id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
4031491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnaya%20Polyana | Krasnaya Polyana | Krasnaya Polyana () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia:
Modern localities
Amur Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Amur Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Amur Oblast, a selo in Tomsky Rural Settlement of Seryshevsky District
Republic of Bashkortostan
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Republic of Bashkortostan bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Mikyashevsky Selsoviet of Davlekanovsky District
Belgorod Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Belgorod Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Chernyansky District, Belgorod Oblast, a settlement in Chernyansky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Ivnyansky District, Belgorod Oblast, a khutor in Ivnyansky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Shebekinsky District, Belgorod Oblast, a selo in Shebekinsky District
Bryansk Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Bryansk Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Karachevsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Karachev Urban Administrative Okrug in Karachevsky District;
Krasnaya Polyana, Surazhsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Nivnyansky Rural Administrative Okrug of Surazhsky District;
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, a selo in Maysky District;
Kemerovo Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Kemerovo Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Leninsk-Kuznetsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Demyanovskaya Rural Territory of Leninsk-Kuznetsky District;
Krasnaya Polyana, Prokopyevsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Safonovskaya Rural Territory of Prokopyevsky District;
Kirov Oblast
As of 2012, two inhabited localities in Kirov Oblast bear this name:
Urban localities
Krasnaya Polyana, Vyatskopolyansky District, Kirov Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Vyatskopolyansky District;
Rural localities
Krasnaya Polyana, Shabalinsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Gostovsky Rural Okrug of Shabalinsky District;
Kostroma Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Kostroma Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Kostroma Oblast, a settlement in Klevantsovskoye Settlement of Ostrovsky District;
Krasnodar Krai
As of 2012, five inhabited localities in Krasnodar Krai bear this name:
Urban localities
Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, an urban-type settlement in Krasnopolyansky Settlement Okrug under the administrative jurisdiction of Adlersky City District under the administrative jurisdiction of the City of Sochi;
Rural localities
Krasnaya Polyana, Armavir, Krasnodar Krai (also spelled "Krasnaya polyana"), a khutor in Prirechensky Rural Okrug under the administrative jurisdiction of the City of Armavir;
Krasnaya Polyana, Bryukhovetsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Bryukhovetsky Rural Okrug of Bryukhovetsky District;
Krasnaya Polyana, Gulkevichsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Ventsy-Zarya Rural Okrug of Gulkevichsky District;
Krasnaya Polyana, Kushchyovsky District, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Bolshekozinsky Rural Okrug of Kushchyovsky District;
Krasnoyarsk Krai
As of 2012, one rural locality in Krasnoyarsk Krai bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a selo in Krasnopolyansky Selsoviet of Nazarovsky District
Kursk Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Kursk Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Cheremisinovsky District, Kursk Oblast, a selo in Cheremisinovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Khomutovsky District, Kursk Oblast, a village in Olkhovsky Selsoviet of Khomutovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Medvensky District, Kursk Oblast, a khutor in Petrovsky Selsoviet of Medvensky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Oboyansky District, Kursk Oblast, a khutor in Bashkatovsky Selsoviet of Oboyansky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Zolotukhinsky District, Kursk Oblast, a village in Zolotukhinsky District
Lipetsk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Lipetsk Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Lipetsk Oblast, a selo in Bolshepolyansky Selsoviet of Terbunsky District;
Mari El Republic
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Mari El Republic bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Mari El Republic, a village in Alexeyevsky Rural Okrug of Sovetsky District Krasnaya Polyana is also in Moskvasky Oblast, taken by Germany, briefly on 30.11.1941, in the Battle of Moscow (Bitya za Moskva).
Republic of Mordovia
As of 2012, five rural localities in the Republic of Mordovia bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Bolshebereznikovsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Chernopromzinsky Selsoviet of Bolshebereznikovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Insarsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a village in Mordovsko-Payevsky Selsoviet of Insarsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Kovylkinsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Krasnoshadymsky Selsoviet of Kovylkinsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Staroshaygovsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a settlement in Staroshaygovsky Selsoviet of Staroshaygovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Torbeyevsky District, Republic of Mordovia, a village in Khilkovsky Selsoviet of Torbeyevsky District
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Arzamassky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Chernukhinsky Selsoviet of Arzamassky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Lukoyanovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Bolshemaresyevsky Selsoviet of Lukoyanovsky District
Omsk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Omsk Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Omsk Oblast, a selo in Krasnopolyansky Rural Okrug of Gorkovsky District
Orenburg Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Orenburg Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Matveyevsky District, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Matveyevsky Selsoviet of Matveyevsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Novosergiyevsky District, Orenburg Oblast, a settlement in Krasnopolyansky Selsoviet of Novosergiyevsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Orenburgsky District, Orenburg Oblast, a khutor in Sergiyevsky Selsoviet of Orenburgsky District
Oryol Oblast
As of 2012, six rural localities in Oryol Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Glazunovsky District, Oryol Oblast, a village in Medvedevsky Selsoviet of Glazunovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Khotynetsky District, Oryol Oblast, a settlement in Abolmasovsky Selsoviet of Khotynetsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Kromskoy District, Oryol Oblast, a settlement in Apalkovsky Selsoviet of Kromskoy District
Krasnaya Polyana, Livensky District, Oryol Oblast, a village in Nikolsky Selsoviet of Livensky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Novoderevenkovsky District, Oryol Oblast, a village in Glebovsky Selsoviet of Novoderevenkovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Novosilsky District, Oryol Oblast, a settlement in Golunsky Selsoviet of Novosilsky District
Penza Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Penza Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Penza Oblast, a selo in Rakhmanovsky Selsoviet of Vadinsky District
Rostov Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Rostov Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Azovsky District, Rostov Oblast, a khutor in Alexandrovskoye Rural Settlement of Azovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Peschanokopsky District, Rostov Oblast, a selo in Krasnopolyanskoye Rural Settlement of Peschanokopsky District
Ryazan Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Ryazan Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Kipchakovsky Rural Okrug, Korablinsky District, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Kipchakovsky Rural Okrug of Korablinsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Krasnensky Rural Okrug, Korablinsky District, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Krasnensky Rural Okrug of Korablinsky District
Samara Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Samara Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Samara Oblast, a selo in Pestravsky District
Saratov Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Saratov Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Saratov Oblast, a selo in Marksovsky District
Stavropol Krai
As of 2012, two rural localities in Stavropol Krai bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Ipatovsky District, Stavropol Krai, a selo in Lesnodachnensky Selsoviet of Ipatovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Turkmensky District, Stavropol Krai, a settlement in Ovoshchinsky Selsoviet of Turkmensky District
Sverdlovsk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Sverdlovsk Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Krasnoufimsky District
Tambov Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Tambov Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Tambov Oblast, a village in Bezukladovsky Selsoviet of Tokaryovsky District
Republic of Tatarstan
As of 2012, two rural localities in the Republic of Tatarstan bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Cheremshansky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Cheremshansky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Tetyushsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Tetyushsky District
Ulyanovsk Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Ulyanovsk Oblast bear this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Baryshsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a selo under the administrative jurisdiction of Leninsky Settlement Okrug in Baryshsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Pavlovsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a village in Shakhovsky Rural Okrug of Pavlovsky District
Krasnaya Polyana, Staromaynsky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a settlement in Krasnorechensky Rural Okrug of Staromaynsky District
Voronezh Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Voronezh Oblast bears this name:
Krasnaya Polyana, Voronezh Oblast, a khutor in Rossoshanskoye Rural Settlement of Repyovsky District
Historical localities
Krasnaya Polyana, Moscow Oblast, former village in Moscow Oblast and location of a major action during the Battle of Moscow; now a part of the town of Lobnya
Alternative names
Krasnaya Polyana, alternative name of Polyana, a settlement in Velikotopalsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Klintsovsky District in Bryansk Oblast; |
4031500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan%20Macpherson | Duncan Macpherson | Duncan Ian Macpherson, [[Order of Canada|CM]|size=100%] (September 20, 1924 in Toronto – May 3, 1993 in Beaverton, Ontario) was a Canadian editorial cartoonist. He drew for the Montreal Standard (starting 1948) and for Maclean's, illustrating the writings of Gregory Clark and Robert Thomas Allen. He is most famous for his humorous political cartoons for the Toronto Star; from 1958 until 1993. His syndicated cartoons appeared in seven other Canadian newspapers, in Time, The New York Times, Chicago Daily News and nearly 150 newspapers across the world.
Career
Born in Toronto, Macpherson dropped out of high school in 1941, at age of 17 to join the Royal Canadian Air Force and serve in World War II. While stationed in England, he began taking art classes, and also studied the cartoons of British cartoonist David Low. He left the army in 1946.
In 1947, with the death of his father he briefly took over the family textile business. In 1948, he studied at the school of Boston Museum of Fine Arts and also in that year he began working for Montreal Standard. In 1950, he continued his course of study at the Ontario College of Art. In 1958, he joined the Toronto Star where readers tended to identify with "the poor little guy" in his cartoons. His work has been described as "a combination of Mary Poppins, Mark Twain, and Attila the Hun" with "peerless draftsmanship in the classical tradition — savagery made sublime". but his humour always was directed against pomposity of all kinds. Terry Mosher, the editorial cartoonist who draws under the name Aislin, in his book Professional Heckler: The Life and Art of Duncan Macpherson wrote of him:"Macpherson drew as well, if not better, than any other Canadian artist who comes to mind. He combined that talent with a diamond-drill wit". "He inspired me and a generation (or two) of others working in the same field".
In 1965, Macpherson exhibited his work with its bold and distinctive brushwork at the Art Gallery of Toronto (later renamed the Art Gallery of Ontario). Among the books published by the Toronto Star and Macpherson of his work was MacPherson: World Events Reportage Drawings the Editorial Cartoon by John Brehl (1966). In 1969, Macpherson's Canada by Macpherson was published by The Star. In 1971, he produced a series of 100 drawings and 15 watercolours documenting the Front de libération du Québec trial. In 1978, Macmillan published Editorial cartoons 1978: 136 selected cartoons by Macpherson. In 1980, he retired from the Toronto Star for the first time. That same year, the Public Archives Canada (now Library and Archives Canada) did a travelling exhibition of his work titled A Daily Smile. On April 25, 1993, Macpherson retired a second time from the Star, and died eight days later.
There is a Duncan Macpherson fonds at Library and Archives Canada. The archival reference number is R5671. The material in the fonds dates from 1958 to 1988. It consists of 1,399 drawings and 18 watercolours. In 2013, aided by the R. Howard Webster Foundation and the Toronto Star newspaper, the McCord Museum purchased and made available online a complete collection of Duncan Macpherson editorial cartoons, known as the Duncan Macpherson Fonds in the McCord Museum, 751 caricatures and illustrations created by Macpherson.
Political cartoons
Duncan Macpherson was well known for his ruthless style. Terry Mosher refers to him as the "king of the third wave." One of Macpherson's most celebrated cartoons featured John Diefenbaker as Marie Antoinette saying "Let them eat cake," after Diefenbaker cancelled the Avro Arrow project and its 14,000 jobs. Pierre Berton said this cartoon was "the beginning, I think, of the country's disillusionment with the Diefenbaker government...scarcely anybody had taken a crack at Diefenbaker until then."
Awards and honours
Molson Prize: 1971.
National Newspaper Award for Editorial Cartooning: 1959, 1960, 1962, 1965, 1970, 1972.
Royal Academy of Arts Medal (1966).
News Hall of Fame: 1976.
Member of the Order of Canada: 1987.
Inducted posthumously into the Giants of the North Hall of Fame, as part of the 2018 Doug Wright Awards for Canadian Cartooning.
Stamp news
In 2021, Canada Post honoured Macpherson with a stamp featuring his black-and-white "Thirsty or Hungry?" design, highlighting U.S. interests in Canada. It shows a large cat representing the United States sitting behind a fishbowl with the phrase "POWER RESEVOIR"[sic] along the waterline and a small fish with "CANADA" across its side. It was the fourth in a set of five honouring Canadian editorial cartoonists.
References
Canadian cartoonists
Canadian editorial cartoonists
1924 births
1993 deaths
Artists from Toronto
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Brock, Ontario |
4031530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport%20Rural%20District | Stockport Rural District | Stockport was a rural district in the administrative county of Cheshire from 1894 to 1904. The district was the successor to the Stockport Rural Sanitary District formed in 1875.
The rural district was originally composed of eight civil parishes (with population in 1891):
Bosden (2,342)
Bramhall (3,365)
Brinnington (7,061)
Handforth (794)
Norbury (1,495)
Offerton (372)
Torkington (294)
Werneth, renamed Compstall 1897 (2,587)
In 1900 Hazel Grove and Bramhall Urban District was formed from five of the parishes in the rural district (Bosden, Bramhall, Norbury, Offerton, and Torkington).
In 1902 Compstall was constituted an urban district, and Brinnington became part of Bredbury and Romiley Urban District. The remaining parish in the district, Handforth, became an urban district in 1904.
References
Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
Local government in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
Rural districts of England |
4031536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Schmidt%20%28philosopher%29 | Alfred Schmidt (philosopher) | Alfred Schmidt (; ; born 19 May 1931, Berlin – 28 August 2012, Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher.
Biography
Schmidt studied history and English as well as classical philology at the Goethe University Frankfurt and later philosophy and sociology. He was a student of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer and gained his doctorate with his The Concept of Nature in Marx.
Schmidt was professor of philosophy and sociology at the University of Frankfurt from 1972 and was made emeritus in 1999. Schmidt's primary research topics were the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, philosophy of religion, and Arthur Schopenhauer's philosophy.
Schmidt was a member of the International PEN and an honorary member of the Schopenhauer Society.
Major works
Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre von Karl Marx. Frankfurt am Main: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1962. (English translation: The Concept of Nature in Marx. Translated by Ben Fowkes. London: NLB, 1971, .)
Geschichte und Struktur. Fragen einer marxistischen Historik. München: Hanser, 1971, . (English translation: History and structure. An essay on Hegelian-Marxist and structuralist theories of history. Translated by Jeffrey Herf. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1981, .)
Herbert Marcuse and Alfred Schmidt: Existenzialistische Marx-Interpretation. Frankfurt am Main: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1973, .
Emanzipatorische Sinnlichkeit. Ludwig Feuerbachs anthropologischer Materialismus. München: Hanser, 1973, . (Spanish translation: Feuerbach, o, La sensualidad emancipada. Translated by Julio Carabaña. Madrid: Taurus, 1975, .)
Zur Idee der Kritischen Theorie. Elemente der Philosophie Max Horkheimers. München: Hanser, 1974, .
Die Kritische Theorie als Geschichtsphilosophie. München: Hanser, 1976, .
Drei Studien über Materialismus. Schopenhauer. Horkheimer. Glücksproblem. München: Hanser, 1977, .
Kritische Theorie, Humanismus, Aufklärung. Philosophische Arbeiten. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1981, .
Goethes herrlich leuchtende Natur. Philosophische Studie zur deutschen Spätaufklärung. München: Hanser, 1984, .
Die Wahrheit im Gewande der Lüge. Schopenhauers Religionsphilosophie. München; Zürich: Piper, 1986, .
Entstehungsgeschichte der humanitären Freimaurerei. Deistische Wurzeln und Aspekte. Ed. by Klaus-Jürgen Grün and Thomas Forwe. Leipzig: Salier-Verlag, 2014, (posthumous).
Notes and references
External links
Ein Hauch von Melancholie (Der Spiegel, 5 June 1972)
Lorenz Jäger: Zum Tode von Alfred Schmidt: Begriffene Natur (FAZ.Net, 29 August 2012)
Rudolf Walther: Im Dienste der Aufklärung. Der Frankfurter Philosoph Alfred Schmidt ist gestorben (taz, 31 August 2012)
Stefan Gandler: Alfred Schmidt, filósofo, albacea de la teoría crítica (El País, Madrid, 22 September 2012)
1931 births
2012 deaths
20th-century German translators
English–German translators
Frankfurt School
German male writers
German philosophers
Goethe University Frankfurt faculty
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany |
4031538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LQR | LQR | LQR may refer to:
Law Quarterly Review, peer-reviewed academic journal covering common law
Linear–quadratic regulator, a theory of optimal control
Link Quality Report, a protocol that allows two computers to connect to each other |
4031557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color%20garden | Color garden | The term color garden has in popular use two contradictory interpretations. A color garden has a variety of colors in it so that it is more attracting. In the first sense, a color garden is a garden specially planted in order to display a wide variety of colors, often in a particular season (for example a fall color garden). In the second sense, a color garden may more accurately be labeled a single-color garden.
Single color gardens
Such a garden is planted so that it overwhelms the observer with a single color. While this may seem a rather bland approach at first, such gardens were made popular by the work of famous garden designers such as Gertrude Jekyll and Vita Sackville-West. Sackville-West, for example, created what may have been one of the most famous single-color gardens, the White Garden room of the Sissinghurst Castle Garden.
White garden
A white garden is a feature garden composed of plants that produce white flowers and spathes as well as plants with a white or silvery cast to their foliage. The white garden is a variant of the color garden. The most essential feature of the white garden is its unity of colour.
The white garden is an informal gardening style that is similar in design to the English cottage garden. The open and informal design creates associations with romance, peace, and elegance. The white flowers are not usually placed in clusters, but spread throughout the garden's green areas, creating a natural look and feel. The mildly dense placement of white flowers creates a luminescent sight that is especially powerful in the twilight.
The colour white, and white flowers in particular, carry a vast amount of symbolism.
Flowers used in white gardens
White camellia
Shasta daisy
White lilac
Madonna lily
White periwinkle
White rose
See also
List of garden types
References
Types of garden |
4031561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFDX-TV | KFDX-TV | KFDX-TV (channel 3) is a television station licensed to Wichita Falls, Texas, United States, serving as the NBC affiliate for the western Texoma area. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside low-power MyNetworkTV affiliate KJBO-LD (channel 35); Nexstar also provides certain services to Fox affiliate KJTL (channel 18) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with Mission Broadcasting. The three stations share studios near Seymour Highway (US 277) and Turtle Creek Road in Wichita Falls, where KFDX-TV's transmitter is also located. However, master control and some internal operations are based at the studios of Nexstar sister station and CW affiliate KDAF in Dallas.
The station also operates four UHF digital translators—K27HM-D and K41HQ-D in Quanah, Texas, and K25JO-D and K29LJ-D in Altus, Oklahoma—which relay KFDX's signal to portions of southwestern Oklahoma and western north Texas that are not covered by the main channel 3 signal.
History
Early history
On June 27, 1952, Wichitex Radio and Television – a locally based company managed under the direction of Darrold A. Cannan, Sr. and Howard Fry – submitted an application to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build and license to operate a broadcast television station in the Wichita Falls–Lawton market that would transmit on VHF channel 3. The FCC awarded the license and permit for channel 3 to the Cannan ownership group on December 19, 1952. Wichtex Radio and Television requested and received approval to assign KFDX-TV as the call letters for their television station, after the local radio station that Wichitex had signed on in November 1947, KFDX (990 AM, now Farmersville-licensed KFCD), itself a disambiguation of the calls used by the company's radio station in Beaumont, KFDM (now KLVI).
KFDX-TV first signed on the air at 6:00 p.m. on April 12, 1953; the first program ever broadcast on Channel 3 that evening was the local program People from Here and There. KFDX was the third television station to sign on in the Wichita Falls–Lawton market, launching one month after the sign-ons of its two principal competitors: CBS affiliate KWFT-TV (channel 6, now KAUZ-TV), which debuted on March 1, and Lawton-based KSWO-TV (channel 7), which had signed on March 8. Although KFDX radio had been an affiliate of the ABC Radio Network since 1947, channel 3 has operated as an NBC affiliate since its sign-on; this was essentially by default, as ABC Television had already maintained a primary affiliation with KSWO-TV at the time of KFDX-TV's sign-on. The station originally employed a staff of 30 people, which at the time, was the largest staff of any broadcast television and radio station in west Texas; the majority of stock held in Wichitex was owned by members of the station's staff.
In addition to founding channel 3 and serving as the station's original general manager, Howard Fry was best known by children in the Texoma region for his daily program Uncle Howdy's House Party, which originated on KFDX radio and launched a television broadcast that aired concurrently with the radio program. In 1955, Wichitex sold KFDX radio in order to concentrate on the television portion of the business. Among the personalities who worked at KFDX-TV during the station's early years was Don Alexander—lead singer of rock-and-roll group Alexander and the Greats, and composer of the 1964 hit single "Hot Dang Mustang," which topped songs from such musicians as Elvis Presley, The Kinks, Frank Sinatra and The Rolling Stones to peak at #6 on the Billboard Top 100—who came to the television station in 1964. For several years until he transitioned away from program hosting duties in 1966, Alexander served as host of Stage Coach Three, a weekday afternoon children's program featuring a mix of cartoon shorts and educational features; as the character of "Pinto Bean", a marshal who appeared alongside his horse sidekick Swayback, he also donned cowboy garb to host afternoon western and horror movies. After filing live reports on the Watts riots, which began as he was starting a planned trip to visit his mother in Los Angeles in August 1965, Alexander was promoted to main news anchor and occasionally headed KFDX's news department as its news director from 1966 until he departed from the station in 1980.
Nat Fleming, a local country and western bandleader, served as host of the self-titled, half-hour afternoon variety program The Nat Fleming Show on channel 3 from the station's inception in 1953 until the early 1960s, which featured a blend of musical performances (performed alongside bandmates Pee Wee Stewart, Elmer Lawrence, Buck White, Pappy Stapp and Tommy Bruce) and comedy skits. Fleming was also the longtime owner of The Cow Lot, a Wichita Falls-based western wear store which shuttered operations in 2006, and typically signed off television commercials for his store with the locally known tagline "You can tell by looking if it came from the Cow Lot" (the store also served as the homebase for the Horn Honkin' Show, a Saturday morning variety program that Fleming hosted for radio station KNIN-FM [92.9]). Fleming would be honored with the North Texas Legend Award by The Museum of North Texas History in May 2012.
Clay, Price and U.S. Broadcast Group ownership
On July 30, 1970, Wichitex Radio and Television, then managed by Fry and Darrold A. Cannan Jr., sold KFDX to Charleston, West Virginia-based Clay Communications for $5.05 million; the sale was approved on January 28, 1971. During the latter years under Wichitex ownership and its early years under the stewardship of Clay, the station uniquely identified its channel 3 position with the Roman numeral "III" starting in 1967; the station's on-air brand was further stylized with the "TV" suffix in the callsign rendered in lowercase preceding the numerals, as "KFDX-tv III", with the Roman numeral idenfier being used for its local newscasts (initially as TV-III News, and later as News III and Newscenter III, with the title of its agricultural news program stylized as RFD-III) and film presentations (as Matinee III and TV-III Golden Movies). The station reverted to using a conventional numerical logo in 1978, at which point the station modified its newscast branding as Newscenter 3.
As part of the divestiture of the company's newspaper and television properties, on April 30, 1987, Clay sold its KFDX and its four sister television stations—NBC affiliate KJAC-TV (now Fox affiliate KBTV-TV) in Beaumont–Port Arthur, and ABC affiliates WAPT in Jackson, Mississippi and WWAY in Wilmington, North Carolina—to New York City-based Price Communications Corporation for $60 million; the sale was approved by the FCC on June 23.
In August 1992, KFDX became the first television station in the Wichita Falls–Lawton market to adopt a 24-hour-a-day programming schedule, initially filling overnight time periods following the NBC late night lineup with a mix of syndicated programs, a nightly encore of the station's 10:00 p.m. newscast, and a feed loop of NBC's now-defunct overnight newscast, NBC Nightside. (Eventual sister station KJTL would follow in adopting a 24-hour schedule in September 1994.) On August 23, 1995, Price sold KFDX and fellow NBC affiliates KJAC-TV and KSNF-TV in Joplin, Missouri to Wakefield, Rhode Island-based upstart USA Broadcast Group for $42 million, retaining ABC affiliate WHTM-TV in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania as its sole television property (USA soon renamed itself to U.S. Broadcast Group after USA Network filed a copyright infringement complaint against the broadcasting company).
Nexstar ownership
On January 12, 1998, Irving-based Nexstar Broadcasting Group acquired KFDX-TV, KBTV-TV and KSNF from U.S. Broadcast Group for $64.3 million. Channel 3 subsequently gained two sister stations on June 1, 1999, when Nexstar took over the operations of Fox affiliate KJTL (channel 18) and UPN affiliate KJBO-LP (channel 35, now a MyNetworkTV affiliate)—which were acquired by Nexstar partner company Mission Broadcasting, which originated as an arm of its creditor Bastet Broadcasting, earlier that year for $15.5 million—under joint sales and shared services agreements, under which KFDX would handle news production, engineering, security and certain other services as well as handling advertising sales for the two stations. KJTL and KJBO subsequently vacated their shared facility on Call Field Road and relocated its operations southeast to KFDX's studio facility on Seymour Highway and Turtle Creek Road.
In January 2006, KFDX launched Texoma's Weather Channel, a 24-hour weather forecast service—with content selected by the on-duty meteorologist—that features loops of weather radar and satellite imagery, current conditions (including maps detailing actual and apparent temperatures, sustained wind speeds and gusts within the KFDX viewing area), and local and regional forecasts, along with an audio feed of Wichita Falls-based NOAA Weather Radio station WXK31; Texoma's Weather Channel is carried on Charter Spectrum channel 17 and digital channel 1234 in Wichita Falls (the service is not carried on cable providers on the Oklahoma side of the market, including Fidelity Communications in Lawton).
In December 2020, the studio building was evacuated after vandals cut a couple of guy wires to the nearby tower. The tower did not collapse, and repairs are being done to shore it back up.
Subchannel history
KFDX-DT2
As the low-power station's broadcasting radius is limited to the immediate Wichita Falls area, KFDX carries a simulcast of MyNetworkTV-affiliated sister station KJBO-LD on channel 3.2 in order to relay channel 35's programming throughout the entire Lawton–Wichita Falls market. Ever since its inception, the KJBO simulcast had been presented in 480i standard definition, with most programs (including the MyNetworkTV prime time schedule) airing in letterboxed 4:3; however, sometime in 2020, it had been upgraded into 1080i full high definition. On cable, KJBO-LD (via the KFDX-DT2 feed) is carried on Charter Spectrum channel 7 in Wichita Falls. (The subchannel/station is not currently carried by Fidelity Communications in Lawton.)
KFDX-DT3
KFDX-DT3 is the Laff-affiliated third digital subchannel of KFDX-TV, broadcasting in standard definition on channel 3.3.
On June 15, 2016, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced that it had entered into an agreement with Katz Broadcasting to affiliate 81 stations owned and/or operated by the group—including KJTL and KFDX-TV—with one or more of Katz's four digital multicast networks, Escape (now Ion Mystery), Laff, Grit and Bounce TV (the latter of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz serves as president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting). As part of the agreement, on September 1 of that year, KFDX launched a digital subchannel on virtual channel 3.3 to serve as an affiliate of Laff (the affiliation rights to the three other Katz networks were given to sister station KJTL, which launched three subchannels that affiliated respectively with Grit, Bounce TV and Escape on that same date).
KFDX-DT4
KFDX-DT4 is the Antenna TV–owned-and-operated fourth digital subchannel of KFDX-TV, broadcasting in standard definition on channel 3.4. On January 23, 2018, KFDX launched a digital subchannel on virtual channel 3.4 to serve as an affiliate of the classic television multicast network Cozi TV. On February 1, 2021, KFDX-DT4 became the new home for Antenna TV, replacing Cozi TV.
Programming
KFDX-TV currently broadcasts the majority of the NBC schedule, although the station currently does not clear most of NBC's overnight programming (preempting its weekend lifestyle lineup outright and carrying Early Today as a single half-hour broadcast instead of offering most of its customary overnight loop), preferring to carry an encore of the station's 10:00 p.m. newscast, infomercials and some syndicated programming in the designated time period (particularly on early Tuesday through Saturday mornings after Late Night with Seth Meyers). Syndicated programs broadcast by KFDX include Dr. Phil, Judge Judy, The 700 Club, Inside Edition and Entertainment Tonight.
News operation
, KFDX-TV presently broadcasts 22 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with four hours each weekday and one hour each on Saturdays and Sundays). Channel 3 also produces the half-hour sports highlight/analysis program KFDX 3 Sports Sunday, which airs after the Sunday edition of the 10:00 p.m. newscast.
In addition, KFDX produces five hours of locally produced newscasts each week for Fox-affiliated sister station KJTL (with one hour on weekdays). Through the shared services agreement with KJTL, the station may also simulcast long-form severe weather coverage on channel 18 in the event that a tornado warning is issued for any county in its viewing area of southwestern Oklahoma and western north Texas. KFDX primarily competes for the Texas audience with KAUZ, while KSWO has a stronghold on the Oklahoma side of the market; overall, this puts KFDX at second place among the market's local newscasts.
News department history
A staple of channel 3's schedule was RFD-3, a long-running early morning agriculture and public affairs program which premiered in 1964. Originally airing weekdays at 6:30 a.m., before the launch of a conventional morning newscast in the early 1990s eventually led to the program moving to a 5:00 a.m. slot as the latter program expanded, it was hosted for the majority of its existence by Joe Brown, who served as the station's farm director beginning in the early 1960s and also worked as farm editor for the Wichita Falls Times Record News. RFD-3 ended its 47-year run in August 2011, following Brown's retirement from broadcasting. The station launched a similar program, Texoma Country, which originated as a 15-minute segment that aired during KFDX 3 News Today before expanding to a separate half-hour program serving as a lead-in to the morning newscast — as Texoma Country Morning — in 2014 (the program is co-hosted by Mike Campbell and Joe Tom White, who had previously co-hosted a morning news/talk show on KWFS [1290 AM]; White joined the program in 2014, after announcing his departure from KWFS).
For many years, Warren Silver – who originally joined KFDX as a member of its production staff when it signed on in March 1953 — served as the station's chief weathercaster and continuity announcer as well as acting as the original host of RFD-3. After the station's sale to Clay Communications, Silver was promoted to a management position as the station's general manager, and headed channel 3's operations from 1971 to 1988. After his retirement, Silver continued to serve as a contributor for the station's newscasts, hosting "The Silver Report", a weekly feature segment reporting on issues affecting senior citizens that aired during the 6:00 p.m. edition of Newscenter 3 until his death in 2001. Another longtime weathercaster who appeared on channel 3's newscasts from 1954 to 1971 was Tom Crane, who was known by his nickname, "Tom Crane, the Weathervane." After he left KFDX, Crane worked as vice president of City National Bank in Wichita Falls, and later operated local advertising agency Crane & Company from 1980 until his death on July 6, 2009.
During the late morning of April 3, 1964, a destructive tornado ripped through the City View section of northwestern Wichita Falls and neighboring Sheppard Air Force Base. The event made history as it would become one of the first tornadoes ever to be shown on live television. As rival KAUZ-TV interrupted regular programming that morning to show live footage of the tornado through a studio camera brought outside of channel 6's Seymour Highway studios, KFDX also moved one of its studio cameras outside its facility and pointed it toward the tornado—which initially appeared as a large, rotating dust cloud—as it approached the northwest portion of Wichita Falls, with Shaw and reporter Dee Fletcher providing commentary (sometimes interfered by line voltage and wind noise severe enough that cameramen positioned outside could not hear instructions warning viewers of the approaching tornado over their headphones). The tornado (later retroactively rated as an F5 on the Fujita Scale) killed seven people, injured 111 others, and produced damage estimated at $15 million (with around 225 homes and businesses on the north side of town and at Sheppard AFB being reported destroyed).
During the afternoon and evening of April 10, 1979, about 15 years after the City View twister, KFDX-TV provided complete coverage of an outbreak of tornadic thunderstorms that spawned several strong to violent tornadoes across northwest Texas and southwestern Oklahoma. That evening's coverage culminated with the opening segment of the 6:00 p.m. edition of Newscenter 3, as chief meteorologist Bill Warren was relaying reports of a multiple-vortex tornado that was beginning its path of destruction across southern sections of Wichita Falls. Four minutes into the newscast, electricity to the KFDX studio and transmitter facilities went down as the storm knocked sections of the city's electrical grid offline. (KAUZ, KSWO and five of the six radio stations operating in the Wichita Falls area at the time also lost power in the storm, although local radio station KTRN [102.3, now KWFS-FM] was able to remain on-air as it had an auxiliary power supply). Along its , path, the F4 tornado killed 42 and injured more than 1,700 people, and produced damage estimated at around $400 million; among the 20,000 residents estimated to have been left homeless because of the twister, sixteen of them were part of KFDX-TV's 39-person staff at the time. When the station came back on the air at 6:56 p.m. the following evening (April 11), KFDX provided 3½ hours of continuous live coverage of the aftermath of the tornado. One week later, Channel 3 broadcast a half-hour documentary about the 1979 tornado, Terrible Tuesday, chronicling the Wichita Falls tornado and its aftermath by way of news footage taken by the station after the storm.
Former KFDX chief meteorologist Skip McBride, a retired airman who joined the station as its weekday evening meteorologist on January 29, 1983, was the area's longest-running local television weathercaster. McBride's 31-year tenure—which lasted until his retirement on November 20, 2014—was surpassed only by that of Joe Brown for the longest-tenured television personality in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market; McBride was replaced as chief meteorologist by Kevin Selle (who joined KFDX/KJTL from Texas Cable News, where he previously served as chief meteorologist since the regional news channel's launch in 1998).
In August 1992, KFDX also implemented the "24-Hour News Source" concept (which was enforced in the promotional slogan used by the station until 2005, "Texoma's 24-Hour News Team"). Providing news headlines to viewers at times when the station was not carrying regularly scheduled, long-form newscasts, the concept involved both the production of 30-second news updates that aired at or near the top of each hour and brief weather updates every half-hour during local commercial break inserts within syndicated and NBC network programs – even during prime time network and overnight programming – in addition to the existing half-hourly updates it aired during Today. (Producers and other newsroom personnel anchored the segments for several years during the 1990s.) KFDX discontinued production of these hourly updates in 2005.
Following its sale to Mission Broadcasting and the formation of the SSA between the two stations, on September 20, 1999, KFDX began producing a half-hour newscast at 9:00 p.m. through a news share agreement with Fox affiliate KJTL; the program, titled Fox 18 News at 9:00, was the first local prime time newscast to debut in the market and originated from a secondary set at the KFDX/KJTL/KJBO studios on Seymour Highway in Wichita Falls. The newscast was eventually cancelled after the December 31, 2001 edition, due to poor ratings. After a four-year sabbatical, KFDX launched a second venture at a prime time newscast for channel 18 on September 17, 2007. Originally titled Fox: Texoma's News at 9:00 (later retitled Texoma's Fox News at Nine in September 2011). The program competed against an existing 9:00 newscast on CW affiliate KAUZ-DT2, which parent station KAUZ-TV premiered in September 2006; it would gain another prime time news competitor in September 2012, when KSWO began producing a newscast for its Live Well Network-affiliated DT3 subchannel (now a This TV affiliate). As a result of the cancellations of KSWO and KAUZ's 9:00 news broadcasts (in September 2015 and July 2017, respectively), the KFDX-produced newscast is currently the only local prime time news program in the market.
In July 2012, KFDX became the second television station in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market (after KSWO) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition; the 9:00 p.m. newscast on KJTL was included in the upgrade. Footage shot in-studio has been broadcast in high definition since the conversion, while all news video from on-remote locations was initially broadcast in standard definition and upconverted to widescreen until April 2013, when KFDX/KJTL upgraded its ENG vehicles, satellite truck, studio and field cameras and other equipment in order to broadcast news footage from the field and the newsroom in high definition, in addition to segments broadcast from the main studio.
Notable former on-air staff
Heidi Collins – anchor/reporter (now at KMSP-TV in Minneapolis)
Brad Edwards – anchor/reporter/photographer (1971–1973; later at KFOR-TV in Oklahoma City, deceased)
John Hambrick – anchor/reporter (1964; deceased)
Megan Henderson – news anchor/reporter (now anchor at KTLA in Los Angeles)
Don Owen – reporter (1953–1954; later longtime anchor at KSLA in Shreveport, deceased)
Frances Rivera – news anchor/reporter (now anchor at MSNBC)
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KFDX-TV signed on a digital signal on UHF channel 28 in 2003; the station began broadcasting NBC network programming in high definition in 2009, when KFDX upgraded its main digital feed to the 1080i resolution format. The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 3, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital television under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 28. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 3.
Translators
References
External links
Official website for KFDX-TV, KJTL and KJBO-LD
NBC network affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
FDX-TV
Television channels and stations established in 1953
1953 establishments in Texas
Nexstar Media Group |
4031582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20Combat%20Engineer%20Regiment | 1 Combat Engineer Regiment | 1 Combat Engineer Regiment (1 CER, ) is a Regular Force regiment of the Royal Canadian Engineers (RCE) commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. Its headquarters is in the Patton Building at CFB Edmonton (Steele Barracks), Alberta, and it is assigned to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group.
History
1 CER was continually involved with rotations to Afghanistan as part of the ongoing War on Terror. Due to the regiment's special armoured engineer capability, every Canadian rotation since 2006 had a minimum of an armoured troop from 1 CER attached. As of the start of 2011, 1 CER had six soldiers killed in Afghanistan.
Organization
Armoured engineers
1 CER is different from other CERs units as it holds the Canadian Army's armoured engineer capability. Formerly this was provided by the Badger Armoured Engineer Vehicle (AEV) Since 2018 the Badger AEV has been replaced by a new Leopard 2 based AEV that is known in Canadian service as the Ram AEV2.
Order of precedence
References
Citations
Notes
External links
Engineer regiments of Canada
Military units and formations established in 1977
1977 establishments in Canada |
4031583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Colby | Thomas Colby | Thomas Colby may refer to:
Thomas Colby (MP for Melcombe Regis) (1530–1588), English politician
Thomas Colby (MP for Thetford) (died 1588), MP for Thetford
Sir Thomas Colby, 1st Baronet (1670–1729), MP for Rochester
Thomas Frederick Colby (1784–1852), British major-general and director of the Ordnance Survey
See also
Colby (surname) |
4031589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd%20Amara%20Stadium | Saïd Amara Stadium | Saïd Amara Stadium () is a multi-use stadium in Saida, Algeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 35,000 people.
History
It was named the 13 April 1958 Stadium, to celebrate the date of the creation of the FLN team. In 2020, when Saïd Amara died, LFP proposed that the stadium bear his name.
References
External links
Stade 13 Avril 1958 - goalzz.com
13 Avril
Buildings and structures in Saïda Province |
4031590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpeechMagic | SpeechMagic | SpeechMagic is an industrial speech recognition platform developed by Philips Speech Recognition Systems of Vienna, Austria. The name is also used by the company for services supporting information capture. The technology is mainly used in the healthcare sector, with applications available for the legal market and tax consultants.
On October 1, 2008, Nuance Communications, Inc. announced that it had acquired Philips Speech Recognition Systems.
SpeechMagic supports 25 recognition languages and provides more than 150 ConTexts (industry-specific vocabularies). The world’s largest location using SpeechMagic is the United States with more than 60,000 authors, more than 3,000 editors and a throughput of 400 million lines per year.
References
External links
SpeechMagic
Speech recognition software
Defunct software companies |
4031593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20Service%20Battalion | 1 Service Battalion | 1 Service Battalion (1 Svc Bn; ) is a deployable field unit of the Canadian Forces. It provides second- and limited third-line combat service support to units throughout the 3rd Canadian Division. Located at Steele Barracks, Canadian Forces Base Edmonton, 1 Svc Bn is composed of the battalion headquarters and four functional companies: Transportation, Supply, Maintenance, and Administration. Administration Company is unique in that it provides first-line support to the battalion itself, while the remaining companies provide second- and limited third-line support to units across the 3rd Canadian Division.
1 Svc Bn generates forward support groups (FSGs) formed of personnel from each company in order to support domestic and international operations. 1 Svc Bn is a force generation unit that is capable of providing two company-sized FSGs to support operations at any given time.
The battalion is composed of an integrated and cohesive team of active military members and public servants. Soldiers must maintain their soldiering and war-fighting skills to a high degree of proficiency, while concurrently developing expertise in their respective trades.
The battalion's primary focus is on conducting and training for operations; however, the unit also provides combat service support on a daily basis to 1 CMBG and the 3rd Canadian Division. 1 Svc Bn has, over the past two decades, regularly generated, trained, and deployed the National Support Element (NSE) for several Canadian deployments.
The unit motto is which translates to "duty above all". The current commanding officer is Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Boland and the regimental sergeant major is Chief Warrant Officer Guillaume Page.
History
1 Service Battalion (1 Svc Bn) was officially formed on 1 September 1968, however, the unit's roots can be traced back to around the start of the 20th century through the history of its functional companies: Transportation, Supply and Maintenance. These three companies are descendants of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC), the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps (RCOC), and the Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RCEME) respectively.
Royal Canadian Army Service Corps
Until the formation of the service battalions in September 1968, all transportation service was provided by the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC). The RCASC was established, by General Order No. 141, as the Canadian Army Service Corps (CASC), on 1 November 1901. The CASC was modelled directly off the British Army Service Corps to provide all transportation and supply services to the Army. Initially, the CASC consisted of four companies to support the Active Militia units. The Corps grew quickly, doubling the number of units by 1903, and growing by another three companies by 1905. By the summer of 1914 the CASC had a strength of 3000 personnel in eighteen companies.
During World War I, the CASC provided a support element for each Canadian division, and later on, for the Canadian Corps. With the introduction of motorized vehicles, the CASC carried commodities of a greater range and of greater weights. Motorized transportation also resulted in expanded responsibilities such as driving ambulances and engineer pontoon vehicles, carrying all natures of ammunition, and mobile repair and recovery. In recognition of the services rendered during World War I, King George V authorized the designator "Royal" in 1919.
The RCASC, along with the rest of the army, underwent a rapid expansion as Canada mobilized for the Second World War. The RCASC provided support to Canadian soldiers wherever they went; training in Canada and Great Britain, the campaign in north-west Europe, and in the campaign in Italy. The RCASC moved supplies from the rear areas to the front-lines. They delivered all rations, ammunition, petroleum products, and all other essentials. They did so with a variety of vehicles ranging from 3- to 10-ton trucks, and 40-ton tank transporters.
During the 1950s, the RCASC committed No. 1 and No. 2 Movement Control Groups, 54 Canadian Transport Company, 28 Motorized Ambulance Company, and 58 General Transport Company to the Korean War. In 1952, 23 Transport Company relieved 54 Transport Company, which was in-turn relieved by 56 Transport Company. 3 Transport Company was the last to serve in Korea in 1954. 4 Transport Company (previously known as 56 Transport Company and then 5 Transport Company) moved from Winnipeg to Calgary in August 1967. In June 1968, 4 Transport Company combined with elements of the static 13 Transport Company. Three months later that organization became the Transport Company of 1 Svc Bn.
Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps
The Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps (RCOC) can trace its roots back to the Canadian Stores Department. Formed in 1871, the Canadian Stores Department was a civil department of the Canadian Government. This civil service was charged with control of forts, ammunition, stores, buildings and an ordnance depot left by the departing British Military. On 1 July 1903, the responsibilities of the Canadian Stores Department were transferred to the Ordnance Stores Corps. In 1907 it was renamed the Canadian Ordnance Corps (COC).
During the First World War, the COC, in conjunction with the CASC, was supporting 400,000 men, 150,000 French civilians, and 25,000 horses. In 1919, for recognition of outstanding service during the War, King George V authorized the "Royal" designation.
In the Second World War, the RCOC had a strength of 35,000 military personnel, not including the thousands of civilian personnel employed at RCOC installations. They procured all the material goods required by the Army, from clothing to weapons. Up until 1944, the RCOC was responsible for maintenance and repair. Ordnance Field Parks, that carried everything from spare parts to spare artillery, supported the Divisions and Corps.
In 1960, 1 Ordnance Field Park moved from Edmonton to Calgary and in 1968 merged with the Base Supply organization to become the Supply Company of 1 Svc Bn.
Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
The Corps of RCEME was formed on 15 May 1944 as an amalgamation of elements of the RCOC, the RCASC, and the Royal Canadian Engineers. It was modelled after the British Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME). It was born out of lessons learned during the Second World War. It became apparent that due to the increasing complexity of military equipment, technical expertise needed to be pooled to be most effective.
After the Second World War, the RCEME contributed units to Canadian commitments overseas. RCEME units that served in the Korean War included No. 25 Canadian Support Workshop, No. 191 Canadian Infantry Workshop, No. 23 Infantry Workshop (renamed No. 40 Infantry Workshop), and No. 42 Infantry Workshop.
No. 43 Infantry Workshop, which had gone to Germany as No. 195 Workshop, returned from service in Germany to Barriefield in 1955. In 1958, the unit was re-designated again as 1 Field Workshop. In mid-1958, the unit was moved to Calgary to support 1 Canadian Infantry Brigade Group. In September 1968, No. 1 Field Workshop merged with No. 215 Workshop and became Maintenance Company, 1 Svc Bn.
Formation to present day
As previously mentioned, the unit was officially stood up 1 September 1968. Initially, it was composed of a small headquarters, Transport Company, Supply Company, Maintenance Company, Construction Engineer Company, and Military Police Platoon. The battalion's tasks were: to deploy as a service support unit on order; to assist Canadian Forces Base Calgary with the provision of administrative support to local units; and, to provide a field logistics capability to support 1 Canadian Infantry Brigade Group. In 1975, the Military Police Platoon was removed from the organization to become 1 MP Platoon, and the Construction Engineer Company left and became part of CFB Calgary's Technical Services Branch. In 1976, the Administration Company was added to provide integral service support to the unit so that the unit could better concentrate on providing close and general support to the brigade group. The Administration Company consisted of the unit's headquarters, Transport Platoon, Supply Platoon, and Maintenance Platoon, as well as messing, personnel administration, and medical services.
In late 1978 and early 1979, a band was formed and took part in its initial training phase during rehearsals at a shack in Sarcee Barracks. Unlike others at the time, it was an unauthorized Canadian military band. Each member was issued band heraldry in the spring of the year and consisted of the following musicians at that time: the band sergeant, a band administration officer, a drum major, four snare drummers, two side drummers, a bass drummer, three glockenspiel players, three buglers, and two baritone buglers.
On 24 April 1982, in recognition of its support to and close association with the City of Calgary, 1 Svc Bn was awarded the freedom of the city. As part of the ceremony, the battalion marched to Calgary City Hall where Mayor (and later Alberta Premier) Ralph Klein presented the honour.
As a result of the government's decision to close CFB Calgary, 1 Svc Bn moved to Steele Barracks in Edmonton on 23 September 1996. In July 1999, as part of the army's combat service support core restructure, part of the battalion was removed to form 1 General Support Battalion (1 GS Bn). This relieved 1 Svc Bn of its static or base responsibilities. The smaller unit was then composed of Administration Company, Maintenance Company, and Supply and Transportation Company.
On 28 June 2003, the City of Spruce Grove granted 1 Svc Bn freedom of the city. The honour was marked with a parade through the city and several static displays of vehicles and equipment.
On 6 February 2006, 1 Svc Bn and 1 GS Bn were reunited as a single unit, 1 Svc Bn. On 3 April of the same year, 1 Svc Bn was transferred from 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group to 1 Area Support Group.
On 11 September 2011, the Town of Morinville granted 1 Svc Bn freedom of the city. The honour was marked with a parade through the city and several static displays of vehicles and equipment.
On 23 April 2012, 1 Svc Bn returned to the command of 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in accordance with the Canadian Forces Force 2013 laydown. The event was marked with a transfer of command authority parade to formalize the transfer.
Current order of battle
The Unit Headquarters is responsible for command and control of the unit, planning and coordinating support operations and training, issuing direction to the companies, and maintaining liaison with supported and supporting organizations. The unit headquarters includes the Operations Cell, Training Cell, Battalion Orderly Room, and the command team of the commanding officer, the regimental sergeant major, the deputy commanding officer, the adjutant and the battalion administration coordinator.
Transportation Company is responsible to provide second- and limited third-line transport and movements support. The second-largest company, it is organized into four platoons: Headquarters Platoon, Field Platoon, C Platoon, and Movements and Postal Platoon. Support tasks executed by the company include the provision of the general cargo and personal transport, refuelling services, snow and ice control operations at CFB Edmonton, multi-modal movements planning and control, aerial resupply and postal services. Additionally, the company provides specialist transportation-related training and manages the conduct of the Canadian Forces Mobile Support Equipment Safety Program in the Edmonton Garrison.
Supply Company is the third-largest company in the battalion. The company is organized with a headquarters and five platoons: the Systems Control Platoon, Stocks Platoon, Garrison Support Services Platoon, Laundry, Bath, and Decontamination Platoon, and Combat Supply Platoon. Supply Company provides a variety of essential stores and services to supported units both in garrison and while on deployed operations. The current Supply Company facility, located within the Edmonton Garrison, was originally conceived and designed in 1996 by officer commanding Supply Company Captain Stewart Campbell.
Maintenance Company is the largest of the companies in the battalion. The company provides second- and limited third-line repair and recovery services to assigned dependencies both in garrison and on deployments, as well as providing integral-level support to specified units that do not possess their own integral Land Equipment Management System resources. Maintenance Company consists of the Headquarters, Vehicle Platoon, Artisan Platoon, and Garrison Maintenance Platoon.
Administration Company is the smallest in the battalion and is composed of the Headquarters Platoon, Maintenance Platoon, Transport Platoon, Quartermaster Platoon, Signals Troop, and Finance Platoon. The role of Administration Company is to provide efficient and effective first-line support to the other companies of 1 Svc Bn and any external elements that are attached to the unit. This includes the provision of transportation, maintenance, supply, signals, administrative, and food services support that the members of the other companies need in order to successfully carry out their assigned tasks.
Deployed operations
International
Operation Unifier – Ukraine (2015–present)
Operation Impact – Middle East (2014–present)
Operation Reassurance – Poland/Latvia (2014–present)
Operation Attention – Afghanistan (2011–2014)
Operation Archer – Afghanistan (2005–2013)
Operation Athena – Afghanistan (2005–2011)
Operation Apollo – Afghanistan (2001–2003)
Operation Kinetic – Macedonia (1999–2000)
Operation Palladium – Bosnia (1995–2004)
Operation Mandarin – Croatia (1994)
Operation Harmony – Croatia (1992–1995)
Operation Marquis – Cambodia (1992–1993)
Operation Matador – Namibia (1988–1989)
Domestic
Operation Lentus 18 – British Columbia forest fires (July–September 2018)
Operation Lentus 17 – British Columbia forest fires (July 2017)
Operation Lentus 15 – Saskatchewan fire (July 2015)
Operation Lentus 14 – Manitoba floods (July 2014)
Operation Lentus 13 – southern Alberta floods (June 2013)
Operation Lustre – Manitoba floods (May 2011)
Operation Podium – Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, B.C. (winter 2010)
Operation Grizzly – G8 Leaders Summit in Kananaskis, Alberta (summer 2002)
Operation Peregrine – military support for fighting forest fires in BC (2003)
Operation Recuperation – ice storm relief in eastern Canada ( January–February 1998)
APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting – Vancouver, B.C. (November 1997)
Operation Assistance – Manitoba flood response ( April–May 1997)
Winter Olympic Games – Calgary, Alberta (1988)
Operation Gamescan – Summer Olympic Games in Montreal, Quebec (1976)
Operation Danaca – Middle East (1974–2006)
Operation Snowgoose – Cyprus (1964–1993)
Commanding officers
Lieutenant-Colonel B.B. Cox, CD – September 1968 – August 1969
Lieutenant-Colonel D.V. Geary, CD – August 1969 – July 1971
Lieutenant-Colonel C.A. Millar, CD – July 1971 – July 1973
Lieutenant-Colonel R.D. Leech, CD – July 1973 – April 1975
Lieutenant-Colonel P.P. Pospisil, CD – April 1975 – May 1977
Lieutenant-Colonel R.G. Dauphinee, CD May 1977 – June 1979
Lieutenant-Colonel D.N. Basinger, CD – June 1979 – July 1981
Lieutenant-Colonel R.T. Baxter, CD – July 1981 – July 1983
Lieutenant-Colonel I.J. Campbell, OMM, CD – July 1983 – July 1985
Lieutenant-Colonel H.L. Corbett, OMM, CD – July 1985 – July 1987
Lieutenant-Colonel G.A. Walsh, CD – July 1987 – July 1989
Lieutenant-Colonel E.K. Beselt, CD – July 1989 – June 1991
Lieutenant-Colonel K.A. Strain, CD – June 1991 – July 1993
Lieutenant-Colonel J.L.S. Hamel, CD – July 1993 – June 1995
Lieutenant-Colonel D.N. Redman, CD – June 1995 – April 1997
Lieutenant-Colonel M.E. McQuillan, OMM, CD, PEng – April 1997 – June 1999
Lieutenant-Colonel A.C. Patch, OMM, CD – June 1999 – June 2001
Lieutenant-Colonel J.R. Peverley, CD – June 2001 – July 2003
Lieutenant-Colonel C.A. Lamarre, CMM, MSC, CD – July 2003 – June 2005
Lieutenant-Colonel J.D. Conrad, MSM, CD – June 2005 – Feb 2006
Lieutenant-Colonel D.C. Bell, CD – Feb 2006 – July 2006
Lieutenant-Colonel K.W. Horlock, OMM, MSM, CD – July 2006 – June 2007
Lieutenant-Colonel B.J. MacGillivray, CD – June 2007 – June 2009
Lieutenant-Colonel R.B. Dundon, CD – June 2009 – April 2011
Lieutenant-Colonel K.D. Brodie, CD – April 2011 – June 2013
Lieutenant-Colonel J.P.S. McKenzie, CD – June 2013 – June 2015
Lieutenant-Colonel B.D. Davidson, CD – June 2015 – June 2017
Lieutenant-Colonel H.S. Morrison, CD – June 2017 – July 2019
Lieutenant-Colonel G.M. Grenier-Lachance, CD – July 2019 – May 2021
Lieutenant-Colonel J.L. Boland, CD - May 2021 - Present
Regimental sergeants major
Chief Warrant Officer F. Maiden, CD – September 1968 – February 1969
Chief Warrant Officer C.E. Short, CD – February 1969 – May 1974
Chief Warrant Officer R.F. Wallace, CD – July 1974 – July 1975
Chief Warrant Officer G.E. Welsh, CD – July 1975 – July 1978
Chief Warrant Officer G.L. Pelletier, CD – August 1978 – August 1980
Chief Warrant Officer G.P. Martin, CD – August 1980 – July 1983
Chief Warrant Officer H.C. Moore, MMM, CD – August 1983 – June 1986
Chief Warrant Officer K.T. Morrison, MMM, CD – June 1986 – July 1988
Chief Warrant Officer G.D. Fehr, MMM, CD – August 1988 – June 1991
Chief Warrant Officer R.V. Seyffert, CD – June 1991 – July 1994
Chief Warrant Officer P.B. Gilby, CD – April 1994 – April 1997
Chief Warrant Officer G.M. Clough, MMM, CD – April 1997 – July 2000
Chief Warrant Officer D.B. Chipman, MMM, CD – July 2000 – July 2002
Chief Warrant Officer G.W. Morrison, MMM, CD – July 2002 – June 2005
Chief Warrant Officer P.J. Earles, MSM, CD – June 2005 – February 2006
Chief Warrant Officer R.J. Daly, MSM, CD – February 2006 – June 2007
Chief Warrant Officer G.A. Hughes, MMM, CD – June 2007 – June 2009
Chief Warrant Officer G.R. Vey, MMM, CD – June 2009 – July 2012
Chief Warrant Officer T.J. Harrison, CD – July 2012 – June 2015
Chief Warrant Officer W.J. Bantock, MMM, CD – June 2015 – July 2018
Chief Warrant Officer S.R. Wilson, MMM, CD – July 2018 - May 2021
Chief Warrant Officer G. Page, CD - May 2021 - Present
Unit flag
The 1 Svc Bn Unit flag has links with the traditions of the founding corps. The official colours of the unit flag are Marine Corps scarlet and oriental blue with an intervening gold stripe and the number one emblazoned in the centre. These colours have a history of association with army services. The oriental blue colour of the flag is reminiscent of the old RCOC flag while the gold colour can be found on the former banners of the RCASC, the RCEME Corps, and the Royal Canadian Army Pays Corps (RCAPC).
Unit badge
The badge of 1 Svc Bn (seen above) was selected after many years of discussion in 1978. The badge depicts a Dall ram's head against the battalion flag oriented diagonally inside a ceremonial Canadian Forces unit badge. The Dall sheep is indigenous to Alberta and it was selected to represent the "Army of the West" many years ago by Major-General F.F. Worthington.
Unit building
On 15 November 2017, 1 Service Battalion finalized the exterior naming of building 179 with " Bell/Slumkofske Building". The building is named after two distinguished soldiers: Colonel Bell was a logistician of the First World War and Sergeant Lawrence Albert Slumkofske a RCEME soldier who served in the Second World War.
The official naming of building 179 occurred with the unveiling of a dedication plate in the foyer of the building on 20 October 1996 by Major-General M.D. Jeffries CD.
External links
Official Facebook
References
Battalions of the Canadian Army
Military logistics units and formations of Canada
Military units and formations established in 1968 |
4031601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20Sound | Rock Sound | Rock Sound is a British magazine that covers rock music. The magazine aims at being more "underground" and less commercial, while also giving coverage to better-known acts. It generally focuses on pop punk, post-hardcore, metalcore, punk, emo, hardcore, heavy metal and extreme metal genres of rock music, rarely covering indie rock music at all. The tag-line "For those who like their music loud, extreme and non-conformist" is sometimes used. Although primarily aimed at the British market, the magazine is also sold in Australia, Canada and the United States.
History
The British edition of Rock Sound was launched in March 1999 by the French publisher Editions Freeway. The magazine was bought out by its director, Patrick Napier, in December 2004. The magazines offices are in London. Separate titles with the same name have been published under the same umbrella company in France since 1993, and in Spain since 1998.
The magazine is known for including a free CD in most issues, which has tracks from bands' new albums that have not been released as singles. These are now normally called '100% Volume' or 'The Volumes', but in the past compilations were also called 'Music With Attitude', 'Bugging Your Ears!', 'Sound Check' and 'Punk Rawk Explosion'. Sometimes whole albums are included with the magazine, particularly from bands wanting to gain exposure, including Futures' debut album The Holiday in March 2010, and Burn The Fleet's debut album The Modern Shape in May 2012.
The first issue was published in April 1999. Issue 2 featured British band Reef on the front cover, and later issues 3 and 8 featured Terrorvision and Foo Fighters respectively. In July 2011 a host of "Through The Years" articles were written to celebrate the 150th issue of the magazine. 2017 witnessed the first annual Rock Sound Awards where £1 from every magazine bundle sold was donated to the One More Light Fund in memory of Chester Bennington.
Audience
The magazine had a circulation figure of 15,005 from January to December 2010 auditored by ABC. This includes 10,162 sales in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 4,843 from Other Countries. The same auditing body said the magazine had a slightly lower circulation figure of 14,227 from January to December 2011, with sales of 10,053 from the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 4,174 from Other Countries. The majority of sales come from newstrade, with some coming from subscriptions.
The main rival to the magazine in Britain is Kerrang! because of the similar types of music both magazines cover.
Album of the Year
At the end of every year the magazine lists their favourite 75 albums released in the previous twelve months.
1999 – Filter – Title of Record
2000 – A Perfect Circle – Mer de Noms
2001 – System of a Down – Toxicity
2002 – Isis – Oceanic
2003 – Hell Is for Heroes – The Neon Handshake
2004 – Isis – Panopticon
2005 – Coheed and Cambria – Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness
2006 – The Bronx – The Bronx
2007 – Biffy Clyro – Puzzle
2008 – Genghis Tron – Board Up the House
2009 – Mastodon – Crack the Skye
2010 – Bring Me the Horizon – There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret
2011 – Mastodon – The Hunter
2012 – The Menzingers – On the Impossible Past
2013 – letlive – The Blackest Beautiful
2014 – Lower Than Atlantis – Lower Than Atlantis
2015 – Bring Me the Horizon – That's the Spirit
2016 – Panic! at the Disco – Death of a Bachelor
2017 – All Time Low – Last Young Renegade
2018 – Twenty One Pilots – Trench
2019 – Waterparks Fandom
Hall of Fame/Throwback
Occasionally Rock Sound adds a new album to its Hall of Fame. The main criterion is thought to be influence – even within a particular genre – and for that reason many of the albums have been commercially successful as well as critically successful because they have then gone on to influence large numbers of bands or the music scene. Thus this differs from the Yearly Top Albums lists which do not take influence into account. In each article there is normally an interview with band members, a commentary on the album's release, a look at its initial success, and reaction from other musicians as well. In some of the newer issues this section had been renamed to "Throwback".
Rock Sound Records
In 2019, Rock Sound introduced a new venture titled Rock Sound Records, a sub-brand of Rock Sound offering and distributing music in limited physical formats, such as cassette tapes and vinyl records. Generally, this involves the exclusive physical release of a record released by a band that's signed to a different (major) record label. For instance, the first Rock Sound Records release was a cassette tape version of Simple Creatures′ debut EP Strange Love, while the band is currently signed to BMG.
Discography
See also
Kerrang!
NME
Metal Hammer
Alternative Press
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Official website
1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Music magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1999 |
4031607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque%20du%20Freak | Cirque du Freak | Cirque du Freak (also known as Cirque du Freak: A Living Nightmare) is the first of twelve novels in The Saga of Darren Shan by Darren Shan (real name Darren O'Shaugnessy), published in January 2000.
A feature film adaptation of the novel, directed by Paul Weitz and starring Chris Massoglia, John C. Reilly, Ken Watanabe, Salma Hayek, Josh Hutcherson and Willem Dafoe was released on October 23, 2009.
References
2000 Irish novels
The Saga of Darren Shan novels
HarperCollins books
Irish novels adapted into films |
4031616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyayo%20National%20Stadium | Nyayo National Stadium | Nyayo National Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nairobi, Kenya. It is located at the square of Mombasa Road, Langata Road and the Aerodrome Road. It is approximately two kilometers from the City Center, directly opposite Nairobi Mega Mall, formerly known as Nakumatt Mega. The stadium was built in 1983 for a capacity of 15,000. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The popular AFC Leopards football club plays most of its home games at Nyayo stadium. The stadium is also used for athletics , swimming and various ceremonies most common of which are National Holiday celebrations. Other facilities at the Nyayo Stadium include a gymnasium and a 50-metre swimming pool. Rugby union club Mwamba RFC used the Nyayo National Stadium for home games.
The completion of the Nyayo Stadium gave Kenya the opportunity to be placed in the category of nations that were invited to bid for the 4th All-Africa Games in 1987, a bid that was awarded to Kenya, giving it International status. In essence, the Nyayo Stadium "gave birth" to Moi International Sports Centre.
The Nyayo Stadium was the host venue of the 2010 African Championships in Athletics.
The stadium was renamed to the Coca-Cola National Stadium after the multi-national company won the naming rights to the stadium in February 2009. The deal was worth US$1.5 million and would have seen the beverage company do branding, marketing and naming to the whole stadium for three years. Three months later, however, Coca-Cola withdrew from the contract, because the Kenyan government wanted to have the stadium branded as Coca-Cola Nyayo National Stadium. but was renamed again to the Nyayo National Stadium, as the Government of Kenya wanted it branded. This decision has been widely criticised by many Kenyan citizens, because they believe that Coca-Cola would have heavily improved and popularised the stadium.
The stadium houses headquarters for the Football Kenya Federation and Athletics Kenya.
Components
Main stadium
The main stadium, holding 15,000 people and a FIFA-approved standard-size football pitch, also contains floodlights, 2 VIP lounges, a boardroom and an internet-enabled media centre. The stadium can also be and has also been used to host concerts, public holiday celebrations, public rallies, meetings and crusades.
Aquatic Centre
The aquatic centre holds 2,000 people and contains a filtration plant and a public 50 x 25 m swimming pool.
Indoor Gymnasium
The indoor gymnasium holds 2,500 people and is the home of the Kenya National Basketball League and the Kenya national basketball team. It also features floodlights, electronic scoreboards, snack bars, a boxing ring, an indoor badminton court, a martial arts gym and other social facilities.
Handball and volleyball training courts
The handball and volleyball courts can accommodate up to 1,500 spectators and feature outdoor training courts.
References
External links
Sports Stadia Management Board – A body governing few stadiums in Kenya, including the Moi International Sports Centre
Photo at WorldStadiums.com
Photos at FussballTempel.net
Videos at NairobiKenya.com
Sports venues completed in 1983
Football venues in Kenya
Sports venues in Kenya
Sport in Nairobi
Kenya
Multi-purpose stadiums in Kenya
1980s in Nairobi |
4031617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia%20at%20the%201956%20Summer%20Olympics | Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics | Cambodia competed in the Olympic Games for the first time at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Because Cambodia decided to join the boycott over the Suez Crisis, the nation did not send any athletes to Melbourne, Australia where all but equestrian events were held in late November, and early December. To accommodate Australia's strict animal quarantine regulations, Dressage, Eventing, and Show Jumping were held in June at Stockholm Olympic Stadium. Two Cambodian riders, Isoup Ganthy, and Saing Pen, competed in the equestrian events.
Equestrian
Show jumping
References
Nations at the 1956 Summer Olympics
1956
1956 in Cambodia |
4031622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQP | SQP | SQP may refer to:
Sequential quadratic programming, an iterative method for constrained nonlinear optimization
South Quay Plaza, a residential-led development under construction in Canary Wharf on the Isle of Dogs, London
SQP, the ICAO code for SkyUp, Kyiv, Ukraine |
4031645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wood%20%28explorer%29 | John Wood (explorer) | John Wood (1812 – 14 November 1871) was a Scottish naval officer, surveyor, cartographer and explorer, principally remembered for his exploration of central Asia.
Biography
Wood was born in Perth, Scotland. After schooling at Perth Academy, he joined the British Indian Navy, was made a Lieutenant, and soon demonstrated a flair for surveying. Many of the maps of southern Asia which he compiled remained standard for the rest of the 19th century.
In 1835, aged twenty-two, he commanded the first steamboat to paddle up the Indus River and surveyed the river as he went. In 1838, he led an expedition that found one of the River Oxus's sources in central Asia. The Royal Geographical Society recognised his work by awarding him their Patron's Medal in 1841.
After his central Asian explorations, Wood spent a year in Wellington, New Zealand, before moving back to India and establishing himself in Sind, a northern Indian province that is now part of Pakistan. In 1871, he decided to return to Britain, but before leaving made one final trip to Shimla in the Punjab, where he fell ill. He nonetheless embarked on the voyage home, but died only two weeks after his arrival, on 14 November. His travels were published in 1872.
He is buried on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.
Bibliography
John Wood
Narrative of a Journey to the Source of the River Oxus, London: John Murray, 1841
Twelve Months in Wellington, London: Pelham Richardson, 1843
References
Richard W. Hughes: The Rubies and Spinels of Afghanistan – A brief history
1812 births
1871 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Scottish explorers
Royal Indian Navy officers
Scottish surveyors |
4031647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTEN | KTEN | KTEN (channel 10) is a television station licensed to Ada, Oklahoma, United States, serving the Sherman, Texas–Ada, Oklahoma market as an affiliate of NBC, The CW Plus, and ABC. The station is owned by Lockwood Broadcast Group, and maintains primary studios on High Point Circle (near Katy Memorial Expressway/US 75) in northwestern Denison, Texas, with secondary studios at the Ardmore Energy Center on Merrick Drive (near North Commerce Street) in northwestern Ardmore, and business offices at the intersection of East Main Street and Rennie Avenue in downtown Ada, Oklahoma. Its transmitter is located along State Highway 7 in rural northeastern Johnston County, Oklahoma (west of Wapanucka and southwest of Bromide).
History
Early history
KTEN's history traces back to 1952, when Eastern Oklahoma Television Inc.—a locally based company owned by Bill Hoover, C. C. Morris and Brown Morris, who also owned radio stations KADA (1230 AM) in Ada and KWSH (1260 AM) in Wewoka through their Oklahoma Broadcasting Company subsidiary – applied with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a license to operate a television station on VHF channel 12 (the 1952 assignment of the frequency to the Sherman–Ada media market under the Sixth Report and Order consequently resulted in the FCC also moving the channel 12 allocation originally assigned to Waco, Texas westward to Abilene—where it would become occupied by present-day ABC affiliate KTXS-TV—to avoid interference with any Sherman–Ada station that would be assigned to that channel). Hoover's firm purchased a plot of land located north of Ada with the intention to build a studio and transmitter facility for the station, for which it originally filed to use KEO as its call letters. Shortly after the FCC granted the license application to the Hoover group (now given the call letters KEOK) in 1953, Eastern Oklahoma Television reached an agreement with the FCC to assign its proposed station to VHF channel 10, a second television frequency allocated to the Sherman–Ada market under the Report and Order memorandum; the group subsequently applied to use KTEN as its call sign, becoming the first applicant to incorporate their station's channel number into its call letters in an FCC license filing.
The station first signed on the air on June 1, 1954, as the first television station to sign on in the Ada–Sherman market, Originally based out of studio facilities located on Arlington Street in Ada (which continues to serve as its city of license to this day), channel 10 originally maintained a primary affiliation with ABC, with programming from NBC airing on a secondary basis; this was very unusual for a two-station market, especially a small DMA the size of Sherman-Ada. During the late 1950s, it was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. Prior to the sign-on of KTEN, Texoma area residents were only available to receive over-the-air television service via stations based in the adjacent Oklahoma City, Dallas–Fort Worth and Wichita Falls–Lawton markets; even still, these stations only provided Grade B coverage at best in the northern and western counties of south-central Oklahoma and in parts of north-central Texas; reception of these fringe stations requiring a strong outdoor antenna in Ardmore, Tishomingo and Sulphur, Oklahoma, Gainesville and Denison, Texas, and surrounding areas.
Among KTEN's earliest personalities was Churches of Christ televangelist Mack Lyon, who began his television career with channel 10 as a producer and speaker for a religious program which aired on the station. It was the first regularly scheduled television program produced by the ministry. From the fall of 1980 until 1982, during the tail end of his tenure as the church's pastor, Lyon hosted a weekly ministry program by the Wewoka Church of Christ that also aired locally on KTEN. Lyon would become known among national audiences after he started In Search of the Lord's Way, a syndicated weekly program that he developed as a television outreach of the Edmond Church of Christ in 1982, which Lyon hosted until 2016; in addition to its carriage on local commercial and independent religious television stations throughout North America, Search also aired nationally on the now-defunct American Christian Television System (ACTS) during the early- and mid-1990s.
Channel 10 would eventually gain a competitor when a consortium led by Maurine Easley and Albert Riesen, the daughter and son-in-law of John Easley, longtime owner of The Ardmoreite and radio station KVSO (1240 AM), signed on KVSO-TV (channel 12, now KXII) in Ardmore on August 12, 1956; KVSO assumed the local rights to NBC programming from KTEN, and also served as a secondary CBS affiliate. On June 1, 1964, Eastern Oklahoma Television commenced construction on a new studio and production facility for KTEN on 1600 Arlington Street in Ada. When the studio opened the following year, it was dedicated in an opening ceremony by actor Clint Walker (then the star of the ABC western series Cheyenne) and television and radio journalist Paul Harvey. KTEN would eventually gain a third radio sister in 1967, when Hoover's Oklahoma Broadcasting group signed on KEOR (1000 AM) in Atoka.
As a primary NBC/secondary ABC affiliate
By the time KXII disaffiliated from the network to exclusively align with CBS in 1977, KTEN began carrying a larger proportion of NBC programming within its schedule. Over time, channel 10 had aired the majority of the daytime and prime time program offerings from both NBC and ABC. From 1977 to 1980, it even aired the national evening newscasts from both networks in the hour preceding its local newscast at 6:00 p.m. (with ABC's World News Tonight airing at 5:00, followed by NBC Nightly News at 5:30 p.m.). The station received national attention in 1983, when Doc Severinsen, who was sitting in for Johnny Carson's sidekick Ed McMahon on the noted episode, welcomed KTEN as the newest station to begin carriage of NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. KTEN's acquisition of the late-night talk show occurred after KXII—which had whittled its clearance of NBC programs within its schedule down to just two shows by this time—opted to begin clearing CBS's late night schedule in a move that eventually led channel 12 toward exclusively aligning with CBS in 1985.
Although KTEN and KXII had theoretically been direct competitors for many years, the difference between their respective transmitter sites created disproportionate over-the-air reception of the two stations. Viewers living in parts of south-central Oklahoma close to KXII's transmitter (such as Ardmore, Madill and Durant) experienced fair to poor signal reception of the KTEN signal, which in turn had almost non-existent coverage in some adjoining areas of north-central Texas. Conversely, Ada and surrounding areas on the Oklahoma side of the market had poor over-the-air reception of KXII, as those areas lied on the northern fringe of that station's signal coverage radius. In order to become more competitive with KXII, in 1983, the FCC granted Eastern Oklahoma Television a permit to construct a tower north of Milburn, Oklahoma, which would operate at 316,000 watts of power (the maximum power allowable for stations broadcasting on VHF channels 7-13). The new tower, from which the station began operating its transmitter the following year, would provide better over-the-air reception to areas of far southern Oklahoma located near the Red River (including Ardmore, Durant, Madill, Atoka and parts of Hugo) and extend its reach across the river to the Sherman-Denison area and adjoining areas of north-central Texas (including Gainesville, Bonham, and Paris), where reception of KTEN had previously been marginal if not non-existent.
On February 3, 1985, Eastern Oklahoma Television sold the station to Channel 10 L.P. (later renamed KTEN Television L.P.), a consortium headed by a group of investors led by Durant businessman Tom Johnson, along with Madill-based businessmen Allen Wheeler, John Massey, David Webb and Phillip Stumpff. Johnston planned to take over as the station's general manager, based out of a satellite office in Durant; FCC approval of the sale, however, was held up for three years and did not occur until November 16, 1988. As a condition of approval, the Johnson-led group stated that it would open a secondary studio facility for KTEN on Merrick Drive (near North Commerce Street) in Ardmore, which opened in October 1985. In January 1986, KTEN opened a tertiary studio facility in the Katy Depot in downtown Denison, which originally housed a news bureau and certain back office operations; the Ada facility would remain in operation as the base of channel 10's news operations, and its programming, master control and advertising sales departments.
In 1992, KTEN Television L.P. filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy claim and a petition for financial reorganization to the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. As part of the group's reorganization plan, Tom Johnson and his business partner, Dennis Hall, secured commitments from Durant-based First National Bank and Durant Bank & Trust totaling $1.16 million to acquire an interest in the KTEN Television group's assets; in the winter of late 1992, the group sought permission from the Oklahoma Industrial Finance Authority (OIFA) to provide an additional $1.05 million to the $5 million in loans needed to finance the purchase. The OIFA approved the loan request on February 24, 1993, on the provision that Johnson approach an Ada-based bank to obtain a loan for the remaining $1 million to complete the transaction and that the trust authority be paid in full in the form of a balloon payment by year three of the 15-year loan term.
In May 1993, KTEN adopted a 24-hour-a-day programming schedule, initially filling overnight time periods following the NBC late night lineup with a mix of syndicated programs and movies. By this time, KTEN was gravitating toward becoming a primary NBC affiliate, but continued to carry a large proportion of ABC's schedule; the station even incorporated localized versions of promotional image campaigns produced by both networks. (The station later began clearing ABC's overnight newscast, World News Now, in the time period originally occupied by the overnight film showcases in July 1994.) Although KTEN's programming schedule appeared to be transitioning its network allegiance exclusively to NBC by the early to mid-1990s, another network move was made along the way.
Tertiary affiliation with Fox
In July 1994, KTEN began maintaining a second primary affiliation with the Fox Broadcasting Company, a move it made (on May 24 of that year) in part to regain some financial footing by way of the monetary compensation that the station would be given by Fox. Because the Sherman-Ada market did not have enough commercial television stations to sustain an exclusive affiliation, Texoma area residents could only watch Fox network programming via the network's cable feed, Foxnet, or through out-of-market affiliates – KOKH-TV in Oklahoma City, KJTL in Wichita Falls or Fox owned-and-operated station KDAF [now a CW affiliate] in Dallas-Fort Worth – that provided a Grade B over-the-air signal in certain areas or were available on local cable providers.
Another major incentive was that, through both NBC (which then held the broadcast television rights to the American Football Conference [AFC]) and Fox (which was awarded the contractual rights to the National Football Conference (NFC) television package in a $1.58-billion bid on December 18, 1993), KTEN would uniquely be able to show every single Dallas Cowboys game that the National Football League (NFL) permitted to air on its broadcast television rightsholders; the Cowboys had most of their games carried locally by KXII from 1962 until CBS lost the rights to the NFC package in 1993. Around the time KTEN joined Fox, in order to boost the network's standing as it assumed the NFC contract, the network had begun a gradual process of moving its programming to television stations that were legacy affiliates of either ABC, NBC or CBS in approximately 30 markets throughout the United States. These transactions largely resulted from a group-wide affiliation agreement with New World Communications – then in the midst of acquiring CBS affiliate KDFW, which replaced KDAF as Dallas-Fort Worth's Fox affiliate in July 1995, from Argyle Television – that commenced the same month, and a subsequent deal with SF Broadcasting, a joint venture between Fox and Savoy Pictures, that began the following year.
The downside of the deal was that the station was becoming even more of a hybrid network affiliate, adding to any existing confusion among viewers; it carried the majority of the NBC programming lineup and the entirety of Fox's schedule as well as a handful of ABC programs. NBC programs preempted by KTEN during the next four years mainly consisted of NBC Nightly News, daytime talk and game shows, and (on some occasions) sports events offered by the network on weekends. In contrast, KTEN cleared the entire Fox prime time lineup, but the vast majority of these programs were shown out of pattern after its late-evening newscast; however, it broadcast some Fox shows—including such high-profile series as Beverly Hills, 90210, The Simpsons, Cops and America's Most Wanted—in their recommended evening time slots (most commonly on Fridays and Saturdays, when it carried the network's full prime time schedule in place of the first two hours of NBC's evening lineup).
KTEN's Saturday morning schedule consisted of Fox Kids' weekend block and about one hour of the ABC Saturday Morning (later Disney's One Saturday Morning) lineup in lieu of the TNBC block. The station's other remaining ABC offerings by this time had been whittled down to daily news programs World News Tonight and World News This Morning, select daytime shows (including soap operas General Hospital and All My Children) and a handful of prime time shows (such as 20/20, Home Improvement and Ellen). Similar to the station's earlier carriage of NBC and ABC's evening newscasts during the late 1970s, KTEN also aired the national early-morning newscasts from both networks in the hour preceding its original local morning newscast at 6:30 a.m. (with ABC's World News This Morning airing at 5:30 a.m., followed by NBC News at Sunrise at 6:00). Like it did with many of the Fox programs that the station carried, KTEN aired some ABC programs (including certain shows that it cleared for broadcast in prime time) on tape delay. As area residents could do to watch Fox programs that KTEN aired out of their normal timeslots through the network's adjacent-market affiliates, viewers who wanted to see the pre-empted ABC programs "live" could watch either KOCO-TV in Oklahoma City, KSWO-TV in Lawton or WFAA in Dallas–Fort Worth, while most of the pre-empted NBC programs could be viewable through KFOR-TV, KFDX-TV or KXAS-TV from the respective markets.
Lockwood Broadcast Group ownership, exclusive NBC affiliate
On March 23, 1998, KTEN Television L.P. sold the station to Hampton, Virginia-based Lockwood Broadcast Group for $15.125 million. The acquisition, which was finalized in July of that year, was financed in part through proceeds from the company's December 1997 sale of religious independent station WJCB (now Ion Television owned-and-operated station WPXV-TV) in Norfolk/Hampton Roads, Virginia to Paxson Communications (now Ion Media Networks), a sale which occurred ten months after Lockwood had acquired that station from Tidewater Christian Communications. For most of its history under the group's ownership, KTEN was the only television station owned by Lockwood that was affiliated with one of the Big Four television networks; this status lasted until 2015, when Lockwood purchased ABC affiliate KAKE-TV in Wichita, Kansas and its satellites from Gray Television on October 1 of that year (as part of a $11.2-million trade deal involving Lockwood-owned independent station WBXX-TV in Knoxville, Tennessee).
With the station becoming more financially stable under Lockwood, KTEN disaffiliated from ABC and Fox in September of that year, resulting in the station exclusively aligning with NBC; at that point, it began carrying the vast majority of the network's programming schedule, although it continued to pre-empt the network's daytime talk programs until the end of the decade, although it delayed that block to the early morning by that time. The disaffiliation from ABC had left the Sherman-Ada market as one of several markets in the United States ranked below #80 by Nielsen Media Research that had affiliations with only two of the Big Four television networks. The network's absence was made more apparent by the time that KTEN and KXII respectively launched digital subchannels affiliated with The CW, Fox and MyNetworkTV in 2006, as the two stations had maintained affiliations with five of the six major broadcast networks (NBC, CBS, Fox, The CW and MyNetworkTV); KTEN would eventually reunite with ABC in May 2010, when the station converted its DT3 subchannel into an affiliate of the network. On August 1, 2002, the station began construction on a new studio at 10 Highpoint Circle (near U.S. Route 75) in Denison, Texas to house the station's newsroom and production studios as well as its management offices, and engineering and master control departments (the Ada facility would continue to house advertising sales offices after the new facility was completed); KTEN migrated its primary studio operations from the Katy Depot to the Highpoint Circle building on November 18, 2002.
As heavy thunderstorms moved through the Texoma area, a lightning bolt carrying a positive electrical charge (measured at 386 kA, accompanied by a thunderclap that was heard up to away from the studio) struck KTEN's High Point Circle studios at 11:54 p.m. on March 23, 2013. The strike caused significant damage to the station's master control equipment and playback servers, displaced panels from some of the equipment racks, and tossed the motor from the station's tower camera into the roof of the studio building; a second lightning strike disabled KTEN's microwave relay transmitter. The station restored its direct-to-cable feeds for its NBC, ABC and CW channels on the evening of March 24, albeit with syndicated programming substituting regular newscasts (initial plans were to resume its newscasts on March 24, which were postponed following the discovery of additional equipment damage; pre-recorded newscasts were posted on the station's website for the next week). Repairs to and replacement of the damaged production equipment were completed by April 1, at which point the station resumed over-the-air transmissions of all three channels at full power.
Subchannel history
KTEN-DT2
KTEN-DT2, branded on-air as Texoma CW, is the CW+-affiliated second digital subchannel of KTEN, broadcasting in high definition on UHF digital channel 26.2 (virtual channel 10.2 via PSIP). All programming on KTEN-DT2 is received through The CW's programming feed for smaller media markets, The CW Plus, which provides a set schedule of syndicated programming acquired by The CW for broadcast during time periods outside of the network's regular programming hours; however, Lockwood Broadcast Group handles local advertising and promotional services for the subchannel. On cable and satellite, KTEN-DT2 is available in standard definition on Cable One channel 36 in Ada, Ardmore and Sherman; TV Cable of Grayson East channel 18 in Denison; and DirecTV channel 26 throughout the Sheman-Ada market.
KTEN-DT2's history traces back to the September 21, 1998 launch of The WB 100+ Station Group, a national service that was created to expand coverage of The WB primarily via local origination channels managed by cable providers to smaller metropolitan and micropolitan areas with a Nielsen Media Research market ranking above #100. On that date, Cable One launched "KSHD" (an unofficial callsign that was assigned by the provider, in reference to its Sherman–Denison service area, as it was a cable-exclusive outlet not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission); Cable One originally handled the cable-only WB 100+ charter outlet's operations and promotions, and also handled distribution of the channel to other cable systems within the market (such as Denison-based TV Grayson Cable East). Prior to the launch of "KSHD," viewers in the Sherman–Ada market received WB programming via the cable-satellite feed of Chicago affiliate WGN-TV from the network's launch in January 1995 until Tribune Broadcasting ceased the superstation's national distribution of WB programming in October 1999, or over-the-air through the network's Dallas-based affiliates (KXTX-TV from January to July 1995, then KDAF afterward) on the Texas side of the market or (beginning in January 1998) through Oklahoma City affiliate KOCB in the market's northernmost counties within Oklahoma.
On January 24, 2006, the respective parent companies of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner, announced that they would dissolve the two networks to create The CW Television Network, a joint venture between the two media companies that initially featured programs from its two predecessor networks as well as new series specifically produced for The CW. Subsequently, on February 22, 2006, News Corporation announced the launch of MyNetworkTV, a network operated by Fox Television Stations and its syndication division Twentieth Television that was created to primarily to provide network programming to UPN and WB stations that The CW decided against affiliating based on their local viewership standing in comparison to the outlet that The CW ultimately chose as its charter outlets, giving these stations another option besides converting to a general entertainment independent format.
On April 3, in a joint announcement by the network and Lockwood Broadcast Group, KTEN was confirmed as The CW's charter affiliate for the Sherman-Ada market (channel 10 was the only station out of the three that Lockwood contracted to become CW charter outlets through a deal announced on April 4—the others being WUPV in Richmond, Virginia in WHDF in Huntsville, Alabama, both of which had been UPN affiliates—that chose to carry the network as a subchannel-only affiliation). Lockwood subsequently assumed the operations of "KSHD," which was expected to take over the CW affiliation; it subsequently decided to launch a digital subchannel on KTEN virtual channel 10.2 to provide The CW's programming to Texoma area viewers who do not subscribe to cable television. KTEN-DT2 became an affiliate of The CW through its national feed for small markets, The CW Plus, when the network debuted on September 18, 2006 (two weeks beforehand, the MyNetworkTV affiliation went to the second digital subchannel of KXII, which originally served as a UPN affiliate from February to September 2, 2006).
In January 2017, KTEN-DT2 upgraded its resolution format from 480i standard definition to 720p high definition, allowing the subchannel to begin offering CW network programming in HD (the 720p resolution is standard among subchannel-based CW Plus affiliates due to technical considerations for stations in which the CW Plus broadcast affiliate also maintains a primary channel affiliation, as well as an additional subchannel-only affiliation in some cases, with one of the other major broadcast networks). The HD feed is not currently available on Cable One, TV Cable of Grayson East or other providers in the market.
KTEN-DT3
KTEN-DT3, branded alternatingly as ABC Texoma and as ABC 10, is the ABC-affiliated third digital subchannel of KTEN, broadcasting in high definition on UHF digital channel 26.3 (virtual channel 10.3 via PSIP). On cable and satellite, the subchannel is available in standard definition on Cable One channel 37 (in standard definition) and digital channel 1037 (in high definition) in Ada, Ardmore and Sherman; TV Cable of Grayson East channel 61 in Denison; and DirecTV channel 9 (in standard and high definition) throughout the Sherman–Ada market.
KTEN launched a tertiary digital subchannel on virtual channel 10.3 on September 18, 2006, which originally operated as a 24-hour simulcast of the station's Doppler radar system (then branded as "SkyAlert 10 TrueView Doppler 10/4"), which was accompanied by an audio simulcast of Ardmore-based NOAA Weather Radio station KXI57. Other programming carried on the subchannel during this period included a limited amount of paid programming, educational programs that it aired on Saturday mornings to fulfill Children's Television Act requirements, and occasional sports telecasts from Raycom Sports' SEC Network. On April 4, 2010, Lockwood Broadcast Group reached a long-term agreement with the Disney-ABC Television Group to provide ABC network programming over its DT3 subchannel over KTEN-DT3, a transaction that would mark the return of an in-market ABC station in Ada-Sherman after a twelve-year absence.
After KTEN terminated its affiliation contract with ABC in September 1998, because the market did not have enough commercial television stations to support exclusive affiliations with all four major broadcast networks, viewers in the Ada–Sherman television market were only able to receive ABC programming through local cable providers, by way of out-of-market affiliates such as WFAA in Dallas-Fort Worth and KOCO-TV in Oklahoma City (the ABC station that was available on the local cable provider varied depending on the subscriber's geographic location within the market: WFAA, which maintains marginal to absent over-the-air coverage, even with amplified outdoor antennas, north of a line from Muenster to Whitewright, Texas, was mainly carried in far south-central Oklahoma and north-central Texas from Ardmore southward, while KOCO was carried in most of south-central Oklahoma's northernmost counties from Ada southward to Ardmore). Lockwood helped finance the infrastructure needed for KTEN's ABC subchannel (including costs to construct an extension to the High Point Circle facility that would house a secondary studio for KTEN-DT3's newscasts) through a grant from the Denison Development Alliance, a local chamber organization that advocates for business development in the Denison area, along with investments made by Lockwood management.
KTEN-DT3 converted into an ABC affiliate at 5:00 a.m. on May 9, 2010. With the conversion into a major network affiliate, the subchannel – which became branded as "ABC Texoma" – adopted a general entertainment programming format that primarily features a mix of first-run syndicated talk shows, game shows and newsmagazines, with infomercials and other paid programming filling much of KTEN-DT3's weekend schedule outside of local newscasts and ABC network programs. The subchannel was initially available only on Cable One's Sherman, Ada and Ardmore systems as well as other cable providers within the market (including Allegiance Communications, Communicom's Durant system, TV Cable of Grayson County and Suddenlink Communications); KTEN-DT3 was added by Dish Network on May 26, 2010, followed by its addition to DirecTV in June of that year.
Programming
Network and syndicated programming
KTEN clears the entire NBC network schedule, albeit with some of the network's programs airing out of pattern. The station airs the soap opera Days of Our Lives "live" from the network feed at 12:00 p.m. (most NBC stations carry the programs one to two hours later). It also delays NBC's weekday overnight lineup by one hour, opting instead to air syndicated programming in the hour after Last Call with Carson Daly, while the overnight block's weekend schedule is delayed by between 2½ and three hours depending on the night for the same reason. Syndicated programs broadcast on KTEN include The Doctors, Judge Judy, Dr. Phil, The Good Dish and Wheel of Fortune.
KTEN-DT2 carries the entire CW network schedule, although it preempts a half-hour of syndicated programming carried by the CW Plus source feed (usually consisting of off-network sitcoms) each night in order to carry a 9:00 p.m. newscast produced by its parent station. Syndicated programs broadcast by KTEN-DT2 via the CW Plus feed include Schitt's Creek, Family Guy, Highway Thru Hell, Divorce Court, The Liquidator, Bob's Burgers, black-ish, Rules of Engagement, The Steve Wilkos Show, The Goldbergs, Judge Jerry and Maury.
KTEN-DT3 clears the entire ABC network schedule, although it airs the Weekend Adventure block and This Week one hour earlier than their respective recommended time slots on both Saturdays and Sundays (transmitting them live under the network's Eastern Time Zone scheduling for both the Saturday morning E/I block and Sunday morning talk show). Syndicated programs broadcast on KTEN-DT2 include The Drew Barrymore Show, Family Feud, Jeopardy!, The Wendy Williams Show, Inside Edition, and Rachael Ray.
Sports programming
Since 1994, when the station acquired a part-time affiliation with Fox, KTEN has served as the official television partner of the Dallas Cowboys. By way of the team's television production unit, channel 10 holds local broadcast rights to various team-related programs that air during the regular season (including the Cowboys Postgame Show, Special Edition with Jerry Jones and the head coach's weekly analysis program The Jason Garrett Show, along with specials such as the Making of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Calendar and postseason team reviews) as well as preseason games that are not televised nationally on broadcast or cable television. The rights to most of the team-produced broadcasts, particularly pertaining to Cowboys preseason games, would migrate to KTEN-DT3 in September 2010.
KTEN also carries certain regular season games in which the Cowboys are a participant over its main channel via NBC's contractual rights to the Sunday Night Football package, consisting of both games involving the team's NFC opponents and interconference games against teams in the American Football Conference. Most regular season Cowboys game telecasts air on KXII-DT3, through Fox's broadcast rights to the National Football Conference, with some interconference games involving AFC opponents airing on KXII's main channel through CBS' contractual rights to the NFL and through Fox's contractual rights to the Thursday Night Football package.
News operation
, KTEN presently broadcasts 27 hours of locally produced newscasts each week for its main channel (with five hours each weekday and one hour each on Saturdays and Sundays). In addition, the station produces 3½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week for KTEN-DT2 (with a half-hour each on weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays), and 17 hours of newscasts each week for KTEN-DT3 (with three hours on weekdays and one hour each on Saturdays and Sundays). KTEN-DT3 also airs live newscasts normally seen on channel 10.1 in the event that a sporting event or other special programming delays newscasts seen on the main channel; the newscasts will then also be recorded to be rebroadcast on KTEN after the event. Channel 10 may also simulcast long-form severe weather coverage on KTEN-DT3 in the event that a tornado warning is issued for any county in its viewing area of south-central Oklahoma and far north-central Texas. The station does not produce weather inserts – live or pre-recorded – during the weekend editions of NBC's Today, instead running the program's placeholder national weather map and ancillary story segments during the time normally allocated by the program for affiliates to air local news and weather inserts.
During the 1970s, KTEN acquired a remote newsgathering unit to provide coverage of news events throughout the viewing area. In the mid-1980s, KTEN took advantage of newly implemented FCC rules that permitted translator stations to provide localized content for their individual area of service. In 1985, the station opened a small studio facility and news bureau for its Paris, Texas translator K08KK, from which KTEN began producing a brief news and weather segment that would air on the repeater during channel 10's 10:00 p.m. newscast. This insert was discontinued by the station in the late 1980s due to a lack of advertiser support. At the time the station opened the Merrick Drive facility in Ardmore in 1985, KTEN used the facility primarily to operate a bureau to gather news content for Carter County and surrounding areas on the Oklahoma side of the market; the station hired two full-time reporters and photographers from the Ardmore Energy Center (KTEN also maintains a satellite sales office within the building). Prior to becoming the station's main studio complex by the early 1990s, the Katy Depot facility in Denison initially also served as a bureau for Grayson County and surrounding areas of north-central Texas, also maintaining two reporters and a photographer as well as a satellite sales office.
In November 2005, KTEN began utilizing "TrueView Doppler 10/4" (later renamed "First Alert True View Radar" in 2012), a Doppler radar system that utilizes live VIPIR data from radars operated by National Weather Service radar sites out of Oklahoma City and Frederick, Oklahoma, Fort Worth, Texas and Shreveport, Louisiana for use by station meteorologists for weather segments within its newscasts and for severe weather cut-ins (KTEN does not operate a radar site within proximity to its studios). The radar utilizes a radar beam wavelength that, because each of the sites used provides overlapping coverage of the station's viewing area, is less prone to attenuation interference from precipitation located near each of the sites in comparison to shorter wavelength radars.
One month after the subchannel launched as a CW affiliate, on October 25, 2006, KTEN began producing a half-hour prime time newscast at 9:00 p.m. for KTEN-DT2, under the title Texoma CW News at 9:00. The program—which was the first local prime time news program to debut in the Ada–Sherman market – uses the same anchor staff as that employed for the evening newscasts on KTEN's main channel. Texoma CW News at 9:00 would eventually gain a competitor in September 2009, when CBS affiliate KXII began producing a five-minute-long news and weather segment in that timeslot for its Fox-affiliated DT3 subchannel (which originally aired only on Monday through Friday evenings, before expanding into a half-hour, seven-night-a-week broadcast on August 26, 2011). On July 30, 2008, the station introduced "KTEN Weather Call," a subscription telephone notification service that utilizes the National Weather Service's Storm-Based Warnings to send an automated warning message recorded by KTEN meteorologists—and, if a user prefers to receive it, an email or text message—to the user's address if their location within the warning area.
The station launched additional newscasts for KTEN-DT3 upon its May 9, 2010 conversion into an ABC affiliate. Initially, the subchannel carried simulcasts of the final 90 minutes of its weekday morning newscast and its nightly 5:00 p.m. newscasts, along with separate weekday late-afternoon and nightly 10:00 p.m. newscasts produced for KTEN-DT3, under the brand ABC Texoma News (later retitled ABC 10 First News in September 2015); KTEN extended production of the "ABC Texoma" newscasts to include the weekday morning and weekend 5:30 p.m. newscasts. The "ABC Texoma" newscasts are produced from a secondary news set at KTEN's High Point Circle studios, and incorporates national news segments from the ABC News One affiliate video service along with content from CNN Newsource incorporated into newscasts seen on the station's NBC and CW channels. Weekend evening newscasts seen on KTEN-DT1 and KTEN-DT3 can be delayed or preempted on either or both channels in the event that network programming (most commonly, sporting events like ABC Saturday Night Football games that air on KTEN-DT3 during the college football season) overrun into their timeslots. In September 2011, KTEN extended its 5:00 p.m. newscast to Saturday and Sunday evenings; until that time, weekend news programming on KTEN's main channel was limited to the existing 10:00 p.m. broadcast. On September 12, 2011, KTEN launched an hour-long newscast at 4:00 for KTEN-DT3 (the program was originally slated to air on the station's main signal, before being moved to the ABC subchannel shortly before its debut).
On January 30, 2014, KTEN began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition, becoming the second and last television station in the Ada-Sherman market to make the upgrade; the 9:00 p.m. newscast on KTEN-DT2 was not included in the upgrade as the subchannel transmitted in standard definition at the time. With the upgrade, the station also introduced a high-definition-ready set that was originally used by fellow NBC station KXAS-TV in Dallas–Fort Worth from 2010 until that station relocated from its longtime Broadcast Hill facility in Fort Worth to the then-new Studios at DFW in October 2013.
Notable former on-air staff
Ralph Baker Jr. – news anchor (deceased; formerly co-host of The Group and Chapman and Sump'n Else at WFAA in Dallas–Fort Worth)
Michael Jenkins – sports anchor (now sportscaster and host at NBC Sports Washington)
Julia Morales – reporter (now sports anchor and reporter for AT&T SportsNet Southwest and sideline reporter for the Houston Astros)
Whitney Reynolds – reporter (now local program host at WTTW in Chicago and contributor to iHeart Radio's The Weekly Show)
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KTEN began low-power test transmissions of its digital television signal in 2002. The station commenced full-power digital broadcasts on a regular basis on July 1, 2006, at which point the station began broadcasting its main feed in high definition over UHF digital channel 26; initially, the only HD programming content offered by KTEN consisted of NBC network programs. Final upgrades to the full-power signal were completed that summer, in preparation for the September launch of its CW-affiliated DT2 subchannel.
KTEN discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 26, using PSIP to display KTEN's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 10 on digital television receivers. The decision to delay KTEN's digital conversion was made to enable viewers that were not prepared for the transition to continue receiving information about severe thunderstorm events affecting the Texoma area during the spring 2009 severe weather season, most notably on February 10, 2009, when the station provided extensive live coverage of an EF4 tornado that killed eight people in Lone Grove.
References
External links
- KTEN official website
- KTEN-DT2 ("Texoma CW") website
- KTEN-DT3 ("ABC Texoma") website
Lockwood Broadcast Group
NBC network affiliates
TEN
Television stations in Texas
Television channels and stations established in 1954
1954 establishments in Oklahoma
Ada, Oklahoma |
4031648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando%20Stadium | Orlando Stadium | Orlando Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium, in Soweto, a suburb of Johannesburg, in Gauteng province in South Africa. It is home venue for Orlando Pirates Football Club, a professional soccer team, which plays in the Premier Soccer League.
Orlando Stadium has hosted MTN 8 Cup Final and a Nedbank Cup Final.
Today
It is currently used mostly for football matches, as the home stadium of Orlando Pirates FC of the Premier Soccer League, and was intended to be utilized, as a training field, for teams participating in the 2010 FIFA World Cup after it was completely rebuilt and reopened on 22 November 2008. In addition to the stadium capacity of 36,761 people, there is an auditorium for 200 people, 120 hospitality suites, a gymnasium and a conference centre.
History
The stadium was originally built for the Johannesburg Bantu Football Association and it had a seating capacity of 24,000 and cost £37,500 to construct. It was opened by the Minister for Bantu development, MC de Wet Nel, and Ian Maltz who was then Mayor of Johannesburg on 2 May 1959.
Although intended for football the stadium has been used for concerts by the Jazz musicians Molombo and by the O'Jays. Boxing matches were also staged including the 1975 victory of Elijah 'Tap Tap' Makhatini over the world welterweight and middleweight champion Emile Griffith.
On 16 June 1976 thousands of black students marched to Orlando Stadium to protest at having to learn the Afrikaans language. It was intended to be a rally and although it was organised some of the students only joined the protest on the day. It was planned to be a peaceful protest by the Soweto Students’ Representative Council’s (SSRC) Action Committee. The marchers got as far as their last meeting point when the police and tear gas arrived. The day ended in deaths and this was the start of the Soweto Uprising.
In 1978 the Orlando Pirates took on Phil Venter who had been the first White National Football Association player to play for a black side. He was soon joined by another white player Keith Broad.
In 1995, the stadium played host to the funeral of African National Congress stalwart, Joe Slovo, as well as that of Walter Sisulu in 2003 where Thabo Mbeki, Nelson Mandela, Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, and Pakalitha Mosisili of Lesotho were among the mourners.
In 2011 the stadium hosted the funeral of Albertina Sisulu where Jacob Zuma, Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania and Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia were among the mourners, and also hosted the funeral of Winnie Mandela in 2018 where Cyril Ramaphosa, former presidents Thabo Mbeki, Kgalema Motlanthe, Jacob Zuma; Hage Geingob of Namibia, Denis Sassou Nguesso of Congo-Brazzaville and Mokgweetsi Masisi of Botswana; and Naomi Campbell of Britain were amongst the mourners.
In 1994 South Africa became democratic and on the anniversary of the Soweto Uprising Nelson Mandela gave a speech at this stadium where he committed the country to look after its children.
Redevelopment
From 2008 to 2010 the stadium was rebuilt with a steel frame and this increased the capacity to 36,761 at a cost of 280m Rand.
Other uses
The stadium hosted a Super 14 Rugby union semi-final in 2010, as well as the 2010 Super 14 Final, a week later. This was due to the Bulls' usual home ground Loftus Versfeld Stadium being unavailable, due to the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Orlando Stadium was used as a training venue for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, it also hosted the FIFA World Cup Kick-Off Celebration Concert on 10 June 2010, featuring artists such as Hugh Masekela, the Parlotones, Freshlyground, the Soweto Gospel Choir, Alicia Keys, The Who, Kelly Clarkson, Mariah Carey, Rod Stewart, the Dave Matthews Band, Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Justin Bieber, John Legend, the Black Eyed Peas and Shakira.
References
External links
Stadium history
Stadium Management South Africa
Photos of Stadiums in South Africa at cafe.daum.net/stade
Soccer venues in South Africa
Rugby union stadiums in South Africa
Buildings and structures in Soweto
Orlando Pirates F.C.
Sports venues in Johannesburg |
4031651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Opali%C5%84ski%20%281581%E2%80%931637%29 | Jan Opaliński (1581–1637) | Jan Opaliński (1581–1637) of Łodzia coat of arms, son of Jan Opaliński (1546–1598) and Barbara z Ostroroga Lwowska, brother of Piotr Opaliński, was the head of Opaliński family in the 17th century. Voivode of Poznań since 1628, castellan of Kalisz since 1624, starost of Inowrocław, pious Catholic and supporter of Society of Jesus, he gathered much wealth.
1581 births
1637 deaths
Polish Roman Catholics
Jan 1581 |
4031659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAUZ-TV | KAUZ-TV | KAUZ-TV (channel 6) is a television station licensed to Wichita Falls, Texas, United States, serving the western Texoma area as an affiliate of CBS and The CW Plus. It is owned by American Spirit Media, which maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with Gray Television, owner of Lawton, Oklahoma–licensed ABC affiliate KSWO-TV (channel 7), for the provision of certain services. KAUZ-TV's studios and transmitter are located near Seymour Highway (US 277) and West Wenonah Boulevard in western Wichita Falls.
The station also operates a translator station, K29FR-D in Quanah, Texas, to relay its programming to areas of western north Texas and extreme southwestern Oklahoma that are located outside its primary signal coverage area.
History
Early history
The VHF channel 6 allocation was contested between two groups, both of which owned radio stations in the market, that competed for approval by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to be the holder of the construction permit to build and license to operate a new television station on the second commercial VHF allocation to be assigned to the Wichita Falls–Lawton market. Texoma Broadcasting Co.—a consortium associated with Wichita Falls Times owner Times Publishing Co. and then-owner of local radio station KTRN (AM 1290, now KWFS), led by Rhea Howard, Boyd Kelley, Walter Cline, Houston Harte and Eva Mae Hanks—filed the initial permit application for the VHF channel 6 allocation on July 11, 1952.
Rowley-Brown Broadcasting—a group founded in December 1947 by Edward H. Rowley (president of Rowley United Theatres Inc.), Kenyon Brown (owner of media advertising consulting firm Kenyon Brown Inc.) and H.J. Griffith, with Rowley United Theaters Vice President John H. Rowley and Agnes D. Rowley acting as fellow minority shareholders at the time of their submission—filed a separate license application for channel 6 on July 18, 1952. Rowley-Brown also owned the city's oldest radio station, KWFT (AM 620, now KTNO in Dallas–Fort Worth). The FCC awarded the license to Rowley-Brown on January 6, 1953, and Rowley-Brown sought and was granted the call letters KWFT-TV, after the radio station.
KWFT-TV first signed on the air on March 1, 1953; it was the first television station to sign on in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market, debuting one week before the March 8 sign-on of ABC affiliate KSWO-TV (channel 7) in Lawton, and one month prior to the April 12 sign-on of its fellow Wichita Falls-based rival, NBC affiliate KFDX-TV (channel 3). The station has been a primary CBS affiliate since it signed on, owing to KWFT radio's longtime affiliation with the CBS Radio Network. Initially, KWFT-TV held a secondary affiliation with the DuMont Television Network, carrying select programs from the network until it ceased operations in August 1956; during the late 1950s, the station was briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network.
On December 9, 1955, Rowley-Brown sold KWFT-TV to KSYD-TV Inc.—a consortium led by Sydney A. Grayson and Nat Levine, then-owners of Wichita Falls radio station KSYD (990 AM, now Farmersville-licensed KFCD), which ironically was co-owned with KFDX-TV under prior ownership two years earlier—for $75,000 plus $73,366.40 allocated for color and transmission equipment not yet in use; concurrently, Brown acquired John H. and E. H. Rowley's respective interests in KWFT radio. The sale was approved on January 11, 1956, at which time channel 6's call letters were changed to KSYD-TV. Like its radio sister, it took its calls from its parent company's principal owner. On December 1, 1962, Grayson sold the television station to Mid-New York Broadcasting—a company owned by Albany, New York businessman Paul F. Harron, which then owned primary NBC/secondary ABC affiliate WKTV in Utica, New York (now solely an NBC affiliate on its primary feed) and the World Broadcasting System radio service—for $2.35 million; the sale received regulatory approval 3½ months later on March 13, 1963. On July 31 of that year, the station changed its call letters to KAUZ-TV, which were chosen as part of a contest held by the Harron group that was open to media agency and advertiser personnel. (The calls were submitted by H. Wendell Eastling, a media director for Minneapolis-based Knox-Reeves Advertising, who won the grand prize of an MG sports car and a trip for two to Wichita Falls.)
In February 1966, KAUZ became the first television station in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in color, making the transition just a few months after CBS began converting most of its network programming content from black-and-white to color. KFDX and KSWO followed in upgraded production of their respective newscasts to the color format in 1967. Also in 1967, KAUZ-TV was one of several stations nationwide to broadcast The Las Vegas Show, a short-lived late night program from the ill-fated Overmyer Network that ran for a few weeks. On November 3, 1967, Mid-New York Broadcasting sold KAUZ-TV to Bass Brothers Telecasters—led by investor/philanthropist Perry R. Bass, then-owner of fellow CBS affiliate KFDA-TV in Amarillo and satellites KFDW-TV (now KVIH-TV, a satellite of Amarillo ABC affiliate KVII-TV) in Clovis, New Mexico and KFDO-TV (now defunct) in Sayre, Oklahoma, and 25% owner of KAAR-TV (now NBC owned-and-operated station KNSD) in San Diego—for $3.1 million; the sale was approved by the FCC on April 12 of that year.
In July 1970, two men who were hired to paint the mast on the station's transmitter tower—located on the premises of the KAUZ studio complex, which is said to be coordinated at one of the highest points within the city of Wichita Falls—lost their balance on the apparatus they were standing and fell several hundred feet to the ground; one man was killed, while another was seriously injured. In the late winter of early 1974, Bass Brothers Telecasters sold the station to Forward Communications—a locally based company (doing business as Wichita Falls Telecasters II) owned by local beer distributor Ray Clymer and White Fuel Corp. executive W. Erle White—for $4.25 million; the sale was approved by the FCC on September 19.
On July 22, 1983, Wichita Falls Telecasters II sold KAUZ-TV to Adams Communications (owned by Minneapolis-based investment banker Steve Adams) for $10.925 million; the sale was approved on January 5, 1984. Adams sold KAUZ, along with seven of its other television stations—WHOI in Peoria, Illinois, WWLP in Springfield, Massachusetts, WILX-TV in Lansing, KOSA-TV in Midland, WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia, WMTV in Madison, Wisconsin, and WSAW-TV in Wausau, Wisconsin—to Boca Raton, Florida-based Brissette Broadcasting (owned by media executive Paul Brissette) for $257 million in late 1991; the sale, approved by the FCC on December 24 of that year, was completed in February 1992. In September 1995, Brissette sold KAUZ and its seven other television stations to Benedek Broadcasting for $270 million; the sale was finalized on June 7, 1996. The station signed off on a nightly basis until September 1998, when KAUZ-TV began maintaining a 24-hour programming schedule on Sunday through Thursday nights, initially filling overnight time periods following the CBS late night lineup with a mix of syndicated programs and the network's overnight newscast, Up to the Minute (reducing KAUZ's off-hours to late Friday night/early Saturday mornings and late Saturday night/early Sunday mornings); channel 6 expanded its 24-hour schedule to weekends in September 2001.
On April 2, 2002, Benedek—which had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on March 22—announced it would sell off its 22 television stations, most of which were based in the Midwestern and Western United States, to Albany, Georgia-based Gray Communications Systems (subsequently renamed Gray Television that June) for $500 million. The purchase would have made KAUZ a sister station to fellow CBS affiliate KXII in the nearby Sherman–Ada market, which Gray had purchased from KXII Broadcasters, Inc. in April 1999. Benedek subsequently agreed to sell KAUZ to Chelsey Broadcasting in June 2002; the sale, completed on October 21, 2002, was part of a $30 million piecemeal group acquisition by Chelsey (a major creditor of Benedek) that also involved seven of KAUZ's sister stations (WHOI, WYTV in Youngstown, Ohio, KDLH-TV in Duluth, Minnesota, KMIZ-TV in Columbia, Missouri, KGWN-TV in Cheyenne, Wyoming, KGWC-TV in Casper, Wyoming and KHQA-TV in Quincy, Illinois) that Gray had chosen not to acquire. In September 2003, Chelsey agreed to sell KAUZ to Hoak Media for $8.2 million.
JSA with KAUZ-TV
On July 31, 2009, Lawton-based Drewry Communications—then-owner of KSWO-TV—purchased the non-license assets of KAUZ from Hoak Media and assumed some operational responsibilities for KAUZ under joint sales and shared services agreements. The agreement, which took effect on August 3, allowed KSWO-TV to provide advertising and promotional services for KAUZ, while Hoak would retain responsibilities over channel 6's programming (including news operations), master control operations and production services.
The JSA/SSA arrangement resulted in all five of the market's major commercial television stations—as well as the affiliates of all six of the largest English-language networks—being placed under the operational control of two entities, as Nexstar Media Group already owns KFDX-TV, and operates Fox affiliate KJTL (channel 18) and MyNetworkTV affiliate KJBO-LP (channel 35) through a shared services agreement with the owner of the latter two stations, Mission Broadcasting. However, unlike the SSA formed in 1999 between KFDX and KJTL when the latter was purchased by Mission, the operations of KAUZ remained largely autonomous from those of KSWO; both stations maintain separate studio facilities (KSWO continues to operate from its longtime facility on 60th Street in southeastern Lawton, more than a one-hour drive from KAUZ's Seymour Highway facility), news departments and non-management staff. However, KAUZ-TV laid off four staffers following the formation of the JSA/SSA—general manager Mike deLier, news director Dan Garcia, sales manager Randy Stone and news photographer Jim Allen—with those positions being assumed by existing KSWO-TV staff.
In January 2012, KAUZ-TV became the third television station in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market to being carrying syndicated programming in high definition. The switch was part of a series of upgrades to KSWO and KAUZ's shared master control facility at the former's Lawton studio, which also allowed the seamless insertion of on-screen severe weather alert maps, news and school/event closing tickers, and Emergency Alert System tests during network and syndicated programming on both stations without downgrading HD content to standard definition.
In February 2014, Hoak reached an agreement to sell KAUZ's license assets to KAUZ Media, Inc., a company controlled by Bill W. Burgess, Jr.; the joint sales and shared services agreements with KSWO were to continue following the license transfer. The maneuver occurred after Hoak had sold its other television properties to Gray Television in November 2013.
Sale to American Spirit Media
On August 5, 2015, Hoak Media requested to the FCC to dismiss the sale of the KAUZ license to KAUZ Media as a result of reports that Montgomery, Alabama–based Raycom Media was nearing an agreement to purchase Drewry Communications. On August 10, Raycom was announced that it would purchase Drewry Communications' eight television stations for $160 million; as part of the deal, American Spirit Media—a partner company that largely owns stations under shared services agreements with Raycom in markets where the latter also owns a station – would purchase the license of and other assets belonging to KAUZ-TV from Hoak Media.
While KSWO and KAUZ would remain jointly operated, the existing joint sales agreement between KSWO and KAUZ would be terminated upon the sale's closure due to an FCC rule implemented that year, which prohibited new and existing agreements involving the sale of 15% or more of advertising time by one station to a competing junior partner station in the JSA, a rulemaking that would count such agreements as a duopoly in violation with the agency's ownership rules (the Wichita Falls–Lawton market has only four full-power television stations, four fewer than that allowed to legally form a duopoly, with the remaining stations consisting of low-power outlets). Upon the JSA's termination, Raycom entered into a shared services agreement with KAUZ, under which KSWO would handle news production, administrative and production operations, and provide equipment and building space for that station; despite this, KAUZ remains based out of Wichita Falls and continues to largely operate independently of channel 7.
Transfer of SSA to Gray Television
On June 25, 2018, Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including KSWO, and Gray's 93 television stations) under Gray's corporate umbrella, in a cash-and-stock merger transaction valued at $3.6 billion (in which Gray shareholders would acquire preferred stock currently held by Raycom). Neither company initially disclosed whether the JSA/SSA between KAUZ-TV and KSWO will be retained following the completion of the sale; however should it be retained, it will result in KSWO/KAUZ becoming sister stations to KXII, KOSA-TV (which had been sold by Benedek in 2000 and acquired by Gray in 2015), and KWTX-TV in Waco as well as Bryan semi-satellite KBTX-TV, as well as reuniting it with most of its other former Benedek and Hoak sister stations, sold to Gray in 2002 and 2014, respectively. (Two other former Drewry stations acquired by Raycom in 2015, ABC affiliate KXXV in Waco and NBC affiliate KWES-TV in Midland, Texas, were sold to the E. W. Scripps Company and Tegna Inc. respectively, to comply with FCC ownership rules prohibiting common ownership of two of the four highest-rated stations in a single market.) The sale was approved on December 20, and was completed on January 2, 2019.
KAUZ-DT2
KAUZ-DT2 (branded as "The CW Texoma") is the CW-affiliated second digital subchannel of KAUZ-TV, broadcasting in 720p high definition on channel 6.2. All programming on KAUZ-DT2 is received through The CW's programming feed for smaller media markets, The CW Plus, which provides a set schedule of syndicated programming acquired by The CW during time periods without network programs; however, American Spirit Media handles local advertising and promotional services for the subchannel.
History
KAUZ-DT2's history traces back to the September 21, 1998, launch of a cable-only affiliate of The WB that was originally managed and promoted by Time Warner Cable (TWC), alongside the launch of The WB 100+ Station Group, a national service that was created to expand coverage of The WB via primarily local origination channels managed by cable providers to smaller areas with a Nielsen Media Research market ranking above #100. The channel – which was branded on-air as "KWB," an unofficial callsign assigned by TWC as it was a cable-exclusive outlet not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (in addition to being carried on Time Warner Cable's Wichita Falls system, the channel was carried on other cable systems within the market, including Fidelity Communications in Lawton). Before the launch of "KWB", viewers in the Lawton–Wichita Falls market received WB network programming via the superstation feed of Chicago affiliate WGN-TV beginning at the network's January 1995 launch; residents in the northern portions of the market began receiving the network over-the-air through Oklahoma City affiliate KOCB after it converted into a WB affiliate in January 1998.
On January 24, 2006, the respective parent companies of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner, announced that they would dissolve the two networks to create The CW Television Network, a joint venture between the two media companies that initially featured programs from its two predecessor networks as well as new series specifically produced for The CW. Subsequently, on February 22, 2006, News Corporation announced the launch of MyNetworkTV, a network operated by Fox Television Stations and its syndication division Twentieth Television that was created to primarily to provide network programming to UPN and WB stations that The CW decided against affiliating based on their local viewership standing in comparison to the outlet that The CW ultimately chose as its charter outlets, giving these stations another option besides converting to a general entertainment independent format.
On April 10, in a joint announcement by the network and Hoak Media, KAUZ-TV was confirmed as The CW's charter affiliate for the Wichita Falls-Lawton market; Hoak Media subsequently assumed the operations of "KWB," which was expected to take over the CW affiliation, and converted the channel to an over-the-air digital feed on KAUZ-DT 6.2 to provide The CW's programming to Wichita Falls–Lawton area viewers who do not subscribe to cable television; KAUZ-DT2 became an affiliate of the network's small-market feed, The CW Plus, when the network debuted on September 18, 2006.
KAUZ subsequently began producing a half-hour prime time newscast at 9:00 p.m. for KAUZ-DT2, which aired only on Monday through Friday nights, under the title NewsChannel 6 at 9:00. The KAUZ-produced program would gain additional prime-time news competitors beginning with the launch of a half-hour prime time newscast in that timeslot on KJTL (channel 18), a program that NBC-affiliated sister station KFDX-TV began producing for the Fox affiliate in September 2007 after cancelling a similar production seven years earlier, and later on September 14, 2010, when ABC affiliate KSWO-TV began producing a half-hour newscast for its Live Well Network-affiliated subchannel on virtual channel 7.2 (which itself was cancelled on December 31, 2014, as a result of KSWO-DT2 [now a MeTV affiliate] assuming the This TV affiliation). KAUZ discontinued its 9:00 newscast following the July 18, 2017 edition, with off-network syndicated sitcoms carried from The CW Plus feed replacing it. In early 2015, KAUZ upgraded the "Texoma CW" subchannel to 720p high definition, providing over-the-air access to HD content from The CW in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market for the first time; the prime time newscast was not upgraded to HD until January 2016.
Programming
KAUZ clears the entire CBS network schedule, with one exception. Due to its half-hour Saturday morning newscast, the CBS Dream Team block airs a half-hour later than on most CBS affiliates, and also airs over two days (the first 2½ hours of the block air on Saturdays and the remaining half-hour airs on Sunday mornings). Excluding those carried on KAUZ-DT2 via The CW Plus, syndicated programs broadcast on KAUZ-TV include Family Feud, Jeopardy!, Wheel of Fortune and Pawn Stars.
Among the local programs aired by KAUZ in previous years were Kauzey's Korner (later titled Kauzmo's Kolorful Kartoons), a long-running weekday afternoon children's program that aired on channel 6 from 1963 to 1967, whose titular host "Kauzmo" (played by Ronald "Cosmo" Gresham, an outspoken political activist, two-time Hawaii Big Island mayoral candidate and one-time County Council candidate) was named for the station's call letters. One episode of the series is reported to have introduced country singer Willie Nelson to television viewers for the first time. After Gresham relocated to Hawaii years later, the character of "Kauzmo" would later become known as "Cosmo", when he hosted a public access program on Jones Spacelink/Hawaiian Cablevision of Hilo titled "Cosmic Express" (named after his Cosmic Express newsletter), which featured news, political commentary, law study, spirituality, music (often played by Cosmo himself on flute or other instruments he made himself) and guest interviews (the Dalai Lama was among that program's notable guests).
From 1979 to 1982, KAUZ served as the local rightsholder for the syndicated news and features program PM Magazine, which included both national inserts produced by program distributor Group W and local inserts produced by KAUZ (independent of the news department); during its tenure on the station, PM aired each weeknight at 6:30 p.m. following the station's 6:00 p.m. newscast.
Past program preemptions and deferrals
Between September 1985 and August 1993, KAUZ-TV was one of several CBS stations to air the network's late night lineup – respectively consisting of the CBS Late Movie / CBS Late Night block, the short-lived Pat Sajak Show, and finally, the Crimetime After Primetime block during that period – a half-hour later in order to air syndicated programming following its 10:00 p.m. newscast. From 1982 to 1998, the station preempted CBS's overnight newscasts – CBS News Nightwatch and, later, Up to the Minute – as the station signed off each night at 1:00 a.m.; Up to the Minute would begin to be cleared by the station full-in September 1998, when KAUZ adopted a 24-hour-a-day programming schedule. From September 1992 to September 1993, KAUZ also preempted the CBS Morning News in order to accommodate an expanded hour-long edition of its weekday morning news and agriculture program, Country Morning (which eventually evolved into a conventionally formatted newscast, now titled Newschannel 6 This Morning, after co-hosts and now-former KWFS [1290 AM] radio hosts Mike Campbell and Joe Tom White – now hosts of KFDX's Texoma Country Morning – left the station in December 1993) as well as a simulcast of Headline News.
From 1994 until June 24, 2018, the station also aired both CBS News Sunday Morning and Face the Nation on a one-hour delay on Sundays (following a similar scheduling structure for both programs as that implemented by fellow CBS affiliates KOTV-DT in Tulsa and KOAM-TV in Pittsburg, Kansas–Joplin, Missouri); as part of a reorganization of the station's Sunday morning lineup, KAUZ moved both programs to their network-recommended slots (at 8:00 and 9:30 a.m., from their prior 9:00 and 10:30 a.m. slots) on July 1, 2018.
News operation
, KAUZ presently broadcasts 23 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with four hours on weekdays, and 1½ hours each on Saturdays and Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the second-highest local newscast output among the Wichita Falls-Lawton market's broadcast television stations, with its news total being beaten by three hours by ABC affiliate KSWO-TV and beating NBC affiliate KFDX-TV's weekly news total by one hour.
News department history
A longtime fixture of the station's 12:00 p.m. newscast during the 1960s and early 1970s was Donna's Notebook, an interview segment hosted by Donna Colburn that discussed local events and issues. An interview segment similar to Donna's Notebook, which is used mostly to promote local and area events, remains an integral part of KAUZ's noon newscast to this day. Also featured within the noon newscast during that same period was a five-minute televised insert of Paul Harvey News and Comments, a feature that was syndicated to television stations throughout the United States. Lynn Walker, who served as anchor and news director at KAUZ from 1972 to 1986 and again from 1999 to 2003, is among the longest-tenured news anchors in the Wichita Falls-Lawton television market, with his broadcast journalism career in the market also having included a stint at KSWO-TV from 1996 to 1999 (Walker would later become the city editor at the Wichita Falls Times Record News).
During the late morning of April 3, 1964, a devastating tornado (later retroactively rated as an F5 on the Fujita Scale) swept across the northern portion of Wichita Falls and neighboring Sheppard Air Force Base. The event made history as it would become one of the first tornadoes ever to be shown on live television. KAUZ-TV interrupted regular programming that morning to provide a live tornado warning in which the image of the supercell thunderstorm was shown on the station's weather radar by then-meteorologist Ted Shaw. The station's weather staff received permission to relocate a large, heavy studio camera outside the Channel 6 studios on Seymour Highway, and pointed toward the tornado—which initially appeared as a large, rotating dust cloud—as it approached the northwest portion of Wichita Falls, with Shaw and reporter Dee Fletcher providing commentary, warning viewers of the approaching funnel, and cameraman Carl Nichols recording the footage. KAUZ's coverage of the tornadoes earned a "Best on the Scene News Coverage" award by the Texas Association of Broadcasters. The tornado, which had a peak width of , killed seven people and injured 111 others. Damage estimates exceeded $15 million and some 225 homes and businesses were destroyed on the north side of town and at Sheppard AFB.
In 1977, KAUZ became the first television station in the area to feature a mixed-gender anchor team on its newscasts (a trend which had steadily become commonplace on news-producing television stations in other media markets across the nation); that year, Walker was teamed up with co-anchor Kay Shannon on the 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. broadcasts, a move which served as the linchpin for the start of a nine-year tenure in which KAUZ-TV took first place in the local news ratings against rivals KFDX and KSWO. Longtime sports anchor Bill Jackson joined the team by early 1978, followed by the arrival of chief meteorologist Rich Segal that spring. The popular main anchor team would enjoy a long (by the standards of a small-market station) tenure of eight years until 1986 when Walker, Shannon and Jackson left KAUZ-TV; Rich Segal, meanwhile, would continue to head the station's weather department for another four years before he departed as well in 1990.
About 15 years after the F5 tornado that hit northwestern Wichita Falls, on April 10, 1979, an equally devastating F4 tornado hit the southwest side of the city. Rich Segal, who was chief meteorologist at KAUZ at the time, was on the air that afternoon and evening, providing complete coverage of the multiple supercell thunderstorms that spawned tornadoes across northwest Texas and southwestern Oklahoma (which included strong tornadoes that hit areas such as Vernon and Lockett, Texas, and Lawton, Oklahoma); the station's coverage culminated with the opening of the 6:00 p.m. broadcast of Eyewitness News that evening as a multiple-vortex tornado had reached the southwest corner of the city and began its path of destruction across southern Wichita Falls. About less than five minutes into the newscast, KAUZ-TV and several other television and radio stations in the Wichita Falls area were knocked off the air due to power outages resulting from the damaging storms. The station sent camera crews to gather footage of the storm's aftermath, which it distributed to other television stations around the country, CBS News and the other major networks. The twister that hit Wichita Falls killed 42 people and injured more than 1,700, along a , path; in addition to the terrible human costs, 3,100 homes were destroyed, and an estimated 20,000 people were left homeless, with total damage estimates in Wichita Falls running around $400 million. A year later, Channel 6 broadcast a half-hour documentary about the 1979 tornado, Coming Back, chronicling the events of April 10 that led up to the Wichita Falls storm, the destruction and the tornado's aftermath (based upon the station's news footage taken during and after the storm) as well as the progress of recovery efforts as of April 1980.
Among the Wichita Falls–Lawton market's local television news operations, KAUZ primarily competes for viewers living on the Texas side of the market with KFDX as its principal competitor there, while KSWO maintains a ratings stronghold on the Oklahoma side of the market. For the July 2008 ratings period, according to Nielsen Media Research, KAUZ was ranked last in all time slots (except at noon, where KAUZ's newscast in that slot was in second place to its only news competition in that timeslot, KFDX). KAUZ was third for the rest of day, with its 5:00, 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. broadcasts (these trends continued in the November 2008 and November 2009 ratings period). For February 2010, the newly rebranded KAUZ saw a decline in its ratings, with the weekend evening newscasts, in particular, seeing its audience share numbers drop by nearly half. The morning newscast, NewsChannel 6 This Morning, continued to not place hashmarks (viewership too low to validly register a ratings point) in viewership in the diary book, while all of the evening broadcasts remained a distant third in the Lawton-Wichita Falls market.
In the 2010 ratings periods, including the February, May, July and November sweeps, Nielsen reported that viewership for KAUZ's newscasts continued to struggle in all time slots. The morning newscasts, in particular, continued in a distant third place behind those aired by competitors KFDX and KSWO; the May ratings also revealed that severe weather coverage was dominated by KSWO, with KAUZ experiencing low ratings for its storm coverage during tornado events that affected the area in early May 2010.
Chris Horgen, who assumed co-anchor duties of for the weeknight 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. newscasts in 2007, had previously served as the station's sports director for several years. Andy Austin, who previously served as the station's sports director during the 1990s, returned to that position at KAUZ in April 2007 after serving as sports information director for the past several years at Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, and stayed at channel 6 until May 2008. Former weekend sports anchor Jermaine Ferrell assumed duties as sports director until early 2009, and then that position was vacant until Adam Ostrow was hired later in the year.
In June 2012, KAUZ began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition, becoming the third and final station in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market to make the upgrade; the 9:00 p.m. newscast on KAUZ-DT2 was not included in the upgrade as the subchannel transmitted in standard definition at the time. For the 2012 calendar year, KAUZ remained a distant third place in the ratings for all time slots in each of the key sweeps periods. Part of the reason is believed to be the operational structure stemming from the JSA/SSA with usually dominant KSWO, which is always favored before KAUZ. This parallels the situation that occurred in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre market, where that market's NBC affiliate, WBRE-TV, all but dwarfed fellow CBS affiliate WYOU in the local news ratings to the point that WYOU suspended its newscasts entirely for three years beginning in 2009 (although KAUZ's decline had begun long before the commencement of the JSA/SSA arrangement with KSWO).
For most of the JSA/SSA's existence, KSWO and KAUZ retained fully separate local news programs, due to the stations' distance from one another and their focus on different portions of the Wichita Falls–Lawton market. The two stations began simulcasting local news for the first time on January 6, 2018, when KAUZ replaced its half-hour weekend morning newscast at 8:00 a.m. with the Texoma Weekend Morning News, a program produced out of KSWO's studios on 60th Street in southeastern Lawton that is simulcast on both stations and utilizes KSWO's existing weekend morning news staff (KSWO maintains a separate 6:30 a.m. newscast on Saturday and Sunday mornings, which carries the same title; KAUZ will begin simulcasting the Sunday edition of that broadcast on July 1, 2018, with the 8:00 a.m. simulcast being relegated to Saturdays).
Notable former on-air staff
Bob Barry Jr. – weekend sports anchor/reporter (1981–1982; later at KFOR-TV in Oklahoma City, deceased)
Lorianne Crook – reporter (1980s; later co-host of Crook and Chase)
Megan Henderson – reporter (now anchor at KTLA in Los Angeles)
Steven Romo – anchor (2009–2010); now a correspondent and anchor with NBC News and MSNBC
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KAUZ-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on May 21, 2009. Then-owner Hoak Media had filed a request to the FCC that March (with approval being received for the hardship waiver on March 31, despite the fact that KAUZ did not meet the technical criteria to obtain it) to permit the shutdown of KAUZ's analog signal ahead of the federally determined transition date of June 12, in order to install its digital antenna on the tower mast that housed the station's analog transmitter. The station had been among ten stations throughout the U.S. that were granted waiver extensions to boost the coverage area of their digital signals three months prior to the grant of the hardship waiver, in order to allow signal testing by satellite providers to delay importation of any nearby CBS affiliates into the market for viewers who did not receive an adequate signal of KAUZ. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 22. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6.
Prior to the digital transition, KAUZ's audio feed could be heard on radio receivers in Wichita Falls and surrounding areas on 87.7 FM, albeit transmitting at a slightly lower volume than other FM radio stations due to the modulation standards with the VHF-high band.
References
External links
– KAUZ-TV official website
http://newschannel6now.com/category/195843/the-cw-texoma – KAUZ-DT2 ("Texoma CW 6.2") website
1965 broadcasts of Newsreel 6, a news program that aired on KAUZ-TV from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image
Wichita Falls Tornado Coverage (1964, 2016) by KAUZ-TV from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image
Television stations in Texas
CBS network affiliates
The CW affiliates
Gray Television
Television channels and stations established in 1953
1953 establishments in Texas
AUZ-TV
Ion Television affiliates |
4031662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM%20Pitje%20Stadium | HM Pitje Stadium | HM Pitje Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Mamelodi, a suburb of the City of Tshwane, South Africa. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is set to be utilized as a training field for teams participating in the 2010 FIFA World Cup after being renovated in 2009 and brought up to FIFA standards. Mamelodi Sundowns stopped using the stadium for its home games long before renovations. The Team management moved the team to
loftus versfeld. The previous owners tried by all means to detach the team to the people of Mamelodi by changing the team from Mamelodi Sundowns to just Sundowns.
In the past, it was the part-time home stadium of the Mamelodi Sundowns, who now play at the Loftus Versfeld Stadium.
The stadium was named after Hezekiel Mothibe Pitje, the first mayor of Mamelodi.
References
Soccer venues in South Africa
Multi-purpose stadiums in South Africa
Sports venues in Gauteng
City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality |
4031676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Lens | Independent Lens | Independent Lens is a weekly television series airing on PBS featuring documentary films made by independent filmmakers. Past seasons of Independent Lens were hosted by Angela Bassett, Don Cheadle, Susan Sarandon, Edie Falco, Terrence Howard, Maggie Gyllenhaal, America Ferrera, Mary-Louise Parker, and Stanley Tucci, who served two stints as host from 2012-2014.
The series began in 1999 and for three years aired 10 episodes each fall season. In 2002, PBS announced that in 2003 the series would relaunch with ITVS as the production company, under the leadership of Sally Jo Fifer and Lois Vossen, and would expand to 29 primetime episodes a year. The 2019-20 season is regarded as the 18th season for the series.
Independent Lens has won six Primetime Emmy Awards and 20 films have won News & Documentary Emmy Awards. In 2012, "Have You Heard From Johannesburg?" won for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking; in 2007, A Lion in the House won for Exceptional Merit in Nonfiction Filmmaking; and A Lion's Trail won in 2006 for Outstanding Cultural and Artistic Programming. Three other films won for Best Documentary: Billy Strayhorn: Lush Life in 2008, Be Good, Smile Pretty in 2004, and Sing Faster: The Stagehands' Ring Cycle in 2000. Four Independent Lens films won News & Documentary Emmys in 2017 alone: The Armor of Light; (T)error; Best of Enemies; and In Football We Trust. As well, seven Independent Lens films garnered Academy Award nominations for Best Documentary: Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (2006), The Weather Underground (2004), Waste Land (2010), Hell and Back Again (2011), How to Survive a Plague (2012), I Am Not Your Negro (2016), and Hale County This Morning, This Evening (2018). Other awards conferred upon Independent Lens films include the George Foster Peabody Award, International Documentary Association Documentary Awards, Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award, and Sundance Film Festival Awards.
Episodes
Audience Award
Independent Lens gives out an annual Audience Award. The TV viewing audience is invited to rate each episode of the series (through online voting), and an award is given to each season's winner. Winners of the Audience Award have included:
2003 Heart of the Sea
2004 Jimmy Scott: If You Only Knew
2005 On a Roll
2006 The Devil's Miner
2007 China Blue
2008 Na Kamalei: The Men of Hula
2009 Adjust Your Color: The Truth of Petey Greene
2010 Mine
2011 Two Spirits
2012 Strong! and Have You Heard from Johannesburg?
2013 The Revisionaries
2014 Don't Stop Believin': Everyman's Journey
2015 Kumu Hina
2016 Trapped
2017 They Call Us Monsters
2018 Unrest
2019 Out of State
See also
POV
Wide Angle
References
External links
Independent Lens | PBS Web site
ITVS.org Independent Lens series page
Independent Lens blog
PBS original programming
2003 American television series debuts
2000s American documentary television series
2010s American documentary television series
Peabody Award-winning television programs
Documentary film series |
4031679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Schmidt | Alfred Schmidt | Alfred Schmidt may refer to:
Alfred Schmidt (architect) (1892-1965), German architect
Alfred Schmidt (artist) (1858–1938), Danish illustrator and painter
Alfred Schmidt (philosopher) (1931–2012), German philosopher and sociologist
Alfred Schmidt (footballer) (1935–2016), German football soccer player
Alfred Schmidt (water polo) (born 1957), Mexican Olympic water polo player
Alfred Schmidt (weightlifter) (1898–1972), Estonian weightlifter |
4031680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentallo%20and%20the%20Fixer | Mentallo and the Fixer | Mentallo and the Fixer (sometimes written as Mentallo & the Fixer) is the project name used by Texan electro-industrial musicians Gary Dassing (Mentallo) and Dwayne Dassing (The Fixer) from 1988 to 1999, and by Gary Dassing alone from 1999 to the present day. The band has several releases on the American record label, Metropolis Records. They are named after two Marvel Comics characters.
Biography
The Dassing brothers first began experimenting with music by the means of more traditional rock music instruments, such as guitar and drums. However, by the time the two formed their first band Benestrophe with vocalist Richard Mendez, the instruments of choice became synthesizers and samplers. Most of the two tapes worth of material they recorded subsequently became available as the releases Sensory Deprivation and Auric Fires on Ras Dva Records.
After parting ways with Mendez, the two brothers began work as Mentallo & The Fixer. A friend of Gary's brought the name "Mentallo & The Fixer" to his attention while still working on Benestrophe. After Benestrophe went dormant, the name resurfaced and, after Gary realized the names referred to two lesser-known comic book characters, the name grew on him.
Their first album release No Rest for the Wicked saw a limited 500-copy run on vinyl and a CD by the Portuguese label Simbiose records, and also gained the attention of Talla 2XLC from Zoth Ommog records. Zoth Ommog released their next two major albums, Revelations 23 and Where Angels Fear to Tread. As an American band, working with European labels proved difficult and frustrating due to poor communications and, in the case of the Simbiose releases, a lack of a formal contract.
Mentallo & The Fixer soon after began their long-term relationship with the American industrial music record label Metropolis Records with a domestic re-release of their second and third albums as well as a CD of unreleased back catalog material, Continuum.
Meanwhile, in 1994, the Dassing brothers formed a side project with vocalist Michael Greene called Mainesthai. Mainesthai's two releases, Out to Lunch and Mentallo & The Fixer Meets Mainesthai were also both released on Metropolis Records, but not until 1998. Michael also participated in Mentallo's first U.S. tour in 1996, joining the band to perform Mainesthai tracks during their live sets.
In 1997 Mentallo & The Fixer toured the U.S. for the second time, Europe for the first time, and released their next album Burnt Beyond Recognition, along with two EPs, Centuries and False Prophets. The band's second US tour was initially cut short due to difficulties because of the long duration and because show revenue was unexpectedly low, but the missed tour dates were rescheduled after a break. The European tour in October that year proved to be a much better experience for the band.
By 1999, Dwayne and Gary agreed to split in order to pursue their own musical directions. After the departure of Dwayne from the band (aside from some live show support through 2002), Gary continued to use the Mentallo & The Fixer name and released several albums including Algorythum, Love Is the Law, Return to Grimpen Ward, and Vengeance is Mine, along with the EP Systematik Ruin to accompany Alogrythum.
After "Grimpen", Mentallo's album output slowed somewhat, resulting in two albums: Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst in 2007 and Music From the Eather in 2012, both released by Alfa Matrix.
In September 2014, Mentallo & the Fixer released a 3 CD box titled Zothera on Alfa Matrix. It contained two remastered albums from their Zoth Ommog era, namely Revelations 23 and Where Angels Fear to Tread, and a third bonus CD Apocrypha with unreleased material including remixes.
Another intervening period of dormancy followed, compelled by the crash of Gary's music computer, which he took as a sign to give music a break for a while. After a several year break and a new Apple computer, Gary found the motivation to revive works in progress from data backups and record a new album, Arrange The Molecule, released by Alfa Matrix in 2017.
Updates posted to the band's official Facebook page in 2019 showed Gary in the studio, joined by brother Dwayne and occasional collaborator Jon (Jonni) Pyre, working on new material for an as yet unnamed project. The apparent inspiration for this live performance-only project is Tangerine Dream's first live recording from 1975, Ricochet.
Discography
Main discography
Studio albums
.5 Honkey/Wreckage + Ruin + & + Regrets + (Redemption) (1991, GPC Productions)
No Rest for the Wicked (1992, Simbiose)
Revelations 23 (1993, Zoth Ommog)
Where Angels Fear to Tread (1994, Zoth Ommog)
Burnt Beyond Recognition (1997, Metropolis)
Algorythum (1999, Metropolis)
Love Is the Law (2000, Metropolis)
Vengeance Is Mine (2001, Metropolis)
Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst (2007, Metropolis)
Music From the Eather (2012, Alfa Matrix)
Arrange the Molecule (2017, Alfa Matrix)
Remix albums
Mentallo & The Fixer Meets Mainesthai (1994, Zoth Ommog)
Continuum (1995, Metropolis)
Return to Grimpen Ward (2001, Metropolis)
Extended plays
Centuries (1997, Metropolis)
False Prophets (1997, Metropolis)
Systematik Ruin (1999, Metropolis)
Commandments for the Molecular Age (2006, Alfa Matrix)
4.4U (2012.11) (2012, Alfa Matrix)
Compilation albums
...There's No Air to Breathe (1997, Zoth Ommog)
A Collection of Rare, Unreleased & Remastered (2012, Alfa Matrix)
Zothera (2014, Alfa Matrix)
Compilation appearances
Cybernetic Biodread Transmission – LP side B track #1/CD track #5 "Brutal Rapture" (1992) Simbiose
The Cyberflesh Conspiracy – CD track #2 (1992) If It Moves...
We Came To Dance - Indie Dancefloor Vol. II" – CD track #11 "Decomposed" (1993) Sub Terranean
Zoth in Your Mind – CD track #1 "Sacrilege (Angel of Death Mix)" (1993) Zoth Ommog
Moonraker – 2xCD disc #1 track #3 "Grim Reality" (1994) Sub Terranean
The Colours of Zoth Ommog – CD track #2 "Grim Reality (Grimpen Ward Remix)" (1994) Zoth Ommog
Totentanz - The Best of Zoth Ommog – 2xCD disc #2 track #1 "Sacrilege (Angel of Death Mix)" and track #2 "Rapid Suffocation" (1994) Zoth Ommog
We Came to Dance Vol. V – CD track #6 "Legion of Lepers (Grimpen Ward Remix)" (1994) Sub Terranean
Electricity Vol. 6 – CD track #4 "Battered States of Euphoria" (1995) Ausfahrt
Moonraker Vol. II – 2xCD disc #2 track #3 "Sacrilege (Grimpen Ward Mix)" (1995) Sub Terranean
The Tyranny Off the Beat Vol. II – CD track #11 "Murderers Among Us (B.K. Mix)" (1995) Off Beat
There Is No Time – 4xCD disc #1 track #2 "Decomposed (Grimpen Ward Mix)" (1995) Ras Dva
The Tyranny Off the Beat Vol. III – CD track #6 "Peril" (1996) Off Beat
Neurostyle Vol. III – CD track #2 "Goliath" (1997) Sub Terranean
Reticence – CS side B track #6 "Psylocybin" (1997) SDS Productions
Something For Your Mind – CD track #1 "Legion of Lepers (Grimpen Ward Remix)" (1997) Zoth Ommog
The Tyranny Off the Beat Vol. IV – 2xCD disc #1 track #2 "Goliath" (1997) Off Beat
Apocalypse Now Vol. 2 – 2xCD disc #1 track #14 "Brutal Rupture (Re-Mix)" (1998) Sub Terranean
Electronic Lust V.1 – 2xCD disc #1 track #10 "Narcosis" (1998) Orkus
Electropolis: Volume 1 – CD track #5 "Vision" (1998) Metropolis
The Tyranny Off the Beat Vol. V – 2xCD disc #2 track #3 "Mother of Harlots (Tempo Chrusher)" (1998) Off Beat
Metropolis 1999 – CD track #14 "Scum of the Earth" (1999) Metropolis
Music Research Promotional CD MIDEM '99 Alternative – 2xCD disc #1 track #4 "When Worlds Collide" (1999) Music Research
The Complete History of Zoth Ommog: Totentanz – 4xCD disc #2 track #1 "Sacrilege (Angel of Death Mix)" and track #2 "Rapid Suffocation" (1999) Cleopatra
Electropolis: Volume 2 – CD track #2 "Murderers Among Us (Exclusive Mix)" (2000) Metropolis
Music Research/Alternative – CD track #4 "When Worlds Collide" (2000) Zoth Ommog
A Tribute to the Prodigy – CD track #8 "Jericho" (2002) Hypnotic/Anagram Records
Your Future Is My Past – CD track #12 "Goliath (Remix)" (2004) Machinist Records
Electro/R/Evolution Volume 1 – CD track #4 "Signaljammer (Unreleased Demo)" (2005) Static Sky Records
Endzeit Bunkertracks [Act II] – 4xCD Ltd. Edition Box Set disc #2 track #6 "Driving Off a Cliff With a Cult (An Old Friend Nearly Killed Me Mix)" (2006) Alfa Matrix
Matri-X-Trax (Chapter 2) – CD Promo track #7 "Brute Force Uploading (Mescalero Radio Edit)", track #8 "Opening The Bandwidth for the Cosmic Signal (AM Frequencies Radio Edit)", and track #9 "Brief But Violent Illness (Radio Blackout Re-edit)" (2006) Alfa Matrix
Mew Signs & Sounds 07-08/06 – CD Enhanced track #7 "Brute Force Uploading (Mescalero Radio Edit)" (2006) Zillo
Re:Connected [2.0] – 2xCD Box Set disc #2 track #2 "Brute Force Uploading (Mescalero Radio Edit)" (2006) Alfa Matrix
Sonic Seducer Cold Hands Seduction Vol. 63 – CD + CD Enhanced disc #2 track #11 "Brute Force Uploading (Mescalero Radio Edit)" (2006) Sonic Seducer
Sounds from the Matrix 003 – CD Promo track #1 "Signaljammer" (2006) Alfa Matrix
Sounds from the Matrix 004 – CD Promo track #16 "First Flower After The Flood (Trichocereus Mix)" (2006) Alfa Matrix
Sonic Seducer Cold Hands Seduction Vol. 67 – CD + CD Enhanced disc #1 track #2 "Outside The Pharmacies of Fairyland (Short Cut)" (2007) Sonic Seducer
Sounds from the Matrix 05 – CD Promo track #15 "First Flower After the Flood (Short-Cut Edit)" (2007) Alfa Matrix
The Giant Minutes to the Dawn – 3xCD + DVD Box Set disc #3 track #15 "First Flower After the Flood (Short-Cut Edit)" Alfa Matrix
Side projects
Benestrophe
Benestrophe began after Gary Dassing and Rich Mendez met in their senior year of high school in San Antonio, TX. Their first song - "Pig Butcher" - was recorded in the Summer of 1988. Gary and Dwayne composed the music and Rich wrote the lyrics and provided vocals. Benestrophe went idle in 1990 as the Dassing brothers moved to Austin, TX, but reactivated for a time after 1995 with new material and re-releases on RAS DVA records.
Sensory Deprivation – Cassette, Self-released
Red Kross – Cassette (1990) Self-released
Sensory Deprivation – CD Ltd. Edition (1994) Ras Dva
Auric Fires – CD (1997) Ras Dva
CD Sound Compilation Vol. 1 – V/A CD track #14 "Sensory Deprivation" (1994) IndustrialnatioN Magazine
There Is No Time – V/A 4xCD disc #2 track #1 "Shall Not Want (Unreleased Track)" (1995) Ras Dva
Dora Blue - The Ras Dva Fanbase Compilation – CD track #8 "Dog Lab (An Early Morning Remix), track #10 "D.C.O.", track #12 "Sleep Tonight (Remix)" (1996) Ras Dva
Awake the Machines - On the Line Vol. 2 – 2xCD disc #1 track #6 "Lesser of 2 Evils" (1997) Out of Line/Sub/Mission Records
Binary Application Extension 04 – CD track #15 "Sister Mary's Sleep" (1997) Genocide Project
Turner's All Night Drugstore (Rare & Unreleased 1987-1997) – DL (2018)
Mainesthai
Mainesthai was a short-term collaboration between the Dassing brothers and Mike Greene. Gary answered an ad that Mike had put in a local paper which led to an interview and one-song demo performance that led to a formal collaboration. As was the case with Benestrophe, Gary and Dwayne produced the music and Mike contributed the lyrics and vocals. Mainesthai's sound was similar to Mentallo, but the subject matter was explicitly more political in nature and the music was made with an effort to sound more melodic and, in their words, "tribal".
Out to Lunch - CD (1994) Zoth Ommog Records
Mentallo & The Fixer Meets Mainesthai – CD (1994) Zoth Ommog Records • CD (1998) Metropolis Records
Body Rapture Vol. 4 – V/A CD track #2 "Dollars and Sins" (1994) Zoth Ommog Records
We Came to Dance - Indie Dancefloor Vol. VI – V/A CD track #10 "Exit (Stage Left)" (1994) Sub Terranean
There Is No Time – V/A 4xCD disc #2 track #9 "Y (Mama's Crazy Kitchen Mix)" (1995) Ras Dva
Parking Lot in Drug Form
This is a Gary Dassing and Ric Laciak project recorded while Ric stayed with Gary during a two-week visit to Austin, TX.
There Is No Time – V/A 4xCD disc #4 track #15 "Step Away" (1995) Ras Dva
AP: The Contest – V/A CD track #14 "So Cold" (1995) Zoth Ommog Records
Shimri
Gary Dassing solo project.
Lilies of the Field – CD (2000) Artoffact Records
Reign of Roses
Dwayne Dassing with vocals and lyrics by Scott Berens Drum programming on some tracks by Gary Dassing
In Bourbon and in Blood – CDr (2006) Self-released
Kitty Kosmonaut
Dwayne Dassing with John Bustamante of Fektion Fekler
Kitty Kosmonaut - CD, Digital (2015) Re:Mission Entertainment
References
External links
Mentallo & The Fixer's Metropolis Records Page
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in Texas
American electro-industrial music groups
Musical groups from San Antonio
Metropolis Records artists
Zoth Ommog Records artists
Off Beat label artists
Sibling musical duos |
4031681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSWO-TV | KSWO-TV | KSWO-TV (channel 7) is a television station licensed to Lawton, Oklahoma, United States, serving the western Texoma area as an affiliate of ABC and Telemundo. It is owned by Gray Television, which maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with American Spirit Media, owner of Wichita Falls, Texas–licensed dual CBS/CW+ affiliate KAUZ-TV (channel 6), for the provision of certain services. KSWO-TV's studios are located on 60th Street in southeastern Lawton, and its transmitter is located near East 1940 and North 2390 Roads in rural southwestern Tillman County, Oklahoma (near Grandfield).
History
Early history
On May 22, 1952, Oklahoma Quality Broadcasting Co.—a locally based company founded by M&D Finance Co. owner Ransom H. Drewry, who co-founded the licensee with a group of shareholders that included J.R. Montgomery (then-president of Lawton's City National Bank), T.R. Warkentin, Robert P. Scott (both of whom were minority partners in locally based S.W. Stationery) and G.G. Downing—submitted an application to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build and license to operate a broadcast television station in the Wichita Falls–Lawton market that would transmit on VHF channel 7. When the FCC awarded the license and permit for channel 7 to the Drewry-led group on December 23, 1952, the group requested and received approval to assign KSWO-TV as the call letters for his television station; the calls were taken from the Lawton radio station that Drewry founded in 1941, KSWO (1380 AM, now KKRX).
KSWO-TV first signed on the air on March 8, 1953; it was the second television station to sign on in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market, launching one week after CBS affiliate KWFT-TV (channel 6, later KSYD-TV and now KAUZ-TV)—located across the Oklahoma–Texas state line in Wichita Falls—made its debut on March 1. (Wichita Falls NBC affiliate KFDX-TV [channel 3] would sign on one month later, on April 12.) Channel 7 has been an ABC television affiliate since its debut, inheriting those rights through KSWO radio's longtime relationship with the progenitor ABC Radio Network; however, the station also maintained a secondary affiliation with the DuMont Television Network. The station originally maintained transmitter facilities located at its studios, located east of Lawton; construction on the studio facility was delayed 60 days due to inclement winter weather conditions that affected southwestern Oklahoma during the winter of that year, such so that the studio doors were covered with canvas until adequate doors were installed in the building. The transmitter was a relatively low-power unit that propagated a signal that reached over a limited radius spanning to Altus to the west, Wichita Falls to the south, Anadarko to the north, and Ringling to the east.
By the late 1950s, other nearby ABC affiliates (such as KTEN in Ada and KOCO-TV, which had recently relocated to Oklahoma City from Enid) began encroaching the northern and eastern fringes on KSWO's viewing area; however, wide gaps in channel 7's signal coverage existed to the south and west of Wichita Falls—the only primary ABC stations in north and west Texas at the time were Dallas affiliate WFAA-TV, and Amarillo affiliate KVII-TV (Lubbock and Abilene, respectively, did not get their own primary ABC affiliates until KAMC affiliated with the network in 1969, followed by the switch of KTXS-TV to ABC from CBS in 1979). KSWO disaffiliated from DuMont upon its shut down in 1956, amid various issues that arose from its relations with Paramount Pictures that hamstrung it from expansion; the station became a full-time ABC affiliate on November 10 of that year. On December 15, 1957, a fire caused extensive damage to the 60th Street studio facility after gasoline being used to clean a weather map caught fire;
In August 1959, the FCC gave permission for Drewry to construct a tower near Grandfield, Oklahoma, which would operate at 316,000 watts of power (the maximum power allowable for stations broadcasting on VHF channels 7–13), thereby providing a more powerful signal that could extend KSWO-TV's reach to many portions of far southwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas where reception of the station had been marginal at best. Wichitex Radio and Television and Sydney Grayson—the respective owners of NBC affiliate KFDX-TV and CBS affiliate KSYD-TV in Wichita Falls—opposed the application, resulting in Drewry having to convince the FCC that the construction permit merited approval. The new site was located about halfway between Wichita Falls and Lawton (from a Lawton perspective, it was in the same direction as the Wichita Falls stations).
The transmitter facility was activated on February 28, 1960, extending channel 7's signal to encompass a much larger area of northwestern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma—bringing stronger reception of ABC network programming to additional areas of the two states for the first time. A second tower would be built at Grandfield for KJTL (channel 18) when it signed on in 1985.
Over the years, Ransom Drewry and his family gradually expanded their broadcasting group by acquiring other stations in the northern half of Texas: KFDA-TV in Amarillo (acquired in 1976 through Amarillo Telecasters, a partnership between R. H. Drewry and Ray Herndon, majority owner of KMID-TV in Midland); KXXV-TV in Waco (acquired in 1994); KWES-TV in Midland, Texas and Big Spring satellite KWAB-TV (both acquired in 1991); K60EE (now KTLE-LD) in Odessa (acquired in 2001); KSCM-LP in Bryan (acquired in 2006); and KEYU in Amarillo (acquired in 2009).
In December 1997, Drewry sold KSWO radio, as well as KRHD (1350 AM, now KPNS) and KRHD-FM (102.3, now KKEN) in Duncan, to Anadarko-based Monroe-Stephens Broadcasting (majority owned by media executive Stanton M. Nelson) for $425,000; the sale of the radio stations allowed the company to focus its business interests around KSWO-TV and its sister television stations in Texas.
On July 1, 2008, Drewry announced its intention to sell its eleven television stations (as well as radio station KTXC in Lamesa, Texas) to Dallas-based London Broadcasting Company—a company founded by Terry E. London, former CEO of Gaylord Entertainment, the previous year to acquire broadcast properties in small- to mid-sized markets within Texas—for $115 million. While the deal received approval by the FCC, London Broadcasting filed a notice of non-consummation to the FCC in January 2009 after company management decided to terminate the deal due to market uncertainties resulting from the Great Recession.
JSA with KAUZ-TV
On July 31, 2009, Drewry entered into a joint sales and shared services agreement with Hoak Media, under which it assumed some operational responsibilities for longtime rival KAUZ-TV. The agreement, which took effect on August 3, allowed KSWO-TV to provide advertising and promotional services for KAUZ, while Hoak would retain responsibilities over channel 6's programming (including news operations), master control and production services. The two stations did not consolidate all operations, owing to the distance between Wichita Falls and Lawton and the tailoring of each station's news service to those areas, though KAUZ-TV dismissed its general manager, news director, and sales manager, as well as a news photographer, to be replaced by staff from KSWO.
In January 2012, KSWO became the second television station in the Wichita Falls–Lawton market and the eighth station in Oklahoma to begin carrying syndicated programming in high definition. The switch was part of a series of upgrades to KSWO and KAUZ's shared master control facility at the former's Lawton studio.
Raycom Media ownership
On August 10, 2015, Montgomery, Alabama-based Raycom Media announced that it would purchase Drewry's eight television stations for $160 million; as part of the deal, American Spirit Media would purchase the license of and other assets belonging to KAUZ-TV from Hoak Media. While KSWO and KAUZ would remain jointly operated, the existing joint sales agreement between KSWO and KAUZ would be terminated upon the sale's closure due to an FCC rule implemented that year, which prohibited such agreements by counting the sale of 15% or more of advertising time by one station to a competing junior partner station in the JSA as a duopoly that would not be permitted in the Wichita Falls–Lawton market under the agency's ownership rules. The sale was completed on December 1.
Upon the JSA's termination, Raycom entered into a shared services agreement with KAUZ, under which KSWO would handle news production, administrative and production operations and provide equipment and building space for that station; despite this, KAUZ remains based out of Wichita Falls and continues to largely operate independently of channel 7.
Sale to Gray Television
On June 25, 2018, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced it had reached a $3.6 billion agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including KSWO and the JSA/SSA with KAUZ-TV, and Gray's 93 television stations) under Gray's corporate umbrella. The sale was approved on December 20 and was completed on January 2, 2019.
News operation
, KSWO-TV presently broadcasts 26½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 4½ hours each weekday and two hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). In regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest local newscast output among the Wichita Falls–Lawton market's broadcast television stations, tied with NBC affiliate KFDX-TV and beating KSWO's CBS-affiliated sister station KAUZ-TV's weekly news total by a half-hour.
Because of KSWO's status as the only major-network affiliate licensed to a city on the Oklahoma side of the Wichita Falls–Lawton market, the station's newscasts tend to focus more on Lawton and surrounding areas of southwestern Oklahoma, with a secondary focus on stories occurring in northwest Texas. Among the three local television news operations in the area, KSWO maintains a ratings stronghold on the Oklahoma side of the Wichita Falls–Lawton market, while KAUZ and KFDX primarily compete for the audience on the Texas side.
News department history
KSWO pioneered new developments in weather forecasting for its viewing area throughout its history, particularly in regard to its coverage of severe weather events affecting its nearly 30-county viewing area encompassing southwestern Oklahoma and western north Texas. Channel 7 was the first television station in the area to have its own on-site weather radar (which was originally displayed in black and white as the station had not yet acquired color broadcasting equipment nor did colorizing techniques for radar displays exist at the time) in the late 1950s or early 1960s, had introduced the market's first color radar in 1976 (branded as "Accu-scan 7"), and introduced the area's first Doppler weather radar in 1984 (more than ten years ahead of the installations of such a system by arch-rivals KFDX and KAUZ).
KSWO-TV has several longtime veterans who have been with the station for 20 years or longer. Jan Stratton – who also served as the station's news director until July 2006 – served as evening anchor continuously for 33 years from 1981 until her retirement in January 2014. Co-anchor and former news director, David Bradley, who was with the station from 1986 until 2017 (when he accepted an anchor job at fellow ABC affiliate KVII-TV in Amarillo, Texas), originated at channel 7 with a thirteen-year tenure as sports director/weeknight sports anchor before he moved to the news side as KSWO's primary weeknight anchor in 1999. Tom Charles, a familiar face to Channel 7 viewers since the early 1960s, officially retired from KSWO-TV after 45 years of service on December 31, 2010; Charles served as chief weathercaster/meteorologist from 1964 to 1996 and then as anchor of the 5:30 a.m. newscast and co-anchor of Good Morning Texoma from 2000 to 2010 following a four-year stint as chief meteorologist at CBS affiliate KAUZ-TV. Larry Patton, who has been employed by the station since 1967, has served as general manager of KSWO-TV since 1977; Patton was inducted into the Oklahoma Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in March 2015.
KSWO broadcast Dr. James "Red" Duke's syndicated medical reports to viewers in Texoma throughout much of the 1980s and 1990s. The station launched a local morning newscast in 1989, when it launched the traditional news program Good Morning Texoma. Originally airing for 30 minutes from 6:30 to 7:00 a.m., the program would expand to one hour in September 1992, then to 1½ hours in September 1999, and finally to two hours in September 2009. Good Morning Texoma would eventually expand to weekends in January 1993, making KSWO the first television station in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market to launch a weekend morning newscast, with the debut of one-hour-long Saturday and Sunday editions at 8:00 a.m. (the 8:00 a.m. edition of the weekend broadcasts would later be reduced to a half-hour in January 2010, at which time it was joined by an additional half-hour weekend edition at 6:30 a.m.).
In 1996, the station discontinued its longtime Action 7 News moniker for its newscasts and rebranded its news programming under the 7 News banner. In late May of that year, KSWO broadcast its early morning newscast, Good Morning Texoma, with limited backup electricity; the newscast was conducted virtually in the dark due to electrical outages that had affected the Lawton area after a complex of severe thunderstorms rolled through southern Oklahoma the previous night with areas of damaging straight-line winds. The only power available to the studio came from a portable generator located in one of the station's live trucks, which also served as a makeshift studio-transmitter link to relay the signal to the transmitter dish at the Grandfield site. The broadcast was done with one camera, one tape deck and one microphone (which was passed between the anchors). In 1999, the station introduced a combined newsroom/studio set that is heavily downscaled version of the "Newsplex" set used at the time by WHDH in Boston and WSVN in Miami, both of which also integrate their anchor desk within their newsrooms. (In January 2018, the "Newsplex" was repainted and remodeled to include updated duratrans and widescreen monitors; KSWO's newscasts were temporarily moved to a separate area on the newsroom's second level until the remodeling was completed.)
For the May 2009 ratings period, according to Nielsen Media Research, KSWO's newscasts ranked in first place on weekdays in the morning, 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. timeslots. However, the station has experienced a slight decline in its ratings ever since Drewry management consolidated certain news department assets belonging to Wichita Falls-based KAUZ with channel 7's news operation in the fall of 2009, and transferred longtime station manager, Mike Taylor, to KAUZ to serve as that station's general manager. Ironically, Nexstar Broadcasting Group-owned KFDX, which maintains the only other news operation in the Lawton–Wichita Falls market, has shown improvement with its ratings rather than an increase either for KAUZ or KSWO. In June 2011, KSWO began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition, becoming the first station in the Wichita Falls-Lawton market to make the upgrade; the 9:00 p.m. newscast on KSWO-DT3 was included in the upgrade.
For most of the JSA/SSA's existence, KSWO and KAUZ retained fully separate local news programs, due to the stations' distance from one another and their focus on different portions of the Wichita Falls–Lawton market. The two stations began simulcasting local news for the first time on January 6, 2018, when KSWO and KAUZ consolidated production of their respective half-hour weekend 8:00 a.m. newscasts into a single program, under the unified title Texoma Weekend Morning News, that is simulcast on both stations and utilizes KSWO's existing weekend morning news staff (KSWO maintains a separate 6:30 a.m. newscast on Saturday and Sunday mornings, which carries the same title).
On-air staff
Notable former on-air staff
Don Armes – agricultural reporter (1999–2002; now 63rd House District Rep. in the Oklahoma House of Representatives)
Kevin Ogle – reporter (now at KFOR-TV in Oklahoma City)
Randy Scott – sports anchor/reporter (2004–2005; now at ESPN)
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
In 2006, KSWO-TV launched a Telemundo subchannel. The third subchannel previously aired a loop of weather forecasts, Live Well Network, and This TV; a 9 p.m. newscast aired on it from 2011 to 2014 and 2015 to 2016.
Analog-to-digital conversion
KSWO-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, on February 17, 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station cited the need to place its digital antenna where the analog transmitter was located for its decision to go forward with the transition on the originally scheduled date, despite a Congressional vote the previous month that pushed back the analog-to-digital cutoff for full-power stations to June 12. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 11. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 7.
Translators
In addition to the main Grandfield transmitter, a community-owned translator in Quanah, Texas, rebroadcasts KSWO-TV, as does a UHF fill-in translator in Lawton which was activated in January 2022. Gray also owns construction permits for further UHF fill-in translators to serve the Altus and Wichita Falls areas.
Altus, OK: 21
Jolly/Wichita Falls, TX:
Lawton, OK:
Quanah, TX:
References
External links
ABC network affiliates
Telemundo network affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Dabl affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
SWO-TV
Gray Television
Television channels and stations established in 1953
1953 establishments in Oklahoma |
4031686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Hamlaoui%20Stadium | Mohamed Hamlaoui Stadium | Mohamed Hamlaoui Stadium () is a multi-use stadium in Constantine, Algeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has an actual capacity of 40,000 people. It serves as the home ground of CS Constantine and MO Constantine.
Algeria national football team matches
The Stade Mohamed Hamlaoui has hosted six games of the Algeria national football team, against China PR and Sudan in 1980, Niger and Nigeria in 1981, Egypt in 1989, and the Senegal in 1990.
References
External links
Stadium file - worldstadiums.com
Mohamed Hamlaoui
Buildings and structures in Constantine, Algeria
CS Constantine |
4031696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20Aboubacar%20Sangoul%C3%A9%20Lamizana | Stade Général Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana | Stade Général Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana is a multi-use stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, used mostly for football matches. The stadium hosted several matches during the 1998 Africa Cup of Nations. The stadium holds 30,000 people.
References
Football venues in Burkina Faso
ASF Bobo Dioulasso |
4031699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Penders | Tom Penders | Thomas Vincent Penders (born May 23, 1945) is an American retired college basketball coach, who last coached from 2004 through 2010 at the University of Houston. He is from Stratford, Connecticut and has a 649–437 career record. As a college athlete, Penders played both basketball and baseball for the University of Connecticut, and is one of the few players to have competed in both the NCAA Tournament as well as the College World Series.
Prior to his last job as Houston's head coach, Penders was a sports analyst for ESPN and Westwood One Radio. He also has been the head coach for Tufts, Columbia, Fordham, Rhode Island, Texas, and George Washington. Coach Penders developed a reputation as both “Turnaround Tom” and “Tournament Tom” because he proved that he could turn basketball programs into consistent winners and get the most out of his players in March. He is one of three coaches to reach three “Sweet 16s” as a double-digit seed in the NCAA basketball tournament, becoming the first NCAA head basketball coach to accomplish that feat with his 1996-97 Texas Longhorns team.
Coaching career
High school
Penders posted a 59–10 record as a high school coach at Bullard-Havens Tech and Bridgeport Central High School in Connecticut. He led Bullard-Havens to a 14–6 record in his first season as a head coach. The next year, he guided Bridgeport Central to a 23–2 record and a number two ranking in the state. The following year, he was named the New York Daily News Coach of the Year after leading Bridgeport to a 20–1 mark and a number one ranking.
Tufts, Columbia, Fordham
Penders began his collegiate coaching career at Tufts University in 1971, and compiled a 54–18 record in three seasons. On October 6, 2006, Penders and his 1972-73 Tufts team were inducted into the New England Basketball Hall of Fame.
Next Penders coached for four seasons at Columbia University. In his final two years there, Penders led the school to back-to-back winning seasons.
After Columbia, Penders moved to Fordham University where he remained for eight years and compiled a 125–114 record. In 1980–81, Penders was named the New York Metropolitan Area Coach of the Year after leading Fordham to a 19–9 record. On January 26, 2013, Penders was inducted into the Fordham Athletic Hall of Fame.
Rhode Island
Penders took over Rhode Island's program on October 4, 1986, two weeks before the regular season began. He was named the Atlantic 10 Conference Co-Coach of the Year after guiding the Rams to a 20–10 record and a berth into the NIT his first year.
In 1988, Penders led the Rams to the 1988 NCAA Sweet 16 with wins over Missouri and Syracuse before eventually losing to Duke.
Texas
In his 10 seasons at the University of Texas, Penders compiled a 208–110 record. During his time there, he became the winningest basketball coach in school history (although now passed by former Texas and now Tennessee coach Rick Barnes). He led the Longhorns to three Southwest Conference championships and eight NCAA Tournament appearances, including an Elite Eight in 1990, and the Sweet 16 in 1997. His teams at Texas averaged 20.8 wins per season, 87.2 points per game, and forced 19 turnovers per contest.
When Penders was hired in 1988, he inherited a team that won 16 games the year before; the Erwin Center (the Longhorns' home court) averaged 4,028 fans per game (in a 16,231-seat arena). Immediately after his arrival, Penders switched to a more uptempo offense, and called his team the "Runnin' Horns." His first team finished second in the Southwest Conference and earned a bid to the NCAA Tournament. The Longhorns also set 22 school and SWC records while more than doubling their attendance average to 10,011 per game, the largest increase in NCAA Division I.
In his final year at Texas, Penders underwent heart surgery and was unable to coach the first few games of what would end up being a tumultuous season.
Penders resigned as head coach following nearly a month of controversy surrounding the Texas program. On the heels of a 14-17 season and 9th place finish in the conference, three players met with athletic director DeLoss Dodds to voice complaints about Penders and the program. One of those players, Luke Axtell, informed Dodds at the meeting that he intended to transfer. Not long after the meeting, and despite it being the offseason, Axtell was suspended from the team for academic reasons.
Shortly after the suspension, an Austin radio station that claimed to have obtained a copy of Axtell's transcript read his grades on the air. This touched off a firestorm and an investigation into the source of the unauthorized release of academic records. Penders announced his resignation after the investigation revealed that his assistant coach, Eddie Oran, admitted to faxing the transcript to the radio station. In a deposition connected with a lawsuit Axtell brought against the radio station for releasing his records, Oran testified that Penders instructed him to fax the Axtell transcript to the media (and that a secretary had actually been the faxer). Oran sued Penders for defamation in 2002, claiming that statements Penders made when the scandal broke wrecked his career. However, a jury sided with Penders.
Coach Penders’s departure from Texas was the subject of a book, Burned Orange by Kyle Dalton.
George Washington
Penders served as head coach at the George Washington University from 1998 to 2001, where he compiled a 49–42 record and led the Colonials to the NCAA Tournament.
Penders' only winning season while directing the Colonials was his first, where he inherited a talented team composed mostly of recruits of former Colonial head coach Mike Jarvis. A number of off-court issues followed. Late in the 2000-2001 season, four players used the long-distance access code of his son and assistant coach, Tommy, Jr., to make $1,400 worth of long-distance calls and star guard SirValiant Brown left after his sophomore year for the NBA because he wouldn't qualify to play at GW the next season for academic reasons. Most seriously, Penders failed to tell athletic director Jack Kvancz that one of his players, Attila Cosby, had been arrested for several serious misdemeanors in January, including forcing a prostitute to perform oral sex at gunpoint and violating her with a broom. Penders ultimately resigned in 2001.
Penders said his resignation was because after 30 years of coaching, it was "time for a sabattical," and said the resignation was not related to the off-the-court issues. The university honored the rest of Penders' contract, with GW athletic director Jack Kvancz said honoring it "was the class thing to do." When GW's Kvancz was questioned about the payout (in the area of $1M) he refused to comment. "
Houston
Penders came to Houston after spending three years as an analyst for ESPN and Westwood One Radio. In his first season at the University of Houston, Penders guided the Cougars to the nation's fourth-best turnaround with an 18–14 overall record and Houston led the nation in turnover margin and set both team and individual school records for most three-point field goals made in a season.
In his second season, Penders led the Cougars to their first 20-win season, first back-to-back winning seasons, and first back-to-back postseason tournament appearances since 1992–93. He also led Houston to back-to-back wins over nationally ranked teams for the first time since the 1984 NCAA Midwest Regional Tournament and their first postseason tournament victory since 1988 in his first two years at the school, in the NIT.
Houston finished the 2005-06 campaign with a 2–2 record against nationally ranked teams after beating No. 25 LSU on November 29 and 13th-ranked Arizona December 3 in a nationally televised game on ESPN2. Houston's postseason tournament victory was against BYU in the first round of the 2006 NIT. It also was Penders’ first career victory in the NIT. Houston led the nation in steals with a 12.4 average, and the Cougars finished second in turnover margin with an average margin of +7.5.
Penders led the Houston Cougars to the Conference USA championship game in 2010 where they defeated UTEP for their first NCAA Tournament berth in 18 years. This made him only the 8th coach to take 4 different schools to the NCAA tournament.
Penders resigned as coach of Houston on March 22, 2010 following a first round loss to Maryland in the NCAA tournament.
College playing career
Penders played both baseball and basketball at the University of Connecticut, where he starred as a center fielder for the baseball team and a point guard for the basketball team from 1964 to 1967.
Family
In addition to Penders and son Tommy, Jr. serving as basketball coaches, his father was a longtime baseball coach at Stratford High School from 1931 to 1968, and led the school to four state championships. His brother, Jim, is the baseball coach at East Catholic High School, and was named the national high school Coach of the Year in 1996. Like his father, Jim Penders won four state championships.
Penders' two nephews also are collegiate baseball coaches. Jim was named the head coach at Connecticut in 2003 after serving seven years as an assistant coach and playing four years for the Huskies. Rob serves as the head baseball coach at St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas.
Head coaching record
See also
List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins
References
1945 births
Living people
Baseball players from Connecticut
Basketball coaches from Connecticut
Basketball players from Connecticut
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Columbia Lions men's basketball coaches
Fordham Rams men's basketball coaches
George Washington Colonials men's basketball coaches
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Houston Cougars men's basketball coaches
People from Stratford, Connecticut
Rhode Island Rams men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Fairfield County, Connecticut
Texas Longhorns men's basketball coaches
Tufts Jumbos men's basketball coaches
UConn Huskies baseball players
UConn Huskies men's basketball players
Point guards |
4031706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neith%20Nevelson | Neith Nevelson | Neith Nevelson, (born 16 July 1946), is an American artist best known for paintings of horses, female nudes, and male faces.
Background
Nevelson's grandmother was the sculptor Louise Nevelson, her father, Mike Nevelson (1922-2019), was a sculptor and her mother, Susan Nevelson (1924-2015), was an artist and textile designer.
Nevelson grew up in Florence, Italy, and began painting at the age of two. She spent her childhood in Florence and New York City, and as a teenager moved to New York, to live at her grandmother's studio.
She has lived in Coconut Grove in southern Florida, since 1977.
Nevelson studied briefly at the Accademia di Belle Arti, in Florence, Italy. As a student she concentrated on subjects she eventually became known for rather than the standard curriculum of still life drawings and landscapes, and was eventually expelled. Her first exhibition was in 1974 at the Galleria Nuova in Florence. Her last was in 1994; the catalog and exhibition were entitled, "Neith Nevelson: In the Middle of the Night", by Wendy Blazier. She was influenced by Cubism, Surrealism, and Expressionism. Some art-critics have labeled Nevelson as “Outsider” artist.
Nevelson's early work, which she has continued to experiment and embellish on to the present day, take the form of line drawings. Her style developed into complex paintings based on the gestural fluidity of drawing, underscored by her larger art-works which tend to combine elements of all her three major themes. As described in "Neith Nevelson: In the Middle of the Night," Neith's paintings are visions from her imaginatio], and explore the figurative, symbolic and narrative. As described by the Miami Herald's lackluster review of the same 1994 exhibition, the form of her art reflects the conflicts and contradictions of her life, living in the world of her famous grandmother and the New York art world of the 1960s, hardship and isolation from family, and remembering and longing for childhood.
She is the illustrator a forthcoming book of poems tentatively titled, "Day's Night" by Jorge Reyes.
Outside of her artistic endeavors, Nevelson is notable for political involvement in the area of abortion advocacy, for which she was jailed in Florence Italy in 1977 along with a group of advocates from the Radical Party, a left wing activist group still active in Europe.
In 2009, Neith's life was the basis of the TV show "Caso Cerrado" with Ana María Polo, broadcast daily in the US by the Telemundo Network.
Bibliography
'Neith Nevelson: In the Middle of the Night [Illustrated] [Pamphlet],' Wendy M. Blazier, Art and Culture Center of Hollywood (September 10, 1991).
'The Artist Speaks: Louise Nevelson,' Dorothy Gees Seckler, with photographs by Ugo Mulas, Art in America, January–February, 1967.
Interview, 'An Artist was her last goal,' by Beth Mendelsohn Gilbert, Coconut Grove Sun Reporter, September 13, 1984, page 1 and 10.
'What have they done to the Grove?' Lawrence Mahoney, News/Sun Sentinel, June 16, 1985, 11-15, 20.
'My Heritage, My Blueprint,' Jane Woolridge, The Miami Herald, April 22, 1988, pp. 1–2B.
"The creative legacy and troubled world of painter Neith Nevelson,' Forrest Norman, Miami New Times, June 24–30, 2004.
The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists (Hardcover) by Ann Lee Morgan (Author), Oxford University Press, USA (July 18, 2007)
References
1946 births
Living people
American women painters
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists |
4031718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20Mountaintops | Pink Mountaintops | Pink Mountaintops is a Canadian rock and roll band from Vancouver led by Stephen McBean.
The band's first album, The Pink Mountaintops, featured Amber Webber and Joshua Wells. The tracks varied from alt-country to indie rock.
The band's recording Outside Love included contributions from members of several other bands. It was number one on the Canadian campus radio top 50 chart in May and again in June, 2009.
Pink Mountaintop's fourth album, Get Back, was released in 2014. Musicians included Annie Hardy, Greg Foremann, and Rob Barbato. The album was recorded in Los Angeles and produced by Joe Cardamone.
Band members
Stephen McBean
Live:
Stephen McBean
Emily Rose
Kliph Scurlock
Tygh Runyan
Discography
Albums
Pink Mountaintops (Jagjaguwar, 2004)
Axis of Evol (Jagjaguwar, 2006)
Outside Love (Jagjaguwar, 2009)
Get Back (Jagjaguwar, 2014)
Singles
"The Ones I Love" / "Erected" (Jagjaguwar, 2005)
"Single Life" / "My Best Friend" (Jagjaguwar, 2007)
"Asleep with an Angel" / "The Beat" (Jagjaguwar, 2014)
References
External links
Pink Mountaintops Official website
Pink Mountaintops at Jagjaguwar Records
Pink Mountaintops at Exclaim!
"Down and Dirty: The love songs of the Pink Mountaintops" CBC Radio 3 Session; story by Shawn Cooper, photography by Jon Elder
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups from Vancouver
Canadian indie rock groups
Canadian psychedelic rock music groups
2003 establishments in British Columbia
Jagjaguwar artists
Low Transit Industries artists |
4031724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu%20Bello%20Stadium | Ahmadu Bello Stadium | The Ahmadu Bello Stadium, simply referred to as ABS is a multipurpose stadium in Kaduna city, Kaduna State, Nigeria. It was designed in 1965 by the English architects Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry. As of 2016, it is used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 16,000 people.
The stadium consists of a main section for track and field events as well as football and two indoor sports centers.
Mr Dare Sunday - the Sports Minister, during his visit to Ahmadu Bello Stadium (ABS) in Kaduna applauded the maintenance culture of the facilities and the state of the stadium. He was pleased that even though Ahmadu Bello Stadium has been existing for more than 50 years ago, it is still in good condition. He further said "what I have seen today is not disappointing but, there is room for improvement on the facility.” The facilities inspected by the minister at the Ahmadu Bello Stadium included the football playing pitch, swimming pool, indoor games hall and hostels, among others.
Notable football events
1998 African Women's Championship
1999 FIFA World Youth Championship
2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup
References
Kaduna
Football venues in Nigeria
Kaduna |
4031728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalingo%20City%20Stadium | Jalingo City Stadium | The Jolly Nyame Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Jalingo, Nigeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is home for Taraba FC. The stadium holds 30,000 people and was built in 2002.
External links
Pictures
Sports venues completed in 2002
Football venues in Nigeria
2002 establishments in Nigeria |
4031732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Jefferies | Graeme Jefferies | Graeme Jefferies is a musician from New Zealand.
In 1981 Graeme and his brother Peter Jefferies formed the post-punk band Nocturnal Projections. The band released a few records and cassettes, and played regularly around their hometown of New Plymouth, as well as Auckland.
After Nocturnal Projections disbanded in 1983, the brothers formed This Kind Of Punishment, and released three full-length albums, and an EP.
Following This Kind Of Punishment, Peter pursued a solo career, whilst Graeme formed new band The Cakekitchen.
Discography
Messages for the Cakekitchen (1988)
Timebomb - Bravely, Bravely (1989, with Alastair Galbraith)
External links
The Cakekitchen website
Living people
People from New Plymouth
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4031734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Mills | Ann Mills | Ann Mills was a British woman who disguised herself as a man in order to become a dragoon. In 1740 she fought on the frigate HMS Maidenstone.
References
"Gendered War and Military", retrieved 10 February 2006
Felsenstien, Frank: Unraveling Ann Mills. Some thoughts on Gender Construction and Naval Heroism (2006)
Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader
Strange Pages from Family Papers
British Army soldiers
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Female wartime cross-dressers
Dragoons
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing |
4031739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon%20at%20the%201964%20Summer%20Olympics | Cameroon at the 1964 Summer Olympics | Cameroon competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. David Njitock was the lone representative for Cameroon, placing 7th in the 100 meter, and 5th in the 200 meter runs.
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1964 Summer Olympics
1964
1964 in Cameroonian sport |
4031743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano%20Ricci | Sebastiano Ricci | Sebastiano Ricci (1 August 165915 May 1734) was an Italian painter of the late Baroque school of Venice. About the same age as Piazzetta, and an elder contemporary of Tiepolo, he represents a late version of the vigorous and luminous Cortonesque style of grand manner fresco painting.
He was the uncle of Marco Ricci (1676 – 1730), who trained with him, and became an innovator in landscape painting.
Early years
He was born in Belluno, the son of Andreana and Livio Ricci. In 1671, he was apprenticed to Federico Cervelli of Venice. Others claim Ricci's first master was Sebastiano Mazzoni. In 1678, a youthful indiscretion led to an unwanted pregnancy, and ultimately to a greater scandal, when Ricci was accused of attempting to poison the young woman in question to avoid marriage. He was imprisoned, and released only after the intervention of a nobleman, probably a Pisani family member. He eventually married the mother of his child in 1691, although this was a stormy union.
Following his release he moved to Bologna, where he lived near the Parish of San Michele del Mercato. His painting style there was apparently influenced by Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole. On 28 September 1682 he was contracted by the "Fraternity of Saint John of Florence" to paint a Decapitation of John the Baptist for their oratory.
On 9 December 1685, the Count of San Secondo near Parma commissioned the decoration of the Oratorio della Beata Vergine del Serraglio, which Ricci completed in collaboration of Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena by October 1687, receiving a payment of 4,482 Lira. In 1686, the Duke Ranuccio II Farnese of Parma commissioned a Pietà for a new Capuchin convent. In 1687-8 Ricci decorated the apartments of the Parmense Duchess in Piacenza with canvases recounting the life of the Farnese pope, Paul III.
Turin and return to Venice
Apparently in 1688, Ricci abandoned his wife and daughter, and fled from Bologna to Turin with Magdalen, the daughter of the painter Giovanni Peruzzini. He was again imprisoned, and nearly executed, but was eventually freed by the intercession of the Duke of Parma. The duke employed him and assigned him a monthly salary of 25 crowns and lodging in the Farnese palace in Rome. In 1692, he was commissioned to copy the Coronation of Charlemagne by Raphael in Vatican City, on behalf of Louis XIV, a task he finished only by 1694.
The death of the Duke Ranuccio in December, 1694, who was also his protector, forced Ricci to abandon Rome for Milan, where by November 1695 he completed frescoes in the Ossuary Chapel of the Church of San Bernardino dei Morti. On 22 June 1697, the Count Giacomo Durini hired him to paint in the Cathedral of Monza.
In 1698, he returned to the Venetian republic for a decade. By 24 August 1700, he had frescoed the chapel of the Santissimo Sacramento in the church of Santa Giustina of Padua. In 1701, the Venetian geographer Vincenzo Coronelli commissioned a canvas of the Ascension that was inserted into the ceiling of sacristy of the Basilica of the Santi Apostoli in Rome. In 1702, he frescoed the ceiling of the Blue Hall in the Schönbrunn Palace, with the Allegory of the Princely Virtues and Love of Virtue, which illustrated the education and dedication of future emperor Joseph I. In Vienna, Frederick August II, the elector Saxony, requested an Ascension canvas, in part to convince others of the sincerity of his conversion to Catholicism, which allowed him to become the King of Poland.
In Venice in 1704 he executed a canvas of San Procolo (Saint Proculus) for the Dome of Bergamo and a Crucifixion for the Florentine church of San Francisco de Macci.
Florentine frescoes
In the summer of 1706, he traveled to Florence, where he completed a work that is by many considered his masterpieces. During his Florentine stay he first completed a large fresco series on allegorical and mythological themes for the now-called Marucelli-Fenzi or Palazzo Fenzi (now housing departments of University of Florence). After this work, Ricci, along with the quadraturista Giuseppe Tonelli, was commissioned by the Grand Duke Ferdinando de' Medici to decorate rooms in the Pitti Palace, where his Venus takes Leave from Adonis contains heavenly depictions that are airier and brighter than prior Florentine fresco series. These works gained him fame and requests from foreign lands and showed the rising influence of Venetian painting into other regions of Italy. He was to influence the Florentine Rococo fresco painter Giovanni Domenico Ferretti.
In 1708 he returned to Venice, completing a Madonna with the Child for San Giorgio Maggiore. In 1711, now painting alongside his nephew, Marco Ricci, he painted two canvases: Esther to Assuero and Moses saved from the Nile, for the Taverna Palace.
London and Paris
He ultimately accepted foreign patronage in London, when he was provided a £770 commission by Lord Burlington for eight canvases, to be completed by him and his nephew Marco, depicting mythological frolics: Cupid and Jove, Bacchus meets Ariadne, Diana and Nymphs, Bacchus and Ariadne, Venus and Cupid, Diane and Endymion, and a Cupid and Flora.
He decorated the chapel at Bulstrode House near Gerrards Cross for Henry Bentinck, 1st Duke of Portland with a cycle of wall-paintings depicting scenes from the life of Christ. George Vertue described the scheme as "a Noble free invention. great force of lights and shade, with variety & freedom, in the composition of the parts". The chapel was demolished in the 19th century, but oil modelli still exist. Ricci also designed stained glass for the Duke of Chandos' chapel at Cannons. In c.1710-15 Ricci painted the apse in the chapel at the Royal Hospital Chelsea of the resurrection.
By the end of 1716, with his nephew, he left England for Paris, where he met Watteau, and submitted his Triumph of the Wisdom over Ignorance in order to gain admission to the Royal French Academy of Painting and Sculpture, which was granted on 18 May 1718. He returned to Venice in 1718 a wealthy man, and bought comfortable lodgings in the Old Procuratory of St. Mark. That same year, the Riccis decorated the villa of Giovanni Francesco Bembo in Belvedere, near Belluno.
In 1722 he was one of twelve artists commissioned to contribute a painting on canvas of one of the apostles as part of a decorative scheme at the church of St Stae in Venice. The other artists involved included Tiepolo, Piazetti, and Pellegrini.
Last years
From 1724 to 1729, Ricci worked intensely for the Royal House of Savoy in Turin: In 1724 he painted the Rejection of Agar and the Silenus adores the Idols, in 1725, the Madonna in Gloria, in Turin in 1726, he completed the Susanna presented to Daniel and Moses causes water to gush from the rock. In October 1727 he was admitted to the Clementine Academy of Venice.
Ricci's style developed a following among other Venetian artists, influencing Francesco Polazzo, Gaspare Diziani, Francesco Migliori, Gaetano Zompini, and Francesco Fontebasso (1709–1769).
He died in Venice on 15 May 1734.
Veronese copies
Ricci made many copies from the works of Paolo Veronese, both of individual heads and of whole compositions. Some of these copies of heads were bought by George III. The king also bought a painting of the Finding of Moses which his agent, Joseph Smith, claimed was a Veronese, although this too had been painted by Ricci, either as a pastiche of Veronese's style, or a copy of a work now lost. Ricci painted a supposed portrait of Andrea Palladio, attributed to Veronese and engraved by Bernard Picart for the frontispiece of the first English edition (1715) of Palladio's Four Books of Architecture. According to Rudolf Wittkower, it does not depict Palladio, but rather is entirely the invention of Ricci.
Critical assessments
"Ricci, leaning at first on the example of splendid art of the Veronese, made a new ideal prevail, one of clear and rich coloristic beauty: in this he paved the way for Tiepolo. The painting of figures of the Roccoco to Venice remains incomprehensible in its evolution without Ricci... Tiepolo germinated the work started by Ricci to such a richness and splendor that it leaves Ricci in the shadows... although Sebastiano is recognized in the combative role of forerunner "(Derschau).
"He is the master of a resurrected-fifteenth century style, whose painterly features are enriched with nervous express and, typically 17th century" (Rudolf Wittkower). Wittkower in his Anthology, contrasts the facile luminous style of Ricci with the darker, more emotional intense painting of Piazzetta. Like Tiepolo, Ricci was an international artist; Piazzetta was local.
"We perceive in him that synthesis of the baroque decorativeness and individualized and substantial painting, that we will see later again in Tiepolo. On one side the influence of Cortona, directed and indirect, and on the other the observant painting of the hermit Magnasco; more intense, substantial and freed academic impulses, the airy, shining influences become, to the open air, magical coves, as well as gloomy corners. A new synthesis that opened wide new painting horizons, even if the scene is not that of a ballet, it is felt like bing in the wonders of the color, in more vibrating, acute, agile accents "(Moschini).
"At the start of the Baroque..Venetians remained isolated from the outside…from the great ideas of the baroque painting… The Ricci are the first traveling Venetian painters... and succeed to inaugurate the so-called roccoco rooms of Pitti and Marucelli palaces."(Roberto Longhi).
Ricci "brought back in the Venetian tradition a wealth of chromatic expression resolved in a new vibrating brilliance brightness…by means of the intelligent interpretation of the Veronese chromatics and of the brushstrokes of a Magnasco-like touch, from the 16th century impediments, he takes unfashionable positions against "tenebrous styles", is against the new Piazzetta – Federico Bencovich. He supplied a valid painterly idiom for ... Tiepolo to use after his defection from the Piazzettism "(Pallucchini).
"Venice, still more than Naples, collects the Ricci inheritance of the prodigioso trade of Luca Giordano... Sebastiano throws again it, widens he then, refines it for the school of Sebastiano Mazzoni "(Argan)
Works
Portrait of a Bishop, Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Insbruck
Mercy (1686), New Church of the Capuchins, Parma
Frescoes in collaboration with Bibiena, (1687) Sacristy of the Fallen in Church of Santo Segundo, Parma
History and Apotheosis of Paul III (1687–1688), Farnese Palace, now Pinacoteca Civica, Piacenza
Guardian Angel (1694), Chiesa del Carmine, Pavia
Frescoes (1695), Church of San Bernardino alle Ossa, Milan
Ecstasy of St Francis (ca 1695–96), Tweed Museum of Art, Duluth, Minnesota
Last Supper (ca 1720), Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas
Frescoes(1697), Duomo of Monza
Communion of St Maria Egiziaca (1698), Archconfraternity of the Duomo of the Santa Sindone, Milan
St Gregory the Great intercedes with Madonna (1700), Church of Santa Giustina, Padua
Frescoes (1700), Church of Santa Giustina, Padua
Ascension (1701), Santi Apostoli, Rome
Allegory of the princely virtues (1702), Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna
Assumption of Virgin (1702) Gemäldegalerie, Dresden
Crucifixion with Virgin, John the Evangelist and Carlo Borromeo (1704), Uffizi, Florence
Procolo, Peasant Detention (1704), Duomo, Bergamo)
Vision of St. Bruno (1705)
Frescoes (1706–1707), Palazzi Fenzi Marucelli & Pitti, Florence
Madonna with Child (1708), San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice)
Family of Darius before Alexander & Continence of Scipio (ca 1709), North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh
Liberation of Saint Peter (1710), Trescore Balneario, Bergamo, church of Saint Peter)(San Stae)
Christ giving the keys to St Peter & Call of St Peter (1710), San Pietro, Bergamo
Assumption (1710), Santa Maria Maggiore, Bergamo)
Esther before Ahasuerus (1711), Palazzo Taverna, Rome
Moses saved from the waters (1711)
Sacred Family with Elizabeth and John (1712), Royal Collections, London
Frescoes for Burlington House (1712–1714), London
Cupid before Jove; Encounter of Bacchus and Ariadne; and Triumph of Galatea
Frescoes for Chiswick House (1712–14), London
Bacchus and Ariadne (National Gallery)
Venus and Cupid, Diana and Endymion, Cupid and Flora, and Diana and Nymphs
Selene & Endymion (1713), London
The Resurrection (1714), Royal Hospital Chelsea, London
Triumph of Wisdom over Ignorance (1718), Louvre, Paris
Head of Woman (1718), fresco fragment, Civic Museum, Belluno
Bathsheba at her Bath (1724), Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest
Sabauda Gallery, Turin
Repudiation of Agar and Solomon adores the Idols (1724)
Madonna in Glory with archangel Gabriel and Saints Eusebio, Sebastiano & Rocco (1725)
Susanna in front of Daniel and Moses make water gush from the rock (1726)
Magdalen applies ointment to Christ's feet (1728)
Apotheosis of Saint Sebastian (circa 1725), Musée des Beaux-Arts, Strasbourg
St Cajetan heals the Sick (1727), Brera Gallery, Milan
Ecstasy of St. Teresa, (1727, Church of St Jerome (now St Mark), Vicenza)
Royal Palace, Turin
Hagar in the desert; Jacob blesses the sons of Joseph; Moses saved from waters; and Rebecca and Eliazer at the well (1727)
Christ and the Centurions and Wedding at Cannae, (1729), Capodimonte Museum, Naples
Communion and Martyrdom of St Lucia (1730), Church of Santa Lucia, Parma
Immaculate Conception (1730), Church of San Vitale, Venice
Madonna in Glory with Child and Angel Guardian, (1730) Scuola of the Guardian Angel, Venice
Prayer in Garden, (1730), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Self-portrait (1731), Uffizi Gallery
Pope Gregory the Great intercedes with Virgin (1731), Sant'Alessandro della Croce, Bergamo
Pope Gregory the Great intercedes for souls in Purgatory, (1733), Saint Gervais, Paris
Pope Pio V, Saints Thomas Acquinus, & Peter Martyr (1733), Gesuati, Venice
St Francis from resuscitates child Paola and St Helen discovers True Cross, San Rocco Church, Venice
Baldassarre and Ester before Ahasuerus (1733), Quirinal Palace, Rome
Assumption (1734) Karlskirche, Vienna
References
Sources
Free translation from Italian Wikipedia entry
Nash, Paul W.; Savage, Nicholas (1999). Early Printed Books 1478–1840: Catalogue of the British Architectural Library, Early Imprints Collection. London: Bowker-Saur. .
Rizzi, Aldo. Sebastiano Ricci disegnatore, Electa – Milano 1975
Rizzi, Aldo. Sebastiano Ricci, Electa – Milano 1989
Wittkower, Rudolf (1974). Palladio and English Palladianism. London: Thames and Hudson. .
External links
Italian Baroque painters
Rococo painters
Painters from Venice
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Roman Catholics
18th-century Italian painters
1659 births
1734 deaths
People from Belluno
Catholic painters |
4031755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20de%20la%20R%C3%A9unification | Stade de la Réunification | Stade de la Réunification is a multi-use stadium in Douala, Cameroon. It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as a home ground of Union Douala. The stadium holds 39,000 people and was built in 1972.
References
External links
Stade de la réunification à Douala, au Cameroun - egis.fr
Sports venues completed in 1972
Football venues in Cameroon
Sport in Douala
Buildings and structures in Douala
1972 establishments in Cameroon |
4031758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20Public%20Schools | Atlanta Public Schools | Atlanta Public Schools (APS) is a school district based in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is run by the Atlanta Board of Education with superintendent Dr. Lisa Herring.The system has an active enrollment of 54,956 students, attending a total of 103 school sites: 50 elementary schools (three of which operate on a year-round calendar), 15 middle schools, 21 high schools, four single-gender academies and 13 charter schools. The school system also supports two alternative schools for middle and/or high school students, two community schools, and an adult learning center.
The school system owns the license for, but does not operate, the radio station WABE-FM 90.1 (the National Public Radio affiliate) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television station WABE-TV 30.
Governance
The Atlanta Board of Education establishes and approves the policies that govern the Atlanta Public School system. The board consists of nine members, representing six geographical districts, and three "at-large" districts. One person is elected per district to represent the schools in a given district for a four-year term. Under the provisions of the new board charter, approved by the Georgia Legislature in 2003, board members elect a new chairman and vice chairman every two years. The day-to-day administration of the school district is the responsibility of the superintendent, who is appointed by the board.
School board members
District 1 - Leslie Grant
District 2 - Aretta Baldon
District 3 - Michelle Olympiadis
District 4 - Nancy Meister
District 5 - Erica Mitchell
District 6 - Eshe' Collins (Vice-Chair)
Seat 7 - Kandis Wood Jackson
Seat 8 - Cynthia Briscoe Brown
Seat 9 - Jason Esteves (Chair)
https://www.atlantapublicschools.us/domain/11326
APS leadership
2020-2021 school year
Dr. Lisa Herring, Ed.D., Superintendent
Steve Smith, Associate Superintendent
Karen Waldon, Deputy Superintendent for Curriculum and Instruction
Lisa Bracken, Chief Financial Officer
D. Glenn Brock, General Counsel (Nelson, Mullins, Riley & Scarborough LLP)
Larry Hoskins, Deputy Superintendent for Operations
Alexis Kirijan, Ed.D., Chief Strategy Officer
Tony Hunter, Chief Information Officer
Ron Price, Chief Human Resources Officer
Schools
High schools
Benjamin E. Mays High School
BEST Academy High School
Booker T. Washington High School
Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy High School
Daniel McLaughlin Therrell High School
Frederick Douglass High School
Maynard H. Jackson High School
Midtown High School (formerly Henry W. Grady High School)
The New Schools at Carver
Early College
School of the Arts
School of Health Sciences & Research
School of Technology
North Atlanta High School
South Atlanta High School
Middle schools
BEST Academy Middle School
Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy Middle School
Crawford Williamson Long Middle School
Jean Childs Young Middle School
Joseph Emerson Brown Middle School
Luther Judson Price Middle School
Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School
Ralph Johnson Bunche Middle School
Samuel M. Inman Middle School (now David T. Howard Middle School )
Sylvan Hills Middle School
Sutton Middle
Willis Sutton Middle School
Elementary schools
Adamsville Elementary School
Barack & Michelle Obama Academy (formerly DH Stanton Elementary)
Beecher Hills Elementary School
Benteen Elementary School
Bethune Elementary School
Bolton Academy
Boyd Elementary School
Brandon Elementary School
Burgess/Peterson Elementary School
Cascade Elementary School
Centennial Academy Elementary School
Cleveland Avenue Elementary School
Connally Elementary School
Continental Colony Elementary School
Deerwood Academy
Dobbs Elementary School
Dunbar Elementary School
Fain Elementary School
Fickett Elementary School
Finch Elementary School
Frank Lebby Stanton Elementary School
Fred A. Toomer Elementary School
Flat Rock Elementary School
Garden Hills Elementary School
Gideons Elementary School
Grove Park Intermediate Elementary School
Harper-Archer Elementary School
Heritage Academy
Hope-Hill Elementary School
Humphries Elementary School
Hutchinson Elementary School
Jackson Elementary School
Kimberly Elementary School
M. Agnes Jones Elementary School
Mary Lin Elementary School
Miles Elementary School
Morningside Elementary School
Oglethorpe Elementary School
Parkside Elementary School
Perkerson Elementary School
Peyton Forest Elementary School
Pine Ridge Elementary School
Rivers Elementary School
Sarah Smith Elementary School
Scott Elementary School
Slater Elementary School
Springdale Park Elementary School
Sycamore Elementary school
Thomasville Heights Elementary School
Towns Elementary School
Bazoline E. Usher Collier Heights Elementary School
Venetian Hills Elementary School
West Manor Elementary School
Whitefoord Elementary School
Woodson Primary Elementary School
Non-traditional schools
Alonzo A. Crim Open Campus High School
APS/Community Education Partnership (CEP) School
The New School of Atlanta
West End Academy
Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy - It was Forrest Hill Academy, named after Nathan Bedford Forrest, until 2021.
Single-gender academies
The B.E.S.T. Academy at Benjamin S. Carson (Business, Engineering, Science, and Technology)
The Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy
Evening school programs
Adult Literacy Program
Charter schools
Atlanta Classical Academy
Atlanta Neighborhood Charter School
Centennial Academy
Charles R. Drew Charter School
The Kindezi School
KIPP Vision Academy
KIPP Vision Primary
KIPP West Atlanta Young Scholars Academy
The Latin Academy
University Community Academy, an Atlanta Charter School, Inc.
Wesley International Academy
Westside Atlanta Charter School
Former schools
High schools
Boys High School, 1872-1947
Charles Lincoln Harper High School, 1963-1995
Commercial High School, 1888-1947
Daniel O'Keefe High School, 1947-1973
David T. Howard High School, 1945-1976
East Atlanta High School, 1959-1988
Franklin D. Roosevelt High School, 1947-1985
Fulton High School, 1915-1994
Girls High School, 1872-1947
Harper-Archer High School, 1995-2002
Henry McNeal Turner High School, 1951-1990
Hoke Smith High School, 1947-1985
Joseph Emerson Brown High School, 1947-1992
Luther Judson Price High School, 1954-1987
North Fulton High School, 1920-1991
Northside High School, 1950-1991
Samuel Howard Archer High School, 1950-1995
Southwest High School, 1950-1981
Sylvan Hills High School, 1949-1987
Tech High Charter School, 2004-2012
Technological "Tech" High School, 1909-1947
Walter F. George High School, 1959-1995
West Fulton High School, 1947-1992
William A. Bass High School, 1948-1987
William F. Dykes High School, 1959-1973
J.C. Murphy High School, 1949-1988
Middle schools
Austin T. Walden Middle School
Central Junior High School
Daniel O'keefe Middle School, 1973-1983
Henry McNeal Turner Middle School, 1989-2010
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Middle School
Marshall Middle School
Sammye E. Coan Middle School
Walter Leonard Parks Middle School
West Fulton Middle School, 1992-2004
CW Long Middle School
Elementary schools
Adair Park Elementary School
Anderson Park Elementary School, added to APS in 1951 (previously out of district)
Anne E. West Elementary School
Arkwright Elementary School
Bell Street School, 1900-
Ben Hill Elementary School
Blair Village Elementary School
Blalock Elementary School
Boulevard School(Beerman Lot), 1888 (additional rooms added in 1891) -
Burgess Elementary School
C.D. Hubert Elementary School, renamed Atlanta Tech High in 2004
Calhoun Street, 1883-
Capitol View Elementary School
Caroline F. Harper Elementary School
Center Hill Elementary School
Chattahoochee Elementary School
Clark Howell Elementary School
Collier Heights Elementary School
Cook Elementary School
Crew Street Elementary School, 1872- (burned 1885, rebuilt)
Dean Rusk Elementary
D.F. McClatchey Elementary School
Davis Street, 1887
Decatur Street Elementary School, 1872-1876?
East Lake Elementary School
Edgewood Avenue, 1892-
Edmond Asa Ware Elementary School
Edwin P. Johnson Elementary School
Emma Clarissa Clement Elementary School
English Avenue Elementary School
Evan P. Howell Elementary School
Fair Street School, 1880-
Formwalt School, 1893
Fountain Elementary School
Fourth Ward School (on Boulevard), 1902-
Fowler St. Elementary School
Fraser Street, 1891-
Gray Street, 1888-
Grant Park School, 1904-
H. R. Butler Elementary School (Young Street School)
Haynes Street School, 1873-
Harwell Elementary School
Herndon Elementary School
Home Park Elementary School
Houston Street School, 1880-
I.N. Ragsdale Elementary School
Ira Street, 1885-
Ivy Street Elementary School, 1872-
Joel Chandler Harris Elementary School
John B. Gordon Elementary school
John Carey Elementary School
John F. Faith Elementary, renamed C.D. Hubert in 1963
John P. Whittaker Elementary School
Jonathan M. Goldsmith Elementary School
Lakewood Elementary School
Laura Haygood Elementary School
Lee Street Elementary School (Previously West End School, renamed 1904), annexed into APS in 1894-
Luckie Street Elementary School, 1872-
Marietta Street Elementary School, 1873-
Margaret Mitchell Elementary School
Minnie S. Howell Elementary School
Mitchell Street, 1882-
Moreland Ave. Elementary School
Mount Vernon Elementary School
North Ave. Elementary School, 1908
Oglethorpe Elementary School
Peeples Street Grammar School
Pryor Street School, 1907-
Riverside Elementary School
Roach Street, 1892
Rockdale Elementary School
Rosalie Wright Elementary School
Spring Street Elementary School
State Street, 1891
Storr's School, opened 1866, added to APS 1872
Summer Hill School, opened 1866, added to APS 1872
Sylvan Hills Elementary School
Tenth Street School, 1905-
Thomas Jefferson Guice Elementary School
Walker Street Elementary School, 1872-
Waters Elementary School
West End School (on Peeples St.), 1904
William Franklin Hartnett (Hardnett) Elementary School, 1955-1985 (burned)
William Franklin Slaton School (originally referred to as Grant Street school), 1908
Williams Street, 1893
White Elementary School
History
Before 1900
On November 26, 1869, the Atlanta City Council passed an ordinance establishing the Atlanta Public Schools. On January 31, 1872, the first three grammar schools for white students (Crew Street School, Ivy Street School, Walker Street School) opened, and the existing grammar schools for black students (Summer Hill School and Storr's School) established by the Freedman's Bureau in 1866 and supported by the Norther Missionary Socieies, were merged into the holdings of the Atlanta Public Schools. The capacity of each school was 400 students, although the inaugural registration was 1839 students, 639 students over the capacity. In addition, two high schools, divided by sex, were formed for white students, Boys High and Girls High. These initial schools were based on a census of school aged (ages 6–18) children called for by the inaugural Board of Education. That survey reported in October 1870 that there were 3,345 white children (1,540 boys and 1,805 girls) and 3,139 black children (1,421 boys and 1,728 girls) for a total potential student body of 6,484.
the districts for the white grammar schools were divided as follows,
Crew Street School, The second and third wards, including that portion of the city lying between Whitehall street and the Georgia Railroad
Ivy Street School, the fourth, fifth, and seventh wards, bounded by the Georgia Railroad and the Western & Atlantic Railroad
Walker Street School, first and sixth wards, including that portion of the city west of Whitehall street and the Western & Atlantic railroad.
The initial monetary support from the Atlanta City Council was limited. Although a bond had been called for and approved through vote by the residents, there were not yet funds and so the Board of Education had to approach the City Council to cover the purchase of the land, the construction of the buildings, the salaries of the teachers, as well as books to teach from. The first salary budget, dated December 9, 1871, was for twenty-seven teachers, and totaled $21,250. Grade school teachers were paid $450-$800 a year, while principals were paid $1,500 and the superintendent was paid $2,000.
The organization of the schools was a traditional 8-4 arrangement which consisted of 8 years of grammar school for students aged 6 to 14, and 4 years of high school for students aged 14–18. The grades began at eighth for first year students, and students progressed through to the first grade as year eight students of grammar school. The established curriculum for grammar school was, Spelling, Reading, Writing, Geography, Arithmetic (Mental and Written), Natural History, Natural Science, English Grammar, Vocal Music (it was later decided not offer this), Drawing, Composition, History, Elocution. High school curriculum was Orthography, Elocution, Grammar, Physical Geography, Natural Philosophy, Latin, Greek (boys only), Algebra, Geometry, Composition, Rhetoric, English Literature, French or German, Physiology, Chemistry, and a review of grammar school studies.
During 1872 three additional grammar schools for white students (Luckie Street, Decatur Street, and Marietta Street) and an additional grammar school for black students (Markham Street School) were instituted to meet demand. This first year saw 2,842 students served by the schools.
By 1896 there were a total of twenty-two schools, fifteen grammar schools for white students, five grammar schools for black students, and two high schools for white students.
Integration
On August 30, 1961, nine students – Thomas Franklin Welch, Madelyn Patricia Nix, Willie Jean Black, Donita Gaines, Arthur Simmons, Lawrence Jefferson, Mary James McMullen, Martha Ann Holmes and Rosalyn Walton – became the first African American students to attend several of APS's all-white high schools.
On September 8, 1961, Time magazine reported:
Last week the moral siege of Atlanta (pop. 487,455) ended in spectacular fashion with the smoothest token school integration ever seen in the Deep South. Into four high schools marched nine Negro students without so much as a white catcall. Teachers were soon reporting "no hostility, no demonstrations, the most normal day we've ever had." In the lunchrooms, white children began introducing themselves to Negro children. At Northside High, a biology class was duly impressed when Donita Gaines, a Negro, was the only student able to define the difference between anatomy and physiology. Said she crisply: "Physiology has to do with functions."
In a 1964 news story, Time would say, "The Atlanta decision was a gentle attempt to accelerate one of the South’s best-publicized plans for achieving integration without revolution."
By May 1961, 300 transfer forms had been given to black students interested in transferring out of their high schools. 132 students actually applied; of those, 10 were chosen and 9 braved the press, onlookers, and insults to integrate Atlanta's all-white high schools.
Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka had established the right of African American students to have equal opportunities in education, but it was not until 1958, when a group of African American parents challenged the segregated school system in federal court, that integration became a tangible reality for students of color in Atlanta.
Adding to the accolades for the students and the city, President Kennedy publicly congratulated residents during an evening address and asked other cities to "look closely at what Atlanta has done and to meet their responsibility... with courage, tolerance and above all, respect for the law."
In 2012, Atlanta Public Schools produced a documentary to honor the 50th anniversary of the district's desegregation efforts. In January 1972, in order to settle several federal discrimination and desegregation lawsuits filed on behalf of minority students, faculty, and employees and reach satisfactory agreement with Atlanta civil rights leaders who had worked over a decade for a peaceful integration plan. Atlanta Public Schools entered into a voluntary agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice, with approval and oversight from the U.S. Department of Education, in an attempt to desegregate Atlanta Public Schools. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a majority of Atlanta Northside public schools had either token integration, or none at all. Faculty and staff assignments to schools had remained mostly segregated as well.
The justice department allowed the school system to create and use a plan consisting of partial district busing; voluntary and "M to M" (minority to majority) transfers; redrawing attendance zones; closing outdated and underutilized schools; building new schools; and mandating and implementing equal employment opportunity guidelines for hiring, training, promotion, assignment, vendor selection, bidding, contracting, construction, procurement and purchasing. The school system was also converted from a K-7 elementary and 8-12 high school grade system into a middle school 6–8 grade program beginning with the 1973/1974 school year. The curriculum was also updated to have studies more balanced, inclusive, and diverse, with content culturally and historically significant to racial minorities.
With strict guidelines, oversight and timeline implementation of the voluntary desegregation plan, the federal courts agreed not to order and enforce system-wide a mandatory busing desegregation program for APS that had been federally enforced in other cities up to that time, most notably Boston and Philadelphia which resulted in widespread anti-busing violence in 1973-74 that Atlanta civil rights leaders desired to avoid. Along with this program for racial balance, the school system's first African American Superintendent, Dr. Alonzo A. Crim, took over leadership of Atlanta Public Schools in August 1973. He remained superintendent until his retirement in 1988.
21st century
The City of Atlanta, in 2017, agreed to annex territory in DeKalb County, including the Centers for Disease Control and Emory University, effective January 1, 2018. In 2016 Emory University made a statement that "Annexation of Emory into the City of Atlanta will not change school districts, since neighboring communities like Druid Hills will still be self-determining regarding annexation." By 2017 the city agreed to include the annexed property in the boundaries of APS, a move decried by the leadership of the DeKalb County School District as it would take taxable property away from that district. In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine. The area ultimately went to APS; students in the area will be rezoned to APS effective 2024; they will be zoned to DeKalb schools before then.
Cheating scandal
During the 11-year tenure of former superintendent Beverly Hall, the APS experienced unusually high gains in standardized test scores, such as the Criterion-Referenced Competency Test. In 2009, Hall won the National Superintendent of the Year Award. Around this time, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution began investigating the score increases and suggested evidence of cheating. A state report found numerous erased answers in an analysis of the 2009 test scores. Tests were administered under much higher scrutiny in 2010, and the scores dropped dramatically.
The state of Georgia launched a major investigation as cheating concerns intensified. The investigation's report, published in July 2011, found evidence of a widespread cheating scandal. At least 178 teachers and principals at 44 APS schools were alleged to have corrected students' tests to increase scores, in some cases holding "cheating parties" to revise large quantities of tests. Hall, who had retired in June 2011, expressed regret but denied any prior knowledge of, or participation in, the cheating. The new superintendent, Erroll Davis, demanded the resignation of the 178 APS employees or else they would be fired. The revelation of the scandal left many Atlantans feeling outraged and betrayed, with Mayor Kasim Reed calling it "a dark day for the Atlanta public school system." The scandal attracted national media coverage.
See also
Truancy Intervention Project, Inc.
References
External links
Atlanta Public Schools
Atlanta Top Public Schools List
Atlanta Public Schools zoning locator
U.S. Department of Education: Comprehensive School Reform Program
School districts in Georgia (U.S. state)
Education in Atlanta
Education in DeKalb County, Georgia
Education in Fulton County, Georgia
School districts established in 1882 |
4031760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dog%3A%20Happy%20Life | The Dog: Happy Life | The Dog: Happy Life is a pet simulator for the PlayStation Portable. The video game is based on The Dog and Friends franchise by Artlist.
Information
The game features realistic dogs that can be dressed up in accessories and photographed and played with in various ways. It was developed by Yuke's. The Dog: Happy Life is similar and is known to be compared to Nintendogs for the Nintendo DS. The game includes a feature that allows the player to take pictures of the virtual dog and share it on other devices like cell phones by transferring it to a PC. The game came out in April 2006 in Japan only. The format of this game is intended for a single player. The game type is considered to be a simulation, and it is strictly made for the PSP console.
References
See also
The Dog Island
2006 video games
Japan-exclusive video games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Video games about dogs
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual pet video games
Yuke's games
Single-player video games |
4031767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site%20cooking | Cross-site cooking | Cross-site cooking is a type of browser exploit which allows a site attacker to set a cookie for a browser into the cookie domain of another site server.
Cross-site cooking can be used to perform session fixation attacks, as a malicious site can fixate the session identifier cookie of another site.
Other attack scenarios may also be possible, for example: attacker may know of a security vulnerability in server, which is exploitable using a cookie. But if this security vulnerability requires e.g. an administrator password which attacker does not know, cross-site cooking could be used to fool innocent users to unintentionally perform the attack.
Cross site. Cross-site cooking is similar in concept to cross-site scripting, cross-site request forgery, cross-site tracing, cross-zone scripting etc., in that it involves the ability to move data or code between different web sites (or in some cases, between e-mail / instant messages and sites). These problems are linked to the fact that a web browser is a shared platform for different information / applications / sites. Only logical security boundaries maintained by browsers ensures that one site cannot corrupt or steal data from another. However a browser exploit such as cross-site cooking can be used to move things across the logical security boundaries.
Origins
The name cross-site cooking and concept was presented by Michał Zalewski in 2006. The name is a mix of "cookie" and "cross-site", attempting to describe the nature of cookies being set across sites.
In Michał Zalewski's article of 2006, Benjamin Franz was credited for his discovery, who in May 1998 reported a cookie domain related vulnerability to vendors. Benjamin Franz published the vulnerability and discussed it mainly as a way to circumvent "privacy protection" mechanisms in popular browsers. Michał Zalewski concluded that the bug, 8 years later, was still present (unresolved) in some browsers and could be exploited for cross-site cooking. Various remarks such as "vendors [...] certainly are not in a hurry to fix this" were made by Zalewski and others.
References
External links
Cross-Site Cooking article by Michal Zalewski. Details concept, 3 bugs which enables Cross Site Cooking. One of these bugs is the age old bug originally found by Benjamin Franz.
Web security exploits |
4031769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral%20Seyni%20Kountch%C3%A9 | Stade Général Seyni Kountché | Stade Général Seyni Kountché (SGSK) is a multi-purpose stadium in Niamey, Niger. Used for football matches, it is home to the Niger national squad, as well as Niger Premier League clubs Sahel SC, Olympic FC de Niamey, Zumunta AC and JS du Ténéré, as well as club competitions such as the Niger Cup. The venue is also sometimes used for rugby union. It is the largest stadium in Niamey, followed by the 10,000-capacity Stade municipal.
Overview
The stadium hosts both international athletics tournaments, and the finals of national athletics competitions. The stadium has an announced capacity of 35,000 people. It was named for the 1974-1987 military President of Niger Seyni Kountché following his death. Opened in 1989 on the site of the former Stade du 29 Juillet, it underwent a large Chinese government funded renovation and expansion into a multi-use complex in 1999. It is owned by the government of Niger, and operated by an appointed directorship and the "Council of Stadium Administration" ("Conseil d’Administration du Stade").
Usage
The large athletic stadium is part of a larger multiuse complex which includes the Palais des Sports 3000 seat indoor arena, the Academy of Martial Arts of 2,000 seats, as well as performance spaces, thirty meeting rooms, and athletic training facilities. The complex includes facilities for track and field, Basketball, handball, and tennis. It has been the centrepoint of recent large cultural and sporting events such as the 2005 Jeux de la Francophonie and the 2009 first CEN-SAD Games. For large events such as these, the stadium is supplemented by local facilities such as the Stade Municipal de Niamey, Centre aéré de la BCEAO, the Nigerien Football Federation training centre, ASFAN's military stadium at Bagagi Iya army base, and fields at local institutions such as lycée La Fontaine (Niamey), the sports centre at Abdou Moumouni Dioffo University, and the fields at lycée technique Issa Béri. Near the stadium complex is the Niamey Racecourse (Hippodrome de Niamey) and the Niamey traditional sports arena, home to Nigerien Lutte Traditionnelle. The SGSK complex is regularly used for political events, exhibitions, and cultural activities.
References
External links
Photos at cafe.daum.net/stade
Photos at worldstadiums.com.
Photos at fussballtempel.net
Football venues in Niger
Niger
Buildings and structures in Niamey
Athletics (track and field) venues in Niger
Indoor arenas in Niger
Multi-purpose stadiums in Niger
Sport in Niamey
Chinese aid to Africa
1989 establishments in Niger
Sports venues completed in 1989 |
4031771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20Vilard | Eddy Vilard | Eddy Vilard (born Manuel Eduardo Villasana Ruiz on November 2, 1988 in Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico) is a Mexican actor and model.
Biography
Before joining the cast of Rebelde, Eddy Vilard was part of the Necaxa and Cruz Azul soccer teams; he was going to be drafted to Argentina to play pro-soccer because of his skills, but he hit a nerve while playing and was unable to go.
He appeared in Belinda's music video for her hit single "Ángel".
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
TVyNovelas Awards
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male telenovela actors
Male actors from Quintana Roo
People from Cancún
21st-century Mexican male actors |
4031778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal%20difference | Reciprocal difference | In mathematics, the reciprocal difference of a finite sequence of numbers on a function is defined inductively by the following formulas:
See also
Divided differences
References
Finite differences |
4031800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Buckley%20%28radio%20presenter%29 | Bill Buckley (radio presenter) | Bill Buckley (born 8 January 1959) is a radio and television presenter and former actor. For three years, he was a co-presenter of BBC Television's consumer affairs programme That's Life!. He currently presents on BBC Radio Berkshire and has presented shows on BBC Radio Solent, BBC Southern Counties Radio, BBC Radio Devon, BBC Radio Oxford, London talk radio station LBC 97.3, BBC London 94.9 and numerous others.
Career
Buckley's broadcasting career began in 1982. While working as a newspaper reporter in his native West Midlands, he was chosen from thousands of hopefuls to present the consumer programme That's Life! on BBC1 alongside Esther Rantzen. His mother had entered him for the job without his knowing.
After three years, he left That's Life! to become a reporter for the BBC's Holiday programme, and spent the next six years travelling the world. Other TV appearances include Call My Bluff, Blankety Blank, All Star Secrets, Songs of Praise, Children in Need, and a variety of regional work in the south for Meridian Television on subjects as diverse as consumer affairs, politics and amateur film-making.
From 1989, he has also presented daily radio shows for numerous commercial and BBC stations in the South, the Midlands, London, Manchester, and Plymouth.
Buckley's acting experience includes playing Joseph in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat at Leatherhead. He also toured in the black comedy Widow's Weeds, and starred in numerous pantomimes, playing King in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Theatre Royal, Brighton. He was also an extra in the Birmingham-based soap opera Crossroads. On hearing of the sacking of one of the programme's leading cast members Noele Gordon, Bill led a campaign outside the studios of Crossroads producer ATV in Birmingham, demanding her reinstatement, and performed a protest song entitled "Meg is Magic". The song was soon launched as a record. He also provided the words and music for Su Pollard's number two hit single "Starting Together", which featured as the signature tune for the BBC Television documentary The Marriage in 1986.
Beginning at the television channel's launch in 1997, Buckley was for five-and-a-half years senior continuity announcer for Channel 5. He became well known for his commentary over the closing credits of the channel's late-night/early-morning run of Prisoner: Cell Block H, on which he read out viewers' letters and made comments about the episode just broadcast.
Buckley regularly reviews the national press on BBC Breakfast, the BBC News Channel and Sky News.
LBC radio show
Buckley filled in for many of LBC 97.3's presenters for several years, and also regularly hosted a weekend night-time slot. In May 2007 his show shifted to Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday mornings from 1.00 until 5.00 am. Buckley began presenting LBC's Sunday Afternoon Food and Drink programme in January 2008.
Buckley announced that he was stepping down from the overnight show from early September 2009 due to the unsociable hours, but intended to continue his Sunday food and drink programme. He presented what was scheduled to be his penultimate programme in the morning of Tuesday 8 September, with the intention of presenting his final programme the following morning. However, his photograph was removed from station's website on Tuesday, and it was announced that the overnight slot would be presented by someone else. His name was also removed from the Food and Drink show's description.
BBC Radio
Buckley began his radio career presenting and producing the lunchtime show on BBC Radio Solent in Southampton in 1989. He was poached by the new, commercial rival South Coast Radio in 1991. The first of his two stints at London's LBC followed in 1994. Buckley has presented various programmes on BBC Local Radio, including many overnight shows on BBC Radio London 94.9FM. Over Christmas and New Year 2009–10, Buckley filled in on BBC Radio London and BBC Radios Solent, Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Berkshire and Oxford. He presented the lunchtime show on BBC Radio Leicester, weekdays noon to 2 pm, from 15 March 2010 until 17 September 2010. From January 2011 until September 2011, he was the host of BBC Berkshire's lunchtime slot show. Buckley was also BBC London 94.9's food and drink correspondent, guesting every Wednesday night on The Late Show with Joanne Good until early 2011. Until May 2013, Buckley presented his own Sunday show on BBC Radio Oxford from 12 pm till 2 pm, solving listeners' gardening problems, and talking about the best food and drink in Oxfordshire. Buckley presented full-time on BBC Radio Devon based in Plymouth until moving back to present the 1 pm till 4 pm slot on BBC Radio Berkshire in April 2016.
Cookery
In September 2005, Buckley appeared on, and won, Come Dine with Me. He previously cooked on the Carlton Food Network and, live, on Channel 5 on Open House with Gloria Hunniford. He has also appeared as a judge on three series of ITV1's Britain's Best Dish and UKTV Food's The People's Cookbook with Antony Worrall Thompson and Paul Rankin. He has been food editor of BBC Southern Counties magazine and was elected to the prestigious Guild of Food Writers. In 2008 Buckley replaced Loyd Grossman on Ten Minutes to Table, co-presenting with Xanthe Clay, for Telegraph TV. He has judged the Academy of Chocolate Awards, Great Taste Awards and World Cheese Awards. Buckley is a restaurant reviewer for View London.
Personal life
Buckley is openly gay, and entered into a civil partnership in August 2011. In a radio interview with BBC Radio Berkshire's Anne Diamond on 12 August of that year, he talked about how he came out to his parents, how they reacted and how he attempted suicide. Buckley is also a member of Mensa.
References
External links
Bill Buckley's Blog
Bill Buckley's voiceover agent
1959 births
People educated at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School
Living people
British republicans
English radio presenters
Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands
LGBT broadcasters from the United Kingdom
English gay actors
LGBT actors from England
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people |
4031801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptin | Nociceptin | Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), a 17-amino acid neuropeptide, is the endogenous ligand for the nociceptin receptor (NOP, ORL-1), and initiates its function to act on numerous brain activities such as pain sensation and fear learning. It is derived from the prepronociceptin protein, as are a further 2 peptides, nocistatin & NocII, which inhibit the N/OFQ receptor function. Nociceptin itself acts as a potent anti-analgesic, effectively counteracting the effect of pain-relievers. The gene coding for prepronociceptin is located on Ch8p21 in humans. Nociceptin acts at the Nociceptin receptor (NOP receptor) formerly known as ORL1. Nociceptin is the first example of reverse pharmacology; the NOP receptor was discovered before the endogenous ligand which was discovered by two separate groups in 1995.
Roles of nociceptin
Since its discovery, nociceptin has been of great interest to researchers. Nociceptin is a peptide related to the opioid class of compounds (ex. morphine and codeine), but it does not act at the classic opioid receptors (namely, mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors) which typically act as pain relievers. Nociceptin is widely distributed in the CNS; it is found in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and forebrain, as well as in the ventral and dorsal horns of the spinal cord. The NOP receptor is also widely distributed throughout areas of the brain, including the cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, lateral septum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, central gray, pontine nuclei, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, raphe complex, locus coeruleus, and spinal cord.
Pain
The N/OFQ-NOP system is found in central and peripheral nervous tissue, where it is well placed to modulate nociception, or the body's sensation of pain. Unlike morphine and other opioids that are used to alleviate pain, nociceptin's role in nociception is not straightforward. Administration of N/OFQ in the brain causes increased sensations of pain (hyperalgesia). This makes it unique from classic opioid peptides, which typically act as analgesics (pain relievers), as it means that nociceptin can even counteract analgesia, thus acting as an antiopioid. Additionally, blocking the nociceptin receptor can lead to an increased pain threshold and a decreased tolerance development to analgesic opioids. As such, nociceptin has a lower risk of addiction than many pain relievers that are currently used. Recent studies have proposed that this anti-analgesic function of nociceptin stems from the inhibition of the periaqueductal grey, which controls pain modulation from the central nervous system. This effect of nociceptin may lead to its future use as a method to reduce morphine dosage and decrease the development of tolerance and dependence. When administered to the spinal cord, nociceptin produces similar analgesic effects to classical opioids.
Mood disorders
There are various studies on animals that suggest that the N/OFQ-NOP system has a part to play in both anxiety and depression. It appears that nociceptin is an anxiolytic (anxiety inhibitor) but also seems to perpetuate depression, since preventing N/OFQ from binding to NOP seems to improve depression.
Drug abuse medications
The NOP receptor has shown potential as a target for medications designed to alleviate the effects of substance abuse disorders. Areas in the hypothalamus and amygdala that correlate to the reward process of drug abuse have been found to contain NOP receptors. Nociceptin has also been found to inhibit dopamine production related to the reward process. Specifically, nociceptin acts to inhibit neural rewards induced by drugs such as amphetamines, morphine, cocaine, and especially alcohol in animal models, though the exact mechanism of this has not yet been proven. Additionally, nociceptin may have lower tolerance development than drugs such as morphine. This was shown when nociceptin compounds were used as a pain medication substitution for morphine. Nociceptin also has therapeutic capabilities for addictions to multiple drugs, potentially playing a role in compounds that have decreased withdrawal tendencies (such as muscle aches, anxiety, and restlessness).
Learning and memory
In animal studies, the N/OFQ-NOP receptor pathway has also been found to play both positive and negative roles in both learning and memory. For example, malfunctions in this pathway are linked to altered fear learning in brain disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As such, the receptor pathway maintains homeostatic responses to fear and stressful situations. Nociceptin could also play an inhibitory role in memory function, as some studies show that it impairs spatial learning in vivo, while inhibiting long term potentiation and synaptic transmission in vitro.
Cardiovascular system
The N/OFQ-NOP system has also been implicated in control of the cardiovascular system, as nociceptin administration has led to high blood pressure and bradycardia. Nociceptin has significant effects on cardiovascular parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate that vary by species, as it is excitatory for rodents yet inhibitory for sheep.
Renal system
In the renal system, nociceptin plays a role in water balance, electrolyte balance, and arterial blood pressure regulation. It has also shown potential as a diuretic treatment for alleviating water-retaining diseases.
Immune system
Additional research suggests that nociceptin may be involved in the immune system and sepsis. A study at the University of Leicester looked at patients who were critically ill with sepsis and found that blood N/OFQ levels were significantly higher in patients who died within thirty days in comparison to survivors.
Digestive system
In the gut, nociceptin has been found to have varying effects on stomach and intestinal contractility while also stimulating the increased consumption of food. Additional studies have shown that nociceptin may have an effect as an anti-epileptic drug component.
References
External links
Neuropeptides
Opioid peptides
Nociceptin receptor agonists
Opioids |
4031802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhymukan%20Munaitpasov%20Stadium%2C%20Shymkent | Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium, Shymkent | Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium (, Qajymuqan Muńaıtpasuly) is a multi-purpose stadium in Shymkent, Kazakhstan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It is home of the football club FC Ordabasy who is playing in Kazakhstan Premier League, Kazakhstan's top division of football. The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 people.
The stadium is named after Kazhymukan Munaitpasov, a Kazakh wrestler and repeated World Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling.
Football venues in Kazakhstan
Multi-purpose stadiums in Kazakhstan
Sport in Shymkent |
4031803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20inhibition | Social inhibition | Social inhibition is a conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction. With a high level of social inhibition, situations are avoided because of the possibility of others disapproving of their feelings or expressions. Social inhibition is related to behavior, appearance, social interactions, or a subject matter for discussion. Related processes that deal with social inhibition are social evaluation concerns, anxiety in social interaction, social avoidance, and withdrawal. Also related are components such as cognitive brain patterns, anxious apprehension during social interactions, and internalizing problems. It also describes those who suppress anger, restrict social behavior, withdraw in the face of novelty, and have a long latency to interact with strangers. Individuals can also have a low level of social inhibition, but certain situations may generally cause people to be more or less inhibited. Social inhibition can sometimes be reduced by the short-term use of drugs including alcohol or benzodiazepines. Major signs of social inhibition in children are cessation of play, long latencies to approaching the unfamiliar person, signs of fear and negative affect, and security seeking. Also in high level cases of social inhibition, other social disorders can emerge through development, such as social anxiety disorder and social phobia.
Background
Social inhibition can range from normal reactions to social situations to a pathological level, associated with psychological disorders like social anxiety or social phobia. Life events are important and are related to our well-being and inhibition levels. In a lab study conducted by Buck and colleagues, social inhibition in everyday life was reviewed. Researchers observed how individuals interacted and communicated about different stimuli. In this study, there were female participants called "senders" who viewed twelve emotionally loaded stimuli. There were also participants in the study called "received" who had to guess which stimuli was viewed by the senders. The senders were either alone, with a friend, or with a stranger while viewing the slides. The results of the study revealed that being with a stranger had inhibitory effects on communication, whereas being with a friend had facilitative effects with some stimuli and inhibitory effects with others. The results show how anyone can be inhibited in daily life, with strangers or even friends. Inhibition can also be determined by one's sensitivity levels to different social cues throughout the day. Gable and colleagues conducted a study in which they examined different events participants would record at the end of their day. Participants were also measured on the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system. The results revealed that individuals with more sensitivity on the behavioral inhibition system reported having more negative effects from daily events.
Expression can also be inhibited or suppressed because of anxiety to social situations or simple display rules. Yarczower and Daruns' study about social inhibition of expression defined inhibition of expression as a suppression of one's facial behavior in the presences of someone or a perceived anxious situation. They addressed the display rules we all learn as children; we are told what expressions are suitable for what situations. Then as age increases we are socialized into not expressing strong facial emotions. However, leaving the face with a reduced expression hinders communication. In turn this makes the face a less reliable social cue during social interactions. Friedmen and Miller-Herringer bring these nonverbal expressions to the next level by studying individuals that have a greater level of emotional suppression. They state that without proper emotional expression social interactions can be much more difficult because others may not understand another individual's emotional state.
This being said, there are also four commonly seen irrational cognitive patterns involved in social inhibition. The first pattern centers on self-esteem and perfectionism. In these cases, an individual would inhibit themselves through self-criticism; they want to do everything the "right" way. The second pattern deals with unrealistic approval needs; here individuals want to gain the approval of others and will fear rejection if they express too much. In the third pattern, unrealistic labeling of aggressive and assertive behavior depicts how many individuals that inhibit themselves may feel as though aggression or assertiveness is bad. They believe if they express these behaviors they will receive a negative label. The last pattern discusses criticism of others, this pattern is a spin-off from the first. They will be highly critical of others much like they are to themselves. Shyness is another factor that is a part of social inhibition. Shyness is associated with low emotional regulations and high negative emotions. In many cases shy individuals have a greater change of social inhibition.
Although social inhibition is a common part of life, individuals can also have high levels of inhibition. Social Inhibition on higher levels can sometimes be a precursor to disorders such as Social Anxiety Disorder. Essex and colleagues found that some early risk factors may play a role in having chronically high inhibition. In this study, mothers, teachers, and the child reported on the child's behavioral inhibition. The factors that were found to be contributors to social inhibition were female gender, exposure to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period, and early manifestation of behavioral inhibition. In severe cases, clinical treatment, such as therapy, may be necessary to help with social inhibition or the manifesting social disorder.
Over the lifespan
Social inhibition can develop over a lifespan. Children can be withdrawn, adolescents can have anxiety to social situations, and adults may have a hard time adjusting to social situations which they have to initiate on their own. To be inhibited can change and be different for many. In many cases, inhibition can lead to other social disorders and phobias.
Infants and children
In infants and children, social inhibition is characterized by a temperament style that will have children responding negatively and withdrawing from unfamiliar people, situations and objects. In addition to cessation of play, inhibited children may display long latencies to approaching an unfamiliar person, signs of fear and negative affect, and security seeking. Avoiding behavior can be seen at a very young age. In one study, Fox and colleagues found that even at four months of age some infants had negative responses to unfamiliar visual and audio stimuli. The study was longitudinal; therefore, follow ups revealed that half the infants who had high negative responses continued to show behavioral inhibition through the age of two. Fox's longitudinal study reported that the expression of behavioral inhibition showed a small degree of continuity. Over time, the toddlers who were quiet and restrained continued the trend into childhood by being cautious, quiet, and socially withdrawn. The uninhibited control group of the same ages continued to interact easily with unfamiliar people and situations. There has also been a link between inhibition at childhood age with social disorders in adolescents and adulthood. Schwartz and Kagan found that in a longitudinal study from ages two to thirteen, sixty-one percent of teens who had inhibitor traits as toddlers reported social anxiety symptoms as adolescents, compared to twenty-seven percent of adolescents who were uninhibited in earlier life. However, not every child that has some withdrawn or inhibited behavior will be inhibited as an adolescent or manifest a social disorder.
The caregiver alone is not solely responsible for inhibition in children; however, in some cases it can be a factor. Caregivers can affect the inhibition levels of their child by exposing the child to maternal stress during infancy and the preschool period. In addition, in some situations the child may simply have early manifestation of behavioral inhibition. There seems to be no parenting style that researchers agree on to be the best to combat social inhibition. Park and Crinic say that a sensitive, accepting, overprotective parenting is best to reduce the negative behaviors because it will allow the child to be themselves without judgment. However, Kagan hypothesized that firm parenting styles are better suited for socially inhibited children. Researchers supporting sensitive parenting believe that too firm of a parenting style will send a message to children that says they need to change.
Adolescence
Social inhibition has been widely studied in children; however, research on how it develops through adolescence and adulthood is not as prevalent, although anxiety-related social problems are most commonly seen in adolescents. Many of the behavioral traits are the same in adolescence as they are in childhood: withdrawing from unfamiliar people, situations and objects. However, it has been tested that adolescents are more aware of their social situations and are more likely to be inhibited in public settings. Researchers found younger individuals to be more likely to differentiate between public and private settings when inquiring about potentially embarrassing issues. It is also thought that inhibition is in many ways addressed in childhood and adolescence simply because schools facilitate interactions with others. As an adult, the same facilitating circumstance may not occur unless the individual prompts them on their own. Gest states that adults do not have as many casual peer interactions and friendship opportunities that guide and support relationships unless they facilitate them on their own. Adolescent research has also shown that social inhibition is associated with a more negative emotional state in young men than women.
This is in contrast to a study that measured inhibition levels through self reports from the adolescent and their parents. West and Newman found that young American Indian women and their parents reported higher levels of inhibition than young American Indian men; in addition, the parental reports also predicted social anxiety in young American Indian women over young American Indian men. In this same study, relationship development with peers was investigated over time. West and Newman stated that low levels of behavioral inhibition had an association with early social and school situations and that were related to greater levels of socially mediated anxiety, especially negative evaluation of fear by peers. This study then speculates about the possibility that adolescents and children who have a generally positive social experience will be more aware of the status of these positive relationships, therefore more anxious about failure in their social domain. Other studies also discussed how in many cases, early behavioral inhibition is a risk factor for the development of chronic high school-age inhibition and possible social anxiety disorder. Although social inhibition can be a predictor of other social disorders there is not an extremely large portion of adolescents who have developed an anxiety disorder and also had a history of inhibition in childhood.
Besic and Kerr believes that appearance can be a factor for social inhibition. In their study they hypothesized that a way to handle difficult situations with behavioral inhibition was to present an off-putting appearance. They examined "radical" crowds, such as those labeled as goths and punks and if their appearances fulfilled a functions for their inhibition. They state that a radical style could be used to draw away the social boundaries and relieve them of pressures or expectations to interact in unfamiliar situations with unfamiliar peers. Another possibility is that an individual may be self-handicapping to ensure that they will not have to interact with unfamiliar peers. The results revealed that radicals were significantly more inhibited than other groups. However, there are other inhibited individuals in other social classifications. The highest inhibited radical was no more inhibited than the highest inhibited individual in other groups.
Adulthood
Adult cases of social inhibition are hard to come by simply because many see it as something that happens through development. Although research is lacking, developmental considerations suggest there may be a stronger association between behavioral inhibition and peer relations in adulthood. One researcher says this lack of information may be because adults are not put in as many socially interactive situations that would guide them through the situation. It would seem that adults have an increased responsibility to initiate or structure their own social peer relationships; this is where social inhibition could have a more problematic role in adulthood than in childhood. One study that did contribute to adult research used questionnaires to study both clinical and nonclinical adults. Like in adolescence, behavioral inhibition was also found to be associated with anxiety disorders in adulthood. In addition the study found that childhood inhibition was specifically a factor in a lifetime diagnosis of social phobia. Gest also measured adult peer relations, and to what degree they had a positive and active social life. For example, researchers wanted to know if they participated in any recreational activities with others, how often they met with others, and if they had any close confiding relationships. The participants were rated on a 5-point scale on each peer relationship they disclosed. The results revealed that social inhibition had nothing to do with popularity, however it was correlated with peer relations in both genders and emotional stress in only men.
A similar study found that some shy men had a low occupational status at age forty because they entered their career later in life. However, another researcher has commented on this giving this example, perhaps remaining at home longer allows young adults to accumulate educational and financial resources, before moving out and becoming more independent. Additionally it was found that young adults who were inhibited as children were less likely to move away from their families. There is also some discussion of the inhibition through generations and children mirroring their parents. Results indicated that children whose birth mothers met criteria for the diagnosis of social phobia showed elevated levels of observed behavioral inhibition. Social inhibition can decrease with age due to cognitive deficits that can occur in old age. Age-related deficits have an effect on older adults' ability to differentiate between public and private settings when discussing potentially embarrassing issues, leading them to discuss personal issues in inappropriately public situations. This suggests that deficits in inhibitory ability that lead to inappropriateness are out of the individual's control.
In different contexts
In schools
Schools can be a place for children to facilitate different social interactions; however, it can also uncover social and school adjustment problems. Coplan claims that Western children with inhibition problems may be at a higher risk of developmental problems in school. Although social inhibition may be a predictor of social and school adjustment problems in children, Chen argues that the effect of social inhibition on school adjustment differs between Western cultures and Chinese culture. Chen found that in Chinese children, behavioral inhibition was associated with greater peer liking, social interaction, positive school attitudes, and school competence and fewer later learning problems, which is also different from western cultures. In other studies, researchers such as Oysterman found there to be difficulties in adjustment in children that were experiencing inhibition. In Western cultures, these difficulties are seen more because of the emphasis on social assertiveness and self-expression as traits that are valued in development. In other cultures children are sometimes expected to be inhibited. This does not contrast with other cultures in which children are socialized and assert themselves. Despite these differences there are also similarities between gender. Boys were more antagonistic in peer interaction and seemed to have more learning problems in school. Girls were more cooperative in peer interaction and had a more positive outlook on school. They formed more affiliations with peers, and performed more completely in school.
Other researchers like Geng have looked to understand social inhibition, effortful control, and attention in school. In Geng's study, gender came in to play with high socially inhibited girls being extremely aware of their surroundings, possibly paying too much attention to potentially anxious situations. It is well known in a large number of research studies social inhibition had been linked to other anxiety disorders. However Degnan and colleagues believe that being able to regulate your effortful control may serve to reduce the anxiety the comes from inhibition. Nesdale and Dalton investigated inhibition of social group norms in school children between the ages of seven and nine. In schools there becomes an increase in social in-groups and out-groups as children increase in age. This study created different in-groups or exclusive groups and out-groups or inclusive groups. The results showed that students in the inclusive group liked all students more, while students in the exclusive group like their group over other groups. This study could help in the future to facilitate school peer groups more efficiently.
In the workplace
Social inhibition can manifest in all social situations and relationships. One place that we can see the effects of social inhibition is in the workplace. Research has shown that social inhibition can actually affect the way that one completes a given amount of work In one experiment, participants completed a task in a laboratory setting, varying whether or not another individual was present in the room with the participants while they attempted to complete the task. The results showed that when another individual was present in the room the person focused on completing the experimental task decreased their body movements, hand movements, and vocalization, even though the other person did not speak to or even look at the participant. This suggests that just the mere presence of another person in a social situation can inhibit an individual. However, although the individual in charge of completing the experimental task was socially inhibited by the presence of another person in the laboratory, there were no significant links between their social inhibition when completing the task and improved performance on said task. These findings suggest that an individual may socially inhibit themselves in the work place if another person is also in the room, however, such inhibition does not suggest that the inhibited individual is actually performing the duties assigned to them with more accuracy or focus.
In psychological disorders
Depression
Links between social inhibition and depression can be found in individuals who experienced social inhibited behaviors during childhood. Researchers from the United Kingdom conducted a study in an attempt to explain possible links between social inhibition in infancy and later signs of depression. The researchers based their study on previous information from literature acknowledging that there are social and non-social forms of inhibition, and that social inhibition is significantly related to early social fears. The researchers hypothesized that social inhibition in childhood would be linked to higher levels of depression in later years. Participants completed a number of questionnaires about their experiences of social inhibition in childhood and their current levels of depression. Results showed a significant relationship between depression and recalled social fears, or, social inhibitions during childhood. Furthermore, the researchers related their findings to another study conducted by Muris et al., in 2001 which found that there is an association between social inhibition and depression in adolescents. The study compared adolescents who were not inhibited to those who are, and found that "adolescents experiencing high levels of behavioral inhibition were more depressed than their counterparts who experienced intermediate or low levels of behavioral inhibition".
Another study set out to examine the link between social inhibition and depression, with the basis for their study being that social inhibition (which they explain as a part of type D personality, or distressed personality) is related to emotional distress The researchers explain that a major factor related to social inhibition is the inhibited individual not expressing their emotions and feelings, a factor that the researchers cite in relation to the link between social inhibition and depression. Overall, the results of the study show that social inhibition (as a factor of type D personality) predicts depression, regardless of the baseline depression level of the individual. Significantly, this study was conducted with young, healthy adults, as opposed to working with those in self-help groups or with individuals who have a preexisting medical or psychological condition.
Fear
Social inhibition can be affected by fear responses that one has in the early "toddler years" of their life. In 2011, researchers Elizabeth J. Kiel and Kristin A. Buss examined "how attention toward an angry-looking gorilla mask in a room with alternative opportunities for play in 24-month-old toddlers predicted social inhibition when children entered kindergarten". In the study, the researchers specifically looked at the toddlers' attention to threat and their fear of novelty in other situations. The researchers paid special attention to these two factors due to previous research suggesting that "sustained attention to putatively threatening novelty relates to anxious behavior in the first 2 years of life". Also, it has been found in earlier research conducted by Buss and colleagues that no matter the differences, individual responses to novelty during early childhood can be related to later social inhibition. These results already link fear responses, particularly in children, to social inhibition, mainly such inhibition that manifests later on in the individual's life. Overall, the researchers based their experiment on the notion that the more time a toddler spends being attentive towards a novel potential threat the greater the chance that they will experience issues with the regulation of distress, which can predict anxious behavior such as social inhibition.
Through a study intended to further connect and understand links between fear and late social inhibitions, the researchers conducted a study where they worked with 24-month-old toddlers. They placed the toddlers in a room called the "risk room" which is set up with a number of play areas for the toddlers to interact with, with one of those areas being a potentially threatening stimulus, in this case, an angry looking gorilla mask. The children are left alone, with only their primary caregiver sitting in the corner of the room, to explore the play areas for three minutes, and then the experimenter returns and instructs the toddler to interact with each of the play areas. The purpose of this was to allow for other experimenters to code the reactions of the toddler to the stimuli around him or her, paying special attention to their attention to threat, their proximity to the threat, and their fear of novelty.
The results of this study indicate that attention to threat (attention given, by the toddler to the feared stimuli) predicts social inhibition in kindergarten. Further, if the child approaches the feared stimuli, the relation to later social inhibition is not significant. When a child's behavior is to keep more than two feet away from the threatening stimulus, their behavior can be seen as linked to later social inhibition. Another important factor that the researchers found when looking at the prediction of social inhibition is the child paying a significant amount of attention to a feared or threatening stimuli in the presence of other, enjoyable activities. Mainly, if the child's duration of attention to the threatening stimuli is significant even when there are other enjoyable activities available for them to interact with, the link to later social inhibition is stronger due to the fact that "toddler-aged children have increased motoric skill and independence in exploring their environments; so they are capable of using more sophisticated distraction techniques, such as involvement with other activities" (Kopp, 1982 PG 199).
In another study looking at social inhibition and fear, the researchers made the distinction between different forms of inhibition. Mainly looking at behavioral inhibition the researchers separated the category into two subcategories, social behavioral inhibition and non-social behavioral inhibition. The researchers cite an experiment conducted by Majdandzic and Van den Boom where they used a laboratory setting to attempt to elicit fear in the children. They did this by using both social and non-social stimuli. What Majdandizic and Van der Boom found was a variability in the way that fear was elicited in the children when using either the social or non-social stimuli. Essentially, this study realized that there is a correlation between social stimuli producing fear expressions in children, whereas non-social stimuli is not correlated to fear. This can be evidence of social inhibition due to the social stimuli that result in fear expressions in children.
The researchers of the current study took the results from the Majdandizic and Van der Boom study and expanded on their work by looking at variability in fear expressions in both socially inhibited children and non-socially inhibited children. What they found was that mainly socially inhibited children have effects such as shyness and inhibition with peers, adults, and in performance situations, as well as social phobia and separation anxiety. The stronger link with fear reactions comes mainly from those children who were non-socially behaviorally inhibited. While these results go against previous findings, what the researchers were eager to stipulate was that "the normative development of fear in children have indicated that many specific fears (e.g., fear of animals) decline with age, whereas social fears increase as children get older".
Social phobia
Social inhibition is linked to social phobia, in so much as social inhibition during childhood can be seen as a contributing factor to developing social phobia later on in life. While social inhibition is also linked to social anxiety, it is important to point out the difference between social anxiety and social phobia. Social anxiety is marked by a tendency to have high anxiety before a social interaction, but not experience the avoidance of the social activity that is associated with social phobia. Social phobia and social inhibition are linked in a few different ways, one being physiologically. When one is experiencing extreme levels of inhibition they can suffer from symptoms such as accelerated heart rate, increased morning salivary cortisol levels, and muscle tension in their vocal cords. These symptoms are also reported by those with social phobia, which indicates that both social inhibition and social phobia interact with the sympathetic nervous system when the individual encounters a stressful situation.
Further, it is suggested throughout literature that social inhibition during childhood is linked to later social phobia. Beyond that research has indicated that continuity in inhibition plays an important role in the later development of social phobia. Continuity of social inhibition means someone experiencing social inhibition for a number of year continuously. The research explains work done with young teenagers, which found that the teenagers who had been classified as inhibited 12 years earlier were significantly more likely to develop social phobia than young teenagers who were not classified as inhibited. This research pertains to the link between social inhibition and generalized social phobia, rather than specific phobias.
When looking at continuity in social inhibition some research offers reasoning as to why the social inhibition may continue long enough to be a predictor of social phobia. Researchers have suggested that if the early childhood relationships are not satisfactory they can influence the child to respond to situations in certain inhibitory ways. When this happens it is often then associated with poor self-evaluation for the child, which can lead to increased social inhibition and social phobia. Also, if a child is neglected or rejected by their peers, rather than by their caregiver, they often develop a sense of social failure, which often extends into social inhibition, and later social phobia. The link between social inhibition and social phobia is somewhat exclusive, when testing for a possible link between non-social inhibition and social phobia no predictive elements were found. It is particularly social inhibition that is linked to social phobia.
The research also suggests that social inhibitions can be divided between different kinds of social fears, or different patterns of inhibition can be seen in individuals. The researchers suggest that certain patterns, or certain social fears, can be better predictors of social phobia than others. Mainly, the researchers suggest that there can be different patterns of social inhibition in relation to an unfamiliar object or encounter. These specific patterns should be looked at in conjunction with motivation and the psychophysiological reaction to the object or encounter to determine the specific patterns that are the better predictors of social phobia.
Another study aimed to examine the link between social inhibition and social phobia also found that social phobia is linked to the social phobic being able to recall their own encounters with social inhibition during childhood. The social phobic participants were able to recall social and school fears from their childhood, but they also were able to recall sensory-processing sensitivity which indicates that the social phobic participants in the study were able to recall having increased sensitivity to the situations and behaviors around them.
Another study explains that social phobia itself has a few different ways it can manifest. The study aims at understanding the link between social inhibition and social phobia, as well as depression in social phobia. What the study found was an important link connecting the severity of social inhibition during childhood to the severity of social phobia and factors of social phobia in later years. Severe social inhibition during childhood can be related to lifetime social phobia. Further, the researchers point out that inhibition during childhood is significantly linked to avoidant personality disorder in social phobia as well as childhood inhibition linked with major depressive disorder in social phobia that spans across the individual's lifetime. A major suggestion related to the results of the study suggested that while inhibition can be a general predictor of risk factors related to social phobia, it may not be a specific predictor of social phobia alone.
Social anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a fear of scrutiny or disapproval from others. Individuals believe this negative reaction will bring about rejections. Individuals with social anxiety disorder have stronger anxious feeling over a long period of time and are more anxious more often.
In many cases, researchers have found that social inhibition can be a factor in developing other disorders such as social anxiety disorder. Being inhibited does not mean that an individual will develop another disorder; however, Clauss and colleagues conducted a study to measure the association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety disorder. The results of the study discovered that 15% of all children have behavioral inhibition and about half of those children will eventually develop social anxiety disorder. This is why behavioral inhibition is seen as a larger risk factor. That being said, Lim and colleagues researched the differences between early and late onset of social anxiety disorder and its relation to social inhibition. Through the duration of their study, they found those diagnosed as early onset had complaints other than ones about social anxiety symptoms. Early onset individuals would frequently have more severe symptoms and higher levels of behavioral inhibition. Additional behavioral inhibition was more severe especially in social and school situations with only the early onset cases. Lorian and Grisham researched the relationship between behavioral inhibition, risk-avoidance, and social anxiety symptoms. They found that all three factors correlated with each other and risk avoidance is potentially a mechanism linked to an anxiety pathology.
Reduction
Alcohol consumption
Social inhibition can be lowered by a few different factors, one of them being alcohol. Alcohol consumption can be seen to lower inhibitions in both men and women. Social inhibitions generally act to control or affect the way that one conducts themselves in a social setting. By lowering inhibitions alcohol can work to increase social behaviors either negatively or positively. Importantly, one must remember that the higher the dosage of alcohol, the greater the damage it will cause to inhibitory control.
By lowering inhibitions, alcohol can cause social behaviors such as aggression, self disclosure, and violent acts. Researchers have suggested that situational cues used to inhibit social behaviors are not perceived the same way after someone consumes enough alcohol to qualify them as drunk: "interacting parties who are impaired by alcohol are less likely to see justifications for the other's behavior, are thus more likely to interpret the behavior as arbitrary and provocative, and then, having less access to inhibiting cues and behavioral standards, are more likely to react extremely." This idea of increased extreme social behaviors is believed to come as a result of lowered inhibitions after consuming alcohol. Alcohol can lower inhibitions for a number of reasons, it can reduce one's self-awareness, impair perceptual and cognitive functioning, allows for instigator pressures to have more influence over an individual, and can reduce one's ability to read inhibitory social cues and standards of conduct.
When attempting to examine the effects that alcohol consumption has on social inhibition researchers found that after being provoked sober individuals used inhibiting cues, such as the innocence of the instigator and the severity of the retaliation to control their response to the aggressive provocation. However, the researchers found that an intoxicated individual did not have these same inhibitions and, as a result, exhibited more extreme behaviors of retaliated aggression to the provocation without processing information they would normally consider about the situation. On average, drunken individuals exhibited more aggression, self-disclosure, risk taking behaviors, and laughter than sober individuals. Extreme behaviors are not as common in sober individuals because they are able to read inhibitory cues and social conduct norms that drunken individuals are not as inclined to consider. These negative social behaviors, then, are a result of lowered social inhibitions.
Alcohol consumption also has the ability to lower inhibitions in a positive way. Research has been conducted looking at the way an intoxicated person is more inclined to be helpful. Researchers were of the same opinion that alcohol lowers inhibitions and allows for more extreme behaviors, however, they tested to see if this would be true for more socially acceptable situations, such as helping another person. The researchers acknowledged that, generally, an impulse to help another is initiated but then inhibitions will cause the potential helper to consider all factors going into their decision to help or not to help such as, lost time, boredom, fatigue, monetary costs, and possibility of personal harm. The researchers suggest that while one may be inhibited and therefore less likely to offer help when completely sober, after consuming alcohol enough damage will be done to their inhibitory functioning to actually increase helping. While this suggestion differs from socially negative behaviors that are seen after social inhibitions have been lowered, it is consistent with the idea that alcohol consumption can lower inhibitions and, as a result, produce more socially extreme behaviors when compared to a sober counterpart.
Alcohol consumption can lower social inhibitions in both men and women, producing social behaviors not typical in the individuals' day-to-day sober lives. For example, in social settings women will tend to be uncomfortable with sexual acts and provocations as well as feeling uncomfortable in social settings that are generally male dominated such as strip clubs or bars. However, consumption of alcohol has been seen to lower these inhibitions, making women feel freer and more ready to participate socially in events and behaviors that they would normally feel inhibited from participating in if they were sober. As an example, women participating in bachelorette parties generally consume copious amounts of alcohol for the event. As a result, the females feel less inhibited and are more likely to then engage in behavior that they would normally view as deviant or inappropriate. In an examination of bachelorette parties it was found that when those attending the party consumed only a couple of drinks behavior minimally reflected any alcohol consumption, assuming that the party guests were still socially inhibited and less inclined to perform deviant behaviors. Similarly, "levels of intoxication were correlated with the atmosphere of the party, such that parties with little or no alcohol were perceived as less 'wild' than parties a lot of alcohol consumption." Conceivably, the bachelorette parties show tendencies of "wild" behavior after excessive alcohol consumption, which consequently lowers the inhibitions of the consumers.
When surveyed a number of women who had attended a bachelorette party, or had one in their honor, in the past year reported that their behavior when under the influence of alcohol was different from their behavior when sober. One party guest reported: "People drink … to lose inhibitions and stuff that is done… I would never do sober. It lowers inhibitions - that is the main point of it." These reports suggest that "alcohol was used to lower inhibitions about being too sexual, about the risk of being perceived as promiscuous, or about being sexual in public. Women commented that they felt freer to talk about sex while under the influence of alcohol, to flirt with male strangers, or to dance with a male stripper." The research collected surrounding women and their alcohol consumption in these settings provide examples of the reduction of social inhibitions in relation to excess alcohol consumption
Power
Social inhibitions can also be reduced by means unrelated to an actual substance. Another way that social inhibition can be decreased is by the attainment of power. Research has examined the way that having either elevated or reduced power affects social interactions and well-being in social situations. Such research has shown a relationship between elevated power and decreased social inhibitions. This relationship of those with elevated power and those with reduced power can be seen in all forms of social interactions, and is marked by elevated power individuals often having access to resources that the reduced power individuals do not have. Decreased social inhibition is seen in those with elevated power for two main reasons, one being that they have more access to resources, providing them with comforts and stability. The second reason is that their status as a high power individual often provides the powerful individual a sense of being above social consequences, allowing them to act in ways that a reduced power individual may not.
The elevated power individuals will experience reduced social inhibition in various ways, one being that they are more likely to approach, rather than avoid, another person. Also, with the reduced inhibition associated with high power individuals, they are more likely to initiate physical contact with another person, enter into their personal space, and they are more likely to indicate interest in intimacy. High power people tend to be socially disinhibited when it comes to sexual behavior and sexual concepts. Consistent with this expectation, a study working with male and female participants found that when the male and female felt equally powerful they tended to interact socially with one another in a disinhibited manner.
Further, the research suggests that as a result of their reduced social inhibition, powerful individuals will be guided to behave in a way that fits with their personality traits in a social situation in which they feel powerful. Similarly, in a laboratory study it was found that when one person in a group feels powerful their reduced social inhibition can result in decreased manners. The study found that, when offered food, the powerful individual is more likely to take more than the other individuals in the room. This can be seen as the powerful individual exhibiting reduced social inhibitions, as they reduce their attention to common social niceties such as manners and sharing.
Increase
Power
Certain factors can increase social inhibition in individuals. Increased inhibitions can occur in different situations and for different reasons. One major factor that contributes to the increase of social inhibition is power. Reduced power is linked to an array of negative affect, one of which being increased social inhibitions. Power, in this instance, can be defined as a fundamental factor in social relationships that is central to interactions, influencing behavior and emotional display. Further, power is such an essential factor in social relationships because power determines who is the giver and who is the receiver in the exchange of rewards and resources. Power is present in all social relationships, not just typical hierarchical establishments such as in employment or school settings. Power, then, is related to increased social inhibitions when an individual feels that they are in a powerless or diminished power position. Those who are deemed to be high in power are generally richer in resources and freedom, as well as decreased levels of social inhibition, whereas those who are deemed to be low in power are generally low in resources, constrained, and prone to experiencing increased social inhibition.
Research shows that individuals who are considered to be low in power experience more social threats and punishments, and generally have less access to social resources. As a result of this these individuals are prone to developing more sensitivity to criticism from others, and are more susceptible to accepting when someone constrains them. These factors contribute to increasing social inhibition in those individuals. Similarly, studies have shown that the absence of power can heighten the processes associated with social inhibition. Experiments on the interaction between power and inhibition have shown that when participants are in a situation where they perceive more punishments and threats their cognition and behavior will show more signs of social inhibition related affect. Environments which distinguish the differences between the powerful and the powerless can lead to the social inhibition of the power reduced individuals as a response to their social interactions with the heightened power individuals.
Some of the social inhibited behaviors that a low-power individual will experience in these social situations will be embarrassment and fear and they may even go on to feel guilt, sadness, and shame (C. Anderson, Langner, & Keltner). Further, low power individuals can be seen socially inhibiting themselves in ways that can, in the end, favor the high-power individuals. These can include inhibiting themselves from providing input on ideas, hesitating in normal speech, and even increasing their facial muscle actions in order to keep themselves from displaying emotions. When the low-power individuals are in a social situation with a high-power individual they will also commonly exhibit social inhibition by inhibiting their postural constriction and reducing their gestures (Ellyson & Dovidio). Researchers have generalized these suggestions of interaction between a high-power individual and low-power individuals to say that these expressions of social inhibition are expected to carry over into all areas of social interaction for the low-power individual. That is to say that low-power individuals will not only exhibit social inhibition when in the presence of a high-power individual. They will continue to be socially inhibited in all social aspects of their lives as a result of their low-power status. Further, low-power individuals tend to devote increased attention to the actions and behaviors of others.
Biological factors
Another possible explanation for increased social inhibition has to do with biological factors. A study of brain activity in those who rate high on the scale for social inhibition showed a number of brain areas that are related to the heightened inhibitions. In their study the researchers aimed to find the link between socially inhibited individuals and an over activation of the cortical social brain network. The researchers did this by examining the brain activity of individuals who rate high in social inhibition as they respond to video clips of facial and bodily expressions that were potentially threatening. What the researchers found was that those who rate high in social inhibition show an overactive orbitofrontal cortex, left temporo-parietal junction, and right extrastriate body area. When the threat -related activity was being presented to the participants, these areas of the brain showed increased activity in comparison to those who do not rate high for social inhibition. What the researchers speculate is that, in this instance, hyperactivity in these brain structures does not mean better functioning. Further, "the orbitofrontal cortex is connected with areas that underlie emotional function and empathy". This relates to one's ability to stimulate how another person feels in their own facial displays. The over activity and decreased function of these brain structures can affect individuals by increasing social inhibition and behaviors related to social inhibition.
Personality traits
Further, there is speculation that social inhibition can also be increased by the type of personality an individual has and behaviors that those individuals inherently display. Namely, those who are dependent and reassurance seeking are more commonly likely to display increased social inhibition.
Clinical levels
Although social inhibition can occur as part of ordinary social situations, a chronically high level of social inhibition may lead some individuals to develop other social or anxiety disorders that would also need to be handled clinically. Through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, clinical levels of social inhibition can be measured. Social inhibition can be a precursors for other social disorders that can develop in adolescence or adulthood.
Measures
There are many implications for the diagnoses of social inhibition, however there are many cost-efficient ways to measure and treat this social disorder. One measure that has reliably assess the traits of social inhibition is the seven-item inhibition scale of the Type D Scale–14. Another measure is the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System (BIOS). In clinical trials this measure is to be used for children completed by parents, teachers, and clinicians. Other scales are the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ), Behavioral Inhibition Instrument (BII), the Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BIS), The Preschool Behavioral Inhibition Scale (P-BIS), and the Behavioral Inhibition Scale for children ages 3–6. There are also many versions of these scales that are specifically for parents, teachers, or even the child or possibly an inhibited individual to take.
There are also times when these measures are grouped together; in many cases the Behavioral Inhibition System scale and Behavioral Activation System scale are used together. These two measure are the most widely used and together they consist of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales that deal with reward response and fun seeking. The Behavioral Paradigm System is an observation system that allows measurements of behavioral inhibition in systematic natural environments. With this system researchers will observe cessation of play and vocalization, long latencies to approaching the unfamiliar person, signs of fear and negative affect, and security seeking in environments such as classrooms, playgrounds, and in home settings. This paradigm was followed by many adaptations, one specifically was the adaptation of the Observational Paradigm. In an additional study by Ballespi and colleagues the paradigm was changed to be more suitable for a school environment. The adapted paradigm met three important criteria, the tests were suitable for a school environment, there had to be materials for the test that could be transported easily, and the observation of behavioral inhibition signs had to have the potential to be seen in a short period of time.
Ballespi and colleagues discussed one of the most recent measurement systems in the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System. This new system will allow clinicians to provide a quick measure for behavioral inhibition. This system is used during the first meeting with the child. In this first meeting, the child will be exposed to a strange, unfamiliar situation. The scale will then be completed after the therapist has time to observe the child in an interview setting. Researchers want to find a way to have an actual measure for inhibition, however this is difficult. There is a difference in observations, a parent or teachers is going to observe the child over long periods of time in several natural situations. The parents do not actually observe the child but instead rate the behavior inhibition on the ideas they have formed about the child. The clinician will not have all this information and will base his or her first measure on observation alone; they measure state while parents and teachers measure traits. This is where the differences come up in measure however after several visits the measures of the clinicians, teachers, and parents become more similar.
Treatments
Treatments used for social inhibition are primarily assertive trainings introduced by therapies. These treatments are about teaching the inhibited individual to express and assert their feeling instead of inhibiting them. Assertiveness training is an important operation for behavioral therapist because it can help with behavioral issues, as well as interpersonal inadequacies, and anxiety in adults. In some cases this training can go by a different name because assertiveness is sometimes categorized by aggression therefore it can also be called appropriate expression training.
In one study discussing assertive training Ludwig and Lazarus found irrational cognitive patterns that inhibited individuals have to deal with and how to overcome them. The four patterns are self-criticism/Perfectionism, unrealistic approval needs, unrealistic labeling of aggression/assertive behavior, and criticism of others. There are three different phases that work to combat the irrational cognitive patterns and inhibitory actions during social situations. These phases are meant to be actively practiced. The individual will receive homework assignments, and have to do role-playing exercises to overcome their inhibitions. The first phase discussed was about talking more. Ludwig states that there cannot just be an increase in talking but also an increase in expressing and talking about how one feels. The point of this phase is to get an individual talking no matter how ridiculous or trivial it may seem. Phase two is about dealing with the responses that come from talking more. When an inhibited individual starts talking more they may become embarrassed. However, with positive reactions from others they will learn that being embarrassed about some of the comments made is not devastating, and in turn the individual may talk and act more freely. In addition to the positive feedback the individual will review particularly embarrassing moment to assess why they were embarrassed to help combat those thoughts. If the inhibited person can understand the irrational thoughts they will eventually feel less embarrassed and act more freely. Role playing is also a way to help the individual understand different social behaviors. Mirroring is a way some therapist will show the client their own behavior. The last phase deals with additional strategies that can help through social situation such as expressing disagreement, dealing with interruptions, initiating more conversations topics, and more self-disclosure. Ludwig and colleagues also make sure to explain that no one should compulsively apply these behavioral techniques in all situations. An individual should not go over board using them; additionally there are times when initiating some conversation topics and talking more are inappropriate.
Group therapies are also used in the treatment using assertiveness. Hedquist and Weinhold investigated two group counseling strategies with socially anxious and unassertive college students. The first strategy is a behavioral rehearsal group, which aims to assist members to learn more efficient responses in social situations. This was to be accomplished by rehearsing several difficult social situations. The second strategy was a social learning group that was about honesty about everything; any withholding behaviors were seen as being dishonest. Another rule was every individual had to take responsibility for everything that said. The results of this study showed that both strategies helped significantly in treating the anxiety and unassertiveness.
See also
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Sexual inhibition
Social anxiety
Social facilitation
References
Shyness
Majority–minority relations |
4031809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Mwila | Keith Mwila | Keith Mwila (November 1966 – 9 January 1993) was a Zambian boxer, who won the bronze medal in the men's Light flyweight (-48 kg) category at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. He became the first Olympic medalist from Zambia.
Olympic results
Round of 32: bye
Round of 16: Defeated Chung Pao Ming (Taiwan/Chinese Taipei) Referee stopped contest in second round
Quarterfinal Defeated Mamoru Kuroiwa (Japan) by decision, 5-0
Lost to Salvatore Todisco (Italy) by decision, 0-5 (was awarded bronze medal)
References
External links
Article on Keith Mwila
1966 births
1993 deaths
Light-flyweight boxers
Olympic boxers of Zambia
Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Zambia
Olympic medalists in boxing
Zambian male boxers
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics |
4031828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchagua%20Province | Colchagua Province | Colchagua Province () is one of three provinces of the central Chilean region of O'Higgins (VI). Its capital is San Fernando. It is bordered on the north by Cachapoal Province, on the east by the Argentine Republic, on the south by Curicó Province, and on the west by Cardenal Caro Province.
Geography and demography
The area of Colchagua is officially estimated at with a population (2002 census) at 196,566. Extending across the central valley of Chile, the province has a considerable area devoted to traditional agriculture and wine-growing. Its principal rivers are the Rapel River and its tributary, the Tinguiririca.
The principal towns are San Fernando, the provincial capital, Santa Cruz, Chimbarongo, Nancagua and Palmilla. San Fernando is one of the several towns founded in 1742 by the governor-general José Antonio Manso de Velasco, and it had a population of 64,000 in 2002.
Administration
As a province, Colchagua is a second-level administrative division of Chile, governed by a provincial delegate who is appointed by the president.
The province comprises ten communes, each governed by a municipality consisting of an alcalde and municipal council.
Chépica
Chimbarongo
Lolol
Nancagua
Palmilla
Peralillo
Placilla
Pumanque
San Fernando
Santa Cruz
Transport
The state central railway (EFE) from Santiago to the south crosses the province and has a regular stop in San Fernando. It used to have a branch running from San Fernando via Palmilla to Pichilemu on the coast. This is now closed, although one section of it has recently opened a limited service aimed at the tourist trade.
The more local Metrotrén service runs between Santiago and San Fernando stopping at most of the towns in between. There are frequent trains between these two points.
The Pan-American Highway runs through the San Fernando commune, passing close to the east side of the town.
See also
Tinguiririca River
Maipo Valley
Colchagua Valley (wine region)
References
Provinces of Chile
Provinces of O'Higgins Region |
4031836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilith%20%28magazine%29 | Lilith (magazine) | The magazine Lilith is an independent, Jewish-American, feminist non-profit publication that has been issued quarterly since 1976. The magazine features award-winning investigative reports, first-person accounts (both contemporary and historical), entertainment reviews, fiction and poetry, art and photography. Topics include everything from rabbinic sexual misconduct, to new rituals and celebrations, to deconstructing the JAP (Jewish American Princess) stereotype, to understanding the Jewish stake in abortion rights.
History
The magazine was founded in 1976 by Susan Weidman Schneider “to foster discussion of Jewish women’s issues and put them on the agenda of the Jewish community, with a view to giving women—who are more than fifty percent of the world’s Jews—greater choice in Jewish life." Amy Stone served as the magazine's first senior editor. Aviva Cantor Zuckoff served as the acquisitions editor. Those consulted as part of the creation of the magazine included Sally Priesand, the first female rabbi in the United States, and Letty Cottin Pogrebin of Ms. Magazine. During its early years, Lilith was noted for its work chronicling the fight to have women ordained as rabbis in Conservative Judaism.
Name
The publication is named after Lilith, a character said to be Adam's first wife. Though not mentioned in the Bible, Talmudic scholars later wrote that Lilith was banished from Eden after refusing to be submissive to Adam. Lilith has been interpreted by modern feminists as a symbol of independence and social activism geared towards women's rights.
Staff and Contributors
Susan Weidman Schneider has been Lilith′s editor-in-chief since 1976. She is the author of the books Jewish and Female and Intermarriage: The Challenge of Living with Differences between Christians and Jews, and co-author of Head and Heart, about money in the lives of women. Writers, editors and contributors to Lilith include Cynthia Ozick, Grace Paley, Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Nessa Rapoport, Blu Greenberg, Allegra Goodman, Myla Goldberg, Rabbi Susan Schnur (Lilith's senior editor), Naomi Danis (Lilith's managing editor), Dara Horn, Jennifer Baumgartner, Marge Piercy (Lilith's poetry editor), Sarah Blustain, Leela Corman, Liana Finck, Danya Ruttenberg, Shira Spector, Rachel Kadish, Anat Litwin, Ilana Stanger-Ross, Leslea Newman, Yona Zeldis McDonough (Lilith′s fiction editor), Alice Sparberg Alexiou, Amy Stone, Ilana Kurshan, Francine Klagsbrun, Lori Hope Lefkowitz, Tova Hartman, and more. Lilith has also published the work of visual artists, including Judy Chicago, Miriam Schapiro, Elana Maryles Sztokman, Joan Roth (Lilith′s photographer), Maira Kalman, Roz Chast, and Eva Hesse.
References
External links
Official website
Political magazines published in the United States
Women's magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Feminism in the United States
Feminist magazines
Judaism and women
Magazines established in 1976
Jewish feminism
Jews and Judaism in New York City
Jewish magazines published in the United States
1976 establishments in New York City |
4031837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia%20at%20the%201968%20Summer%20Olympics | Zambia at the 1968 Summer Olympics | Zambia competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. Previously, the nation had competed as Northern Rhodesia.
Athletics
Men
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Boxing
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics
1968
1968 in Zambia |
4031845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopolis%20%28Pisidia%29 | Sozopolis (Pisidia) | Sozopolis in Pisidia (), which had been called Apollonia (Ἀπολλωνία) and Apollonias (Ἀπολλωνίας) during Seleucid times, was a town in the former Roman province of Pisidia, and is not to be confused with the Thracian Sozopolis in Haemimonto in present-day Bulgaria.
Location
Sozopolis in Pisidia must have been situated in the border region of that province, since some ancient accounts place it in Phrygia. Its site may correspond to present-day Uluborlu in Isparta Province, Turkey. Older sources put it "Souzon, south of Aglasoun". Modern scholars locate its site near Uluborlu, Isparta Province.
History
Stephanus of Byzantium says that Apollonia in Pisidia (Sozopolis) was originally called Mordiaeon or Mordiaïon (Μορδιάιον), and was celebrated for its quinces. The coins of Apollonia record Alexander the Great as the founder, and also the name of a stream that flowed; by it, the Hippopharas. Two Greek inscriptions of the Roman period copied by Francis Arundell give the full title of the town in that age, "the Boule and Demus of the Apolloniatae Lycii Thraces Coloni," by which he concluded that the city was founded by a Thracian colony established in Lycia, but that conclusion is not universally accepted.
Sozopolis in Pisidia was the birthplace of Severus of Antioch (born around 456).
The icon of the Theotokos of Pisidian Sozopolis, celebrated by Eastern Orthodox Christians on 3 September, originated in this city.
Fragments of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti in Greek have been found in the area.
Bishopric
Sozopolis sent its bishop and possibly two other representatives to the Council of Constantinople in 381, and its bishop attended the Council of Ephesus in 431.
The see is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.
References
Sources
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Former populated places in Turkey
Populated places in Pisidia
Roman sites in Turkey
Titular sees in Asia |
4031846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingal%20Head%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Fingal Head, New South Wales | Fingal Head is a village on the Tasman Sea coast in the far northeast of New South Wales, Australia, about 5 km south of the New South Wales and Queensland border. The village is often just called Fingal. The headland and the small off-shore Island (Cook Island) were first sighted by James Cook about 17:00 on 16 May 1770 (log date and time). At the time of the 2016 census, Fingal Head had a population of 592 people.
Geography
The Tweed River, (named by John Oxley in October 1823) on the north coast of New South Wales runs northwards close to the coast for about 6 km before reaching its mouth just south of present-day Point Danger. A spit about 500–800 metres wide called "Letitia Spit" (named after the first ship to enter the river in July 1840) runs south for 2 km to Fingal Head. Longshore drift moves 500,000 cubic metres of sand per year northwards past Letitia Spit. The sand would fill the Tweed River entrance unpredictably and sometimes completely. In response the New South Wales government implemented the Tweed Sand Bypassing to transport sand under the river by pump on to northern beaches.
The headland,Cook Island and the Danger Reefs, were made from a lava flow from the now extinct Tweed Volcano. The rock composition in the area is mainly basalt or andesite. There are walking tracks all over this area. About 500 metres offshore from the headland is Cook Island, a rocky uninhabited island first charted by James Cook in 1770. The interlocking basalt columns on the north-east side of Fingal Head
were called the "Giants Causeway", named after the famous Giants Causeway between Northern Ireland and Western Scotland. The Fingal Caves located on the south side of Fingal Head, were destroyed and used in the early 1900s for the Tweed Break water. Cook Island was made a marine reserve in 1998 and as such fishing is prohibited in the waters nearby.
History
There has been controversy over the naming of Fingal Head by James Cook in May 1770 for many years. Strong evidence suggests that Fingal Head was, in fact, the point James Cook named Point Danger.
In 1823, John Oxley took shelter from Southerly winds, while sailing North from Port Macquarie.
John Uniack and later Oxley went onto the island, where they found some sea turtles and called the island "Turtle Island". In 1828 Henry John Rous (Captain of HMS Rainbow) surveyed Oxley's Tweed River, the name used today. A chart published in 1831 by the Master of the "Rainbow" showing the island as "Cook's Isle" and the river named the "Clarance River" - the unnamed headland, North of the river was also named Point Danger. However the off-shore reefs East of the Island were not marked. Fingal Head would be named as such by Surveyor Robert Dixon who mapped the coastal districts between Brisbane Town and the Brunswick River in the winter months of 1840. It first appears on a map published By Dixon in Sydney in 1842. Dixon's party was also assisted at that time by the master and crew of the schooner Letitia, which they found had entered the Tweed. Hence the naming of Letitia Point. There is also every suggestion that Dixon made reference to the Giant's Causeway. It is highly probable that "Fingal Head" was named after Fingal's Cave on the island of Staffa in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland because of the similarity in appearance due to naturally formed Columnar Basalt outcrops which extend above the ocean surface.
The local aboriginal people were the Minjungbal, but white settlement significantly impacted the population in the late 19th to early 20th century. In 1933, the last female full-blood Aborigine on the Tweed was laid to rest in Fingal's Aboriginal cemetery following a service conducted at the mission church.
Fingal Head Post Office opened on 15 March 1912, uprated from a telegraph office opened in October 1911.
Demographics
In the , Fingal Head recorded a population of 544 people, 48% female and 52% male.
The median age of the Fingal Head population was 42 years, 5 years above the national median of 37.
77% of people living in Fingal Head were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 3.1%, New Zealand 2.8%, Hong Kong 0.6%, Germany 0.6%, Czech Republic 0.6%.
88.8% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% Bandjalang, 0.6% Italian, 0.6% Gumbaynggir, 0.6% Czech.
Lighthouse
A provisional light station was established on the head in 1872 and in 1878 a proper lighthouse, built as a sandstone construction in a round design, was inaugurated. It was part of a series of five such lighthouses established between 1878 and 1880. The tower stands only seven metres high, but that suffices since the headland itself adds additional height. Thus the focal plane of the lightsource is situated 24 m above sea level. In 1920 the lightsource was changed from kerosene to acetylene and became automated. It was electrified in 1980. The light characteristic is a single flash every five seconds. Depending on the bearing, red light is shown in the east sector while the other sectors show white.
Surfing
Since 1996 Fingal has hosted an annual surfing competition for indigenous surfers. The first year attracted 90 surfers from across Australia. In 1999, SBS television commissioned a documentary called Surfing the Healing Wave about that competition, as part of an Unfinished Business - Reconciling the Nation series. It won Best Australian Documentary at the 2000 Real Life on Film Festival.
Fingal is not particularly noted as a surf spot as such. The headland does not form a point break on either side, so it is just beach breaks that occur there, but the southern side is one of the few places near the Gold Coast with any protection from northerly winds.
See also
List of Irish place names in other countries
List of places with columnar jointed volcanics
References
External links
Fingal Head page at Geoscience Australia
Fingal Head travel, in The Age newspaper 8 February 2004
Northern Rivers Geology Blog - Fingal Head
Headlands of New South Wales
Suburbs of Tweed Heads, New South Wales
Tweed Volcano
Surfing locations in New South Wales
Coastal towns in New South Wales |
4031847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20Browning%20Scripps | Ellen Browning Scripps | Ellen Browning Scripps (October 18, 1836 – August 3, 1932) was an American journalist and philanthropist who was the founding donor of several major institutions in Southern California. She and her half-brother E. W. Scripps created the E. W. Scripps Company, America's largest chain of newspapers, linking Midwestern industrial cities with booming towns in the West. By the 1920s, Ellen Browning Scripps was worth an estimated $30 million (or $388 million in 2020 dollars), most of which she gave away.
In 1924, she founded the Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA. She appeared on the cover of Time magazine after founding Scripps College in Claremont, California. She also donated millions of dollars to organizations worldwide that promised to advance democratic principles and women's education.
Family history
Ellen Browning Scripps was born on October 18, 1836, on South Molton St. in St. George Parish, London. Her father, James Mogg Scripps (1803–1873), was the youngest of six children born to London publisher William Armiger Scripps (1772–1851) and Mary Dixie (1771–1838). He was apprenticed to Charles Lewis, the leading bookbinder of London, where he learned the trade. James married his cousin Elizabeth Sabey in 1829 and had two children, only one of whom lived to maturity, Elizabeth Mary (1831–1914). Elizabeth Sabey Scripps died the day after the latter's birth. Two years later, James Mogg married Ellen Mary Saunders. They had six children, five of whom lived to adulthood: James E. Scripps (1835–1906), Ellen Browning (1836–1932), William Arminger (1838–1914), George Henry (1839–1900) and John Mogg (1840–1863). Ellen Mary Scripps died of breast cancer in 1841.
After the failure of his bookbinding shop and the death of his second wife, James Mogg emigrated to the United States with his six children in April 1844. They headed to Rushville, Illinois, where other members of the Scripps family owned property. James Mogg married his third wife Julia Osborn in November 1844. They had five children: Julia Anne (1847–1898), Thomas Osborn (1848–53), Frederick Tudor (1850–1936), Eliza Virginia (1852–1921), and Edward Willis or E.W. Scripps (1854–1926), the well-known newspaper tycoon and founder of The E.W. Scripps Company.
Biography
Early life
Born in London and raised on the Illinois prairie, Ellen Browning Scripps was the only one of her ten siblings to attend college. She studied science and mathematics at Knox College in Galesburg, IL, one of the few educational institutions to admit women, even if it did not yet grant college degrees. She graduated in 1859 with a certificate from the Female Collegiate Department. Afterwards, she returned to Rushville, Illinois, to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.
Newspaper journalist
After the American Civil War, Scripps gave up her job as a schoolteacher and headed to Detroit, at that time a burgeoning industrial center in the West. She joined her brother James E. Scripps in publishing The Detroit Evening News, a short, inexpensive, and politically independent newspaper pitched to the city's working class. This was to be the start of the Scripps family fortune. She wrote a daily column, nicknamed "Miss Ellen's Miscellany," that reduced local and national news to short sound bites. According to Gerald Baldasty, "Her columns of "Miscellany" and other topics became the inspiration for the Newspaper Enterprise Association, a news features service that Edward Scripps established in 1902." In the 1870s and 1880s, the Scripps papers expanded to include The Cleveland Press, The Cincinnati Post, and the St. Louis Chronicle.
A shareholder, Ellen Scripps played an important role in Scripps councils. She gave business advice to her younger half-brother E.W. and sided with him in family financial disputes. He credited her with saving him from financial ruin in more than one instance. In the 1880s, E.W.'s attempt to seize control of the Scripps Publishing Company failed, resulting in a divisive lawsuit and a break with his half-brother James.
Travels
In 1881, Ellen and E.W. travelled to Europe so that the latter could take a break from work and recover his health. They took the railroad through France to the Mediterranean Sea, crossed by ship to Algeria, then headed north into Italy, Austria, and Germany. Ellen wrote letters back to The Detroit Evening News about their travels, describing her impressions of people and places.
When Ellen returned to her job at the News, she found that she was no longer needed at the copy desk. She began a decade of travel, heading to the American South, New England, Cuba, and Mexico. In 1888–1889 she made a second trip to Europe that included a visit to L'Exposition Universelle in Paris and three months in Spain. A decade later, she toured France, Belgium, and England.
California
In 1887, Ellen's sister Julia Anne moved to Alameda, California, to seek a remedy for crippling rheumatoid arthritis. She found a home at the Remedial Institute and School of Philosophy, also known as the New Order of Life, in Alameda, one of the many utopian communities founded in the late nineteenth century. Concerned about her sister's welfare, Ellen made her first trip to California in the winter of 1890. Soon afterwards, Ellen and E.W. bought land in San Diego and established Miramar Ranch with their brother Fred. Miramar Ranch encompassed what is now Scripps Ranch, a suburban community, and the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. The ranch house was torn down in 1973.
Ellen lived, on and off, at Miramar until 1897 when she moved into a seaside cottage that she had built in La Jolla. She named it South Molton Villa (sometimes spelled South Moulton Villa) after the street on which she had been born.
Ellen gradually stepped out of her intimate family circle and began to acquire a large set of female acquaintances. La Jolla had a growing number of summer and year-round residents, many of whom were unmarried women or widows. She remarked that in the early days, "It was a woman's town." She was a founding member of the La Jolla Woman's Club and became involved in a wide variety of progressive causes. In 1909, she and her sister Virginia helped Joseph H. Johnson, the bishop of the Los Angeles Diocese of the Episcopal Church, to establish The Bishop's School as a preparatory school for girls.
South Molton Villa, located on Prospect St. in La Jolla, was located next to Wisteria Cottage, a bungalow owned by Virginia Scripps. Wisteria Cottage was renovated in 1910 by architect Irving J. Gill a pioneer in the modernist movement. It now serves as the gallery and exhibition space of the La Jolla Historical Society.
After South Molton Villa was destroyed by fire in 1915, Ellen Scripps commissioned Gill to build a new, fireproof concrete structure in the same modern architectural language as The Bishop's School, the La Jolla Woman's Club, and the La Jolla Recreational Center. It has been described as one of Gill's "masterworks." In 1941, Ellen's trustees donated her house to The Art Center, later the Museum of Contemporary Art in La Jolla. The structure was altered beyond recognition. In 1996, a renovation by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown exposed the original facade.
Wealth
Ellen Browning Scripps made a fortune by investing in E.W. Scripps's growing chain of newspapers in the West. In 1894, E.W. formed a partnership with Milton A. McRae, who had risen through the ranks to become one of Scripps's top lieutenants. George H. Scripps joined the partnership in 1895. The group managed The Cincinnati Post, The Cleveland Press, The St. Louis Chronicle, The Toledo News-Bee, and the Kansas City Star. They also acquired newspapers in Memphis, Oklahoma City, Evansville, Terre Haute, Columbus, Denver, Dallas, and Houston. In the late 1890s, E.W. began to acquire papers in California, including The Los Angeles Record, The San Diego Sun, and The San Francisco News. In the Pacific Northwest, the growing profitability of working-class newspapers led to the development of The Seattle Star, The Spokane Press, The Tacoma Times, and The Portland News, all pitched to dock workers, miners, lumbermen, and cannery workers. By 1905, E.W. estimated that profits on "my little Western papers" were many times greater than those of his Eastern ones.
George H. Scripps died in 1900, leaving behind a will described as "a legacy of hate." He gave his shares of Evening News stock to E.W., whom James E. Scripps considered his nemesis. Ellen, meanwhile, received George's shares of the Scripps Publishing Co. This led to an eleven-year legal battle that E.W. and Ellen ultimately won.
Philanthropy
Interested in science and education, Ellen Browning Scripps donated the bulk of her fortune to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, The Bishop’s School in La Jolla, and the Scripps College in Claremont, California. She also financed the construction of the La Jolla Women's Club, the La Jolla Recreational Center, Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, and the La Jolla Children's Pool, and she was an important early supporter of the San Diego Zoo. After a stay in the hospital due to a broken hip, Ellen helped to found the Scripps Memorial Hospital and funded the Scripps Research Clinic. These organizations eventually became The Scripps Research Institute, and two of the core providers now comprising Scripps Health—Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla and Scripps Clinic. The New York Times estimated that, during her lifetime, she gave gifts and donations to charitable causes that totaled more than $2 million, a conservative estimate dollars.
Death
Ellen Browning Scripps died in her La Jolla home on August 3, 1932, a few weeks before her ninety-sixth birthday. Shortly thereafter, the leading newspaper trade journal Editor & Publisher praised her contributions to American journalism: "Many women have contributed, directly and indirectly, to the development of the American press, but none more influentially and beneficently than Ellen Browning Scripps." The New York Times, meanwhile, recognized her as "one of the pioneers in modern American journalism." Her obituary described her as a woman who had perfected "the art of living" as well as the art of giving.
Legacy
Scripps was nominated and inducted into the Women's Hall of Fame in 2007 hosted by the Women's Museum of California; Commission on the Status of Women; University of California, San Diego Women's Center; and San Diego State University Women's Studies.
From the 1920s, Scripps was the major benefactor of the San Diego Natural History Museum, financing its building and education programs. In 1933, the Scripps estate donated over 1,000 watercolor paintings of California wildflowers by A. R. Valentien to the San Diego Natural History Museum.
The following are institutions Scripps helped to establish or fund:
Scripps College in Claremont, CA
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, est. 1903, formerly known as the Marine Biological Association
Scripps Research Institute
Scripps Aquarium, La Jolla (now Birch Aquarium at Scripps)
The Bishop's School in La Jolla, San Diego, CA
Scripps Memorial Hospital
Scripps Metabolic Clinic
La Jolla Woman's Club
Torrey Pines State Reserve
The Children's Pool, est. 1931
Donations to
Pomona College
Knox College
Cleveland College and Cleveland Museum of Natural History
Constantinople Women's College
San Diego State University (Scripps Cottage)
City of Rushville, Illinois
San Diego Museum Association
The Children's Home, San Diego
St. James by-the-Sea Episcopal Church, La Jolla
La Jolla Athenaeum Music & Arts Library
La Jolla-Riford Branch Library
San Diego Society of Natural History
The San Diego Museum of Man's Ancient Egypt exhibit
San Diego Zoo
San Diego YMCA and YWCA
Asilomar Conference Center (YWCA)
Community Welfare Building
Travelers Aid Society of San Diego
See also
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s - 22 Feb. 1926
References
Further reading
Molly McClain, Ellen Browning Scripps: New Money and American Philanthropy (University of Nebraska Press, 2017)
Molly McClain, "The La Jolla of Ellen Browning Scripps," The Journal of San Diego History 57, no. 4 (2011)
Bruce Kamerling, "How Ellen Scripps Brought Ancient Egypt to San Diego", The Journal of San Diego History 38, no. 2 (1992)
Elizabeth N. Shor, "How Scripps Institution Came To San Diego," The Journal of San Diego History 27, no. 3 (Summer 1981)
Ellen Browning Scripps, in Carl Heilbron, History of San Diego (San Diego: San Diego Press Club, 1936), pp. 92–94
"In California," Time magazine, February 22, 1926
External links
https://ellenbrowningscripps.com
Ellen Browning Scripps — Scripps Health.
E.W. Scripps Papers, Mahn Center for Archives & Special Collections, Ohio University Libraries, Athens, Ohio. — Manuscript collection, primarily correspondence.
Ellen Browning Scripps Collection, Ella Strong Denison Library, Scripps College, Claremont, CA. — Manuscript collection, primarily correspondence.
Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego — on the site of her residence in La Jolla.
The San Diego Natural History Museum Research Library houses a significant collection of Ellen Browning Scripps’ papers.
Ellen Browning
American women journalists
20th-century American philanthropists
Philanthropists from California
1836 births
1932 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
People from La Jolla, San Diego
People from San Diego
People from Alameda, California
People associated with the San Diego Natural History Museum
History of San Diego
Scripps Research
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Knox College (Illinois) alumni
The Detroit News people
American investors
American women investors
19th-century American journalists
20th-century American journalists
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American writers
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century women philanthropists |
4031859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%E2%80%93Q%20plot | Q–Q plot | In statistics, a Q–Q plot (quantile-quantile plot) is a probability plot, which is a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions by plotting their quantiles against each other. First, the set of intervals for the quantiles is chosen. A point on the plot corresponds to one of the quantiles of the second distribution (-coordinate) plotted against the same quantile of the first distribution (-coordinate). Thus the line is a parametric curve with the parameter which is the number of the interval for the quantile.
If the two distributions being compared are similar, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on the line . If the distributions are linearly related, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on a line, but not necessarily on the line . Q–Q plots can also be used as a graphical means of estimating parameters in a location-scale family of distributions.
A Q–Q plot is used to compare the shapes of distributions, providing a graphical view of how properties such as location, scale, and skewness are similar or different in the two distributions. Q–Q plots can be used to compare collections of data, or theoretical distributions. The use of Q–Q plots to compare two samples of data can be viewed as a non-parametric approach to comparing their underlying distributions. A Q–Q plot is generally a more powerful approach to do this than the common technique of comparing histograms of the two samples, but requires more skill to interpret. Q–Q plots are commonly used to compare a data set to a theoretical model. This can provide an assessment of "goodness of fit" that is graphical, rather than reducing to a numerical summary. Q–Q plots are also used to compare two theoretical distributions to each other. Since Q–Q plots compare distributions, there is no need for the values to be observed as pairs, as in a scatter plot, or even for the numbers of values in the two groups being compared to be equal.
The term "probability plot" sometimes refers specifically to a Q–Q plot, sometimes to a more general class of plots, and sometimes to the less commonly used P–P plot. The probability plot correlation coefficient plot (PPCC plot) is a quantity derived from the idea of Q–Q plots, which measures the agreement of a fitted distribution with observed data and which is sometimes used as a means of fitting a distribution to data.
Definition and construction
A Q–Q plot is a plot of the quantiles of two distributions against each other, or a plot based on estimates of the quantiles. The pattern of points in the plot is used to compare the two distributions.
The main step in constructing a Q–Q plot is calculating or estimating the quantiles to be plotted. If one or both of the axes in a Q–Q plot is based on a theoretical distribution with a continuous cumulative distribution function (CDF), all quantiles are uniquely defined and can be obtained by inverting the CDF. If a theoretical probability distribution with a discontinuous CDF is one of the two distributions being compared, some of the quantiles may not be defined, so an interpolated quantile may be plotted. If the Q–Q plot is based on data, there are multiple quantile estimators in use. Rules for forming Q–Q plots when quantiles must be estimated or interpolated are called plotting positions.
A simple case is where one has two data sets of the same size. In that case, to make the Q–Q plot, one orders each set in increasing order, then pairs off and plots the corresponding values. A more complicated construction is the case where two data sets of different sizes are being compared. To construct the Q–Q plot in this case, it is necessary to use an interpolated quantile estimate so that quantiles corresponding to the same underlying probability can be constructed.
More abstractly, given two cumulative probability distribution functions and , with associated quantile functions and (the inverse function of the CDF is the quantile function), the Q–Q plot draws the -th quantile of against the -th quantile of for a range of values of . Thus, the Q–Q plot is a parametric curve indexed over [0,1] with values in the real plane .
Interpretation
The points plotted in a Q–Q plot are always non-decreasing when viewed from left to right. If the two distributions being compared are identical, the Q–Q plot follows the 45° line . If the two distributions agree after linearly transforming the values in one of the distributions, then the Q–Q plot follows some line, but not necessarily the line . If the general trend of the Q–Q plot is flatter than the line , the distribution plotted on the horizontal axis is more dispersed than the distribution plotted on the vertical axis. Conversely, if the general trend of the Q–Q plot is steeper than the line , the distribution plotted on the vertical axis is more dispersed than the distribution plotted on the horizontal axis. Q–Q plots are often arced, or "S" shaped, indicating that one of the distributions is more skewed than the other, or that one of the distributions has heavier tails than the other.
Although a Q–Q plot is based on quantiles, in a standard Q–Q plot it is not possible to determine which point in the Q–Q plot determines a given quantile. For example, it is not possible to determine the median of either of the two distributions being compared by inspecting the Q–Q plot. Some Q–Q plots indicate the deciles to make determinations such as this possible.
The intercept and slope of a linear regression between the quantiles gives a measure of the relative location and relative scale of the samples. If the median of the distribution plotted on the horizontal axis is 0, the intercept of a regression line is a measure of location, and the slope is a measure of scale. The distance between medians is another measure of relative location reflected in a Q–Q plot. The "probability plot correlation coefficient" (PPCC plot) is the correlation coefficient between the paired sample quantiles. The closer the correlation coefficient is to one, the closer the distributions are to being shifted, scaled versions of each other. For distributions with a single shape parameter, the probability plot correlation coefficient plot provides a method for estimating the shape parameter – one simply computes the correlation coefficient for different values of the shape parameter, and uses the one with the best fit, just as if one were comparing distributions of different types.
Another common use of Q–Q plots is to compare the distribution of a sample to a theoretical distribution, such as the standard normal distribution , as in a normal probability plot. As in the case when comparing two samples of data, one orders the data (formally, computes the order statistics), then plots them against certain quantiles of the theoretical distribution.
Plotting positions
The choice of quantiles from a theoretical distribution can depend upon context and purpose. One choice, given a sample of size , is for , as these are the quantiles that the sampling distribution realizes. The last of these, , corresponds to the 100th percentile – the maximum value of the theoretical distribution, which is sometimes infinite. Other choices are the use of , or instead to space the points evenly in the uniform distribution, using .
Many other choices have been suggested, both formal and heuristic, based on theory or simulations relevant in context. The following subsections discuss some of these. A narrower question is choosing a maximum (estimation of a population maximum), known as the German tank problem, for which similar "sample maximum, plus a gap" solutions exist, most simply . A more formal application of this uniformization of spacing occurs in maximum spacing estimation of parameters.
Expected value of the order statistic for a uniform distribution
The approach equals that of plotting the points according to the probability that the last of () randomly drawn values will not exceed the -th smallest of the first randomly drawn values.
Expected value of the order statistic for a standard normal distribution
In using a normal probability plot, the quantiles one uses are the rankits, the quantile of the expected value of the order statistic of a standard normal distribution.
More generally, Shapiro–Wilk test uses the expected values of the order statistics of the given distribution; the resulting plot and line yields the generalized least squares estimate for location and scale (from the intercept and slope of the fitted line).
Although this is not too important for the normal distribution (the location and scale are estimated by the mean and standard deviation, respectively), it can be useful for many other distributions.
However, this requires calculating the expected values of the order statistic, which may be difficult if the distribution is not normal.
Median of the order statistics
Alternatively, one may use estimates of the median of the order statistics, which one can compute based on estimates of the median of the order statistics of a uniform distribution and the quantile function of the distribution; this was suggested by .
This can be easily generated for any distribution for which the quantile function can be computed, but conversely the resulting estimates of location and scale are no longer precisely the least squares estimates, though these only differ significantly for small.
Heuristics
Several different formulas have been used or proposed as affine symmetrical plotting positions. Such formulas have the form for some value of in the range from 0 to 1, which gives a range between and .
Expressions include:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
For large sample size, , there is little difference between these various expressions.
Filliben's estimate
The order statistic medians are the medians of the order statistics of the distribution. These can be expressed in terms of the quantile function and the order statistic medians for the continuous uniform distribution by:
where are the uniform order statistic medians and is the quantile function for the desired distribution. The quantile function is the inverse of the cumulative distribution function (probability that is less than or equal to some value). That is, given a probability, we want the corresponding quantile of the cumulative distribution function.
James J. Filliben uses the following estimates for the uniform order statistic medians:
The reason for this estimate is that the order statistic medians do not have a simple form.
See also
Empirical distribution function
Probit analysis was developed by Chester Ittner Bliss in 1934.
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Cleveland, W.S. (1994) The Elements of Graphing Data, Hobart Press
Gnanadesikan, R. (1977) Methods for Statistical Analysis of Multivariate Observations, Wiley .
External links
Probability plot
Alternate description of the QQ-Plot: http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/probability_distributions.html#qqplot
Statistical charts and diagrams |
4031861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics | Zambia at the 1972 Summer Olympics | Zambia competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.
Athletics
Men
Track & road events
Women
Track & road events
Field events
Boxing
Men
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics
1972
1972 in Zambia |
4031862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark%20Publications | Spark Publications | Spark Publications was a short-lived comic book publisher in the mid-1940s, during the Golden Age of Comic Books. The company was established and owned by Ken Crossen, who was the creator and writer of the Green Lama. Most of their comics was produced by a studio run by Jerry Robinson and Mort Meskin. Other creators who worked for Spark included Joseph Greene and Mac Raboy. The combination of Robinson, Meskin, and Raboy, using similar styles, gave Spark's books a sort of house style.
During their short existence Spark put out fifteen issues of three titles: two issues of Atoman, eight of The Green Lama (a series they picked up from Crestwood Publications), and five of Golden Lad.
Solely a publisher of superhero comics, the company was too small to survive the shrinking of the market post-World War II.
Characters
Atoman
Golden Girl
Golden Lad
Green Lama (first published by Crestwood/Prize Comics and in pulp magazines)
Lieutenant Hercules
Shaman & Flame
Swift Arrow
Titles published
Atoman Comics (2 issues, 1946)
Golden Lad (5 issues, 1945/46)
Green Lama (8 issues, 1944–46)
References
External links
Spark characters at International Superheroes
Comic book publishing companies of the United States
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies |
4031865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziska%20Scanagatta | Franziska Scanagatta | Franziska Scanagatta (also called Francesca Scanagatta) (1 August 1776 – 1865) was an Italian woman who disguised herself as a man in order to attend an Austrian officer school in 1794. She served during the French Revolution and was promoted to Leutnant (lieutenant) in 1800. In 1801 she left the army and was granted a pension by Francis I, Emperor of Austria, when he learned of her story.
Life
Born in Milan in 1776, which was then under Austrian rule, Scanagatta dreamt of joining the Imperial Austrian army. Fortunately, she was said to be "ugly and small, with a moustache that had developed through repeated shaving." Born with a rather weak body, she did exercises throughout her childhood to develop her muscles. She also read widely and went to an excellent convent school - apparently, all this exercising of her mind and body made her feel "like a man."
Military studies
Scanagatta's brother Giacomo was very different from her; he had always been quite effeminate. He was supposed to go to Vienna and train to become a soldier, but he confided in her that this was the last thing he wanted. Francesca made the most of a great opportunity: in 1794, dressed as a man, she travelled with Giacomo to Vienna and on 1 July, she joined the Theresian Military Academy in his place as a "externer Hörer" (external student - new to the army). When he realized what had happened, Francesca's father was flabbergasted and intended to go to Wiener Neustadt to bring her home, but she was so ardent in her wish to be an officer that he relented and allowed her to remain at the academy, where she gained excellent grades and graduated on 16 January 1797 as a Fähnrich (cadet/ensign).
Military service
In that rank, Scanagatta joined the 6th composite Battalion, Warasdin Grenz District (combined Infanterie Regimenter No. 65 & 66), leading a reinforcement troop from Hungary to the battalion at Kehl on the Rhine just as the war ended in April 1797. In December, she marched with them to winter quarters in Troppau, Silesia and then to Klagenfurt in Styria. Always taking great care not to be discovered and trying to be amongst new people, she took the opportunity to take up a fellow cadet's posting to Infantry Regiment No.56 'Wenzel Graf Colloredo' in the autumn of 1798. She also fulfilled her wish to see various parts of the Empire, as she first visited the regiment's base in Moravia before joining the 'Aushilfsbezirk' (supplementary recruiting area) for the regiment in Galicia, where she arrived in September. She would regularly frequent the casino in Sandomir, where local society would gather, and was almost discovered when challenged by a local young man, who told her that some women thought Scanagatta was a woman. Her response was that she was glad to be judged by his wife, which was enough to persuade him to disbelieve the gossip. In February 1799, she marched with her company to the War of the Second Coalition, but en route suffered a severe attack of rheumatism. After two months' ill health and recuperation, she was transferred to the Deutsch-Banater Grenz Regiment No.12 and travelled to its base at Pancsova in the area, which is now northern Serbia.
With GR12, Scanagatta marched to Italy, where she continued to show her determination and endured exhausting marches, relying on her motto: "Una verace risoluta virtù non trova impresa impossibile a lei" (Real strength of mind finds nothing impossible.) When one of Francesca's army comrades teased her for being small, she challenged him to a duel and wounded him. In December 1799, she led the attack on the French trenches at Barbagelata. Over the winter, she spent time with her family and they tried to persuade her to leave the army. Promoted to Leutnant in March 1800, Francesca returned to the siege of Genoa in April, but her father informed the Austrian authorities of his daughter's presence in the army. She was obliged to resign on the very day Genoa fell, 4 June 1800. Her commander, Friedrich Heinrich von Gottesheim held a party in her honour, where she was still treated as an ordinary officer.
Later life
Back in Milan, Scanagatta met Lieutenant Spini of the Italian Presidential (later Royal) guard, whom she married on 16 January 1804. They had four children, two boys and two girls, and when the boys were old enough, they were allowed to wear their mother's medals, which she wasn't allowed to wear. She died aged 89. Her painting hangs in the Neustadt Academy
See also
Johanna Sophia Kettner
Eleonore Prochaska
Marie Schellinck
References
Sources
"Gendered War and Military", last accessed February 10, 2006
"Austria's Military Academy Founded By Maria Theresa", last accessed February 10, 2006
"Women Soldiers: The Historical Record", last accessed March 10, 2006
"Europe and Me Magazine" No.33, article by Lucy Duggan, last accessed August 11 2016
Militär-Zeitung 23 January 1865
1776 births
1865 deaths
Female wartime cross-dressers
Italian military personnel in Austrian armies
Women in 18th-century warfare
Women in 19th-century warfare
18th-century Italian women
19th-century Italian women
Italian people of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Women in European warfare
Women in war in Italy |
4031882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-loss%20expectancy | Single-loss expectancy | Single-loss expectancy (SLE) is the monetary value expected from the occurrence of a risk on an asset. It is related to risk management and risk assessment.
Single-loss expectancy is mathematically expressed as:
Where the exposure factor is represented in the impact of the risk over the asset, or percentage of asset lost. As an example, if the asset value is reduced by two thirds, the exposure factor value is 0.66. If the asset is completely lost, the exposure factor is 1.
The result is a monetary value in the same unit as the single-loss expectancy is expressed (euros, dollars, yens, etc.):
exposure factor is the subjective, potential percentage of loss to a specific asset if a specific threat is realized. The exposure factor is a subjective value that the person assessing risk must define.
See also
Information assurance
Risk assessment
Annualized loss expectancy
References
External links
Information Security Risk Analysis Paper from Digital Threat
Data security
Financial risk |
4031895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histria | Histria | Histria may refer to:
Histria ("land of the Histri"), the ancient name of the Istrian Peninsula
Venetia et Histria, a region (regio) of Roman Italy
Histria (ancient city), a Greek colony on the western shore of the Black Sea
Battle of Histria (-61 BC) |
4031907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Association%20of%20Actors | National Association of Actors | The National Association of Actors (, ANDA) is the Mexican actors guild. It is a member of the Bloque Latinoamericano de Actores (BLADA, the Latin American Actors' Block) that includes all of the actors' unions in Latin America.
The ANDA is headquartered in the colonia (borough) San Rafael of Mexico City and currently presided by Yolanda Cianí as general secretary.
ANDA began in 1934 as an independent union of actors guilds from throughout Mexico. When Angel T. Sala became its secretary general in 1936, the union was subsumed into the Union of Cinema Studio Workers (Unión de los Trabajadores de Estudio Cinematográficos, UTEC), which was under the control of the CTM, a labor confederation with allegiance to the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party. The actors, however, continued their struggle for independence and for union democracy.
In 2005, the ANDA had a conflict with Grabaciones y Doblajes Internacionales, which is in charge of the Spanish language-dubbing of the show The Simpsons. The conflict revolved around changing voice actors of the Mexican version of the show. Raymundo Capetillo, Secretary of Work and Conflict promised to defend the cause of the voice actors.
General Secretaries
Some of the most famous General Secretaries of the ANDA are:
Fernando Soler (1934-1935)
Mario Moreno Reyes "Cantinflas" (1942-1944)
Jorge Negrete (1944-1947) (1949-1953)
Rodolfo Echeverría, brother of President Luis Echeverría
David Reynoso (1977-1984)
Ignacio López Tarso (1984-1990)
Julio Alemán (1990-1994)
Humberto Elizondo (1994-1998)
Juan Imperio (1998-2002)(2002-2006)
Lilia Aragón (2006-2010)
Silvia Pinal (2010-2014)
Yolanda Cianí (2014-2018)
See also
SAG-AFTRA – United States actors guild
Associación Nacional de Intérpretes (ANDI) – Singers guild of Mexico
Footnotes
External links
BLADA
Actors' trade unions
Trade unions in Mexico
1936 establishments in Mexico
Trade unions established in 1936 |
4031908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiele%27s%20interpolation%20formula | Thiele's interpolation formula | In mathematics, Thiele's interpolation formula is a formula that defines a rational function from a finite set of inputs and their function values . The problem of generating a function whose graph passes through a given set of function values is called interpolation. This interpolation formula is named after the Danish mathematician Thorvald N. Thiele. It is expressed as a continued fraction, where ρ represents the reciprocal difference:
References
Finite differences
Articles with example ALGOL 68 code
Interpolation |
4031910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetius%20of%20Dacia | Boetius of Dacia | Boetius de Dacia, OP (also spelled Boethius de Dacia) was a 13th-century Danish philosopher.
Name
The rendering of his name Danske Bo ("Bo the Dane") into Medieval Latin as Boetius de Dacia stems from the fact that the toponym Dania, meaning Denmark, was occasionally confused with Dacia during the Middle Ages.
Life and accomplishments
Boetius was born in the first half of the 13th century. Not much is known of his early life. The attempt to connect him to known persons from Denmark or Sweden has been unsuccessful. All that is known is that he went to France to teach philosophy at the University of Paris. At the university, he associated with Siger of Brabant. He continued to teach for some time as arts masters rather than quickly moving on to study in the theology faculty or finding non-academic employment. He shared this unusual career path with Siger and others like Roger Bacon and Jean Buridan. He was condemned by Stephen Tempier in 1277 for being a leading member of the Averroist movement. Boetius fled Paris with Siger and appealed to Pope Nicholas III. He was detained at the pontifical curia at Orvieto. He went on to join the Dominicans in Denmark.
Boetius was a follower of Aristotle and Averroes. He wrote on logic, natural philosophy, metaphysics, and ethics, though some of his works have not survived. His central position was that philosophy had to follow where the arguments led, regardless of their conflict with religious faith. For him, philosophy was the supreme human activity, and in this world only philosophers attained wisdom. In his book On the Highest Good, or On the Life of the Philosopher he offers a fervently Aristotelian description of man's highest good as the rational contemplation of truth and virtue. Among the controversial conclusions that he reached are the impossibility of creation ex nihilo, the eternity of the world and of the human race, and that there could be no resurrection of the dead.
Despite his radical views, Boetius remained a Christian; he attempted to reconcile his religious beliefs with his philosophical positions by assigning the investigation of the world and of human nature to philosophy, while to religion he assigned supernatural revelation and divine miracles. He was condemned for holding the doctrine of "double truth", though he was careful to avoid calling philosophical conclusions that ran contrary to religion true simpliciter: in each branch of knowledge, one must be careful to qualify one's conclusions. The conclusions that the philosopher reaches are true "according to natural causes and principles" (De Aeternitate Mundi, p. 351).
Works and translations
Boethii Daci Opera:
Modi significandi sive quaestiones super Priscianum maiorem, edited by John Pinborg & Henry Roos with the collaboration of Severino Skovgaard Jensen, Hauniae (Copenhague), G. E. C. Gad, Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi, 4, 1969.
Quaestiones de generatione et corruptione – Quaestiones super libros physicorum, edited by Géza Sajó, Hauniae (Copenhague), G. E. C. Gad, Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi, 5, 1976.
Topica – Opuscola, Pars 1. Quaestiones super Librum Topicorum, edited by Nicolas George Green-Pedersen and John Pinborg; Pars 2. Opuscula: De aeternitate mundi. De summo bono. De somniis, edited by Nicolas George Green-Pedersen, Hauniae (Copenhague), G. E. C. Gad, Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi, 6, 1976.
Quaestiones super IV Meteorologicorum, edited by Gianfranco Fioravanti, Hauniae (Copenhague), G. E. C. Gad, Corpus Philosophorum Danicorum Medii Aevi, 8, 1979.
Boethius of Dacia, On the Supreme Good; on the Eternity of the World; on Dreams. Edited by John F. Wippel, Mediaeval Sources in Translation. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1987.
Boetius of Dacia, "The Sophisma 'Every Man Is of Necessity an Animal'", in Norman Kretzmann and Eleonore Stump [edd. & trans.] The Cambridge Translations of Medieval Philosophical texts. Volume One: Logic and the Philosophy of Language (1988, Cambridge University Press; )
Notes
References
G. L. Bursill-Hall, Speculative Grammars of the Middle Ages: The Doctrine of the partes orationis of the Modistae, Mouton: The Hague, 1971.
John Marenbon, Later Medieval Philosophy (1150–1350), New York: Routledge, 1991 .
Armand A. Maurer, "Boetius of Dacia", in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards, Collier Macmillan, 1967.
External links
Scholastic philosophers
Danish philosophers
University of Paris faculty
13th-century philosophers
13th-century births
Year of death unknown
Latin commentators on Aristotle
13th-century Latin writers |
4031918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungmen%20Nuclear%20Power%20Plant | Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant | The Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant (), formerly known as Gongliao and commonly as the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant (), is an unfinished nuclear power plant in New Taipei City, Taiwan. It consists of two ABWRs each of 1,300 MWe net. It is owned by Taiwan Power Company (Taipower).
It was intended to be the first of these advanced Generation III reactors built outside Japan. The preceding four reactors in Japan were completed in four to five years. Taipower, however, did not award the contract to a single architect/engineering firm, but split the procurement amongst multiple vendors, complicating the project management and increasing costs. In 2000, the project was canceled due to political opposition when it was approximately 10–30% complete, but restarted in February 2001.
A national referendum was proposed in 2014 to decide if construction of the plant should continue, but the referendum was rejected from the ballot for contradictory and confusing language. Taipower submitted a plan to mothball Unit 1, which was by then complete, and freeze construction of Unit 2, starting in 2015. In 2018, Taipower started removing unused fuel from Unit 1 and returned the fuel to the United States. In December 2021, the proposal to continue construction of Unit 2 was narrowly rejected in a referendum. Given that Tsai Ing Wen of the ruling DPP opposes nuclear power and wishes to complete a nuclear phaseout by 2025 (one year after the 2024 Taiwanese presidential election), it is unlikely that construction will ever restart even though it is technologically feasible in principle and not without precedent to finish construction of a nuclear power plant after decades of no construction activity on a legacy construction project.
History
The Fourth Nuclear Power Plant was first proposed in 1978, and Taipower selected the ABWR in 1996 after a competitive bidding process. The reactor is designed by General Electric, but is supported by Hitachi, Shimizu Corporation, Toshiba, and other American, Taiwanese, and other Chinese and international companies.
The application to start construction was submitted on October 16, 1997, and after the license was granted on March 17, 1999, construction of the plant began in 1999 and was expected to be completed in 2004. The preceding four ABWR units in Japan were completed in four to five years each. Taipower, however, did not award the contract to a single architect/engineer, but hired General Electric to build the reactors, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to supply the turbines and the generators, and other contractors for the rest, making the project difficult to manage. Construction has been delayed by legal, regulatory and political obstacles. The delays in schedule also have increased the cost of the project, due to the inflation of the costs of raw materials.
Initial cancellation
The 921 earthquake in 1999 prompted three legislators to inspect construction progress; they cited rusty rebar and potential seawater seepage into the plant's foundation as potential issues. President Chen Shui-bian was elected along with other Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) legislators in March 2000 on an anti-nuclear platform which included stopping plant construction. DPP legislators called for a halt to the project in April 2000, which led to the suspension of construction in October 2000 by Premier Chang Chun-hsiung when it was approximately 10–30% complete, only to restart the following year. Contractors were idled for 111 days (from 27 October 2000 to 14 February 2001), which caused a 576-day delay towards commercial operation.
Taipower constructed a wharf in 2003 to accommodate delivery of heavy components, such as the reactor vessel. The wharf was beset with construction delays and may have contributed to local beach erosion, prompting further protests. Each reactor vessel delivery was greeted with activist protests and construction delays resulted in the vessels being stored longer than expected, with Unit 1's reactor vessel not installed until 2005.
Design of the plant was carried out by Stone & Webster (S&W), but Taipower canceled its contract with S&W in 2007, leading to protracted litigation from 2007 to 2011. In 2010, aboriginal artifacts were found at the construction site, prompting calls to halt construction again.
In 2011 the Taiwan Atomic Energy Council (AEC) criticized Taipower's management of the project. Taipower was fined by the AEC twice, in 2008 and 2011, for completing design changes without first obtaining approval from the plant's designer, General Electric. Taipower later stated the changes were executed to stay on schedule, and approval was later obtained from GE for 97% of the changes.
The temporary cancellation by the Government and other project management difficulties caused significant delays, pushing the price tag of the plant to more than US$7.5 billion by 2009. , the total price tag was close to US$10 billion, or NT$300 billion.
2012 referendum attempts
Environmental groups called for a national referendum in April 2011, following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. By obtaining the signatures of a certain percentage of registered voters, or by legislative action, a referendum may be referred to the national ballot for voter action. However, due to the politically sensitive nature of the Fourth Nuclear Plant issue, legislatively-referred and voter-referred referendums had failed to enter the national ballot.
Because of the controversy over the plant, in February 2013 the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government proposed that a referendum should be issued, which would allow the people of the country to decide the fate of the plant. The proposed referendum was sponsored by 32 KMT lawmakers led by Lee Ching-hua and asked "Do you agree that the construction of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant should be halted and that it not become operational?" Referendums must have good voter turnout (greater than 50% of registered voters must participate in the referendum vote), and a majority of participating voters must vote yes in order for the referendum to become binding, meaning that poor voter turnout would ensure referendum defeat (and in the case of the Lee referendum, continued construction). The opposition DPP claimed that getting better than 50% voter turnout in a non-Presidential election year was too difficult, and barricaded the legislative chamber to prevent a vote to place the Lee referendum on the national ballot. This led to a scuffle when KMT legislators attempted to break through the barricade, and the Lee referendum was not voted on. In the following legislative session, protesters called on the government to withdraw the Lee referendum, and it was subsequently withdrawn.
Annette Lu used the local referendum process to debate the plant's fate as early as 2012. Her petition for a local referendum gathered 50,000 signatures by March 2013, but the proposed referendum was rejected by the Executive Yuan Referendum Review Committee in May 2013, ruling the issue was of national importance, and could not be decided by local referendum. She launched another local referendum in June 2013 in opposition to the KMT-authored Lee referendum. Meanwhile, Lu filed suit in 2014 in the Taipei High Administrative Court over the Executive Yuan's rejection of the earlier referendum. The court's decision is expected in August 2014. Taipower applied for the initial fuel loading of Unit 1 on December 31, 2013.
A competing referendum was launched in 2012 by National Taiwan University professor Kao Cheng-yan, initially as a local referendum and then a national one in July 2014, once sufficient signatures had been gathered. The language of the Kao referendum was formulated to require positive action: "Do you agree to allow Taiwan Power Co to insert fuel rods into the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant in New Taipei City for a test run" so poor voter turnout would result in referendum defeat, and thus create binding opposition to starting the plant.
Unit 1 completion and 2014 referendum
In April 2014, the government decided to halt construction. The first reactor was sealed after the completion of safety checks, and construction of the second reactor was halted. A final decision on whether to proceed with construction would be subject to another referendum. The ruling KMT stated the purpose of a new referendum was to have the people decide the plant's fate while weighing the consequences of not bringing a major power source on-line. Electricity prices are estimated to rise by 14–40%, and electricity rationing could be imposed as early as 2021. Completely cancelling the plant would force Taipower to book the construction budget as a total loss and force it into insolvency.
Meanwhile, also in April 2014, the opposition DPP planned to introduce special legislation to bypass the provisions of the Referendum Act, allowing a simple majority vote (with no threshold of participation) to decide the plant's fate. Premier Jiang Yi-huah cited the prior 2000 precedent when construction was interrupted by executive order which was later ruled unconstitutional as the reason why he rejected the proposed special legislation. The Executive Yuan stated the plant could start operations if the referendum on halting construction was not held, assuming safety tests were passed first. Former DPP chairman Lin Yi-hsiung went on a hunger strike for two weeks to oppose continued construction, reflecting a popular poll, which favored lowering the threshold of participation and opposed continued construction.
The proposed Kao referendum was rejected by the Executive Yuan Referendum Review Committee in August 2014, citing the language as confusing and contradictory, since the reason given for the referendum is in opposition to nuclear power, while the referendum itself asks to start a nuclear reactor, despite the referendum gathering more than 120,000 signatures. Undaunted, supporters of the Kao referendum vowed in October 2014 to initiate another referendum. That same month, Unit 1 completed the required safety tests before the start of operations. 126 systems were tested including cooling, shutdown, containment, control and power generation. Minister of Economic Affairs Chang Chia-juch said, "Passing the rigorous review illustrates the high standards of care invested in the design and construction of the facility."
Past polls in Taiwan have showed more support for nuclear power among educated than uneducated people. The China Times poll taken in 2000 showed 60% support among those with higher degrees, and only 40% among those with only primary education.
Three-year deferment
The Ministry of Economic Affairs proposed in August 2014 that further construction be halted for three years until a national referendum could be held; Taipower estimated the three-year cost of sealing Unit 1 as less than 2 billion.
In September 2014 Taiwan Power Co. submitted its plan to the Atomic Energy Council (AEC) to mothball Unit 1 and halt construction on Unit 2 of the No. 4 nuclear power plant for three years, beginning in 2015. The plan, written in accordance with the April 2014 government directive to halt construction, underwent several revisions until its final submission in January 2015; the AEC approved Taipower's final plan in February, and it will take effect in July 2015 and run through 2017. Of the 126 systems which passed safety testing, 80 will remain in operation, 14 require periodic testing to ensure they can support their safety functions and 32 will be kept in low-humidity storage. It was estimated the cost of maintaining the mothballed reactor is 1.3 billion NT Dollars per year. With the formal entry into mothball status on July 1, Unit 1 is required to resubmit the application for initial fuel loading.
In September 2015 GE started International Court of Arbitration proceedings over withheld payments.
Continued freeze
In 2018, Taipower started shipping unused fuel rods back to the US. Taipower is required to remove all fuel rods from the plant by 2020. The ruling Democratic Progressive Party plans to shut down all nuclear plants in Taiwan by 2025. The removal of the fuel rods may mean that the plant's construction will never be restarted. Taipower stated it would take at least six years to start commercial operations at Unit 1 due to fuel removal, obsolescence of components in the ABWR NSSS, and startup testing.
In December 2021, the proposal of the re-construction of the plant was rejected, further ensuring that the construction would not be restarted in near future.
Design
Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant consists of two identical ABWR units, each with a rated thermal power of ; the core is composed of 872 GE14 fuel assemblies, and water is circulated using ten reactor internal pumps at a rate of , generating of steam at full power.
Safety
A Generation III nuclear reactor has a 72-hour capability of passive cooling to prevent damage to its core should the plant face a total blackout after an emergency shut down. If core overheating and meltdown became unavoidable, these reactors have core catchers that will trap the molten fuel and stop the nuclear reaction (although Lungmen, as other ABWR does not have a core catcher but rely on passive cooling of the corium). Finally, a tight containment ensures that no evacuation zone is required around a Generation III nuclear power plant.
The ABWR was designed to a 0.3G earthquake acceleration standard with the Lungmen units seismic hardening increased to 0.4G.
Reliability
Some custom made power plants have lower reliability in the first few years of operation. Some parts may prove unsuitable and need replacement or modifications may be necessary. ABWR uses standardized parts to avoid this, but the 3rd and 4th units displayed low reliability (45% - 70%). It is believed this experience provided knowledge that will give better results in future units. The first two units built, Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6 & 7 fared much better than the following two, Hamaoka 5 and Shika 2.
See also
Nuclear power in Taiwan
List of power stations in Taiwan
Electricity sector in Taiwan
References
External links
Taiwan AEC website
Power Technology - Lungmen (Dragon Gate) Nuclear Project, Taiwan
Nuclear power stations in Taiwan
Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction
Nuclear power stations using advanced boiling water reactors
Buildings and structures in New Taipei |
4031919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua%20Line | Aqua Line | The Aqua Line is a name common to a number of rail systems around the world. It can refer to:
Aqua Line (Noida Metro) Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro) Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Aqua Line (Pune Metro) Pune, Maharashtra, India
Canada Line, Vancouver SkyTrain
Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, Japan
A proposed color and name for the Metro Expo Line, Los Angeles, California, USA
See also
Aqua (color) |
4031925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20note | Circular note | In banking, a circular note is a document request by a bank to its foreign correspondents to pay a specified sum of money to a named person. The person in whose favour a circular note is issued is furnished with a letter (containing the signature of an official of the bank and the person named) called a letter of indication, which is usually referred to in the circular note, and must be produced on presentation of the note. Circular notes are generally issued against a payment of cash to the amount of the notes, but the notes need not necessarily be cashed, but may be returned to the banker in exchange for the amount for which they were originally issued.
It is the duty of the payer to see that payment is made to the proper person and that the signature is valid; he cannot recover the amount of a forged note from the banker who issued the note.
See also
Cheque
Circular letter of credit
Letter of credit
Traveler's cheque
References
Payment systems
Interest-bearing instruments |
4031944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope-ratio%20mass%20spectrometry | Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry | Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample.
This technique has two different applications in the earth and environmental sciences. The analysis of 'stable isotopes' is normally concerned with measuring isotopic variations arising from mass-dependent isotopic fractionation in natural systems. On the other hand, radiogenic isotope analysis involves measuring the abundances of decay-products of natural radioactivity, and is used in most long-lived radiometric dating methods.
Introduction
The isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) allows the precise measurement of mixtures of naturally occurring isotopes. Most instruments used for precise determination of isotope ratios are of the magnetic sector type. This type of analyzer is superior to the quadrupole type in this field of research for two reasons. First, it can be set up for multiple-collector analysis, and second, it gives high-quality 'peak shapes'. Both of these considerations are important for isotope-ratio analysis at very high precision and accuracy.
The sector-type instrument designed by Alfred Nier was such an advance in mass spectrometer design that this type of instrument is often called the 'Nier type'. In the most general terms the instrument operates by ionizing the sample of interest, accelerating it over a potential in the kilo-volt range, and separating the resulting stream of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Beams with lighter ions bend at a smaller radius than beams with heavier ions. The current of each ion beam is then measured using a 'Faraday cup' or multiplier detector.
Many radiogenic isotope measurements are made by ionization of a solid source, whereas stable isotope measurements of light elements (e.g. H, C, O) are usually made in an instrument with a gas source. In a "multicollector" instrument, the ion collector typically has an array of Faraday cups, which allows the simultaneous detection of multiple isotopes.
Gas source mass spectrometry
Measurement of natural variations in the abundances of stable isotopes of the same element is normally referred to as stable isotope analysis. This field is of interest because the differences in mass between different isotopes leads to isotope fractionation, causing measurable effects on the isotopic composition of samples, characteristic of their biological or physical history.
As a specific example, the hydrogen isotope deuterium (heavy hydrogen) is almost double the mass of the common hydrogen isotope. Water molecules containing the common hydrogen isotope (and the common oxygen isotope, mass 16) have a mass of 18. Water incorporating a deuterium atom has a mass of 19, over 5% heavier. The energy to vaporise the heavy water molecule is higher than that to vaporize the normal water so isotope fractionation occurs during the process of evaporation. Thus a sample of sea water will exhibit a quite detectable isotopic-ratio difference when compared to Antarctic snowfall.
Samples must be introduced to the mass spectrometer as pure gases, achieved through combustion, gas chromatographic feeds, or chemical trapping. By comparing the detected isotopic ratios to a measured standard, an accurate determination of the isotopic make up of the sample is obtained. For example, carbon isotope ratios are measured relative to the international standard for C. The C standard is produced from a fossil belemnite found in the Peedee Formation, which is a limestone formed in the Cretaceous period in South Carolina, U.S.A. The fossil is referred to as VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) and has 13C:12C ratio of 0.0112372. Oxygen isotope ratios are measured relative the standard, V-SMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water).
It is critical that the sample be processed before entering the mass spectrometer so that only a single chemical species enters at a given time. Generally, samples are combusted or pyrolyzed and the desired gas species (usually hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), or sulfur dioxide (SO2)) is purified by means of traps, filters, catalysts and/or chromatography.
The two most common types of IRMS instruments are continuous flow and dual inlet. In dual inlet IRMS, purified gas obtained from a sample is alternated rapidly with a standard gas (of known isotopic composition) by means of a system of valves, so that a number of comparison measurements are made of both gases. In continuous flow IRMS, sample preparation occurs immediately before introduction to the IRMS, and the purified gas produced from the sample is measured just once. The standard gas may be measured before and after the sample or after a series of sample measurements. While continuous-flow IRMS instruments can achieve higher sample throughput and are more convenient to use than dual inlet instruments, the yielded data is of approximately 10-fold lower precision.
Static gas mass spectrometry
A static gas mass spectrometer is one in which a gaseous sample for analysis is fed into the source of the instrument and then left in the source without further supply or pumping throughout the analysis. This method can be used for 'stable isotope' analysis of light gases (as above), but it is particularly used in the isotopic analysis of noble gases (rare or inert gases) for radiometric dating or isotope geochemistry. Important examples are argon–argon dating and helium isotope analysis.
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry
Several of the isotope systems involved in radiometric dating depend on IRMS using thermal ionization of a solid sample loaded into the source of the mass spectrometer (hence thermal ionization mass spectrometry, TIMS). These methods include rubidium–strontium dating, uranium–lead dating, lead–lead dating and samarium–neodymium dating.
When these isotope ratios are measured by TIMS, mass-dependent fractionation occurs as species are emitted by the hot filament. Fractionation occurs due to the excitation of the sample and therefore must be corrected for accurate measurement of the isotope ratio.
There are several advantages of the TIMS method. It has a simple design, is less expensive than other mass spectrometers, and produces stable ion emissions. It requires a stable power supply, and is suitable for species with a low ionization potential, such as Strontium (Sr), and Lead (Pb).
The disadvantages of this method stem from the maximum temperature achieved in thermal ionization. The hot filament reaches a temperature of less than 2500 degrees Celsius, leading to the inability to create atomic ions of species with a high ionization potential, such as Osmium (Os), and Tungsten (Hf-W). Although the TIMS method can create molecular ions instead in this case, species with high ionization potential can be analyzed more effectively with MC-ICP-MS.
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry
An alternative approach used to measure the relative abundance of radiogenic isotopes when working with a solid surface is secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). This type of ion-microprobe analysis normally works by focusing a primary (oxygen) ion beam on a sample in order to generate a series of secondary positive ions that can be focused and measured based on their mass/charge ratios.
SIMS is a common method used in U-Pb analysis, as the primary ion beam is used to bombard the surface of a single zircon grain in order to yield a secondary beam of Pb ions. The Pb ions are analyzed using a double focusing mass spectrometer that comprises both an electrostatic and magnetic analyzer. This assembly allows the secondary ions to be focused based on their kinetic energy and mass-charge ratio in order to be accurately collected using a series of Faraday cups.
A major issue that arises in SIMS analysis is the generation of isobaric interference between sputtered molecular ions and the ions of interest. This issue occurs with U–Pb dating as Pb ions have essentially the same mass as HfO2+. In order to overcome this problem, a sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) can be used. A SHRIMP is a double-focusing mass spectrometer that allows for a large spatial separation between different ion masses based on its relatively large size. For U-Pb analysis, the SHRIMP allows for the separation of Pb from other interfering molecular ions, such as HfO2+.
Multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
An MC-ICP-MS instrument is a multiple collector mass spectrometer with a plasma source. MC-ICP-MS was developed to improve the precision achievable by ICP-MS during isotope-ratio measurements. Conventional ICP-MS analysis uses a quadrupole analyser, which only allows single-collector analysis. Due to the inherent instability of the plasma, this limits the precision of ICP-MS with a quadrupole analyzer to around 1%, which is insufficient for most radiogenic isotope systems.
Isotope-ratio analysis for radiometric dating has normally been determined by TIMS. However, some systems (e.g. Hf-W and Lu-Hf) are difficult or impossible to analyse by TIMS, due to the high ionization potential of the elements involved. Therefore, these methods can now be analysed using MC-ICP-MS.
The Ar-ICP produces an ion-beam with a large inherent kinetic energy distribution, which makes the design of the mass-spectrometer somewhat more complex than it is the case for conventional TIMS instruments. First, different from Quadrupole ICP-MS systems, magnetic sector instruments have to operate with a higher acceleration potential (several 1000 V) in order to minimize the energy distribution of the ion beam. Modern instruments operate at 6-10kV.
The radius of deflection of an ion within a magnetic field depends on the kinetic energy and the mass/charge ratio of the ion (strictly, the magnet is a momentum analyzer not just a mass analyzer). Because of the large energy distribution, ions with similar mass/charge ratio can have very different kinetic energies and will thus experience different deflection for the same magnetic field. In practical terms one would see that ions with the same mass/charge ratio focus at different points in space. However, in a mass-spectrometer one wants ions with the same mass/charge ratio to focus at the same point, e.g. where the detector is located. In order to overcome these limitations, commercial MC-ICP-MS are double-focusing instruments. In a double-focusing mass-spectrometer ions are focused due to kinetic energy by the ESA (electro-static-analyzer) and kinetic energy + mass/charge (momentum) in the magnetic field. Magnet and ESA are carefully chosen to match the energy focusing properties of one another and are arranged so that the direction of energy focusing is in opposite directions. To simplify, two components have an energy focus term, when arranged properly, the energy term cancels out and ions with the same mass/charge ratio focus at the same point in space. It is important to note, double-focusing does not reduce the kinetic energy distribution and different kinetic energies are not filtered or homogenized. Double-focusing works for single as well as multi-collector instruments. In single collector instruments ESA and magnet can be arranged in either forward geometry (first ESA then magnet) or reversed geometry (magnet first then ESA), as only point-to-point focusing is required. In multi-collector instruments, only forward geometry (ESA then magnet) is possible due to the array of detectors and the requirements of a focal plane rather than a focal point.
Accelerator mass spectrometry
For isotopes occurring at extremely low levels, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) can be used. For example, the decay rate of the radioisotope 14C is widely used to date organic materials, but this approach was once limited to relatively large samples no more than a few thousand years old. AMS extended the range of 14C dating to about 60,000 years BP, and is about 106 times more sensitive than conventional IRMS.
AMS works by accelerating negative ions through a large (mega-volt) potential, followed by charge exchange and acceleration back to ground. During charge exchange, interfering species can be effectively removed. In addition, the high energy of the beam allows the use of energy-loss detectors, that can distinguish between species with the same mass/charge ratio. Together, these processes allow the analysis of extreme isotope ratios above 1012.
Moving wire IRMS
Moving wire IRMS is useful for analyzing carbon-13 ratios of compounds in a solution, such as after purification by liquid chromatography. The solution (or outflow from the chromatography) is dried onto a nickel or stainless steel wire. After the residue is deposited on the wire, it enters a furnace where the sample is converted to CO2 and water by combustion. The gas stream finally enters a capillary, is dried, ionized, and analyzed. This process allows a mixture of compounds to be purified and analyzed continuously, which can decrease the analysis time by a factor of four. Moving wire IRMS is quite sensitive, and samples containing as little as 1 nanomole of carbon can yield precise (within 1‰) results.
See also
Bainbridge mass spectrometer
Isoscapes
Isotopomers
Table of nuclides
References
Bibliography
Geochemistry
Mass spectrometry |
4031948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAST%20Team | FAST Team | FAST Team may refer to:
Firefighter Assist and Search Team
Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team, an elite branch of the U.S. Marine Corps
Drug Enforcement Administration#Foreign-deployed Advisory and Support Teams |
4031972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter%27s%20salary | Screenwriter's salary | Minimum salaries for union screenwriters are set by the Writers Guild of America. Non-union screenwriters may write for free; an established screenwriter may write for millions of dollars.
Definitions
Against: A word used to describe a script's unproduced price relative to its value if approved for production—for example, if a script is sold for $300,000, but the writer gains an extra $200,000 if it leads to production, the screenwriter's salary is described as "$300,000 against $500,000".
Option: If a script is not purchased, it may be optioned. An option is money paid in exchange for the right (the "option") to produce—and therefore to purchase outright—a screenplay, treatment, or other work within a certain period.
Feature assignment: The writer writes the script on assignment under contract with a studio, production company, or individual.
Pitch: The writer holds a five- to twenty-minute presentation of the film to buyers in a short meeting.
Rewriting: The writer rewrites someone else's script for pay. The writer pitches their "take", much like they would an original pitch.
Spec script: Short for "speculative" or "on speculation" as in; "She wrote her script on spec". The writer writes the script (original or someone else's idea) without being paid, and, subsequently, tries to sell it.
History
1900: One of America's first screenwriters, New York journalist Roy McCardell, is hired to write ten scenarios (each about 90 seconds long) for $15 each ().
1949: Ben Hecht is paid $10,000 a week (about $ in ). Claims David O. Selznick paid him $3,500 a day (about $ in ).
1984: Shane Black sells the screenplay to Lethal Weapon for $250,000.
1990: Kathy McWorter, who was promoted by her agent as a 21-year-old wunderkind, though in fact she was 28 years old, sells her sex comedy The Cheese Stands Alone for $1 million. This was followed by nuclear-terrorist technothriller The Ultimatum by Laurence Dworet and Robert Roy Pool and WWII action comedy Hell Bent... and Back! by Doug Richardson and Rick Jaffa, both of which sold for a million dollars. None of these movies has been produced so far.
1992: Sherry Lansing is hired to run Paramount and spends $3.6 million in less than a week, $2.5 million for a two-page outline of Jade by Joe Eszterhas, and $1.1 million (about $ in 2018) for the script Milk Money by John Mattson. Both deals are records, respectively, for outlines and romantic comedy specs.
2005: Terry Rossio and Bill Marsilii are paid $3 million against $5 million for the script of Deja Vu.
Current records
Some of the highest amounts paid to writers for spec screenplays:
$5 million:
Deja Vu by Terry Rossio and Bill Marsilii
$2 million:
Arthur & Lancelot (unproduced) by David Dobkin
$1 million:
Milk Money by John Mattson ($1.1 million, outright purchase)
Epsilon (unproduced) by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick ("Sources say the Sony deal closed in the $1 million range.")
The Imitation Game by Graham Moore, at "seven figures" to Warner Brothers
References
External links
Spec Script Sales Analysis 2008: Top Sales
Screenwriting
Wages and salaries
screenwriters |
4031981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Blockading%20Squadron | Atlantic Blockading Squadron | The Atlantic Blockading Squadron was a unit of the United States Navy created in the early days of the American Civil War to enforce the Union blockade of the ports of the Confederate States. It was formed in 1861 and split up the same year for the creation of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
History
American Civil War
Following President Abraham Lincoln’s proclamation of a blockade of Southern ports on April 19, 1861, the Navy Department found it necessary to subdivide the territory assigned to the Home Squadron. This resulted in the creation of the Coast Blockading Squadron and the Gulf Blockading Squadron in early May 1861.
In orders sent on May 1, 1861 Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles appointed Flag Officer Silas H. Stringham to command the Coast Blockading Squadron. Stringham received this order and took command on May 4, 1861. His new command was to be headquartered at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and was given responsibility for the blockading of the coast from the capes of the Chesapeake to the southern extremity of Florida and Key West. On May 17, 1861, the Coast Blockading Squadron was re-designated the Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
On September 16, 1861, Stringham tendered his resignation as commander of the squadron following his receipt of a letter from Acting Secretary of the Navy Gustavus V. Fox that he felt indicated disapproval of his measures to enforce the blockade. Stringham’s resignation was accepted on September 18, 1861, and the same day Flag Officer Louis M. Goldsborough was appointed as his replacement. The transfer of command took place on September 23, 1861, when Goldsborough arrived at Hampton Roads. In communicating to Goldsborough about his appointment Gideon Welles stated that “more vigorous and energetic action must be taken” to enforce the blockade.
During the summer of 1861 a four-person board, chaired by Captain Samuel F. Du Pont, was formed to study the implementation of the blockade and make recommendations to improve its efficiency. In the board’s report of July 16, 1861, it was recommended that the Atlantic region be divided into northern and southern sectors. On September 18, 1861, the Navy Department reached the decision to implement this division with the dividing line being the border between North Carolina and South Carolina. The implementation of this was delayed for a time and on October 12, 1861, the Navy Department informed Flag Officer Goldsborough that the division of his command would be effective as of the date Flag Officer Samuel F. Du Pont, who was appointed commander of the southern squadron, departed from Hampton Roads with the expedition to capture Port Royal, South Carolina. Du Pont departed on October 29, 1861, upon which date the squadron was divided to form the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
The only major operation conducted by the Atlantic Blockading Squadron was the expedition that led to the capture of Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina August 26–29, 1861. This goal of the operation was to deny use of the inlet to Confederate shipping and this was accomplished with few casualties. The operation was also significant for giving the Union a badly needed victory following the Battle of Bull Run, being the first amphibious landing and the first large scale combined Army-Navy operation of the war.
Ships of the Squadron
On May 17, 1861, there were only fourteen ships assigned to the squadron, along with the Flying Flotilla (later the Potomac Flotilla) which was being formed by Commander James H. Ward who had departed for the Chesapeake from the New York Navy Yard on May 16, 1861. In effect Ward's flotilla acted independently under the direct orders of the Navy Department, though there was some transfer of vessels between the commands. With the acquisition and arming of civilian vessels the Atlantic Blockading Squadron grew to about three times its original allocated strength.
Commanders
References
In these notes the abbreviation ORN is used for the work Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
Notes
Bibliography
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Volume 5. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1897).
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Volume 6. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1897).
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Volume 12. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1901).
Anderson, Bern. By Sea and by River: The Naval History of the Civil War. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1989).
Silverstone, Paul H. Warships of the Civil War Navies. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1989).
Union Navy
Ship squadrons of the United States Navy
1861 establishments in the United States |
4031983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%20Island%20Aquatic%20Reserve | Cook Island Aquatic Reserve |
Cook Island Aquatic Reserve is a marine protected area located in the South Pacific Ocean, located around Cook Island about from the Fingal Head mainland of New South Wales.
The aquatic reserve consists of the waters around the island within a radius of of a survey marker located on the island up to the Mean High Water Mark. It was declared on 23 October 1998 under the state's Fisheries Management Act 1994. As of 2016, its area was .
The aquatic reserve consists of two zones – one extending from Mean High Water Mark on the island to a "boundary defined by five marker buoys" where fishing is prohibited and another extending from the "marker bouys" to the outer boundary of the aquatic reserve where fishing is permitted.
The waters within the aquatic reserve are used for recreational activities including swimming, boating and diving. Thirteen moorings have been located within the aquatic reserve for use by boats to eliminate the need to anchor and therefore minimise damage to the seabed.
The aquatic reserve contains a wide variety of fish species, anemonefish, bullseyes, groupers, leatherjackers, parrotfish, pufferfish, surgeonfish, sweetlips and trevally. It also has a mass of additional species, including brittle stars, flatworms, shrimps, nudibranchs, and is frequented by migratory shark species, blind sharks (Brachaelurus waddi), leopard sharks (Stegostoma semifasciatum) and wobbegongs. Other native animals include crustaceans, green turtles, jellyfish, molluscs and stingrays. It hosts diverse fauna and has been noted in 2009 by Tweed Shire Council's Coast and Waterways Officer, Tom Alletson as an important habitat of sharks.
As of 2016, the aquatic reserve had been classified under International Union for Conservation of Nature system of protected area categories with the no-fishing zone is IUCN Category II and the line fishing only zone is IUCN Category IV.
See also
Cook Island Nature Reserve
Protected areas of New South Wales
References
External links
Official webpage
Webpage on the Protected Planet webpage
Tweed Heads, New South Wales
Tweed Shire
IUCN Category II
IUCN Category IV
Marine protected areas of New South Wales
Protected areas established in 1998
1998 establishments in Australia |
4031992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque%20languages | Mixe–Zoque languages | The Mixe–Zoque (also: Mixe–Zoquean, Mije–Soke, Mije–Sokean) languages are a language family whose living members are spoken in and around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. The Mexican government recognizes three distinct Mixe–Zoquean languages as official: Mixe or ayook with 188,000 speakers, Zoque or o'de püt with 88,000 speakers, and the Popoluca languages of which some are Mixean and some Zoquean with 69,000 speakers. However, the internal diversity in each of these groups is great. Ethnologue counts 17 different languages, and the current classification of Mixe–Zoquean languages by Wichmann (1995) counts 12 languages and 11 dialects. Extinct languages classified as Mixe–Zoquean include Tapachultec, formerly spoken in Tapachula, along the southeast coast of Chiapas.
History
Historically the Mixe–Zoquean family may have been much more widespread, reaching into the Guatemalan Pacific coast (i.e. the Soconusco region). Terrence Kaufman and Lyle Campbell have argued, based on a number of widespread loanwords in other Mesoamerican languages, that it is likely that the Olmec people, generally seen as the earliest dominating culture of Mesoamerica, spoke a Mixe–Zoquean language. Kaufman and John Justeson also claim to have deciphered a substantial part of the text written in Isthmian script (called also by them and some others 'Epi-Olmec') which appears on La Mojarra Stela 1, based upon their deciphering of the text as representing an archaic Mixe–Zoquean language.
Both of these claims have been criticized: Michael D. Coe and David Stuart argue that the surviving corpus of the few known examples of Isthmian inscriptions is insufficient to securely ground any proposed decipherment. Their attempt to apply Kaufman's and Justeson's decipherments to other extant Isthmian material failed to produce any meaningful results. Wichmann (1995) criticizes certain proposed Mixe–Zoquean loans into other Mesoamerican languages as being only Zoquean, not Mixean, which would put the period of borrowing much later than the Proto-Mixe Zoquean time-frame in which the Olmec culture was at its height. The date of the Mixe–Zoque split has however since been pushed back, and the argument is therefore much weaker than it once was thought to be.
Later, Kaufman (2001), again on the basis of loans from Mixe–Zoque into other Mesoamerican languages, argues a Mixe–Zoquean presence at Teotihuacan, and he ascribes to Mixe–Zoquean an important role in spreading a number of the linguistic features that later became some of the principal commonalities used in defining the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area.
Genetic relations with other families
The Mixe–Zoque languages have been included in several long-range classification proposals, e.g. in Edward Sapir's "Mexican Penutian" branch of his proposed Penutian linguistic superfamily, or as part of the Macro-Mayan proposal by Norman McQuown with puts together the Mixe–Zoque languages with the Mayan languages and the Totonacan languages. At the end of the last century, Lyle Campbell dismissed most earlier comparisons as methodologically flawed, but considered the Macro-Mayan proposal the most promising, but yet unproven hypothesis. In two more recently published articles, evidence is presented for linking the Mixe–Zoque languages either with the Totonacan languages ("Totozoquean"), or with the Mayan languages.
Classification
Wichmann (1995)
The following internal classification of the Mixe–Zoquean languages is by Søren Wichmann (1995).
Proto-Mixe-Zoquean
Proto-Mixean
Tapachultec
Sayula Popoluca (Sayultec)
Oluta Popoluca (Olutec)
Proto-Oaxaca Mixean
North Highland Mixe
South Highland Mixe
Midland Mixe, Lowland Mixe
Proto-Zoquean
Proto-Gulf Zoquean
Chimalapa Zoque
Chiapas Zoque
Kaufman & Justeson (2000)
The following internal classification of the Mixe–Zoquean languages is by Kaufman & Justeson (2000), cited in Zavala (2000). Individual languages are marked by italics.
Mixe-Zoque
Mixe
Tapachultec
Olutec
Mixe Proper
Sayultec
(branch)
Lowland Mixe
Highland Mixe
Zoque
Gulf Zoquean
Soteapan Zoque (Sierra Popoluca)
(branch)
Texistepec Zoque
Ayapanec Zoque
Zoque
Chiapas Zoque
Oaxaca Zoque
Justeson and Kaufman also classify Epi-Olmec as a Zoquean language, although this claim is disputed by Andrew Robinson.
Phonology
The phoneme inventory of Proto-Mixe–Zoquean as reconstructed by Wichmann (1995) can be seen to be relatively simple, but many of the modern languages have been innovative; some have become quite vowel rich, and some also have introduced a fortis–lenis contrast in the stop series. Although the lateral phoneme is found in a few words in some of the languages, these are probably of onomatopoeic origin.
has also been reconstructed .
Syllables
Mixe–Zoquean languages are characterized by complex syllabic nuclei made up of combinations of vowels together with the glottal stop and in the proto-language. Complex syllable-final consonant clusters are also typical in the daughter languages and can be reconstructed for the proto-language.
Proto-Mixe–Zoquean syllable nuclei could be either:
V – short vowel
V' – short vowel with glottal stop
VV – long vowel
V'V – long vowel with medial glottal stop
VV' – long vowel with final glottal stop
Vh – short vowel with h
Grammatical features
The Mixe–Zoquean languages are head-marking and polysynthetic, with morphologically complex verbs and simple nouns. Grammatical subjects as well as objects are marked in the verb. Ergative alignment is used, as well as direct–inverse systems triggered by animacy and topicality. In Mixe–Zoquean verbs, a morphological distinction is made between two basic clause-types, independent and dependent; verbs take different aspectual and personal affixes, depending on the type of clause in which they appear. There are two different sets of aspect-markers, one used in dependent clauses and another used in independent clauses. Three aspects are distinguished within each clause-type: incompletive, completive, and irrealis.
Ethnologue classification and SIL ISO-codes
Ethnologue still uses the earlier pre-Wichmann classification, based on surveys of mutual intelligibility and comparative work by William Wonderly, as a basis for their work. This classification is not used by historical linguists, and Lyle Campbell's authoritative 1997 presentation uses Wichmann's classification.
Mixe languages — an estimated 90,000 native speakers
Eastern Mixe — An estimated 72,000 native speakers
Dialects: Coatlán (mco), Istmo (mir), Quetzaltepec (pxm), Juquila (mxq), Mazatlán (mzl)
Veracruz Mixe — An estimated 4,000 native speakers
Dialects: Oluta (plo) nearly extinct – only 100 speakers, Sayula (pos)
Western Mixe
An estimated 10,000 native speakers
Dialects: Totontepec (mto), Tlahuitoltepec (mxp)
Zoque languages — an estimated 60,000 native speakers
Chiapas Zoque — An estimated 22,000 native speakers
Dialects: Copainalá (zoc), Rayón (zor), Francisco León (zos)
Oaxaca Zoque – An estimated 4,500 native speakers
Dialect: Chimalapa (zoh)
Veracruz Zoque — An estimated 30,000 native speakers
Dialects: Highland (poi), Texistepec (poq) nearly extinct – only 450 speakers, Tabasco (zoq) nearly extinct – only 40 speakers
Notes
References
Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman (1976), "A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs", American Antiquity, 41 pp. 80–89.
Justeson, John S., and Kaufman, Terrence, (1997),"A Newly Discovered Column in the Hieroglyphic Text on La Mojarra Stela 1: a Test of the Epi-Olmec Decipherment", Science, 07/11/97, Vol. 277 Issue 5323, p. 207.
Justeson, John S., and Kaufman, Terrence (2001) Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts.
Kaufman, Terrence, (2001) Nawa linguistic prehistory, published at website of the Mesoamerican Language Documentation Project
Brigham Young University press release on behalf of Brigham Young University archaeologist Stephen Houston and Yale University professor emeritus Michael Coe disputing Justeson/Kaufman findings.
External links
Mixe–Zoque language family
Language families
Mesoamerican languages
Indigenous languages of Mexico |
4031996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Ontario%20Junior%20Hockey%20League | Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League | The Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL) is a Canadian Junior ice hockey league and member of the Canadian Junior Hockey League and Northern Ontario Hockey Association. The winner of the NOJHL playoffs competes for the Dudley Hewitt Cup with the winners of the Ontario Junior Hockey League and the Superior International Junior Hockey League. The winner of the Dudley Hewitt Cup then moves on to compete for the Royal Bank Cup.
The modern NOJHL
The current incarnation of the NOJHL comprises twelve teams located in Ontario and Michigan. The teams are currently located in: Blind River, Cochrane, Elliot Lake, Espanola, Hearst, Kirkland Lake, Noelville, Powassan, Rayside-Balfour, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Timmins the league is spread across the southern region of Northeastern Ontario.
The current NOJHL origins were in 1970 when the previous NOJHL was unstable footing while competing as a Junior "A" league. In Southern Ontario, the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League was looking to expand north and the league's two top teams, the Sudbury Wolves and Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds, accepted an invitation from the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League to compete in the higher league. The next best team, the North Bay Trappers, then chose to leave and joined the Ontario Hockey Association's new Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. With the top tier of talent gone, the only remaining team in the league was the Chelmsford Canadiens. A season before, the Espanola Screaming Eagles had been a member of the league, but opted to drop to the NOHA Jr. B Hockey League in 1971; the Canadiens joined them in 1972.
The NOHA Jr. B Hockey League was formed in 1970 with a North and South division and teams in Capreol, Levak, Kapuskasing, amongst others. In their first season, the Capreol Hawks won the league championship. In 1971, Espanola jumped on board, followed by Chelmsford in 1972. In 1973, the Canadians moved to Rayside-Balfour and became the Canadians. The Onaping Falls Huskies moved from Levack in 1974, and the Nickel Centre Native Sons, Coniston Flyers, and Sudbury North Stars joined in 1976 when the NOHA merged their small Juvenile league into Jr. B.
In 1978, the top teams of the NOHA Jr. B Hockey League created the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League and were promoted to Tier II Junior "A". With the five former Jr. "B" clubs and the Sudbury Cubs, the league was back in action. In 1981, the Elliot Lake Vikings jumped into the fold. In 1983, the Onaping Falls Huskies dropped out despite winning three league titles in the past four seasons. After a one-season hiatus, they came back for two more years and then folded for good. In 1986, Rayside-Balfour went on hiatus and Capreol folded, dropping the league down to four teams. The Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League, also down to four teams, operated with the NOJHL as essentially two divisions of the same league. With an interlocking schedule, the NOJHL survived the 1986–87 season, the OPJHL did not and folded after the season concluded. Also, after 8 years of trying and failing, an NOJHL champion defeated an OPJHL champion for the Ontario Hockey Association championship. The Nickel Centre Power Trains defeated the Owen Sound Greys 4-games-to-2 for the right to compete for the Dudley Hewitt Cup—the Central Canadian Junior "A" Championship. The next year, the Canadians were back and a new team known as the Thessalon Flyers entered the league. In 1988, the Haileybury 54's joined the league and in 1989 so did the Rouyn-Noranda Capitales. Thessalon folded in 1990, Haileybury moved to Powassan in 1991 and the Timmins Golden Bears joined as well. A season later, Sudbury became Nickel Centre and then later folded. In 1994, Powassan moved to Sturgeon Falls and the Parry Sound Shamrocks joined the league. In 1996, Rouyn-Noranda folded to make way for a new Quebec Major Junior Hockey League team that was moving to their town. In 1999, Timmins moved to Iroquois Falls, Elliot Lake moved to Nickel Centre, and the Soo Thunderbirds were founded. Also in 1999, Parry Sound moved to a new OPJHL (founded in 1993). A year later, Nickel Centre moved to Blind River and the Sudbury Northern Wolves were founded. In 2002, Sturgeon Falls moved to North Bay. A season after that, a team from Manitoulin joined and Espanola jumped over to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. Finally, in 2005, the league's most dominant team in history and the last remaining shred of the original NOJHL, Rayside-Balfour, folded. They did not go without leaving their mark. Early in the 2005–06 season, the Sudbury Northern Wolves became heavily involved with the OHL's Sudbury Wolves and the Northern Wolves became the Sudbury Jr. Wolves. The remaining players from the Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats joined the Jr. Wolves. From 1996 until 2002, the Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats won 7 straight NOJHL Championships, three Dudley Hewitt Cups, and once came within one win of winning the Royal Bank Cup as national champions.
There were six teams in the NOJHL as of 2007. The 2006–07 league champions, the Soo Indians, took a year off in an attempt to sell the franchise. A year later, in 2008, they came back as the Soo Eagles. Also, in the summer of 2008, the Temiscaming Royals jumped from the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League to the NOJHL to expand the league to eight teams. Temiscaming was the second Québécois team in NOJHL history, after the Rouyn-Noranda Capitales who were in the league from 1989 to 1996. In the spring of 2011, the Royals failed to find new ownership and folded. The Manitoulin Islanders left Little Current, Ontario at the end of the 2010–11 season and relocated to Kirkland Lake, Ontario. At the same time, Temiscaming Royals owner Steve McCharles was attempting to sell his team, but folded after a deal fell through with a group from Kirkland Lake.
With the Manitoulin Islanders relocated to Kirkland Lake, the team became the Kirkland Lake Blue Devils to commemorate the 1940 Allan Cup champions by the same team name. However, in December 2011, the Blue Devils were folding mid-season as a result of owner Bob Kasner being suspended for 6 months for roster violations. Days later, a new group came and created the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners to keep the team in the league.
During the 2011–12 season, the NOJHL implemented concussion safety policy and drug testing programs. The NOJHL is the first league in Canadian Junior A hockey to target either of these hot button issues.
In 2012, the Soo Thunderbirds became only the second NOJHL franchise to qualify for the Royal Bank Cup, ending a 10-year drought that saw no NOJHL franchise at the Royal Bank Cup, despite making the Dudley-Hewitt Cup finals three times since the round-robin format in 2002. Over the summer of 2012, the Sudbury Jr. Wolves severed ties with the OHL's Wolves and became the Sudbury Cubs, and that moniker only lasted one season and became the Sudbury Nickel Barons. The Michigan-based Soo Eagles would also leave to join the USA Hockey Tier II North American Hockey League.
In 2013, the NOJHL granted expansion to Espanola. A community that have been without an NOJHL team since 2003 when the Screaming Eagles relocated to Northern Michigan. The re-addition brought the league up to 8 teams - the most since the 2004–05 season. The North Bay Trappers relocated out of North Bay to Mattawa at the end of the 2013–14 season and became the Mattawa Blackhawks because the Trappers were denied a lease renewal with West Ferris Arena and also because of the thriving OHL market with the North Bay Battalion. The Espanola Rivermen were added to the NOJHL for 2013–14, but left after one season to join the non-Hockey Canada sanctioned Canadian International Hockey League. The Elliot Lake Bobcats relocated to Cochrane, Ontario and became the Cochrane Crunch, who became the league's most-northern team. Weeks later, the Elliot Lake market was replaced with the Elliot Lake Wildcats.
Over the summer of 2015, the league saw the resurrection of the Rayside-Balfour Canadians, who were the Sudbury Nickel Barons from 2012 to 2015. The Sudbury Nickel Barons, for the second time pulled out of hosting the Dudley-Hewitt Cup due to the relocation and the lack of support in the community. The 2016 tournament was allocated to Kirkland Lake, Ontario and hosted by the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners. The Abitibi Eskimos left Iroquois Falls after 13 years to move to Timmins and become the Timmins Rock. Mattawa, the smallest market in the NOJHL lost the Mattawa Blackhawks to Iroquois Falls to replace the departed Abitibi Eskimos and became known as the Iroquois Falls Eskimos. The league grew to 10 teams with the addition of the French River Rapids of Noelville, Ontario. Weeks after the French River Rapids joined the league, the Espanola Express joined the league putting membership to a record 11 teams - the most the league has carried. In May 2015, the Soo Eagles of the North American Hockey League applied and were approved to return to the NOJHL after leaving in 2012 due to the Michigan-based NAHL teams either folding or relocating.
In April 2017, the Iroquois Falls Eskis announced they were moving to Hearst, Ontario, and became the Hearst Lumberjacks.
Teams
{| cellpadding="0"
|- style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"
|
|
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-84.35275266878308,
46.490939326528014
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-84.31430052034558,
46.51740600672288
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-82.97396848909558,
46.18849842597743
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-82.64575193636121,
46.3811543749733
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-81.76684568636121,
46.26260401658976
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-81.19143675081433,
46.57124479319768
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-81.3284911774099,
48.47859613551645
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-83.66033932194115,
49.694492462831455
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-81.0483398102224,
49.065078809510155
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-80.05133053287865,
48.146144393819895
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-79.35369869694115,
46.08107400736398
]
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
-80.42912292061375,
46.13324614330179
]
}
}
]
}
Copeland-McNamara Trophy and Division Champions
In 2008–09, the NOJHL instituted divisions. Overall champions are bolded.
Dudley Hewitt Cup Central Canadian Champions
Trophy gallery
Former teams
Notable alumni
Todd Bertuzzi - Sudbury Cubs
Brian Savage - Sudbury Cubs
Steve Sullivan - Timmins Golden Bears
Alex Auld - Sturgeon Falls Lynx
Chris Thorburn - Elliot Lake Ice
Jeremy Stevenson - Elliot Lake Vikings
Jake Muzzin - Soo Thunderbirds
Alex Henry - Timmins Golden Bears
Dan Cloutier - Timmins Golden Bears
Trevor Halverson - Thessalon Flyers
Shannon Hope - Elliot Lake Vikings
Lonnie Loach - Haileybury 54's
Tyler Kennedy - Soo Thunderbirds
Derek MacKenzie - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats
Colin Miller - Soo Thunderbirds
Andrew Desjardins - Espanola Screaming Eagles
League records
Team season
Best Record, One Season:
40-0-0 - Sudbury Cubs, 1989-90
40-0-0 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats, 1999-00
Worst Record, One Season:
0-51-0-1 Blind River Beavers 2014-15
Most Goals Scored, One Season:
482 - Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 1991-92
Fewest Goals Scored, One Season:
97 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats, 2003-04
Fewest Goals Against, One Season:
80 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats, 1999-00
Most Goals Against, One Season:
708 - Elliot Lake Vikings, 1991-92
Team game
Largest margin of victory:
Rayside-Balfour Canadiens 30 - Elliot Lake Vikings 3 on January 28, 1992
Individual season
Most Goals, One Season:
97 - Denis Castonguay, Rayside Balfour Canadians, 1983-84
Most Assists, One Season:
106 - John Stos, Rayside Balfour Canadians, 1991-92
Most Points, One Season:
196 - Denis Castonguay, Rayside Balfour Canadians, 1983-84
Most Penalty Minutes, One Season:
384 - Andy Hodgins, Espanola Eagles, 1991-92
Lowest Goals Against Average, One Season:
1.99 - Justin Dumont, Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats, 1999-00
Most Shutouts, One Season:
9 - Connor Rykman, Soo Thunderbirds, 2015–16
Individual career
Most Games Played, Career:
244 - Matthew Neault, Blind River Beavers/Sudbury Nickel Barons/Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 2013-2018
Most Goals, Career:
197 - Denis Castonguay, Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 1979-84
Most Assists, Career:
237 - Brian Verreault, Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 1979-84
Most Points, Career:
409 - Brian Verreault, Rayside-Balfour Canadians, 1979-84
Most Penalty Minutes, Career:
919 - Dean Bowles, Elliot Lake Vikings, 1986-91
Timeline of teams in the NOJHL
1978 - NOHA Jr. B Hockey League is promoted to Junior A and renamed Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League - League includes: Sudbury Cubs, Nickel Centre Native Sons, Onaping Falls Huskies, Capreol Hawks, Rayside-Balfour Canadians, and Espanola Eagles
1981 - Elliot Lake Vikings join from International Junior B Hockey League
1982 - Sudbury Cubs become Sudbury North Stars
1983 - Onaping Falls Huskies leave league
1983 - Sudbury North Stars return to Sudbury Cubs
1984 - Onaping Falls Huskies rejoin league
1984 - Nickel Centre Native Sons leave league
1985 - Nickel Centre Native Sons rejoin league
1986 - Nickel Centre Native Sons renamed Nickel Centre Power Trains
1986 - Rayside-Balfour Canadians, Capreol Hawks, and Onaping Falls Huskies leave league
1987 - Rayside-Balfour Canadians rejoin league
1987 - Thessalon Flyers join league
1987 - Nickel Centre Power Trains leave league
1988 - Espanola Eagles leave league, franchise sold to Haileybury 54's
1989 - Rouyn-Noranda Capitales join league
1990 - Thessalon Flyers leave league
1990 - Haileybury 54's move and become Powassan Passport
1991 - Timmins Golden Bears and Espanola Eagles join league
1992 - Sudbury Cubs become Nickel Centre Cubs
1992 - Powassan Passport become Powassan Hawks
1993 - Nickel Centre Cubs leave league
1994 - Parry Sound Shamrocks join league
1994 - Powassan Hawks move and are renamed Sturgeon Falls Lynx
1995 - Espanola Eagles leave league
1995 - Rayside-Balfour Canadians renamed Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats
1996 - Rouyn-Noranda Capitales disband to make way for Rouyn-Noranda Huskies of Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
1997 - Elliot Lake Vikings become Elliot Lake Ice
1998 - Espanola Eagles rejoin league
1999 - Timmins Golden Bears relocate and become Iroquois Falls Jr. Eskis
1999 - Soo Thunderbirds join league
1999 - Elliot Lake Ice leave league, franchise sold to Nickel Centre Barons
1999 - Parry Sound Shamrocks move to the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League
2000 - Sudbury Northern Wolves join league
2000 - Nickel Centre Barons move and are renamed Blind River Barons
2001 - Blind River Barons renamed Blind River Beavers
2002 - Iroquois Fals Jr. Eskis are renamed Abitibi Eskimos
2002 - Sturgeon Falls Lynx move to North Bay and become the North Bay Skyhawks
2002 - Soo Thunderbirds are renamed Sault Ste. Marie Jr. Greyhounds
2003 - Espanola Eagles move to St. Ignace, Michigan and become the Northern Michigan Black Bears
2003 - Little Current awarded expansion franchise Manitoulin Wild
2003 - Sault Ste. Marie Jr. Greyhounds return to Soo Thunderbirds
2005 - Manitoulin Wild become Manitoulin Islanders
2005 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats are granted a one-year leave of absence
2005 - Sudbury Northern Wolves become Sudbury Jr. Wolves
2006 - Northern Michigan Black Bears are relocated and renamed Soo Indians
2006 - Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats officially fold
2007 - Soo Indians take one-year leave in search of new ownership
2008 - Temiscaming Royals join from Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League
2008 - Soo Indians return, renamed Soo Eagles
2009 - North Bay Skyhawks are renamed North Bay Trappers
2011 - Temiscaming Royals leave league
2011 - Manitoulin Islanders move and become Kirkland Lake Blue Devils
2011 - Sudbury Jr. Wolves are renamed Sudbury Cubs
2012 - Kirkland Lake Blue Devils fold/return as Kirkland Lake Gold Miners
2012 - Soo Eagles leave and join North American Hockey League
2012 - Elliot Lake Bobcats join from Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League
2012 - Sudbury Cubs are renamed Sudbury Nickel Barons
2013 - Espanola Rivermen join league as expansion
2014 - Espanola Rivermen leave league and join CIHL
2014 - Elliot Lake Bobcats move to Cochrane Ontario and become Cochrane Crunch
2014 - North Bay Trappers move to Mattawa Ontario and become Mattawa Blackhawks
2014 - Elliot Lake Wildcats join league as expansion
2014- Powassan Voodoos join league as expansion
2015- Abitibi Eskimos relocate to Timmins and become Timmins Rock
2015- Mattawa Blackhawks relocate to Iroquois Falls and become Iroquois Falls Eskis
2015- Sudbury Nickel Barons relocate to Chelmsford and become Rayside-Balfour Canadians
2015- French River Rapids join league as expansion
2015- Espanola Express join league as expansion
2015- Soo Eagles rejoin league
2017- Iroquois Falls Eskis relocate to Hearst and become Hearst Lumberjacks
See also
Northern Ontario Hockey Association
Ontario Hockey Federation
Canadian Junior A Hockey League
Hockey Canada
References
External links
NOJHL's Official Website
A
Sport in Northern Ontario
Sports leagues established in 1970
A
Canadian Junior Hockey League members
1970 establishments in Ontario |
4032000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20de%20Solf%C3%A9rino | Rue de Solférino | Rue de Solférino is a street in the Left Bank area of Paris. It was most commonly heard as a reference to the headquarters of the French Socialist Party, which were located there until 2018. The street is named after the Battle of Solferino, fought by Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel II against Francis Joseph of Austria in 1859.
Access
Socialist Party (France) |
4032009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxford | Tuxford | Tuxford is a historic market town and a civil parish in the Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 2,516, increasing to 2,649 at the 2011 census.
Geography
Nearby towns are Ollerton, Retford, Worksop, Mansfield and Newark-on-Trent. The nearest cities are Lincoln and Nottingham. The town is located near the border with Lincolnshire in The Dukeries.
The Great North Road runs through the town (now B1164), though the majority of traffic now uses the modern A1 trunk road, which splits the town in two. The town was bypassed in July 1967, opened by Stephen Swingler. The section of road, known as Carlton to Markham Moor, or the Sutton-on-Trent, Weston and Tuxford Bypass, was built by Robert McGregor & Sons, with concreting aggregates supplied by Hoveringham Gravels (later bought by Tarmac). The eight-mile section was authorised by Tom Fraser with a contract for £2.7 million, but ended up costing £3.4 million. The section is notable for the first use in British construction of the slip form paver using pervious concrete. The bridge sections came from Boulton & Paul Ltd in Norwich.
The A6075 passes through east–west and connects the A57 to Ollerton and Mansfield. The East Coast Main Line passes close to the east. The A611 previously went east–west through the town; this is now the A6075; the A611 now goes from Mansfield to Hucknall.
History
Tuxford is listed in the Domesday Book as Tuxfarne, and was also historically known as 'Tuckers Ford'. In Daniel Defoe's eighteenth century work, A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, Tuxford is referred to as 'Tuxford in the Clays'; Defoe writes: 'Passing Newark Bridge, we went through the lower side of Nottinghamshire, keeping within the River Idle. Here we saw Tuxford in the Clays, that is to say, Tuxford in the Dirt, and a little dirty market town it is, suitable to its name.'
The Church of England parish church of St Nicholas dates from the 12th century. From 1824 to 1849 the incumbency at St Nicholas was held by Rev. Edward Bishop Elliott, a distinguished theologian who, while in residence at Tuxford, authored an authoritative and widely read commentary on the biblical Book of Revelation, titled Horae Apocalypticae. Tuxford also has a Methodist church, whose current building was erected for another Free church in 1841.
Tuxford's local library is housed in a 17th-century building that was originally the Read Grammar School. The school was founded in 1669 by the bequest of Charles Read (1604–1669), who was born at Darlton about from Tuxford, and became a wealthy shipper in Hull. Students at the Free Grammar School were drawn from the local parish, and their education was free. Read also founded grammar schools at Corby Glen in Lincolnshire and Drax in Yorkshire. Read Grammar School in Tuxford closed in either 1912 or 1915. The building served for a time as a child welfare centre before becoming the local library.
Tuxford has a town lock-up: one of only three in Nottinghamshire. Built in 1823 it stands in Newcastle Street. It has two separate cells, one each for men and women, each with its own earth closet. Ventilation to each cell is via two circular holes, with iron bars on the front and back walls. In 1884 an extension was added to the back of the lock-up to house Tuxford's fire engine. Early maps show that also behind the lock-up was the town pinfold, which remained in use until the 1920s.
Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation (Dosco) make mining equipment in the town.
Tuxford Windmill is a tower windmill, built in 1820 and restored to working order between 1982 and 1993. It is open to visitors daily except Tuesdays throughout the year. The mill with its large white sails dominates Tuxford's skyline. The mill produces flour which is sold from the mill shop. The mill bakery produces cakes, soups & rolls. A wooden post mill once stood close by. It was moved from Grassthorpe in 1874, continued working until about 1926 and was demolished in 1950.
Stone Road End Mill was a brick-built four-storey tower windmill, built before 1840. The mill was out of use by 1906 and now only the 38-foot high tower remains.
In January 1454, Tuxford was the site of a meeting between the Duke of Exeter and Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont, in order to make a sworn confederation in furtherance of their common aims against the Neville family and Lord Cromwell. This was a critical alliance and event in ramping up the violence and tension of the period, which would help lead to the outbreak of the Cousins War (Wars of the Roses) in 1455.
Railway stations
Despite its size, Tuxford had three railway stations but all are now closed. The Great Northern Railway opened the East Coast Main Line through Tuxford in 1852. The GNR's station at Tuxford was served by local trains between Newark-on-Trent and Retford. In 1897 The Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway opened its line through Tuxford, linking Sheffield and Chesterfield with Lincoln. The LDECR called its station Tuxford Town, and the GNR renamed its station Tuxford North. In 1907 the Great Central Railway took over the LDECR and renamed Tuxford Town Tuxford Central. Dukeries Junction station was built where the two railways cross, and was a split-level affair with platforms on both lines, existing solely as an interchange point surrounded by open fields with no proper road access. Its name was taken from The Dukeries district of Nottinghamshire.
In March 1950 British Railways closed Dukeries Junction station. It had had minimal use throughout its life. In July 1955 BR closed Tuxford North and withdrew passenger services from the former LDECR line in September of the same year, resulting in the closure of Tuxford Central. The former LD&ECR railway line has since been reopened by Network Rail in 2009 as the High Marnham Test Track for testing trains between Thoresby Jn and High Marnham at speeds of up to 75 mph, with extensive sidings and mock OHL electrification being built at Tuxford approximately 5 miles away from the former Tuxford Central Station.
Amenities
The town contains small shops and three pubs as well as the local church.
Education
Tuxford Academy opened as a County Secondary School (secondary modern school) in 1958 and became a comprehensive in 1976. It performs very well compared with most of Nottinghamshire, and especially with most of Bassetlaw. Tuxford School recently underwent a full re-build, completed in March 2007. A company called Transform Schools (mainly represented by building company Balfour Beatty) spent millions of pounds re-building six secondary schools within the Bassetlaw area as part of a PFI funded project. The new Tuxford School is located on what used to be the old school field along with a field next to it which has been bought over. The site where the old school stood has now been converted into the new school playing field and nature areas.
Tuxford Academy has, surprisingly, only had four head teachers during its lifetime to date: Bernard Woodward, Keith Atkinson, Geoff Lloyd, and Chris Pickering and current principal, David Cotton. The school has steadily increased in size (now 1450 students) and reputation, and is one of the highest performing state secondary schools in Nottinghamshire, having gained an OfSTED grade of 'outstanding' in May 2009 and in May 2012. It has been designated as a National Support School, is a specialist Technology College and Training School, and leads loose federations of secondary and primary schools in Nottinghamshire. It is well known for its welcoming atmosphere and innovative practices in education. Tuxford also has a community primary school.
Sport
Tuxford has four youth football teams. Tuxford Gladiators are an U9s team and Tuxford YFC are under 14s both teams compete in the Newark Youth League. These two teams are managed by a local firefighter and police sergeant. Tuxford YFC under 15s also play in the Mansfield League and the under 12s play in Newark.
The footballer Craig Disley comes from Tuxford. He played for Mansfield Town 1999–2004 and now plays for Alfreton Town.
On 7 November 2011, the London 2012 Olympic Organising Committee announced that the Olympic Torch would travel through Tuxford on 28 June 2012 on its way from Lincoln to Nottingham.
References
External links
Tuxford Mine of Information
Tuxford and its stations on a navigable 1947 OS map
PC abducted girls in 2003
Windmill starts again in 2005
Towns in Nottinghamshire
Civil parishes in Nottinghamshire
Bassetlaw District |
4032012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Haynes | Jerry Haynes | Jerome Martin "Jerry" Haynes (January 31, 1927 – September 26, 2011) was an American actor from Dallas, Texas. He is most well known as Mr. Peppermint, a role he played for 30 years as the host of one of the longest-running local children's shows in television, the Dallas-based Mr. Peppermint (1961–1969), which was retitled Peppermint Place for its second run (1975–1996). He also had a long career in local and regional theater and appeared in more than 50 films. A 1944 graduate of Dallas' Woodrow Wilson High School, he was the father of Butthole Surfers frontman Gibby Haynes.
Early life
He was born in Dallas, Texas to Louise Schimmelpfennig Haynes and Fred Haynes. In 1990, Haynes was inducted into Woodrow Wilson High School's Hall of Fame. Jerry graduated from Southern Methodist University after attending Louisiana State University and Yale.
Family
Jerry was father of Butthole Surfers frontman, Gibby Haynes, and his brother was Major General Fred E. Haynes Jr., USMC.
Acting career
The "Mr. Peppermint" years
Haynes began his most famous role in 1961, playing a character who wore a red- and white-striped jacket and straw hat and carried a candy-striped magic cane. The original show ran for nine years as a live show on WFAA-TV (Channel 8, the ABC affiliate in Dallas owned by the parent company of the Dallas Morning News), with Mr. Peppermint talking with a variety of puppet characters and including everything from cartoons to French lessons.
Early in the run of his show, an accident of fate made Haynes the first to report the Kennedy assassination on local news, together with his WFAA program director, Jay Watson. During lunch on the day of the shooting, the two men watched the Presidential motorcade pass on Main Street, and less than a minute later heard the deadly shots after the limousine turned onto Elm Street. The men quickly located and interviewed eyewitnesses, going on the air shortly later:
During these early years, Mr. Peppermint began at 7:30 AM and ran for one hour, competing in its last half-hour with the national CBS broadcast of Captain Kangaroo but usually winning its time slot. National trends shifted, however, and in 1970, the show was replaced by a talk program for the adult audience. Haynes moved back to the Channel 8 news team, reporting on sports (as he did for a few years in the 1950s before the Mr. Peppermint assignment) alongside sports director Verne Lundquist (later of CBS Sports fame); included among the sports legends Haynes interviewed (in much the same "subdued and respectful manner" as his Mr. Peppermint persona) were Joe Namath, Merlin Olsen, Hayden Fry, the then-head football coach of Southern Methodist University, Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry and their then-star quarterback Roger Staubach. Haynes reported on the Cowboys' home of Texas Stadium as it neared completion and prepared for its inaugural season in 1971.
After the Federal Communications Commission called in 1975 for more educational programming for children, Haynes donned the candy-striped suit again, this time for a retooled Peppermint Place, a taped half-hour kids' magazine-style program, still originating from the WFAA studios. The show continued in that format for over 20 years, eventually being syndicated to 108 markets nationwide before ending its run in 1996.
Other television and film work
Most of Haynes' film career was in made-for-television films, especially those set in his native Texas. His first film role was in the 1981 docudrama Crisis at Central High, about the integration of Little Rock's Central High School, filmed in Dallas. Texas-themed films in which he has appeared — mostly based on true stories — include Houston: The Legend of Texas (1986), A Killing in a Small Town (1990, aka Evidence of Love), Bonnie & Clyde: The True Story (1992), Texas Justice (1995), Don't Look Back (1996), and It's in the Water (1997).
His chief feature film roles included 1984's Places in the Heart, as Deputy Jack Driscoll, and in the 1985 Patsy Cline biopic Sweet Dreams as Owen Bradley, Cline's record producer. He also played minor roles in RoboCop (1987) and Boys Don't Cry (1999).
He also appeared as himself, partly through archive footage, in four documentary films discussing the Kennedy assassination: Rush to Judgment (1967), 11-22-63: The Day the Nation Cried (1989), Stalking the President: A History of American Assassins (1992), and Image of an Assassination: A New Look at the Zapruder Film (1998).
In 1996 the Lone Star Film & Television Awards honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award. He regularly appeared in the Red River, New Mexico, Fourth of July parade in a candy-striped Jeep.
Health
Haynes was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in early 2008, and then was later diagnosed with a heart condition for which he received an artificial pacemaker. His doctors later revised their opinions to determine that he had a less aggressive form of Parkinson's. Haynes died on September 26, 2011, from complications due to the diseases. He was 84.
Partial filmography
Places in the Heart (1984) - Deputy Jack Driscoll
Sweet Dreams (1985) - Owen Bradley
Papa Was a Preacher (1985) - Jack Murphy
RoboCop (1987) - Dr. McNamara
Heartbreak Hotel (1988) - Mr. Hansen
Hard Promises (1991) - Walt's Dad
Steele's Law (1991) - Ben Slade
Bonnie & Clyde: The True Story (1992) - Arvin
My Boyfriend's Back (1993) - Minister At Funeral
Walker Texas Ranger (1993-2001) - Hank Sweet \ Judge Abe Stiegler
The Stars Fell on Henrietta (1995) - George (farmer #2)
It's in the Water (1997) - Mr. Adams
The Locusts (1997) - Harlan
Possums (1998) - Bob
The Outfitters (1999) - Father John
Abilene (1999) - Pete
Boys Don't Cry (1999) - Judge
The Keyman (2002) - Canman
Balls Out: Gary the Tennis Coach (2009) - Stringerman (final film role)
References
External links
Jerry Haynes footage, including Mr. Peppermint reels, in the Southern Methodist University Jones Film Archive
(includes interview content)
1927 births
2011 deaths
Male actors from Texas
American male film actors
American male television actors
Neurological disease deaths in Texas
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
People from Dallas
Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy |
4032023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck%20Small%20Speakers%20on%20Expensive%20Stereos | Wreck Small Speakers on Expensive Stereos | Wreck Small Speakers on Expensive Stereos was a band from New Zealand consisting of Michael Morley and Richard Ram. During the early 1980s they released numerous cassettes through the Wrecked Music and Every Secret Thing labels. In 1986 the Flying Nun label released their River Falling Love EP, which was reissued in 1993 by the Ajax Records label. The reissue featured bonus tracks culled from their earlier cassettes, some featuring vocals by Denise Roughan of Look Blue Go Purple. Roughan later went on to form the 3Ds in the late eighties, while Morley went on to perform with The Dead C.
Discography
External links
Profile and Discography at The Big City
[ AMG Entry]
New Zealand rock music groups
Flying Nun Records artists
Dunedin Sound musical groups |
4032040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Performing%20Arts%20Center | Tennessee Performing Arts Center | The Tennessee Performing Arts Center, or TPAC, is located in the James K. Polk Cultural Center at 505 Deaderick Street in downtown Nashville, Tennessee. Occupying an entire city block between 5th and 6th Avenues North and Deaderick and Union Streets. The cultural center adjoins the 18-story James K. Polk State Office Building.
History
In the early 1800s, the site was where the fourth mayor of Nashville, Joseph T. Elliston, lived with his wife Louisa and their son William R. Elliston until they moved to Burlington, their plantation in mid-town Nashville.
The idea for a large-scale performing arts facility developed in 1972 when Martha Rivers Ingram was appointed to the advisory board of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. She proposed a similar center for her home city of Nashville. Ingram's proposal involved a public-private partnership that would operate within a state-owned facility. Her idea met with considerable resistance, but she persevered, for eight years and throughout the terms of three governors. The result is the Tennessee Performing Arts Center, a three-theater facility located beneath a state office building across the street from the Tennessee State Capitol. In 1980, TPAC opened as the state's premier theater venue.
Among its operations, TPAC presents a series of touring Broadway shows and special engagements, and administers a comprehensive education program.
Martha Rivers Ingram and her supporters also raised an endowment to defray operating losses and to fund a program that grooms future audiences for TPAC performances. The endowment goal was $3.5 million, and they surpassed it, raising $5 million. Today, the endowment has grown to $20 million. Each year, more than 100,000 students, from kindergarten through 12th grade, are brought to Nashville for performances by Nashville Ballet, the Nashville Opera, and the Nashville Repertory Theatre, which are all resident performing arts groups of TPAC and provide year-round programming. Other companies also use TPAC's facilities for plays, dance performances, concerts and other cultural programs.
The Tennessee Performing Arts Center Management Corporation is governed by a 27-member Board of Directors. Directors serve for a term of three years.
Performance venues
The performance venues are named for the three Presidents of the United States who hailed from Tennessee:
Andrew Jackson Hall
Andrew Jackson Hall is the largest of TPAC's multi-purpose theaters with a seating capacity of 2,472 seats, including 47 pit seats. The stage is more than 130 feet wide by 53 feet deep. The stage has a proscenium opening of more than 57 feet by 36 feet. Up to 112 performers can be accommodated in 14 dressing rooms, including a star suite, two onstage quick change rooms, and high-capacity choral spaces. Expansive wings, fly space, rigging and catwalks provide for productions of every size.
James K. Polk Theater
James K. Polk Theater is amazingly intimate for its size, with a seating capacity of 1,075 seats, including 44 pit seats. The stage is more than 87 feet by 50 feet, with a proscenium opening of nearly 47 feet by 30 feet. The theater features spacious wings and expansive fly space. Up to 86 performers can be accommodated in 10 dressing rooms, including one quick change room and two high-capacity choral spaces.
Andrew Johnson Theater
Andrew Johnson Theater is TPAC's smallest theater, ideal for adventurous and experimental art and entertainment. The 59 feet by 54 feet center open floor performing space is surrounded by three sides with banks of theater seating. With seating up to 256 configurable seats, this theater can host a variety of seating arrangements. Wing and storage space adjoin the theater, which features a 22-foot catwalk. Two dressing rooms can accommodate up to 24 performers. Designed for live theater and intimate performances, Johnson Theater has hosted a variety of acoustic concerts, "in the round" performances, readings, lectures and video shoots.
War Memorial Auditorium
TPAC also governs the War Memorial Auditorium (1,661 seats), a historic building that anchors the War Memorial Plaza, adjacent to Nashville's capitol building and across 6th Avenue from the Tennessee Performing Arts Center.
Resident companies
Nashville Ballet
Nashville Opera
Nashville Repertory Theatre
References
External links
TPAC Website
TPAC's War Memorial Auditorium
Buildings and structures in Nashville, Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Nashville, Tennessee
Performing arts centers in Tennessee
1980 establishments in Tennessee |
4032051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20simulation | Business simulation | Business simulation or corporate simulation is simulation used for business training, education or analysis. It can be scenario-based or numeric-based.
Most business simulations are used for business acumen training and development. Learning objectives include: strategic thinking, decision making, problem solving, financial analysis, market analysis, operations, teamwork and leadership.
The business gaming community seems lately to have adopted the term business simulation game instead of just gaming or just simulation. The word simulation is sometimes considered too mechanistic for educational purposes. Simulation also refers to activities where an optimum for some problem is searched for, while this is not usually the aim of an educational game. On the other hand, the word game can imply time wasting, not taking things too seriously and engaging in an exercise designed purely for fun. The concept of simulation gaming seems to offer the right combination and balance between the two. Simulation gaming is also the term that the educational gaming community has adopted.
Games and business simulation games
Partly, the terminology of business simulation games is not well established. The most common term used is business game but several other terms are also in use. Here we will define the most common terms used in context of (computer-based) business learning environments.
Klabbers (1999) notes that gaming is sometimes associated with something that is frivolous, just for the fun of it. This hampers its scientific endeavor and the more serious connotations of gaming in the scientific arena. The term game is used to describe activities in which some or all of these characteristics are prominent:
human, humanly controlled, opponents, whose actions have an effect upon each other and upon the environment,
an emphasis on competitiveness and winning,
an emphasis on pleasure, humour and enjoyment,
a repetitive cycle of making decisions and encountering a result, allowing the hope of improvement and 'doing better next time'.
Games are played when one or more players compete or cooperate for payoffs, according to an agreed set of rules. Players behave as themselves though they may well display exceptional behavior. Games are social systems and they include actors (players), rules and resources, which are the basic building blocks of social systems. In each game, the players (actors) interact with one another, while applying different rules, and utilizing different resources.
Tsuchiya and Tsuchiya note that the simulation gaming community is still struggling to establish itself as a discipline, although 35 years have passed since the International Simulation and Gaming Association (ISAGA) was established. To be a discipline, simulation gaming needs a theory, methodology, and application and validation. Of these, forming a theory is the most difficult challenge. Similar comments come from Wolfe and Crookall. Referring to prior research they conclude that the educational simulation gaming field has been unable to create a generally accepted typology, let alone taxonomy, of the nature of simulation gaming. According to them this is unfortunate because the basis of any science is its ability to discriminate and classify phenomena within its purview, based on underlying theory and precepts. Without this, the field has been stuck, despite its age, at a relatively low level of development.
In most cases, the terms business (simulation) game and management (simulation) game can be used interchangeably and there is no well-established difference between these two terms. Greenlaw et al. determine a business game (or business simulation) as a sequential decision-making exercise structure around a model of a business operation, in which participants assume the role of managing the simulated operation. The descriptions given for a management game, for example, by Forrester and Naylor do not differ from the previous. However, Elgood determines that in a management game profit is not the dominant measure of success. Keys and Wolfe define a management game as a simplified simulated experiential environment that contains enough verisimilitude, or illusion of reality, to include real world-like responses by those participating in the exercise.
Gredler divides experiential simulations into the following four categories:
Data management simulations,
Diagnostic simulations,
Crisis management simulations, and
Social-process simulations.
Business simulation games are most often of the first kind. A participant in a data management simulation typically functions as a member of a team of managers or planners. Each team is managing a company allocating economic resources to any of several variables in order to achieve a particular goal.
Business strategy games are intended to enhance students' decision-making skills, especially under conditions defined by limited time and information. They vary in focus from how to undertake a corporate takeover to how to expand a company's share of the market. Typically, the player feeds information into a computer program and receives back a series of optional or additional data that are conditional upon the player's initial choices. The game proceeds through several series of these interactive, iterative steps. As can be noted, this definition does not consider continuous (real-time) processing an alternative.
In business simulation games players receive a description of an imaginary business and an imaginary environment and make decisions – on price, advertising, production targets, etc. – about how their company should be run. A business game may have an industrial, commercial or financial background (Elgood, 1996). Ju and Wagner mention that the nature of business games can include decision-making tasks, which pit the player against a hostile environment or hostile opponents. These simulations have a nature of strategy or war games, but usually are very terse in their user interface. Other types of managerial simulations are resource allocation games, in which the player or players have to allocate resources to areas such as plant, production, operations, marketing, and human resources, in order to produce and sell goods.
According to Senge and Lannon in managerial microworlds – like business simulation games – unlike in the actual world, managers are free to experiment with policies and strategies without fear of jeopardizing the company. This process includes the kind of reflection and inquiry for which there is no time in the hectic everyday world. Thus, Senge and Lannon argue, managers learn about the long-term, systemic consequences of their actions. Such "virtual worlds" are particularly important in team learning. Managers can learn to think systemically if they can uncover the subtle interactions that thwart their efforts.
Naylor in 1971 gives quite a detailed view of the contents, structure, and operating of management games. Today, this description by Naylor is still valid for most of the business simulation games. Business simulation games are built around a hypothetical oligopolistic industry consisting of three to six firms, whose decision-makers or managers are the participants of the game. Each firm or team is allocated a specific amount of resources in the form of cash, inventories, raw materials, plant and equipment, and so forth. Before each operating period the players make decisions. Naylor mentions that these decisions can concern, e.g., price, output, advertising, marketing, raw material acquisition, changes in plant capacity, and wage rate. This information is read into a computer that has been programmed on the basis of a set of mathematical models that provide a link between the operating results and operating decisions of the individual firms, as well as the external environment (the market). On the basis of (a) a set of behavioral equations, such as demand and cost functions, and a set of accounting formulas that have been programmed into the computer, and (b) the individual decisions of each firm, operating results are generated by the computer in the form of printed reports – for example, profit and loss statements, balance sheets, production reports, sales reports, and total industry reports – at the end of each operating period. Usually the environment can be changed by the administrator of the game by altering the parameters of the operating characteristics of the game. In each case, the firms find it necessary to react according to the magnitude and the nature of the change imposed by the external environment. Naylor mentions that some of the more complicated and more realistic games even permit multiple products, plants, and marketing areas, stochastic production periods, stochastic demand, labor negotiations, and the sale of common stock. For more information about this topic see Lainema (2003).
History
The first use of games for education and development was the war game simulations in China in about 3,000 B.C. These games bore a vague similarity to the early 17th century chess. In the Western world, war games date back to at least the German Kriegspiel of the mid-nineteenth century (Faria and Dickinson). Faria and Dickinson note that different war games have also been conducted in Japan before the Second World War and war games have been long used by the British and the Americans to test battle strategies. Military officers trained with war games in the 1930s and 1940s started to use their military training to manage civilian businesses. Some of the business game evolution can be traced to a 1955 Rand Corporation game, which simulated the U.S. Air Force inventory management within its supply system. Greenlaw et al. state that business simulation exercises may be considered an outgrowth of earlier developments in three fields: military war gaming, operations research, and educational role-playing.
According to Naylor, the use of games in business and economics goes back to 1956 when the American Management Association developed the first so-called management decision-making game, called the Top Management Decision Game. Faria and Dickinson and Greenlaw et al. also find this the first widely known business decision-making simulation, although Greenlaw et al. date the origin of the game to 1957 and further specify that it was the first non-military competitive business game. Greenlaw et al. note that the Top Management Decision Simulation stimulated the design and use of dozens of other games. In this simulation five teams of players operated firms competing in a hypothetical, one-product industry. Teams made quarterly decisions covering price, production volume, budgets, research and development, advertising, and sales force and could request selected marketing research information. During the period 1955-1957 only one or two new games appeared each year (Faria, 1990).
A rapid growth in the number of business games occurred over the years from 1958 to 1961. Greenlaw et al. had made a summary of some business games available by the beginning of the 1960s. The summary includes 89 different business games or different versions of a certain business game developed by industrial firms, business associations, educational institutes, or governmental units. Naylor mentions already in 1971 that hundreds of management games have been developed by various universities, business firms, and research organizations. These management games have been used both for research purposes and for training people in diverse disciplines such as management, business operation, economics, organization theory, psychology, production management, finance, accounting, and marketing. Also Faria (1990) and Dickinson note that the number of simulation games grew rapidly in the 1960s. McRaith and Goeldner list 29 marketing games, of which 20 had been developed by business firms and nine by academians for university teaching. In 1969 Graham and Gray listed nearly 200 business games of different varieties. Horn and Cleaves provided a description of 228 business games. Faria (1989) mentions that over 200 simulations were in use in the United States in over 1,700 business schools. Overall, taking advantage of computer games in education increased enormously through the 1960s to the 1980s, see for example Ju and Wagner.
At the end of the 1980s Faria (1990) estimated that there were approximately 228 games available in the United States, and that there were around 8,500 instructors using business games. At that point, Faria also believes that there is a large and growing number of business schools instructors and business firm users of simulation games. Still, Faria estimated that only 12.5% of all US business firms with training and development managers used computerized business games.
The penetration of business gaming in academia is fuelled by the following factors: the increase in student numbers, the increase in new courses, increased adoption of methods supporting diverse learning styles, and the increasing availability of technology. Dickinson and Faria state that in US over 200 business games are being used by nearly 9,000 teachers at over 1,700 colleges offering business programmes.
Larsen and Lomi describe the shift of the objectives of management gaming. They state that until the early 1980s simulation was used to forecast the behavior of a variety of sub-system level variables, ranging from the cash flow and financial performance of a company, to the inflation and unemployment rates of an economy. They state further, that during the last 15 years a new way of thinking about simulation emerged. Instead of focusing on predicting, simulation progressively became a tool to help management teams understand their company and industry's problems and opportunities. Simulations could prepare for the future and reduce the sensitivity of possible strategies to changes in alternative frames of reference – or mental models. Larsen and Lomi further note, that the emphasis of computer-based simulation models has shifted:
from predicting the future, to understanding how multiple possible futures might be linked to decisions and actions that must be taken today, and
from designing the best strategy, to analyzing how robust our preferred strategy would be under different assumptions about how the future might unfold, or about how the past actually produced the events that we perceive.
In the late 1990s, training and consulting companies began designing and customizing business simulations for individual companies to augment their corporate leadership development programs. The business simulations often focused on strategy and business acumen. The business simulations allowed participants to test their decision-making skills, make mistakes, and safely learn from their experience. Some refer to this type of employee education as "experiential learning". By 2000, business simulations were available that blended the traditional business acumen (financial) skills with the softer – interpersonal – skills required for effective leadership development.
Scenario simulations
In a business game or business simulation game, a scenario is played out in a simulated environment and the learner or user is asked to make individual or team based decisions on how to act in the simulations. Often multiple choice alternatives are used and the scenario is played out following a branching tree based on which decisions the learner makes. Throughout or at certain intervals feedback is provided. These are similar to role-play simulations.
Numeric simulations
A numeric simulation can mimic a whole company on a high level or it can be more detailed and mimic specific organizational units or processes. In a numeric simulation the learner or user makes decisions by pulling levers and dialers as well as through inputting numbers. The decisions are processed and the outcomes are calculated and shown in reports and graphs, e.g. price and volume as well as number of employees can be decisions and the outcome can be viewed in e.g. an income statement, a balance sheet and a cash flow statement. Feedback is given throughout the simulation or at certain intervals, such as when a year has passed. Many numeric business simulations include elements of competition against other participants or against computer generated competitors.
Types of business simulation games
Business simulation games can be classified according to several properties. The first taxonomies were introduced already in the beginning of the 1960s (see e.g. Greenlaw et al., 1962). Here we introduce the taxonomy from Biggs, which is practically identical with the taxonomy from Greenlaw et al.
The simulation gaming process
Business simulation game developers regard their artifacts to be learning environments. When arguing for this, they most often refer to David A. Kolb's influential work in the field of experiential learning. During the last decades ideas from constructivism and authentic e-learning have also provided new perspectives for considering the role of business simulations in learning.
The activities carried out during a simulation game training session are:
Theoretical instruction: the teacher goes through certain relevant aspects of a theory and participants can intervene with questions and comments.
Introduction to the game: the participants are told how to operate the computer and how to play the game.
Playing the game: participants get the opportunity to practice their knowledge and skills by changing different parameters of the game and reflecting on the possible consequences of these changes. Permanent contact with the participants is advisable, as well as keeping the training going to maintain a positive atmosphere and to secure that the participants feel engaged.
Group discussions: Each of the participants is given a possibility to present and compare their results from the game with the results of others. The participants are encouraged to present their results to others. The teacher should continually look for new ways of enriching the discussions and to help the participants to find the connection between the game results and the problems in real world. The quality of this group discussion plays a relevant role in the training as it will affect the participants' transfer of knowledge and skills into the real world.
The last phase in the list above is usually called debriefing. Debriefing is the most important part of the simulation/gaming experience. We all learn from experience, but without reflecting on this experience the learning potential may be lost. Simulation gaming needs to be seen as contrived experiences in the learning cycle, which require special attention at the stages of reflection and generalization.
Thiagarajan lists six phases of debriefing, presented as a flexible suggestion and not as rigid requirements:
How do you feel? Gives the participants an opportunity to get some of their strong feelings about the simulation game off their chest.
What happened? Makes it possible for the participants to compare and to contrast participant recollections and to draw some general conclusions during the next phase.
What did you learn? Encourage the generation and testing of different hypotheses. Ask the participants to come up with general principles based on their experiences from the game and to offer evidence to support or to reject the principles.
How does this relate to the real world? Encourage a discussion of the relevance of the game to the participants' real world workplace.
What if…? Encourage the participants to apply their insights to new contexts.
What next? Participants use their insights to come up with strategies for the simulation game and for the workplace.
Van Ments notes that the aim of debriefing is to: deal with factual errors and to tie up loose ends (including scoring); draw out general conclusions about the session; and deduce general lessons which can be extrapolated to the real world. Furthermore, the participants should not be allowed to conclude what was learned without receiving feedback (Gentry, 1990). The participants need to articulate their perception of what was learned, and the instructor needs to put things into a broader perspective. Gentry also expresses that process feedback is much more valuable than outcome feedback. As games are less-than-perfect representations of the real world, it should be the decision process used that needs to be applauded or critiqued, not the gaming outcome.
The importance of reflection, debriefing and feedback highlight the need for business simulations to supported by carefully considered learning outcomes, pedagogy and assessment tasks. Student factors such as low motivation to engage and prior skill weaknesses can undermine the ability of authentic assessment regimes to achieve the purported learning benefits. The Online Business Simulations Project funded by the Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching has developed a range of resources to help educators embed simulations into their classes.
See also
Marketing simulation game
Project management simulation
Simulations and games in economics education
Training simulation
References
External links
American Economic Association (AEA) list of Tutorials, Exercises and Games
Online Business Simulations Project (Australia)
Association for Business Simulation and Experiential Learning
Learning methods
Management education
Business software |
4032072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeaderDoc | HeaderDoc | HeaderDoc is a documentation generator developed and maintained by Apple Inc. Using specially commented source code files as input, HeaderDoc generates documentation for the code in HTML or XML format. Syntax for HeaderDoc comment tags is largely similar to, and as of HeaderDoc version 8, supportive of Javadoc tags. HeaderDoc 8.7 and later also provides partial support for many Doxygen tags (@ form only, and must conform to HeaderDoc tag ordering rules). Apple's HeaderDoc project is free, open source software distributed under the Apple Public Source License.
Supported plain text languages
AppleScript
Bash
Bourne Shell
C Shell
C
C++
Korn Shell
Java
JavaScript
Mach MIG definitions
Objective-C
Pascal
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Tcl
The HeaderDoc tool set consists of the main utility, headerdoc2html, and gatherheaderdoc. The headerdoc2html tool generates a directory of either HTML (or optionally XML) files from the commented source files specified. Afterwards, the gatherheaderdoc utility may be executed to create a table of contents file for the documentation. Finally, the resolveLinks utility may be used to resolve cross-references between multiple documentation collections.
Apple's Xcode development environment contains features designed to assist the process of creating documentation using the HeaderDoc syntax and tools.
Additional features
HeaderDoc has the following core features:
C preprocessing, allowing user-selected #define macros to alter the content, and allowing the user to pass command-line flags to ignore portions of the input.
Syntax coloring with user-defined styles.
Template-driven landing pages for indices.
Cross-platform (written mostly in Perl).
The HeaderDoc suite also includes several tools that may be used independently:
MPGL—a set of tools designed to simplify creation of UNIX manual pages using a lightweight XML syntax consisting of a subset of XHTML plus section tags, parameter tags, etc. HeaderDoc also provides a bridging tool that helps generate manual pages from header comments for functions via HeaderDoc's XML output mode.
resolveLinks—a tool that allows for rapid web site relinking when content moves to a different address through the use of embedded anchors and link requests.
filtermacros.pl—a tool that can be used to filter out sections of headers based on C preprocessor macros. This is currently available only by downloading the source tarball. As of HeaderDoc 8.9, this functionality is built into the headerdoc2html tool itself.
See also
Comparison of documentation generators
Standard interface documentation
External links
Legacy Documentation: HeaderDoc User Guide
http://opensource.apple.com Latest version] (currently 8.9.28)
HeaderDoc mailing list (commonly used for getting help, patches, etc.)
Free documentation generators |
4032074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godiva%20%28album%29 | Godiva (album) | Godiva is the debut album by Godiva, released September 22, 2003. The album is produced by Tom Naumann, who is most famous for his work with Primal Fear.
Track listing
"Tha Gate" (Mitch Koontz, Peter Gander) - 1:01
"Razorblade Romantic" (Sammy Lasagni, Anthony de Angelis) - 4:37
"Heavy Metal Thunder" (Lasagni, de Angelis) - 4:54
"One Shot" (Koontz, Tom Naumann, de Angelis) - 4:01
"Nightmare" (Lasagni, de Angelis, Koontz, Gander) - 4:53
"Cold Blood" (Koontz, Naumann, de Angelis) - 4:30
"Where Angels Die" (Naumann, de Angelis) - 4:29
"Riding Through Time" (Lasagni, Koontz, Gander) - 5:07
"Let the Tanks Roll" (Lasagni, de Angelis) - 4:35
"Bullshit Lover" (Koontz, Gander, de Angelis) - 3:03
"Sinner" (Koontz, Gander) - 3:45
Personnel
Band members
Anthony de Angelis - vocals
Sammy Lasagni - guitars
Mitch Koontz - bass, backing vocals
Peter Gander - drums
Additional musicians
Klaus Sperling - drums on "Where Angels Die"
References
2003 debut albums
Limb Music albums |
4032093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingoli | Cingoli | Cingoli is a town and comune of the Marches, Italy, in the province of Macerata, about by road from the town of Macerata. It is the birthplace of Pope Pius VIII.
History
The town occupies the site of the ancient Cingulum, a town of Picenum, founded and strongly fortified by Julius Caesar's lieutenant Titus Labienus (probably on the site of an earlier village) in 63 BCE at his own expense. Its lofty position at an elevation of about made it of some importance in the civil wars, but otherwise little is heard of it. Under the Roman Empire it was a municipium.
Main sights
Cingoli is also known as the "Balcony of Marche" ("Il Balcone delle Marche") because of its belvedere (viewpoint) from which, on a clear day, the sight may encompass all of the Marche and further across the Adriatic Sea to the Croatian mountain tops.
Religious buildings
Cingoli Cathedral (Concattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta)
Collegiate church of Sant'Esuperanzio, Cingoli (Collegiata di Sant'Esuperanzio): Gothic church
Santuario di Santa Sperandia
San Benedetto
San Francesco
San Filippo Neri
San Giacomo
San Girolamo
San Nicolò
Santo Spirito
Santa Caterina d'Alessandria
San Domenico
Secular buildings
Palazzo municipale
Biblioteca comunale Ascariana http://www.bibliotecacingoli.it/
Museums
Pinacoteca comunale "D. Stefanucci" named after Donatello Stefanucci
Museo archeologico statale di Cingoli
Museo del Lago
Museo del Sidecar
Sport
Cingoli has been host to the Italian Sidecarcross Grand Prix a number times and will be hosting it again in 2010, on 16 May.
Twin towns — sister cities
Cingoli is twinned with:
Aprilia, Lazio, Italy (2004)
References
External links
Cingoli news
Cingoli sport
History of Cingoli: http://www.antiqui.it/cingoli.htm
Cingoli
Cities and towns in the Marche
Roman sites of the Marche |
4032105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%27s%20Causeway%20%28disambiguation%29 | Giant's Causeway (disambiguation) | The Giant's Causeway is an area of 40,000 interlocking basalt columns resulting from a volcanic eruption on the coast of Northern Ireland.
Giant's Causeway may also refer to:
Giant's Causeway (horse), Europe's Horse of the Year in 2000
Giant's Causeway, New South Wales, stretch of water in between Cook Island and Fingal Head in Australia
Giant's Causeway and Bushmills Railway, Heritage railway in Northern Ireland
Giant's Causeway Tramway, predecessor of the above
A variant of the Baguenaudier puzzle, called Giant's Causeway
Giant's Causeway (song), the B Side of Scooter's single Maria (I Like It Loud)
Giant's Causeway (band), German gothic-doom band of the 1990s |
4032117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa%20McAuliffe%20Space%20Education%20Center | Christa McAuliffe Space Education Center | The Christa McAuliffe Space Center (known as the McAuliffe Space Center or CMSC), in Pleasant Grove, Utah, teaches school children about space and is visited by students from around the world. It has a number of space flight simulators.
The center, named for educator Christa McAuliffe, who was killed in the Challenger disaster, was started in 1990 by Victor Williamson, an educator at Central Elementary School. It is a building added onto Central Elementary. It aims to teach astronomy and social studies through the use of simulators; the first, Voyager, proved itself popular, and a new planetarium built in 2020. As the years passed, the demand for flights expanded and new ships were commissioned. In October 2012, the space center was temporarily closed at Central Elementary, but re-opened following several district-mandated upgrades, closures, and maintenance procedures in Spring 2013. The original simulators, along with the school that housed them, was demolished on May 5, 2020 to make way for a new space center built behind the original property. The new Space Center was built housing the 2nd largest planetarium in the State of Utah that started running shows in November of 2020. The Christa McAuliffe Space Education Center switched its name and took out the word Education from the title in 2018. In 2018, they also updated their logo to a new stylized version of the original. (New version not shown)
The simulators employed by the center have included the following (in order of original construction):
The USS Voyager (Original 1990) (Decommissioned 2012/2013, New 2018) The Voyager appears as the USS Enterprise-D. It held from nine to eleven people. The new Voyager is now located at Renaissance Academy in Utah, a separate Space Center than the Christa McAuliffe Space Center.
The USS Odyssey (Original 1995, New 2013, Current 2021) The Odyssey's appearance was created by Paul S. Cargile, an independent sci-fi artist. It takes on the appearance of the Banzai-class fighter. It holds six to eight people.
The USS Galileo (Original Mark-5: 1998, New Mark-6: 2009, Current 2021) The Galileo is a shuttle craft. It usually goes on stealth missions. It can hold five to six people. The original simulator could be physically seen from the outside.
The USS Magellan (Original Space Station: 1998, Renovated: 2006, Starship: 2012, Current 2021) – The Magellan had the appearance of Deep Space 9. The Magellan has been transformed into a starship with the appearance of a Daedalus-class starship from Stargate. The bridge crew can be anywhere from ten to twelve people.
The Falcon (Original 2000) (Decommissioned) – The Falcon showed students what space travel might be like in the future.
The USS Phoenix (Original 2005, Current 2021) – The Phoenix is a Defiant-class escort, like DS9's USS Defiant. It is the Space Center's only battleship. It could hold five to six people. It has been updated to an Astrea Class Destroyer, which can now hold six to seven people.
The IMS Falcon (New 2021) – The Falcon Is the only ship in the fleet that does not belong to the United Federation of Planets. It holds six to eight crew members.
The USS Cassini (New 2021) – The Cassini is a deep space exploration vessel. It holds nine to elevens crew members.
Each simulator has its own plaque. The plaque displays the ship's names and other things about that specific simulator. Some are inside the simulator, and some of them are hidden out of plain sight.
Most missions are based on, or at least contain aspects similar to the Star Trek universe. The Simulators themselves are replicas of Star Trek ships and various races (like the Romulans) are often involved in missions.
The center, and its founder were honored in a ceremony in its 15th year by many individuals, including Gary Herbert, the Lieutenant Governor of Utah. At that time, with its five spaceship simulators, it was educating 16,000 students a year.
The center's mission statement is A Utah Arts, Sciences, Technology Education Initiative. We Practice the Discipline of Wonder.
Teaching method
The Space Center uses it simulators in order to create interactive stories, usually applicable to historical events, in which the students are involved. Since November of 2020, they also use the planetarium that was built during their 2020 rebuild.
Students also learn and apply different aspects of astronomy and science in missions. They get the chance to learn about black holes, nebulae, asteroids, planets, planetary systems, moons, and a variety of other phenomena.
Students who attended the Space Center 15 years ago are now pursuing fields in science, technology, space exploration, programming, and electrical engineering. Students at the local Brigham Young University have the opportunity to develop consoles and equipment for the Space Center; gadgets such as Tricorders, touch panel equipment, fiber optics systems, ships, and digital/analog control interfaces all help to give a more realistic effect to the experience.
The center's staff hopes that its visitors are tomorrow's scientists.
Simulator Technology
The Space Center employs technologies and equipment to achieve its simulations. In each ship, there is a powerful sound system (including a powerful bass response to simulate the feeling of the reactor core) hooked up to an industry standard mixing board which combines input from a combination of sound sources heard through the main speakers, such as, sound effects, music, DVD players, CD players, microphones, and voice distorters.
The video system is just as complex. Each mission available has a story DVD with clips compiled for scenes in a story and other visual effects. These video sources are all controlled by a video switcher so that it appears to be a seamless video. In addition to movie clips, the Space Center also makes its own tactical screens. Tactical screens are in essence complex power points that can be networked to display real time information about the ship. This information may include information about things related to the current story such as ship systems while others may be maps or other mission information. Various programs have been used to create these screens including HyperCard, Runtime Revolution, and Thorium.
Each simulator is also equipped with a lighting system allowing both red and white lights to be displayed; red during alerts and white during normal alert levels. Each set of lights is attached to a dimmer in the control room allowing the lights to manually fluctuate in different events during a mission, such as a torpedo impact or power failure. The most advanced set of lights at the Space Center is installed in the Galileo. The lighting system in the Galileo is capable of being controlled via computer making effects seem more realistic.
In order to ensure that campers are safe, a network of closed circuit cameras is also installed at key points on the set to monitor their positions. Each simulator has part of the bridge and connected areas of the set monitored at all times.
The most complex part of each simulator is the computer systems. Each ship has several computers installed. The smallest set, the Galileo, has five, while the largest set, the Magellan, has 13. Each one of these computers (excluding sound effect computers and tactical [main viewer] computers) is connected to a network allowing communication between computers. In this way, the programs on each of the computers are also able to communicate with each other, allowing the control room to monitor the simulation and for computers on the bridge to update each other with information sent from the control room. The programming on each of the computers used to be programmed in HyperCard, which was in use on the USS Voyager until the simulator was decommissioned. Later however, the Space Center switched to Revolution by Runtime Revolution. The next generation of programs at the Space Center were programmed in Cocoa, Apple Inc's own programming language for their Macintosh computer platform. Since 2018, the space center has used the Thorium open-source starship simulator platform, developed by a former volunteer.
Private donations paid for the simulators, while the school district pays the salary of the center's director. 181 volunteers and part-timers help to operate the simulators.
Staff
The Space Center's full-time employee is the Director. Flight Directors, Set Directors, and Bridge Supervisors are part-time employees. The volunteering organization is divided into guilds and classes of volunteers as follows:
The Flight Directors – (Dark Blue Collared Shirts) The Flight Directors (FD's) "run" the mission, --- giving cues to the actors, telling the staff when to do certain things, assigning roles, etc. The FD also is the voice of the Main Computer and the Main Engineer (whom the crew cannot see), giving them hints and tips along the way. Besides the center's director, they have the most authority, along with the Set Directors.
The Set Directors – There are six Set Directors (One for each of the simulators). The Set Directors make major decisions for the simulators that they are Set Director of. They are usually the main FD for that ship.
The Supervisors – (Bright Blue Collared Shirts) The Supervisors supervise the mission. They are the FD's right-hand men and women. They relay orders, help get the story moving, coordinate volunteers, etc. They are second in command, but are only used on missions in Magellan and Cassini, and previously in the Voyager. They work with the crews to answer any questions they may have during a mission. Many FD's start out as supervisors but not all, and many FD's still supervise even after they have been passed off as a Flight Director.
The Volunteers – (Black shirts) The Volunteers are the arms and legs of the Flight Directors. They can be assigned by the Flight Director to be the ship's doctor character, be an alien actor, be Second Chair (The Second Chair switches the lights on and off, respond to sensor scans, change what is showing on the viewscreen, send messages, etc.), or pretty much anything else the FD wants them to do.
The Guilds
(Note: All of the classes of Volunteers above except for the regular Volunteers have their own guild.
The Programming Guild – The Programming Guild (Light Blue Collared Shirts) programs the ship's controls and all they other computer programs used at the Space Center. (See above)
The Maintenance Guild – The Maintenance Guild creates the simulators, does repairs, installs new features, and pretty much holds the simulators together.
The Acting Guild – The Acting Guild is a special set of volunteers that are trained in the "prestigious" art of acting at the Space Center.
Programs and Camps
The Space Center offers a variety of programs that provide varying mission lengths and experiences. Continuing the educational aim of the Space Center, there are field trip programs for school classes that provide education about science, space and teamwork/leadership. These programs also offer educational experience missions on the simulators. For the general public, there are also private missions, and summer camps. Private missions are available to be reserved in 2 lengths: 2.5 hour and 5 hour missions. These time blocks include time for briefing and training in preparation for the actual mission on the simulator. In Space Center history, they used to have Overnight Camps. Overnight camps used to start on Friday nights and end on the following morning: all missions were 'paused' for the night, campers sleep at the Space Center overnight, and then missions are resumed in the morning. These missions however, are no longer available. They also had Super Saturday camps that provided the same missions as overnight camps, but occurred during the day on Saturdays. The Leadership Camp is made for an older audience of ages 15–17. It differs from the other summer camps in the way that the whole camp is a campaign and every mission is part of a bigger picture. This camp may not be flown every summer due to the amount of planning that goes into it since it runs through multiple days. Summer camps usually happen in 1 day with a variety of activities from missions to classroom activities and planetarium shows. The Space Center provides further information on their website, http://spacecenter.alpineschools.org/
References
External links
Official website
Space organizations
Tourist attractions in Utah
Education in Utah County, Utah
1990 establishments in Utah
Educational institutions established in 1990
Buildings and structures in Pleasant Grove, Utah
Scientific organizations established in 1990 |
4032118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20T%C4%99czy%C5%84ski | Jan Tęczyński | Jan Tęczyński may refer to:
Jan Tęczyński (1581–1637), voivode of Kraków (1620–1637), Cup-Bearer of the Crown in 1618
Jan Tęczyński (died 1405), member of the Tęczyński family, starost and castellan of Kraków
Jan Tęczyński (died 1470), member of the Tęczyński family, castellan of Kraków, voivode of Kraków and Lublin
Jan Tęczyński (1485–1553), Chamberlain and voivode of Sandomierz, Castellan and governor of Lublin, Speaker of the court of the Crown, Castellan of Wojnicki, and Count of the Holy Roman Empire |
4032121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moanalua%20Gardens | Moanalua Gardens | Moanalua Gardens is a privately owned public park in Honolulu, Hawaii. The park is the site of the Kamehameha V Cottage which used to be the home of Prince Lot Kapuāiwa, who would later become King Kamehameha V. It is also the site of the annual Prince Lot Hula Festival, and the home of a large monkeypod tree that is known in Japan as the Hitachi tree.
The gardens
The gardens are located just off Interstate H-201 in the Moanalua district near Tripler Army Medical Center at . Once owned and operated by the estate of local businessman and landowner Samuel Mills Damon (1841–1924), the garden was bought by Kaimana Ventures, whose president John Philip Damon is a great-grandson of Samuel Damon.
Kamehameha V Cottage
The Kamehameha V Cottage, located at the western end of the garden, was originally built in the 1850s by Prince Lot Kapuāiwa, who would later become King Kamehameha V. The three separate units of the cottage (a kitchen and dining room unit, a living room/bedroom unit, and an entertainment unit) are connected via a series of roofed porches.
Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop willed the cottage, along with the rest of the ahupuaa (traditional land division) of Moanalua to Damon when she died in 1884. Damon renovated the cottage and used it as a residence. The cottage was moved to its present location in 1960; it had been in three locations in Moanalua before then.
Hitachi tree
The Hitachi tree, a large monkeypod tree with a distinctive umbrella-shaped canopy, grows in the middle of a grassy area in the middle of the park. The tree is registered as an exceptional tree by the City and County of Honolulu and cannot be removed or destroyed without city council approval.
Japanese electronics manufacturer Hitachi, Ltd. has used the tree as a corporate symbol since 1973. An agreement between the Damon Estate and Hitachi gave Hitachi exclusive worldwide rights to use the tree's image for promotional purposes in exchange for annual payments of US$20,000. The status of the agreement was called into question when the Damon Estate was dissolved after the last remaining grandchild died in 2004. Hitachi negotiated with the new owner and reached an agreement with Kaimana Ventures in December 2006 where Hitachi would pay US$400,000 annually for promotional rights until 2016. The revenue from Hitachi is expected to only partially defray the US$600,000 annual expenses for the park.
References
External links
Moanalua Gardens
Moanalua Gardens Foundation
Geography of Honolulu
Parks in Hawaii
Protected areas of Oahu
Tourist attractions in Honolulu |
4032123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon%20EOS-1N | Canon EOS-1N | The EOS-1N is a 35mm single lens reflex (SLR) camera body produced by Canon. It was announced by Canon in 1994, and was the professional model in the range, superseding the original EOS-1. The camera was itself superseded by the EOS-1v in 2000.
The original EOS-1 had been launched in 1989, two years after the company had introduced their new EOS autofocus system. It was the company's first professional-level EOS camera and was aimed at the same photographers who had used Canon's highly regarded, manual focus professional FD mount SLRs, such as the Canon New F-1 and the Canon T90. On a physical level the EOS-1 resembled the T90, which had been designed for Canon by Luigi Colani. The EOS-1N was a revision of the EOS-1, with five autofocus points spread across the frame rather than a single centrally-mounted autofocus point, plus more effective weather sealing, a wider exposure range, and numerous other improvements. In common with the EOS-1, the 1N used Canon's A-TTL automatic flash system, and does not support the more modern E-TTL.
Features
At the time of its creation, The Canon EOS-1N was placed at the top of Canon's EOS camera line. The camera featured polycarbonate external construction with weather-resistant seals around buttons, dials and its Canon EF lens mount.
The fixed eye-level pentaprism viewfinder has 100-percent vertical and horizontal coverage, has dioptric viewfinder adjustment from –3 to +1 diopter and has as a viewfinder eyepiece blind to block stray light when on a tripod.
For automatic focusing, the camera used a 5-point BASIS auto focus system with the sensors arranged horizontally across the middle of the viewing area. The center point is a cross-type, which detects horizontal and vertical lines, while the outer four detect vertical lines only.
Metering modes include a 16-zone evaluative, center-weighted average, partial, selectable spot, and fine central spot metering mode. Film speeds can be set from ISO 6-6400 either manually or automatically by DX codes on the film canisters.
The camera allows variable Program autoexposure, as well as aperture-priority and shutter-priority automatic exposure and manual exposure. Another option is Depth-of-field AE (DEP), an automatic mode that selects the focusing distance and aperture f-number to place the depth of field between two user-specified near and far points.
Shutter speeds range from 30 seconds to 1/8000 of a second in all exposure modes. A non-timed bulb speed is available. Flash X-sync is available up to a shutter speed of 1/250 of a second.
There are 14 custom functions to change the way the camera operates, which set options like exposure steps and mirror lock-up.
The camera has user-interchangeable focusing screens, interchangeable with those out of other EOS-1-series cameras, and a now-discontinued interchangeable Canon Command Back E1.
Power comes from one 2CR5 battery, an optional BP-E1 Battery Pack housing four AA alkaline or lithium batteries or the PB-E1 Power Booster drive housing eight AA batteries and allowing for 6 frames per second to be photographed, depending on the type of battery and the shutter speed selected.
The camera weighs in at 855 grams, or 1 lb and 14.15 oz.
Background
There were several versions of the EOS-1N available. The base model EOS-1N consisted of the standard camera body with significant upgrades over the EOS 1, launched in 1989. The EOS-1N DP comprised the standard body and the BP-E1 pack (see below) and the EOS-1N HS comprised the standard body plus booster (see below).
One feature the EOS-1N (and previous/subsequent '1' models) lacks, which lower models in the range have, is built-in flash, intentionally omitted to provide an overall very rigid camera body able to withstand severe treatment by professionals. Weather sealing was incorporated after feedback from working professionals. Other notable omissions are the eye-controlled focus feature of the EOS 5 and the bar code reader of the EOS 10, neither of which are professional-level cameras.
Another feature of the EOS-1N, and other professional models in the range, is the provision for a precise viewfinder indication of exposure in manual mode. This had previously been provided in fully manual cameras such as the F-1, but older Canon cameras with automatic exposure modes merely provided a recommended exposure reading in manual mode, leaving the user to accept the offered settings or not. The EOS-1N provides a viewfinder readout similar to the old F-1's needle display, but in electronic LCD form showing steps in 0.3, 0.5 or 1 stops. Like the EOS 5, the internal displays of the EOS 1N self-adjust in brightness in response to the brightness level of the subject.
The optional Power Booster PB-E1 or Battery Pack BP-E1 attach to the base of the camera. The booster (PB-E1) holds 8 AA batteries or an optional Ni-Cad pack, and boosts the standard drive from 3 frames per second to 6(AI Servo AF: 5). The Power Booster E1 has its own shutter release and input dial for use when shooting in the vertical format. The battery pack (BP-E1) is a lighter and simpler accessory. This holds 4 AA cells and a lithium battery, and the user can select between the two power sources with a switch. It provides a grip for vertical shots but no additional controls. The major appeal of the Battery Pack BP-E1 is that is lighter and less expensive than the power booster. There is also a PB-E2 (has AF-field-button, a wheel around the shutter-button). ATT: Statement about input dial on PB-E1 is wrong. PB-E1 has 2 buttons (shutter button, AE-lock) and vertical control switch (on/oFF) and nothing else. Input Dial is then only on PB-E2!Also called Power Drive Booster PDB. AA-Lithium -Batteries only if AE-Lock-button has a star * imprinted.
In addition to the standard EOS-1N there was another, specialised model in the range — the EOS-1N RS, introduced in 1995, with a permanently attached power drive booster. This camera has a fixed pellicle mirror so there is no viewfinder black-out at the moment of exposure. The fixed mirror allows high-speed continuous shooting at a top speed of 10 frames per second, with a shutter release lag as low as 6 ms. There is a cost to this however: slightly less light reaches the film, as some is always being directed up to the viewfinder and optical quality loss. By the time of the release of the next generation EOS 1V, considerable technical improvements to the standard camera design meant that Canon no longer offered RS model variants.
The EOS 1N was discontinued in 2001 with the arrival of the EOS 1V.
Digital
During the late 1990s, Canon and Kodak collaborated on a range of professional digital SLRs which combined Canon EOS-1N bodies with Kodak digital sensors and electronics. They were Canon's first ventures into the digital SLR marketplace and divided into two distinct generations.
The first generation was the Kodak EOS DCS series of 1995, which encompassed the 6 mp EOS DCS 1, the 1.5 mp DCS 3, and the 1.3 mp DCS 5. The EOS 1N camera bodies were almost unmodified from stock configuration, and were mounted on a removable Kodak digital back.
The relationship continued with the Kodak DCS 500 series, which fully integrated the EOS-1N body with Kodak's imaging components. The range consisted of the 2 mp DCS 520 and the 6 mp DCS 560. The two cameras were also sold by Canon, as the Canon EOS D2000 and D6000 respectively. Canon's subsequent professional digital SLRs were produced independently of Kodak, and were initially based on the Canon EOS-1V, before moving to custom-designed digital bodies.
References
External links
1N
Products introduced in 1994 |
4032127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperscore | Hyperscore | Hyperscore is a computer-assisted music composition program intended to make the creation of music readily accessible to experienced musicians as well as those without any musical training. To accomplish this, the software maps complex musical concepts to intuitive visual representations. Color, shape, and texture are used to convey high-level musical features such as timbre, melodic contour, and harmonic tension.
Hyperscore has received international media attention and awards. It has been featured in numerous news and journal publications, including the New York Times, as well as television programs such as Scientific American Frontiers.
Composing
Users of Hyperscore compose music by first creating simple melodies or sequences of notes. A library of predefined elements is also provided. These melodies are assigned unique colors. The user then creates a musical sketch composed of colored lines, where each line instances the notes from the corresponding melody. The contour and position of the line alters the pitch at which notes are played back.
The software can optionally use different classes of automated harmonization to organize the given notes, in order to easily generate more pleasing results. The effects of the harmony algorithms can be controlled by contours in a special line presented throughout the sketch. Modulations and sections of harmonic tension and resolution can be introduced in this manner, adding interest and variation to the music.
Hyperscore also provides users with control over tempo and dynamics. MIDI synthesis is used for audible output from within the application and all General MIDI voices are available for use.
History
Hyperscore was originally developed by Morwaread Farbood in Tod Machover's Opera of the Future group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab. Early versions of the software allowed users to generate novel compositions from predefined motives by sketching lines indicating patterns of musical tension. In 2021, Hyperscore was re-developed by Peter Torpay, who earned his PhD in Machover's group at the MIT Media Lab. In the new version, scheduled for release in 2022, the graphical user interface has been updated and the application is web-based so that it will be broadly accessible.
The application evolved to play a prominent role in the Toy Symphony. During an international tour of this project, children were given the opportunity to compose orchestral pieces using Hyperscore, which were then performed in concert along with other works utilizing traditional and technologically enhanced instruments and approaches. Hyperscore was also used extensively in Machover's series of City Symphonies, in which children and adults in cities around the world composed original music that was incorporated by Machover into orchestral works performed by major symphony orchestras.
Current applications
In 2004, Hyperscore became a commercial product under Harmony Line, Inc. The company created H-Lounge, an online music and ring tone-oriented social networking website dedicated to music makers who can upload mp3's or songs they have created with Hyperscore. The company closed in 2017. Subsequently, a nonprofit, New Harmony Line, was formed and acquired the license to Hyperscore. New Harmony Line is focused on re-developing Hyperscore as a web-based software application for music education, which it plans to make available to educators and the general public.
References
External links
Harmony Line, Inc. - Composing Music Software
Hyperscore Ringtone Community
Hyperscore Development Details
Musical training software
Scorewriters |
4032134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade%20%28film%29 | Jade (film) | Jade is a 1995 American erotic thriller film written by Joe Eszterhas, produced by Robert Evans, directed by William Friedkin, and starring David Caruso, Linda Fiorentino, Chazz Palminteri, Richard Crenna, and Michael Biehn. The original music score was composed by James Horner based on a song composed by Loreena McKennitt. The film was marketed with the tagline "Some fantasies go too far."
Plot
Assistant District Attorney David Corelli (Caruso) is called to the murder scene of prominent businessman Kyle Medford, found bludgeoned to death in his San Francisco home by an antique hatchet. Police detectives Bob Hargrove and Petey Vesko find photographs in Medford's safe of Governor Lew Edwards (Crenna) having sex with a prostitute, later identified as Patrice Jacinto. During questioning, Patrice reveals that she and several other women were paid by Medford to have sex with wealthy men at his beach house in Pacifica. She also informs them that the most desired prostitute among the clients was a woman known only as "Jade". In a private meeting with Governor Edwards and aide Bill Barrett, Corelli is warned not to make the photographs public. Corelli is then almost killed when his brake line is deliberately cut and his vehicle goes out of control while driving down a steep hill.
The detectives find fingerprints on the hatchet belonging to Katrina Gavin, a clinical psychologist and former lover of Corelli's who eventually married his close friend, defense attorney Matt Gavin. When interviewed, Katrina explains that Medford gave her a tour of his antique collection on the day in question, but claims to have nothing to do with his death. At Medford's beach house, Corelli and the detectives find various drugs, alcohol, and sex toys, as well as hidden video cameras. They conclude Medford was recording the sex sessions to blackmail the men. Corelli is shocked to discover Katrina on one of the tapes; the revelation renews the detectives' interest in her as a suspect.
Patrice arranges to meet Corelli at a restaurant to discuss Jade's identity, but she is murdered in a hit-and-run attack by an unknown assailant driving a black Ford Thunderbird. Corelli, witnessing the murder first-hand, chases the assailants' vehicle in vain. The detectives discover the Gavins own a similar Thunderbird, so suspect Katrina of killing Patrice, but then find the actual vehicle used in the hit-and-run abandoned, suggesting that someone is trying to frame Katrina. Katrina is again brought in for questioning and is shown the sex tape. Matt, in his capacity as her attorney, ends the interrogation before she fully explains her involvement. When confronted at their home, Katrina admits to her husband that she did have sex with the man on the tape, due in part to her knowledge of Matt's many affairs.
Katrina visits Corelli at his apartment and tries unsuccessfully to seduce him. She admits having felt sexually liberated by sleeping with several men at the beach house. Meanwhile, the only witness to identify Katrina at the Pacifica beach house, a man named Henderson, is found murdered. Corelli informs the detectives at the crime scene that Katrina could not have killed him because he was with her at the time. Back at his apartment, Corelli is confronted by Matt, who holds him at gunpoint and angrily accuses him of sleeping with Katrina. Corelli denies it and persuades Matt that his wife's life is in danger. They hurry to the Gavin home, where Det. Hargrove, Barrett, and Pat Callendar have come to kill Katrina and search for the incriminating photos of the governor. Callendar is shot by Matt, but Barrett manages to escape. In the meantime, Hargrove tries to rape and kill Katrina, but Corelli and Matt arrive and Hargrove is shot by Matt.
Corelli goes to the governor for a guarantee of Katrina's safety by leveraging his possession of the photographs. The governor denies any knowledge of Hargrove or Callendar's actions, but insinuates they were both acting on his behalf. As she gets ready for bed at home, Katrina finds photographs laid out in her bathroom of her having sex at the beach house. Matt admits to Katrina that he killed Medford, certain that Medford eventually would blackmail them both. He then tells Katrina to "introduce me to Jade" the next time they "make love".
Cast
Production
Warren Beatty was the first choice to play the role of David Corelli, but turned it down. After his sudden departure from NYPD Blue, David Caruso was hoping to break through with a film career and accepted the role. The part of Matt Gavin was offered to Kenneth Branagh, before Chazz Palminteri was eventually cast. Julia Roberts and Sharon Stone were considered to play Katrina Gavin, but both rejected it. Linda Fiorentino was then asked, but she originally turned it down because she did not want to play a prostitute, but changed her mind once her character was changed through rewrites.
According to Joe Eszterhas' autobiography, Hollywood Animal, William Friedkin changed the script so much that Eszterhas threatened to remove his name from the credits. He claimed Paramount settled by giving him a "blind script deal" worth $2–4 million.
In an interview in Linda Ruth Williams' book The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema, Friedkin admitted that he had virtually rewritten the script. Friedkin also said that Jade was the favorite of all the films he had made. He later wrote the movie had "a terrific cast. A wonderful script. Great locations. How could it miss?"
Release
A year prior to the film's release, Caruso decided that his popularity as star of the hit ABC TV series NYPD Blue would provide enough momentum to successfully make the risky jump from television to feature-film leading man. Although he did play an assistant district attorney, this film was a departure from his more heroic role on TV.
Despite a large marketing campaign, moviegoers did not seem to accept Caruso in this character, or the dark and overtly sexual themes of the film.
Comeback roles in television failed until he landed the lead role in CBS' 2002 spin-off series, CSI: Miami.
Reception
Box office
The film, with an estimated production budget of $50 million, earned $9,851,610 at the North American domestic box office, taking in $4,284,246 in its opening weekend and ranking number five in the box-office charts.
Critical response
The film received negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 30 reviews and gave the film an approval score of 13%, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's consensus reads: "An ostensible erotic thriller that's largely neither erotic nor thrilling, Jade marks one of several unfortunate low points for aggressively sexual mid-'90s cinema". On Metacritic it has a score of 33% based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale. Gene Siskel singled the film out as the worst one he saw in 1995.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times responded to Siskel's worst-of selection by mounting a very mild defense where he said that he didn't think the movie was amongst the worst of 1995, although he added that he gave it a thumbs-down grade on their show and said that the plot was incomprehensible; in his print review, Ebert awarded it 2 out of 4 stars, and wrote: "There's only one character we can identify with - a San Francisco police detective played by David Caruso - and he doesn't drive the plot so much as get swept along by it."
Brian Lowry of Variety called it "A muddled mix of sex, political corruption and murder, Jade is a jigsaw puzzle that never puts all the pieces together."
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote: "Though the combination of Linda Fiorentino, Chazz Palminteri and David Caruso promised Jade some fire, it winds up with no more spark than a doused campfire."
Awards
It earned two Golden Raspberry Award nominations, for Worst Screenplay and Worst New Star (for Caruso, who was nominated for both Jade and Kiss of Death), but lost both categories to Showgirls, also written by Joe Eszterhas.
Other response
Friedkin admitted the film was "a critical and financial disaster", although it "contained some of my best work. I felt I had let down the actors, the studio, and most of all, Sherry (Sherry Lansing, his wife, an executive at Paramount). I went into a deep funk. Was it the Exorcist curse, as many have suggested, a poor choice of material, or simply that whatever talent I had was ephemeral? Maybe all of the above."
Michael Biehn was not fond of the film: "Well, on Jade, I had no idea what I was doing. I don't think anybody had any idea what they were doing. It was a Joe Eszterhas script. To me, none of it ever really made any sense. I didn't realize until the read-through that I was the bad guy in it. It was like a jumbled mess. And the movie came out a mess, too. It had great people on it, though. It had William Friedkin directing, it had Chazz Palmenteri, who was nominated that year for an Academy Award, it had Linda Fiorentino, who had just come out with that famous movie she did The Last Seduction, and it had David Caruso, who's a brilliant actor when given the right material, and a very smart guy. So a great cast, great director... everything but a script."
Director's cut
An unrated "director's cut" version featuring additional scenes and more explicit sexual footage with an additional 12 minutes was later released to VHS, though it is now out of print; the theatrical cut was used for the subsequent DVD and Blu-ray editions. The planned unrated versions for DVD, LaserDisc, and Blu-ray were cancelled, due to poor sales of the unrated VHS version.
In one alternate version of Jade, rather than having Gavin get away with murder, Corelli returns to the house, clearly planning to place him under arrest.
Cable channels USA, Cinemax, and WGN air the director's cut, including some scenes originally cut to avoid a possible NC-17 rating and for length.
References
Further reading
Friedkin, William, The Friedkin Connection, Harper Collins 2013
External links
1995 films
1995 crime thriller films
1990s erotic thriller films
American crime thriller films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by William Friedkin
Films with screenplays by Joe Eszterhas
American erotic thriller films
Films about prostitution in the United States
Films set in San Francisco
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in San Francisco
American police detective films
Paramount Pictures films
Films scored by James Horner
Films produced by Robert Evans |
4032138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthmann%20of%20Steyning | Cuthmann of Steyning | Saint Cuthmann of Steyning (8th century), also spelt Cuthman, was an Anglo-Saxon hermit and church-builder.
Life
Birth
In the biography of the saint in the Acta Sanctorum which was preserved at the Abbey of Fécamp in Normandy it is said that he was born about 681, either in Devon or Cornwall, or more probably at Chidham, near Bosham, about 25 miles from Steyning. It is speculated that his birth in Chidham at that date would place him in the right time and area to be preached to by Saint Wilfrid, the Apostle of Sussex (680–685), and would probably make Wilfrid the man who converted and baptised Cuthmann and his parents,
Travels to Steyning
His legend states he was a shepherd who had to care for his paralysed mother after his father's death. When they fell on hard times and were forced to beg from door to door, he built a one-wheeled cart or wheelbarrow (with a rope from the handles over his shoulders taking part of the weight) in which he moved her around with him. They set out east, towards the rising sun, from his home and, even though the rope broke, he improvised a new one from withies, deciding that when that rope broke he would accept it as a sign from God to stop at that place and build a church. The withy rope broke at the place now called Steyning, upon which (according to his biography) he prayed:
"Father Almighty, you have brought my wanderings to an end; now enable me to begin this work. For who am I, Lord, that I should build a house to name? If I rely on myself, it will be of no avail, but it is you who will assist me. You have given me the desire to be a builder; make up for my lack of skill, and bring the work of building this holy house to its completion."
After building a hut to accommodate his mother and himself, he began work on the church (now St Andrew's, Steyning, which in the 20th century instituted a Cuthmann chapel in his honour), with help from the locals. As the church was nearing completion and Cuthmann was having difficulty with a roof-beam, a stranger showed him how to fix it. When Cuthmann asked his name, he replied:
"I am he in whose name you are building this church."
Whatever date is ascribed to Cuthmann, this church was in existence by 857, when King Æthelwulf of Wessex, the father of Alfred the Great, was buried there.
Other legends
According to one legend, Chanctonbury Ring near Steyning was created by the Devil who became so angry at the conversion of England thanks to 'apostles' like Cuthmann that he decided to dig a channel by night to let in the sea and drown the Christians of Sussex. Fortunately, Cuthmann found out the Devil’s plan and tricked him by holding a candle behind a sieve and knocking the local cock off its perch. When the Devil saw the light and heard the cock crow, he fled the scene, leaving his great plan unfinished and giving us a complex of hills (the mounds of earth from his digging), including Chanctonbury Ring and the nearby ‘Devil's Dyke.’
According to another, whilst he was a shepherd, one day he drew a line around his sheep with his staff so that he could get away to collect food. On his return, he found that the flock had not left the invisible boundary. This miracle may have taken place in a field near Chidham, which for centuries was known as ‘St Cuthman’s Field’ or ‘St Cuthman’s Dell.’ It was said that a large stone in the field, ‘on which the holy shepherd was in the habit of sitting,’ held miraculous properties.
Veneration
Cuthmann was venerated as a saint in the Steyning area before the Norman Conquest. In charters of William the Conqueror, Steyning is sometimes called "St Cuthman's Port" or "St Cuthman's Parish".
The translation of his relics to Fécamp led to his becoming well known on the continent and even to his feast being celebrated at many of the religious houses of Normandy. This can be seen most clearly in a German engraving of him with his "cart" by Martin Schongauer, and the inclusion, transcription (from an anonymous source) and printing of his Life in the saints' lives collected in 1658 in the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum, giving his feast day as 8 February.
There is also a choir seat carving at Ripon Cathedral dating from a few decades after 1450 (with him and a three-wheeled wheelbarrow) and at his birthplace of Chidham there was a Guild of St Cuthman, subject to a tax in 1522 under Henry VIII.
Though the church he founded at Steyning was later re-dedicated to Andrew not Cuthmann, moves began in January 2007 within the parish to have it rededicated to "St Andrew and St Cuthman", giving the apostle Andrew precedence but reincluding Cuthmann – these moves succeeded and the church is now dedicated to "St Andrew and St Cuthman".
The church also has a Cuthmann chapel and a statue of him outside by artist Penny Reeve, while a picture of him with his wheelbarrow also continues to be Steyning's logo on its town sign.
Christopher Fry wrote a play on him in 1938 called The Boy with a Cart, performed at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, in 1950, directed by John Gielgud and with Richard Burton as Cuthman, from which the following is a quote:
Gallery
See also
History of Christianity in Sussex
Notes
References
Bibliography
Acta Sanctorum February volume II, Feb. 8th, p.197-199
G. R. Stephens, W. D. Stephens, 'Cuthman: A Neglected Saint', Speculum, Vol. 13, No. 4 (October, 1938), pp. 448–453
C. Grant Loomis, 'The American Tall Tale and the Miraculous', California Folklore Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April, 1945), page 119 – tells of Cuthmann hanging his gloves upon a sunbeam
External links
Latin text and English translation of the medieval "Life" of St Cuthman (BHL 2035)
Patron Saints Index entry on Saint Cuthman
Saint Cuthmann of Steyning
Possible text from the life of Cuthman
681 births
8th-century deaths
South Saxon saints
People from Steyning
8th-century Christian saints
Steyning
English hermits
7th-century English people
8th-century English people
People from Chidham and Hambrook |
4032141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate%20Odomes | Nate Odomes | Nathaniel Bernard Odomes (born August 25, 1965) is a former professional American football cornerback who played for the Buffalo Bills (1987–1993), Seattle Seahawks (1994–1995), and the Atlanta Falcons (1996). Before his NFL career, he played for the University of Wisconsin–Madison, returning 36 punts for 359 yards and intercepting 9 passes. His 7 interceptions in the 1986 season led the Big Ten Conference. He was selected by the Bills in the second round of the 1987 NFL Draft.
Odomes was one of the top defensive backs in the NFL during the early 1990s, assisting the Bills to four consecutive Super Bowl appearances, and making the Pro Bowl twice (1992 and 1993). One of his more memorable plays was in a 1992 playoff game known as The Comeback, where he intercepted a pass from future Hall of Fame quarterback Warren Moon to set up Buffalo's game-winning field goal. In the following season, Odomes led the NFL with 9 interceptions, and made a key interception in the second quarter of Super Bowl XXVIII to help his team build a 13–6 halftime lead. However, his team still lost the game 30–13.
After the 1993 season, Odomes signed with Seattle and spent two injury-plagued years with the Seahawks. He never suited up for Seattle. Before concluding his NFL career, he played one final season with the Atlanta Falcons in 1996. In his eight NFL seasons, Odomes intercepted 26 passes, which he returned for 224 yards and a touchdown. He also recorded 3 sacks and recovered 8 fumbles, returning them for 86 yards and 2 touchdowns.
References
American football cornerbacks
Buffalo Bills players
Players of American football from Columbus, Georgia
Seattle Seahawks players
Atlanta Falcons players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Wisconsin Badgers football players
1965 births
Living people |
4032147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Ellis | Walter Ellis | Walter Ellis (born September 7, 1948) is a Northern Ireland-born, United States-based writer. He spends his summers in France.
Ellis is the author of The Beginning of the End: The Crippling Disadvantage of a Happy Irish Childhood, the story of his early life in Belfast, Durham, Cork, and Brussels, and his uneasy relationship with his cousin, Ronnie Bunting, a leading member of the Irish National Liberation Army, shot dead in 1980. He also wrote The Oxbridge Conspiracy: How the Ancient Universities Have Kept Their Stranglehold on the Establishment (/), a study of elitism in higher education in England.
He has lived in New York since 2001. His wife Louisa is a graphic designer and painter. His son, Jamie Ellis, is a record producer.
Walter Ellis, formerly a journalist and foreign correspondent for several British and Irish newspapers, now writes obituaries for The Times of London. He is also moving into the field of fiction. His thriller, The Fleeing Man, was published in Italy in 2010 (as Il Codice Caravaggio) and came out in Ireland in the summer of 2012, achieving excellent reviews.
External links
References
Ellis, W. (2006). The Beginning of the End: the Crippling Disadvantage of a Happy Irish Childhood. Edinburgh: Mainstream Press.
1948 births
Living people
Journalists from Northern Ireland
Male non-fiction writers from Northern Ireland
Writers from Belfast
Writers from New York City
21st-century writers from Northern Ireland
21st-century non-fiction writers from Northern Ireland |
4032158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Terminals | The Terminals | The Terminals were a New Zealand alternative rock band. They released material on the Xpressway and Flying Nun labels.
History
The band was formed in 1988, with several members being veterans of other bands. Vocalist Stephen Cogle and drummer Peter Stapleton had both been members of The Victor Dimisich Band in the early 1980s, Stapleton also playing with The Pin Group and Scorched Earth Policy. Guitarist Ross Humphries was an ex-member of The Pin Group, and Mick Elborado played bass and keyboards with Scorched Earth Policy. Signing to Flying Nun, the band's debut release was the Disconnect EP in 1988, followed by two albums for the label. Humphries was replaced by former Scorched Earth Policy guitarist Brian Crook. The band moved to the Xpressway label for their third album, Touch. Little Things followed in 1995.
Drummer and lyricist Peter Stapleton passed away in 2020.
Band members
Original line-up
Stephen Cogle (guitar/vocals)
Ross Humphries (guitar/vocals)
Susan Heney (bass)
Mick Elborado (organ)
Peter Stapleton (drums)
Middle line-up
Stephen Cogle (guitar/vocals)
Brian Crook (guitar/vocals)
John Chrisstoffels (bass)
Mick Elborado (organ)
Peter Stapleton (drums)
Last line-up
Stephen Cogle (guitar/vocals)
Nicole Moffat (violin/vocals)
John Chrisstoffels (bass)
Mick Elborado (organ)
Peter Stapleton (drums)
Discography
Featured appearances
The group have appeared on a few compilations since their inception in New Zealand and Australia. The following is a list of these albums that have featured tracks by The Terminals.
(1992) - What's That Noise (xpressway)
Singles
References
External links
Interview with The Terminals
The Terminals entry at Trouser Press
Flying Nun Records artists
New Zealand indie rock groups |
4032163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Kuskokwim%20language | Upper Kuskokwim language | The Upper Kuskokwim language (also called Kolchan or Goltsan or Dinak'i) is an Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené language family. It is spoken by the Upper Kuskokwim people in the Upper Kuskokwim River villages of Nikolai, Telida, and McGrath, Alaska. About 40 of a total of 160 Upper Kuskokwim people (Dichinanek’ Hwt’ana) still speak the language.
A practical orthography of the language was established by Raymond Collins, who in 1964 began linguistic work at Nikolai.
Since 1990s, the language has also been documented by a Russian linguist Andrej Kibrik.
Bibliography
Alaska Native Language Center. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
Collins, Raymond and Sally Jo Collins. 2004. Dichinanek' Hwt'ana: A History of the people of the Upper Kuskokwim who live in Nikolai and Telida, Alaska. (Online: Alaska Native Language Archive item UK964C2004)
References
Links
Upper Kuskokwim Language and Culture Preservation (website in development)
Dinak'i | Upper Kuskokwim Dictionary iOS app
Northern Athabaskan languages
Indigenous languages of Alaska
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
Endangered Athabaskan languages |
4032170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk%20Money%20%28film%29 | Milk Money (film) | Milk Money is a 1994 American romantic comedy film directed by Richard Benjamin and starring Melanie Griffith and Ed Harris. The film is about three suburban 11-year-old boys who find themselves behind in "the battle of the sexes," believing they would regain the upper hand if they could just see a real, live naked lady.
The film received generally negative reviews from critics.
Plot
Three junior high school boys—Brad (Adam LaVorgna), Frank (Michael Patrick Carter) and Kevin (Brian Christopher)—travel from their bedroom suburb of Middletown to the city, bringing money with hopes of seeing a woman naked. They find a hooker named "V" (Melanie Griffith) who is willing to show her breasts. However, when they decide to head home, they find their bikes have been stolen, leaving them broke and stuck in the city. V speaks with her drug dealing pimp named "Cash" (Casey Siemaszko), and another hooker, Betty (Anne Heche). Cash has been skimming money that he sends to mob collector Waltzer (Malcolm McDowell), who in turn steals from his own boss, Jerry "The Pope" (Philip Bosco). V notices the boys outside in the rain and offers them a ride back home in Cash's car.
After they arrive at Frank's house, the car V was using suddenly breaks down so she goes inside to use the phone. Tom (Ed Harris), Frank's father, comes home and is surprised to find a woman in the house. Unbeknownst to V, Frank tells Tom that V is a math tutor and that she's giving lessons to Brad. Tom offers to repair her car in a few days when he is free from his science classes at school. With no other option, she accepts Frank's offer to stay in his tree house without Tom's knowledge. Frank begins a close friendship with V, hoping to set her up with his father. He tells her Tom has no problem with her "job," meaning the tutoring ruse, but she thinks he means her prostitution.
V learns from television that Cash has been murdered by Waltzer. She phones Betty only to discover that Waltzer is looking for her - Cash told him that she stole the money. She realizes that he is overhearing the conversation and hangs up. With V's car still broken down, she gets Tom's old bike from the garage and rushes to find him. He is on a field trip to the town's wetlands, undeveloped natural land that he is attempting to save from development. He is unable to repair her car any sooner, but she realizes that she is probably safer in Middleton, since Waltzer doesn't know where she is.
At school, Frank flunks a biology test about sex education and must give his class an oral presentation. He decides to use V as a mannequin and through a ruse distracts his teacher long enough to draw a relatively accurate female reproductive system on her skin-colored bodysuit. Tom and V go out on a date and both realize they are developing feelings for each other. While walking through town on their date, Tom and V run into Kevin's family. V recognizes Kevin's father, who is a client, but he initially says she has him mixed up with someone else before admitting to remembering her and says she was a dance teacher. Tom is impressed with how busy V is being a tutor and dance teacher; V then realizes that Frank had actually lied about Tom knowing about her prostitution. V explains herself to Tom, and their relationship grows. She reveals that her real name is Eve, which she thought was too biblical so she removed the “e”s. Kevin's father unwittingly calls her home phone number, which he had in his pocket notebook, in an attempt to purchase her services again. He talks to Betty and Waltzer, who happens to be there also, learns from Betty about the trip to Middleton, thus finding out where V is hiding.
V is terrified that Waltzer will find her so she decides to leave town but attends a school dance to say goodbye to Frank. Waltzer shows up to spoil their fun. A chase ensues, with Waltzer finally being eliminated. Anxious about her status and afraid to return to her old job, V goes to Waltzer's boss and relates how he has been cheating him. She asks to be "forgotten" by them. The older crime boss succumbs to her charms and he tells her he'll take care of things and that she doesn't need to be afraid anymore, while also allowing her to walk away from prostitution for good. V finds the stolen money in a backpack and uses it to buy the wetlands in Tom's name; it is also revealed that she purchased the ice cream parlor in town, so she can carry on with her new relationship.
Cast
Melanie Griffith as Eve "V"
Ed Harris as Tom Wheeler
Michael Patrick Carter as Frank Wheeler
Malcolm McDowell as Waltzer
Anne Heche as Betty
Philip Bosco as Jerry "The Pope"
Casey Siemaszko as "Cash"
Brian Christopher as Kevin
Adam LaVorgna as Brad
Margaret Nagle as Mrs. Fetch
Kevin Youkilis as Kid (uncredited)
Production
The screenplay written by John Mattson was sold to Paramount Pictures in 1992 for $1.1 million, a record for a romantic comedy spec script. Mattson was sued by Dino De Laurentiis (DDLC), the lawsuit alleged that Mattson's agent had made a verbal agreement to sell the script to DDLC for $1 million, before selling the script to Paramount for $1.1 million.
The film was originally set up with Joe Dante to direct and his frequent partner, Michael Finnell, to produce, but they left the project over disputes regarding the budget and their fees. Paramount had wanted Dante to work for less than his normal directing fee, and to shoot the film in Canada using a non-union crew with a budget of $14 million.
Shot in various locations in Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Lebanon, Ohio, the story is set in an Ohio suburb named "Middleton", outside of an unnamed city (for which Pittsburgh was used).
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 12% based on reviews from 42 critics with the consensus: "Ill-conceived and cheap when it comes to cleverness, Milk Money is a more than a few cents short of a good time." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B" on scale of A to F.
Siskel & Ebert speculated that it may have been made by Hollywood executives with an affinity for hookers. In print, Roger Ebert opted not for a conventional negative review, but to portray it as the result of a fictional conversation between two studio executives. Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave it a negative review and suggested "Milk Money may be the first brainless American comedy that deserves to be remade by the French". Maslin said Griffith "brings a certain irrepressible gusto to her role" and "Harris manages to be improbably charming". Variety called it "a misguided comedy with Hall of Shame pedigree" and "The film is obvious, loud, mean-spirited and has its mind in the gutter."
At the 15th Golden Raspberry Awards, the film was nominated for Worst Screenplay, but it lost to The Flintstones.
Year-end worst-of lists
2nd – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
4th – Dan Craft, The Pantagraph
6th – Janet Maslin, The New York Times
9th – Robert Denerstein, Rocky Mountain News
Top 10 (not ranked) – Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News-Sentinel
Home media
The film was released on VHS in March 1995 and DVD on September 9, 2003. It was presented in anamorphic widescreen in its original 1.85:1 aspect ratio.
References
External links
1994 films
1990s coming-of-age films
1994 romantic comedy films
American coming-of-age films
American crime comedy films
American romantic comedy films
1990s coming-of-age comedy films
American coming-of-age comedy films
1990s English-language films
Films about children
Films about prostitution in the United States
Films about puberty
Films directed by Richard Benjamin
Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy
Films produced by Frank Marshall
Films scored by Michael Convertino
Films set in Ohio
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Ohio
Films shot in Pittsburgh
Paramount Pictures films
The Kennedy/Marshall Company films
1994 comedy films |
4032178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbuprenorphine | Norbuprenorphine | Norbuprenorphine is a major active metabolite of the opioid modulator buprenorphine. It is a μ-opioid, δ-opioid, and nociceptin receptor full agonist, and a κ-opioid receptor partial agonist. In rats, unlike buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine produces marked respiratory depression but with very little antinociceptive effect. In explanation of these properties, norbuprenorphine has been found to be a high affinity P-glycoprotein substrate, and in accordance, shows very limited blood-brain-barrier penetration.
See also
Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
Buprenorphine-3-glucuronide
Loperamide
Noroxymorphone
References
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Phenols
Tertiary alcohols
Ethers
Kappa-opioid receptor agonists
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Delta-opioid receptor agonists
Nociceptin receptor agonists
Opioid metabolites
Peripherally selective drugs |
4032180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20cruiser%20Vittorio%20Veneto | Italian cruiser Vittorio Veneto | Vittorio Veneto was a helicopter cruiser that served with the Italian Navy. Originally intended to be a class of two ships specifically designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW), only Vittorio Veneto entered into service in 1969, its sister ship Italia being cancelled. Vittorio Veneto was decommissioned in 2003. This ship has the same general layout as the smaller helicopter cruisers, but with two elevators in the flight deck and the hangar below, rather than with the hangar as part of the superstructure. It was named for the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto which ended World War I on the Italian front.
History
Although the Andrea Doria-class helicopter cruisers proved a useful addition to the fleet, it was judged that a larger ship was necessary. Such a vessel would be able operate a larger airwing and provide helicopter support in bad weather conditions. These considerations led to the Vittorio Veneto class, of which two ships were originally planned, though only one was actually built. The second ship of the class, Italia, was cancelled.
The ship was laid down on 10 June 1965 and launched on 5 February 1967. The cruiser was completed on 12 July 1969 at the Italcantieri plant of Castellammare di Stabia. It entered in service in the October of the same year, at the naval base of Taranto. Vittorio Veneto remained the flagship of the Italian Navy until the aircraft carrier was commissioned in 1985.
Design
Vittorio Veneto has a displacement of 7,500 tons standard and 8,850 tons fully loaded. Unlike the Andrea Dorias, which had separate funnels, it has two combination mast/funnels. The second major difference in design is the location of the helicopter facilities. Vittorio Veneto has a raised rear deck to accommodate a hangar beneath the helicopter platform, rather than a frigate/destroyer style hangar in the superstructure. There are two elevators to transfer the helicopters between the hangar and the deck.
Originally the ship carried armament similar to the Andrea Dorias comprising a Terrier anti-aircraft system situated in front of the bridge, which could also be used to launch ASROC antisubmarine rockets. Compared to the Andrea Dorias, Vittorio Venetos missile magazine has a third drum, increasing magazine capacity by a half to sixty rounds. The secondary armament comprised eight dual-purpose guns in a ring around the superstructure, similar to the Andrea Dorias. Finally, the vessel was armed with two triple 324 mm torpedo launchers. Vittorio Veneto could operate up to nine light helicopters, of the types Agusta-Bell AB-204 or later AB-212 or six heavy helicopters of the type AB-61, which could be housed in the hangar beneath the long rear deck.
The electronics were rather advanced for the time, comprising a three-dimensional AN/SPS-52 B radar and an SPS-768 (RAN 3L) air search radar. For anti-submarine warfare an AN/SQS-23 sonar set was installed.
Vittorio Veneto was propelled by two steam turbines providing , for a maximum speed of . Like the previous class, the cruiser had a set of stabilizing fins to improve stability for helicopter operations.
Upgrades
The ship underwent an extensive update between 1981 and 1984. The electronics were updated, and launchers for Otomat missiles were installed, together with three OTO Melara twin DARDO CIWS compact gun mounts for AA defence and Standard SM-1ER SAM missiles to replace the Terrier SAM. The engine feeding system was shifted from nafta to diesel fuel for standardisation and environmental reasons.
Accidents
Vittorio Veneto ran aground in bad weather off the port of Vlorë on 22 April 1997. At the time it was acting as the flagship of a multinational task-force that protected aid deliveries to Albania. It took four tugboats to pull its free. No damage to the ship or injuries to the crew were reported by the Italian navy.
Decommissioning
After 1995 Vittorio Veneto served mainly as a training ship. It was decommissioned in 2003. At the time, it was the second to last cruiser in service with any Western European fleet, leaving only the , which remained in service until 2010. Its air coverage capability is now supplied by the V/STOL aircraft carrier .
See also
References
Sources
Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. .
External links
Vittorio Veneto (550) Marina Militare website
GlobalSecurity.org
Vittorio Veneto-class cruisers
Cruisers of the Italian Navy
Ships built by Fincantieri
1967 ships
Helicopter carrier classes
Cold War cruisers of Italy
Ships built in Castellammare di Stabia |
4032183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix%20position | Crucifix position | The crucifix position is a ground grappling position that involves being perpendicularly behind the opponent, chest against back, and controlling the opponent's arms. One of the opponent's arms is controlled using the legs, and the other using the arms, hence effectively putting the opponent in a position resembling a crucifix. This position allows for elbow strikes to the head, or if the opponent is wearing a gi, it allows for a collar strangle called the crucifix choke (in Judo known as jigoku jime, 地獄絞, "hell strangle"). It is also possible to have the crucifix position in such a way that a crucifix neck crank can be applied.
References
Gracie Barra Tampa. A Confusion of Crucifixes, Crucifix Choke. tampabjj.com. accessed February 11, 2006.
External links
The Crucifix. Shows the basic crucifix position.
Crucifix. Shows the crucifix position being used to set up a crucifix neck crank.
Chris Kirby and Chris Russo demonstrating completed jigoku jime (hell strangle)
Grappling positions
Wrestling
Chokeholds |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.