; Fox Soccer Plus HD; NBA League Pass; HD Services; HD Premium Tier; Paquete Español; and Adult. Paquete Español can be combined with a higher-tier package and is then called U200 Latino, U300 Latino, or U450 Latino. Additionally, channels grouped as Internationals are available a la carte in language groups or singly, and a number of premium movie packages are available to premium package or higher-tier subscribers. High-definition TV technology is required to access HD channels.
U-verse during most of its lifespan had 5 member channels: ATTention (channels 400, 962 in SD and 1100, 1400, 2500 in HD), Buzz (channels 300, 851, 961 in SD and 1000, 1300, 1851 in HD), Front Row (channels 100, 847 in SD and 1847 in HD), Showcase (channels 800, 964 in SD and 1800 in HD), Sports (channels 600, 801, 963 in SD and 1600, 1801 in HD), and U-verse Movies (channels 200, 800, 945, 960 in SD and 1200, 1850 in HD) . These removed from the AT&T U-verse TV channel lineup on February 26, 2016.
Channel groupings
Time-delayed: Some channels have both East Coast and West Coast feeds, airing the same programming with a three-hour delay on the latter feed; the delay represents the time-zone difference between Eastern (UTC -5/-4) and Pacific (UTC -8/-7). The west feed is specified by adding "- West" to the name of the east feed. For certain time-delayed channels, both the east and west feeds are available to all subscribers; otherwise only the east feed (for the Central and Eastern time zones) or only the west feed (for the Pacific and Mountain time zones) is available, even though two channel numbers are assigned to the feeds. With the exception of California, Nevada, and westernmost parts of Texas and Kansas, the U-verse 22-state availability region is available within the Central and Eastern time zones.
High-definition: With few exceptions, the numbers of high-definition TV channels are found by adding 1000 to the standard-definition television channel number, and HD callsigns are found by appending "HD" to the callsign of the SD channel (with or without a space). West feed callsigns typically append "-W" (or "HDW"). Most HD channels appear in the HD Services package, while the HD Premium Tier package contains approximately 25 additional premium channels.
Local: All local broadcast channels are identified by the station's callsign and over-the-air virtual digital channel number (e.g., "WDAF-4" for Fox affiliate WDAF-TV in Kansas City, Missouri), with a few exceptions (WDJT-TV, the CBS affiliate in Milwaukee is carried on its preferred cable channel 5/1005 slot on U-verse rather than its actual channel number 58 to keep it grouped with major network affiliates, for instance). Local stations appear in the ranges 2–69 and 1002–1069. A national channel may also appear as a local channel or affiliate in the minimum package in available markets; in some such cases, the national channel is not available in the market where the local channel or affiliate appears.
Sports: Channels in the 600s are national sports channels, available to varying tiers. The Sports Package is included with the U450 package or can be added onto a lower-tier package.
Regional: Channels in the 700s are regional (excluding non-premium movie channels in the 790s). Subscribers each automatically receive channels that are regional to them, based on geography, in standard- and high-definition. Subscribers who wish to receive out-of-market regional channels (typically for sporting) must subscribe to the HD Premium Tier package, which includes most of the other regional channels. According to league rules, sports blackouts do apply, but rebroadcasts of games may be available out-of-market.
Carriage negotiations
AT&T removed Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Movie Channel from AT&T U-verse TV effective September 1, 2010, due to a carriage dispute. An AT&T spokesperson stated, "Hallmark has refused to provide AT&T and its customers with a fair deal—one that is no worse than similarly-sized and smaller providers—and refused to adhere to key obligations under our current deal", while Hallmark Channel's president and CEO Bill Abbott said he was "...stunned by the apparent disregard for the facts ... If they are really serious, my team and I are ready for truly fair negotiations." After the removal, the channels temporarily provided free previews of Starz Kids & Family and Turner Classic Movies. Crown Media Holdings operates the two Hallmark channels in the United States.
Univision tlnovelas and Univision Deportes Network began on U-verse on May 11, 2012, after a carriage agreement was signed with Univision Communications.
Just prior to the 2010 series premiere of the AMC program Mad Men, AT&T and Rainbow Media resolved a carriage dispute without interruption to any channels. AT&T stated that Rainbow, "...had been trying to force the renegotiation of a contract for one of their other channels that is not yet expired." It was speculated that this additional contract renegotiation was for Sundance Channel and was successfully concluded, due to Rainbow Media's summation, "We're pleased to have reached an agreement with AT&T for AMC, WE tv, IFC and Sundance Channel that truly recognizes the value of our networks."
HGTV, the Food Network, the DIY Network, the Cooking Channel, and Great American Country were temporarily inaccessible between November 5 and November 7, 2010, due to a carriage dispute with Scripps Networks. U-verse vice president Brian Shay stated afterward that AT&T had received a "fair deal".
U-verse picked up the Longhorn Network on August 31, 2012, increasing its availability to 12.9% of the Austin, Texas television market.
On January 15, 2013, U-verse came to terms with Disney on a new wide-ranging multiple-year carriage agreement for all Disney, ESPN and ABC Networks, which included the addition of Disney Junior.
On February 28, 2015, 46 Music Choice channels and MC Play were removed and were replaced by 75 Stingray Music channels.
On October 26, 2015, U-verse came to terms with Tribune Media on a new wide-ranging multiple-year carriage agreement for all Tribune stations, which includes the addition of WGN America.
AT&T removed Univision, UniMás, Galavisión, Univision Deportes Network and Univision tlnovelas from AT&T U-verse effective March 4, 2016, due to a carriage dispute. Although U-verse was in an integration process with DirecTV, which became a subsidiary of AT&T, it did not affect DirecTV customers during the process. All of Univision's channels were later returned to the U-verse lineup on March 24, 2016.
See also
DirecTV
Verizon Fios
Prism TV
Fiber-optic communication
Optik TV
Vonage
Bell Fibe TV
Fibe
Voice over IP
Google Fiber
References
External links
AT&T U-verse Community
DSLReports.com U-verse Forum
DirecTV
Former AT&T subsidiaries
Streaming television
Telecommunications in the United States |
4032571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare%20de%20Lyon%20%28Paris%20M%C3%A9tro%29 | Gare de Lyon (Paris Métro) | Gare de Lyon () is a station on Line 1 and Line 14 of the Paris Métro. It is connected to the Gare de Lyon mainline rail and RER platforms within one complex and is the third-busiest station on the network with 30.91 million entering passengers in 2004, made up of 15.78 million on Line 1 and 15.13 million on Line 14.
Line 1
The line 1 station was one of the eight original stations opened as part of the first section of line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900. It was built with a length of 100 metres instead of the 75-metre length used for the stations of the line before their extension during the rebuilding of the line for rubber-tyre operation. The station was built cut and cover and is covered by a 23.90-metre-wide metal deck, which supports the streets above. It originally had four lines flanking two 6-metre-wide platforms in order to accommodate the proposed circular line (then called Line 2), although this was never completed. From 1 August 1906 the northern terminus of Line 5 was temporarily located at the spare platforms, requiring a reversal at Quai de la Rapée. On 17 December 1906 Line 5 was extended to Jacques Bonsergent and the section between Quai de la Rapée and Gare de Lyon was closed. The route of the closed line and the spare platforms at Gare de Lyon were used as part of a 60 cm (24 in) gauge railway, known as the Voie des Finances, operated by the Ministry of Finance to move currency from 1937 to 1957.
The Line 1 platforms were raised during the weekend of 18 and 19 July 2009 as part of the line's automation.
Line 14
The station of Line 14 was opened on 15 October 1998. It is located south of the Gare de Lyon in the Rue de Bercy, next to the stations of RER lines A and D. It has two lines on either side of a large central platform. Between the eastbound lane from Olympiades and the RATP headquarters is an exotic garden.
The STIF board of directors decided on 27 May 2009 to provide funding in 2010 for a third access in the middle of the platform to facilitate movement within the busy and relatively narrow station. This new access will join the existing bridge over the tracks, which currently provides access to the RER, but is not used to access Line 14. This would separate the flow of arriving and departing passengers.
Station layout
Gallery
References
Accessible Paris Métro stations
Paris Métro stations in the 12th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900
Railway stations located underground in France |
4032579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isavella%20Dara | Isavella Dara | Isavella Dara () is a Greek and
French model (Isabelle Darras) and beauty contestant. She won the title of Miss Europe in 1997.
Career
In 1997 the then 19-year-old was crowned 'B Miss Hellas' (Β Μις Ελλάς) in the Miss Star Hellas Pageant, sponsored by ANT1. A few months later, in Kyiv, Ukraine, she won the title of Miss Europe 1997, for the fourth time for Greece. After the competition, she was quoted as saying, "The competition was tough, but the support of the people at Antenna helped me a lot, even in Kyiv".
Isavella speaks 5 languages (Greek, French, English, Italian and some German) and aside from modeling, she also has moved into the fields of acting and music. She has obtained a piano diploma (June 2007) with the best possible grade and the compliments of the jury.
She composes music and aspires to be a classical composer and conductor. She has a degree from the Athens Conservatory as well as one from the Conservatory of Nakas. She has also performed in Greek productions such as Life of 1500 Drachmas and The Musical Library of Lilian Voudouri.
Her popularity is always important and is shown by audiences she attracts when on television (noted on the show "Proinos Cafes" an ANT1 Greek TV channel).
She is married and has a son named Achilles. Pictures of little Achilles and his mother were published in most Greek magazines during 2006, notably in "OK!" magazine published in the week of 13–19 December 2006. Achilles is the grandson of Theofillou Achilles, an important music manager.
A new career has begun for her, that of politics.
On November the 7th she got elected as a Municipal adviser.
News
During the 2004 Summer Olympics, the model visited the Water Plaza fun park, an Olympic venue, which housed the sculpture "The Olive: The Tree of Athens", on which she and many other celebrities signed their names. Isavella also visited the Pin Trading Center.
Job appearances
Triumph International - Triumph Bra
Gala
Madame magazine
Maxim
Playboy
References
External links
Diva Models
1978 births
Living people
Greek female models
Miss Europe winners
Greek people of French descent
Greek beauty pageant winners |
4032583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary%20search | Ternary search | A ternary search algorithm is a technique in computer science for finding the minimum or maximum of a unimodal function. A ternary search determines either that the minimum or maximum cannot be in the first third of the domain or that it cannot be in the last third of the domain, then repeats on the remaining two thirds. A ternary search is an example of a divide and conquer algorithm (see search algorithm).
The function
Assume we are looking for a maximum of and that we know the maximum lies somewhere between and . For the algorithm to be applicable, there must be some value such that
for all with , we have , and
for all with , we have .
Algorithm
Let be a unimodal function on some interval . Take any two points and in this segment: . Then there are three possibilities:
if , then the required maximum can not be located on the left side – . It means that the maximum further makes sense to look only in the interval
if , that the situation is similar to the previous, up to symmetry. Now, the required maximum can not be in the right side – , so go to the segment
if , then the search should be conducted in , but this case can be attributed to any of the previous two (in order to simplify the code). Sooner or later the length of the segment will be a little less than a predetermined constant, and the process can be stopped.
choice points and :
Run time order
Recursive algorithm
def ternary_search(f, left, right, absolute_precision) -> float:
"""Left and right are the current bounds;
the maximum is between them.
"""
if abs(right - left) < absolute_precision:
return (left + right) / 2
left_third = (2*left + right) / 3
right_third = (left + 2*right) / 3
if f(left_third) < f(right_third):
return ternary_search(f, left_third, right, absolute_precision)
else:
return ternary_search(f, left, right_third, absolute_precision)
Iterative algorithm
def ternary_search(f, left, right, absolute_precision) -> float:
"""Find maximum of unimodal function f() within [left, right]
To find the minimum, reverse the if/else statement or reverse the comparison.
"""
while abs(right - left) >= absolute_precision:
left_third = left + (right - left) / 3
right_third = right - (right - left) / 3
if f(left_third) < f(right_third):
left = left_third
else:
right = right_third
# Left and right are the current bounds; the maximum is between them
return (left + right) / 2
See also
Newton's method in optimization (can be used to search for where the derivative is zero)
Golden-section search (similar to ternary search, useful if evaluating f takes most of the time per iteration)
Binary search algorithm (can be used to search for where the derivative changes in sign)
Interpolation search
Exponential search
Linear search
N Dimensional Ternary Search Implementation
References
Search algorithms
Optimization algorithms and methods |
4032584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%E2%80%93Clemenceau%20%28Paris%20M%C3%A9tro%29 | Champs-Élysées–Clemenceau (Paris Métro) | Champs-Élysées–Clemenceau () is a station on Line 1 and Line 13 of the Paris Métro in the 8th arrondissement.
Location
The station is located under Avenue des Champs-Élysées and Place Clemenceau, the platforms are established:
on line 1, along an approximate east–west axis of the said avenue, between the Franklin D. Roosevelt and Concorde metro stations;
on line 13, along an approximate north–south axis west of the square, almost parallel to Avenue Winston-Churchill, between Miromesnil and Invalides.
History
The stations platforms and access tunnels lie beneath Avenue des Champs-Élysées and Place Clemenceau. It is one of the eight original stations opened as part of the first section of line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900. The line 13 platforms were opened on 18 February 1975 as part of the line's extension from Miromesnil. It was the southern terminus of the line until its extension under the Seine to connect with old Line 14, which was then incorporated into Line 13 on 9 November 1976.
From May 1963 to December 1964, like the majority of stations on line 1, its platforms were extended to 90 meters to accommodate trainsets of six cars. At the same time, the walls were covered with a metallic bodywork with yellow horizontal uprights and golden illuminated advertising frames, an arrangement which was subsequently supplemented with red Motte style seats.
In 2005, the corridors of the station were completely renovated and received on this occasion a specific cultural plan, as well as the platforms of line 1, resulting in the removal of the bodywork of the latter.
As part of the automation of line 1, the latter's platforms were raised during the weekend of April 18 and 19, 2009 in order to be fitted with platform screen doors, which were installed in December 2010. The same year and until March 24, the station of line 13 was, with Opéra and Concorde on line 8 as well as Saint-Lazare on line 12, one of the four on the network equipped on certain platforms with Ikea sofas, the usual seats being removed for the occasion. The following year, it also received platform screen doors, along with eleven other stopping points for line 13, as part of the action plan defined in 2010 aimed at improving regularity.
On 16 July 2018, part of the nameplates of the station were temporarily replaced to celebrate the victory of the France team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, as in five other stations. Champs-Élysées - Clemenceau is humorously renamed Deschamps - Élysées - Clemenceau (thus losing its subtitle "Grand Palais") in homage to the coach Didier Deschamps, who is simultaneously honoured at Notre-Dame-des-Champs on the line 12.
In 2020, with the COVID-19 crisis, 1,735,350 passengers entered this station, which places it in 140th position among metro stations for its use.
Passenger services
Access
The station has two entrances, each consisting of a fixed staircase coupled with an escalator ascending to the exit:
entrance 1 - Place Clemenceau - Petit Palais, adorned with a balustrade by Joseph Cassien-Bernard and a Dervaux candelabra, emerging to the south of the said square. A plaque in tribute to Georges Clemenceau is affixed to it.
entrance 2 - Avenue du Général-Eisenhower - Palais de la Découverte, opened in October 2019, located in the immediate vicinity of this monument and the Théâtre du Rond-Point. A long corridor was created from this entrance to lead to a staircase lined with an escalator from level -3 at the exit of line 13. The renovated station, more watertight, has public toilets.
In the corridor connecting line 1 to line 13, a decoration painted on tiles, the Azulejo géométrique, by the Portuguese artist Manuel Cargaleiro, has been installed in 1995. This work is the result of an artistic exchange organized between Lisbon Metro companies and RATP. The city of Paris offered Lisbon a Guimard metro entrance, installed at the Picoas metro station on the Lisbon Metro. In return, the RATP received a decoration in Azulejo.
Station layout
Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. There are two per stopping point, separated by the metro tracks located in the centre. Each is equipped with platform screen doors.
Line 1 station is flush with the ground. The ceiling is made up of a metal deck, the silver-coloured beams are supported by vertical walls. Light blue glass blocks cover the latter, a unique case on the network, and are complemented by advertising screens as well as special panels from the Palais de la Découverte. The tunnel exits are painted white, as is the ceiling extension of the station since the 1960s when the line was extended to six-car trains. The lighting is semi-direct, projected onto the walls and the vaults above the platforms. The name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques. The seats are Akiko style in cream colour.
Line 13 station has an elliptical vault on its northern part, the second, longer part consisting of a concrete ceiling and vertical walls. The decoration is a variation of the Andreu-Motte style with two suspended light canopies and orange Motte seats. The white stretched sandstone tiles are flat and thin, laid vertically on the walls and the vault, while the concrete ceiling is covered with black fire-flocking. The tunnel exits are fitted with thin flat orange ceramic tiles, also laid vertically. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates.
Nearby
North of the station is the Théâtre Marigny and the Élysée Palace. Towards the top of the Champs-Élysées is the Carré Marigny, an outdoor philatelic market. Erected along the outside of Place Clemenceau are statues of victorious world leaders involved in the two world wars: Georges Clemenceau, Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill.
To the west of the station is the Théâtre du Rond-Point.
To the south of the station are:
the Grand Palais, which houses the Palais de la Découverte, the 8th arrondissement police station and the Galeries nationales du Grand Palais;
the Petit Palais, which houses the Palace of Fine Arts of the city of Paris.
Gallery
References
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.
Paris Métro stations in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900
Railway stations located underground in France |
4032585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20receptor | Sigma receptor | Sigma receptors (σ-receptors) are protein cell surface receptors that bind ligands such as 4-PPBP (4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine), SA 4503 (cutamesine), ditolylguanidine, dimethyltryptamine, and siramesine. There are two subtypes, sigma-1 receptors (σ1) and sigma-2 receptors (σ2), which are classified as sigma receptors for their pharmacological similarities, even though they are evolutionarily unrelated.
The fungal protein ERG2, a C-8 sterol isomerase, falls into the same protein family as sigma-1. Both localize to the ER membrane, although sigma-1 is also reported to be a cell surface receptor. Sigma-2 is an EXPREA domain protein (citation needed) with a mostly intracellular (ER membrane) localization.
Classification
Because the σ-receptor was originally discovered to be agonized by benzomorphan opioids and antagonized by naltrexone, σ-receptors were originally believed to be a type of opioid receptor. When the σ1 receptor was isolated and cloned, it was found to have no structural similarity to the opioid receptors, but rather showed similarity to fungal proteins involved in sterol synthesis. At this point, they were designated as a separate class of proteins.
Function
The function of these receptors is poorly understood. Drugs known to be σ-agonists include cocaine, morphine/diacetylmorphine, opipramol, PCP, fluvoxamine, methamphetamine, dextromethorphan, and berberine. However, the exact role of σ-receptors is difficult to establish as many σ-agonists also bind to other targets such as the κ-opioid receptor and the NMDA glutamate receptor. In animal experiments, σ-antagonists such as rimcazole were able to block convulsions from cocaine overdose. σ-antagonists are also under investigation for use as antipsychotic medications.
The abundant neurosteroid steroid hormone DHEA is an agonist at sigma receptors and along with pregnenolone could be endogenous agonist ligands; opposed by sigma antagonistic activity from progesterone. Another endogenous ligand, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, was also found to interact with σ1.
Physiologic effects
Physiologic effects when the σ-receptor is activated include hypertonia, tachycardia, tachypnea, antitussive effects, and mydriasis. Some σ-receptor agonists—such as cocaine, a weak σ-agonist—exert convulsant effects in animals. Behavioral reactions to σ-agonists are rather heterogeneous: some individuals find σ-receptor agonists euphoric with significant anti-depressive effects. Other individuals, however, experience dysphoria and often report feelings of malaise or anxiety.
In 2007 selective σ-receptor agonists were shown to produce antidepressant-like effects in mice.
Ligands
Agonists
Choline:
3-MeO-PCP: selective for σ1 subtype, Ki = 42nM
4-PPBP
Afobazole: selective for σ1 subtype
Allylnormetazocine (SKF-10047)
Anavex 2-73
Arketamine
BD1031: selective for σ1 subtype
BD1052: selective for σ1 subtype
Berberine
Citalopram
Cocaine
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)
Dextromethorphan (DXM): relatively selective for σ1 subtype
Dextrorphan
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Dimemorfan
Ditolylguanidine
Escitalopram
Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Igmesine
Ketamine
L-687,384: selective for σ1 subtype
Lamotrigine
Memantine: selective for σ1 subtype, low affinity
Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate
Noscapine
OPC-14523
Opipramol
PB-28: selective for σ2 subtype
Pentazocine
Pentoxyverine: selective for σ1 subtype
Phencyclidine
(+)-3-PPP
PRE-084: selective for σ1 subtype
Pregnenolone
Pregnenolone sulfate
SA 4503: selective for σ1 subtype
Siramesine
UMB23
UMB82
Antagonists
AC927
AHD1
AZ66
BD1008
BD-1047: selective for σ1 subtype
BD1060: selective for σ1 subtype
BD1063: selective for σ1 subtype
BD1067
BMY-14802
CM156: 3-(4-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)butyl)benzo[d]thiazole-2(3H)-thione
E-5842
Haloperidol
LR132: selective for σ1 subtype
LR172
MS-377: selective for σ1 subtype
NE-100: selective for σ1 subtype
Panamesine
Phenothiazines
Progesterone
Rimcazole
S1RA (E-52862): selective for σ1 subtype
Sertraline
UMB100
UMB101
UMB103
UMB116
YZ-011
YZ-069
YZ-185
References
External links
Receptors |
4032607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax%2C%20North%20Carolina | Colfax, North Carolina | Colfax is a small unincorporated community located in Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. It is located at (36.11, -80.01) in the western part of the county. The population in 2010 was 4,136.
The community is a suburb of Greensboro and High Point and is located in the center of the Piedmont Triad. Its main attraction is the Robert G. Shaw Piedmont Triad Farmers Market, where people shop for fresh food from local farmers. Its main school is Colfax Elementary, which is part of the Guilford County School System. It is also the location of one of fifteen Piano and Organ Distributors, one of the largest piano sellers in the country.
In 2000, the community attempted to incorporate, but failed after a joint commission found that the proposed limits were not sufficient for incorporation under North Carolina law, lacking under the population density requirement. On June 30, 2008 the city of Greensboro annexed the main part of Colfax into the city limits and in 2010 the City of High Point annexed Southern portions of the area, though some of Colfax is still unincorporated.
History
The Col. Isaac Beeson House, Endsley-Morgan House, and Shaw-Cude House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Attractions
Colfax was home to the Colfax Persimmon Festival, which held its 14th and final annual event in October 2021. The gathering was held on a historic farm on N. Bunker Hill Road, north of the main road through town.
Triad Park, which splits the border between Guilford County and Forsyth County, is a popular destination for outdoor activities and gatherings.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Colfax has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
External links
Colfax Community Profile
Piedmont Triad Farmers Market
Piano and Organ Distributors of Colfax
Colfax Persimmon Festival
References
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in Guilford County, North Carolina |
4032610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad%20Days%20%28EP%29 | Salad Days (EP) | Salad Days is the final EP by the American hardcore punk band Minor Threat. It was released in July 1985, two years after the band's breakup, through Dischord Records with the catalog number DIS 015. The EP differs somewhat from the band's previous material. All songs are slower, making a slight departure from the group's hardcore punk style. Tracks "Good Guys" (a remake of The Standells' song "Sometimes Good Guys Don't Wear White") and "Salad Days" both feature an acoustic guitar, and "Salad Days" also has chimes. Like many of Minor Threat's recordings, Salad Days has never been released on CD, but all the songs are available on their 1989 compilation album Complete Discography.
Track listing
Personnel
Ian MacKaye – lead vocals
Lyle Preslar – guitar
Brian Baker – bass
Jeff Nelson – drums
Production
Skip Groff; Minor Threat – producers
Don Zientara – engineer, mixing
Glen E. Friedman – cover photography
Tomas Squip; Cynthia Connelly; Glen E. Friedman; Doug Humiski; Jim Saah – photography
Jeff Nelson – graphic design
Charts
References
1985 EPs
Minor Threat albums
Dischord Records EPs
EPs published posthumously |
4032612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20the%20West | University of the West | University of the West (UWest) is a private, non-sectarian, Buddhist-affiliated university in Rosemead, California. It was founded in 1990 by Hsing Yun, founder of the Taiwan-based Buddhist order Fo Guang Shan and Hsi Lai Temple, the North American order headquarters. The school offered its first class in spring of 1991.
UWest is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission. Founded by a Buddhist organization, UWest is described in their official documents as a "Buddhist-affiliated university" that is "informed by Buddhist wisdom," but UWest students are not required to subscribe to the Buddhist faith or practice Buddhism in any form. Indeed, UWest's undergraduate and graduate programs in business administration garner higher enrollment numbers than its undergraduate and graduate programs in religious studies.
History
University of the West, originally incorporated as Hsi Lai University, () started in a small classroom in Hsi Lai Temple, the North American head branch of the Fo Guang Shan order. In its first semester (1991) the school had only four professors and a student body of around 30 students made up of monks and nuns from the temple. Early instructors were Dr. Roger Schmidt, Dr. Dan Lusthaus, Dr. Jim Santucci (now chair of the Department of Comparative Religion at California State University, Fullerton), and Dr. Lewis Lancaster, an eminent Western scholar of Buddhism, a former UWest president and now Chair Emeritus at University of California, Berkeley. Over the years, each of those original professors has returned to the UWest campus to teach or act in administrative roles (or both).
In 1996, Fo Guang Shan purchased a property at 1409 Walnut Grove Ave. in Rosemead, California, a multicultural suburb of the San Gabriel Valley, approximately ten miles east of downtown Los Angeles. The campus belonged to Biola University at the time and was the site of Biola's seminary school. According to Dr. Jim Chen, a UWest professor of accounting and one of the original negotiators of the property purchase, the Christian-based Biola organization was reluctant to sell the property to a Buddhist organization. After a tussle, the property was successfully purchased.
At that time, the university decided to pursue accreditation while also adding additional programs to its offerings. Undergraduate and advanced degrees in business, English, psychology, philosophy, Chinese language, Buddhist chaplaincy, and religious studies were added. An English as a Second Language program was also established, given the international character of students attracted to the school. The degree programs in history, philosophy, Chinese language, and the bachelor of arts in Buddhist studies, are no longer offered, however, they remain accredited should the university revisit them in the future.
The accreditation process took approximately 10 years to complete, with former dean of academic affairs and noted Buddhist scholar Dr. Ananda Guruge steering the drive for WASC recognition. Accreditation was granted in February, 2006. Shortly thereafter a drive to attract American students to the campus was initiated. As of 2014, approximately 40% of the student body are American citizens or permanent residents.
Board of trustees
Overall governance of the university lies in the hands of its 15-member board of trustees. The trustees select the president, oversee all faculty and senior administrative appointments, monitor the budget, supervise the endowment, and protect university property.
Presidents
The current president of University of the West is Dr. Minh-Hoa Ta.
Past presidents include:
Hsing Yun (1990–1998)
Naichen Chen (1998–2004)
Lewis Lancaster (2004–2006)
Roger Schmidt (2004–2007)
Allen Huang (2007–2009)
Chack-Fan Lee (2009–2010)
Chin-Shun Wu (2010–2013)
Stephen Morgan (2013–2018)
Otto Chang (2018-2019)
Chiung-Sally Chou (interim, 2019-2020)
Enrollment
UWest enrollment stood at 383 students as of the fall 2017 semester. The campus has seen a significant growth in population since accreditation in 2006. The student body is approximately 50% international and 50% domestic. Aside from U.S. students, the student body is made up of students from more than 44 countries.
Research centers
Institute for the Study of Humanistic Buddhism
Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon
Institute of Chinese Buddhist Studies
The Center for the Study of Minority and Small Business (CSMSB)
Accreditation
UWest was accredited in February 2006 by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (now the WASC Senior College and University Commission).
Facilities
University of the West consists of three main buildings, two residence halls and an auditorium on a hilltop campus.
The lower floor of the administration building offers services such as financial aid, admissions, student accounts, registrar etc. The upper floor features classrooms, an investment lab for business students, and the offices of the president. The administration building underwent a major modernization from 2003 to 2012.
The three-story education building houses the library, student services, Kenneth A. Locke Hall, IT services, classrooms, academic departments, professors' offices, and the Student Success Center. The building was modernized in 2003–2012.
The recreation building at the top of the campus hosts the dining hall, recreation game room, and student kitchen.
Other facilities include pool and spa, gym, and basketball court.
Notable faculty and alumni
Ananda W. P. Guruge – Buddhist scholar and diplomat, former Dean of Academic Affairs
Lewis Lancaster – Linguistics scholar, former president of UWest
Hsin Ting – Buddhist monk, abbot emeritus of Fo Guang Shan
Ho Hsiu-chen - First fugitive to be repatriated to Taiwan from the US since the two countries broke off diplomatic relations in 1979, Ho was able to stay in US because of her “student” status, as she repeatedly enrolled to study in a doctoral program for over 16 years.
See also
Buddhist universities in the United States and Canada
References
External links
Buddhist universities and colleges in the United States
West, University of
Fo Guang Shan
Rosemead, California
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
1990 establishments in California
1991 establishments in California
Educational institutions established in 1990
Educational institutions established in 1991
Private universities and colleges in California |
4032613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Colby%20Chase | George Colby Chase | George Colby Chase (March 15, 1844 - May 27, 1919) was an American intellectual and professor of English who served as the second President of Bates College succeeding its founder, Oren Burbank Cheney, from March 1894 to November 1919.
Known as "the great builder," Chase constructed 22 new academic buildings and residential dorms on the campus of the college, tripled the number of students and faculty as well as quadrupling the financial endowment to one million dollars. Chase is notable for being the first and only alumnus of Bates to be elected its president.
Life and career
Chase was born on March 15, 1844, in Unity, Maine. His parents were Freewill Baptists. At age 18 Chase enrolled at the Maine State Seminary and graduated from the Seminary program in 1864. He then enrolled in the college program at Bates College, graduating in 1868. After graduation he taught at the New Hampton Literary Institute, eventually returning to teach at Bates in 1870. In the 1870s, in pursuit his life's work, he returned to Lewiston and enrolled in the theological school, which later became a part of the college's religion department. Meanwhile, the Bates offered him a professorship of Greek and he spent the next year teaching and pursuing his studies in theology. After his spell teaching Greek he moved to teaching English.
In order to better prepare himself, he spent a year as a graduate student at Harvard, returning in 1872 to join the Bates faculty as Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature. Chase attended Bates' Cobb Divinity School while teaching, but eventually decided not to pursue a career in ministry. Chase then studied at Harvard University, returning to Bates in 1872 to teach Rhetoric and English.
Chase taught for 22 years and during that time his administrative skills were noticed by the current Bates College president, Oren Burbank Cheney. In the 1880s Chase took on many of the president's fundraising responsibilities, and in 1894, Chase became Bates' second president, when Oren Burbank Cheney retired. As president Chase greatly expanded the college campus, student body, and the endowment. Chase served as president until his death in 1919. He died shortly after signing the diplomas for the class of 1919. His house on Frye Street is currently part of College, and Chase Hall is named after him.
He has received several honorary degrees including University of New Brunswick and Bowdoin College.
In 1872, he married Emma F. Millett, a former member of the Bates College's first graduating class. They had five children: George, Emma, Muriel, Elizabeth and Caroline. Chase died at his home in Lewiston, Maine, on May 27, 1919, at the age of 75.
Legacy
Chase was honored by Bates with the construction of Chase Hall, which houses the Student Activities Center, the college book store, the postal center, the offices of several student organizations.
See also
History of Bates College
List of Bates College people
References
Further reading
Chase, George M., George C. Chase: A Biography, (Boston: Houghton Milton, 1924).
External links
George Colby Chase records at Edmund S. Muskie Archives & Special Collections Library, Bates College
Chase Hall at Bates College
George Chase's House
1844 births
Baptists from Maine
Bates College alumni
Bates College faculty
Teachers of English
Harvard University alumni
People from Unity, Maine
Presidents of Bates College
1919 deaths
19th-century Baptists |
4032619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Willy%203%3A%20The%20Rescue | Free Willy 3: The Rescue | Free Willy 3: The Rescue is a 1997 American family film directed by Sam Pillsbury and written by John Mattson. Released by Warner Bros. under their Warner Bros. Family Entertainment banner, it is the third film in the Free Willy franchise, and the final installment of the original storyline as well as the final one to be released theatrically. Jason James Richter and August Schellenberg reprised their roles from the previous films and they are joined by new cast members Annie Corley, Vincent Berry and Patrick Kilpatrick.
The film was dedicated to Free Willy co-writer Keith A. Walker who passed after production was completed.
Free Willy 3: The Rescue premiered on August 8, 1997 to mixed reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing in at $3.4 million.
Plot
Jesse is sixteen years old and works as an orca-researcher on a research ship called the Noah alongside his old friend Randolph. He's moved away from Glen and Annie who were promised by Randolph to keep him out of trouble. They suspect that Willy and his pod are being illegally hunted by whalers posing as commercial fishermen. Aboard just such a ship, the Botany Bay, Max Wesley, who is ten years old, takes his first trip to sea with his father, John, a whaler from a long line of whalers and learns the true unlawful nature of the family business. During his first hunt, Max accidentally falls overboard and comes face to face with Willy. From this point on, Max is working against his own father, teaming with Jesse and Randolph to save Willy from becoming a part of an underground market for whale meat. Jesse introduces Max to Willy properly after learning of Max's experience and how Max likes whales. Jesse goes to his and Randolph's head boss Drake about the threat to the whales, but he refuses to take action until Jesse manages to get proof.
Jesse manages to sneak on board the Botany Bay to steal a sample of the spears that are used to shoot the whales and discovers that the whalers are heading back out to go after Willy and his pod, using an audio recording of a song which Jesse plays on his harmonica as a lure for Willy, who won't realize that it's not Jesse until it's too late. Drake plans to call for help the next day, but knowing it will be too late then, Jesse, Randolph and one of their fellow researchers, Drew, steal the Noah research boat from her mooring and go after the whalers themselves. Max manages to buy them a little time by jumping into the water and forcing the whalers to pause their pursuit of the whales to perform a "man overboard" rescue for Max, which gives Jesse and his two companions enough time to catch up. John is angry because he learns that his son isn't on his side and believes that Max tried to sabotage the engine (Jesse had actually been the one who did this), but it doesn't stop him.
Jesse, Randolph and Drew use a flare gun and their boat's P.A. system to try to bluff the whalers into stopping, but when it doesn't work, Jesse rams the Noah into the Botany Bay just as they fire a harpoon, the jolt causing the harpoon to miss Willy and knocking John into the water. Willy tries to kill him, by biting at him, but Jesse and Max manage to convince Willy to spare him. Max's father then gets trapped under a net and nearly drowns as the net drags him down and ultimately comes face to face with Willy himself. This time, Willy, instead of killing him, saves him by pushing him to the surface and holding him there long enough for Jesse and Randolph to rescue him. The Marine Patrol arrive, having been summoned on the radio by Jesse before he rammed the Botany Bay, and catch the whalers (who are stunned by Willy rescuing their boss) in the act and arrest them. Being saved by Willy causes John to realize that he was wrong about the whales and he apologizes to Max. John is not sure where to go from here as his whole life has been about whaling, but Max tells him he is his father and forgives him.
Later, Jesse, Randolph, Drew and Max witness the birth of Willy's son (the mother is an orca named "Nicky"). Max thought about using Willy's name until Jesse suggests Max's name for the newborn calf. The film ends with Willy, his family, and the rest of the pod swimming away out to the open sea.
Cast
Jason James Richter as Jesse
August Schellenberg as Randolph Johnson
Annie Corley as Drew Halbert
Vincent Berry as Max Wesley
Patrick Kilpatrick as John Wesley (credited as "Wesley")
Tasha Simms as Mary Wesley
Peter LaCroix as Sanderson
Stephen E. Miller as Dineen
Ian Tracey as Kron
Matthew Walker as Captain Drake
Roger R. Cross as 1st Mate Stevens
Rick Burgess as Smiley
Roman Danylo as Pizza Kid
Soundtrack
Free Willy 3: The Rescue marked the only entry to not feature musical contributions from Michael Jackson. Instead of Basil Poledouris, the music was composed and conducted by Cliff Eidelman and performed by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. Though score experts from the songs "Connection" and the Free Willy main theme are heard including at the conclusion of movie where the song "A New Family" used the latter.
Songs featured in the film but not on the soundtrack are "China Grove" by The Doobie Brothers, "What Do You See?" by Skydiggers, "Big Sky" by The Reverend Horton Heat and "Pressin' On" by Little Charlie & the Nightcats.
The soundtrack was released on July 29, 1997 by Varèse Sarabande.
Track listing
Reception
Free Willy 3 received generally mixed reviews from critics.
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 44% based on reviews from 16 critics.
Siskel & Ebert called Free Willy 3 the best movie in the series, Roger Ebert gave it a thumbs-up and 3 out of 4 stars in his review, writing, "the series has grown up" and "smart kids will enjoy it."
References
External links
1997 films
American sequel films
Father and son films
English-language films
American children's films
1997 children's films
1997 drama films
1990s children's films
1990s drama films
American children's drama films
Fictional orcas
Seafaring films
Films set on ships
Films about orphans
Films about children
Films about dolphins
Films about whales
Films about animals
Films about animal rights
Films about whaling
Films about cruelty to animals
Films about marine biology
Films with underwater settings
Films featuring underwater diving
Films about ship hijackings
Films about friendship
Films about Native Americans
Films about families
Films featuring puppetry
Films scored by Cliff Eidelman
Films shot in British Columbia
Films shot in Vancouver
Films shot in Canada
Warner Bros. films
Regency Enterprises films
Free Willy (franchise) |
4032622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialized%20view | Materialized view | In computing, a materialized view is a database object that contains the results of a query. For example, it may be a local copy of data located remotely, or may be a subset of the rows and/or columns of a table or join result, or may be a summary using an aggregate function.
The process of setting up a materialized view is sometimes called materialization. This is a form of caching the results of a query, similar to memoization of the value of a function in functional languages, and it is sometimes described as a form of precomputation. As with other forms of precomputation, database users typically use materialized views for performance reasons, i.e. as a form of optimization.
Materialized views which store data based on remote tables were also known as snapshots (deprecated Oracle terminology).
In any database management system following the relational model, a view is a virtual table representing the result of a database query. Whenever a query or an update addresses an ordinary view's virtual table, the DBMS converts these into queries or updates against the underlying base tables. A materialized view takes a different approach: the query result is cached as a concrete ("materialized") table (rather than a view as such) that may be updated from the original base tables from time to time. This enables much more efficient access, at the cost of extra storage and of some data being potentially out-of-date. Materialized views find use especially in data warehousing scenarios, where frequent queries of the actual base tables can be expensive.
In a materialized view, indexes can be built on any column. In contrast, in a normal view, it's typically only possible to exploit indexes on columns that come directly from (or have a mapping to) indexed columns in the base tables; often this functionality is not offered at all.
Implementations
Oracle
Materialized views were implemented first by the Oracle Database: the Query rewrite feature was added from version 8i.
Example syntax to create a materialized view in Oracle:
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW MV_MY_VIEW
REFRESH FAST START WITH SYSDATE
NEXT SYSDATE + 1
AS SELECT * FROM <table_name>;
PostgreSQL
In PostgreSQL, version 9.3 and newer natively support materialized views. In version 9.3, a materialized view is not auto-refreshed, and is populated only at time of creation (unless WITH NO DATA is used). It may be refreshed later manually using REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW. In version 9.4, the refresh may be concurrent with selects on the materialized view if CONCURRENTLY is used.
Example syntax to create a materialized view in PostgreSQL:
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW MV_MY_VIEW
[ WITH (storage_parameter [= value] [, ... ]) ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
AS SELECT * FROM <table_name>;
SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server differs from other RDBMS by the way of implementing materialized view via a concept known as "Indexed Views". The main difference is that such views do not require a refresh because they are in fact always synchronized to the original data of the tables that compound the view. To achieve this, it is necessary that the lines of origin and destination are "deterministic" in their mapping which limits the types of possible queries to do this. This mechanism has been realised since the 2000 version of SQL Server.
Example syntax to create a materialized view in SQL Server:
CREATE VIEW MV_MY_VIEW
WITH SCHEMABINDING
AS
SELECT COL1, SUM(COL2) AS TOTAL
FROM <table_name>
GROUP BY COL1;
GO
CREATE UNIQUE CLUSTERED INDEX XV
ON MV_MY_VIEW (COL1);
Stream processing frameworks
Apache Kafka (since v0.10.2), Apache Spark (since v2.0), Apache Flink, Materialize, and RisingWave all support materialized views on streams of data.
Others
Materialized views are also supported in Sybase SQL Anywhere. In IBM Db2, they are called "materialized query tables". ClickHouse supports materialized views that automatically refresh on merges. MySQL doesn't support materialized views natively, but workarounds can be implemented by using triggers or stored procedures or by using the open-source application Flexviews. Materialized views can be implemented in Amazon DynamoDB using data modification events captured by DynamoDB Streams.
Google announced in 8 April 2020 the availability of materialized views for BigQuery as a beta release.
References
External links
Materialized View Concepts and Architecture – Oracle
SQL Snippets: SQL Features Tutorials – Materialized Views – Oracle
Oracle9i Replication Management API Reference Release 2 (9.2)
Materialized Views in Oracle 11.2
Materialized query tables in Db2
Creating Materialized Views In MySQL
Relational model
Data modeling
Database management systems
Databases
Articles with example SQL code |
4032628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthoald | Berthoald | Berthoald (or Bertoald) (died 604) was the mayor of the palace of Burgundy from some time before 603 (when he is first mentioned as mayor under King Theuderic II) until his death in the next year. According to the Burgundian chronicler Fredegar, he was moderate, sensible, brave, and honest.
In 604, Theuderic, at the suggestion of his grandmother Brunhilda, sent Berthoald to inspect the royal villae along the Seine, in order to have him away from court so that he might be conveniently killed. Brunhilda intended to raise her paramour Protadius to Berthoald's honours. Berthoald and three hundred men were at Arèle when King Clotaire II of Neustria—alerted by some means to his presence— sent an army under his son Merovech and his mayor Landric to assault him. Berthoald fled to Orléans, and Landric followed and besieged him, which violated a peace treaty with Theuderic. The king of Burgundy went out at Christmas to Étampes and met the forces of Merovech and Landric. Defeating them with the aid of Berthoald, he took Paris. Berthoald was killed in battle, having charged the enemy too far, with no regard for his own life, which he knew was in danger at court because of the plottings on behalf of Protadius. Protadius was indeed made mayor of the palace after him.
6th-century births
604 deaths
Mayors of the Palace |
4032629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7%20family | Koç family | The Koç family is a Turkish family of business people founded by Vehbi Koç, one of the wealthiest self-made people in Turkey. His grandsons, the third generation of the Koç family, today run Turkey's largest group of companies, Koç Holding, the only Turkish company on the Fortune Global 500 list. In 2016, the family's wealth was estimated at US$8 billion, ranking them as the wealthiest family in Turkey. According to Murat Bardakçı, their lineage can be traced to Hacı Bayram-ı Veli.
Notable family members
Vehbi Koç was born on July 20, 1901, in Ankara and died on February 25, 1996, in İstanbul. In 1926, he married Sadberk, his maternal cousin. Starting in trade at a very young age, he built up a broad net of companies, and founded Koç Holding in 1963. He became the richest person in Turkey. His son Rahmi Mustafa Koç and his three daughters, Semahat, Sevgi and Suna, succeeded him.
Semahat Sevim Koç, born 1928 in Ankara, is the first child of Vehbi Koç. She graduated from the American College for Girls in Istanbul before studying at the Goethe Institute in Germany. She was married to Dr. Nusret Arsel from 1956 until his death in 2014. Semahat is member of the board directors of Koç Holding and the Koç Foundation. She is president of the Semahat Arsel Nursing Education and Research Center.
Rahmi Mustafa Koç (born 1930 in Ankara) received his BA degree from Johns Hopkins University, US, after graduating from Robert College in İstanbul. He served at various managerial posts in the group companies, and in 1984 took over the leadership of the business empire his father had founded. Rahmi married Çiğdem Meseretçioğlu, but the couple ultimately divorced after their three sons were born. In 2003, he transferred his chair to his eldest son Mustafa, and assumed the title of honorary chairman of Koç Holding.
Mustafa Vehbi Koç, born 1960 in İstanbul, was the eldest son of Rahmi Koç. He died on January 21, 2016, following a heart attack. He was educated in the Lyceum Alpinum Zuoz in Switzerland, and graduated in 1984 from George Washington University, US. After serving at various posts, this third generation member of the family was appointed president of Koç Holding in 2003. He was married to Caroline Giraud, the daughter of a renowned Levantine family from İzmir.
Mehmet Ömer Koç was born on March 24, 1962, in Ankara as the second son of Rahmi Koç. He graduated from Robert College in İstanbul and Millfield School in Somerset, UK. Ömer was educated first at the Georgetown University, Washington D.C., and then obtained his BA and master's degree from Columbia University, New York. After working in several posts in the Koç group companies, he is currently chairman of Koc Holding, replacing his brother Mustafa, who died in 2016.
Ali Yıldırım Koç (born April 2, 1967, in İstanbul) is the youngest son of Rahmi Koç. After finishing high school at Harrow School, London, he received his B.A. in 1989 from Rice University, Houston, Texas, followed by his Master's degree from Harvard University in 1997. After working in various companies in the US and in the Koç Group, he became chief executive of Koç Holding's information technologies group. He recently married Nevbahar Demirağ. He is the elected chairman of the Turkish sports club Fenerbahçe SK.
Sevgi Koç was born 1938 as the third child of Vehbi Koç. She graduated from the American College for Girls in Istanbul and married Erdoğan Gönül, a member of the Koç Holding's board of directors. She was also made a member of the board of directors for both Koç Holding and the Vehbi Koç Foundation. Sevgi also presided over the executive committee of the Sadberk Hanim Museum in İstanbul, and was a columnist in the Turkish newspaper Hürriyet. She died in İstanbul from cancer on September 12, 2003, shortly after her husband.
Suna Koç was born in 1941 and died in 2020. She was the fourth child of Vehbi Koç. She graduated from American College for Girls in Istanbul, and was then educated at the Bosphorus University, İstanbul. She was married to İnan Kıraç, a high-ranking executive of the Koç Group. They have one child. Suna had served in various posts in the holding, most notably as vice president. She was also a board member of various foundations and educational institutions. Due to her contributions in education, health and social service in Turkey, Suna was awarded the Supreme Service Medal by state president Süleyman Demirel in 1997. In 1999, the London Business School granted her honorary membership for her contributions in leadership at the Koç Holding and in field of children's education in Turkey.
See also
American Hospital, Istanbul
Pera Museum
Rahmi M Koç Museum
Koç Holding
Koç School
Koç University
Vehbi Koç Foundation
References
Turkish business families
Turkish billionaires |
4032654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourd%20Dance | Gourd Dance | The Gourd Dance is a social dance.
Origin legends
Many Native Americans dispute the origin of the legend of the Gourd Dance. A Kiowa story recounts the tale of a young man who had been separated from the rest of the tribe. Hungry and dehydrated after many days of travel, the young man approached a hill and heard an unusual kind of singing coming from the other side. There he saw a red wolf singing and dancing on its hind legs. The man listened to the songs all afternoon and through the night and when morning came, the wolf spoke to him and told him to take the dance and songs back to the Kiowa people. The "howl" at the end of each gourd dance song is a tribute to the red wolf. The Kiowa Gourd Dance was once part of the Kiowa Sun Dance ceremony.
Decline, revival, and organizations within the Kiowa Tribe
Beginning in 1890 the United States government began to actively enforce bans on Kiowa cultural ceremonials and the Gourd Dance was out of normal practice by the late 1930s.
In 1957 the Kiowa Director for the American Indian Exposition, Fred Tsoodle, called upon singers Bill Koomsa and William Tanedooah who remembered the Gourd Dance songs. Also called were Clyde Ahtape, Harry Hall Zotigh, Fred Botone, Oliver Tanedooah, and Abel Big Bow in Kiowa Gourd Dance dress to dance to the songs for a special tribal presentation at that year's festivities. Two years later inspired by the presentation several Kiowa men reorganized the Kiowa Gourd Dance Society and formally established the organization on January 30, 1957 and voted on the name "Kiowa Gourd Dance". Within the next decade the organization split into three unrelated branches: the establishing group (now called Kiowa Gourd Clan), Tiah-Piah Society of Oklahoma (established in 1962), and the Tia-piah Society of Carnegie (now known as the Kiowa TiaPiah Society). All three societies hold their annual ceremonials on and around July 4, due to the Gourd Dance at one time being a part of the Sun Dance ceremonials usually held in mid-summer.
The variations on the word "Tia-Piah" used in the names of Kiowa Gourd Dance organizations comes from Jài:fè:gàu (Tdeinpei-gah) [IPA: tãi.peː.gɔ] one of the eight Kiowa warrior societies. Perhaps because of the military connotations of the term the Gourd Dance has often been mistaken for a "veteran's dance". However, leaders of all three of the earliest Kiowa-established gourd dance organizations agree that this is not a requirement to become a member of the societies. Dances from two of the other presently-existing societies, Pòlá:hyòp ("Pah-Lye-Up" or "Rabbit Society") [pʰo.laː.hyop] and Óhòmà:gàu ("Ohomah" or "War Dance Society"), [o.ho.mɔː.gɔ] are incorporated into the Kiowa summer ceremonials before and after the gourd dance sessions.
Participation
The Gourd Dance originated with the Kiowa tribe, and is a man's dance. Women participate by dancing in place behind their male counterparts and outside the perimeter formed by the men. The dance in the Kiowa Language is called "Ti-ah pi-ah" which means "ready to go, ready to die".
The Kiowa consider this dance as their dance since it was given to them by "Red Wolf". It has spread to many other tribes and societies, most of which do not have the blessing of the Kiowa Elders. Some gourd societies do not distinguish race as a criterion, and even non-Indians can and are inducted into their gourd societies, the Kiowa gourd dance society however only inducts Indians of half blood or more. Many participants may be older men, and the dance is less energetic and less physically demanding than most pow-wow dances. Some of the Gourd Dances that are held go on all afternoon and on into the evening when it finally cools off enough so that more energetic Intertribal dances can begin. Some Tribal dances feature only Gourd Dancing.
Regalia
Modern Gourd Dance regalia consists of a red and blue blanket draped over the shoulders. (This accessory represents night and day). Some dancers change the blanket to rest over the heart red during the day and blue after dark. A skunk berry (Ka-hole) and silver beaded bandolier fastened on the left shoulder is draped across the heart. The red skunk berry bandolier was added as a memorial tribute to a battle fought with Cheyenne warriors. The aftermath left the land covered with red blood and is represented by the red skunk berries. A handkerchief bundle of Indian perfume, gathered from the foothills, is tied to the back of the bandolier.
A metal rattle to accompany the drumbeat and a feathered fan usually are held in opposite hands. Normally Kiowa Gourd Clan members do not use real gourds in this dance because they are associated with the Native American Church ceremonies.
Traditionally dressed gourd dancers wear buckskin leggings and a long, red breechcloth. These are covered by a black fringed shawl wrapped above the black shawl to secure it. Today these are accompanied with a long sleeved shirt, bolo tie or tie.
Head attire can include hair wrapped with otter wraps, a roach or otter cap. Following Kiowa protocol, it is considered disrespectful to wear ball caps, T-shirts, cowboy hats or boots while participating in this dance. The four Kiowa headsman of this society urge its members to dress with dignity and discretion.
Music and choreography
Like pow-wow dancing, Gourd Dancing is performed in a circular arena. The drum can be placed on the side or in the center of the arena. The dancers take their place around the perimeter of the area. During most of the song, the dancers dance in place, lifting their feet in time to the drumbeats, and shaking their rattles from side to side. At certain points in the singing, the drum beat changes to harder beats. At this point, the dancers will dance in place. When it changes to softer beats the dancers will dance a short distance from their spots.
Typically, the dance begins in the afternoon, and the opening song (referred to as a "Calling Song") is sung first. The head singer will determine how many songs are sung in a set. Usually the slower paced songs are sung in the beginning and progressively faster songs are sung as the gourd dance progresses. When the gourd dance draws to a close, a fast song is usually the last to be performed, but it is not the "official" closing song. Sometimes buffalo songs will be sung after that last gourd dance song.
References
Stanford University Pow-wow
Pow-wow Terminology
Thinkquest
Kiowa
Native American dances
Ritual dances
Indigenous culture of the Great Plains |
4032655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiS%20630/730 | SiS 630/730 | The SiS 630 and SiS 730 are a family of highly integrated chipsets for Intel (Slot 1/Socket 370) and AMD (Slot A/Socket A) respectively. At the time of release they were unique in that they not only provided VGA, Audio, LAN, IDE and USB functionality on board, but were also in a single-chip solution. At the time of release (1999) most chipsets were composed of physically separate north-bridge and south-bridge chips (technically these still existed in the SiS 630/730 but were contained in a single package). Only later have single-chip solutions become popular in the mainstream, with chipsets such as the nVidia nForce4.
VGA Core (SiS 305)
Hardware Acceleration (Motion Compensation and iDCT) for DVD Playback.
Ultra-AGP Architecture.
Fully DirectX 7.0 Compliant Graphics Engine.
Resolution Up to 1920x1200 8bpp/16bpp 60 Hz NI.
Optional Extended Graphics Memory (EGM) On board for 128-bit Memory Accessing.
Supports VESA DDC1, DDC2B & DDC 3.0.
Driver Support for OS/2(R), Windows(R) 95/98/ME, Windows NT(R) 4.0, Windows(R) 2000/XP.
Supports SiS 301 Video Bridge Interface for Dual Display.
NTSC/PAL TV or Secondary CRT monitor or TFT Digital LCD Monitor.
The video core in the SiS 630/730 is based on the 128-bit SiS 305. The VGA core is capable of using either its own dedicated local memory (giving a 128-bit memory interface) or taking a chunk out of system memory (usually configurable from between 8 MB to 64 MB, giving 64-bit memory interface). In the majority of systems it is configured to use system memory since to get local memory support it was necessary to use a special card which fitted into the AGP slot which is impossible in laptops, and for desktop systems didn't make any sense once cheap AGP graphics cards became available offering superior performance. The onboard adapter competed well against the Intel i810 on Intel platforms and the VIA Twister on AMD both in terms of features and performance.
Unlike the Intel i810, the SiS 630 renders 3D in 32-bit colour (although the performance was quite poor). There was also support for full hardware decoding of MPEG2 which gave CPU usage of around 5-10% when watching DVDs with suitable software (Cyberlink PowerDVD 5 or VideoLAN Media Player). Access to the acceleration is provided via DXVA under Windows 2000/XP.
Another interesting feature is that the SiS 30x core supports two independent overlay surfaces, one for each output. This means that it is possible to view videos on both the primary monitor (e.g. the built in screen on a notebook) and on a TV-Out or secondary monitor output. Most other graphics cards only have one overlay surface or in some cases will clone the same overlay.
The memory bandwidth is shared between the graphics adapter and the rest of the system. Therefore, the system performance is dependent on the resolution and colour depth that is in use. Whilst this would give comparatively poor scores in pure memory throughput benchmarks (a SiS 630 system will show around 470 MB/s of memory read throughput compared to around 800 MB/s on a similar system with discrete graphics) the real-world performance in office applications was very good with systems (particularly budget notebooks) based around the chipset frequently walking away with "best buy" awards.
As of 2003 it seems that SiS have chosen to abandon the SiS 630/730 with no newer drivers being offered and the last two sets being unusable on a large number of systems.
Audio (SiS 7018)
64-voice Polyphony 'Wavetable' sample-based Synthesizer.
DirectSound 3D Accelerator for IID, IAD and Doppler Effects.
Full-duplex, Independent Sample Rate Converter for Audio Recording and Playback.
Supports 2/4/6 Speakers Output with Optional VirtualFX, VirtualAC3.
AC'97 V2.1 Interface for External Audio Codec.
SoundBlaster Pro/16 Compliant.
Full Duplex VirtualPhone Speaker Phone with Modem Capable AC'97.
V.90 Software Modem Compliant.
Driver Support for Windows 95/98/ME, NT 4.0, Windows 2000/XP.
Unlike the later SiS 735 chipset which used the host-processed SiS 7012, the SiS 630/730 featured the fully hardware accelerated SiS 7018 core which itself is a design licensed from Trident, sold as the Trident 4DWave (the same design was also licensed by ALi for use in their 5451 chipset). The Windows 95 VxD drivers take advantage of the hardware acceleration, and there is also SoundBlaster 16 emulation for MS-DOS based games.
Unfortunately SiS chose to drop all of the hardware features from Windows 2000 onwards, treating it as a simpler AC97 host processed solution, as the SiS 7012. At the time of writing there is still no support for the hardware DirectSound, mixing or MIDI features that this chip provides in the WDM driver.
10/100 Fast Ethernet (SiS 900)
IEEE802.3/IEEE802.3u Compatible, 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX Standards Support.
Supports On-Now, Wake-On-LAN, PCI Power Management 1.1.
Driver Support for Windows 95/98/ME, NT 4.0, Windows 2000/XP, OS/2, Netware, ODI, SCO Unix, Netware & Linux.
Onboard Ethernet functionality is provided by an SiS 900 compatible controller providing both 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s with auto-sensing.
USB (SiS 7001)
The SiS 630/730 provides two USB 1.1 controllers called the SiS 7001, theoretically allowing 2 12 Mbit/s shared amongst up to 6 physical USB ports. On some boards or notebook systems only one of the controllers is used, with the other one going unused.
IDE (SiS 5513)
The IDE controller on the SiS 630/730 provides support for up to UDMA/100 depending on the specific variant. The IDE controller connects to the "north-bridge" via a dedicated 133 MB/s link, separate from the second 133 MB/s link between the north bridge and other PCI devices. This is beneficial in two ways; firstly IDE performance shouldn't be affected by other PCI devices, and similarly IDE transfers shouldn't affect other devices such as sound cards.
Other Hardware Features
In addition to the features listed above, the SiS 630/730 has support for legacy ports including SPP/ECP/EPP parallel port, 2 serial ports and Fast Infrared/IrDA. There is also a modem interface for HSP AMR modems such as those from SmartLink and PCTel.
See also
Silicon Integrated Systems
External links
http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/mainboards/display/sis630.html
http://www.winischhofer.net/mymain/linuxsisvga
Motherboard
Graphics processing units |
4032656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/408%20Tactical%20Helicopter%20Squadron | 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron | 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron (408 THS) () is a unit of 1 Wing, Kingston. It is co-located with 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Edmonton.
Equipped with 16 CH-146 Griffon helicopters, it rotates a high combat-readiness level with 400 Squadron (CFB Borden, Ontario) and 430 Squadron (CFB Valcartier, Quebec). Its primary role is in support of contingency operations and vanguard brigades requiring tactical helicopter resources.
No. 408 Squadron's mandate also includes supporting United Nations and NATO peacekeeping operations, land force training, and support to other government departments. For example, 408 Squadron's eight Griffons were assigned to support the Canadian contingent in the Balkans in 1999. Their job was to ferry small teams of paratroopers, infantrymen, and tankers to certain areas to check out water reservoirs, power grids, suspected weapons caches, minefields, and mass grave sites.
History
No. 408 Squadron's history dates back to 24 June 1941, when RAF Bomber Command's directive called for the formation of 408 Squadron as part of No. 5 Group RAF. It was to be the second Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) bomber squadron formed overseas. Goose Squadron, as it was to become known, was initially based at RAF Lindholme in Yorkshire, England, and equipped with Handley Page Hampdens. During the war, the Goose Squadron converted aircraft several times. No 408 would change from Hampden aircraft to the Halifax, and then to the Lancaster in August 1943 after moving to RAF Linton-on-Ouse and becoming part of No. 6 Group.
It flew 4,610 sorties and dropped 11,340 tons of bombs. A total of 170 aircraft were lost and 933 personnel were killed, listed as missing in action (MIA) or prisoners of war (POW). Squadron members won two hundred decorations, and 11 battle honours for its wartime operations.
On 5 September 1945 No 408 Squadron was officially disbanded.
On 10 January 1949, Goose Squadron was reformed at RCAF Station Rockcliffe, Ontario. Equipped with eight Lancaster Mark X photographic aircraft, it was tasked with the mapping of Canada, specifically the far North. In 1962, the squadron formed a flight of Canadair CT-133 Silver Star aircraft and given the additional task of photo reconnaissance missions in support of Army exercises.
On February 29, 1964, the Lancaster aircraft were retired and replaced with Dakotas. The Goose Squadron was moved to Rivers, Manitoba, and re-designated as a transport support and area reconnaissance squadron.
On May 1, 1964, RCAF Station Rivers Transport Support Flight with its C-119 Boxcars was transferred into 408 Squadron. In 1965, the Boxcars were replaced by CC-130 Hercules aircraft. As the decade drew to a close, 408 Squadron was once again redesignated. On October 1, 1968, it started its long history with 10 Tactical Air Group as a "Tactical Fighter Squadron".
During this post-war era, the squadron flew seven different aircraft: the Lancaster, Cansos, Norseman, Dakotas, Boxcars, T-33s, and Hercules aircraft. Late in 1970, the squadron was once more disbanded.
On January 1, 1971, 408 Squadron was once again re-activated at Namao in Edmonton, Alberta, as a tactical helicopter squadron (THS) and equipped with CH-135 Twin Huey and CH-136 Kiowa helicopters.
Its primary tasking is to provide tactical aviation to the army. The mission includes air mobile assault, air ambulance, air observation, reconnaissance insertions, troop movement, airborne command and control platform and dropping paratroopers. In September 1996, the squadron was re-equipped with CH-146 Griffon helicopters.
Personnel from 408 Squadron deployed to Afghanistan nearly continually from 2006 until 2011. Initially forming a Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) detachment using the CU-161 Sperwer. From 2008, 408 members were deployed to Kandahar airfield operating the CH-146 Griffon and CH-147D helicopters as part of the Joint Task Force Afghanistan Air Wing. The primary role of the JTF-A Air Wing was to provide transportation, reconnaissance, armed escort, and fire support to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).
In July of 2018, 408 THS deployed to Mali as part of Task Force Mali on Operation Presence. In Mali, 408 THS operated the CH-146 Griffon in the armed escort role, providing support to MEDEVAC and utility missions. 408 THS completed its tour in Mali in January of 2019, having participated in 7 medical evacuation missions
Aircraft
Handley Page Hampden
Handley Page Halifax B Mk II, III, V, VII
Avro Lancaster Mk II, X
Consolidated PBY Canso
Noorduyn Norseman
Canadair CT-133 Silver Star
Douglas Dakota
Fairchild C-119 Boxcar
Lockheed CC-130 Hercules
Bell CH-135 Twin Huey
Bell CH-136 Kiowa
Bell CH-146 Griffon
Images
Badges
References
RCAF/DND - Squadron history
External links
RCAF/DND - Squadron history
Canadian Forces aircraft squadrons
Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons |
4032658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Mand%C3%A9%20%28Paris%20M%C3%A9tro%29 | Saint-Mandé (Paris Métro) | Saint-Mandé () is a station on Line 1 of the Paris Métro, which is located in the commune of Saint-Mandé, just outside the Boulevard Périphérique. It was called Tourelle until 1937, when it was renamed Saint-Mandé - Tourelle. On 26 July 2002, "Tourelle" was dropped from the name.
Station layout
See also
List of stations of the Paris Métro
References
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D’Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.
Paris Métro stations in Saint-Mandé
Railway stations in France opened in 1934
Railway stations located underground in France |
4032661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj%20Firlej | Mikołaj Firlej | Mikołaj Firlej may refer to several members of the Firlej family:
Mikołaj Firlej (?-1526), hetman, voiode of Sandomierz (wojewoda sandomierski)
Mikołaj Firlej (?-1588), voivode of Lublin (wojewoda lubelski)
Mikołaj Firlej (?-1601), voivode of Kraków (wojewoda krakowski), Grand Marshal of the Crown
Mikołaj Firlej (1588-1635), voivode of Sandomierz (wojewoda sandomierski) |
4032672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amor%C3%ADn | Šamorín | Šamorín (; , ) is a small town in western Slovakia, southeast of Bratislava.
Etymology
The name is derived from a patron saint of a local church Sancta Maria, mentioned for the first time as villa Sancti Marie (1285). Today's name is an adaptation of the original name: Zent Maria – Samaria – Somoria – Šamorín.
Geography
The town is located on the Danubian Flat in the Žitný ostrov island, near the Gabčíkovo dam by the Danube around southeast of Bratislava and west of Dunajská Streda. Administratively, the town belongs to the Trnava Region, Dunajská Streda District.
History
The oldest artifacts indicating the settlement of the area are dated to the Neolithic and Eneolithic Period.
The settlement of the location is documented also for the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Later archaeologic research (2008) uncovered artifacts from the Early and High Middle Ages (remnants of settlements, dwellings, farm buildings).
After the Mongol invasion, the village was settled by German "guests" who had the leading role in the town administration. The German minority was given a royal privilege to apply Pressburg Law (now Bratislava) and lived in the town until the end of the Middle Ages. The presence of other ethnic groups like Pechenegs and Székelys is also documented.
The small Hungarian town was mentioned for the first time in 1238 as ecclesia Sancte Mariae and was a prominent port by the Danube during the Middle Ages and the market center of Rye Island. Agriculture also played a major role in the town's development. As a result of this prosperity, its citizens enjoyed a brisk trade in the new technologies and many shipyards on the Danube. However, with rise of Pressburg, the importance of the town began declining. Šamorín eventually lost its right to the status of royal free city granted in 1405 during the reign of Hungarian King Sigismund. In the sixteenth century, the city became notable again because of the witch trials held there.
After the Austro-Hungarian army disintegrated in November 1918, Czechoslovak troops occupied the area, later acknowledged internationally (contested by Hungary) by the Treaty of Trianon. Between 1938 and 1945 Šamorín (Somorja) once more became a part of Hungary under Miklós Horthy through the First Vienna Award. From 1945 until the Velvet Divorce, it was part of Czechoslovakia. Since then it has been part of Slovakia.
Demography
According to the 2014 census, the municipality had 13,028 inhabitants. In 2011 7,309 (56.1%) of the inhabitants were Hungarians, 4,365 (33.51%) Slovaks, 63 (0.48%) Czechs and 989 others were unspecified.
In 1910, the town had a total population of 2,930, which included 2,699 (92.12%) Hungarians, 112 (3.82%) Germans and 114 (3.89%) Slovaks.
According to the 1991 census, ethnic groups included 71% Hungarians and 27.4% Slovaks.
According to the 2001 census, ethnic groups included 66.63% Hungarians and 30.96% Slovaks.
The religious make-up was 75.27% Roman Catholics, 4.42% Protestant, 11.75% without denomination and others.
Landmarks
The Reformed Church, originally Catholic and built in the 13th century in the late Romanesque style.
The Catholic Church and its former cloister from the 18th century in the Baroque style.
The Protestant Church of 1784
The Synagogue, built in 1912 in a Romanesque Revival style
The Renaissance-style city hall
Municipal division
Šamorín has five districts: Šamorín () proper and the villages of Bučuháza (), Čilistov (), Kráľovianky (), and Mliečno ().
Historically incorporated villages
1808: Gančháza
1960: Čilistov
1976: Mliečno
Notable people
Livia Bitton-Jackson (born 1931), Holocaust survivor and author, writing a three-part series on her journey from Šamorín to New York City
Pál Skriba (1932–2004), Hungarian painter and teacher
Tibor Linka (born 1995), sprint canoer, won a gold medal at the 2015 World Championships and a silver medal at the 2016 Olympics
Twin towns — sister cities
Šamorín is twinned with:
Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
Hainburg an der Donau, Austria
Gheorgheni, Romania
Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
References
The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.
Notes
External links
Official website
Populated places on the Danube
Cities and towns in Slovakia
Hungarian communities in Slovakia |
4032677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20panther | Florida panther | The Florida panther is a North American cougar (P. c. couguar) population in South Florida. It lives in pinelands, tropical hardwood hammocks, and mixed freshwater swamp forests. It is known under a number of common names including Costa Rican puma, Florida cougar, and Florida puma.
Males can weigh up to and live within a range that includes the Big Cypress National Preserve, Everglades National Park, the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge, Picayune Strand State Forest, rural communities of Collier County, Florida, Hendry County, Florida, Lee County, Florida, Miami-Dade County, Florida, and Monroe County, Florida. It is the only confirmed cougar population in the eastern United States, and currently occupies 5% of its historic range. In the 1970s, an estimated 20 Florida panthers remained in the wild, but their numbers had increased to an estimated 230 by 2017.
In 1982, the Florida panther was chosen as the Florida state animal.
Description
Florida panthers are spotted at birth, and typically have blue eyes. As the panther grows, the spots fade and the coat becomes completely tan, while the eyes typically take on a yellow hue. The panther's underbelly is a creamy white, and it has black tips on the tail and ears. Florida panthers lack the ability to roar, and instead make distinct sounds that include whistles, chirps, growls, hisses, and purrs. Florida panthers are average-sized for the species, being smaller than cougars from colder climates, but larger than cougars from the Neotropics.
Adult female Florida panthers weigh , whereas the larger males weigh . Total length is from and shoulder height is . Male panthers, on average, are 9.4% longer and 33.2% heavier than females because males grow at a faster rate than females and for a longer time.
Taxonomic status
It was described as a distinct cougar subspecies (Puma concolor coryi) in the late 19th century. The Florida panther had for a long time been considered a unique cougar subspecies, with the scientific name Felis concolor coryi proposed by Outram Bangs in 1899.
A genetic study of cougar mitochondrial DNA showed that many of the purported cougar subspecies described in the 19th century are too similar to be recognized as distinct.
It was reclassified and subsumed to the North American cougar (P. c. couguar) in 2005.
Despite these findings, it was still referred to as a distinct subspecies P. c. coryi in 2006.
In 2017, the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group revised the taxonomy of Felidae, and now recognises all cougar populations in North America as P. c. couguar.
Diet
The Florida panther is a large carnivore whose diet consists both of small animals, such as raccoons, armadillos, nutrias, hares, mice, and waterfowl, and larger prey such as storks, white-tailed deer, feral pigs, and small American alligators. The Florida panther is an opportunistic hunter, and has been known to prey on livestock and domesticated animals, including cattle, goats, horses, pigs, sheep, chickens, dogs, and cats. When hunting, panthers shift their hunting environment based on where the prey base is. Female panthers frequently shift both their home range and movement behavior due to their reproductive rates.
Early life
Panther kittens are born in dens created by their mothers, often in dense scrub. The dens are chosen based on a variety of factors, including prey availability, and have been observed in a range of habitats. Kittens will spend the first 6–8 weeks of life in those dens, dependent on their mother. In the first 2–3 weeks, the mother spends most of her time nursing the kittens; after this period, she spends more time away from the den, to wean the kittens and to hunt prey to bring to the den. Once they are old enough to leave the den, they hunt in the company of their mother. Male panthers are not encountered frequently during this time, as female and male panthers generally avoid each other outside of breeding. Kittens are usually 2 months old when they begin hunting with their mothers, and 2 years old when they begin to hunt and live on their own.
Threats
Humans threaten the Florida panther through poaching and wildlife control measures. Besides predation, the biggest threat to the Florida panther is habitat fragmentation. It was persecuted, and the population reduced to a small area in southern Florida. The population became inbred with individuals having kinked tails, and heart and sperm problems.
The two highest causes of mortality for individual Florida panthers are automobile collisions and territorial aggression between Florida panthers. When these incidents injure the panthers, federal and Florida wildlife officials take them to White Oak Conservation in Yulee, Florida, for recovery and rehabilitation until they are well enough to be reintroduced. Additionally, White Oak raises orphaned kittens and has done so for 12 individuals. Most recently, an orphaned brother and sister were brought to the center at 5 months old in 2011 after their mother was found dead in Collier County, Florida. After being raised, the male and female were released in early 2013 to the Rotenberger Wildlife Management Area and Collier County, respectively.
Primary threats to the population as a whole include habitat loss, habitat degradation, and habitat fragmentation. Southern Florida is a fast-developing area, and certain developments such as Ave Maria near Naples, are controversial for their location in prime panther habitat.
Fragmentation by major roads has severely segmented the sexes of the Florida panther, as well. In a study done between 1981 and 2004, most panthers involved in car collisions were found to be male. However, females are much more reluctant to cross roads. Therefore, roads separate habitat, and adult panthers.
Development, as well as the Caloosahatchee River, are major barriers to natural population expansion. While young males wander over extremely large areas in search of an available territory, females occupy home ranges close to their mothers. For this reason, panthers are poor colonizers and expand their range slowly, despite occurrences of males far away from the core population.
The National Park Service has identified mercury poisoning as a potential threat to panthers in south Florida after a female panther from the park died.
Disease
Antigen analysis on select Florida panther populations has shown evidence of feline immunodeficiency virus and puma lentivirus among certain individuals. The presence of these viruses is likely related to mating behaviors and territory sympatry. Although, since Florida panthers have lower levels of the antibodies produced in response to FIV, consistently positive results for the presence of infection is difficult to find.
In the 2002–2003 capture season, feline leukemia virus was first observed in two panthers. Further analysis determined an increase in FeLV-positive panthers from January 1990 to April 2007. The virus is lethal, and its presence has resulted in efforts to inoculate the population. While no new cases have been reported since July 2004, the virus does have potential for reintroduction.
In August 2019, Florida's Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission identified, through the use of game cameras, eight endangered panthers affected by an apparent neurological disorder, but were unable to identify any potential infectious diseases that can affect felines and other species.
Chemicals
Exposure to a variety of chemical compounds in the environment has caused reproductive impairment to Florida panthers. Tests show that the differences between males and females in estradiol levels are insignificant, which suggests that males have been feminized due to chemical exposure. Feminized males are much less likely to reproduce, which represents a significant threat to a subspecies that already has a low population count and a high level of inbreeding. Chemical compounds that have created abnormalities in Florida panther reproduction include herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides such as benomyl, carbendazim, chlordecone, methoxychlor, methylmercury, fenarimol, and TCDD.
Genetic depletion
The Florida panther has low genetic diversity due to a variety of environmental and genetic factors. Factors that include habitat destruction contributed to the formation of a distinct and isolated subspecies of puma in the Florida panther. Isolation was followed by a gradual decline in the population size that increased the likelihood of inbreeding depression. The lower genetic diversity and higher rates of inbreeding led to the increased expression of deleterious traits in the populations, resulting in lower overall fitness of the Florida panther population. This also lowers the adaptive capacity of the population and increases the likelihood of genetic defects such as cryptorchidism and other complications to the heart and immune system. Specifically concerning the Florida panther, one of the morphological consequences of inbreeding was a high frequency of cowlicks and kinked tails. The frequency of exhibiting a cowlick in a Florida panther population was 94% compared to other pumas at 9%, while the frequency of a kinked tail was 88% as opposed to 27% for other puma subspecies. To increase genetic diversity of the Florida panther, eight Texas pumas were introduced to the Florida population to hopefully promote the survival of the native population. The results indicated that the survival rates of hybrid kittens were three times higher than those of purebred pumas. Due to the successes of this restoration effort, the genetic depletion of the Florida panther population is now not as much of a problem as it used to be, but ought to be monitored since the population is still in a fragile state.
Vehicular collisions
Florida panthers live in home ranges between 190 and 500 km2. Within these ranges are many roads and human constructions, which are regularly traveled on by Florida panthers and can result in their death by vehicular collision. Efforts to reduce collisions with the Florida panther include nighttime speed reduction zones, special roadsides, headlight reflectors, and rumble strips. Another method of reducing collisions is the creation of wildlife corridors. Because wildlife corridors emulate the natural environment, animals are more likely to cross through a corridor rather than a road because a corridor provides more cover for prey and predators, and is safer to cross than a road.
Conservation status
It was formerly considered critically endangered by the IUCN, but it has not been listed since 2008. Recovery efforts are currently underway in Florida to conserve the state's remaining population of native panthers. This is a difficult task, as the panther requires contiguous areas of habitat – each breeding unit, consisting of one male and two to five females, requires about of habitat. This animal is considered to be a conservational flagship because it is a major contributor to the keystone ecological and evolutionary processes in their environment. A population of 240 panthers would require of habitat and sufficient genetic diversity to avoid inbreeding as a result of small population size. However, a study in 2006 estimated that about were free for the panthers. The introduction of eight female cougars from a closely related Texas population has apparently been successful in mitigating inbreeding problems. One objective to panther recovery is establishing two additional populations within historic range, a goal that has been politically difficult.
Outside Florida
Florida panthers, usually wandering males, have occurred as vagrants outside of Florida. In 2008, a Georgia man was sentenced to 2 years probation, fined, and handed a lifetime hunting ban for killing a Florida panther that had walked 600 miles north to Troup County, Georgia. In about 2014, a male panther was shot and killed in the Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia.
Habitat Conservation
The conservation of Florida panther habitats is especially important because they rely on the protection of the forest, specifically hardwood hammock, cypress swamp, pineland, and hardwood swamp, for their survival. Conservation strategies for Florida panthers tend to focus on their preferred morning habitats. However, GPS tracking has determined that habitat selection for panthers varies by time of day for all observed individuals, regardless of size or gender. They move from wetlands during the daytime to prairie grasslands at night. The implications of these findings suggest that conservation efforts must be focused on the full range of habitats used by Florida panther populations. Female panthers with cubs build dens for their litters in an equally wide variety of habitats, favoring dense scrub, but also using grassland and marshland.
Management controversy
In 2003, a controversy began involving the leading Florida panther expert David Maehr. He was covertly paid by land developers to produce faulty science papers that were used to permit construction projects that destroyed Florida panther habitat.
In light of accusations against Maehr's work, recovery agencies appointed a panel of four experts, the Florida Panther Scientific Review Team (SRT), to evaluate the soundness of the body of work used to guide panther recovery. The SRT identified serious problems with Maehr's literature, including poor citations and misrepresentation of data to support unsound conclusions. A Data Quality Act (DQA) complaint brought by Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility and Andrew Eller, a biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), was successful in demonstrating that agencies continued to use incorrect information after it had been clearly identified as such. As a result of the DQA ruling, USFWS admitted errors in the science the agency was using and subsequently reinstated Eller, who had been fired by USFWS after filing the DQA complaint. In two white papers, environmental groups contended that habitat development was permitted that should not have been, and documented the link between incorrect data and financial conflicts of interest.
David Maehr was covertly paid by developers, and his faulty science research gave developers the necessary permitting to clear forests needed by the panthers to retain a viable breeding population. In January 2006, USFWS released a new draft Florida Panther Recovery Plan for public review. The discredited Maehr left Florida and the field of panthers to study black bears in Kentucky; he died in a plane accident in 2008, while doing bear research.
Relationship with humans
If encountered, the advice for people is not to run since this may stimulate the panther’s instinct to chase. Instead, it is best to stand and face the animal and make eye contact. Most Florida panthers will avoid a confrontation. In the event of being attacked, you should fight back, without turning your back. Further, there has never been a reported panther attack in Florida. However, in western states, people have been attacked and fought back successfully with rocks, sticks, or even their bare hands.
See also
Eastern cougar
Black panther
Felinae
Puma
White panther
References
External links
Florida Panther Net – by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Florida Panther – National Park Service website
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Press Release on new Draft Recovery Plan
The Florida Panther Society, Inc.
Florida Panther Project
Bounding, Rebounding: Panthers Make a Comeback – audio report by NPR (requires JavaScript, pop-ups, and Adobe Flash Player)
Puma (genus)
Mammals described in 1899
Mammals of the United States
Symbols of Florida
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Controversial mammal taxa
ESA endangered species
Species endangered by habitat fragmentation |
4032701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20P.%20Cain | Harry P. Cain | Harry Pulliam Cain (January 10, 1906 – March 3, 1979) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Washington who served as a Republican from 1946 to 1953. Cain is mainly remembered for his conservative and often highly-controversial views as a member of the Senate and as a friend and supporter of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Prior to his term in the Senate, he had served as the 23rd mayor of Tacoma, Washington. Following his Senate term he was widely recognized as a defender of the civil liberties of individuals accused of being security risks during the Eisenhower Administration and as a community activist and moderate Republican until his death in 1979.
In a 1972 interview, Cain described himself as being, "...basically a political pragmatist – from time to time and for different reasons a conservative, militant, liberal, moderate, purist, radical and now and again what some call a populist." Acknowledging that his career had been known for its inconsistencies, he said, "The record consists of doing the best I could when confronted by any situation demanding action."
Early life and education
Harry Pulliam Cain and his twin brother were born in Nashville, Tennessee. Both parents were of Scots-Irish descent who had moved from Virginia, Alabama, and Kentucky. Their boys were taught a strong appreciation for their southern heritage and family history. The family moved to Tacoma in 1911. Both parents were accomplished writers. His mother suffered from depression and committed suicide in 1917. Shortly after her death, Cain suffered an attack of Bell's palsy, crippling his ability to speak. He eventually regained his speech.
Cain attended the Tacoma public schools and then, in 1920, enrolled at Hill Military Academy in Portland, Oregon, where he was a star athlete and edited the school newspaper. He spent 1924 and 1925 working as a reporter for the now-defunct Portland News-Telegram. He attending the Sewanee: The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, graduating in 1929. His intellectual hero was the eighteenth-century British philosopher and statesman, Edmund Burke. Upon graduation he received an offer of work from The New York Times.
Career
Before moving to New York City, Cain visited his father in Tacoma but finding him in ill health, decided to remain. He was employed by the Tacoma branch of The Bank of California, N.A. (now Union Bank, N.A.) where he remained until 1939.
When Tacoma was selected to host the 1939 Golden Jubilee Celebration, celebrating fifty years of Washington statehood, Cain was selected as its festival director. The success of the event led Cain to run for the non-partisan position of Mayor of Tacoma in a special election to complete the two-year term of the interim mayor who decided not to run again. A conservative Democrat, Cain voted twice for President Franklin Roosevelt but became disenchanted with the New Deal after 1936. Cain placed third in the primary election. Four days before the general election, the leading candidate died of a stroke and Cain's name was added to the ballot. The dead candidate's supporters backed Cain and he was elected mayor at the age of 34.
Mayor of Tacoma
Cain's terms as mayor were characterized by his enthusiasm and very public approach to governing, including a weekly radio program that was uncommon for the time. His first term was also characterized by the build-up for World War II at the shipyards and military bases around Tacoma, and for the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Following the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Cain was one of only two elected officials on the West Coast to publicly oppose the government's internment of 110,000 Japanese.
In 1942, Cain was re-elected mayor by the largest plurality in Tacoma's history. His second term was characterized by his aggressive efforts to clean up long-existing vice, to obtain funding for wartime housing, to institute a long-range planning process for the city, to reform the outdated City Commission form of government, and opposition from his fellow city commissioners to each of the above.
World War II
He took a leave of absence in May 1943 to enter the United States Army as a Major. Following training at the Army's School of Military Government, Cain was assigned to Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories (AMGOT) in Algiers, Algeria. After field training in Sicily, Cain participated in the invasion of Italy, landing on the beachhead at Salerno, Italy attached to a glider regiment of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division on September 15, 1943. Cain was placed in charge of 29 towns and villages near Naples, Italy trying to meet the needs of starving displaced civilians caught between the two armies. Cain later served in various staff positions on the staff of the newly formed Allied Control Commission (ACC) and the Rome Area Command of the U.S. Fifth Army. He was present during the fighting for Monte Cassino and the invasion of Anzio, two of the bloodiest battles of the Italian campaign.
In March 1944, Cain was assigned to SHAEF headquarters in London, England where he directed the psychological warfare and public relations division of the G-5 Civil Affairs staff. Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, he worked with many famous writers and journalists including Archibald MacLeish and Edward R. Murrow. In April 1944, Cain was approached by political supporters in Washington state to run as a Republican for the open U.S. Senate seat in the 1944 election. Although Cain was unable to campaign actively, he won the Republican primary and faced popular Democratic Representative Warren G. Magnuson in the general election. Cain ran a respectable campaign, but fell behind in the final weeks of the campaign, losing to Magnuson by 88,000 votes.
While he was running for the Senate and carrying out his staff duties in London, the Invasion of Normandy and Operation Market Garden had taken place and Cain had missed both of them. He longed for an assignment in the field with a combat unit. In September, he was assigned to the XVIII Airborne Corps, commanded by Major General Matthew Ridgway, as Assistant Chief of Staff for Civil Affairs (G-5). During the Battle of the Bulge in December, Ridgway's Corps was instrumental in plugging the gap and Cain was in the thick of the fighting. Responsible for trying to protect and feed the civilians caught in the middle, Cain received a battlefield promotion to Colonel.
Cain participated in the planning for Operation Varsity, the elimination of the Ruhr Pocket, and the Allied push into Northern Germany. He was slightly wounded 24 hours before the end of hostilities on May 7, 1945. A day later, Cain delivered a speech at the burial of approximately 200 concentration camp victims near the town of Hagenow, Germany. General Ridgway remembered the speech in his memoirs as "one of the most effective I have ever heard."
Cain's last military assignment was inspecting General George S. Patton's controversial military government procedures during the military occupation of Bavaria.
U.S. Senate
After the war, Cain resumed his duties as mayor of Tacoma, but resigned on June 15, 1946, to run again for the Senate. He was elected to the Senate on November 5, 1946, defeating Democrat Hugh B. Mitchell, an affable, competent, and decidedly uncharismatic campaigner who had recently been appointed to the position, by more than 60,000 votes. In this campaign Cain first began to raise the allegations of ties to Communist front organizations against Mitchell and other state Democrats.
Cain served in the Senate from December 26, 1946, to January 3, 1953. He became associated with the midwestern, conservative bloc of the Republican Party led by Robert A. Taft and Arthur H. Vandenberg. His term was controversial and marked by often inflammatory rhetoric and positions on issues that were sometimes seen as being at odds with the best interests of his constituents. Cain later discussed his approach to serving in the Senate in a 1949 interview. "I had decided to listen only to my conscience and my instinct and do what seemed right at the time. Why not? A man in public office might as well play it the way he thinks he should. There is no sure way to stay in public office."
He voted for the Taft-Hartley Act, against a 70-group Air Force, against an expansion in Social Security benefits and generally against public power. He was generally considered to be the real estate industry's strongest supporter in Congress and once made an extended speech attacking Time Magazine for including him on a list of the "Senate's Most Expendable" members. He engaged in two notable filibusters; the first a 6 ¾ hour successful effort to block the nomination of former Washington Governor and Senator Mon C. Wallgren to be director of the National Security Resources Board, and a longer 12 ½ hour unsuccessful effort to block an extension of federal rent controls. While in the Senate, he generally supported the efforts of Senator Joseph McCarthy and others to identify and dismiss government employees who were alleged to be Communist security risks. During the Korean War, he opposed the firing of General Douglas MacArthur and supported extending the war to the Chinese mainland.
As Cain's term in the Senate wound down, he was targeted by the National Democratic Party for defeat in what otherwise looked like a very promising Republican year. With Hugh Mitchell running for Governor, Cain's opponent would be the popular six-term Congressman, Henry M. Jackson. The two fought a tough, bruising campaign, based largely on Cain's record in the Senate. Jackson overcame a national Republican landslide to beat Cain by more than 130,000 votes.
Cain once responded to a comment that he had been a 'reactionary' in the U.S. Senate. "... as a reactionary I reacted strongly against measures believed to be adverse to the public interest. It seldom bothered me that a number of my positions were supported only by a small minority. Had I been concerned with self rather than country I would have acted much differently. I was often angry and too impatient for my own good."
Subversive Activities Control Board
At the urging of some of his former Senate colleagues, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Cain to the Subversive Activities Control Board, where he served from 1953–1956.
Cain went about his new duties, generally supporting the recommendations brought to the board by Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. Cain soon became aware of numerous cases in which the government's internal security program, while legal, often violated the civil liberties of the accused and sometimes denied them due process under the law. He began to speak out against what he believed to be the excesses of the program in a series of speeches to national civil liberties groups, to the point that White House Chief of Staff Sherman Adams and members of the Justice Department considered him disloyal. The Eisenhower Administration, under pressure from the right wing of their party, saw their internal security program as a means of eliminating security risks from government; Cain saw the program as often trampling on the civil rights of the accused. The confrontation came to a head in a contentious meeting between Cain and the President in the White House on June 7, 1955. Cain determined that he would not to be re-appointed to the position and resigned on June 17, 1955.
On October 23, 1956, a banquet in Cain's honor was held at the National Press Club and attended by more than 350 civil liberties advocates, labor leaders and political admirers, including many of the individuals who Cain had helped. A plaque was presented to Cain with the following inscription: "In Tribute to Harry P. Cain / Champion of Human Dignity, Defender of Constitutional Rights in the Search For National Security / From Those Whose Loyalty to Country He Vindicated, and Those Whose Faith in Freedom He Strengthened / Presented at Testimonial Dinner / National Press Club, Washington, D.C. / 23 October 1956."
Later career
Never wealthy, Cain returned to Tacoma with limited prospects and even less money. Both major parties found him unpredictable. To make matters worse, his marriage was unraveling. He lectured briefly at Yale University and looked for a job. He found it in Miami, Florida where old friends hired him to manage the public relations and, later, the community relations of a large Miami-based savings and loan association.
In May 1957, he was called to testify at Arthur Miller's trial for contempt of Congress. He was Miller's "expert witness on communism" and he testified that he "did not believe" that Miller had written his plays "under the discipline of the Communist Party". His testimony was unusual in that normally only the government produced 'expert testimony' to demonstrate that the defendant was a Communist. In January 1964 he testified in a libel trial brought on behalf of John Goldmark, a Washington state legislator who had been defeated partially on the basis of allegations that his membership in the ACLU was tantamount to being a member of a Communist-front organization. Cain testified that the ACLU had never been on the Attorney General's list of such organizations and Goldmark won a sizable award from the defendants.
Cain became a familiar face on Miami television, hosting and interviewing national political personalities on a weekly public affairs program that the bank sponsored. He also became active in numerous community and civic activities. The Cains divorced in 1958. Later that year he married LaVonne Kneisley, a family friend since the mid-1930s.
He remained active in Republican politics and worked to liberalize and broaden the face of the party in Dade County and throughout the state. In 1962 he managed the congressional campaign of Republican newcomer Robert A. Peterson against Claude Pepper. Peterson lost, but Cain established himself as a viable political force in Florida. He considered running for the U.S. Senate in 1964 and again in 1968, but his moderate positions on social issues were in variance with the state party. He chaired the Florida Citizens for Johnson-Humphrey, the Democratic Party ticket, in 1964, but supported Nelson Rockefeller and then Richard Nixon in 1968 based on his opposition to the Vietnam War. In 1972, he supported his old opponent, Henry Jackson, for the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned with him in Florida.
In 1972, Cain was appointed to the Metropolitan Miami-Dade County Commission. He championed one of the first indoor smoking bans in the country and other measures ensuring equal rights in jobs, housing and public accommodation. In failing health, he was defeated for re-election in 1976.
Personal life
He married Marjorie Dils of Seattle, Washington, in 1934. They had two children: Harry Jr. (Buzzy) and Candy. In 1935–1936, the couple took an extended trip to England and Germany, where they immersed themselves in theater and he studied British banking methods and listened to the colorful orators in London's Hyde Park. While in Germany, Cain attended several mass rallies where Adolf Hitler and other top Nazi leaders spoke and returned home convinced that Germany presented a major world threat, making more than 150 speeches to local and statewide groups about what he had seen.
Death
He died of complications from emphysema at his home in Miami Lakes, Florida, on March 3, 1979. He was cremated and his ashes scattered on his favorite golf course in Bethesda, Maryland.
References
Bibliography
External links
Congressional Biography
Washington History provides finding aid to article subject from the Special Collections, Washington State Historical Society (WSHS)
1906 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Mayors of Tacoma, Washington
People from Miami Lakes, Florida
Republican Party United States senators
Sewanee: The University of the South alumni
Twin people from the United States
United States senators from Washington (state)
Washington (state) Republicans |
4032706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonda%20people | Bonda people | The Bonda (also known as the Bondo, Bondo Poraja, Bhonda, or Remo) are a Munda ethnic group approximately 12,000 (2011 census) who live in the isolated hill regions of the Malkangiri district of southwestern Odisha, India, near the junction of the three states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh.
Bonda culture
The Bonda people are a tribal people who currently live in the hills of Odisha’s Malkangiri district in India. There are two different Bonda tribes: the Upper Bondas with a population of 6,700 who are the most isolated from mainstream Indian society, and the Lower Bonda with a population of 17,000. Upper Bondas have almost no connection to the outside world. Dambaru Sisha took the oath of office to become the first MLA to the Bonda tribe, to which he traces his ancestry. Sisha attempts to protect the traditions and culture of the people while providing them with educational opportunities. Only 6% of Bondas are literate. The life expectancy of the tribe is so low they are nearly extinct.
The unfree labour or Goti system in India is known as Gufam by the Bonda people. According to Pati, a male bonded labour is called Gufam-Rem whereas a female laborer is a Gufam-Boy. Bonda people are often led to bonded labour through marriage, also known as .
A form of dowry (known as Gining) is paid for brides. In Gining items are used to determine how many arranged marriages will take place. For instance, the number of cows relies upon the social status of the girl.
Bonda boys are expected to marry between the ages of 10 and 12. Although a man may pay the price of a bride for his brother, the brother must always return the amount owed.
Divorce, also known as “Lung Sisi” is also an issue within the Bonda people. In some extreme circumstances, such as if a Bonda woman is divorced for adultery, the former husband demands double the price that was paid for their marriage. The village council determines the severity of the case arrives at a decision based upon the number of cows given back. However, if a man is the one who caused the wrong which resulted in divorce, he can no longer get married through an arranged marriage system.
When a death or mora occurs, it is custom to sacrifice a cow on the tenth day, a practice also known as “Gaitang.”
The chief god of the Bondo people is called Mahāprabhu ().
Population growth in the Bonda Hills in India led to forest habitat decrease although there existed a well-balanced ecosystem. Poverty, however, became a fundamental issue among the Bonda people due to social customs regarding obligatory marriages and deaths, along with myriad other socio-religious practices. These customs did not improve health condition nor economic status, which has created much poverty for them. For instance, crop production is hardly able to feed the population. In order to overcome starvation, the Bonda people, or Ku duburu Remo, often take out loans ( Kalantar or Badi) in order to eat. The loans are usually in cash and are taken from a community member or a figure that serves as a landlord Sakar Remo. Roughly 62 out of 245 households in the Bonda hills are in debt. Loans taken even in cash are charged interest rates, and these funds often provide payments for: bride prices, fines, and the performance of socio-religious rites. As a result, debt payment becomes difficult, with constant fines and interest rates being increased. Very often the Bonda people are led to debt bondage and are forced to liquidate assets such as: land, trees, animals, etc.
Remo, the Bonda language
The Bonda are a scheduled tribe of India and are also known as the Remo (meaning "people" in the Bonda language). The tribe is one of the oldest and most primitive in mainland India; their culture has changed little for more than a thousand years. They are one of the 75 Primitive Tribal Groups identified by the Government of India. Their isolation and known aggressiveness continue to preserve their culture despite the pressures of an expanding Indian population. Their language belongs to the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family. It is most closely related to the Gutob language.
Realizing that the Bonda people were in a cultural decline, the Government of Orissa brought to life the Bonda Development Agency (BDA) in 1977. Despite the initiatives taken by the Bonda Development Agency since then, the literacy rates of the Bonda tribes remain one of the lowest, as low as 14 percent.
Two of the most important phonetic features that characterize the Bonda language are the glottal stop, which is a glottal plosive produced by the release of the breath behind the vocal chords, and checked consonants. Those sounds are also featured in Munda languages as a whole. It is the checked consonants k’ and p’ that occur in Bonda, found mostly in the final position of native words. The glottal stop, however, may occur initially in native words. In fact, the checked consonants k’ and p’ are pre-glottalized. The checked consonants behave differently in Bonda depending on whether they are followed by a vowel or another consonant. It has been found that when k’ and p’ are followed by a vowel their glottal stop remains, but they become the sounds g and b. It currently appears as though the Bonda k''' is being fully replaced by the g sound. This may be a product of recent Bonda assimilation into contemporary Indian culture. It is resulting in the loss of one of the original Bonda sounds.
Attire
The Bonda are generally semi-clothed, the women wear thick silver neck bands. The Bonda attire is explained in a legend relating to the Ramayana. According to it, some Bonda women chanced upon Sita who was bathing at a pond in the Bonda hills and, seeing her naked, they sniggered. Enraged, Sita cursed them to a life where they would be condemned to remaining naked and having their heads shaven. When the Bonda women pleaded forgiveness, Sita gave them a piece of cloth she tore off her sari. This explains, according to the legend, why Bonda women have shorn heads and wear only a , a length of cloth that covers the waist. Their torsos are covered in strings of colourful beads. Bonda women also wear metal rings that cover their necks and bangles on their arms. Since Bonda women hunt and forage for food in the forest it is thought that these ornaments have a function of protecting them from injuries and attacks by wild animals.
Bonda women have their heads shaved and adorned with two types of headbands, called and . The is made of grass and the made of beads. Worn together the secures the by preventing the beaded headband from slipping off the woman's head. Bonda women wear metal bands adorning their necks, which are called and are made from aluminum. Including the bands around their neck, necklaces made of beads are also worn, these are called Mali. Due to the culture surrounding their cloth which covers the waist down, the and Mali act as a sort of clothing for the upper body of the women. Both men and women of the tribe wear earrings called made of brass, and rings on their fingers called made of aluminum. For bachelors or newly married men, it is customary to wear their own set of ornaments. Beginning at the ages of eight or nine, males will adorn their bodies with headbands called , bangles called , necklaces called , earrings called , and rings called . Once married, men typically do not continue to adorn their bodies with more ornaments.
Gender roles
In Bonda society, the women enjoy a privileged position. They are the primary workers and providers of food for the community. This matriarchal dominance is also seen in the marital norms of the community. Bonda girls largely marry boys who are at least five to ten years younger than them. Thus the girl looks after her husband as he grows up and in turn he cares for his older wife. In contrast with many other populations in India, the number of women among the Bonda greatly exceeds the number of men.
Among the men alcoholism is a major issue. They spend much time brewing and consuming liquor from rice, palm and the mahua flower. The Bondas are trained in using arms at a young age. This, coupled with rampant alcoholism and their reputation for a quick temper, has contributed to high rates of fratricide among them.
The Bondas still use binnimaya pratha, or barter, and they customarily go to a market every Sunday.
They like to put castor oil on their heads. The women make worli paintings'' in their homes
Threats to Bonda culture
The Government of Odisha has over the years tried to bring the Bonda into the mainstream and set up the Bonda Development Agency (BDA) in 1977 with this aim. Outside influences resulted in the Bondas being given new gods. The curriculum in the government school also seeks to inject this process through prayers and songs. The Bonda have begun to take up non traditional occupations as migrant labourers and as peons and clerks in government offices. This process of mainstreaming has however also had its fallout. Remo or Bonda has approximately 2,500 speakers in the Jayapur hills of Koraput. Despite the large number of speakers of a few Munda languages, bilingualism is widespread. At the present break-neck speed of assimilation, most Munda languages will not survive to the end of this century. All Munda language communities are under heavy demographic and socio-economic pressure to assimilate linguistically to the local Indo-Aryan majority language. The Remo language is now an endangered tongue as more Bondas have taken to Odia as their primary language of communication. The absence of a script or text for Remo adds to the threat of its extinction. It is also feared that other indigenous knowledge of the Bondas will also become casualty to this emphasis on integrating them with Odia society.
In response to threat of a cyclone on 12 October 2014, roughly 1,300 members of Bonda and Didai tribes living "in different villages under Mudulipada and Andrahal gram panchayats" have been moved to the Tribal Welfare Department which is managed by the Mudulipada Boys High School on Saturday. About 3,000 more would be moved to other schools and buildings near Bonda Hill if necessary. For those tribes staying in "thatched and kutcha houses" are being moved to cyclone shelters.
Bibliography
Pancorbo, Luis (2008):"Bonda" en "Avatares. Viajes por la India de los dioses". pp. 147–167. Miraguano Ediciones, Madrid.
Bhattacharya, S. "Glottlal Stop and Checked Consonants in Bonda." Indo-Iranian Journal 9 (1965): 69-71.
Ranjan Sahu, Priya. "Bondas, a Primitive Tribe in Odisha Hills, Get Their First MLA." Points of View Reference Center. Hindustan Times, 24 May 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
Pati, Rabindra Nath., and Jagannatha Dash. Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub., 2002. Print.
"Bonda Tribals Shifted to Safety." Access World News. New Indian Express, via HT Media Ltd., 12 Oct. 2014. Web. 20 October 2014.
van Driem, G. (2007). Endangered Languages of South Asia. Language Diversity Endangered, B. Matthias, ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 303-341.
Pati, Biswamoy. (1990). Koraput: Perceptions in a Changing Society. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 25, No. 18/19 (May 5–12, 1990), pp. 986–988. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4396254
References
External links
Manushi on INDIA TOGETHER: Reversal of family roles / Societal patterns of Orissa's Bonda tribals
Sinlung Sinlung — Indian tribes.
L'Inde Fantôme (Louis Malle, 1969) 6 — Les etrangers en Inde Part I. A French documentary film about the Bonda.
Telugu society
Scheduled Tribes of India
Ethnic groups in Odisha
Social groups of Odisha
Social groups of Andhra Pradesh
Scheduled Tribes of Odisha |
4032714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauta%20nouryi | Argonauta nouryi | Argonauta nouryi, also known as Noury's argonaut, is a species of pelagic octopus. The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus). The shell is usually approximately 80 mm in length, although it can exceed 90 mm in exceptional specimens; the world record size is 95.5 mm.
A. nouryi is best known from the waters off the western coast of North America, from Panama to Baja California, but it has also been reported from the south west Pacific, as far away as the Coral Sea. It is considered one of the rarest of the Argonauta species. This, combined with the aesthetically pleasing elongated nature of the shell, make A. nouryi one of the most sought after argonaut species by conchologists.
The type specimen of A. nouryi was collected near the Marquesas Islands. The type repository is unknown.
References
Sweeney, M. J. (2002). Taxa Associated with the Family Argonautidae Tryon, 1879. Tree of Life web project.
External links
CephBase: Noury's Argonaut
Information on the genus Argonauta
nouryi
Cephalopods described in 1852 |
4032727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly%20%281999%20film%29 | Molly (1999 film) | Molly is a 1999 romantic comedy-drama film about a 28-year-old woman with autism who comes into the custody of her neurotic executive brother. The film was directed by John Duigan and written by Dick Christie of Small Wonder-fame, and stars Elisabeth Shue as the title character, Aaron Eckhart as her older brother, and Jill Hennessy.
Plot
A 28-year-old autistic woman named Molly McKay has lived in a mental institution from a young age following her parents' deaths in an automobile accident. When the institution must close on account of budget cuts, Molly is left in the care of her non-autistic older brother, Buck McKay, an advertising executive and perennial bachelor. Molly, who verbalizes very little and is obsessed with lining up her shoes in neat rows, throws Buck's life into a tailspin as she runs off her nurses and barges into a meeting at Buck's agency naked.
Molly's neurologist, Susan Brookes, suggests an experimental surgery in which genetically modified brain cells are implanted into Molly's brain. While Buck initially balks at the suggestion, he finally consents to the surgery and Molly makes a gradual but miraculous recovery, speaking fluidly and interacting with others in a normal way. Buck begins taking Molly to social events, like a production of Romeo and Juliet, a baseball game, and expensive dinners. However, after a few months, Molly's brain begins to reject the transplanted cells and she begins to regress into her previous state. Both Molly and Buck must accept the eventual loss of Molly's cure and her regression into her previous state.
In the final scene of the film, Buck accepts Molly's autism and vows to remain in Molly's life by creating a room for her at his home that looks just like the room she had at the institution.
Cast
Elisabeth Shue as Molly McKay
Lauren Richter as 7-year-old Molly McKay
Aaron Eckhart as Buck McKay
Tanner Lee Prairie as 8-year-old Buck McKay
Jill Hennessy as Susan Brookes
Thomas Jane as Sam
D. W. Moffett as Mark Cottrell
Elizabeth Mitchell as Beverly Trehare
Robert Harper as Dr. Simmons
Elaine Hendrix as Jennifer Thomas
Michael Paul Chan as Domingo
Lucy Liu as Brenda
Jon Pennell as Gary McKay
Sarah Wynter as Julie McKay
Jay Acovone as Jack, The Bartender
Release
The film earned US$17,650 during its theatrical run, on a budget of $21 million, making it a box office bomb. Believing the film was unlikely to be a success, the distributors Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer chose to cut their losses and eliminate the film's marketing budget. It was only released on a single weekend in twelve cinemas, in order to meet legal obligations.
Critical reception
Molly received mostly mixed to negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 14% "Rotten" approval from film critics, with a rating average of 3.4 out of 10. The consensus says, "Molly never really elevates above uninspired, cliche-ridden moments." At Metacritic, Molly received a weighted mean rating of 21 out of 100 from film critics, consistently indicating "generally unfavorable reviews", classified as a generally unfavorably reviewed film.
See also
Charly
Rain Man
References
External links
Trailer
1999 films
American films
1990s English-language films
1999 comedy-drama films
1999 romantic comedy films
1999 romantic drama films
1990s romantic comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy-drama films
Films about autism
Films directed by John Duigan
Films scored by Trevor Jones
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films |
4032733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protadius | Protadius | Protadius (died 606) was the mayor of the palace of Burgundy from 604, when he displaced his rival Berthoald, until his death two years later. He was originally the noble lover of Brunhilda, the grandmother of and regent for King Theuderic II. She, however, desired to raise him to status in the kingdom and had him given the patricianship over the lands east of the Jura, whose duke, Wandalmar, had died in 604. She then conspired to do away with Berthoald, mayor of the palace, by sending him with only 300 men to the region of the Seine. Attacked by Clotaire II of Neustria's son, Merovech, and his mayor, Landric, Berthoald died in the ensuing battle when he realised that he had nothing to lose, for he was no longer safe at court.
Protadius was appointed to succeed Berthoald, though the Chronicle of Fredegar remarks that he had the capabilities of his predecessor, but not his virtues. Perhaps frightened by the same schemes which had ensured his elevation, he undermined the nobility to secure his position and was an exceedingly cruel extortionist. His paramour Brunhilda pressured her grandson to go to war against her other grandson, Theudebert II of Austrasia, and Protadius was put in charge of the army. At the palace of Quierzy, Theuderic assembled the army, but the men did not want to fight their countrymen and the Duke of Alemannia, Uncelen, declared that the king ordered Protadius' death. Protadius was killed by the warriors and the king was forced to sign a treaty.
Further reading
Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476-918. Rivingtons: London, 1914.
Selle-Hosbach, K. Prosopographie Merowingischer Amtsträger in der zeit von 511-613. Bonn, 1974.
Wallace-Hadrill, J.M. The fourth book of the Chronicle of Fredegar. London, 1960.
606 deaths
Mayors of the Palace
Year of birth unknown |
4032737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarase | Fumarase | Fumarase (or fumarate hydratase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration/dehydration of fumarate to malate. Fumarase comes in two forms: mitochondrial and cytosolic. The mitochondrial isoenzyme is involved in the Krebs cycle and the cytosolic isoenzyme is involved in the metabolism of amino acids and fumarate. Subcellular localization is established by the presence of a signal sequence on the amino terminus in the mitochondrial form, while subcellular localization in the cytosolic form is established by the absence of the signal sequence found in the mitochondrial variety.
This enzyme participates in 2 metabolic pathways: citric acid cycle and reductive citric acid cycle (CO2 fixation), and is also important in renal cell carcinoma. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the development of leiomyomas in the skin and uterus in combination with renal cell carcinoma.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming). Other names in common use include:
fumarase
L-malate hydro-lyase
(S)-malate hydro-lyase
Structure
Gene
In humans, the FH gene is localized to the chromosomal position 1q42.3-q43. The FH gene contains 10 exons.
Protein
Crystal structures of fumarase C from Escherichia coli have been observed to have two dicarboxylate binding sites close to one another. These are known as the active site and the B site. These sites are connected by a series of hydrogen bonds and the access to either site is only through an opening near the enzyme surface near the B site. Active site is made up of three domains. Even when no ligand is bound to the active site, the binding pocket created by surrounding residues is sufficient to bind water in its place. Crystallographic research on the B site of the enzyme has observed that there is a shift on His129 between free and occupied states. It also suggests that the use of an imidazole-imidazolium conversion controls access to the allosteric B site.
Subtypes
There are two classes of fumarases, class I and class II. Classification depends on the arrangement of their relative subunits, their metal ion requirement, and their thermal stability. Class I fumarases are change state or become inactive when subjected to heat or radiation, are sensitive to superoxide anion, are iron (Fe2+) dependent, and are dimeric proteins with each subunit consisting of around 120 kD. Class II fumarases, found in prokaryotes as well as in eukaryotes, are tetrameric enzymes with subunits of 200 kD that contain three distinct segments of significantly homologous amino acids. They are also iron-independent and thermally stable. Prokaryotes are known to have three different forms of fumarase: Fumarase A, Fumarase B, and Fumarase C. Fumarase A and Fumarase B from Escherichia coli are classified as class I, whereas Fumarase C is a part of the class II fumarases.
Function
Mechanism
Figure 1 depicts the fumarase reaction mechanism. Two residues catalyze proton transfer and the ionization state of these residues is in part defined by two forms of the enzyme, E1 and E2. In E1, the groups exist in an internally neutralized AH/B: state, while in E2, they occur in a zwitterionic A−/BH+ state. E1 binds fumarate and facilitates its transformation into malate, and E2 binds malate and facilitates its transformation into fumarate. The two forms must undergo isomerization with each catalytic turnover.
Despite its biological significance, the reaction mechanism of fumarase is not completely understood. The reaction itself can be monitored in either direction; however, it is the formation of fumarate from S-malate in particular that is less understood due to the high pKa value of the HR atom (Fig. 2) that is removed without the aid of any cofactors or coenzymes. The reaction from fumarate to S-malate is better understood, and involves a stereospecific hydration of fumarate to produce S-malate by trans-addition of a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom. Early research into this reaction suggested that the formation of fumarate from S-malate involved dehydration of malate to a carbocationic intermediate, which then loses the alpha proton to form fumarate. This led to the conclusion that the formation of S-malate proceeds as E1 elimination - protonation of fumarate to create a carbocation was followed by the addition of a hydroxyl group from H2O. However, more recent trials have provided evidence that the mechanism actually takes place through an acid-base catalyzed elimination by means of a carbanionic intermediate, meaning it proceeds as E1cB elimination (Figure 1).
Biochemical pathway
The function of fumarase in the citric acid cycle is to facilitate a transition step in the production of energy in the form of NADH. In the cytosol, the enzyme functions to metabolize fumarate, which is a byproduct of the urea cycle as well as amino acid catabolism. Studies have revealed that the active site is composed of amino acid residues from three of the four subunits within the tetrameric enzyme.
Other substrates
The main substrates for fumarase are malate and fumarate. However, the enzyme can also catalyze the dehydration of D-tartrate which results in enol-oxaloacetate. Enol-oxaloacetate can then izomerize into keto-oxaloacetate. Both Fumarase A and Fumarase B have essentially the same kinetics for the reversible malate to fumarase conversion, but Fumarase B has a much higher catalytic efficiency for the conversion of D-tartrate to oxaloacetate compared to Fumarase A. This allows bacteria such as E. coli use D-tartrate for their growth; the growth of mutants with a disruptive gene fumB encoding Fumarase B on D-tartrate was severely impaired.
Clinical significance
Fumarase deficiency is characterized by polyhydramnios and fetal brain abnormalities. In the newborn period, findings include severe neurologic abnormalities, poor feeding, failure to thrive, and hypotonia. Fumarase deficiency is suspected in infants with multiple severe neurologic abnormalities in the absence of an acute metabolic crisis. Inactivity of both cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of fumarase are potential causes. Isolated, increased concentration of fumaric acid on urine organic acid analysis is highly suggestive of fumarase deficiency. Molecular genetic testing for fumarase deficiency is currently available.
Fumarase is prevalent in both fetal and adult tissues. A large percentage of the enzyme is expressed in the skin, parathyroid, lymph, and colon. Mutations in the production and development of fumarase have led to the discovery of several fumarase-related diseases in humans. These include benign mesenchymal tumors of the uterus, leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma, and fumarase deficiency. Germinal mutations in fumarase are associated with two distinct conditions. If the enzyme has missense mutation and in-frame deletions from the 3’ end, fumarase deficiency results. If it contains heterozygous 5’ missense mutation and deletions (ranging from one base pair to the whole gene), then leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma/Reed’s syndrome (multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis) could result.
Interactive pathway map
See also
Fumarase deficiency
References
External links
Structure of Fumarate
Structure of S-Malate
Link to Breakdown of Citric Acid Cycle
Video of Fumarate → (S)L-Malate
EC 4.2.1 |
4032739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20South%20Korea | Prostitution in South Korea | Prostitution in South Korea is illegal, but according to The Korea Women's Development Institute, the sex trade in Korea was estimated to amount to 14 trillion South Korean won ($13 billion) in 2007, roughly 1.6% of the nation's gross domestic product. According to a survey conducted by the Department of Urology at the Korea University College of Medicine in 2015, 23.1% of males and 2.6% of females, aged 18–69, had sexual experience with a prostitute.
The sex trade involved some 94 million transactions in 2007, down from 170 million in 2002. The number of prostitutes dropped by 18% to 269,000 during the same period. The amount of money traded for prostitution was over 14 trillion won, much less than 24 trillion won in 2002. Despite legal sanctions and police crackdowns, prostitution continues to flourish in South Korea, while sex workers continue to actively resist the state's activities.
History
Premodern era
Before the modernization of Korea, there were no brothels, but a caste of the women for the elite landholding classes performed sexual labor. Modernization eliminated the Korean caste system. The first brothels in Korea began to spread after the country first opened its port in 1876 through a diplomatic pact, causing ethnic quarters for Japanese migrants to sprout up in Busan, Wonsan and Incheon.
1960s: US military
From the 1960s until today US camp town prostitution has existed outside US military bases (for example outside Camp Casey and Camp Stanley). This was the result of negotiation between the Korean government and the US military, involving prostitution for United States soldiers in camp towns surrounding the US military bases. The government registered the prostitutes, who were called Western princesses, and required them to carry medical certification. The US military police provided for the security in these US camp town prostitution sites, and detained the prostitutes who were thought to be ill, to prevent epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases. This government involvement was in the past motivated in part by fears that the American military, which protected South Korea from North Korea, would leave. Though US officials publicly condemn prostitution, they are perceived as taking little action to prevent it, and some locals suggest that US Army authorities prefer having commercial sex services available to soldiers.
Prostitutions are visited by American soldiers, Korean soldiers and Korean civilians. In the beginning most prostitutes were South Korean with minority of other women from Europe and Asia. Since the early 2000's most prostitutes were Filipina and Russian.
The number of South Korean prostitutes who worked as sex providers for American soldiers and Korean soldiers was between 26,000 and 39,000. This number is according to the research on the number of checkup for Venereal diseases from 1953 to 1969 by professor Lee Young-hoon an economic professor at Seoul National University. Surveys carried out the 1950s and 1960s suggest 60% of these prostitutes worked near U.S. military camps.
Korean government(보건사회복지부) figures give 10,000-30,000 prostitutes servicing the U.N/U.S. military in the South Korea in 1954, about 20,000 prostitutes in 1966, reducing to 13,000-14,000 in 1969. reducing to 9,935 in 1977.
Since 2004, the majority of prostitutes have been Philippine or Russian women. South Korean sex workers have become less numerous as Filipino and Russian women were a cheaper labor alternative. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, thousands of Russian migrated to Korea to work as sex entertainers in Korean red light districts while thousand others forced were into prostitution for both American soldiers and Korean civilian men and soldiers. Since the mid-1990s, foreigners make up 80–85% of the women working at clubs near military bases. Human traffickers not only brought Russian prostitutes for American and Korean soldiers but also brought in many Russian women through sham marriages with South Korean men. In 2005, Filipina and Russian women became common in many Korean red district and even accounted for 90 percent of all the prostitutes in U.S. military camp towns.
2000s
In 2003, the Korean Ministry of Gender Equality announced that 260,000 women—1 of 25 of young Korean women—may be engaged in the sex industry. However, the Korea Women's Development Institute suggested that from 514,000 to 1.2 million Korean women participate in the prostitution industry. In addition, a similar report by the Korean Institute of Criminology noted that 20% of men in their 20s pay for sex at least four times a month, with 358,000 visiting prostitutes daily.
In 2004, the South Korean government passed an anti-prostitution law (Special Law on Sex Trade 2004) prohibiting the buying and selling of sex and shutting down brothels. Soon afterward, over 2,500 sex workers demonstrated in the streets to demand the repeal of the law, as they believed it threatened their livelihood. In 2006, the Ministry for Gender Equality, in an attempt to address the issue of demand for prostitutes, offered cash to companies whose male employees pledged not to pay for sex after office parties. The people responsible for this policy claimed that they want to put an end to a culture in which men get drunk at parties and go on to buy sex.
In 2007 the government announced that sex tourism by Koreans would be made illegal, as well as Korean women going abroad to sell sex. The courts prosecuted 35,000 clients, 2.5 times higher than the number of those who were caught buying sex in 2003. Meanwhile, enforcement is weak and corruption problematic; there is little evidence that new legislation has made much difference, the trade simply finding other ways to carry on its business. However more men are being sent to "John School" for purchasing sex, while a 2010 investigation suggested that 20% of seniors seek out sex workers.
Range of services
Following the enactment of the Special Law in 2004, there was a crackdown on red-light districts; while many of the brothels in those areas were forced to close, the crackdown went as quickly as it came, with the result that prostitution was driven more underground but also became a more competitive business with lower prices and more services.
Red light districts in South Korea can compare to those of Amsterdam and Germany. The four main red light districts in South Korea prior to the Special Law are Cheongnyangni 588, Yongsan Station, and Mia-ri in Seoul and Jagalmadang in Daegu. While not all of them are operating to full capacity, some still exist while being tolerated not only due to the vast amount of money that is involved in the business, but also in an attempt to control the sex industry.
Other sexual services include 가택 마사지 (gataek massaji), an "in-call" massage where the customer would travel or meet at the masseuse's home or quarters; 키스방 (kiss bang), rooms where customers pay to french kiss and fondle women; and 출장 마사지 (chuljang massaji) or an "out-call" massage where the masseuse travels to the customer's place, love motel, hotel, or other agreed location.
Teen prostitution
According to a 2012 study by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, 3% of runaway youths have been exposed to prostitution, either as a buyer or a prostitute. There have been reported cases of runaway girls who sell sex over internet chat, and live with "families" in jjimjilbang, or bathhouses, with fellow runaway girls. According to United Voice for Eradication of Prostitution, these teen prostitutes are exposed to such crimes as rape and diseases as syphilis. Recidivism is common, with over half of the girls counseled by the Voice returning to the sex trade, often because of blackmail from former pimps and social ostracism from future husbands and families.
In contrast to teen prostitution, women in their 50s, 60s, even their 70s called Bacchus Ladies are engaged in prostitution in a park near the Jongno-3 subway station in the heart of Seoul.
Sex trafficking
Though as recently as 2004 the government received low marks on the issue, in recent years the government has made significant strides in its enforcement efforts. Human trafficking was outlawed and penalties for prostitution increased; the 2004 Act on the Prevention of the Sex Trade and Protection of its Victims was passed, toughening penalties for traffickers, ending deportation of victims, and establishing a number of shelters for victims. As of 2005 there were 144 people serving jail time for human trafficking.
A US Immigration official conceded in 2006 that "There's a highly organized logistical network between Korea and the United States with recruiters, brokers, intermediaries.
A Los Angeles police spokesman said that about 90% of the department's 70–80 monthly arrests for prostitution involve Korean women and Los Angeles police estimates that there are 8,000 Korean prostitutes working in that city and its suburbs. Korean women`s customers in foreign countries are mostly Korean men.
A US State Department report titled, "Trafficking in person's report: June 2008", states that in "March 2008, a joint operation between the AFP and DIAC broke up a syndicate in Sydney that allegedly trafficked South Korean women to a legal brothel and was earning more than $2.3 million a year. Police allege the syndicate recruited Korean women through deception about the conditions under which they would be employed, organized their entry into Australia under false pretenses, confiscated their travel documents, and forced them to work up to 20 hours a day in a legal Sydney brothel owned by the syndicate."
The US State Department report also states that the South Korean government "fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking". In 2012, the government continued law enforcement efforts against sex trafficking, and signed MOUs for the Employment Placement System (EPS) with five additional countries and conducted numerous anti-trafficking awareness campaigns. The Korean National Police Agency also cooperated with foreign law enforcement agencies to crack down on human smuggling networks.
The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks South Korea as a 'Tier 1' country.
Foreign prostitutes in South Korea
South Korea is both a source and destination country for human trafficking. The agencies use high salaries to lure young girls to go to Korea and once they arrive they are forced to work as sex slaves.
China
Trafficking in Persons Report of the U.S. State Department has mentioned in many occasions that Chinese women are engaged in prostitution in South Korea. The report describes that they are issued a formal visa and are engaged in sexual services and sometimes they are sold as international marriage bribes and are now sexual workers.
According to MINISTRY OF JUSTICE REPUBLIC OF KOREA as of 2016,There are 212,115 Chinese women(Han Chinese) staying in Korea. According to “Survey for the migrant women employed in the entertainment business in Korea” presented by Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, it is reported that the largest number of women engaged in commercial sex for South Korean men can be found in Han Chinese women.
According to MBC, the public broadcasting company of Korea, 80% of massage businesses in South Korea correspond to commercial sex establishments where Chinese women work. In 2012, 240 Chinese women were arrested for having prostituted in the massage parlors in Korea. The South Korean newspaper “The Dong-a Ilbo” reveals that sex workers in the so-called “휴게텔” are all composed of Chinese women (Han Chinese and Ethnic Korean Chinese) except “Gangnam” area. As of 2018, female students from China staying in South Korea reach 41,957 and many of them are caught by the press and reported as sexual workers.
Chinese women are engaged in prostitution through the country of South Korea such as Seoul, Incheon, Suwon, Pyeongtaek, Yongin, Siheung, Bucheon, Paju, Uijeongbu,
Ansan, Anyang, Cheongju, Dangjin, Cheonan, Daejeon, Asan, Daegu, Busan, Gyeongju, Ulsan, Gwangyang, Changwon, Gangwon Province, Jeolla Province and Jeju Island. Chinese women engaged in prostitution practice their commercial sex not only in the cities but also in the rural areas of which the administrative unit corresponds to town and township.
Thai
According to the Justice Ministry, increasing numbers of Thai women are drawn to illegal "massage work" in the ROK. It estimates that the number of illegal Thai residents soared from 68,449 in 2017 to 122,192 in August 2018. Of the 60,000 who are women, some 50,000 are believed to be working in massage parlors, some of them fronts for prostitution. The owner of one Thai massage parlor in Gangnam said, "Even if I try to run a legitimate business, I have no idea what happens in the room between a client and a masseuse who wants to make more money." Massage parlors are illegal in Korea unless operated by blind people, but around 50,000 offer foot massage, sports massage, and acupressure. They employ some 300,000 workers.
Ukrainian
According to multiple reports the Ukrainian sex-workers are the second largest group of foreign women involved into prostitution outside the US military bases in Republic of Korea.
Russian
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, young Russian girls have been commonly seen in the red-light districts of Korea. They can be found in the bars, strip clubs and coffee shops for entertaining the customers. Between January 2000 and March 2001, approximately 6,000 Russian women entered Korea through Busan port and Gimpo. In 2000, 3,064 Russians entered South Korea on E-6 visas, 2,927 of them women (Jhoty, 2001) Many Korean men actively seek out Russian women because they satisfy not only their desire for dominance over exotic females but also the latent psychological need to overcome their complex. Apart from prostitution many others entered through marriages or sham marriages with Korean men so they could stay legally in South Korea.
South Korean sex tourists in foreign countries
China
During the Autumn symposium held at Sinyang Humanities Hall of Seoul National University organized by Korean Association of Women's Studies, Jung Jae-won, a senior researcher of Institute for Gender Research of Seoul National University presented the survey results regarding current state of purchase of sexual services practiced by Korean men abroad. According to the survey presentation regarding “international expansion of Korean-type sex industry and commercial sex culture,” Korean men buy sex with Chinese prostitutes all over China. It is estimated that there are more than 100 brothel(KTV) exclusively for South Korean men in Qingdao of China, which is the example of this city only. The survey shows that some brothel(KTV) for Korean men has each 150-300 Chinese women engaged in commercial sex. It is reported that a brothel(KTV) of Shanghai where South Korean men are regular customers has more than 500 Chinese prostitutes.
In 2007 it was reported that there were 33 online web sites linking Korean men to Chinese prostitutes. Many Korean men have used sex tour in groups with friends and co-workers. In 2013, the Korea Tourism Association filed a complaint with the police against some Internet site for arranging sex service by Chinese prostitutes for Korean men in China.
According to the 'Center for Women's Human Rights' , Korean high school students have bought Chinese prostitutes for sex while on a school field trip to China.
South Korean men continue to be a major source of demand for child sex tourism in China.
Southeast Asia
South Korean men continue to be a major source of demand for child sex tourism in both Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Child prostitutes in Southeast Asian countries were reportedly patronized mainly by South Korean men, who outstrip Japanese and Chinese as the most numerous sex tourists in the region, with the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand mainly seeing South Korean men using child prostitutes.
Korean prostitutes in foreign countries
The South Korean government has expressed concern over its citizens engaging in prostitution in foreign countries like Australia and the United States.
Australia
Many South Korean women are trafficked to Australia to work as prostitutes with more than a thousand Korean women in the Australian sex industry.
United States
Thousands of South Korean women are trafficked to the United States to work as prostitutes in massage parlors. American authorities arrested hundreds of Korean women for prostitution in the five years leading up to 2011, with the 2008 Korea-US Visa Waiver Program leading to an additional increase in the number of Korean prostitutes in America. The number of people who operate with trafficking rackets to ship Korean women into the sex trade in America reaches into the thousands.
China and Taiwan
Korean prostitutes worked in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period.
A ring of South Korean prostitutes, composed of 21 Korean women ranging in age from 24 to 37, serving Chinese men was busted in Macau in 2015.
Some Korean women wear kimonos while working as prostitutes in Macau.
Japan
In 2013, police broke up a racket trafficking women to Japan from Korea. In 2014, it was reported that websites promoting South Korean prostitutes in Japan have been blocked within South Korea by the government.
See also
Kisaeng
Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military
References
External links
Sex Work in South Korea Asia Monitor Resource Center 1999
Sealing Chen. On the move for love. University of Pennsylvania Press 2010
Timothy C. Lim and Karam Yoo (2006). "The Dynamics of Trafficking, Smuggling and Prostitution: An Analysis of Korean Women in the U.S. Commercial Sex Industry
Cheng S. "Commentary on Hughes, Chon, and Ellerman" (Modern-Day Comfort Women: The U.S. Military, Transnational Crime, and the Trafficking of Women) Violence Against Women 14(3) 2008 359-63]
Cheng S. "Changing Lives, Changing Selves: 'Trafficked' Filipina Entertainers in Korea", Anthropology in Action 2002. Vol 9 (1): 13–20.
Sexuality in South Korea |
4032754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang%27s%20algorithm | Huang's algorithm | Huang's algorithm is an algorithm for detecting termination in a distributed system. The algorithm was proposed by Shing-Tsaan Huang in 1989 in the Journal of Computers.
Termination detection
The basis of termination detection is in the concept of a distributed system process' state. At any time, a process in a distributed system is either in an active state or in an idle state. An active process may become idle at any time but an idle process may only become active again upon receiving a computational message.
Termination occurs when all processes in the distributed system become idle and there are no computational messages in transit.
Algorithm
Huang's algorithm can be described by the following:
Initially all processes are idle.
A distributed task is started by a process sending a computational message to another process. This initial process to send the message is the "controlling agent".
The initial weight of the controlling agent is (usually 1).
The following rules are applied throughout the computation:
A process sending a message splits its current weight between itself and the message.
A process receiving a message adds the weight of the message to itself.
Upon becoming idle, a process sends a message containing its entire weight back to the controlling agent and it goes idle.
Termination occurs when the controlling agent has a weight of and is in the idle state.
Some weaknesses to Huang's algorithm are that it is unable to detect termination if a message is lost in transit or if a process fails while in an active state.
See also
Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm
Notes
Termination algorithms |
4032765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Smith%20%28psychologist%29 | Helen Smith (psychologist) | Helen Smith is a forensic psychologist in Knoxville, Tennessee, who specializes in violent children and adults. She holds a Ph.D from the University of Tennessee and master's degrees from The New School for Social Research and the City University of New York. She has written The Scarred Heart: Understanding and Identifying Kids Who Kill, and was writer and executive producer of Six, a documentary about the murder of a family in Tennessee by teens from Kentucky. The film highlights the inadequacies of the school, mental health and criminal justice systems in preventive treatment of troubled teens; the film was shown at a 2003 film festival in Tennessee.
More recently, Smith wrote Men on Strike: Why Men Are Boycotting Marriage, Fatherhood, and the American Dream - and Why It Matters. The National Review interviewed Smith about the book which was also discussed in the media, and within an op-ed piece in the Boston Globe. The Independent Women's Forum presents Smith as an example of a modern feminist, one who is also an advocate for men, and Smith's comments about the lack of support for men appeared in a 2017 article in The Public Eye. The Southern Poverty Law Center includes Smith in their information on men's rights activists.
Selected publications
References
External links
American psychologists
American women psychologists
Female critics of feminism
American bloggers
The New School alumni
University of Tennessee alumni
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
City University of New York alumni
American women bloggers
21st-century American women |
4032768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APTN%20National%20News | APTN National News | APTN National News is a Canadian television national news program aired by the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network. It is broadcast from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
The program formerly aired in two daily editions: APTN National News Daytime aired at 12:30 p.m., and APTN National News Primetime aired at 6:30 p.m. The program now produces a single half hour of news each day, which airs at 6 and 11:30 p.m. Eastern Time nightly, as well as various specialty programs including Investigates on Mondays and Fridays, Laughing Drum, a half hour talk show where comedians review the headlines of the week, Face-to-Face, a long form interview show, InFocus an hour long live interactive talk show, and Nation to Nation, a show examining the political relationship between First Peoples and Canada. Each day there are also short headline news updates at the top of the hour during the afternoon.
The daily newscast's current anchors are Dennis Ward and Melissa Ridgen; Ridgen also hosts InFocus, and Ward also hosts Face-to-Face. Todd Lamirande hosts Nation to Nation, and Investigates has no single overall host, but airs reports filed by all members of APTN's news team.
In 2019, the news division also launched Nouvelles Nationales d’APTN, a weekly French language news program anchored by Sophie Claude Miller.
In addition to its main newsroom in Winnipeg, APTN National News has news bureaus in Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Thunder Bay, Saskatoon, Edmonton, Calgary, Vancouver, Iqaluit, Yellowknife and Whitehorse.
News and current affairs staff at APTN applied for and received union certification with the Canadian Media Guild from the Canadian Labour Board in 2002. Unionized staff reached its first collective agreement with APTN management in April 2003.
On June 8, 2012, award-winning journalist Karyn Pugliese was appointed as the director of news and current affairs for APTN. Pugliese previously worked as the Ottawa correspondent for APTN National News from 2000 to 2006.
Journalists
In addition to the primary anchors, journalists, video journalists, producers and researchers associated with APTN National News include: Trina Roache (Halifax Bureau); Danielle Rochette, Tom Fennario (Montreal Bureau); Annette Francis, Jorge Barrera, Kenneth Jackson, Mark Blackburn, Francine Compton (Ottawa Bureau); Willow Fiddler (Thunder Bay Bureau) Dennis Ward, Bruce Spence, (Winnipeg Newsroom); Larissa Burnouf (Saskatoon Bureau); Chris Stewart, Brandi Morin (Edmonton Bureau); Tina House, Mark Solnoky (Vancouver Bureau); Kent Driscoll, (Iqaluit Bureau); Cullen Crozier (Yellowknife Bureau); Shirley Maclean (Whitehorse Bureau).
Journalists and producers associated with APTN Investigates include Holly Moore, Melissa Ridgen (senior writer/researcher), Kathleen Martens (senior writer/researcher), Josh Grummett (video journalist), Cullen Crozier (video journalist), Rob Smith (video journalist), Paul Barnsley (executive producer). APTN Investigates has won 3 Amnesty International awards for human rights reporting, 2 Canadian Association of Journalists Awards, and in 2016 executive Producer Paul Barnsley was recognized by Journalists for Human rights with a lifetime achievement award for human rights reporting.
Journalists and producers associated with APTN InFocus include Cheryl McKenzie and Shirley Maclean.
Journalists and producers associated with Nation to Nation include Todd Lamirande and Jorge Barrera.
History
APTN National News first went to air on a daily basis on October 28, 2002 and hosted by Nola Wuttunee until 2006. Prior to the daily launch of APTN National News the newscast on APTN was called In-Vision News and was hosted by Carol Morin (2000-2001). In-Vision News debuted on April 16, 2000. Other previous hosts of APTN National News included Donna Smith (2006-2008), Holly Bernier (2008-2009), Todd Lamirande (2008-2010); Patrice Mousseau (2009-2010) and Dana Foster (2011).
APTN National News Contact was hosted by Rick Harp from 2000 to 2005, Madeleine Allakariallak 2005-2007 and Cheryl McKenzie 2007-2009.
Previous hosts, producers, reporters, video journalists and researchers with APTN National News, Contact/InFocus/Investigates have included:
Winnipeg Newsroom: Maryann Flett (2000); John Stevens (2000-2001); Don Langford (2000-2001); Carol Morin (2000-2001); Rick Ratte (2000-2002); Colleen Simard (2001-2002); Vera Houle (2001-2002); Greg Taylor (2000-2004); Rick Harp (2000-2005); Stephanie Wood (2000-2005); Rosanna Deerchild (2000-2006); Nola Wuttunee (2001–2006); Lorne Olsen (2006); Tim Fontaine (2002-2006); Shaneen Robinson (2005-2006); Madeleine Allakariallak (2005-2007); Donna Smith (2006-2008); Holly Bernier (2007–2009); Neil Coligan (2006-2009); Mark Halsall (2007-2009); Jillian Taylor (2007-2010); Darrell Doxtader (2009-2010); Patrice Mousseau (2009-2010); Priscilla Wolf (2007-2011); Dana Foster (2011); Tiar Wilson (2008-2012), Meagan Fiddler (2010-2012), Ntawnis Piapot (2012-2013),
Halifax Bureau: Maureen Googoo (2000-2007); Trina Roache (2001-2008; 2014-); Asna Adhami (2006-2007); Jodie Barnaby (2007–2010); James Hopkin (2008-2011); Taryn Della (2011-2012); Tim Fontaine (2012-2013).
Montreal Bureau: Emanuel Lowi (2003).
Ottawa Bureau: Karyn Pugliese (2000-2006);David Moses (2000-2001); Don Young (2000-2001); Ken Williams (2001-2004); Greg Taylor (2004-2008); Janet Leader (2007-2008).
Toronto Bureau: Ken Williams (2000-2001); Nicole Robertson (2001-2002); Donna Smith (2002-2012); Judi Halfe (2008); Harmony Rice (2008); Nina DeVries (2006-2010); Wayne Roberts (2009-2011); Candace Maracle (2011).
Saskatoon Bureau: Ken Williams (2004-2006); Cherish Francis (2006-2010); Priscilla Wolf (2011-2012).
Edmonton Bureau: Nicole Robertson (2001-2002); Judi Halfe (2006); Claudia Jones (2008); Sean Amato (2007-2009); William Belcourt (2009); Kelly Chalifaux (2009); Jeremy Lafond (2009).
Vancouver Bureau: Todd Lamirande (2000-2004); Shirley McLean (2005-2006); Sonya Rani Anatole (2006); Wayne Roberts (2006); Leena Minifie (2006–2007).
Iqaluit Bureau: Juanita Taylor (2007-2008); Wayne Rivers (2009-2012).
Yellowknife Bureau: Charles Laird (2000-2001); Roy Dahl (2003–2005); Charlene LaBillois (2006); Janet Leader (2006-2007); Dene-Za Antoine (2006-2008); Norm Byatt (2007-2009); Amos Scott (2006-2010); Curtis Mandeville (2011-2012).
Whitehorse Bureau: Roxanne Livingstone (2006-2009); Dez Loreen (2010); Shirley McLean (2010 - 2016)
Previous news directors have included Dan David (1999-2001); Jim Compton (2001-2002), Rita Deverell (2002-2005) and Vera Houle (2005-2011) Karyn Pugliese (2012- present).
References
External links
APTN National News
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network original programming
2002 Canadian television series debuts
2000s Canadian television news shows
2010s Canadian television news shows
2020s Canadian television news shows
Television shows filmed in Winnipeg |
4032772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema%20Central | Sistema Central | The Central System, Spanish and , is one of the main systems of mountain ranges in the Iberian Peninsula. The 2,592 m high Pico Almanzor is its highest summit.
The Central System is located just north of the 40th parallel and its ranges divide the drainage basin of the Tagus from the basin of the Douro.
Description
The Sistema Central is a primary feature of the Meseta Central, the inner Iberian plateau, splitting the meseta into two parts. The Sistema Central runs in an ENE - WSW direction roughly along the southern border of the Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León and Extremadura continuing into the Guarda and Castelo Branco districts in Portugal.
Unlike the neighboring Sistema Ibérico, the Sistema Central range is a quite homogeneous system. It consists of several ranges that formed 25 million years ago as part of the Alpine orogeny.
The major mountain ranges are the Sierra de Guadarrama, which runs approximately along the border of the Madrid and Castile and León autonomous communities, the Sierra de Gredos north of the border between Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha stretching into Extremadura and containing the range's highest mountain, Pico Almanzor, at 2,592 m, as well as the Serra da Estrela, containing the highest point in continental Portugal, A Torre, 1,993 m. Other notably large ranges are Sierra de Gata and Sierra de Ayllón. The Central System links with the Sistema Ibérico at its eastern end through the Sierra de Pela, the Altos de Barahona and Sierra Ministra, the latter already fully part of the Iberian System.
"Sistema Central" is a widely known academic geographical term. Local inhabitants, however, generally refer to the Sistema Central by the names of its smaller constituent ranges.
Mountain ranges
The main ranges of the Sistema Central from west to east followed by their highest points are:
Serra da Lousã, Trevim, 1,205 m.
Serra do Moradal
Serra da Estrela, Torre, 1,993 m.
Sierra de Gata, Jálama, 1,492 m.
Sierra de la Canchera, Pico Tiendas, 1,590 m
Sierra de Francia, Pico de la Hastiala, 1,735 m.
Sierra de Béjar, Canchal de la Ceja, 2,430 m.
Sierra de Gredos, Pico Almanzor, 2,592 m.
Sierra de la Horcajada, Risco de la Umbrela, 1,562 m.
Sierra de Villafranca, Cerro Moros, 2,059 m.
Sierra de Piedra Aguda, Piedra Aguda, 1,817 m.
La Serrota, Cerro del Santo, 2,294 m.
Sierra de Hoyocasero, Navasolana, 1,708 m.
Sierra de la Paramera, Pico Zapatero, 2,160 m.
Sierra de Ávila, Cerro de Gorría, 1,708 m.
Sierra de Ojos Albos, Cruz de Hierro, 1,657 m.
Sierra de Malagón, Cueva Valiente, 1,903 m.
Sierra de San Vicente, Cruces, 1,373 m.
Sierra de Guadarrama, Peñalara, 2,428 m.
La Mujer Muerta, La Pinareja, 2,197 m.
Siete Picos, Siete Picos, 2,138 m.
La Maliciosa, Maliciosa, 2,227 m.
Cuerda Larga, Cabeza de Hierro Mayor, 2,383 m.
Sierra de la Morcuera, La Najarra, 2,122 m.
Sierra de Canencia, Mondalindo, 1,831 m.
Sierra de la Cabrera, Cancho Largo, 1,564 m.
Sierra de Somosierra, Colgadizos, 1,834 m.
Sierra de Ayllón, Pico del Lobo, 2,274 m.
Sierra de la Puebla, La Tornera, 1,866 m.
Sierra del Ocejón, Ocejón, 2,049 m.
Sierra de Alto Rey, Alto Rey, 1,858 m.
Sierra de Pela, Sima de Somolinos, 1,548 m.
Main ranges and features
See also
Geography of Spain, section "The Inner Plateau and associated mountains"
Sierra de Guadarrama
Las Hurdes
List of mountain ranges in the world named The Sleeping Lady
Topographical relief of Spain
References
Wes Gibbons & Teresa Moreno, The geology of Spain. Geological Society of London, 2003
External links
Physical geography and geology of Spain
Virtual Cadastral
Sistema Central in Montipedia
Ascensión al Mondalindo
Subida al Ocejón
Ascensión a la Sierra de la Puebla
Al cobijo de los Altos de Barahona
Central
Central
Central |
4032779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%20Ginestal%20Machado | António Ginestal Machado | António Ginestal Machado (3 May 1873 – 28 June 1940; ) was a Portuguese politician. He was born in Almeida, graduated in Law at the University of Coimbra and became a high-school teacher. A member of the moderate Republican Union, he was one of the promoters of its fusion with the Evolutionist Party which originated the Republican Liberal Party. He was President of the Ministry (Prime Minister), from 15 November to 14 December 1923, in a minority government. He resigned due to the opposition of President Manuel Teixeira Gomes of dissolving the parliament, after an insurrection attempt. He died in Santarém.
References
1873 births
1940 deaths
People from Guarda District
Prime Ministers of Portugal
University of Coimbra alumni |
4032781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha%27%20al-Din%20Naqshband | Baha' al-Din Naqshband | Baha' al-Din Naqshband (; 1318–1389) was the eponymous founder of what would become one of the largest Sufi Sunni orders, the Naqshbandi.
Background
Baha al-Din was born in March 1318 in the village of Qasr-i Hinduvan, which was one farsakh from the city of Bukhara. Like the majority of the sedentary population of the region, Baha al-Din was a Tajik, i.e. a speaker of Persian and a participant in its culture. According to H. Algar / Encyclopædia Iranica, the texts that claim Baha al-Din was descended from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Ja'far al-Sadiq (died 765), should be "treated with reserve". Early texts do not mention Baha al-Din's supposed ancestry to Muhammad, but they do imply that his teacher Amir Kulal (died 1370) was a descendant of Muhammad through Ja'far al-Sadiq, which may suggest that their genealogies were later mixed up.
Life
Three days after his birth, Baha al-Din was adopted as a spiritual son by Baba Mohammad Sammasi, a master of the Khwajagan, a Sufi order founded by Yusuf Hamadani (died 1140). It was Baha al-Din's paternal grandfather who brought him to Sammasi, as he was a murid (novice) of the latter. Sammasi later entrusted Baha al-Din's training to his distinguished student Amir Kulal.
Early texts do not mention how Baha al-Din gained the nickname "Naqshband", nor its meaning. An agreement was later partly reached that it referred to the naqsh (imprint) of the name of Allah that is firm in the heart through constant and continuous prayer. In Bukhara, Baha al-Din more practically became its patron saint and was commonly referred to as "Khwaja Bala-gardan" by its inhabitants. Amongst the members of the present-day Naqshbandi order, particularly in Turkey, Baha al-Din is known as "Shah-e Naqshband."
Some historians agree that the original Naqshbandi had a particularly Iranian or Khurasanian attitude, which according to H. Algar / Encyclopædia Iranica is supported by the fact that Baha al-Din was surrounded by a company of urban dwellers that mostly spoke Tajik. However, the Naqshbandi had also been influenced by Turkic Sufi order, the Yasawiyya, and thus had a Turkic component as well. Three generations after Baha al-Din's death, the Naqshbandi started receiving support among the Turkic inhabitants of Central Asia, thus displaying an all-inclusive appeal.
Baha al-Din died on 2 March 1389 in Qasr-i Hinduvan, which was then renamed Qasr-i Arifan out of respect to him.
References
Sources
Further reading
1318 births
1389 deaths
Naqshbandi order
Sufi religious leaders
Sufis
Founders of Sufi orders
Sufi saints
Mystics from Iran |
4032789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan%20Research%20Council | Saskatchewan Research Council | The Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) is a provincial treasury board crown corporation engaged in research and technology development on behalf of the provincial government and private industry. It focuses on applied research and development projects that generate profit. Some of its funding comes from government grants, but it generates the balance from selling products and services. With nearly 300 employees and $137 million in annual revenues, SRC is the second largest research and technology organization in Canada.
History
The Province of Saskatchewan established SRC in 1947. SRC carried out its work through grants-in-aid to specific applied research activities at the University of Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Research Council's first Director of Research was Thorbergur Thorvaldson, head of the university's chemistry department.
In 1954, SRC expanded its mandate to incorporate independent research. Under Warren's direction, SRC opened its own laboratories in 1958 and then expanded in 1963.
In 1986 the research and development branch of SaskOil was transferred to SRC.
Research
SRC's research history includes developing a residential energy conservation research report that was used in the National Building Code of Canada. SRC also mapped the groundwater resources in Saskatchewan south of the Precambrian Shield. Its scientists evaluated Saskatchewan's extensive lignite (coal) resources. SRC's GenServe Laboratories were involved in testing for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow disease). SRC is also known for building the Factor 9 home, which uses 90 per cent less energy and 50 per cent less water than a similar home built during the 1970s. In the past they housed a SLOWPOKE-II nuclear research reactor (that had 16 kW thermal power) that performed analytical tests. SRC's SLOWPOKE-2 reactor operated from 1981 until being shut down in December 2017. Decommissioning was expected to be completed sometime in 2020. In the early 2000s, SRC developed a suite of dual-fuel hydrogen vehicles that led to the launch of Saskatchewan’s first hydrogen fuelling station in 2010
Current research is conducted in a range of laboratories and test facilities. SRC's Environmental Analytical Laboratories provide environmental monitoring and other tests to clients. Its Geoanalytical Laboratory provides geochemical analyses for the mineral exploration industry. Other labs include
Petroleum Analytical Laboratories,
a Biofuels Test Centre,
a Pipe Flow Technology Centre, and
a diamond testing facility.
SRC is contracted by the Government of Saskatchewan to manage the thirty-seven abandoned mines and mill sites near Lake Athabasca through Project CLEANS.
In 2017, SRC launched the Centre for the Demonstration of Emissions Reduction (CeDER), a test and verification facility to help industry manage and reduce its GHG emissions.
In 2020, SRC was awarded $31 million dollars in funding for a first-of-its-kind Rare Earth Processing Facility in Saskatchewan.
See also
Innovation Place Research Park
University of Saskatchewan Academics
Notes
External links
Saskatchewan Research Council
Project CLEANS
Technology companies of Canada
Crown corporations of Saskatchewan
Research institutes in Canada
Companies based in Regina, Saskatchewan
Companies based in Saskatoon
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan |
4032790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Adolf%20Pr%C3%BCtzmann | Hans-Adolf Prützmann | Hans-Adolf Prützmann (31 August 1901 – 16 May 1945) was among the highest-ranking German SS officials during the Nazi era. From June 1941 to September 1944, he served as a Higher SS and Police Leader in the occupied Soviet Union, and from November 1943 was the Supreme SS and Police Leader in Ukraine. He oversaw the activities of the Einsatzgruppen detachments that perpetrated the Holocaust in the Baltic States and Ukraine. After being captured at the end of the Second World War, he committed suicide.
Early life
Prützmann was born in the East Prussian town of Tolkemit, the son of a businessman. After completing his secondary education at the gymnasium, Prützmann became a member of the Freikorps "Aulock" between 1918 and 1921, seeing active service in the Upper Silesian uprisings in the summer of 1921. Afterwards, he studied agriculture at the University of Göttingen from 1921 to 1923 and then worked for seven years as an agricultural official in the Prussian provinces of Pomerania, Brandenburg, and East Prussia.
Peacetime SS career
Prützmann joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1929 (membership number 142,290) and was a holder of the Golden Party Badge. He entered the SA shortly afterward, but he left the SA and transferred to the SS in Bochum on 12 August 1930 (SS number 3,002).
By August 1931 he was promoted to SS-Standartenführer and became the first commander (führer) of the 19th SS-Standarte "Westfalen-Nord," based in Gelsenkirchen. At this point in time, Prützmann's career began a steep rise. In April 1932, he was elected to the Landtag of Prussia. In July of that year he was elected to the Reichstag from electoral constituency 17, Westphalia-North. He would continue to serve in the Reichstag until the end of the Nazi regime, and he would successively represent East Prussia, Württemburg and Hamburg, as his SS postings changed.
In September 1932, Prützmann transferred from Westphalia to take command of the 18th SS-Standarte "Ostpreussen", based in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). This was followed by a stint as commander of SS-Abschnitt (District) X based in Stuttgart from July to November 1933. He was promoted to SS-Brigadeführer in November 1933, and appointed the first commander of the newly-formed SS-Oberabschnitt (Main District) "Südwest," also based in Stuttgart. In February 1934, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Gruppenführer.
From 1 March 1937 through 30 April 1941, Prützmann led SS-Oberabschnitt "Nordwest" (renamed "Nordsee" 20 April 1940) whose headquarters were in Hamburg. In June 1937, he joined the State government as a Staatsrat (State Councillor) and member of the Hamburg Senate. At the end of March 1938, he was named chief of police administration for Hamburg, Germany's second largest city. When the post of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer (HSSPF), (Higher SS and Police Leader) "Nordwest" was created on 28 June 1938 (renamed "Nordsee" 20 April 1940), Prutzmann became the first holder of this position. As HSSPF, he reported directly to Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. From Hamburg, Prützmann was transferred on 30 April 1941 to become the HSSPF "Nordost" and commander of the Oberabschnitt "Nordost," in Königsberg.
World War II
By April 1941, Prützmann had been appointed Generalleutnant (Lieutenant General) of Police. Immediately after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he took up the position of HSSPF "Ostland und Rußland-Nord" (Baltics and Northern Russia) in Riga on 29 June 1941. In this position, he was responsible for internal security and combating partisans in the Army Group North Rear Area encompassing the Baltic States and western Belorussia. He commanded all SS, SD (Security Service) and Order Police in the region, including Police Regiment North. He retained this position until November 1941 and then was transferred to become HSSPF "Rußland-Süd" (Southern Russia), headquartered in Kiev. At that time he was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer and General of Police.
In early 1942, Prützmann was put in charge of securing forced labor for the Durchgangsstrasse IV, a large project to built a road from Lemberg (now Lviv) to Stalino (now Donetsk). Workers came from Soviet prisoners of war and Jewish concentration camp inmates. Thousands perished from the harsh conditions and from liquidation of the labor camps when the project was completed.
On August 1942, Himmler made Prützmann responsible for all anti-partisan activities in Ukraine. During the first half of 1943, Prützmann conducted numerous anti-partisan operations, each one resulting in the deaths or capture of many thousands.
The next major advancement in Prützmann's career came on 29 October 1943 when he was named to the new post of Höchster SS- und Polizeiführer (HöSSPF), (Supreme SS and Police Leader) "Ukraine," one of only two officers to attain this designation, the other being SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff in Italy. In this post, Prützmann oversaw his own HSSPF "Rußland-Süd" as well as HSSPF "Schwarzes Meer" (Black Sea). His vast jurisdiction encompassed some sixteen subordinate SS- und Polizeiführer (SSPF) commands, and controlled the largest contingent of Order Police battalions and Schutzmannschaft (Auxiliary Police) battalions in any of the occupied territories.
Role in the Holocaust in the Baltics
From June to November 1941, Prützmann held the post of HSSPF in the Baltic States under Hinrich Lohse, who was in charge of the Reichskommissariat Ostland. The killing of Jews and other persons began almost immediately, and at first they were primarily conducted by a specialized mobile killing group (Einsatzgruppe A). In late July 1941, Einsatzgruppe A moved out of the Baltics as it followed the German Army Group North further east into the Soviet Union, and primary responsibility for organizing the murder of Jews then moved to the Riga office of the SD. As HSSPF, Prützmann was in charge of the SD, and the person responsible for locally implementing the Final Solution.
After the departure of Einsatzgruppe A, a dispute arose among the Nazi rulers about their so-called "Jewish problem." One group, consisting mainly of civilian Nazi Party administrators headed by Lohse, and backed by Alfred Rosenberg, the Reichsminister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, wanted to confine the Jews to ghettos, confiscate all their property and work them as slave laborers in support of Germany's war effort. Reichsführer-SS Himmler, the overall head of the SS and SD, and Prützmann's direct superior, wanted the Jews exterminated as quickly as possible. Up until November, 1941, the Lohse/Rosenberg faction had prevailed. Although about 30,000 of Latvia's approximately 70,000 Jews and 80,000 of Lithuania's 210,000 had been killed by then, Himmler was unhappy with the pace. He replaced Prützmann in mid-November 1941 with Friedrich Jeckeln, who in Ukraine had developed his own "Jeckeln system" of killing 10,000 or more people in a single day. Prützmann was assigned to Ukraine in Jeckeln's place. By the time Jeckeln took over as HSSPF, massive numbers of Jews had already been killed under Prützmann's administration, including those in the early Liepāja massacres. Also, Prützmann was responsible for rounding up additional masses of Jews and confining them together into ghettos, which allowed them to be more readily killed later by Jeckeln and others.
Role in the Holocaust in Ukraine
When Prützmann arrived in Ukraine in November 1941, mass murders of Jews and other Ukrainians had already been underway since shortly after the German invasion in June. In fact, some of the most notorious mass executions such as those at Babi Yar (29-30 September) and Nikolaev (16-30 September) had already taken place under the direction of Prützmann's predecessor, Jeckeln. There were two Einszatsgruppen (designated C and D) operating in Ukraine and they continued their gruesome work throughout Prützmann's tenure. Shortly after his arrival, the massacre at Drobytsky Yar on 15 December took place in which over 16,000 were murdered. In Dnepropetrovsk in February 1942, Einsatzgruppe D reduced the city's Jewish population from 30,000 to 702 over the course of four days. In the Lutsk Ghetto on 19–23 August 1942 another 14,700 victims were murdered. At Volodymyr-Volynskyi on 1-3 September an estimated 13,500 were shot.
Ongoing executions continued to take place throughout the remainder of the Nazi occupation under Prützmann's administration. Though most mass killings were committed by the Einsatzgruppen, as HSSPF, Prützmann commanded the SS, SD, Order Police and Auxiliary Police battalions that also took part in the suppression, persecution and murder of Jews and other Ukrainians, as the following illustrates:
Throughout 1942, Prützmann was heavily implicated in the actions against the Jews and the partisans of the Ukraine ... and Prützmann showed himself to be a willing participant by his ruthless methods ... On 27 October 1942, Himmler directed Prützmann to clear the ghetto at Pinsk, with the intention of making the Ukraine Judenfrei, and by 26 December 1942, Prützmann was able to report to Himmler that 363,21 Jews had been liquidated.
Last assignments, capture and suicide
In January 1944, Prützmann was placed in command of his own Kampfgruppe (Battle Group) "Prützmann" under the command of Army Group South and was awarded with the German Cross in Gold for his actions. As Red Army advances on the eastern front pushed the German forces out of Ukraine, he moved back to Königsburg where he was still the titular HSSPF, though others had acted on his behalf during his long assignment in the Soviet Union. In June 1944, he was made Himmler's liaison officer to OKW (Armed Forces High Command) and, on 1 July 1944, he was made a General of the Waffen-SS.
One of his last major assignments came in September 1944 when Prützmann was appointed by Himmler as Generalinspekteur für Spezialabwehr (Inspector General for Special Defense) and assigned the task of setting up Operation Werwolf headquarters in Berlin, and organizing and instructing this force for operations behind the enemy lines. Prützmann had studied the guerrilla tactics used by Russian partisans while stationed in Ukraine and the idea was to teach these tactics to the members of Operation Werwolf. As originally conceived, the Werwolf units were intended to be legitimate uniformed military formations trained to engage in clandestine operations behind enemy lines in the same manner as Allied Special Forces such as commandos.
On 21 November 1944, Prützmann was named the General Plenipotentiary to the Nazi puppet state established in Croatia. In early 1945, under orders from Himmler, Prützmann directed the assassination by Werwolf operatives of the Allied-appointed mayor of Aachen, Franz Oppenhoff. After Adolf Hitler's suicide, Prützmann briefly acted as Himmler's representative to the Flensburg government of Großadmiral Karl Donitz, until Dönitz made it clear that he had no interest in Himmler's involvement in the administration. Shortly after the war ended, Prützmann was captured in Lüneburg by elements of the British 2nd Army on 15 May 1945. The next day, while being transported to the interrogation center in Diest, he committed suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule he had hidden in a cigarette lighter. Some sources incorrectly give 21 May as his date of death, but 16 May is documented by the contemporaneous diary entry of British Major Norman Whittaker who was present at Lüneburg.
Awards and decorations
Golden Party Badge
German Cross in Gold
Iron Cross (1939), 1st and 2nd class
War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd class with Swords
In fiction
In the 1972 Frederick Forsyth novel The Odessa File the head of ODESSA is given as SS General Richard Glücks who is determined to destroy the State of Israel nearly two decades after the end of World War II, while the head of ODESSA in Germany is a former SS Officer called the "Werwolf" who is implied to be Prützmann. (If the real Glücks had still been alive he would have been 74 years old and Prützmann would have been 62 in 1963).
See also
Holocaust in Estonia
Holocaust in Latvia
Holocaust in Lithuania
Holocaust in Ukraine
References
Sources
Ezergailis, Andrew, The Holocaust in Latvia 1941–1944The Missing Center, Historical Institute of Latvia (in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) Riga 1996
Reitlinger, Gerald, The SS: Alibi of a Nation 1922–1945. Viking (Da Capo reprint), New York 1957
External links
Holocaust in the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
1901 births
1945 suicides
German police chiefs
Holocaust perpetrators in Estonia
Holocaust perpetrators in Latvia
Holocaust perpetrators in Lithuania
Holocaust perpetrators in Russia
Holocaust perpetrators in Ukraine
Members of the Landtag of Prussia
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Nazi Party politicians
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Nazis who committed suicide in prison custody
People from East Prussia
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
Reichskommissariat Ostland
Reichskommissariat Ukraine
Riga Ghetto
SS and Police Leaders
SS-Obergruppenführer
Sturmabteilung personnel
Suicides by cyanide poisoning
20th-century Freikorps personnel
University of Göttingen alumni
Waffen-SS personnel |
4032791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Rhys%2C%208th%20Baron%20Dynevor | Charles Rhys, 8th Baron Dynevor | Charles Arthur Uryan Rhys, 8th Baron Dynevor CBE (21 September 1899 – 15 December 1962), was a British peer and politician. He was the son of Walter FitzUryan Rice, 7th Baron Dynevor.
Rhys was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned into the Grenadier Guards. In 1919 he was awarded the Order of St. Anne of Russia. He resigned his commission as a Lieutenant in 1920. He was appointed deputy lieutenant for Carmarthenshire in 1925 and a justice of the peace in 1931.
Rhys served as a Conservative Member of Parliament for Romford from 1923 until 1929, when defeated by Labour's H.T. Muggeridge. He returned to the House of Commons two years later, when he was elected at an unopposed by-election in 1931 as MP for Guildford, holding the seat until he stood down at the 1935 United Kingdom general election. He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Stanley Baldwin from 1927 to 1929.
On 29 September 1934 he married Hope Mary Woodbine who had formerly been the wife of Captain Arthur Granville Soames, OBE, of the Coldstream Guards.
Rhys served as Deputy Chairman of the Sun Insurance Company and as Chairman of the Cities of London and Westminster Conservative Association from 1948 until 1960. He was also the Governor of the National Museum of Wales.
From 1950 until 1962 Rhys was President of the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, (now called Cardiff University).
When he died at the age of 63, death duties previously incurred by the 7th Baron had not been paid, placing an intolerable financial burden on the next in line of descent, his son Richard Charles Uryan Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor.
References
External links
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1931–1935
Dynevor, B8
Grenadier Guards officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
08
People associated with Cardiff University
People educated at Eton College
1899 births
1962 deaths
Parliamentary Private Secretaries to the Prime Minister
Politics of Guildford
Politics of the London Borough of Havering
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deputy Lieutenants of Carmarthenshire
Dynevor, Charles Rhys, 8th Baron
Charles
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Guildford |
4032798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKPT%20%28AM%29 | WKPT (AM) | WKPT (1400 AM) is a North American radio station, located in Kingsport, Tennessee. It operates with a daytime/nighttime power of 1,000 watts. WKPT is one of the oldest radio stations in East Tennessee, first taking the airwaves in 1940.
Programming
WKPT (AM) broadcasts an all-sports format featuring programming from ESPN Radio.
Local programming features "Sports Magazine," hosted by sports director Scott Gray, on Monday evenings. "Sports Magazine" has been a fixture on the station for more than two decades.
WKPT (AM) has long been the home of Dobyns-Bennett (Kingsport) High School sports, heard on the flagship frequency of 1400 kHz and its translator at 94.3 FM.
In the late 1980s, coverage of Science Hill (Johnson City) High School was added on 1590 kHz (the former WJSO, which broadcasts from nearby Jonesborough TN) and its translator at 97.7 FM. These broadcasts, featuring Tim Cable on play-by-play and Scott Gray on color analysis, have won state awards from the Associated Press.
And in the early 1990s, Bristol coverage of Tennessee High School Sports was added on WOPI which has broadcast since 1929 (it was the Tri-Cities' first broadcast station) and is at 1490 kHz. WOPI employs a Bristol translator at 97.9 FM.
WKPT has, for decades, featured live play-by-play sports of the University Of Tennessee/Knoxville (the "Vols" or "Big Orange") from the Vol Radio Network. This included the 1999 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl in which the Vols defeated the Florida State Seminoles 23-16 for the first BCS national championship. That game was the final football broadcast for 30-year announce team John Ward and Bill Anderson (Ward would announce the 1998-99 Vol men's basketball season before retiring; he did the basketball games solo).
Sister stations
WKPT, WOPI-1490 Bristol, and WKTP-1590 Jonesborough/Johnson City are owned by Holston Valley Broadcasting Corporation, a subsidiary of Glenwood Communications Corporation. Each carries a substantial amount of the same programming each week but breaks away for local sports, specialized programming, and other community events.
Translators
Holston Valley Broadcasting also operates television stations WKPT-TV 19 (Cozi TV) and WAPK-CD 36 (MeTV). Other radio stations in the chain include WTFM-FM, WMEV-FM, WVEK-FM and WRZK-FM (95.9 The Hog).
The station was assigned the WKPT call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.
History
From its initial sign-on, in 1940, WKPT (AM) broadcast a full-service format of music, news, and play-by-play sports. WKPT promoted itself as "The Nation's Model Station" and was an NBC Radio Network affiliate.
WKPT's studios were destroyed by fire in September 1946. New, expanded studios were formally opened in April 1948.
Notable on-air personalities (a * indicates the personality is deceased) were:
Paul Overbay (early Program Director and announcer, dating back to virtually the station's 1940 beginnings);
Charlie Deming (read on about "The Gloom Chaser");
Martin Karant (perhaps the most notable voice and the personality with whom the station was most closely identified);
Bill Freehoff (who became notable for his editorials and their simple close of "Think about it!");
Bill Trailer;
George DeVault (who started as a student announcer at age 14, and has served as President and CEO of Holston Valley Broadcasting Corporation for nearly four decades);
George Sells (who later worked TV news in Detroit and other markets under his real name, and for ABC Radio News as "George Caldwell"); and
John Palmer (who later worked for NBC-TV on The Today Show and for PBS).
Later personalities included:
Bob Morris (went on to jobs at several notable Top-40 stations);
Bob Lawrence (still employed in the market as a systems specialist or "IT guy");
Carl Swann (served in many capacities for WKPT, later became half of WTFM's first "male/female" morning show, "Carl & Jody," and is now half of a talk morning show across the market);
Ted Tate (who went on to work for the Voice Of America in Washington DC);
Doug Newton (took over mornings for a time after Charlie Deming's retirement, and was an identifiable play-by-play voice for many years);
Gordon Light (who went on to jobs at high-profile 50,000-watt stations including WLAC/Nashville and "The Big One" WLW/Cincinnati);
Mike Padgett (started radio at 15, came to WKPT at 16, became the station's "voice of the new young generation," and was associated with the station for over 30 years); and
Elva Marie (who still works for sister station WTFM in the midday slot).
In the latter 1970s the station leaned more in a Top-40 direction and switched network affiliations to ABC, which meant Paul Harvey began to be heard on WKPT.
In January 1986, when 100,000-watt sister station WTFM switched to adult contemporary music, WKPT took over WTFM's former beautiful music format.
Later, in 1993, the station switched to adult standards from ABC Radio Networks.
WKPT has a colorful programming past, as it broadcast full-service programming for more than 70 years prior to the beginnings of sports-talk. The music featured during the full-service years included big-band, swing, standards, adult contemporary, Top-40, instrumental beautiful music, and finally oldies.
The early-morning show on WKPT was a unique experience for the station's first three decades, as it was hosted by Charles Preston "Charlie" Deming. The story that has been handed down through the years has it that the then-manager of the station was in Asheville, North Carolina in the early 1940s, heard Deming's rich baritone voice calling out bus arrivals, and arranged on the spot to move Deming to Kingsport and hire him. For about 30 years, multiple generations of Kingsporters awoke to "The Gloom Chaser," which was used interchangeably to refer to Deming and to his show. One of his trademarks was to ask his listeners to "join him for a little coffee" and then audibly slurp from his mug. Deming's last day on the station was in late 1973, by which time he had cut back to Saturdays only. Charlie Deming died in 1974 in a significant "end-of-an-era" moment for WKPT.
Since other local AM stations signed off at sunset for many years, WKPT would appeal to younger listeners beginning in the early evening. Some of the popular shows in this vein were "Rock-O-Rama" and "The Midnight Sun" (which featured Top-40 music and were hosted by Bob Morris, Bob Lawrence and others), and "A New Day" (which offered more progressive programming and was hosted by Ted Tate, Mike Padgett and others).
Mike Padgett was a very exciting personality, joined the station in 1974 while still in high school, was one of the first staffers to enthusiastically bring a new and youthful energy to WKPT, and became the popular de facto "voice of the new young generation" for the station. Mike died in October 2017 at 59.
WKPT has long been famous for beginning programming which goes on to enjoy long runs. One such program was the mid-morning offering "Housewife Serenade" hosted by longtime personality Martin Karant. It was on the air for three decades and was broadcast live, daily, from the now-defunct Oakwood Supermarket on Eastman Road.
After Karant left the station in the early 1970s (he would return a decade later), "Housewife Serenade" was hosted to its conclusion by Doug Newton. (Newton, in addition to serving as an on-air personality, was a pivotal part of WKPT's live play-by-play sports until the 1980s.)
In 1985, an attempt was made to re-create the "live-midmorning-show-from-a-grocery-store" concept as WKPT began "AM Kingsport" from Food City on Eastman Road, coincidentally only hundreds of feet from where Oakwood (host site of "Housewife Serenade") had been. "AM Kingsport" was initially hosted by Ohio native Judy Harrison for its first years. It was then taken over by native East Tennessean Janet Johnson, who served for more than two decades. The show was renamed "AM Tri-Cities" in the late 1980s to reflect the fact that WKPT had begun simulcasting its signal to Johnson City TN (Bristol TN/VA was added in the early 1990s). The show saw only its third host when Johnson retired and former City-Of-Kingsport Transportation Director Dave Light took over. When the station changed formats to sports talk, more than 25 years after "AM Kingsport" had begun, the show (by this time originating from a new Food City in virtually the same location) was re-christened "The Dave Light Show."
Another longtime fixture on the station during its full-service years was the "Five-O'Clock Shadow Show," a program designed to ease the post-WWII working listener home from work during the 5-pm hour. "The Shadow Show," as it came to be affectionately known by the station and by listeners as well, was begun and hosted by Martin Karant, who would frequently sit his young son Kenneth on his lap, and they would read the newspaper comics on-air together.
The elder Karant notably sang both the show's opening theme, which was his lyrics to "Five O'Clock Whistle", and the closing theme, which was the standard tune, "Me And My Shadow."
The "Five O'Clock Shadow Show" was taken over, upon Karant's early-1970s departure from the station, by afternoon host Bob Lawrence, who would host the show for its remaining years until the late 1970s.
A short-lived, though popular, show in the 1980s was "Live At Ciatti's" from Ciatti's Italian Ristorante' on North Eastman Road. The show was hosted by Martin Karant (who had returned to company employment in 1982) and featured live music and singing by Johnson City musician Glen Shell. Karant and Shell would take requests from patrons in the restaurant and by phone from listeners. The show lasted about three years; the restaurant has since closed.
Martin Karant had a storied career with the WKPT stations (AM, FM beginning in 1948, and TV beginning in 1969). He was hired in 1942 at about age 24, served in virtually every management position the station had, and left in the early 1970s for a national position in Chicago with Elks International. (He had turned down an offer from NBC, preferring instead to work for WKPT.) He returned to the stations in 1982 to host the morning show on sister station WTFM, moved back to WKPT in 1986 when the stations swapped formats, and remained with the station until his retirement in 1998 at the age of 80. Martin Karant died in 2003, having turned 86, and was considered the last link to the station's storied early history.
WKPT also aired noted syndicated programming during its full-service years. Among these were "American Top 40" hosted by Casey Kasem, "Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember" hosted by Dick Clark, and "Al Mitchell's Rare & Scratchy Rock & Roll" hosted by Allen "Al" Mitchell (whose radio resume included a stint as Program Director of legendary powerhouse Top-40 station WOWO (AM) in Fort Wayne, Indiana). These shows aired primarily in the late 70s and early-to-mid 80s.
References
External links
Holston Valley Broadcasting Corporation
KPT
Sports radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1940
1940 establishments in Tennessee
Sullivan County, Tennessee |
4032799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%20Eisenhart | Churchill Eisenhart | Churchill Eisenhart (1913–1994) was a United States mathematician. He was Chief of the Statistical Engineering Laboratory (SEL), Applied Mathematics Division of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS).
Biography
Eisenhart was the son of Luther Eisenhart, a prominent mathematician in his own right.
Churchill Eisenhart was brought to the NBS from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1946 by Edward Condon, Director of the NBS, to establish a statistical consulting group to "substitute sound mathematical analysis for costly experimentation." He was allowed to recruit his own staff and, over the years, he brought many notable and accomplished statisticians to SEL. He served as its Chief from 1947 until his appointment as Senior Research Fellow in 1963. He retired in 1983 after which he formed the Standards Alumni Association, which he headed until his death in 1994.
Over his career, Eisenhart was awarded the U.S. Department of Commerce Exceptional Service Award in 1957; the Rockefeller Public Service Award in 1958; and the Wildhack Award of the National Conference of Standards Laboratories in 1982. He was elected President of the American Statistical Association (ASA) in 1971 and received the Association's Wilks Memorial Medal in 1977. Eisenhart was honored with an Outstanding Achievements Award of the Princeton University Class of 1934 and with Fellowships in the ASA, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Institute of Mathematical Sciences. He was a long-time member of the Cosmos Club.
References
Ingram Olkin (1992) A Conversation with Churchill Eisenhart. Statistical Science, 7, 512–530.
Joseph M. Cameron; Joan R. Rosenblatt (1995) Churchill Eisenhart, 1913–1994, The American Statistician, 49, 243–244.
Samuel S. Wilks Award Citation for 1977
An interview with Joseph Daly and Churchill Eisenhart about their experiences at Princeton 10 July 1984
An interview with Churchill Eisenhart about his experience at Princeton 10 July 1984
There is a photograph at
Churchill Eisenhart on the page Portraits of Statisticians
1913 births
1994 deaths
American statisticians
20th-century American mathematicians
Princeton University alumni
Presidents of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
University of Wisconsin people |
4032802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20of%20Comic%20Book%20Arts | Academy of Comic Book Arts | The Academy of Comic Book Arts (ACBA) was an American professional organization of the 1970s that was designed to be the comic book industry analog of such groups as the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Composed of comic-book professionals and initially formed as an honorary society focused on discussing the comic-book craft and hosting an annual awards banquet, the ACBA evolved into an advocacy organization focused on creators' rights.
The ACBA award, the Shazam, was a statuette in the shape of a lightning bolt. In addition to the creative awards, the ACBA also established the Academy of Comic Book Arts Hall of Fame award, inducting Superman creators Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster as its initial honorees.
History
Founded in 1970, the ACBA's first president was Stan Lee; its first vice-president was Dick Giordano. (Presidents initially served one-year terms.) The ACBA met monthly at the Manhattan headquarters of the Society of Illustrators.
The Academy's Shazam Award was a successor to the 1960s Alley Award; the ACBA held its first annual awards banquet at the Statler Hilton Hotel's Terrace Ballroom on May 12, 1971.
Aside from its Shazam Awards, the ACBA also published an annual fundraiser sketchbook. Contributing to the 36-page ACBA Sketchbook 1973 were Neal Adams, Sergio Aragones, Frank Brunner, Howard Chaykin, Dave Cockrum, Reed Crandall, Frank Frazetta, Michael Kaluta, Gil Kane, Gray Morrow, John Romita Sr., Mike Royer, Syd Shores, Jim Starlin, Jim Steranko, Herb Trimpe, and Wally Wood. The 48-page ACBA Sketchbook 1975 included Adams, Aragones, Chaykin, Kaluta, Kane, Romita Sr., Steranko, Wood, and John Byrne, Russ Heath, Jeff Jones, Harvey Kurtzman, Walt Simonson, Michael Whelan, and Berni Wrightson. Wood also contributed to the 1976 and 1977 sketchbooks.
Under its later president, artist Neal Adams, the ACBA became an advocacy organization for creators' rights. The comic-book industry at that time typically did not return artists' physical artwork after shooting the requisite film for printing, and in some cases destroyed the artwork to prevent unauthorized reprints. The industry also did not then offer royalties or residuals, common in such creative fields as book publishing, film and television, and the recording industry.
Historian Jon B. Cooke writes:
Adams wanted to focus on creator rights and pay rates, essentially making the ACBA a labor union. In a 1998 interview, Lee said, "ACBA became divided into two camps, it seemed. I wasn't interested in starting a union, so I walked away from it."
During 1970-1974, the ACBA Newsletter, varying in page count from 4-12 pages, was published by ACBA themselves on a roughly bi-monthly basis, subscriptions available to any interested party. The last known [from this writer] issue was #29, 1974.
Once the ACBA — riding a wave begun by the mid-'70s independent startup Atlas/Seaboard Comics, which instituted royalties and the return of artwork in order to attract creators — helped see those immediate goals achieved, it then gradually disbanded.
As writer Steven Grant notes, by 1977 the ACBA had "... disintegrated into what became Adams' "First Friday" professional get-togethers at his studio or apartment."
Irene Vartanoff was the final ACBA treasurer. In early 2005, approximately $3,000 in sketchbook sales plus general contributions to the ACBA and accumulated interest was donated from the ACBA's Bill Everett Fund — created in 1975 to help comics professionals in financial need — to The Hero Initiative (formerly known as A Commitment to Our Roots, or ACTOR), a federally chartered, not-for-profit corporation likewise dedicated.
Legacy
The ACBA was the first in a string of largely unsuccessful comics-industry organizations that includes the Comic Book Creators Guild (1978–1979), the Comic Book Professionals Association (CBPA, 1992–1994), and Comic Artists, Retailers and Publishers (CARP, 1998). The long-running exception had been the publishers' group the Comics Magazine Association of America (CMAA), founded in 1954 and lasting through 2011, as a response to public pressure and a Senate subcommittee on juvenile delinquency, and which created the self-censorship board the Comics Code Authority.
Grant summed up the ABCA's legacy this way:
Shazam Awards
The Shazam Awards were a series of awards given between 1970 and 1975 for outstanding achievement in the comic book field. Awards were given in the year following publication of the material (at a dinner ceremony modeled on the National Cartoonist Society's Reuben Award dinners). The Shazam Awards were based on nominations and were the first comics awards voted upon by industry professionals. The name of the award is that of the magic word used by the original Captain Marvel, a popular superhero of the 1940s and early 1950s.
Marvel's comic-book Secret Wars II #1 (1985) features a fictional scriptwriter, Stewart Cadwall (based on real-life writer Steve Gerber) who has a Shazam Award on his table. When Cadwall becomes a superhuman, his Shazam Award turns into a weapon. Cadwall and his Shazam Award re-appeared in Iron Man #197 (1985).
1970
Winners. Presented May 12, 1971.
Best Letterer: Sam Rosen (Marvel Comics)
Best Colorist: Jack Adler (DC Comics)
Best Story: "No Evil Shall Escape My Sight" by Dennis O'Neil & Neal Adams, Green Lantern/Green Arrow #76 (DC Comics)
Outstanding Achievement by an Individual: Jim Steranko (for book The Steranko History of Comics)
Best Foreign Title: Legionarios del Espacio (writer-artist Esteban Maroto, Spain)
Best New Talent: Barry Smith (Marvel Comics)
Best Humor Inker: Henry Scarpelli (DC Comics)
Best Humor Penciller: Bob Oksner (DC Comics)
Best Humor Writer: Carl Barks, Junior Woodchucks (Gold Key Comics)
Best Continuing Feature: Green Lantern/Green Arrow (DC Comics)
Special Recognition outside the Field: Nostalgia Press (for comic strip reprints)
Best Drama Inker: Dick Giordano
Best Drama Penciller: Neal Adams
Best Drama Writer: Dennis O'Neil
Hall of Fame: Jerry Siegel & Joe Shuster
Special Plaque: Stan Lee ("for forming ACBA")
1971
Winners. Presented 1972.
Best Continuing Feature: Conan the Barbarian (Marvel)
Best Individual Story: "Snowbirds Don't Fly" by Dennis O'Neil & Neal Adams, Green Lantern/Green Arrow #85 (DC)
Best Writer (Dramatic Division): Roy Thomas
Best Penciller (Dramatic Division): Neal Adams
Best Inker (Dramatic Division): Dick Giordano
Best Writer (Humor Division): John Albano
Best Penciller (Humor Division): Dan DeCarlo
Best Inker (Humor Division): Henry Scarpelli
Best Letterer: Gaspar Saladino
Best Colorist: Tatjana Wood
Best Foreign Artist: Frank Bellamy
Outstanding New Talent: (tie) Michael Kaluta, Richard Corben
Special Recognition: Gil Kane, "for Blackmark, his paperback comics novel"
Special Achievement by an Individual: Jack Kirby, "for his Fourth World series in Forever People, New Gods, Mister Miracle, Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen"
Hall of Fame: Will Eisner
1972
Winners. Presented 1973.
Best Continuing Feature: n.a.
Best Individual Story (Dramatic): "Dark Genesis" by Len Wein & Berni Wrightson, Swamp Thing #1 (DC).
Also nominated: "The Black Hound of Vengeance," by Roy Thomas & Barry Smith, Conan the Barbarian #20 (Marvel)
Best Individual Short Story (Dramatic): "The Demon Within" by John Albano & Jim Aparo, House of Mystery #201 (DC)
Best Writer (Dramatic Division): Len Wein, Swamp Thing
Best Penciller (Dramatic Division): Berni Wrightson, Swamp Thing
Best Inker (Dramatic Division): n.a.
Best Humor Story: "The Poster Plague" by Steve Skeates & Sergio Aragones, House of Mystery #202 (DC)
Best Writer (Humor Division): n.a.
Best Penciller (Humor Division): n.a.
Best Inker (Humor Division): Sergio Aragones, Mad
Best Letterer: n.a.
Best Colorist: n.a.
Best Foreign Artist: n.a.
Outstanding New Talent: n.a.
Special Award: DC letterer/proofreader Gerda Gattel "for bringing her special warmth to our history"
Superior Achievement by an Individual: Julius Schwartz "for bringing the Shazam Family back into print"
Hall of Fame: n.a.
1973
Nominees where known, and winners. Presented 1974.
Best Continuing Feature: Swamp Thing (DC)
Also nominated: Conan the Barbarian (Marvel), The Tomb of Dracula (Marvel)
Best Individual Story (Dramatic): "Song of Red Sonja" by Roy Thomas & Barry Smith, Conan the Barbarian #24 (Marvel)
Also nominated: "A Clockwork Horror" by Len Wein & Berni Wrightson, Swamp Thing #6 (DC); "Finally, Shuma-Gorath" by Steve Englehart & Frank Brunner Marvel Premiere #10 (Marvel)
Best Individual Short Story (Dramatic): "The Himalayan Incident" (Manhunter) by Archie Goodwin & Walt Simonson, Detective Comics #437 (DC)
Best Writer (Dramatic Division): Archie Goodwin (Manhunter in Detective Comics #437-443)
Also nominated: Roy Thomas (Conan the Barbarian); Len Wein (Swamp Thing)
Best Penciller (Dramatic Division): Berni Wrightson (Swamp Thing)
Also nominated: John Buscema (Conan the Barbarian, The Savage Sword of Conan); Mike Ploog (Marvel Spotlight, Frankenstein)
Best Inker (Dramatic Division): Dick Giordano (Justice League of America)
Also nominated: Tom Palmer (The Tomb of Dracula); Berni Wrightson (Swamp Thing)
Best Humor Story: "The Gourmet", Plop! #1 (DC)
Also nominated: "The Escape", Plop! #1; "F-f-frongs", Spoof #3 (Marvel); "Kung Fooey", Crazy #1 (Marvel)
Best Writer (Humor Division): (tie) Stu Schwartzberg; Steve Skeates
Also nominated: Roy Thomas, Marv Wolfman
Best Penciller (Humor Division): Marie Severin (Crazy)
Also nominated: Bob Foster (Crazy); Larry Hama (Crazy); Mike Ploog (Crazy)
Best Inker (Humor Division): Ralph Reese
Also nominated: Russ Heath; John Severin; Herb Trimpe
Best Letterer: Gaspar Saladino
Best Colorist: Glynis Wein
Best Foreign Comic Series: Lieutenant Blueberry
Outstanding New Talent: (tie) Walt Simonson; Jim Starlin
Also nominated: Klaus Janson
Superior Achievement by an Individual: Richard Corben
Hall of Fame: Carl Barks
1974
Nominees and winners. Presented 1975.
Best Continuing Feature: Conan the Barbarian (Marvel)
Also nominated: Man-Thing (Marvel), The Tomb of Dracula (Marvel)
Best Individual Story (Dramatic): "Götterdämmerung" by Archie Goodwin & Walt Simonson, Detective Comics #443 (DC)
Also nominated: "Night of the Stalker" by Sal Amendola with Vin Amendola, Steve Englehart, and Dick Giordano, Detective Comics #439 (DC); "Red Nails" by Roy Thomas & Barry Smith, Savage Tales #1-3 (Marvel)
Best Individual Short Story (Dramatic): "Cathedral Perilous" (Manhunter) by Archie Goodwin & Walt Simonson, Detective Comics #441 (DC)
Also nominated: "Burma Sky," by Archie Goodwin & Alex Toth, Our Fighting Forces #146 (DC); "Jenifer" by Bruce Jones & Berni Wrightson, Creepy #63 (Warren)
Best Writer (Dramatic Division): Archie Goodwin
Also nominated: Steve Gerber, Roy Thomas
Best Penciller (Dramatic Division): John Buscema
Also nominated: Gene Colan, Berni Wrightson
Best Inker (Dramatic Division): Dick Giordano
Also nominated: Frank Giacoia; Tom Palmer; Joe Sinnott
Best Humor Story: "Kaspar the Dead Baby" by Marv Wolfman & Marie Severin Crazy #8 (Marvel)
Also nominated: "The Boob Rube Story" by Stu Schwartzberg & Marie Severin, Crazy #4; "The Ecchorcist" by Marv Wolfman & Vance Rodewalt (Crazy #6); "Police Gory Story" by Stu Schwartzberg & Vance Rodewalt (Crazy #8)
Best Writer (Humor Division): Steve Skeates
Also nominated: Nick Cuti; Steve Gerber; Joe Gill
Best Penciller (Humor Division): Marie Severin
Also nominated: Dan DeCarlo; Frank Roberge; George Wildman
Best Inker (Humor Division): Ralph Reese
Also nominated: Rudy Lapick; Frank Roberge; Marie Severin; George Wildman
Best Letterer: John Costanza
Also nominated: Annette Kawecki; Gaspar Saladino; Artie Simek
Best Colorist: Tatjana Wood
Also nominated: Marie Severin; Glynis Wein
Outstanding New Talent: Craig Russell
Also nominated: Paul Gulacy; Al Milgrom
Superior Achievement by an Individual: Roy Thomas
Also nominated: Barry Smith; Jim Starlin
Hall of Fame: Jack Kirby
Also nominated: Alex Toth; Wally Wood
Additional credits where not given in cited source:
See also
Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors
Creator ownership
Alley Award
Bill Finger Award
Eagle Awards
Eisner Award
Harvey Award
Inkpot Award
Kirby Award
National Comics Award
Russ Manning Award
References
External links
Bridwell, E. Nelson, "Siegel, Shuster & Superman", Amazing World of DC Comics: Special Edition #1 (Feb. 1976)
Additional .
Comics-related organizations
1970 establishments in the United States
1977 disestablishments in the United States |
4032816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%E2%80%93Scholten%20algorithm | Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm | The Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm (named after Edsger W. Dijkstra and Carel S. Scholten) is an algorithm for detecting termination in a distributed system. The algorithm was proposed by Dijkstra and Scholten in 1980.
First, consider the case of a simple process graph which is a tree. A distributed computation which is tree-structured is not uncommon. Such a process graph may arise when the computation is strictly a divide-and-conquer type. A node starts the computation and divides the problem in two (or more, usually a multiple of 2) roughly equal parts and distribute those parts to other processors. This process continues recursively until the problems are of sufficiently small size to solve in a single processor.
Algorithm
The Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm is a tree-based algorithm which can be described by the following:
The initiator of a computation is the root of the tree.
Upon receiving a computational message:
If the receiving process is currently not in the computation: the process joins the tree by becoming a child of the sender of the message. (No acknowledgment message is sent at this point.)
If the receiving process is already in the computation: the process immediately sends an acknowledgment message to the sender of the message.
When a process has no more children and has become idle, the process detaches itself from the tree by sending an acknowledgment message to its tree parent.
Termination occurs when the initiator has no children and has become idle.
Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm for a tree
For a tree, it is easy to detect termination. When a leaf process determines that it has terminated, it sends a signal to its parent. In general, a process waits for all its children to send signals and then it sends a signal to its parent.
The program terminates when the root receives signals from all its children.
Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm for directed acyclic graphs
The algorithm for a tree can be extended to acyclic directed graphs. We add an additional integer attribute Deficit to each edge.
On an incoming edge, Deficit will denote the difference between the number of messages received and the number of signals sent in reply.
When a node wishes to terminate, it waits until it has received signals from outgoing edges reducing their deficits to zero.
Then it sends enough signals to ensure that the deficit is zero on each incoming edge.
Since the graph is acyclic, some nodes will have no outgoing edges and these nodes will be the first to terminate after sending enough signals to their incoming edges. After that the nodes at higher levels will terminate level by level.
Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm for cyclic directed graphs
If cycles are allowed, the previous algorithm does not work. This is because, there may not be any node with zero outgoing edges. So, potentially there is no node which can terminate without consulting other nodes.
The Dijkstra–Scholten algorithm solves this problem by implicitly creating a spanning tree of the graph. A spanning-tree is a tree which includes each node of the underlying graph once and the edge-set is a subset of the original set of edges.
The tree will be directed (i.e., the channels will be directed) with the source node (which initiates the computation) as the root.
The spanning-tree is created in the following way. A variable First_Edge is added to each node. When a node receives a message for the first time, it initializes First_Edge with the edge through which it received the message. First_Edge is never changed afterwards. Note that, the spanning tree is not unique and it depends on the order of messages in the system.
Termination is handled by each node in three steps :
Send signals on all incoming edges except the first edge. (Each node will send signals which reduces the deficit on each incoming edge to zero.)
Wait for signals from all outgoing edges. (The number of signals received on each outgoing edge should reduce each of their deficits to zero.)
Send signals on First_Edge. (Once steps 1 and 2 are complete, a node informs its parent in the spanning tree about its intention of terminating.)
See also
Huang's algorithm
References
Graph algorithms
Termination algorithms
Edsger W. Dijkstra |
4032819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton%20Daggett%20Gray | Clifton Daggett Gray | Clifton Daggett Gray (July 27, 1874 – February 21, 1948) was an American minister who served as the third President of Bates College from March 1920 to November 1944.
Under his tenure the debate team began to compete internationally and hosted the University of Oxford's Oxford Union's first American debate in Lewiston; Gray is known as the "father of the Brooks Quimby Debate Council." He led the college through the Wall Street Crash of 1929 to a $2 million endowment and introduced the V-12 Naval Training Program at the college.
Life and career
Gray was born on July 27, 1874, in Boston, Massachusetts, graduating from Harvard University in 1897 and then receiving a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. Gray then served as a Free Will Baptist pastor and editor of The Standard, a Baptist periodical.
Clifton Daggett Gray became Bates' third president in 1919, serving until 1944. He continued his predecessor's expansion of the academic side of Bates, but his tenure also saw significant changes in other aspects of college life. On-campus dancing was officially sanctioned, hazing was abolished, and student orientation and socializing rules were more formally established.
As president, Gray greatly expanded the college's endowment and was active in the Bates debate program. He helped to organize the first intercontinental debate: Bates debated Oxford University in 1921. During World War II, Gray was instrumental in bringing a V-12 Navy unit to train officers at the college.
Gray served as president of Bates until 1944, when he retired.
Death and legacy
Gray died on February 21, 1948, in Lewiston, Maine, four years after he retired from the presidency.
Bates College honored Gray by naming their main athletic gymnasium after him. The Gray Athletic Building (Gray Cage) at Bates is home to basketball games, and student and faculty activities.
References
Further reading
Bates College Mirror (Lewiston, Maine: Bates College, 2006)
External links
Clifton Daggett Gray records at Edmund S. Muskie Archives & Special Collections Library, Bates College
1875 births
1948 deaths
Baptists from Maine
Harvard University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
People from Boston
Presidents of Bates College
Baptists from Massachusetts
Free Will Baptists
Baptist ministers from the United States |
4032837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity%20%28British%20trade%20union%29 | Solidarity (British trade union) | Solidarity is a United Kingdom trade union formed in late 2005 by the British National Party (BNP). It is named after the Polish trade union Solidarność, and its logo (which it has trademarked) is also inspired by that of the Polish union.
Solidarity recruits from all industrial sectors and professions. Solidarity has already stated that it has no plans to apply for affiliation to the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and will not be bound, therefore, by agreements not to poach members from other unions.
Leadership political profile
Executive composition
The first union president was Adam Walker, a BNP member and three times a parliamentary candidate (in Bishop Auckland in 2010 and 2017 and in Rotherham in 2015). Since 2015, he has been chairman of the BNP, following the departure of Nick Griffin as leader. Walker was subsequently replaced as union president by David Kerr. Kerr was replaced as president in November 2019 by Glen Nicklasson.
The union general secretary is Patrick Harrington
Controversies
Funding for the BNP?
In a 2006 report in the newspaper Wales on Sunday, John Walker, then national treasurer of the BNP, claimed that the union was likely to contribute funds to the party:
Solidarity's general secretary, Harrington, responded in a letter to the newspaper that this was Walker's "personal opinion", that the recipients of union grants would be decided directly by members, and that members could opt out of the political fund if one were to be established.
Solidarity's annual returns to the Certification Office from 2006 to 2018 indicate that the union has not established a political fund.
Alleged front status
Allegations that Solidarity is a BNP front organisation were first made by Searchlight magazine on the Stop the BNP website on 24 January 2006 and repeated by Barrie Clement in The Independent on 1 February 2006.
Membership numbers
In figures filed with the Certification Office for 31 December 2019, Solidarity said it had 173 members, up from 139 in the previous year.
References
External links
Solidarity website
Certification Office annual returns
Trade unions in the United Kingdom
General unions
Trade unions established in 2005
Fascist trade unions |
4032851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20north%20faces%20of%20the%20Alps | Great north faces of the Alps | The six great north faces of the Alps (also called the six 'classic north faces') are a select group of vertical faces in the Swiss, French, and Italian Alps known in mountaineering for their difficulty and great height.
They are (sorted by date of first ascent):
Matterhorn, first ascent in August 1931;
Cima Grande di Lavaredo, first ascent in 1933;
Petit Dru, first ascent in 1935;
Piz Badile, first ascent July 1937;
Eiger, first ascent in July 1938;
Grandes Jorasses, first ascent in August 1938.
Making the first ascent of each of these six faces was a major preoccupation of the best European climbers in the 1930s. Gaston Rébuffat, a French alpinist and mountain guide, was the first to do so, chronicled in his 1954 work, Etoiles et Tempêtes (Starlight and Storm).
Three of these north faces — the Eiger, the Matterhorn and the Grandes Jorasses — are considerably harder to climb than the others. This led to their becoming known as 'the Trilogy'.
Records
The first to climb these three faces within a year was the Austrian Leo Schlömmer, from the summer of 1961 to the summer of 1962. Ivano Ghirardini was the first man to climb the Trilogy in winter, solo (1977–78), and Catherine Destivelle was the first woman (1992-93-94). With the introduction of the concept of enchainment, the next challenge was to climb all three faces in one outing, a race eventually won by Christophe Profit, who achieved the feat between 11–12 March 1987 in a time of 24 hours.
From December 2014 to March 2015, during a project known as "Starlight and Storms", Tom Ballard climbed these six north faces solo, being the first person to complete this feat in a single winter season without a support team. A film chronicling this project, Tom, won several awards at international film festivals.
On 15 August 2021, with his ascent of the Petit Dru in 1 hour 43 minutes, the Swiss climber completed a ten-year project to make the fastest solo speed climb of all six faces. He had previously set speed records on the other five faces, with Ueli Steck's 2015 solo of the Eiger north face the only current faster ascent (when Arnold climbed the Eiger north face in 2011 in two hours and 28 minutes it was the fastest at that date).
Gallery
Bibliography
Anker, Daniel (ed.) (2000) Eiger: The Vertical Arena. Seattle: The Mountaineers.
Hargreaves, Alison (1995). A Hard Day's Summer: Six Classic North Faces Solo. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Rébuffat, Gaston (1999). Starlight and Storm: The Conquest of the Great North Faces of the Alps. New York: Modern Library.
Destivelle, Catherine (2003). Ascensions, Arthaud (French) ()
Destivelle, Catherine (2015). Rock Queen, Hayloft Publishing Ltd ()
References
Alps
North faces
Mountaineering in the Alps
Cliffs of Europe
Mountaineering in Switzerland |
4032860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swapan%20Dasgupta | Swapan Dasgupta | Swapan Dasgupta (born 3 October 1955) is an Indian journalist and politician. He is influential within the Indian right wing, writing columns for leading English dailies espousing Hindu nationalism. He is a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha the upper house of the Parliament of India. He had resigned as MP to contest the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election with a BJP ticket and lost to AITC candidate Ramendu Sinha. He was renominated as MP again on 1 June 2021.
Dasgupta was awarded Padma Bhushan (the third highest civilian award in India) in 2015, for his contribution to Literature and Education.
Early life and education
He was born into a Bengali Baidya brahmin family on 3 October 1955 in Calcutta, West Bengal.
He received his education at St. Paul's School, Darjeeling, La Martiniere Calcutta and St. Stephen's College, Delhi, graduating from the latter in 1975. He thereafter went on to earn an MA and PhD from the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London, where he received an exhibitionership to fund his studies.
Subsequently, he returned to India for a brief period in 1979 to take up a management position at his family's pharmaceutical business ‘Calcutta Chemical Company’. He eventually returned to the United Kingdom as a Junior Research Fellow at Nuffield College, University of Oxford, where he taught and researched on South Asian Politics. An excerpt from his thesis concerning the intersectionality of local politics in the Midnapur district of Bengal has featured in a volume about subaltern studies, edited by Ranajit Guha.
Personal life
He is married to Reshmi Ray Dasgupta, Lifestyle Editor at The Economic Times and has a son who is a practicing lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. They reside in New Delhi.
Career
Dasgupta has served in editorial positions over several English dailies in India including The Indian Express, The Times of India, The Statesman, India Today et cetera. He is a frequent guest on news channels in English-language debates on Indian politics and international affairs. He wrote a foreword to an anthology titled Nirad C. Chaudhuri: The First Hundred Years: A Celebration, wherein he asserted Chaudhuri of having pro-BJP stances.
In February 2015, Swapan Dasgupta was appointed on the Board of Directors of Larsen and Toubro as a nominee of the Unit Trust of India. He stepped down from Directorship of Larsen and Toubro upon being appointed to the Rajya Sabha.
In 2019, he published Awakening Bharat Mata: The Political Beliefs of the Indian Right.
Dasgupta was conferred Honorary Visiting Professorship at Center for Media Studies (CMS) at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in recognition to his excellent expertise on journalism and media.
Politics
Despite being initially attracted to Trotskyism, Dasgupta became a Thatcherite in his days at England. Since then, he has self-identified with centre-right politics and has been heavily active in the national political theater, as a member of Bharatiya Janata Party. Mushirul Hasan noted him to be the effective chief-spokesperson of BJP in the English language press during the 90s. Arvind Rajagopal saw this shift to BJP to immediately arise after the implementation of Mandal Commission recommendations along with the near-simultaneous Rathyatra by Advani, which Dasgupta held to be a potential event that can bridge the internal divide among Hindus.
In April, 2016, Dasgupta was nominated by the President of India Pranab Mukherjee to the Rajya Sabha. His term was to continue till 2022. However on 16 March 2021, he resigned as a member of the Rajya Sabha, facing legal action from the ruling Trinamool Congress party, since a nominated member cannot contest on any party ticket while continuing to hold the post in the House.
Dasgupta contested the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election from Tarakeswar but lost to his opponent from the AITC Candidate Ramendu Singha Roy by over 7000 votes.
He was renominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India on 1 June 2021. His renomination drew criticism from the opposition parties, with Congress MP Jairam Ramesh asking if this was the first time in history of the Rajya Sabha that such a thing had happened.
Reception
Meera Nanda notes him to be one of the most prominent center-right public intellectuals in the Indian polity. Tanika Sarkar et al. have located parallels between Swapan's writings and the thought-school of Hindu nationalist organisations like Vishva Hindu Parishad. Manisha Basu, writing in The Rhetoric of Hindu India, deems Dasgupta similarly and further notes of his consistent attacks upon left-liberal commentators—people who have supposedly leveraged their social privilege to dominate the socio-political consciousness of the "Anglophone national bourgeoisie" for long enough—in his process of becoming one of the few self-appointed interpreters of the Indian Right.
Basu also notes him to be a vocal exponent of exploiting English as a tool in reaching out to the masses and substituting the appeal of prevalent ideologies of the so-called "socialist left-liberals" with that of hindutva; he was one of the most fierce critics of the pro-vernacular policies followed by the communist government of West Bengal. Back in the early 2000s, Dasgupta had noted in his blog:-
Arvind Tajagopal notes Dasgupta to be one of the most vocal and enthusiast columnists for Hindutva, in English language press in the 80s.
Bibliography
External links
Swapan Dasgupta on Twitter
References
1955 births
Bengali people
Indian columnists
Living people
La Martiniere Calcutta alumni
St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal
Indian male journalists
20th-century Indian journalists
Journalists from West Bengal
Writers from Kolkata
Politicians from Kolkata
Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha |
4032870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtigban | Pushtigban | The pushtigban was an elite military unit of the Sasanian Empire, charged with the protection of the Persian Emperor.
They were stationed during peacetime in the royal capital of Ctesiphon and were drawn from the best of the ranks of the Sasanian Savārān cavalry. They numbered 1000 men, under the command of the pushtigban-salar ; in battle they fought mostly as cataphracts, heavily armed and armoured horsemen who would charge enemy positions with tremendous momentum.
There are allusions to the participation of this unit in sources describing the Shapur II's Arab campaign and Siege of Amida (359).
A sub-unit of pushtigban were the gyan-avspar, the "sacrificers of their lives" - the best of the pushtigban. The pushtigban fought with distinction and zeal befitting their name during Julian's invasion of Persia in the 4th century AD.
The pushtigban disappeared with the Muslim conquest of Persia, that led to the Fall of the Sasanian Empire.
See also
Immortals (Sasanian Empire)
Cataphract
Bibliography
Farrokh, Kaveh (2005) Sassanian Elite Cavalry, AD224-642. Osprey Publishing
References
Guards units of the Sasanian Empire
Cavalry units and formations of the Sassanian Empire
no:Udødelige (Persia) |
4032882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial%20prelate | Territorial prelate | A territorial prelate is, in Catholic usage, a prelate whose geographic jurisdiction, called territorial prelature, does not belong to any diocese and is considered a particular church.
The territorial prelate is sometimes called a prelate nullius, from the Latin nullius diœceseos, prelate "of no diocese," meaning the territory falls directly under the 'exempt' jurisdiction of the Holy See (Pope of Rome) and is not a diocese under a residing bishop.
The term is also used in a generic sense, and may then equally refer to an apostolic prefecture, an apostolic vicariate, a permanent apostolic administration (which are pre-diocesan, often missionary, or temporary), or a territorial abbacy (see there).
Status
A territorial prelate exercises quasi-episcopal jurisdiction in a territory not comprised by any diocese. The origin of such prelates must necessarily be sought in the apostolic privileges, for only he whose authority is superior to that of bishops can grant an exemption from episcopal jurisdiction. Such exemption, therefore, comes only from the pope.
The rights of prelates nullius are quasi-episcopal, and these dignitaries are supposed to have any power that a bishop has, unless it is expressly denied to them by canon law. If they have not received episcopal consecration, such prelates may not confer holy orders. If not consecrated episcopally, they have not the power to exercise those functions of consecrating oils, etc., which are referred to the episcopal order only analogously.
Prelates nullius may take cognizance of matrimonial causes within the same limits as a bishop. They may dispense from the proclamation of matrimonial banns, grant faculties for hearing confessions and preaching, reserve certain cases to themselves, publish indulgences and jubilees, exercise full jurisdiction over the enclosure of nuns, and invite any bishop to confirm in their quasi-diocese. They may, even if priests only, confirm themselves by papal privilege as expressed in canon 883 No. 1 CIC whenever they find it appropriate; however, even as local ordinaries they are in that case only extraordinary ministers of confirmation and should thus prefer to invite bishops if possible.
These prelates may not, however, without special permission of the Holy See, convoke a synod or institute synodal examiners. Neither may they confer parochial benefices. They are not allowed to grant indulgences, or absolve from the reserved cases and secret irregularities whose absolution is restricted to the pope ordinarily, but allowed to bishops by the Council of Trent, nor promote secular clerics to orders, nor grant dimissory letters for ordination, nor exercise jurisdiction over regulars as apostolic delegates.
Prelates nullius are, however, bound to residence, to preach the Word of God, to offer Mass for their people, to make the visit ad limina to the Roman Curia, and in concurrence with the neighbouring bishop to perform a visitation of their quasi-diocese.
As a rule, territorial (and personal) prelates are consecrated as bishops, though not bishops of their diocese, as expressed by the title Bishop-prelate.
Most were/are missionaries, outside Europe (mainly Latin America and a few Asian countries) or in countries with a crushing Protestant majority (notably Lutheran Norway).
Current territorial prelatures
As of November 2020, there were 40, all Latin Church:
In Asia
in the Philippines : Batanes, Infanta, Isabela, Marawi
In Europe
in Italy: Loreto, Pompei
in France: Mission de France
in Norway: Tromsø, Trondheim
In Latin America
in Argentina: Cafayate, Deán Funes, Esquel, Humahuaca
in Bolivia: Aiquile, Corocoro
in Brazil: Borba, Itacoatiara, Itaituba, Lábrea, Marajó, São Félix, Tefé, Alto Xingu-Tecumã
in Chile: Illapel
in Guatemala: Santo Cristo de Esquípulas (United aeque principaliter, i.e. in personal union, with Diocese of Zacapa from 1986.06.24)
in Mexico: El Salto, Huautla, Jesús María, Mixes
in Panama: Bocas del Toro
in Peru: Ayaviri, Caravelí, Chota, Chuquibamba, Chuquibambilla, Huamachuco, Juli, Moyobamba, Santiago Apóstol de Huancané, Yauyos
Nominal territorial prelatures
(incomplete?)
in Italy : Territorial Prelature of Santa Lucia del Mela, on Sicily, merged into the thus accordingly renamed Metropolitan Archdiocese of Messina–Lipari–Santa Lucia del Mela
Former territorial prelatures
''(probably quite incomplete; all Latin)
In Europe - Italy
Territorial Prelature of Acquaviva delle Fonti (suppressed into Diocese of Altamura–Gravina–Acquaviva delle Fonti)
Territorial Prelature of Altamura (promoted to Diocese of Altamura–Gravina–Acquaviva delle Fonti)
in Brazil
Territorial Prelature of Abaeté do Tocantins (Brazil, now Diocese of Abaetetuba)
Territorial Prelature of Acre and Purus (Brazil, now Diocese of Rio Branco)
Territorial Prelature of Bananal (Brazil, suppressed)
Territorial Prelature of Bom Jesus do Piauí (Brazil, renamed and promoted Diocese of Bom Jesus do Gurguéia)
Territorial Prelature of Cristalândia (Brazil, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Formosa (Brazil, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Guiratinga (Brazil, promoted and renamed Diocese of Primavera do Leste–Paranatinga)
Territorial Prelature of Paranatinga (Brazil, suppressed)
Territorial Prelature of Porto Velho (Brazil, promoted twice: now Archdiocese)
Territorial Prelature of Registro do Araguaia (Brazil, suppressed)
Territorial Prelature of Rio Branco (Brazil, originally Acre and Purus, promoted Diocese of Rio Branco)
Territorial Prelature of Roraima (Brazil, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of São Peregrino Laziosi no Alto Acre e Alto Purus (Brazil, originally Acre and Purus, promoted Diocese of Rio Branco)
Territorial Prelature of São Raimundo Nonato (Brazil, promoted diocese)
in Spanish-speaking Latin America
Territorial Prelature of Arica (Chile, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Caacupé (Paraguay, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Chimbote (Peru, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Choluteca (Honduras, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Chulucanas (Peru, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Copiapó (Chile, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Escuintla (Guatemala, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Huarí (Peru, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Huehuetenango (Guatemala, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Madera (Mexico, promoted and renamed Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera)
Territorial Prelature of Río Magdalena (Colombia, promoted and renamed Diocese of Barrancabermeja)
Territorial Prelature of San Fernando de Apure (Venezuela, promoted diocese)
Sicuani, (Peru, promoted to diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Tarma (Peru, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Inmaculada Concepción de la B.V.M. en Olancho (Honduras, renamed and promoted Diocese of Juticalpa)
in Asia
Territorial Prelature of Cotabato (Philippines, initially Territorial Prelature of Cotabato and Sulu; promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Kidapawan (Philippines, promoted diocese)
Territorial Prelature of Marbel (Philippines, promoted diocese)
See also
Territorial Abbacy
List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)
List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)
List of Catholic military dioceses
List of Catholic apostolic administrations
List of Catholic apostolic vicariates
List of Catholic exarchates
List of Catholic apostolic prefectures
List of Catholic missions sui juris
References
Sources and external links
GCatholic |
4032887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB%20Edmonton | CFB Edmonton | CFB Edmonton (also called 3rd Canadian Division Support Base Edmonton) is a Canadian Forces base located in Sturgeon County adjacent to the City of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. It is also known as Edmonton Garrison or "Steele Barracks".
History
The history of CFB Edmonton begins at an airfield called Blatchford Field, a few kilometres south from where CFB Edmonton would eventually be established. The airfield was established in 1927 as a private and commercial interest by bush pilots, with support from the Mayor of Edmonton, airfield namesake Kenny Blatchford, opening a few months after he ended his term as mayor with his election as a Member of Parliament representing the city. The airfield became important to the opening up and development of the Canadian north, while also cementing Edmonton's place as the "Gateway to the North".
During the Second World War, Blatchford Field became a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) training station under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. No. 16 Elementary Flying Training School (No. 16 EFTS) and No. 2 Air Observers School (No. 2 AOS) used the aerodrome. The RCAF also ran No. 4 Initial Training School (No. 4 ITS) which was a ground school located at the University of Alberta. No. 16 EFTS closed in 1942 and No. 2 AOS closed in 1944. After No. 2 AOS closed, the station formally became known as RCAF Station Edmonton. Many RCAF squadrons and units were located here, including a survival school and the RCAF Winter Experimental Establishment (WEE). A United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-29 bomber detachment also used the station.
During the war, the airfield was a major factor in supporting the Allies of World War II, becoming a staging point for the U.S. defence of Alaska, as well as a major waypoint of the Northwest Staging Route supplying equipment and aircraft to the Soviet military. Aircraft had to be ferried and transport aircraft used the aerodrome to support the construction of the Alaska Highway. Air traffic increased significantly and flying activities were becoming hazardous. Since the old airfield could not be expanded because of its proximity to the city of Edmonton, the U.S. Government built a new air facility at Namao, about north of the city. The United States Army Corps of Engineers built two runways at the base, 03/21 and 12/30, both long and Canada's longest at the time. The Americans ran the Namao airfield until the end of the war when the Canadian Government took it over. With time, RCAF Station Edmonton also developed severe limitations at Blatchford, and on 1 October 1955 all RCAF Squadrons and support units were transferred to the "new" RCAF Station Namao. Blatchford Field was turned over to the Edmonton municipal government and became the commercial Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport.
During the Cold War, RCAF Station Namao was used by the United States Strategic Air Command, which constructed a "Nose Dock" capable of servicing the nose and wings of heavy jet bombers and tankers on the south side of the airfield. The station also hosted the Edmonton Rescue Coordination Centre, and served as home base for United Nations Food Aid flights, delivering aid to Ethiopia, Somalia, and Bosnia. Because Namao at that time had a runway, 12/30, it was designated an emergency Space Shuttle landing site by NASA.
In 1968, when Canada's armed force branches were amalgamated, RCAF Station Namao was redesignated Canadian Forces Base Edmonton (Lancaster Park) and was under command of the new Air Transport Command and later Air Command.
Federal Government budget cuts forced the command of the air station to be transferred to the Canadian Forces Land Force Command in 1994. CFB Edmonton (Lancaster Park)/18 Wing Edmonton was redesignated CFB Edmonton.
Although both runways are still visible they are no longer in use except for a section of 03/21 used by helicopters.
In 2010–2011, Government of Canada announced the construction of new facilities for visiting Canadian Armed Forces members training at CFB Edmonton (3rd Canadian Division Support Base Edmonton (3 CDSB)).
Units
The Operational and Support Units of CFB Edmonton are:
Land Force Western Area HQ
ASU Edmonton
ASU Calgary
ASU Chilliwack
1 Service Battalion
742 Signal Squadron
Canadian Forces Service Prison and Detention Barracks
10 MP Company
1 MP Regiment
1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group HQ
HQ and Signal Squadron
1st Battalion Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry
3rd Battalion Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry
Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)
1 Combat Engineer Regiment
1 Field Ambulance
39 CBG HQ
5 Royal Canadian Artillery
15 Field Artillery RCA
6 Field Engineer Squadron
44 Field Engineer Squadron
12 Service Battalion
12 Field Ambulance
41 CBG HQ
20 Field Regiment
15 Service Battalion
14 Service Battalion
8 Field Engineer Regiment
15 Medical Company
CFAD Dundurn Detachment Edmonton
1 Dental Unit Detachment Edmonton
7 Canadian Forces Supply Depot
408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron
74 Communication Group Headquarters
Health Services Group
7 Aerospace Control Squadron
745 Communication Squadron
Today
The principal function of the CFB Edmonton today is to field a general purpose combat-effective mechanized brigade group, or any portion thereof, ready for deployment to a minimal-intensity battlefield in accordance with assigned tasks.
CFB Edmonton is the headquarters of 3rd Canadian Division, the highest army authority in western Canada, and 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG), the only Regular Force brigade group in the region. The base is situated at Steele Barracks (named for Sir Sam Steele) just north of the city. The area formerly known as CFB Griesbach within the city itself is no longer operational. All buildings and land having been sold and are no longer Crown assets. The final closure was announced by Minister MacKay in 2012. The base as a collective is an important part of the community surrounding Edmonton and is home to some of the most prestigious and experienced units in the Canadian Military.
The 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, along with elements of Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) and 1 Combat Engineer Regiment (all part of 1 CMBG) were chosen to be a part of Canada's military response to the September 11, 2001 attacks and were deployed on combat operations to Afghanistan (including Operation Anaconda) in 2001 and 2002. Units from the base were deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan, as part of the Canadian Forces command takeover in that area as well. Units from Edmonton were also deployed on domestic operations such as to assist with the Red River Flood in 1997 (where the entire 1 CMBG was deployed) and, more recently, as a part of Operation Peregrine in response to the forest fires in British Columbia in 2003. Units from CFB Edmonton were also deployed on numerous peacekeeping operations, including to Bosnia and Kosovo, among others.
At the end of March 2010 there were 4,237 regular military, 905 reserve Class A, B, and C forces, and 665 civilian workers at CFB Edmonton. CFB Edmonton has around one-third of the Canadian army's fighting power.
In February 2012, it was reported that the Alberta Government had been in contact with the federal government and military officials in Ottawa and Edmonton over the use of the runway for MEDIVAC flights with the planned closure of Edmonton City Centre Airport. Alberta Deputy Premier Doug Horner said that he had spoken with the Minister of National Defence, Peter MacKay, and the Minister of Public Works, Rona Ambrose for further discussion. It was ultimately decided to operate all medical flights out of a purpose built facility at the Edmonton International Airport.
On June 7, 2013, the base hosted the raising of a rainbow flag to kick off Edmonton Pride, the first time that the flag was flown on a Canadian military base.
CFB Edmonton also participated in Operation Unifier in Ukraine, 2015–2016.
In August 2016 CFB Edmonton troops joined the NATO mission in Poland, Operation Reassurance.<
References
External links
CFB Edmonton
CFB Edmonton - National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces
Canadian Forces bases in Alberta
Military airbases in Alberta
Heliports in Canada
Cfb Edmonton
Cfb Edmonton
Cfb Edmonton
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command in Alaska
1955 establishments in Alberta
Airports established in 1955
Military airbases established in 1955 |
4032900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Arpi | Claude Arpi | Claude Arpi is French-born author, journalist, historian and tibetologist born in 1949 in Angoulême who lives in Auroville, India. He is the author of several books including The Fate of Tibet: When Big Insects Eat Small Insects, and several articles on Tibet, China, India and Indo-French relations.
Claude Arpi is the director of the Pavilion of Tibetan Culture at Auroville. The 14th Dalai Lama inaugurated the Pavilion, with Claude Arpi in attendance, on 20 January 2009.
Bibliography
India–Tibet Relations (1947–1962) series:
Tibet: When the Gods Spoke. India Tibet Relations (1947–1962), Part 3, Vij Books, 2019.
Will Tibet Ever Find Her Soul Again? India Tibet Relations (1947–1962), Part 2, Vij Books, 2018.
Tibet: The Last Months of a Free Nation. India Tibet Relations (1947–1962), Part 1, Vij Books, 2017.
Other:
1962 and the McMahon Line Saga, Lancer Publishers, 2013.
India and her neighbourhood: a French observer's views, Har-Anand Publications, 2005.
Born in Sin : The Panchsheel Agreement, The Sacrifice of Tibet, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2004.
Cachemire, le paradis perdu, Éditions Philippe Picquier, 2004 .
Il y a 50 ans : Pondichéry, Éditions Auroville Press, Auroville, 2004
Long and dark shall be the night : the Karma of Tibet, Éditions Auroville Press, Auroville, 2002.
La politique française de Nehru, La fin des comptoirs français en Inde (1947–1954), Éditions Auroville Press, Auroville, 2002
Tibet, le pays sacrifié, préfacé par le Dalaï Lama, Calmann-Lévy, 2000. .
The Fate of Tibet: When Big Insects Eat Small Insects, Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi, 1999.
References
External links
Website
Homepage
1949 births
Living people
20th-century French historians
French journalists
Journalists from Tamil Nadu
Tibetologists
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French historians
French male non-fiction writers |
4032942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Association%20for%20Nude%20Recreation | American Association for Nude Recreation | The American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) is a naturist organization based in the United States.
The AANR is the largest, longest-established organization of its kind in North America. It was founded in 1931 and went under its previous name American Sunbathing Association. Approximately 200 nudist resorts, clubs, and businesses choose to affiliate with AANR, and AANR serves over 30,000 members in the United States, Canada, Mexico, French West Indies, Virgin Islands, and St. Martin.
The AANR promotes the benefits of wholesome nude family recreation and works to protect the rights of nudists in appropriate settings, such as sanctioned nude beaches and public lands set aside for that use; as well as homes, private backyards, plus AANR-affiliated clubs, campgrounds and resorts.
The AANR uses a portion of its collected membership fees to be politically active by campaigning and lobbying governments fighting to allow nudism in the US and Canada.
History
In 1929 Kurt Barthel started the first American nudist club known as the American League for Physical Culture (ALPC). A couple of years later, in December, 1931, a second organization was founded as the International Nudist League, renamed quickly to the International Nudist Conference, further renamed a few years later as the American Sunbathing Association. Ilsley Boone was listed as General Secretary.
The Association was established with its office at Mays Landing, NJ. During the Second World War, the nudist movement was disrupted as many went off to war resulting in the closure of several nudist resorts / clubs. After the war by 1946, Boone was seen as controlling and micro-managing the organization resulting in many dissatisfied members. He controlled mailing lists in order to receive enough proxy votes to keep control of elected votes and elected officials.
In 1951, new bylaws were instituted and a change was made to the governing board. After a year, the changes were again accepted by the 1952 convention, following a court ruling. Boone left the organization, but continued to stay active in the nudist movement by founding the National Nudist Council and starting the magazine S.U.N. (Solair Union Naturisme).
The ASA moved to Orlando, Florida, and then to its present location in Kissimmee, Florida. The organization changed names again in 1995 to its current name of American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR). The organization changed to a one member, one vote election and is now governed by a 10-person board with seven voting trustees and three officers.
Member Associations
The AANR also belongs to several other organizations such as: ARC (American Recreation Coalition), National Association of RV Parks and Campgrounds, and others.
Membership
Clubs
AANR-affiliated (chartered) clubs include both nudist resorts and naturist social clubs that agree to AANR principles and standards. There are a wide range of various types of nudist resorts and clubs affiliated with AANR that are as individual as their members and visitors. They must meet AANR principles and standards and endeavor to provide a friendly, stress free atmosphere where people enjoy social nude recreation with their family and friends. Clubs range from clothing optional to no clothes allowed. Chartered clubs also range from land-based clubs to beach clubs and even travel clubs, known as non-landed (not site-based).
Many AANR-affiliated clubs and resorts are also affiliated with The Naturist Society, and the TNS membership card usually has equal status to the AANR membership card at landed clubs and resorts.
People
Individuals typically become members on an annual basis usually via paid annual memberships at chartered clubs which includes partial fees for AANR membership, although lifetime memberships are also available. There is also a direct membership option through AANR as well as a discount to younger single members. Membership in AANR includes a subscription to The Bulletin, AANR's monthly magazine. The Bulletin contains articles on naturist activities and issues related to naturism. The Bulletin began as an insert in the Sunshine & Health magazine in the 1940s, and became a standalone publication in 1952.
References
Further reading
Clothing free organizations
Naturism in the United States
1931 establishments in the United States
Organizations established in 1931
Non-profit organizations based in the United States |
4032963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Franklin%20Phillips | Charles Franklin Phillips | Charles Franklin Phillips (May 25, 1910 – March 3, 1998) was an American economist who served as the fourth President of Bates College from March 1944 to November 1967. Previous to his assumption of the Bates presidency, he was the deputy administrator of the U.S. Office of Price Administration from March 1937 to July 1941.
Upon being elected the youngest president in Bates history at 34, he increased the student body to 1,004, created the college's study-abroad program, and added $5 million to the endowment, more than quadrupling it. At his death he left $9 million to the college in his will and testament. He was known for employing economic principles of competition and market share when dealing with students which ultimately lead him to be successful institutionally but unpopular with students.
Early life and career
Phillips was born in Nelson, Pennsylvania on May 25, 1910. He went on to earn a bachelor's degree in economics from Colgate University and a Ph.D. from Harvard University. Phillips then went on to teach, research, and write as an economics professor at Colgate. He served as the deputy administrator in the United States Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supplies from March 10, 1937 to July 1, 1941.
He was a full professor at Colgate and a leading economist before coming to Bates.
At age 34, Phillips became the fourth president of Bates College, on March 1, 1944. As president, Phillips initiated the core study program and 3/4 option allowing students to graduate in three years. He also initiated the study abroad program, oversaw the construction of many new buildings at Bates, and had the college's observatory demolished. He is known for initiating the Bates academic program of Education, championing the most traditional strength of the Bates: the liberal arts which featured a core curriculum of liberal arts. He also championed "3/4 option,” permitting a three-year degree from Bates. Phillips expanded the campus with the additions of Memorial Commons (now known as Chase Hall), Health Center, Dana Chemistry Hall, Lane Hall, Page Hall, and Schaeffer Theater.
Death and legacy
Charles Franklin Phillips died on March 3, 1998 in Auburn, Maine.
Upon his death, he and his wife, Evelyn, left $9,000,000 to Bates in his will and testament. This bequest was used to fund the Phillips Fellowships, which are granted to students for research abroad. Phillip's donation is believed to be the largest bequest by an American college president to a college that he did not attend.
See also
History of Bates College
List of Bates College people
References
Further reading
Bates College Mirror 2006 (Lewiston, ME: Bates College, 2006).
1910 births
1998 deaths
American economics writers
Economists from New York (state)
Economics educators
Presidents of Bates College
Colgate University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Colgate University faculty
20th-century American economists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers |
4032975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Advocate%20%28Contra%20Costa%20College%29 | The Advocate (Contra Costa College) | The Advocate is a student newspaper published at Contra Costa College, a community college in San Pablo, California. The paper is published weekly during the school year and has a circulation of approximately 2,500. An online edition, "cccadvocate," is also published. The current editor in chief is Daniel Hernandez, a Middle College High School student.
Tradition of excellence
The Advocate is one of the most decorated two-year college newspapers in the United States, having won 14 Associated Collegiate Press National Pacemaker Awards since 1990. The newspaper was inducted into the ACP Hall of Fame in 1996, and has been cited by ACP officials as being one of the best examples of small-college journalism.
Advocate reporters and photographers cover the campus, which rests halfway in San Pablo and halfway in Richmond in the East Bay Area. The students cover topics ranging from crime on campus, to student profiles, sports and local entertainment. The tradition of The Advocate has always been to chase news stories and focus on the hard news.
Awards
Associated Collegiate Press National Newspaper Pacemaker Award - 1990, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011
Associated Collegiate Press Best of Show
College Media Association (Pinnacle Award Best Two-Year Newspaper) - 2017, 2018
College Media Association (Pinnacle Award Best Two-Year Media Outlet) - 2018
Associated Collegiate Press Hall Of Fame Members Since 1996
References
External links
The Advocate - official Web site
Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area
Student newspapers published in California |
4032987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Romberger | James Romberger | James Romberger (born 1958) is an American fine artist and cartoonist known for his depictions of New York City's Lower East Side.
Romberger's pastel drawings of the ravaged landscape of the Lower East Side and its citizens are in many public and private collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Brooklyn Museums in New York City. His solo and collaborative exhibitions have appeared at Ground Zero Gallery NY, the Grace Borgenicht Gallery, Gracie Mansion, The Proposition, and the New Museum of Contemporary Art.
Romberger has long contributed work in the comics medium to alternative publications such as World War 3 Illustrated. Ground Zero, his science-fiction strip collaboration with his wife, filmmaker Marguerite Van Cook, was serialized through the 1980s and 1990s in various downtown literary magazines.
His efforts for commercial comics publishers include work for Marvel Comics’s Epic Illustrated, Image Comics' NYC Mech, Paradox Press' Big Book series and Papercutz' Tales from the Crypt. DC/Vertigo published Romberger's work on The Bronx Kill with writer Peter Milligan, the Renegade storyline in Jamie Delano's 2020 Visions and the critically acclaimed Seven Miles A Second Romberger and Van Cook's graphic novel done in collaboration with artist, writer, and AIDS activist David Wojnarowicz which was reissued by Fantagraphics Books in February 2013. Romberger's book "Post York," which included a flexi-disc of a song by Crosby Romberger, was nominated for an Eisner Award in 2013 for Best Single Issue (or One-Shot).
In 2011, "Aaron and Ahmed," a collaboration with MacArthur Prize fellow Jay Cantor, was released by Vertigo/DC Comics.
Romberger is also a critic and writer for Publishers Weekly, The Beat and the comics blog the Hooded Utilitarian.
References
External links
American comics artists
Alternative cartoonists
1958 births
Living people
Artists from New York City
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists |
4032992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%20RC-3%20Seabee | Republic RC-3 Seabee | The Republic RC-3 Seabee is an all-metal amphibious sports aircraft designed by Percival Spencer and manufactured by the Republic Aircraft Corporation.
Design and development
The RC-3 Seabee was designed by Percival Hopkins "Spence" Spencer. An aviation pioneer, he built his first hang glider in April 1911 at the age of 17 from plans he found in a Popular Mechanics magazine. On May 15, 1914, Spencer made his first powered flight in a Curtiss flying boat. In 1937, he joined Sikorsky engineer Vincent A. Larsen to design their first and only amphibious aircraft, the Spencer-Larsen SL-12C. Development of the plane progressed slowly and in September 1940 Spencer left the partnership to form his own company. His resulting design was the Spencer S-12 Air Car Amphibian. Construction of the S-12 began on March 1, 1941 and the small, two-seat S-12 prototype, registered NX29098, made its first flight on August 8, 1941. The S-12 was a fabric covered amphibian with a unique boxlike forward cabin; a high wing with a two-bladed propeller in pusher configuration; and a long, slender tail boom.
In December 1941 Spencer put the Air Car into storage and joined the war effort as a test pilot for the Republic Aircraft Corporation. By 1943, he had flight tested 134 of the company's P-47 Thunderbolts.
In April 1943 Spencer left Republic Aircraft to join the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago, Illinois who wanted to use his Air Car to promote their company. Spencer used the company's wood forming equipment to build a new egg-shaped cabin for the Air Car and began demonstrating the aircraft to his former employers, Republic Aircraft. Seeing the potential of the Air Car as the perfect sports plane for pilots returning from the war, Republic purchased the rights to the Air Car in December 1943 and immediately began development of an all-metal version designated the Model RC-1 Thunderbolt Amphibian. On November 30, 1944 the first RC-1 Thunderbolt Amphibian, registered NX41816, made its first flight with Spencer at the controls.
The aircraft was displayed in St Louis, Missouri in December and by the end of 1944 Republic had received 1,972 civilian orders for the $3,500 airplane. The aircraft was also demonstrated to the U.S. Navy and Army Air Corps. Both services were impressed with the design and on February 19, 1945 the Navy granted Republic Aviation the rights to use the name Seabee for the civilian version. The Army placed a large order for the aircraft, to be used for air-sea rescue operations under the designation OA-15. In September 1945, following VJ Day, both the Army and Navy canceled their orders, which by that time totaled over $20,000,000. The OA-15 Seabee was the last United States Army Air Corps aircraft to use the OA designation, which was dropped when the US Air Force was formed as a separate military branch in 1947.
Military operators included the Israeli Air Force, Paraguayan Navy, the United States Army Air Forces and Republic of Vietnam Air Force.
Production
In order to meet the anticipated postwar demand for civilian light aircraft, Republic endeavored to build the Seabee as inexpensively as possible, while still retaining reasonable performance and range. A lot of thought went into eliminating what were at the time termed as 'airplane frills,' resulting in a strong product built with as few parts as possible. For example, Seabees as built did not have ribs in the wings; instead, the heavy corrugated aluminum sheet which formed the skin provided the necessary stiffness. Republic was also willing to buy components in volume, which lowered costs further.
On November 22, 1945, the prototype RC-3 (NX87451) came off the assembly line at Republic's factory in Farmingdale, New York and on December 1 made its first flight in Farmingdale with Spencer at the controls.
On December 27, 1945, Republic Aviation purchased Aircooled Motors, manufacturers of the Franklin engine, to supply and build engines for the RC-3 Seabee.
In March, 1946, the first production RC-3 Seabee was completed (NC87457, formerly NX87457, and on July 25, 1946 the first Seabee (NC87463, production #13) was delivered at the Republic factory to J.G. (Tex) Rankin of Rankin Aviation Industries of Tulare, California.
In the late 1940s, aircraft manufacturers hoped that military pilots returning from the war would want to continue flying civilian aircraft for pleasure and sport. This never occurred to the extent the companies imagined, as most wartime pilots returned home never to fly again. As a result, many small and optimistic aircraft companies appeared, then quickly disappeared in the immediate postwar years.
On October 4, 1947, Republic Aviation Corp. announced that it was discontinuing production of the RC-3 Seabee amphibian for the personal plane market. Republic President Mundy I. Peale stated: "Due to the need of all Republic's production facilities for the manufacture of other types of airplanes, the company has decided to discontinue production of the Seabee". Actually, by summer (July/August) 1947 the Seabee sales had almost stalled and since June 1947 the production had been put on hold, awaiting further sales. By the end of production a respectable 1,060 Seabees had been built. Though this was far from the 5,000 Seabees per year Republic had hoped to sell, it still represented a significant number of airplanes compared to other struggling aircraft companies of the same era. Only Piper, with their cheap, long-lived Cub and Super Cub, Beech's popular Bonanza, and Cessna's early 140 and 120 light planes would sell in numbers greater than the Seabee. This was due in no small part to the very low price of the Seabee. During production, however, the price of the Seabee would rise from its original $3,500 to $4,495 effective July 15, 1946 and to $6,000 on November 15, 1946. Republic sold its last new Seabee in 1948. By that time the demand for civilian aircraft had shown itself to be far less than anticipated and the company turned its attention back to military contracts, developing the successful F-84 Thunderjet, which was built on the same assembly lines formerly used to build the Seabee.
Operational history
Seabees became popular in Canada and the US and were also well-suited for operation in countries with long coastlines, many islands and lakes and large areas of wilderness. By the time production ended, 108 Seabees had been exported to several countries and dealerships were established in Brazil, Cuba, Panama, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, Peru, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina, Fiji, New Caledona, South Africa, England, Norway and Sweden.
From the late 1940s and into the 1950s, the Seabee was a popular bush plane and air ambulance in Canada, Norway, Sweden and the USA.
In 2006, over 250 Seabees are still registered and flying, a number that is increasing yearly as new aircraft are assembled from parts and wrecks. A few Seabees are still operating commercially as bush planes and air taxis.
Modifications
Twenty-three Seabees were converted to a twin-engine variant known as the United Consultants Twin Bee with the fitting of two wing-mounted engines driving tractor propellers. The added thrust greatly enhanced the plane's speed, acceleration and capacity.
Modifications to increase the engine size, wingspan, cargo carrying capacity, controls, trim activation, environmental systems, landing light and many others have been available since the early 1970s.
Operators
Civil
The Seabee is popular with air charter companies and small feeder airlines and is operated by private individuals and companies.
Military
Israeli Air Force
101 Squadron
Republic of Vietnam Air Force
Specifications
See also
References
External links
Amphibious aircraft
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Seabee
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Flying boats |
4032995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio%20Presidente%20Per%C3%B3n | Estadio Presidente Perón | The Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón is a multi-use stadium in Córdoba, Argentina. It is currently used primarily for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 26,535 of which 13,000 are seated and was opened in 1951. It is named after the former Argentine president Juan Perón who loaned the club $1.5 million Pesos during the late 1940s to help build the stadium. The debt was then written off by Arturo Frondizi in 1959. Before the death of Perón in 1974 the stadium was named El Estadio Monumental de Alta Córdoba.
Is the home for the Argentine team Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba
References
Presidente Peron
Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba |
4032996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%20Zhongyi | Lu Zhongyi | Lu Zhongyi (; 18 May 1849 – 26 February 1925) was the seventeenth patriarch of Yiguan Dao (I-Kuan Tao). His religious titles were Tung Li Zu and Jin Gong Zu Shi (金公祖師; Golden Elder). Lu is, according to Yiguan Dao doctrine, the incarnation of Maitreya.
He was born on the 24th day of 4th Lunar month in 1849, in Jining, Shandong province, China. He was said to be illiterate, his father died when he was young, left with his mother and sister Lu ZhongJie. He joined the army at age 22 and became an officer in the Manzhou DongBei (Manchuria) government. In 1895, at the age of 46 he was said to have a dream from God instructing him to become the student of the 16th patriarch Liu Qingxu (Wang Jueyi's successor).
He became the 17th patriarch of Yiguan Dao in 1905 in Qingzhou. Yiguan Dao followers believe that he is the first leader of the "White Sun" Era, the last era of the Three Stages Final Kalpa, thus he is the incarnation of savior Maitreya or Hotei. In 1918, Lu brought I-Kuan Tao to his hometown Jining, within a few years, Lu managed to attract some 25 disciples, among them Zhang Tianran and Sun Suzhen.
Lu died on the 2nd day of the 2nd lunar month in 1925. Thus, Lu's younger sister Lu Zhong Jie (also known as Lao Gu Nai Nai, Mistress of the Old Cave) who was believed to be the incarnation of bodhisattva Guan Yin, took over the leadership for six years.
Zhang Tianran and Sun Suzhen became the successor through spirit writing by the Heavenly Mother. However, the other seven major disciples of Lu once refused his succession. In 1930 Zhang officially was bestowed the leadership as the 18th patriarch of Yiguan Dao in Jinan.
See also
Zhang Tianran
I Kuan Tao
Budai
List of Buddha claimants
References
Thomas DuBois. 2005. The Sacred Village: Social Change and Religious Life in Rural North China. University of Hawai'i Press.
David Jordan & Daniel Overmyer. 1985. The Flying Phoenix: Aspects of Chinese Sectarianism in Taiwan. Princeton University Press.
Soo Khin Wah. 1997. A Study of the Yiguan Dao (Unity Sect) and its Development in Peninsular Malaysia. Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia.
External links
Patriarchs of I Kuan Tao
History of Lu Zhong Yi according to I Kuan Tao
Founding father of I Kuan Tao
1849 births
1925 deaths
I-Kuan Tao Patriarchs
People from Jining |
4033017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genogram | Genogram | A genogram (also known as a McGoldrick–Gerson study, a Lapidus schematic or a family diagram) is a pictorial display of a person's family relationships and medical history. It goes beyond a traditional family tree by allowing the user to visualize hereditary patterns and psychological factors that punctuate relationships. It can be used to identify repetitive patterns of behavior and to recognize hereditary tendencies.
Murray Bowen invented the concept of the genogram as part of his family systems model in the 1970s. Genograms were later developed and popularized in clinical settings by Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson through the publication of a book titled Genograms: Assessment and Intervention in 1985. Genograms are now used by various groups of people in a variety of fields such as medicine, psychiatry, psychology, social work, genetic research, education, and many more. Some practitioners in personal and family therapy use genograms for personal records and/or to explain family dynamics to the client. Few if any genealogists use them. More recently there has been an increase in the recognition and use of systemic therapies and methods to augment more traditional behaviour assessment, clinical formulation and case consultation.
Symbols
A genogram is created with simple symbols representing the gender, with various lines to illustrate family relationships. Some genogram users also put circles around members who live in the same living spaces. Genograms can be prepared by using a complex word processor, or a computer drawing program. There are also computer programs that are custom designed for genograms.
Genogram symbols will usually have the date of birth (and date of death if applicable) above, and the name of the individual underneath. The inside of the symbol will hold the person's current age or various codes for genetic diseases or user-defined properties: abortions, still-births, SIDS, cohabitations, etc.
Content
A genogram can contain a wealth of information on the families represented. It will not only show the names of people who belong to a family lineage, but how these relatives relate to each other. For example, a genogram will not only show that a person called Paul and his wife Lily have three children, but that their eldest child was sent to boarding school; that their middle child is always in conflict with her mother; that their youngest has juvenile diabetes; that Paul suffered from depression, was an alcoholic, and a philosopher; and that Lily has not spoken to her brother for years, has breast cancer, and has a history of quitting her jobs.
Family relationships
One of the advantages of a genogram is the ability to use colour-coded lines to define different types of relationships such as family relationships, emotional relationships and social relationships. Within family relationships, you can illustrate if a couple is married, divorced, common-law, engaged, etc.
Emotional relationships
Genograms may also include emotional relationships. These provide an in-depth analysis of how individuals relate to one another. Colour-coded lines represent various emotional relationships that bond individuals together.
Social relationships
Another component of genograms is social relationships. These allow users to link individuals who are not related to one another, but who have a connection in society-at-large, such as neighbor, co-worker, boss-employee, pastor-church member, teacher-student, etc. Social relationships can also illustrate an individual's relation to a social entity. The use of social relationships links allows the genogram to be used in a business environment to create organizational charts or floor plan layouts of the employees.
A genogram looks like a family tree, but with all the different types of relationships, it contains a significantly more detailed and complete picture of the family or group it illustrates.
Purpose
Genealogy
In genealogy, genograms are used to record family history through the lives of each of its members. Genograms allow the genealogist to graphically portray complex family trees that show marriages and divorces, reconstituted families, adoptions, strained relationships, family cohesion, etc. Genealogists can use genograms to discover and analyze interesting facts about their family history, such as a naming pattern, sibling rivalry, or significant events like immigration.
Medicine
In medicine, medical genograms provide a quick and useful context in which to evaluate an individual's health risks. Knowledge of diseases and conditions that occur within a family can give a health care team invaluable information that may aid in a swift, accurate diagnosis and treatment of health problems. And, a knowledge of diseases and illnesses that "run" in families can give individuals an important head start in pursuing effective preventive measures. A medical genogram is helpful in determining patterns of disease or illness within a family. Medical genograms can include many generations, however four generations may prove to be enough detail.
Sociology
Genograms are used by sociologists to gather objective and consistent information from the clients and their family, helping them to view the client's issues in the larger context of their marital relationship, family relationships and culture of origin and underlining key issues to discuss in client counseling. Genograms portray emotional relationships, which allow Sociologists to see and evaluate possible conflicts within the family. Psychological patterns may be detected in the genogram which provide the basis for precautionary and preventive measures that otherwise might not be warranted.
Social work
In social work, genograms are used to display emotional bonds between individuals composing a family or social unit. A genogram will help social workers to make an assessment of the level of cohesiveness within a family or a group and to evaluate if proper care is available within that unit. Genograms also allow displaying social relationships that illustrate the places people attend such as schools, churches, youth facilities, associations or retirement homes.
Family therapy
In family therapy, genograms are used to study and record relationship patterns between family members and the individual characteristics that make up these patterns that occur. A genogram will help family therapists to make an appropriate assessment of the relationship patterns and where intervention may be needed to help the family reduce the dysfunction and/or problematic situation that brought them into therapy.
Research
In research, genograms allow researchers to understand multi generational processes within various plant and animal species, such as the development of mutations. Genograms can also illustrate rates of renewal, mechanisms of survival, or processes involved in the regulation of tolerance, among other things.
Education
In education, genograms can be used by teachers and students for illustrating book reviews, or family trees of a famous politician, philosopher, scientist, musician, etc. They allow them to focus their attention on specific details and also see the big picture of the books and individuals they are studying.
Creating genograms
Genograms can be useful in almost any profession that deals with social interaction. Genograms can help to visualize complex interactions between individuals and to study patterns of behaviors or diseases. Genograms are easily created with genealogy software, as advanced software allows the user to include tremendous amounts of data. Genealogy software also allows the user to create detailed reports containing analysis of the information stored in each person's individual properties. Commercial software, such as Genopro, Genome Analytics and iGenogram for iPad is available to produce genograms, as well as hundreds of different academic and scientific programs for specialized uses. Genograms are often drawn by hand, sketched working right with the client. It is also possible to create a Genogram in any graphics or word processing program.
See also
Ahnentafel
Cousin chart (Table of consanguinity)
Eco-map
Genetic genealogy#Genetic similarity among relatives (for general genetic similarity)
Genealogical numbering systems
Pedigree chart
References
External links
Introduction to genograms
Genogram Analytics, software for genograms and ecomaps
Useful PDF including medical geneogram example
Charts
Psychological tests and scales
Family therapy |
4033021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo%20%28disambiguation%29 | Banjo (disambiguation) | A banjo is a stringed instrument common in folk and popular music.
Banjo may also refer to:
People
Nickname
Terence Bannon (born 1967), Northern Ireland mountaineer and adventurer
Bill Cornett (1890–c. 1959), American traditional folk singer, banjo player and politician
Banjo Matthews (1932–1996), NASCAR driver, car owner and builder
Barney McKenna (1939–2012), Irish musician and a founding member of The Dubliners, nicknamed "Banjo Barney"
Banjo Paterson (1864–1941), Australian poet, journalist and author
Ikey Robinson or Banjo Ikey (1904–1990), American banjoist and vocalist
Surname
Ashley Banjo (born 1988), English street dancer, choreographer and actor
Chris Banjo (born 1990), American National Football League player
Jordan Banjo (born 1992), a British street dancer
Kay Banjo (born 1992), American soccer player
Tunji Banjo (fl. 1977–1982), Nigerian-Irish former footballer
Victor Banjo (1930–1967), Nigerian Army colonel
Stage name
Banjō Ginga, Japanese actor and voice actor Takashi Tanaka (born 1948)
Arts and entertainment
Films
Banjo (1947 film), an American film directed by Richard Fleischer
Banjo (2016 film), an Indian film
the title character of Banjo the Woodpile Cat, a 1979 animated short
Music
"Banjo" (song), by Rascal Flatts from the album Changed
"The Banjo" (song), a 2014 single by Norwegian formation 3LOGY
The Banjo (Gottschalk), an 1853 piano composition by Louis Moreau Gottschalk
Banjo, of the Overflow, an 1892 poem by Australian poet Francis Kenna
Television
"Banjo (Space Ghost Coast to Coast)", an episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast
Fictional characters
Banjo, a protagonist in the Banjo-Kazooie video game series
Mister Banjo, a recurring enemy of the Marvel Family
Banjo Possum, a minor character in the Tiny Toon Adventures animated television series
Dr. Banjo, a character from the Futurama episode "A Clockwork Origin"
Other uses
Banjo (chocolate bar), a popular British chocolate bar during the 1970s
Egg banjo, a type of fried egg sandwich
Banjo (samba), a musical instrument
Banjo (application), a surveillance app
Banjo (signal), an obsolete railroad signalling device
Banjo (wood lathe), a fixture on a wood-turning lathe
Banjo enclosure, an archaeological feature
Banjo Island, Bermuda
Banjo Awards, presented by the National Book Council of Australia from 1974 to 1997 for both fiction and non-fiction
Banjo ray, another name for the fiddler ray (Trygonorrhina)
Battle of Banjo, a First World War battle in Africa
Japanese gunboat Banjō, a warship of the early Imperial Japanese Navy
A slang term for the Australian $10 note because one side has a picture of Banjo Paterson
A dinosaur specimen of the genus Australovenator
A typeface from French foundry Deberny & Peignot
See also
Banjos banjos or banjofish, a species of fish
Lists of people by nickname |
4033025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion%20Aleksandar%20Shalamanov | Stadion Aleksandar Shalamanov | Stadion Aleksandar Shalamanov () is a multi-purpose stadium in the Slavia district of Sofia, Bulgaria. It is currently used for football matches and is the home ground of the local football club PFC Slavia Sofia. The stadium has a seating capacity of 25,556 and is one of the biggest sport facilities in Bulgaria.
The stadium is part of a multifunctional sport complex, which includes two football training grounds, one multi-purpose indoor hall and an ice-hockey arena with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.
Also, as of 2009, the Bulgaria national under-21 football team plays some of its home matches at this stadium.
In April 2014, a contract for building a new stadium to replace the old one was signed between PFC Slavia and the German company IFS. The capacity shall be expanded to 24,000, with an option for 33,000 spectators for major events. The deal was co-signed by the Bulgarian Football Union. The national teams shall be obliged to play their host matches at the new stadium. Also, the football union will bid with this stadium for a standard package of Euro 2020 matches.
On 25 October 2021, a day after Slavia's legend Aleksandar Shalamanov died, the team announced that the stadium would be renamed in his honour and would take the name Aleksandar Shalamanov Stadium.
Old Slavia Stadium
The original home ground of Slavia was located just to the northwest of Ruski Pametnik near the center of Sofia. It was built in the mid-1920s and demolished in the late 1940s.
References
Football venues in Bulgaria
Sports venues in Sofia
Multi-purpose stadiums in Bulgaria
Stadium |
4033030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%20Motohashi | Mari Motohashi | is a Japanese curler.
Career
Motohashi was a member of Team Aomori which represented Japan at two Winter Olympics (2006 and 2010). She threw second stones for Ayumi Onodera at the 2006 Winter Olympics, finishing 7th, and played second for Moe Meguro at the 2010 Winter Olympics, finishing 8th. She skipped the Japan team at the 2002 World Junior Curling Championships, finishing last. She has also played for Japan at five World Curling Championships: 2004 (7th), 2005 (9th), 2007 (9th), 2008 (4th) & 2010 (11th).
After playing for the Meguro rink from 2007 to 2010, Motohashi began skipping her own team. She has yet to represent Japan internationally as a skip on the senior level.
On the World Curling Tour, Motohashi won the 2007 Meyers Norris Penny Charity Classic and the 2009 Twin Anchors Invitational while playing for Meguro, and later skipped her own rink to win the 2014 Avonair Cash Spiel.
Founded own rink "Loco Solare", a.k.a. "LS Kitami" in her hometown Tokoro, Kitami in Aug. 2010.
The team members are all local members but achieved international success as the 2nd place in the 2016 World Women's Curling Championship in Swift Current.
Motohashi was part of the Japanese team that won the 2018 Olympics women curling bronze medal.
In June 2018, Motohashi announced that she would rest for a while from a top curling player and concentrate on training young players.
In 2021, she took over the Miki Hayashi rink as their skip.
Personal life
Motohashi graduated from Nippon Sport Science University. Her nickname is 'Marilyn' named after her given name.
Holding Teacher's License for Junior High School - Grade 2 in Japan (health and physical training).
She was awarded as an honorary citizen of Kitami City.
Teammates
Grand Slam record
Former events
References
External links
Curling Athlete Profile: Mari MOTOHASHI - Pyeongchang 2018
MariLog: Official blog by Mari Motohashi (in Japanese)
Loco Solare, a.k.a. LS Kitami: Official site (in Japanese)
Japanese female curlers
Living people
1986 births
People from Kitami, Hokkaido
Curlers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic curlers of Japan
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Asian Games medalists in curling
Curlers at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan
Universiade medalists in curling
Curlers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Olympic medalists in curling
Pacific-Asian curling champions
Universiade bronze medalists for Japan
Competitors at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade |
4033044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradski%20stadion%20%28Ruse%29 | Gradski stadion (Ruse) | Gradski stadion (, ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ruse, Bulgaria. It is used for football matches and concerts. It hosts the home games of Dunav Ruse and Lokomotiv Ruse. The stadium holds a capacity of 13,000 spectators, of which 2,000 places are designated for away fans.
Renovations
2013
The stadium was renovated in early 2013, as navy-blue seats were put on the main seven sectors. In December, roof covers were added over the main stand.
2017
Following Dunav's promotion to Bulgarian First League in 2016, the stadium was renovated to meet the licensing criteria of the Bulgarian Football Union. A new drainage system and an automatic watering system were installed, the renovation also included replacing the grass surface of the stadium and constructing floodlights. On the 24th of April, the Bulgarian Football Union licensed the stadium. Prior to the event, Dunav played their home matches on Ludogorets Arena in Razgrad, Bulgaria.
References
FC Dunav Ruse
Football venues in Bulgaria
Multi-purpose stadiums in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Ruse, Bulgaria |
4033054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20T.%20Caperton | Allen T. Caperton | Allen Taylor Caperton (November 21, 1810 – July 26, 1876) was an American politician who was a United States senator from the State of West Virginia in 1875–1876. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He had served in the Virginia House of Delegates and Virginia State Senate before the American Civil War. During the Civil War, he served as a Confederate States Senator.
Early life
Caperton, son of Hugh Caperton and Jane Erskine, was born near Union, Monroe County, West Virginia (now West Virginia) on November 21, 1810. At the age of 14, he traveled by horseback to Huntsville, Alabama, to attend school. He later graduated from the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, then graduated from Yale College in 1832. He studied law in Staunton, Virginia, was admitted to the bar and practiced law. He was married to Harriett Echols.
Political career
Caperton served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1841–1842. He was elected a member of the Virginia Senate in 1844, and served until 1848. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates again from 1857 to 1861. In 1850 he was a delegate to the State constitutional convention. In 1861, he was a member of the Virginia Secession Convention.
During the Civil War, he was elected by the legislature of Virginia to be a member of the Confederate States Senate in which he served until 1865.
After the war, he was the first ex-Confederate elected to the United States Senate, entering office as a Democrat from West Virginia and served from March 4, 1875, until his death in Washington, D.C., July 26, 1876. He was interred in Green Hill Cemetery, Union, West Virginia.
His residence near Union, West Virginia, "Elmwood," was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
Retrieved on March 23, 2009
External links
|-
1810 births
1876 deaths
Confederate States senators
19th-century American politicians
Democratic Party United States senators
People from Union, West Virginia
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
United States senators from West Virginia
Virginia lawyers
West Virginia Democrats
Virginia Secession Delegates of 1861
Caperton family of Virginia and West Virginia
Yale College alumni
University of Virginia alumni
West Virginia lawyers |
4033073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid%20Shiroudi%20Stadium | Shahid Shiroudi Stadium | The Shahid Shiroudi Stadium () formerly known as Amjadiyeh Stadium is a sports stadium in Tehran, Iran. It is currently used for athletics and held football matches until 2009.
The stadium is able to seat 30,000 people and was opened in 1942. It was called Amjadieh Stadium () until the Iranian Revolution.
In September 2015 it was announced the stadium and the complex would undergo a massive renovation.
History
The stadium is one of the oldest sports stadiums in Iran. It was built in 1942 and was located in North of Tehran at the time of opening, while it is now in center of Tehran. The stadium has played host to many sporting, cultural, and national events as well as political meetings. Ever since Iran national football team was formed, they played their home matches in Amjadieh Stadium before Aryamehr Stadium was constructed. It was also home to Taj S.C. (Esteghlal F.C.) and Persepolis F.C. before Azadi Stadium was built. It was also home to Shahin F.C. before and after the Iranian Revolution.
It has also hosted the 1968 AFC Asian Cup finals. The Asian Club Championship was also held in Amjadieh Stadium in 1970. Additionally, Amjadieh stadium along with Aryamehr Stadium and Apadana Stadium (under the name of Persepolis stadium) was the host of preliminary round of the football matches at the 1974 Asian Games. The stadium has also been the venue for the AFC Youth Championship 2000.
Cultural, political and military operations
During the Coronation of the Mohammad Reza Shah and the Shahbanou of Iran in 1967, many events took place in Amjadieh Stadium, including the Coronation Parade.
The stadium was to be the final departing site for Operation Eagle Claw, the aborted mission to rescue 52 American hostages being held in Tehran during the Iran Hostage Crisis. The proposed extraction would have involved a rescue force being transported to the embassy, releasing the hostages, and then escorting the hostages across the main road in front of the embassy to the stadium, where helicopters would have retrieved the entire contingent.
On February 24, 1981, the Mojahedin-e-Khalq party held its public meeting in Tehran at the Amjadieh Stadium, around 40,000 people attended.
Naming
The stadium was named after Shahid Ali Akbar Shiroodi, a Cobra helicopter pilot who was killed in the Iran–Iraq War.
Gallery
References
Football venues in Iran
Sports venues in Tehran
AFC Asian Cup stadiums
Multi-purpose stadiums in Iran
Sports venues completed in 1939
1939 establishments in Iran
Asian Games football venues |
4033074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Rhys%2C%209th%20Baron%20Dynevor | Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor | Richard Charles Uryan Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor (19 June 1935 – 12 November 2008) was a British peer.
He was educated at Eton and at Magdalene College, Cambridge. In 1959 he married Lucy Catherine King, the only daughter of Sir John Knewstub Maurice Rothenstein CBE. They had one son and three daughters. The marriage was dissolved in 1978. His chief interest lay in The Black Raven Press of which he was a director.
In 1962 Lord Dynevor inherited the remaining holdings of the Llandeilo Estate, comprising 23 farms, and 2,000 acres (8 km2), a ruined castle, a deer park with a herd of rare long horned white cattle, and a substantial death duties bill. The death duties were owed on both the 7th and 8th Barons.
Attempts were made to save the patrimony but eventually the castle was sold to a private buyer in 1974. The National Trust bought the deer park and the outer park at Dinefwr in 1987. Newton House was purchased by the Trust in 1990 having been through several hands since first sold by Lord Dynevor in 1974. It was in a very poor state of repair. The East Drive was acquired in 1992. The Home Farm was acquired in 2002. Cadw and the National Trust now control the estate of some 700 acres (3 km2).
References
Rees, Thomas; “The Beauties of England and Wales”, 1815. Reprinted in A Carmarthenshire Anthology, edited by Lyn Hughes, Christopher Davies, 1985
1935 births
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
2008 deaths
09
Richard |
4033078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhti%20Stadium%20%28Ahvaz%29 | Takhti Stadium (Ahvaz) | The Takhti Stadium of Ahvaz () is a multi-purpose stadium in Ahvaz, Iran. It is currently used mostly for football and rugby matches. The stadium is able to hold 15,000 people. It is currently home venue of Esteghlal Ahvaz.
History
The stadium was built in 1978, there have been many disputes as to the name of Takhti Stadium. The argument being that it would have been prevalent to have named the stadium after talented players produced by Ahvaz itself.
The stadium had been the home of both Esteghlal Ahvaz and Foolad in past years. Foolad was relegated in 2007, they were as such not allowed to play all the matches in this stadium. In 2013 Foolad permanently moved to a much bigger Ghadir Stadium. The stadium was renovated in summer 2012 and then, Esteghlal Khuzestan purchased its rights with a contract until 2014.
Location
The stadium is 6 km from the center of city of Ahvaz. Takhti Stadium is 1.5 meters (5 ft) below sea level.
References
Football venues in Iran
Multi-purpose stadiums in Iran
Sport in Ahvaz
Buildings and structures in Khuzestan Province
1984 establishments in Iran
Sports venues completed in 1984
Esteghlal Ahvaz F.C. |
4033080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhti%20Stadium%20%28Tehran%29 | Takhti Stadium (Tehran) | Takhti Tehran () is a multi-purpose stadium, located in Eastern Tehran, Iran. It is used mostly for football matches. The stadium is able to hold 30,122 people and was opened in 1973. Recently, Takhti Stadium has been brought back to life. It has been given a new grass field and seats. Takhti Stadium is home venue of Saipa F.C. Takhti Stadium is the first covered stadium in Iran. It is named after Gholamreza Takhti.
History
Takhti Stadium is the fifth big stadium that was built in East Tehran. This stadium was built to use for 1974 Asian Games and is part of Takhti Sport Complex. The stadium's building progress was started in June 1968 and Iranian-Italian architect, Jahangir Darvish was responsible for the project. It was opened on 3 June 1973 and was named Farah Stadium in honor of Farah Pahlavi, Iran's ex-empress. Almost two years after the Munich Olympic Stadium opened in 1968 to host the 1972 Summer Olympics, International Journal of skeletons Baucn und wohncn paper wrapping published an article about Takhti Stadium and named the stadium as one of the most modern stadiums in the world. Takhti Sport Complex is currently the second best in facilities in Tehran after Azadi Sport Complex.
Building
The stadium is on the crest of Farah and stadium is a logo of Farah's crown. Grandstands also is based from crown's logo. It is also similar to Munich Olympic Stadium. The stadium is the first that used cable system for its coverage. The general idea of plan is designed to a horseshoe stadium so that all viewers are on the one hand and the West and to the North and the South to continue with minimal space. Underlying cause maximum holding time from 2 pm onwards that all viewers Tournament match up against the sun as much as possible and be on equal terms. On the other hand, this solution will enable to display Nmabshat national and field competitions in the East as a night scene can be enormous. The main objective was to design a cover for the viewers as almost more than 2/3 (two thirds) of the shadow of the cable shield to the project. The geometric skeleton of a horse saddle is covered. 2 - Coverage of the rigid concrete stadium and attached to the side of the other side as a domestic non-rigid composite cable is inhibited. In this series, sports such as athletics, cycling and tennis is played. Also, in the halls, multi-purpose sports complex activities, such as bodybuilding (women and men), volleyball, basketball, soccer and gymnastics training to be done. With a capacity of 35,000 football pitches for official matches, 12 earth, and six pitches for local matches, artificial grass and pool and sauna is considered.
Events
The stadium was used during 1974 Asian Games as the second venue. It was also hosted Iran national football team matches in group and semi-finals matches of 2008 West Asian Football Federation Championship. 2010 Islamic Solidarity Games was planned to be held at this stadium but the tournament was cancelled.
The final match of Hazfi Cup in 2014–15 season took place in this stadium on 1 June 2015. During this match Zob Ahan won their third title after defeating Naft Tehran.
2008 WAFF matches
References
External links
Official website of the Takhti Tehran Sports Complex
Sports venues in Tehran
Football venues in Iran |
4033086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut-Olaf%20Haustein | Knut-Olaf Haustein | Knut-Olaf Haustein (20 September 1934 – 10 February 2006) was a German physician best known for his work studying the effects of tobacco smoking.
References
Haustein K-O (2002). Tobacco or Health? Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking Springer,
Knut-Olaf Haustein curriculum vitae (in German)
1934 births
2006 deaths
German pulmonologists |
4033089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri%20Atat%C3%BCrk%20Stadium | Kayseri Atatürk Stadium | Kayseri Atatürk Stadium, opened in 1964, was a multi-purpose stadium in Kayseri, Turkey. It was mainly used for football matches, and was shared by the two largest clubs in the region, Kayserispor who currently play in the Turkcell Super League and Kayseri Erciyesspor who were last season relegated into the Turkish Second Division. The stadium was able to hold 26,500 people, and was mostly uncovered.
During a match between Kayseri Erciyesspor and Sivasspor on September 17, 1967, it was the location of the worst sporting-related disaster occurred in Turkey.
In 2009, it was replaced by Kadir Has Stadium, located on a different site with a capacity in excess of 32,000 seats. Kayseri Atatürk Stadium was demolished and its land will host a multi-use real estate project, including a shopping mall, hotel, offices, and residential buildings.
References
External links
Various photos of the stadium
Football venues in Turkey
Defunct sports venues in Turkey
Demolished buildings and structures in Turkey
Sports venues completed in 1964
Sports venues demolished in 2009
Sport in Kayseri
Multi-purpose stadiums in Turkey
Defunct association football venues in Turkey
Süper Lig venues |
4033096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20My%20Mind%20%28Heather%20Headley%20album%29 | In My Mind (Heather Headley album) | In My Mind is the second studio album by Trinidadian-American singer Heather Headley. It was first released by RCA Records on January 31, 2006 in the United States. The album was delayed due to the Sony BMG merger, and Headley jokingly stated that it should be titled Caught Up. Headley worked with a variety of high-profile R&B and hip hop producers such as Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, Ne-Yo, Warryn Campbell, and Lil’ Jon on the album.
In My Mind debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with first-week sales of 95,000 copies. On May 17, 2006, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album gold for shipments of 500,000 units within the United States.
Critical reception
In his review for Allmusic, editor Andy Kellman wrote that "fans of mature R&B who were won over by Heather Headley's 2002 debut, This Is Who I Am, will hear much to like in her follow-up. Headley by and large proceeds with an "If it ain't broke, don't fix it" policy. She does sound more assured, which only works to her advantage with the mostly elegant and very musical set of arrangements that she fronts. Though the hooks aren't as immediate as what can be heard on Top 40 radio, the relationship insights and the manner in which they're compellingly conveyed are more than a fair trade-off." Mike Joseph from PopMatters found that "hearing love song after cheating song after being cheated on song makes In My Mind the textbook definition of a generic 'adult' R&B diva album [...] The problem that plagues Headley is the same problem that has plagued many an R&B singer over tim: She's only as good as her material lets her be."
Track listing
Notes
signifies an additional producer
Samples
"I Didn't Mean To" contains samples from Helen Reddy's "I Didn't Mean to Love You", written by Artie Butler, and Karen Philipp.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2006 albums
Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Albums produced by Lil Jon
Albums produced by Warryn Campbell
Heather Headley albums
RCA Records albums |
4033098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hedley%20Reynolds | Thomas Hedley Reynolds | Thomas Hedley Reynolds (November 23, 1920 – September 22, 2009) was an American historian and university professor who served as the fifth President of Bates College from March 1967 to November 1989.
His presidency was marked with a renewed focus on academic rigor with the expansion of professor salaries and exacting institutional standards for graduation. Reynolds lead the college through the 1960s and 1970s with expansive integration of feminism, anti-war ideology, and the civil rights movement into the Bates community. The college became known for its academic standards and socially liberal tendencies. During his presidency he diversified the student body and eliminated standardized test scores.
Life and career
Thomas Reynolds was born in New York to Wallace and Helen (Hedley) Reynolds. He attended The Browning School in New York City and graduated from Deerfield Academy in 1938. Reynolds earned a B.A. in political science from Williams College in 1942 and then a Master's (1947) and Ph.D. (1953) in American history from Columbia University.
During World War II, Reynolds served as a tank commander in Europe and received various decorations for his service. After obtaining a Ph.D., Reynolds became an author and history professor at Middlebury College before becoming president of Bates College.
Reynolds was elected the fifth president of Bates College in Lewiston, Maine on March 1, 1967. His presidency was marked with an increased faculty number as well as dramatically increased salary levels. He also improved gender equity within the administration of the college. Reynolds diversified the student body, eliminated standardized test scores, and constructed Ladd Library and the Olin Arts Center. Reynolds also introduced the short-term into the academic calendar.
He frequently joined in on student protests against the Vietnam War and in support for the civil rights movement.
After the college's students established "Newman Day" He received a letter from Paul Newman that denounced the tradition, personally asking him to institutionally bar the activity.
Reynolds retired from the Bates presidency on November 1, 1989.
Death and legacy
Thomas Hedley Reynold died on September 22, 2009 in Lewiston, Maine. The Thomas Hedley Reynolds history professorship was endowed in Reynold's honor.
See also
History of Bates College
List of Bates College people
References
Further reading
Bates College Mirror 2006 (Lewiston, ME: Bates College, 2006).
2009 deaths
Columbia University alumni
20th-century American educators
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
Middlebury College faculty
Williams College alumni
Presidents of Bates College
United States Army personnel of World War II
1920 births
Browning School alumni
Deerfield Academy alumni
Historians from New York (state)
American male non-fiction writers |
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