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4034764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya%20and%20British%20Borneo%20dollar | Malaya and British Borneo dollar | The Malaya and British Borneo dollar (; ) was the currency of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, North Borneo, Brunei and Riau archipelago from 1953 to 1967 and was the successor of the Malayan dollar and Sarawak dollar, replacing them at par. The currency was issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo. Prior to 1952, the board was known as the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya.
The Malaya and British Borneo dollar was used in Malaya after independence in 1957, and in Malaysia after its formation in 1963, as well as in Singapore after its independence in 1965. After 1967, the two countries and Brunei ended the common currency arrangement and began issuing their own currencies. However, the Malaya and British Borneo dollar continued to be legal tender until 16 January 1969. The currency was also being used in the Riau Archipelago in Indonesia prior to 1963.
History
Board of Commissioners of Currency Malaya and British Borneo
The Currency Ordinance No. 44 of 1952 of the Crown Colony of Singapore, No. 33 of 1951 of the Federation of Malaya, No. 10 of 1951 of North Borneo and No. 1 of 1951 of Sarawak implemented an agreement between those governments and the State of Brunei for the establishment of a Board of Commissioners of Currency to be the sole issuing authority in British Malaya and British Borneo.
This agreement became effective on 1 January 1952. The Board consisted of five members:
Financial Secretary of Singapore who was also the Chairman of the Board
Minister of Finance for the Federation of Malaya
Governor of Sarawak
Governor of North Borneo
British Resident of Brunei
and two further appointed by agreement of the participating governments.
End of common currency
On 12 June 1967, the currency union came to an end and Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei each began issuing their own currencies: the Malaysian dollar, Singapore dollar and Brunei dollar. The currencies of the three countries were interchangeable at par value under the Interchangeability Agreement until 8 May 1973 when the Malaysian government decided to terminate it. Brunei and Singapore continue with the Agreement until the present day.
The Board of Commissioners of Currency Malaya and British Borneo was officially wound up on 30 November 1979.
Coins
Coins were issued in bronze 1 cent square shaped coins issued between 1953 and 1961, and circular coins of similar composition from 1962, and cupro-nickel 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents. These all shared a similar basic design depicting Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and denomination on the reverse. However, the Queen was replaced with two daggers on the smaller round cent of 1962. These coins carried the same design features and sizes from the coins of the previous Commissioner's Currency and Straits series, making them relatively unchanged in appearance except for the depictions of the British monarchs. The older coins also continued to circulate alongside these bearing the new title.
Banknotes
1953 series
All notes bear the date 21 March 1953, and signed by W.C. Taylor, the Chairman of the Board of Commissioner of Currency. The 1, 5 and 10 dollar notes were printed by Waterlow and Sons, the 50 and 100 dollar notes were printed by Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co. Ltd. and the 1,000 and 10,000 dollar notes were printed by Thomas de la Rue & Co. Ltd. As a safeguard against forgery, a broken security thread and the watermark of a lion's head were incorporated in the paper before printing.
1959 series
See also
British North Borneo dollar
Malayan dollar
Sarawak dollar
Straits dollar
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Coins of Malaya and British Borneo
Global Financial Data currency histories table
Tables of modern monetary history: Asia
|-
|-
Dollar
Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations
Obsolete currencies in Malaysian history
British Malaya
British Borneo
Economy of Brunei
Modern obsolete currencies
British rule in Singapore
Currencies of Brunei
Currencies of Malaysia
Currencies of Singapore
1953 establishments in Malaya
1967 disestablishments in Malaysia
Brunei–United Kingdom relations |
4034765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Porcelos | Diego Rodríguez Porcelos | Diego Rodríguez Porcelos (governed 873 – c. 885), was the second Count of Castile, succeeding his father Rodrigo. He did not govern Álava, however, as his father had done, since this responsibility fell on Count Vela Jiménez. Between 882 and 884 and under the mandate of King Alfonso III of Asturias, he was in charge of the repoblación of Burgos and Ubierna.
Shortly before 882, he built a castle in Pancorbo from where he confronted a large Arab army trying to annex the valley of the Ebro in two different military campaigns in 882 and 883. He also created a defensive line along the river Arlanzón, and in 884 founded an outpost that would develop into the city of Burgos. It also appears he restored the episcopal see of Oca (ancient Auca).
His date and place of death are not agreed upon by the chronicles, though 885 is most probable as recorded in the Chronica Naierensis which states that Didacus comes...et interfectus est in Cornuta era DCCCCXXIII, secundo kalendas febroarii, that is, that he was killed in Cornudilla on 31 January, and most likely, in a battle against the Muslim troops faithful to the Banu Qasi. Nevertheless, other historians, such as Justo Pérez de Urbel give 890 as his decease date. His body, however, was supposedly buried in the hermitage of San Felices de Oca (nowadays Villafranca Montes de Oca). After his death, Castile was divided by his successors into many counties until 932.
Descendants
The name of the mother of his children, who were probably very young when he died, is not known. These were:
Gómez Díaz, who should not be confused with his namesake, Gómez Díaz count in Saldaña, appears in 932 as the alférez of Count Fernán González whose eldest son, Gonzalo Fernández, married Fronilde Gómez, possibly a daughter of this Gómez Díaz.
Gonzalo Díaz, who appears on 3 February 921 with his wife María at the Monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña donating some watermills at the Arlanzón River and declaring that he was the son of Count Diego (Gundessalbus, Didaci comite filius).
Fernando Díaz, count in Lantarón and Cerezo.
Monuments in his memory
In a roundabout near the Museum of Human Evolution in Burgos, there is an equestrian statue in his honour, made in 1983 by sculptor Juan de Ávalos. He is also depicted in a sixteenth century statue in the Arco de Santa María, in the same city.
References
Bibliography
885 deaths
Counts of Spain
9th-century births
9th-century Asturian nobility
People of the Reconquista
Counts of Castile |
4034767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee%20Cipriano | Renee Cipriano | Renee Cipriano is currently a Partner and Environmental Lawyer with Thompson Coburn LLP in Chicago, Illinois. Ms. Cipriano provides strategic planning and counseling around statutory and regulatory requirements, enforcement and compliance.
Cipriano is the former director of the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. She left the Illinois EPA in May 2005 after almost four years as director. Her successor is Douglas P. Scott.
Views on product regulations
Cipriano sees significant tension between federal and state product regulation, including those meant to protect the environment from contaminants that have been incorporated into products. She thinks the fact that states, not federal lawmakers, adopt and enforce most of these product regulations presents "great challenges", for manufacturers, distributors, and retailers in particular.
Awards and appointments
In 2009, Cipriano was appointed to the Illinois Carbon Capture and Sequestration Legislation Commission by Illinois Senate President John J. Cullerton.
Cipriano, who is co-chair of Keep Chicago Beautiful, won its President's Lifetime Volunteer Service Award in 2011. Keep Chicago Beautiful is an affiliate of Keep America Beautiful, an environmental organization that advocates litter prevention, recycling, and community greening.
In October 2011, she was named 2012 Chicago Environmental Law Lawyer of the Year by Best Lawyers.
A February 9, 2006 Chicago Tribune article written by Michael Hawthorne[2] raised the issue of Cipriano registering as a lobbyist for Ameren less than a year after leaving public office. The article cites a 2003 ethics law barring state employees from working for companies they formerly regulated for at least one year.
However, the article also stated that an EPA spokeswoman argued "that the law doesn't apply to Cipriano's new job lobbying for a power company subject to scores of environmental regulations."
American lobbyists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
4034779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubudu%20Dassanayake | Pubudu Dassanayake | Pubudu Bathiya Dassanayake ( ; born 11 July 1970) is a Sri Lanka-born Canadian former international cricketer and coach who represented both Sri Lanka and Canada internationally & current head coach of Nepal national team. He previously coached Everest Premier League side Bhairahawa Gladiators. He was also the coach of the United States national team, having earlier served for periods as head coach of Canada and Nepal.
Dassanayake was born in Kandy, Sri Lanka. A wicket-keeper, he made his debut in first-class cricket in 1990, at age of 19. Dassanayake's international debut came in August 1993, against South Africa. He spent just over a year as Sri Lanka's first-choice wicket-keeper, with his last international matches coming on a 1994 tour of New Zealand. In total, Dassanayake represented Sri Lanka in eleven Tests and sixteen One Day International (ODI) matches. His domestic career, which was played mostly for the Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club, continued until the 2000–01 season.
After emigrating to Canada, Dassanayake made his international debut for Canada at the 2005 ICC Trophy. He also represented the team in the 2005 and 2006 editions of the ICC Intercontinental Cup. After his retirement from playing, he was appointed head coach of the national team in August 2007, having earlier spent several months as acting head coach. Dassanayake oversaw Canada's successful qualification for the 2011 World Cup, resigning as coach after the tournament's completion. He was appointed coach of Nepal in October 2011, and served until October 2015, coaching the team at the 2014 World Twenty20. Dassanayake was appointed U.S. head coach in September 2016, but resigned in July 2019.
Playing career
Sri Lanka
Dassanayake was born in Kandy, in Sri Lanka's Central Province. A wicket-keeper, he made his first-class debut in January 1990, aged 19, playing for the Colts Cricket Club during the 1989–90 season of the Lakspray Trophy. Dassanayake switched to the Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club for the 1990–91 season, but played only a single limited-overs game. He appeared in another four one-day games the following season, playing twice for Bloomfield in the Hatna Trophy and also twice for the Sinhalese Sports Club in the Premadasa Trophy. Beginning in mid-1992, Dassanayake began to be selected for representative teams, playing first-class tournaments for Central Province and a Sri Lankan under-23s team. He toured Bangladesh with Sri Lanka A in December 1992, and the following month toured South Africa with a Sri Lankan under-24s side.
Leapfrogging Ashley de Silva and Romesh Kaluwitharana (the two wicket-keepers used in Sri Lanka's previous series) for selection, Dassanayake made his international debut in August 1993, playing three Tests and two ODIs in a home series against South Africa. Prior to the first Test, he had impressed selectors by recording six dismissals in an innings in a warm-up game for a Sri Lanka Board XI. After his debut series, Dassanayake's next international was a one-off Test against the West Indies in December 1993. The following month, he was selected for a tour of India, playing in three Tests and one ODI. At the 1994 Austral-Asia Cup in the United Arab Emirates, Dassanayake played ODIs against Australia and New Zealand for the first time. His next internationals came in a home series against Pakistan in August 1994. This was followed by the Singer World Series (a quadrangular ODI tournament hosted in Sri Lanka), and then by a tour of Zimbabwe.
Dassanayake played his final international matches in December 1994, at the Mandela Trophy (a one-off ODI tournament hosted in South Africa). He was unable to maintain his batting at the standard required for international competition, averaging just 13.06 across eleven Tests and 10.62 across sixteen ODIs. In his first domestic season after being dropped from the national team, Dassanayake scored two first-class centuries, including a career-high 144 for Bloomfield against the Panadura Sports Club. Although he never returned to the senior Sri Lankan team, he did play several more series for Sri Lanka A, appearing against the United Arab Emirates and India A in December 1995, against Bangladesh and Pakistan A in February 1997, and against England A in February 1998. His domestic career with Bloomfield ended after the 2000–01 season.
Canada
Dassanayake immigrated to Canada in 2001, settling in Ontario. After meeting the residency qualifications, he made his international debut for Canada at the 2005 ICC Trophy, held in Ireland. He appeared in all seven of his team's matches, recording eight dismissals (five catches and three stumpings) and scoring 76 runs, with a highest score of 36 not out against Scotland. Later in the year, Dassanayake represented Canada in ICC Intercontinental Cup matches against Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, serving as captain in the absence of John Davison. Against Bermuda, he played solely as a batsman, with Ashish Bagai taking the gloves. Dassanayake's final appearance for Canada came in August 2006, in an Intercontinental Cup game against Kenya. He was 36 at the time, and again played solely as a batsman.
Coaching career
Canada
In August 2007 he was named as permanent coach of Canada, having been in temporary charge since June, replacing Andy Pick. Dassanayake coached Canada for almost 4 years leading them to the 2011 Cricket World Cup where the country won only its second ever World Cup Match. Following the world cup, Dassanayake elected not to renew his contract with Cricket Canada.
Nepal
Cricket Association of Nepal (CAN) appointed him as the coach of Nepal national cricket team on August 23, 2011, for six months. Fellow Sri Lankan Roy Dias coached Nepal cricket team for 9 years before leaving in 2011.
Dassanayake has been a prolific sculptor in shaping Nepalese cricket. On his coaching Nepal has clinched 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three. So far Dassannayake has been true to his words about Nepalese cricket. Three years back he had mentioned in a press conference at the Tribhuvan International Airport that he would make Nepal cricket team play ICC Cricket World Cup so far on his coaching, Nepal cricket team has made a place in the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 held at Bangladesh.
In October 2015, Dassanayake stepped down as Nepal coach, citing personal reasons, ending his four year tenure in the role. His last game was against Papua New Guinea in November 2015. He was appointed as a consultant coach of Nepal for the match against Namibia in world cricket league and a match against MCC on the special request of ICC .
In December 2021, Dassanayake was re-appointed as Nepal Cricket team head Coach. Cricket Association of Nepal re-selected Pubudu as Nepal’s coach out of 15 shortlisted Coaches.
United States
In July 2016, Dassanayake was one of four candidates shortlisted for the vacant position of head coach of the U.S. national team. As part of the selection process, he served as a guest coach at a training camp for the national squad, and also coached a combined ICC Americas invitational team at the West Indies Cricket Board's under-19 tournament. In September 2016, it was announced that Dassanayake had won the position, with his first major tournament in charge to be the 2016 World Cricket League Division Four event in Los Angeles. The United States won the tournament and Dassanayake said "I wouldn't have settled for runner-up in the final" and that he was "very happy how things went in the final". In July 2019, Dassanayake resigned from his role as coach of the US national team. In August 2020, Dassanayake confirmed that he would be coaching franchise cricket in New Jersey.
References
External links
Pubudu Dassanayake at ESPNcricinfo
1970 births
Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Canadian cricketers
Coaches of the Canada national cricket team
Coaches of the Nepal national cricket team
Colts Cricket Club cricketers
Cricketers from Kandy
Kandurata cricketers
Living people
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Sri Lankan cricket coaches
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan emigrants to Canada
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan expatriates in Nepal
Coaches of the United States national cricket team
Sri Lankan expatriates in the United States
Wicket-keepers |
4034780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20Together%20Music%20Festival | Come Together Music Festival | Come Together is an all-ages Australian music festival performed at Luna Park Sydney. Beginning in 2005, it was originally two separate events, one in April and one in September. In 2006, a two-day festival was held in June (on the Queen's Birthday Long Weekend), and the festival was again on the same long weekend in 2007. Originally limited to Australian performers, the festival was later expanded to include New Zealand performers and a small number of international acts.
The ticket price includes an unlimited rides pass and is for ages 13 and over.
Triple J and The Music have traditionally supported or presented the event alongside Luna Park Sydney.
From 2011 to 2013 the event changed to a one-day hip hop-centric event until 2014 when the event was cancelled one week before its 7 June date due to poor ticket sales.
Come Together 2015 has been announced for 6 and 7 June – returning to its original two-day format, reintroducing indie music to the Sunday. Triple J are supporting and The Music are presenting. Triple J Unearthed winners will open each day which feature all-Aussie line-ups of established and breaking acts.
Notable past line-ups
2005 - April
Little Birdy
Rocket Science
Gerling
Sarah Blasko
The Redsunband
The Mess Hall
The Presets
Machine Translations
Even
Youth Group
2005 - September
You Am I
Butterfingers
Dappled Cities Fly
78 Saab
Peabody
Screamfeeder
Bluebottle Kiss
Andy Clockwise
Bluejuice
+ more
2006
Augie March
Regurgiator
The Herd
Ratcat
Magic Dirt
The Mess Hall
The Panics
+ more
2007
Every Time I Die
Grinspoon
Shihad
Cog
Karnivool
Regular John
+ more
2008
The Vines
British India
Bridezilla
The Holidays
The Living End
Gyroscope
Birds of Tokyo
Children Collide
Dead Letter Circus
The Getaway Plan
Mammal
+ more
2009
Midnight Juggernauts
Bliss & Eso
Something With Numbers
Art vs Science
Wolf & Cub
Red Riders
Spod
Cloud Control
Philadelphia Gran Jury
+ more
2010
MM9
Bertie Blackman
Horrorshow
The Jezabels
Boy & Bear
The Snowdroppers
Ernest Ellis
+ more
2011
Drapht
Urthboy
Illy
The Tongue
+more
2012
360
Horrorshow
Hermitude
Koolism
Skryptcha
+more
2013
The Herd
Spit Syndicate
Allday
Jackie Onassis
Crochet Crooks
+more
2014... (cancelled)
2015
DAY 1
Seth Sentry
Thundamentals
Horrorshow
REMI
Coin Banks
Ivan Ooze
DAY 2
Ball Park Music
The Jungle Giants
SAFIA
Elizabeth Rose
Montaigne
Ecca Vandal
References
External links
Music festivals in Australia
June events
Music festivals established in 2005
2005 establishments in Australia
Music in Sydney |
4034784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1986 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Defending champion Boris Becker successfully defended his title, defeating Ivan Lendl in the final, 6–4, 6–3, 7–5 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1986 Wimbledon Championships.
Seeds
Ivan Lendl (final)
Mats Wilander (fourth round)
Jimmy Connors (first round)
Boris Becker (champion)
Stefan Edberg (third round)
Joakim Nyström (third round)
Henri Leconte (semifinals)
Anders Järryd (second round)
Andrés Gómez (first round)
Tim Mayotte (quarterfinals)
Kevin Curren (first round)
Brad Gilbert (fourth round)
Mikael Pernfors (fourth round)
Martín Jaite (second round)
Guillermo Vilas (first round)
Johan Kriek (second round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1986 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4034785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyal%20Wijetunge | Piyal Wijetunge | Piyal Kashyapa Wijetunge (born August 6, 1971, Badulla) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in one Test in 1993. Though he was not successful in the international arena, he was an active member in the domestic arena, where he played 65 first class matches and took 161 wickets as well.
He has served as a spin bowling coach for the Sri Lanka national team, where he trained international players such as Rangana Herath, Tharindu Kaushal and Dilruwan Perera.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
1971 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Kandurata cricketers
Alumni of St. Anthony's College, Kandy
Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers |
4034788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggradation | Aggradation | Aggradation (or alluviation) is the term used in geology for the increase in land elevation, typically in a river system, due to the deposition of sediment. Aggradation occurs in areas in which the supply of sediment is greater than the amount of material that the system is able to transport. The mass balance between sediment being transported and sediment in the bed is described by the Exner equation.
Typical aggradational environments include lowland alluvial rivers, river deltas, and alluvial fans. Aggradational environments are often undergoing slow subsidence which balances the increase in land surface elevation due to aggradation. After millions of years, an aggradational environment will become a sedimentary basin, which contains the deposited sediment, including paleochannels and ancient floodplains.
Aggradation can be caused by changes in climate, land use, and geologic activity, such as volcanic eruption, earthquakes, and faulting. For example, volcanic eruptions may lead to rivers carrying more sediment than the flow can transport: this leads to the burial of the old channel and its floodplain. In another example, the quantity of sediment entering a river channel may increase when climate becomes drier. The increase in sediment is caused by a decrease in soil binding that results from plant growth being suppressed. The drier conditions cause river flow to decrease at the same time as sediment is being supplied in greater quantities, resulting in the river becoming choked with sediment.
In 2009, a report by researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder in the journal Nature Geoscience said that reduced aggradation was contributing to an increased risk of flooding in many river deltas.
See also
External links
Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary
"The Physical Environment" Glossary definition
David Mohrig, MIT OpenCourseWare - 12.110: Sedimentary Geology - Fall 2004
John B. Southard, MIT OpenCourseWare - 12.110: Sedimentary Geology - Spring 2007
References
Geomorphology
Sedimentology
Deposition (geology) |
4034792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulip%20Samaraweera | Dulip Samaraweera | Dulip Prasanna Samaraweera (born 12 February 1972 in Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 7 Tests and 5 ODIs for his country from 1993 to 1995. He was a right-handed opening batsmen and occasional right arm off-spinner.
Family
His younger brother Thilan Samaraweera is also a former Test, ODI and T20I player of the Sri Lankan national cricket team.
His brother in law Bathiya Perera is also a former first class cricketer of Sri Lanka.
Domestic career
Playing for the Colts Cricket Club in Sri Lanka, Samaraweera made his first class debut in the 1991-92 season. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Colts Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.
He continued his first-class career for Colts until retiring in 2003. A strike rate of 53 in ODIs and 26 in Tests indicated that he was a dour player who did not score quickly. Although he never bowled at international level, he had 41 wickets to his name at first class level with an excellent average of 20. He scored over 7000 runs at first-class level including 16 centuries and 34 half centuries but never established himself at international level.
International career
He was selected for the ODI team for his debut against the West Indies in Sharjah in November 1993, in which he only managed three runs. He played four more times, aggregating 91 runs and making his top-scoring of 49 in a successful run-chase against India in Jalandhar in early 1994. Despite top-scoring, he never played ODIs for Sri Lanka again.
He made his Test debut against the West Indies at Moratuwa in December 1993, after replacing Chandika Hathurusingha as an opener. He made a slow 16 from 107 balls on debut. He made his top score of 42 in his next Test against India in Lucknow and played the whole India series, before touring New Zealand in early 1995 when he played his final two Test matches. He was dropped, ending his international career, in which he failed to pass 50 in any of his 14 innings.
References
1972 births
Living people
Alumni of Ananda College
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Basnahira North cricketers
Basnahira South cricketers
Colts Cricket Club cricketers |
4034795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela%20Di%20Centa | Manuela Di Centa | Manuela Di Centa, (born 31 January 1963) is a former Italian cross-country skier and Olympic athlete. She is the sister of former cross-country skier Giorgio Di Centa and cousin of former track and field athlete Venanzio Ortis.
Career
Di Centa, born in Paluzza, province of Udine, to a family of Nordic skiers, made her debut on the Italian national team in 1980 at the age of 17, skied with the G.S. Forestale. Two years later, she competed at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo finishing in eighth place. After a quarrel with the president of the Italian Skiing Federation, Di Centa left the national team, not returning until 1986.
At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, she finished sixth in the 20 km freestyle. She won her first medals in international competition at the 1991 World Championships in Val di Fiemme: a silver (4 × 5 km relay) and two bronzes (5 km, 30 km). An Olympic medal followed in 1992, a bronze in the 4 × 5 km relay. In 1993, at the Falun World Championships, she won two more silvers (30 km, 4 × 5 km relay). At the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, she won another silver (30 km) and a bronze (5 km).
Di Centa also became Italian national champion in fell running in 1985, 1989 and 1991.
Di Centa seemed confined to the role of the eternal second, but this changed abruptly at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, where she medaled in all five cross-country events: two gold, two silver and one bronze medal. The same year she also won her first aggregate Cross-Country Skiing World Cup, a feat she repeated in 1996.
In 1996 she was the first Italian cross-country skier to receive the Holmenkollen Medal. Her last title was a bronze at the 1998 Winter Olympics in the 4 × 5 km relay.
After retiring, Di Centa worked for Italian television (RAI), and became a member of the Italian and International Olympic Committees.
Di Centa became the first Italian woman to climb Mount Everest (with supplementary oxygen) in 2003.
Di Centa is the first Italian woman (and the 19th Italian) to compete at five Olympics, which she did from 1984 to 1998.
Her younger brother Giorgio is currently a member of the Italian national cross-country ski team and was the winner of two gold medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
At the 2018 Winter Olympics di Centa was inducted into the Olympians for Life project.
Her niece, Martina, competed for Italy at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Cross-country skiing.
2006 Winter Olympics
As a member of the International Olympic Committee and the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) and as one of Italy's most accomplished Winter Olympic athletes, Di Centa played a prominent public role in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. She was one of the eight flag bearers during the Opening Ceremonies. At the Closing Ceremonies, she participated in the awarding of medals to the winners of the men's 50 km cross-country race. Coincidentally, the gold medal winner was her younger brother Giorgio.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
7 medals – (2 gold, 2 silver, 3 bronze)
World Championships
7 medals – (4 silver, 3 bronze)
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
15 victories
35 podiums
Team podiums
1 victory – (1 )
9 podiums – (8 , 1 )
Note: Until the 1999 World Championships and the 1994 Olympics, World Championship and Olympic races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
National titles
Italian Mountain Running Championships
Mountain running: 1985, 1989, 1991 (3)
Politics
Manuela Di Centa, who has been vice-president of the National Council of the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) until 2006, is also involved in politics and was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Forza Italia, between 2006 and 2013. She became a member of the International Olympic Committee in 1999 and remained there until 2010.
Doping allegations
The Swedish investigative television program Uppdrag granskning claimed that Di Centa had an exceptionally high hemoglobin level prior to a World Cup in Lahti in 1997. Di Centa's hemoglobin value was measured in an official pre-competition test as high as 17.3 g/dL. The allowed limit to start in official FIS competition is 16.5 g/dL.
See also
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
Italian sportswomen multiple medalists at Olympics and World Championships
References
External links
Holmenkollen medalists - click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file
1963 births
Living people
People from Paluzza
Cross-country skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Holmenkollen medalists
International Olympic Committee members
Italian female cross-country skiers
Italian female mountain runners
Olympic cross-country skiers of Italy
Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Italian summiters of Mount Everest
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
4034817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriman%20High%20School | Harriman High School | Harriman High School is a public high school located in Harriman, Tennessee, operated by the Roane County School System. As of 2006, the school had an enrollment of 353.
Until 1999, Harriman High School was part of the separate Harriman City School System, which was a legacy of the city's founding in the late nineteenth century as a planned community and "utopia" by temperance movement leaders from the northeastern U.S. and the East Tennessee Land Company. Harriman High came under the authority of the Roane County School System when taxpayers voted to stop paying for a separate system in 1999. Three previous votes on the topic had failed to surrender the system. Proponents of Harriman's separate system claimed the city long had better schools than its county neighbors; those in favor of surrender argued that the town's vanishing industrial base made paying for separate schools impractical.
Harriman's campus is located at the intersection of Georgia and Roane Streets and its athletic teams compete in Richard Pickell Gymnasium, on Wallace-Black Field, and Sharieffa Barksdale Track.
Harriman's mascot is the Blue Devil. Reportedly, an early member of the school board was an alumnus of Duke University, and used his alma mater's nickname for Harriman. The Blue Devils' historical rivals are the Tigers from Rockwood High School in Rockwood, Tennessee and the two share one of Tennessee's oldest football rivalries. The rivalry between Harriman and Rockwood is the state's longest consecutive running rivalry. Harriman and Rockwood started playing in 1921 and have played every year since 1924. The 2022 season will mark the 104th time the teams have played.
Notable alumni
Harriman High School is the alma mater of:
U.S. Olympic hurdler Sharieffa Barksdale (1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games)
Former University of Tennessee football player Jeremaine Copeland, who starred on UT's 1998 National Championship team. Copeland led Harriman to a Class AA state basketball championship and an appearance in the Class AA state football title game during a time when Harriman was one of the state's smallest Class AA schools. Copeland was one of only 3 Harriman football players to go to an NCAA Division 1 program on scholarship.
References
Public high schools in Tennessee
Schools in Roane County, Tennessee
Harriman, Tennessee |
4034818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concan%2C%20Texas | Concan, Texas | Concan is a small unincorporated community in Uvalde County in the southwestern portion of the Hill Country of Texas. It sits along the Frio River close to Garner State Park and is a popular destination for summer vacationers. It is also well known for the excellent birdwatching in the spring. Also, a Roy Bechtol-designed 18-hole golf course is open to the public called Concan Country Club or the Golf Club at Concan.
Several outfitters in the area haul swimmers and tubers up the Frio River to designated drop-off points and then pick them up later downstream.
Neal's Dining Hall in Concan is featured in a 2012 episode of the syndicated television series Texas Country Reporter hosted by Bob Phillips.
The name "Concan" may have originated from the card game Conquian.
References
External links
The Handbook of Texas Entry for Concan, Texas
Concan.com website with info, links and photos of Concan and the Frio River
Texas Hill Country River Region
Unincorporated communities in Uvalde County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas |
4034821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Pat Cash defeated Ivan Lendl in the final, 7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1987 Wimbledon Championships.
Boris Becker was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the second round to Peter Doohan.
Future champion Andre Agassi made his first appearance in the main draw at Wimbledon, losing in the first round to Henri Leconte. Agassi would not compete at Wimbledon again until 1991 due to his disagreement with the All England Club's dress code.
Seeds
Boris Becker (second round)
Ivan Lendl (final)
Mats Wilander (quarterfinals)
Stefan Edberg (semifinals)
Miloslav Mečíř (third round)
Yannick Noah (second round)
Jimmy Connors (semifinals)
Andrés Gómez (fourth round)
Henri Leconte (quarterfinals)
Tim Mayotte (third round)
Pat Cash (champion)
Brad Gilbert (third round)
Joakim Nyström (third round)
Emilio Sánchez (fourth round)
David Pate (second round)
Kevin Curren (second round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4034823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine%20Central%20Institute | Maine Central Institute | Maine Central Institute (MCI) is an independent boarding and day school serving students in grades 9-12 located in Pittsfield, Maine, United States that was established in 1866. The school enrolls approximately 430 students and is a nonsectarian institution.
History
MCI was founded in 1866 to prepare students for study at Bates College which, at the time, was a seminary in Lewiston, Maine. Over the years, MCI has continually modified its curriculum to fulfill the academic needs of students pursuing post-secondary studies or vocational training.
In 1868, construction of the MCI campus began atop what was formerly a sheep pasture outside town. The Institute Building (later renamed Founders Hall) consisted of six large rooms on the first floor; the second floor was later refurbished and named after MCI trustee and state governor, the Honorable Llewellyn Powers the third floor was also completed at a later time. An unfinished fourth floor provides access to an impressive bell tower. Henry W. Lancey donated the bell that was added in 1877. Founders Hall is used to this day for classes and offices, and Powers Hall is where the Bossov Ballet Theatre instructs students and hold rehearsals during the school year. Incidentally, MCI's SOLI Program often holds ceremonies in this revered space during their program.
As the student population grew, the need for extracurricular activities and a wider range of courses as well. Over the years, performing and visual arts programs have sustained great popularity with students; this has led to consistent school achievements at the state and national levels each year. In 2017, MCI created the Performing and Visual Arts Education Center in the JR Cianchette Building, which was refurbished with leading edge recording studio and digital music lab, practice spaces for band and choral arts, a rehearsal space for theater, and a large art studio and display area.
MCI introduced sports programs in 1893: tennis, baseball, football (in 1899), track; later, MCI added field hockey, soccer, lacross, basketball, wrestling, softball, and cross-country running. Distinguished alumnus George M. Parks (Class of 1885) contributed funds for Parks Gym, and the family of Perley Wright contributed funds to build Wright Gym in 1987. MCI added two playing fields to the campus in 2015 that enable our students to practice and host games at the School.
MCI entered into a contract with school administrative district #53 in 1909 to educate students from Pittsfield, Detroit, and Burnham alongside students from throughout the United States and the world. Our students and some faculty/staff who live on campus reside in four student residences: Rowe Hall, Stanley/Alumni Hall, Nye Hurd Honors Dormitory (for honors students), and Manson Hall.
In 1959, MCI constructed the William H. Powell Memorial Library. The Powell Library houses classrooms, a full-service library and media center, and the Hazel Monteith Earle Memorial Language Department.
In 1962, Johnson W. Parks donated the Parks Homestead to MCI that the School used to build a 9-hole golf course. J.W. Parks Golf Course is a public course that was sold in 1996, although MCI students use the course regularly for golf team practices and home game matches on its lush green fairways. J.W. Parks Golf Course is recognized by the National Golf Foundation as one of the finest 9-hole golf courses in New England.
In early 2005, MCI purchased the Shorey House building on Main Street (across from the Headmaster's residence, Manson House). The property provides additional faculty housing and increases the number of adults who supervise in the dormitories. In 2007, MCI constructed the Trustee Memorial Student Center using funds from MCI alumni and friends. The center houses the Patterson Student Lounge, Savage Family Dining Room, the Jeff Hazell Kitchen, Furman Recreational Facility, Kinney Conference Suite, and the Merrill Bank Dining Servery. The dining room seats 250 people and is the location for many events and gatherings.
MCI's history comprises several snapshots of the generosity of alumni an community leaders over the years: its picturesque tree-lined campus is alive with students on their way to the Chuck and Helen Cianchette Math & Science Center, the William H. Powell Memorial Library, Weymouth Hall, Founders Hall, the Joseph R. Cianchette Hall, or to MCI's two gymnasiums. With the dedication, love and pride of many, MCI has prospered in preparing students for the future.
Academics
Maine Central Institute offers a variety of academic programs designed to suit the college and career preparatory needs of students from Central Maine and around the globe. In addition to rigorous course offerings featuring numerous Advanced Placement courses, MCI students can choose from special programs like vocational education through Somerset Career and Technical Center, an aviation program partnered with the University of Maine at Augusta and the local Pittsfield Municipal Airport, an International Dual Diploma program, and a variety of summer programming open to local students and those from outside the community.
Bossov Ballet Theatre
Bossov Ballet Theatre at MCI is both a performing company and an international pre-professional ballet school. The Bossov troupe includes dancers of many ages and levels of experience. Dancers who attend MCI during the school day, and qualify for the program (after auditioning), are eligible to receive full academic credit for ballet training. All BBT students, regardless of whether or not they attend MCI, train after school and with professional dancers who come to BBT to appear in guest roles.
Bossov Ballet Theatre offers MCI students who pass an audition the unique opportunity to study classical ballet (Vaganova method) as part of the academic curriculum. Ballet classes are taught by Natalya Getman, a former dancer with the Moscow Ballet. The program allows students to earn full academic credit for ballet training. Students who complete the program are uniquely positioned either to matriculate to an outstanding college or join a professional ballet company.
Bossov Ballet Theatre's six-week summer program is designed to replicate a professional company performance experience by participating in a full-scale production that takes students from the classroom to the stage. In addition to an intense focus on technical development provided by a carefully selected group of Vaganova teaching professionals, the artistry and performance skills acquired from participating in a full length, professional-level production creates students ready for company success.
Athletics
Maine Central Institute's 18 sports teams compete mainly in the Kennebec Valley Athletic Conference (KVAC) with the exception of the football team, which competes in the Big Ten Conference. All of MCI's teams fall within the Maine Principal's Association Class B or Class C enrollment status within the Northern Maine region. Recent state championships include several in football and field hockey in addition to individual championships in wrestling and track and field. Fall sports offered are football, field hockey, soccer (boys and girls), golf, and cross country. Winter sports offered are basketball (boys and girls), wrestling, swim, and indoor track and field. Spring sports offered are baseball, softball, tennis, lacrosse, and track and field.
MCI previously hosted post-graduate football and basketball programs. The basketball program reached the height of its success in the 1990's and hosted a score of eventual NBA talent during their prep years.
Administration
David Pearson is the Head of School at Maine Central Institute effective July 1, 2022. Mr. Pearson was born in Worcester, England, and raised in the United Kingdom. He graduated from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth with a Bachelor of Science degree in International Politics and Strategic Studies. He holds a Master of Philosophy degree in International Relations from Aberdeen University, and a Postgraduate Certificate of Education with a specialization in History, Geography, and Information Communication Technology from the University of Gloucester. This professional Qualified Teacher Status being recognized throughout the European Union and British Commonwealth. Mr. Pearson is a graduate of the world renowned Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, the School of Infantry Warminster, and the British Army Staff College. Mr. Pearson has lived in the United States since 1999 and holds dual British-American nationality. His career in education started as a substitute teacher at St. Dominic’s High School, Lewiston, Maine, before moving to Kents Hill School, Readfield, Maine. At Kents Hill School Mr. Pearson taught history to all grades, served as the Social Studies Department Chair, became the Dean of Academics, and ultimately the Assistant Headmaster. More recently he has served as the Executive Director of the Maine School of Science and Mathematics (MSSM).
Tom Bertrand is the Dean of Student life. Scott Giallombardo is the Dean of Academics. John Dean is the Director of Student Affairs. Wayne Lobley is the Director of Advancement. Jason Allen is the Athletic Director.
MCI traditions
One of the longest-running traditions at MCI is the Manson Essay contest which dates back to 1871. This competition which has happened annually for more than 145 years has evolved into a competition between the entire junior class in which they need to complete a university-level research paper and then give a speech on the topic. Only a select few are given the title of "Manson Essay Finalists" and then have to perform their speeches in front of the community at the Annual Manson Essay Contest. Only one will achieve the coveted title of "Manson Essayist".
Celebrated student life traditions include annual Homecoming and Winter Carnival activities. Each event includes class competitions. Homecoming features a parade including floats that represent each graduating class and fall athletics time. Winter Carnival involves the building of snow sculptures and the annual "Sno ball," a formal dance that serves as Maine Central Institute's prom.
Buildings and Grounds
The first building, the Institute Building (Founders Hall), was completed in 1869 and served as the primary campus building until 1958. In 1882 an early case involving the school was appealed to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. The campus has expanded greatly over the past 140 years, and became officially coeducational in 1903 with the purchase of a boarding house from Benjamin Bowden and the construction of a second floor making it Ceder Croft Hall, which in 1927 burned down during a Christmas break. Immediately after, a fundraising campaign initiated by MCI alumni began with the intention to rebuild a residence hall. The dorm was completed in October 1928 and named Alumni Hall after the generous efforts from alumni. Due to World War I increasing enrollment in 1911 it became necessary to erect a female dormitory. The building today called Weymouth Hall houses the offices of Athletics and Activities, the dean of students and the dean of residential life, as well as the television studio (WMCI), the Health and Wellness Center, the Campus Bookstore, the Student Union, and classrooms for MCI's prestigious ESL (English as a Second Language) program.
Two athletic buildings have been built—Parks Gymnasium (still standing) which was finished in 1936 due to the MCI students' increased interest in athletics and in 1988 the construction of Wright Gymnasium which houses many of MCI's trophies and recognitions and a state of the art weight room and basketball court. The John W. Manson house was donated in 1944; since that date, it has been the residence of the head of school.
In 1950 the William H. Powell Memorial Library was constructed with the donations of Ella Powell in the name of her late husband, Judge William H. Powell. Today the Powell library has over 8,000 nonfiction books, academic subscriptions, and a seminar room dedicated to the original donor of the library Ella Powell. Shortly after the construction of the Powell Library, the Cianchette Science building was erected in name of Joseph R. Cianchette a main financial contributor. In the 1960s two dormitories were built to supplement the increase in postgraduate students and their need for housing. Those buildings are currently named Rowe Hall (constructed in 1961) and Manson Hall (constructed in 1966). Today there are a total of three main residence halls, two male and one female. Rowe Hall and Manson Hall (both male) are under the supervision of Mrs. Megan Thompson and Alumni Hall (female) is under the supervision of Mrs. Dana Fehnel, additional faculty and staff live in apartments on the different floors of the residence halls.
In 2000 work on the Chuck and Helen Cianchette Math and Science Center—was finished. This building houses state of the art science labs and classrooms. The Math and Science Center is a 23,000-square-foot recent facility, including fifteen instructional spaces, classrooms which prepare students for the on-campus SAT/TOEFL exams, a 3-D printing lab, along with physics, biology and chemistry labs. Maine Central Institute also has nearby greenhouses and garden spaces for science classes and clubs.
The Student Center at Maine Central Institute includes a 250-seat dining room, outdoor patio area, recreation/game room, student lounge with performance stage area, 40-seat conference room, renovated kitchen and serving area. The Student Center is attached to Rowe Hall and is a popular location for school functions, alumni and community group gatherings, and various student group activities.
Notable alumni
Erick Barkley, professional basketball player
Caron Butler, professional basketball player
Sam Cassell, retired professional basketball player
Barry Clifford, underwater explorer
Henri J. Haskell, First Attorney General of Montana
DerMarr Johnson, professional basketball player
Brad Miller, professional basketball player
Orrin Larrabee Miller, U.S. Congressman from Kansas
Cuttino Mobley, professional basketball player
Mamadou N'diaye, professional basketball player
Roy E. Lindquist, decorated U.S. Army Major General
Jaime Peterson, professional basketball player
Bob Pickett, college football head coach
Tim Rollins, arts educator
Christopher Crowley, Executive VP, Polar Beverages
Andi Vigue, CEO, Cianbro Corporation
Peter Vigue, former CEO and current chairman, Cianbro Corporation
Rex Fowler, founding and current member of Aztec Two-Step
See also
Bates College
Bossov Ballet Theatre
Pittsfield, Maine
Lapham Institute
Parsonsfield Seminary
Storer College
References
Sources
Anthony, Alfred Williams, Bates College and Its Background, (Philadelphia: Judson Press, 1936).
MCI website
External links
Maine Central Institute
Pittsfield is a Place of Grace from Downeast magazine
Pointe magazine features summer ballet opportunities at MCI's Bossov Ballet Theatre
Boarding schools in Maine
Private high schools in Maine
Educational institutions established in 1866
Schools in Somerset County, Maine
Pittsfield, Maine
1866 establishments in Maine |
4034837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki%20language | Yuki language | Yuki, also known as Ukomno'm, is an extinct language of California, formerly spoken by the Yuki people. The Yuki are the original inhabitants of the Eel River area and the Round Valley Reservation of northern California. Yuki ceased to be used as an everyday language in the early 20th century and its last speaker, Arthur Anderson, died in 1983. Yuki is generally thought to be distantly related to the Wappo language.
Classification
Yuki consisted of three dialects, from east to west: Round Valley Yuki, Huchnom (Clear Lake Yuki) and Coast Yuki. These were at least partially mutually intelligible, but are sometimes counted as distinct languages.
These languages are categorized as (Northern) Yukian within the Yuki–Wappo family, which also includes the distant Wappo language. It is thought that the ancestor of the Yukian languages diverged from Wappo around 1500 . The three Yukian languages diverged from each other over the last one thousand years, while dialectal variations in Wappo are even more recent. The most likely catalyst or, at least, influence on the separation of Yukian and Wappo was the expansion of the Pomo, leading to pomoization of the Wappo language and physical separation between the Yuki and the Wappo tribes.
Vocabulary
Yuki had an octal (base-8) counting system, as the Yuki keep count by using the four spaces between their fingers rather than the fingers themselves. Yuki also had an extensive vocabulary for the plants of Mendocino County, California.
Grammar
An extensive reference grammar of Yuki was published in 2016 and is based primarily on the texts and other notes recorded by Alfred L. Kroeber from Yuki speaker Ralph Moore in the first decade of the 20th century as well as elicited material recorded from other speakers later in the 20th century. This grammar also contains sketches of Huchnom and Coast Yuki based on the notes of Sydney Lamb and John Peabody Harrington, respectively.
Phonology
An alveolar stop /t/ is an apico-alveolar stop articulated as [t̺].
References
External links
Northern Yukian language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
OLAC resources in and about the Yuki language
Indigenous languages of California
Extinct languages of North America
Languages extinct in the 20th century
Yuki–Wappo languages |
4034867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uli%20Hoene%C3%9F | Uli Hoeneß | Ulrich "Uli" Hoeneß (, ; born 5 January 1952) is the former president of German football club Bayern Munich and a former footballer for West Germany who played as a forward for club and country. Hoeneß represented Germany at one World Cup and two European Championships, winning one tournament in each competition.
During his playing career he was mainly associated with Bayern Munich, with whom he won three league championship titles and three European Cup titles. He later served as the club's general manager. In 2014 he pleaded guilty to tax evasion, ultimately serving 18 months in prison for the offence.
Early life and education
Hoeneß was born in Ulm, Württemberg-Baden. He attended the Hans-Multscher-Grundschule before changing to the Schubarth-Gymnasium, both located in Ulm.
Club career
In 1970, he played as left-sided forward with amateurs TSG Ulm 1846 and was recruited by Udo Lattek, then manager of Bundesliga club FC Bayern Munich. Hoeneß immediately made an impact, scoring six times in 31 matches as the Bavarians finished in second position, behind Borussia Mönchengladbach, and adding the domestic cup.
During his eight-and-a-half-year stint with Bayern, Hoeneß enjoyed great success, winning a total of eight major titles, including three league titles and as many European Cups. In the 1973–74 edition of the latter competition, the final replay against Atlético Madrid, he produced one of his most outstanding performances, scoring two goals in the 4–0 victory. However, in the final of the following year's European Cup against Leeds United, he was brutally fouled by Frank Gray and suffered an injury on his right knee from which he never fully recovered.
In late 1978, Hoeneß was loaned to Bayern neighbours 1. FC Nürnberg, where it was hoped he could get more match practice. His recovery failed, however, and he was forced to hang up his boots at a mere 27. He had appeared in 250 matches in Germany's top division, netting 86 times.
International career
Hoeneß played 35 times for West Germany. His debut came on 29 March 1972, he scored the final goal in a 2–0 friendly win in Hungary.
As one of six Bayern players in the German squad, Hoeneß won both UEFA Euro 1972 and the 1974 FIFA World Cup. In the final of the latter, against Holland, he committed a foul on Johan Cruyff in the opening minute that led to a goal from the subsequent penalty, but West Germany came from behind to win 2–1. He also played with the national side in Euro 1976 in Yugoslavia, where he missed the decisive West German shot in the penalty shootout loss against Czechoslovakia, skying it over the crossbar.
Hoeneß had retained his amateur status until 1972, allowing him to take part in that year's Summer Olympic Games. There, he played alongside future Bayern coach Ottmar Hitzfeld as West Germany failed to qualify for the semifinals of the tournament, losing 3–2 to East Germany, a match in which Hoeneß scored his only goal of the tournament. This historic match was also the first between West Germany and East Germany.
Bayern Munich management
Immediately after retiring as a player in May 1979, Hoeneß was appointed commercial/general manager of Bayern Munich. On 27 November 2009, after 30 years as a general manager, Hoeneß was elected president of the club. Since Hoeneß joined, Bayern's management the club has had continued success on and off the field, winning 24 Bundesliga titles, 14 DFB-Pokal titles, two Champions League titles, one UEFA Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one FIFA Club World Cup and the Intercontinental Cup.
During his reign, the club experienced strong growth in revenue and stature. Between 2002 and 2005, Bayern also built a state-of-the-art stadium, the Allianz Arena, at a cost of €340 million. Hoeneß was one of the catalyst for the building of the stadium.
Re-election as president of FC Bayern Munich, 2016–19
In August 2016, Hoeneß announced that he would seek re-election to the post of president of Bayern Munich. He was re-elected in November 2016 with more than 97% of the votes, as there were no other candidates for this position.
On 1 May 2019, Hoeneß celebrated 40 years of working for Bayern's management. When he started on 1 May 1979, Bayern had twelve employees, 12 million Deutschmarks in revenue, and 8 million marks of debt. In November 2018, Bayern had over 1,000 employees and their revenue had risen to €657.4 million.
On 15 November 2019, Hoeneß retired as Bayern's president and was succeeded by Herbert Hainer. Hoeneß spent 49 years at Bayern, both as player and in management of the club.
Personal life
Hoeneß and his wife Susanne have two children, Sabine and Florian, and have been married for over 40 years. Hoeneß is a son of a master butcher, and now co-owns HoWe Wurstwaren KG, a Nuremberg-based bratwurst factory. Hoeneß's younger brother Dieter also had a very successful career as a player in the Bundesliga and for the West Germany national team.
On 17 February 1982, Hoeneß was the sole survivor of the crash of a light aircraft in which three others died. He was on his way to a West German national team friendly. Sleeping in the rear of the plane, he sustained only minor injuries.
Hoeneß has provided financial assistance, either personally or through organizing benefit games, to other German league teams like FC St. Pauli, Hertha BSC, Borussia Dortmund, 1860 München and Hansa Rostock.
Hoeneß has helped former Bayern players like Sebastian Deisler (depression), Breno (depression) and Gerd Müller (alcoholism) in times of need.
Tax evasion and imprisonment
In April 2013, it was reported that Hoeneß was being investigated for tax evasion. He was reported to have held a Swiss bank account for the purpose of evading taxes due on investment income, and to owe between €3.2 million and €7 million in taxes to the German state. The reports came after journalists "gained access to a document meant only for internal use by tax officials." Prosecutors from Munich carried out raids in offices of two Bavarian tax offices after Hoeneß filed a complaint. Despite increasing public criticism, Hoeneß has remained in his position as president and chairman of the supervisory board of Bayern Munich.
Hoeneß was accused of tax evasion and his trial began on 10 March 2014. The FC Bayern München AG supervisory board had a "unanimous opinion" that Hoeneß should continue in his role despite being sent to trial.
During the trial, he admitted evading 28.5 million euros in taxes. He was subsequently found guilty of seven serious counts of tax evasion and sentenced to three and a half years in prison on 13 March 2014. The following day he resigned from his roles as President of Bayern Munich e.V. and chairman of the board of Bayern Munich AG and announced that he would not be appealing against his sentence.
Hoeneß was to serve his sentence at Landsberg Prison. Hoeneß submitted a request to be confined to a different prison, however, he reported to Landsberg on 2 June 2014. During the first two weeks of his sentence, Hoeneß was housed in a larger cell with a cellmate "for medical reasons" and to help adjust to life behind bars. After the initial two weeks, he was moved into a single cell. On 2 January 2015, Hoeneß was granted day release. He had to return to prison at 6 p.m. every night.
There was an alleged attempt to extort €200,000 from Hoeneß whereby he and his family would be subjected to violence unless he paid up. A man was arrested in connection with the scheme. His imprisonment ended on 29 February 2016.
Career statistics
Honours
Bayern Munich
Bundesliga: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74
DFB-Pokal: 1970–71
European Cup: 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76
Intercontinental Cup: 1976
West Germany
FIFA World Cup: 1974
UEFA European Championship: 1972; runner-up: 1976
Individual
UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1972
kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1973–74
Literature
Juan Moreno: Uli Hoeneß: Ein Mann sieht Rot. Piper Verlag, München 2014, .
Patrick Strasser: Hier ist Hoeneß! Riva, München 2010, .
Peter Bizer: Uli Hoeneß. Nachspiel. Mensch, Macher, Mythos. Ellert & Richter Verlag, Hamburg 2014, .
Christoph Bausenwein: Das Prinzip Uli Hoeneß. Ein Leben in Widersprüchen. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2014, .
Petja Posor: Der Fall Hoeneß als Skandal in den Medien. Anschlusskommunikation, Authentisierung und Systemstabilisierung. Universitätsverlag Konstanz, Konstanz 2015, .
References
External links
1976 European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or") 1974 at RSSSF
European Championships – UEFA Teams of Tournament at RSSSF
1952 births
Living people
People from Ulm
German footballers
German people convicted of tax crimes
German prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
Association football forwards
Bundesliga players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
1. FC Nürnberg players
Germany international footballers
Germany under-21 international footballers
Germany youth international footballers
UEFA Euro 1972 players
1974 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1976 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of West Germany
FC Bayern Munich non-playing staff
German football chairmen and investors
FC Bayern Munich board members
Sole survivors
Footballers from Baden-Württemberg
UEFA Champions League winning players |
4034879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Stefan Edberg defeated Boris Becker in the final, 4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1988 Wimbledon Championships.
Pat Cash was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Becker.
Reigning Australian Open and French Open champion Mats Wilander attempted to become the first man to achieve the Surface Slam (winning majors on hard court, clay and grass in the same calendar year), and also attempted to become the first man to win the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon titles since Rod Laver in 1969. He lost to Miloslav Mečíř in the quarterfinals.
Three-time champion John McEnroe competed for the first time since 1985, losing in the second round to Wally Masur. This tournament also featured the first appearance of future champion Goran Ivanišević.
Seeds
Ivan Lendl (semifinals)
Mats Wilander (quarterfinals)
Stefan Edberg (champion)
Pat Cash (quarterfinals)
Jimmy Connors (fourth round)
Boris Becker (final)
Henri Leconte (fourth round)
John McEnroe (second round)
Miloslav Mečíř (semifinals)
Tim Mayotte (quarterfinals)
Anders Järryd (second round)
Jonas Svensson (third round)
Emilio Sánchez (second round)
Andrei Chesnokov (first round)
Amos Mansdorf (second round)
Slobodan Živojinović (fourth round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4034892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeeva%20Ranatunga | Sanjeeva Ranatunga | Sanjeeva Ranatunga (born 25 April 1969) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 9 Test matches and 13 One Day Internationals from 1994 to 1997.
Family
He is the brother of former Sri Lanka captain Arjuna Ranatunga, Dammika Ranatunga, Nishantha Ranatunga and Prasanna Ranatunga.
International career
He has scored 2 centuries in Tests; 118 and 100* against Zimbabwe in consecutive Tests at Harare Sports Club and Queens Sports Club in 1994. His other notable performances are a hard fought 60 and 65 against Australia at Adelaide in 1996. His highest ODI score of 70 came against Pakistan at R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo in 1994 which earned him the Man of the Match Award.
References
1969 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Basnahira North cricketers
Basnahira South cricketers
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Kandurata cricketers |
4034903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayantha%20Silva | Jayantha Silva | Kelaniyage Jayantha Silva (born February 6th, 1973, Kalutara) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 7 Tests and one ODI from 1995 to 1998.
1973 births
Living people
Basnahira South cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers |
4034906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamara%20Dunusinghe | Chamara Dunusinghe | Chamara Iroshan Dunusinghe (born October 19, 1970, Colombo) is a Sri Lankan Australian former cricketer who played in 5 Tests and one ODI from in 1995. He attended Nalanda College Colombo.
International career
Chamara is the 64th Sri Lanka Test Cap, when he made his debut in New Zealand Vs Sri Lanka at Napier New Zealand 1994/95 and scored 91. He also became the first Sri Lankan to be dismissed for nervous 90's on test debut.
References
Nelson Mendis - head coach of Nalanda
1970 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Basnahira North cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo
Saracens Sports Club cricketers
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia
Wicket-keepers |
4034907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Boris Becker defeated the defending champion Stefan Edberg in the final, 6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1989 Wimbledon Championships.
The semifinal match between Ivan Lendl and Becker was (at the time) the longest ever Wimbledon semifinal, at four hours and one minute long. It was later surpassed by the 2013 encounter between Novak Djokovic and Juan Martín del Potro, which would last four hours and forty-three minutes.
John McEnroe reached the semifinals, his best showing at a major since reaching the 1985 US Open final.
Seeds
Ivan Lendl (semifinals)
Stefan Edberg (final)
Boris Becker (champion)
Mats Wilander (quarterfinals)
John McEnroe (semifinals)
Jakob Hlasek (first round)
Miloslav Mečíř (third round)
Tim Mayotte (quarterfinals)
Michael Chang (fourth round)
Jimmy Connors (second round)
Brad Gilbert (first round)
Kevin Curren (third round)
Aaron Krickstein (fourth round)
Andrei Chesnokov (first round)
Mikael Pernfors (second round)
Amos Mansdorf (fourth round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1989 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4034909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Carey%20%28ice%20hockey%29 | Jim Carey (ice hockey) | James M. Carey (born May 31, 1974), is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Washington Capitals, Boston Bruins, and St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League (NHL). Carey was born in
Dorchester, Massachusetts, but grew up in Weymouth, Massachusetts.
Playing career
Carey made his college hockey debut with the Wisconsin Badgers in 1992. He was the highest drafted goalie in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft, taken in the 2nd round, 32nd overall by the Washington Capitals. Before coming to Washington, Carey played in the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in 1993 and played in the AHL with the Portland Pirates. In Portland, he took home numerous individual awards, including the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award as the top rookie in the AHL and the Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award for top netminder in the AHL. He was also selected to the First All-Star Team.
In 1994–95, Carey made his NHL debut in Washington and went undefeated in his first seven games. He would finish the season with an 18–6–3 record and was selected to the NHL All-Rookie Team. This early success promoted him to Washington's starting goalie the following season – his best in the NHL. He played in 71 games, won 35, recorded 9 shutouts, and finished with a GAA of 2.26. He won the Vezina Trophy for his efforts and was selected to the NHL First All-Star Team.
The next fall, Carey was the backup to goalie Mike Richter on Team USA in the World Cup of Hockey. The United States would win the championship by beating Team Canada in three games.
In 1996–97 NHL season, Carey was traded midway through the season to the Boston Bruins in a blockbuster deal. Carey would never find his true form again in Boston and was sent down to the minors a year later with the Providence Bruins in the AHL. He signed on as a free agent at the end of the season with the St. Louis Blues and played four games before deciding he had enough of hockey.
Other
Due to the similarity of his given and surname to that of actor Jim Carrey, his nicknames were "The Mask", "Ace", and eventually "Net Detective", which were a play on Carrey's 1994 films, The Mask and Ace Ventura: Pet Detective.
Post-NHL career
Carey is the President and CEO of OptiMED Billing Solutions, Inc., a medical billing company, based out of Boston and Sarasota, Florida.
Awards and honors
Named WCHA Rookie of the Year in 1993.
Selected to the AHL First All-Star Team in 1995.
Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award winner in 1995.
Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award winner in 1995.
Selected as Rookie of the Year by Hockey Star Presents in 1995.
Rated #19 in "The Top 50 Netminders in Pro Hockey" by Hockey Star Presents in 1995.
Selected to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1995.
Selected to the NHL First All-Star Team in 1996.
Vezina Trophy winner in 1996.
Inducted into the Portland Pirates Hall of Fame in 2008.
Washington Capitals records
Career lowest GAA (2.37).
Lowest GAA in a single season (2.13 in 1995) - at the time; Braden Holtby now has the record with 2.07 Source (NHL.com)
Tied for most penalty minutes in a playoff season (4 in 1995).
Tied for most shutouts in a single season (9 in 1996).
Transactions
June 20, 1992 – Drafted in the 2nd round, 32nd overall by the Washington Capitals in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft
March 1, 1997 – Traded by the Washington Capitals with Jason Allison, Anson Carter, and the Capitals' 3rd round selection (Lee Goren) in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft to the Boston Bruins for Adam Oates, Bill Ranford, and Rick Tocchet
March 1, 1999 – Signed by the St. Louis Blues
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
External links
1974 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey goaltenders
Boston Bruins players
Cincinnati Cyclones (IHL) players
Ice hockey players from Boston
Portland Pirates
Providence Bruins players
St. Louis Blues players
Sportspeople from Weymouth, Massachusetts
Vezina Trophy winners
Washington Capitals draft picks
Washington Capitals players
Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey players
American chief executives |
4034912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkow%20language | Konkow language | The Konkow language, also known as Northwest Maidu (also Concow-Maidu, or in the language itself) is a part of the Maiduan language group. It is spoken in California. It is severely endangered, with three remaining elders who learned to speak it as a first language, one of whom is deaf. As part of an effort to regain official recognition as a federally recognized tribe, an effort to provide language instruction amongst the descendants of the original tribe and affiliated family members has begun.
In the name , means "meadow", with the additional creating the adjective form of the word. Hence, would be spoken by the ("tribe").
Dialects
One source supports the claim that Northwest Maidu had at least nine dialects, designated today according to the locality in which each was spoken. These dialects were: Otaki, Mikchopdo, Cherokee, Eskeni, Pulga, Nemsu, Feather Falls, Challenge, and Bidwell Bar. Lexica of each remain scant. In addition, there may have been many family variations within each dialect group; thus, certainly there was no one Konkow language, but Konkow means a phonologically distinct pronunciation from what is popularly defined as 'Maidu' or 'Mountain Maidu', namely in terms of stress patterns on lexicon. According to limited historical data, by the turn of the 19th century there were only four of these dialects still being spoken.
Alternate names
The name "Konkow" has been variously spelled Concow and Konkau. The language is also known as Maidu (Meidoo), Holólupai, Michopdo, Nákum, Secumne (Sekumne), Tsamak, Yuba, and the pejorative "Digger".
Modern Konkow
Since 2002, a dialect which could be called "Modern Konkow," based on what is conventionally called the Cherokee dialect of Konkow, has come into limited use by some California Native Americans with cultural and familial ties to the old Konkow tribe. This dialect is primarily based on the dialect as learned by Mary Jones, one of the last speakers of Old Konkow, who learned the dialect that was spoken in the vicinity of Cherokee, California. It is being promulgated with a DVD-based course of study called "Twenty-two Lessons in the Koyoongkʼawi Language".
As of 2010, .mp3 learning materials of the Mechoopda dialect were also available, based on old recordings of Emma Cooper, made during the 1940s as a part of the war effort. Also based on the Emma Cooper recordings, a "Konkow Toddler" app was released for iPhone, iPad, and other iOS devices in July 2012.
Materials for study of the Northwest Maidu language, including the 22-lesson course mentioned above, have been made available on the website of the Konkow Maidu Cultural Preservation Association.
Phonology
Consonants
The affricate /t͡sʼ/ may also be realized as ~ allophonically.
Vowels
Vowel length is also present.
References
External links
Konkow language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
Recording of Konkow Maidu
Language Instruction available on Konkow Maidu Cultural Preservation Association website
OLAC resources in and about the Northwest Maidu language
Concow language, California Language Archive (archived from March 4, 2016)
Konkow Bibliography
Konkow basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Indigenous languages of California
Maiduan languages
Endangered Maiduan languages
Native American language revitalization |
4034917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-Tas-Tic%20%28Vol.%201%29 | Fan-Tas-Tic (Vol. 1) | Fan-Tas-Tic (Vol. 1) (sometimes spelled as Fantastic, Vol. 1), is the unofficial debut studio album by American hip hop group Slum Village. It comprises songs from their demo album, which was recorded in 1996 and 1997, but not officially released until 8 years later. It was nonetheless leaked onto the underground circuit and caused "quite a stir" in 1997. The whole album was produced by J Dilla. Many of the songs would later be revamped or re-conceived for their follow up album, Fantastic, Vol. 2 in 2000.
Overview
The album was recorded in 1996 and 1997 in J Dilla's home studio. Fan-Tas-Tic (Vol. 1) quickly became popular with fans of Detroit hip hop, when copies of the cassette were sold by the group at concerts, and also made available at Record Time on Gratiot. The record became highly sought after, with copies costing up to $50 at one point.
Although, at the time Slum Village were hailed as successors to A Tribe Called Quest, Fan-Tas-Tic shares little in common with Tribe's earthy, cerebral brand of Hip hop. The lyrical content of the album, which dealt with acquiring wealth and the attention of women, later became commonplace among mainstream hip-hop artists.
The group received much praise for their seemingly freestyled approach (which they later admitted to), and also for the production style of the then-upcoming producer Jay Dee, who subtly used low end frequencies, intricate basslines, and offbeat drums, behind the "tag-team" rhyming of his partners, T3 and Baatin.
Track listing
Fantastic – 1:28
Keep It On (This Beat) – 3:09
I Don't Know – 1:01
How We Bullshit – 1:16
Fat Cat Song (feat. Phat Kat) – 2:53
The Look Of Love – 4:17
Estimate – 1:24
Hoc N Pucky – 1:38 (This track is not the original version, vocals from the original track have been stripped from and for the final version.)
Beef N Dem – 2:15
Pregnant (T3) – 1:17
Forth & Back (Rock Music) – 3:36
Fantastic 2 – 0:50
Fantastic 3 – 1:35
This Beat (Keep It On) (Remix) – 2:59
5 Ela (Remix) (feat. 5 Elementz) – 3:00
Give This Nigga – 1:35
Players – 2:59
Look Of Love (Remix) – 2:46
Pregnant (Baatin) – 1:01
Things U Do (Remix) / Uh-Ah-Wu-Ah – 3:27
Fat Cat (Remix) – 2:44
Fantastic 4 – 1:20
What's Love Gotta Do With It (Look Of Love Remix) – 3:26 (2005 bonus track)
2U4U (instrumental) – 2:11 (2005 bonus track)
Samples Used
"Fantastic" contains a sample of "You'll Know When You Get There" by Herbie Hancock.
"Keep It On" contains samples of "Snowflake Bop" by Gil Evans and "Risin' to the Top" by Keni Burke."Ain't No Half Steppin'" by Heatwave
"I Don't Know" contains samples of "Sex Machine", "Make It Funky" and "My Thang" by James Brown.
"Fat Cat Song" contains a sample of "Turn off the Lights" by Larry Young.
"The Look of Love" contains samples of "The Look of Love" by Barney Kessel and "Inside My Love" by Trina Broussard.
"Estimate" contains a sample of "You Call It Madness" by Clare Fischer.
"Hoc N Pucky" contains a sample of "T.T.T. (Twelve Tone Tune)" by Bill Evans.
"Beej N Dem" contains samples of "Atomic Dog" by George Clinton and "Friday The 13th" by Gil Evans.
"Forth & Back" contains samples of "Funkin 4 Jamaica" by Tom Browne & "I Thought It Was You" by Herbie Hancock.
"Fantastic 3" contains a sample of "Age of Aquarius” by the Moog Machine from the album Switched-On Rock.
"5 Ela (Remix)" contains samples of "Yearning for Your Love" by The Gap Band and "Remind Me" by Patrice Rushen.
"Give This Nigga" contains a sample of "Heartbreaker" by Zapp.
"Players" contains a sample of "Clair" by Singers Unlimited.
"Look of Love (Remix)" contains a sample of "Inside My Love" by Minnie Ripperton.
"Pregnant (Baatin)" contains a sample of "A Chunk of Sugar" by Roger Troutman.
"Things U Do (Remix)" contains a sample of "Sing Me Softly of the Blues" by Gary Burton Quartet.
"2U4U (Instrumental)" contains a sample of "Jonz In My Bonz" by D'Angelo.
References
1997 albums
2006 albums
J Dilla albums
Slum Village albums
Albums produced by J Dilla |
4034919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A2lid-i%20Shahrazuri | Khâlid-i Shahrazuri | Mawlana Khâlid Sharazuri also known as Khâlid-i Baghdâdî and Mawlana Khalid (1779–1827) was a Kurdish Sufi, and poet by the name of Shaykh Diya al-Dīn Khalid al-Shahrazuri, the founder of a branch of the Naqshbandi Sufi order - called Khalidi after him - that has had a profound impact not only on his native Kurdish lands but also on many other regions of the western Islamic world. His writings are among the earliest examples of prose and poetry in Central Kurdish.
Shahrazuri acquired the epithet Baghdadi through his frequent stays in Baghdad, for it was in the town of Karadağ (Qaradagh) in the Shahrizur region, about 5 miles from Sulaymaniyah, that he was born in 1779. His father was a Qadiri Sufi who was popularly known as Pir Mika'il Shesh-angosht, and his mother also came from a celebrated Sufi family in Kurdistan.
His best known books are Mecd-i Talid (Big Birth) and Shems'u Shumus (The Sun of All Suns).
Early life
He was born in the year 1779 in the village of Karadağ, near the city of Sulaymaniyah, in what is now Iraqi Kurdistan. His family belonged to the Jaff tribe that claimed descent from the 3rd caliph 'Uthman. Hence, the attribution al-'Uthmani is sometimes added to his name. He was raised and trained in Sulaymaniyah, where there were many schools and many mosques and which was considered the primary educational city of his time. Young Khalid studied with the two great scholars of his time, Shaykh `Abdul Karam al-Barzinji and Shaykh `Abdur Rahim al-Barzinji, and he read with Mullah Muhammad `Ali.
He studied the Qur'an and its explanation and fiqh according to the Shafi`i school. He was famous in poetry. When he was fifteen years of age he took asceticism as his creed, hunger as his horse, wakefulness as his means, seclusion as his friend, and energy as his light. He also studied the sciences of mathematics, philosophy, and logic as well as the principles of jurisprudence. He studied the works of Ibn Hajar, as-Suyuti, and al-Haythami. He memorized the commentary on Qur'an by Baydawi. He was able to find solutions for even the most difficult questions in jurisprudence. He memorized the Qur'an according to the fourteen different ways of recitation, and became very famous everywhere for this.
For many years Mawlana Khalid's interests were focused exclusively on the formal traditions of Islamic learning, and his later, somewhat abrupt, turning to Sufism is highly reminiscent of the patterns in many a classic Sufi biography.
He began his studies in Qaradagh, with Qur'an memorization, Shafi fiqh, and elementary logic. He then traveled to other centers of religious study in Kurdistan, concentrating on logic and kalam. Next he came to Baghdad, where he astounded the established ulema with his learning and bested them in debates on many topics. Such was his mastery of the religious sciences that the governor of Baban proposed him a post as modarres, but he modestly refused. However, when Abd al-Karim Barzanki died of the plague in 1799, Mawlana Khalid assumed the responsibility for the madrasa in Sulaymaniyah he had founded. He remained there for about seven years, distinguished as yet only by his great learning and a high degree of asceticism that caused him to shun the company of secular authority.
He then entered seclusion, leaving everything he had studied behind, engaging in virtuous actions and much dhikr.
Awakening to Sufism
In 1805 Shahrazuri decided to perform hajj, and the journey he undertook as a result turned his aspirations to Sufism. On his way he stopped in Medina for a few days and encountered an anonymous saintly Yemeni, who prophetically warned not to condemn hastily anything he might see in Mecca apparently contradicting the sharia. He traveled to Tihamah and Hijaz through Mosul and Yarbikir and ar-Raha and Aleppo and finally Damascus. There he spent some time, meeting its scholars and studying with the master of both ancient and modern knowledge, scholar of hadith, Shaykh Muhammad al-Kuzbari. He received authorization in the Qadiri Tariqat from Shaykh al-Kuzbari and his deputy, Shaykh Mustafa al-Kurdi, who travelled with him until he reached Medina. Once in Mecca, he went to the Kaaba where he saw a man sitting with his back to the sacred structure and facing him. Forgetting his admonition, he inwardly reproved the man, who asked "do you not know that the worth of the believer is greater in Allah's eyes than the worth of the Kaaba?" Penitent and overwhelmed, Mawlana Khalid asked for forgiveness and begged the stranger to accept him as a disciple. He refused, telling him that his master awaited him in India.
After the hajj he returned to Solaymaniya and his duties at the madrasa but was inwardly agitated by the desire to find his destined master. Finally, in 1809, an Indian dervish by the name of Mirza Rahim-Allah 'Azimabadi visited Sulaymaniyah. Shaykh Khalid asked him about the perfect guide to show him the way and Shaykh Mirza told him, "There is one perfect Shaykh who observes the character of the Prophet and is a guide in the gnosis (ma`rifah). Come to his service in Jehanabad (India) for he told me before I left, 'You are going to meet someone, bring him back with you.'" He recommended that Mawlana Khalid travel to India and seek initiation from a Naqshbandi sheikh of Delhi, Shah Abdullah Dehlavi. Mawlana Khalid departed immediately.
In India
He reached Delhi in about a year (1809). His journey took him through Rey, Tehran, and other provinces of Iran. He then traveled to the city of Herat in Afghanistan, followed by Kandahar, Kabul, and Peshawar. The great scholars of all these cities with whom he met would often test his knowledge in the sciences of Divine Law (shari'a) and Divine Awareness (ma`rifat), and those of logic, mathematics, and astronomy always found him immensely knowledgeable.
He moved on to Lahore, where he met with Shaykh Thana'ullah an-Naqshbandi and asked for his prayers. He recalled, "I left Lahore, crossing mountains and valleys, forests and deserts until I reached the Sultanate of Delhi known as Jehanabad. It took me one year to reach his city. Forty days before I arrived Shaykh Abdullah ad-Dehlawi told his followers, 'My successor is coming.'"
He was initiated into the Naqshbandi order by Shah Abdullah. In five months he completed all stages of spiritual wayfaring as required by the Naqshbandi's and that in a year he attained the highest degree of sainthood (al-welaya al-kobra). He was then sent back to Sulaymaniyah by Shah Abdullah, will full authority to act as his khalifa in western Asia and to grant initiation not only in the Naqshbandi but also in the Qaderi, Sohrawardi, Kobrawi and Chishti orders.
After enduring hostilities from rival sheikhs in Solaymaniya, he travelled to Baghdad and Damascus where he preached the Naqshbandi way with considerable success. He remained in Damascus for the remainder of his life, appointing Sheikh Ismail Anarani as his chief khalifa before he died in June 1827. He was buried on one of the foothills of Jabal Qasiyun, on the edge of the Turkish quarter of Damascus. Later a building was erected over the tomb, comprising a zawia and a library which are still frequented.
Achievements and Legacy
Shahrazuri is credited with establishing the Khalidi, a new branch of the Naqshbandi order. Much of his significance lies in his giving renewed emphasis to traditional tenets and practices of the Naqshbandi, notably adherence to the sharia and sunnah and avoidance of vocal dhikr in preference of silent performance. Some elements of his teachings were controversial, even among other Naqshbandi, foremost being his interpretation of the practice of rabeta - the linking, in the imagination, of the heart of the Murid with that of the preceptor. He proclaimed that rabeta was to be practiced exclusively with reference to himself, even after his death.
Proportionally important for the identity of the Khalidi branch was its political orientation. It was characterised by a pronounced loyalty to the Ottoman state as an object of Muslim unity and cohesion, and a concomitant hostility to the imperialist nations of Europe. Almost everywhere the Khalidiya went, from Daghestan to Sumatra, its members could be identified for their militant attitudes and activities.
The spread of his following was vast, reaching from the Balkans and the Crimea to South East Asia just one generation after his death. His primary following was in the Islamic heartlands - the Arab, Turkish, and Kurdish provinces of the Ottoman Empire and the Kurdish areas of Iran. Nearly everywhere in Anatolia the Khalidi branch of the Naqshbandi came to supersede branches of senior origin.
Shahrazuri had a pronounced impact on the religious life of his native Kurdistan. For the Kurds, Islamic practice was traditionally connected with membership in a Sufi brotherhood, and the Qaderi order had predominated in most Kurdish areas. With the emergence of the Khalidiya, the Qadiriyyah lost their preeminence to the Naqshbandi. Kurdish identity became associated with the Khalidi branch of the Naqshbandi, and this, coupled with the hereditary nature of leadership of the order in Kurdistan, accounts for the prominence of various Naqshbandi families in Kurdistan to the present.
His place in the Khalidiyya Golden Chain
See also
List of famous Sufis
List of Kurdish people
References
Sources
Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, Islamic Supreme Council of America (June 2004), .
E.F. Haydari, Al-Majd al-taled fi manaqeb al-sheikh Khalid, Istanbul 1874
S. M. Stern, Islamic Philosophy & the Classical Tradition, Oxford 1972
Hamid Algar, The Naqshbandi Order, Studia Islamica 1976
External links
Khalid al-Baghdadi (Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order website)
Belief and Islam Turkish translation by Khalid al-Baghdadi
Belief and Islam- by Mawlana Khalid-i Baghdadi
1779 births
1827 deaths
Naqshbandi order
Sufi mystics
People from Baghdad
Kurdish people of the Ottoman Empire
Kurdish scholars
Kurdish philosophers
18th-century Kurdish people
Mystics from Iran |
4034928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanka%20de%20Silva | Lanka de Silva | Sanjeewa Kumara Lanka De Silva (born 29 July 1975), or Lanka De Silva, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in three Test matches and 11 One Day Internationals in 1997. He is also the current interim head coach of the Sri Lanka women's national cricket team.
Domestic career
He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.
International career
He was right-hand wicket-keeper batsman. de Silva is only the tenth player in Sri Lankan cricket history to pass 10,000 runs in first-class cricket after starting his career in 1991/92 season for Kurunegala Youth Cricket Club.
He played three Test for Sri Lanka all against Indian national cricket team when Sri Lanka toured to India in 1997 without any success and lost his place to Romesh Kaluwitharana.
Coaching career
In 2015, de Silva was named as head coach of Sri Lanka national cricket team replacing Jeevantha Kulatunga along with physio Neha Karnik. In August 2020, he was appointed as the interim head coach of the Sri Lanka women's cricket team replacing Harsha de Silva.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Colombo Cricket Club cricketers
Wayamba cricketers
Sri Lankan cricket coaches
Sportspeople from Kurunegala
Commonwealth Games competitors for Sri Lanka
Wicket-keepers |
4034936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1990 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Stefan Edberg defeated the defending champion Boris Becker in the final, 6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1990 Wimbledon Championships.
Seeds
Ivan Lendl (semifinals)
Boris Becker (final)
Stefan Edberg (champion)
John McEnroe (first round)
Andrés Gómez (first round)
Tim Mayotte (first round)
Brad Gilbert (quarterfinals)
Aaron Krickstein (withdrew)
Jim Courier (third round)
Jonas Svensson (third round)
Guy Forget (fourth round)
Pete Sampras (first round)
Michael Chang (fourth round)
Petr Korda (first round)
Henri Leconte (second round)
Yannick Noah (first round)
Aaron Krickstein withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by Qualifier Shuzo Matsuoka.
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1990 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4034941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Tempesta | Mike Tempesta | Mike Tempesta is a rock guitarist and an artist relations manager. He also goes by the moniker M.33. He was credited for rhythm guitar tech on the 1990 Anthrax album Persistence of Time and his guitar solo in their Album/Song "Stomp 442,"/"American Pompeii". Before his career as a musician, he was a guitar technician for Anthrax's Scott Ian. He was a member of Human Waste Project, and played rhythm guitar in the band Powerman 5000 until his departure in 2004. He performed on the debut album of Scum of the Earth, once again with his brother John Tempesta, and has since left the lineup. After leaving Powerman 5000, he took up a job as an artist relations manager for Yamaha Corporation of America, but soon left and eventually was hired as an artist relations manager for Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, overseeing the Jackson, Charvel, and EVH brands.
A Schecter guitar was branded with his name.
References
American heavy metal guitarists
Living people
American people of Italian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Powerman 5000 members
Scum of the Earth (band) members |
4034950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leangen | Leangen | Leangen is a largely industrial neighborhood in the city of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the borough of Østbyen. It is the site of the Leangen Sports Complex (Leangen idrettsanlegg) which includes an indoor ice hockey arena Leangen Ice Hall (Leangen Ishall) and Leangen Sports Hall (Leangen idrettshall) an indoor running track and training facility. Leangen is also the location of Leangen Racecourse (Leangen Travbane), a harness racing course as well as a facility of Sør-Trøndelag University College.
References
External links
Leangen Travbane website
Geography of Trondheim
Neighbourhoods of Trondheim |
4034960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier%20Village | Frontier Village | Frontier Village was a amusement park in San Jose, California, that operated from 1961 to September 1980. It was located at 4885 Monterey Road, at the intersection with Branham Lane. The site is now Edenvale Garden Park, next to Hayes Mansion, and was once part of the sprawling Hayes Family Estate.
History
The park was built by Joseph Zukin, Jr. of Palo Alto, who was inspired by a family trip to Disneyland in 1959. In 1958, Zukin sold 110,000 shares in the Frontier Village corporation at $5 per share; the first designer was Paul Murphy, who also had a full time job at Santa Clara University as director of publications. After Murphy found himself too busy, design responsibility was turned over to Laurence Hollings, who had experience designing film sets at Columbia Pictures and Paramount Pictures, and nature habitats at the California Academy of Sciences. He described the park as a "sort of tongue-in-cheek approach to the Wild West."
The park was initially to be built along El Camino Real in Sunnyvale, California, according to plans drawn up in 1958 by the Frontier Village Corporation, founded by Zukin, Hawley Smith, and Michael Khourie. Zukin declared "it will be designed as a children's dream of the Old West, where the child (and his parents) can actually experience the thrills and excitement of the West in an atmosphere especially created for fun and relaxation." Zukin later announced in April 1959 that Frontier Village would be built in San Jose. Ground was broken for the park on August 1, 1960, and it was laid out so carefully that only four trees were removed.
The park, developed at a cost of $2 million, opened on October 21, 1961, surrounded by a high barricade of logs, and was themed to the Old West. Admission was $0.90 for adults, $0.45 for children (older than 12), and free (for children under 12). The initial public mascot of the park was an unnamed "Deputy Marshal" who greeted guests and saved them from dangerous outlaws in daily mock shootouts staged on the hour, every hour, at the park's Main Street. The actors were equipped with actual firearms (Colt Single Action Army revolvers and double-barrel shotguns) firing blanks filled with black powder. Retaining the water in an artificial canal for one of the early rides, the Indian Canoe, proved troublesome until the canal was lined with cement. Although the park was open year-round, operating hours were switched to weekends only during the off-season (fall to spring). More than one million people visited the park in its first three years of operation.
The 1964 summer season opened on Saturday, June 20, marked by a special "Family Fun Day". Frontier Village was praised as "spotless, rarely jammed ... one can take in all of the rides and attractions within about four hours." Jim Bakich, a first-year student at San Jose City College, attempted to set a world's record for the longest continuous Ferris wheel ride in 1965, vowing to spend two full weeks aboard the park's wheel. Other self-claimed world records set at the park in 1966 include the finish of the longest foot-propelled scooter journey ( from Big Sur, by Byron Jones) and largest pizza ( in diameter). Dennis the Menace visited the park with his parents in the story "The Park Lark", initially published for the March 1970 issue; while there, he interacted with the marshal, an outlaw, other guests, and visited several attractions, including the Rainbow Falls trout fishing pond and the Antique Cars ride.
When the park opened in 1961, it was surrounded by undeveloped land. A decade later, the park was surrounded by urban sprawl; Zukin lacked the necessary funds to expand and sold Frontier Village to Rio Grande Industries for US$1.7 million in 1973, although he stayed on to manage the park through 1977. That year, Charles Jacques rated the park as the 45th best in the United States, behind local competitors Marriott's Great America (#12) and Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk (#30). It was also the first year of operation for the Apache Whirlwind, the park's first (and only) roller coaster. Jeff Block and Rena Clark set a new record for Ferris wheel endurance starting on July 1, 1978, traveling on the park's wheel in 29,744 revolutions over 37 days. Block would break the record in 1993 with a 38-day ride on the same Ferris wheel, which had been relocated to the Orange County Fair after Frontier Village's closure.
Characters from the Hanna-Barbera cartoons, including Fred Flintstone, Barney Rubble, and Scooby Doo, were added to the park in 1979. Rio Grande announced plans in 1977 to expand the park to on park-owned land at a cost of $10 million, including on-site restaurants and concessions; however, those plans were denied by the San Jose City Council, unless the park also funded $1.8 million for traffic improvements. According to Zukin, the protests and opposition from the park's new residential neighbors, who complained about the noise and fought development plans, led Rio Grande to drop the expansion. Lawsuits from nearby homeowners coupled with lower-than-expected park revenues, skyrocketing San Jose land values, and competition from Marriott's Great America, which opened in neighboring Santa Clara in 1976, signaled the end for the little park. With the high property values, Rio Grande could make more money selling off the land to developers than it could by running the park.
In 1980, the undeveloped land and Frontier Village were sold to a land developer, the Bren Company. Despite a petition drive that collected 10,000 signatures by September 19, 1980, which would have declared the site a historical landmark, Rio Grande announced the park would be closed. During its final days, it held a special event titled "The Last Roundup", attracting 30,000 visitors per day. Television advertisements publicizing the last days included a stagecoach ride and a prisoner lamenting that he would miss the park's closing. The park closed its gates for the last time on September 28, 1980. The Bren Company held a public auction in October 1980, disposing of all the rides, buildings, and lumber that made up Frontier Village.
Legacy
Bren built a residential development just west of present-day Edenvale Garden Park on the site of the planned expansion; the condominium complex is named "Frontier Village".
All the buildings were removed from the amusement park and San Jose's Edenvale Garden Park now exists at the former location of the amusement park. Little is recognizable from the former Frontier Village, but items such as concrete boulders from the artificial river remain half-buried. In April 2008, artist Jon Rubin installed the Frontier Village Birdhouses, five scale models of Frontier Village buildings and landmarks placed where the original structures were during the park's operating period. Each of the five scale buildings (Railroad Station; Main Entrance Log Towers; Mine Ride; Old School House; Main Street) is a functioning birdhouse and were built by Vince Duke. The present-day Edenvale Garden Park has play structures themed for the amusement park's railroad.
Some signage and ride vehicles have remained in the hands of private collectors, while other vehicles were stored at the nearby Happy Hollow Park & Zoo, to be sold later in 1980 at auction. Two fans started a website to gather history, photographs, and testimonials in 2000. Since 2001 former employees and fans have held a reunion each summer at Edenvale Garden Park to reminisce about the amusement park and a group calling themselves the "Fall Guys" re-enact the park's gunbattles; the reunions were started by Mat Lindstedt. Shaughnessy McGehee of Campbell, California built a miniature version of the park in his own backyard over two decades. He built miniature versions of the Silver Dollar Saloon, General's Store, and Schoolhouse. McGehee also collected Frontier Village memorabilia, including the Crazy Horse, three of the eight Antique Autos (with his most prized being the Yellow Maxwell), the Frontier Village lettering from the front entrance of the park, and the original Silver Dollar Saloon doors. The replica closed in 2015, after McGehee sold his house and moved to Oregon.
Frontier Village's narrow gauge train, originally built by Arrow Development, was bought in 1981 by Jerry Burke, who made it the central focus of his 10 acre themed 1880 Western themed Burke Junction shopping center in Cameron Park, approximately east of Sacramento. It was abandoned in 2000 after Burke sold the property and did not run again until the Glasser family purchased the shopping center in 2008; they spent $150,000 rehabilitating the train and announced in June 2010 the train would resume service; the inaugural run was on August 21. On January 8, 2018, the Burke Junction train collided with a minivan; although there were no injuries, the train was damaged, requiring extensive repairs.
The "It Takes a Village" exhibit featuring Frontier Village was held at the New Museum Los Gatos in 2015; artifacts and memorabilia were shown alongside similar ephemera from defunct local amusement parks, including Santa's Village (Scotts Valley) and The Lost World.
Frontier Village is the subject of an eponymous song by singer-songwriters Jeff Larson and Jeffrey Foskett, released as part of the 2018 album Elua Aloha.
Rides and Attractions
As originally constructed, the park was divided into the amusement area and parking lot; the remaining were reserved for expansion. The park was laid out with a central square and a perimeter railroad that traversed bridges and canyons; the square included an Old West village with a stage for live performances.
Rides
Attractions
California Street (Dapper Dan's, Last Chance Casino, Shoe & Spike)
El Sito Mysterio
Front Street (Birthday Party Corral, Games, Hunter's Paradise Shooting Gallery, Ice Cream Gazebo, Skeeball)
Indian Island (Archery, Fort Far West, Indian Island Stage)
Main Street (Arcade, Cantina Murieta, Gunfights, Indian Goods, Marshal's Office, Picture Palace, Silver Dollar Saloon, Sweet Shop, Trading Post)
Nevada Street
Petting Zoo Island
Reserved Company Picnics
Rainbow Falls Trout Fishing (measured ; stocked with 10,000 rainbow trout)
Sagebrush Theatre
School House Museum
See also
American Old West
List of defunct amusement parks
References
External links
Remembering Frontier Village
Frontier Village at Defunct Amusement Parks
San Jose Public Library's California Room archive's Frontier Village Digital Collection
(American Coaster Enthusiasts of Northern California; January 30, 2015)
1980 disestablishments in California
Buildings and structures in San Jose, California
Defunct amusement parks in California
Economy of San Jose, California
Event venues established in 1961
20th century in San Jose, California
1961 establishments in California
Amusement parks opened in 1961
Amusement parks closed in 1980 |
4034972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%2095%20in%20Maine | Interstate 95 in Maine | Interstate 95 (I-95) in the US state of Maine is a highway running from the New Hampshire state line in Kittery, to the Canadian border in Houlton. It is the only two-digit Interstate Highway in Maine. In 2004, the highway's route between Portland and Gardiner was changed so that it encompasses the entire Maine Turnpike (including the former I-495 between Falmouth and Gardiner), a toll road running from Kittery to Augusta.
Route description
I-95 enters Maine as a six lane highway from New Hampshire on the Piscataqua River Bridge, which connects Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with Kittery. At mile 0.38, the highway becomes the Maine Turnpike. The highway runs in a general northeasterly direction, parallel with U.S. Route 1 (US 1), at this point. I-95 bypasses the Biddeford/Saco area, with a spur route, I-195, connecting to Old Orchard Beach.
At Scarborough, I-95 meets the southern terminus of I-295 and narrows to four lanes. The highway turns north, serving the Portland International Jetport and bypassing Portland to the west. At Falmouth, the highway meets unsigned I-495, also called the Falmouth Spur. Until January 2004, I-95 followed the Falmouth Spur and I-295 between Falmouth and Gardiner.
The highway continues north along the Maine Turnpike (which was I-495 prior to 2004) through Gray to Auburn and Lewiston, which the turnpike bypasses to the south. The highway then runs in an easterly direction to meet the northern terminus of I-295 at Gardiner. From there, I-95 parallels the Kennebec River past Augusta and Waterville. The highway then crosses the river at Fairfield and then turns northeast along the Sebasticook River past Pittsfield to Newport.
I-95 then continues east alongside US 2 from Newport to Bangor, where I-395 connects to the city of Brewer. The highway runs along the northern edge of Bangor's center, then turns northeast, following the Penobscot River past Orono and Old Town (Prior to the early 1980s, I-95 was a super two highway north of Old Town).
The highway continues north, still running near the river, towards Howland. Near Lincoln, I-95 runs north through uninhabited forest land, crossing the Penobscot River at Medway. The highway goes northeast and east, passing a series of small Aroostook County farming towns before reaching Houlton, where it connects to U.S. Route 2 and New Brunswick Route 95 at the international border. North of Bangor, traffic levels drop noticeably, with AADT averaging only about 5,000 in northern Penobscot County and going down to as low as 2,000–4,000 in Houlton. As an Interstate Highway, all of I-95 in Maine is included in the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.
History
The Maine Turnpike Authority was created by the Maine Legislature in 1941 to build and operate a toll highway connecting Kittery and Fort Kent. In 1947, the first section of highway, designated the Maine Turnpike, opened between Kittery and Portland. In 1953, the Turnpike Authority began construction on an extension to the state capital at Augusta using the former right-of-way of the Portland–Lewiston Interurban railway from Portland through West Falmouth. The original turnpike was the largest construction project in the state's history until the construction of the extension, which opened to the public on December 13, 1955.
The Maine Turnpike was the first highway funded using revenue bonds. It remains self-financed and does not receive funding from the state or federal government. When the first section opened in 1947, it was only the second long-distance superhighway in the United States following the October 1940 opening of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. For these reasons, the Maine Turnpike was named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1999.
In 1956, one year after the Portland-Augusta extension opened, Congress created the Interstate Highway System. The remaining sections to be built—from Augusta to Fort Kent—would be publicly funded freeways instead of toll roads under the Maine Turnpike Authority. Today, this highway, which ends at Houlton instead of Fort Kent, is signed as Interstate 95 throughout and the Maine Turnpike between the New Hampshire line at Kittery and the junction with US 202 near Augusta.
In 2015, the Maine Turnpike Authority purchased the segment from the Piscataqua River Bridge to MM 2.2 of I-95 from MaineDOT.
Speed limits
The Maine Turnpike had a posted speed limit of in the early 1970s, but as Maine then had no law against traveling less than over the posted limit, the de facto speed limit was . In 1974, as part of a federal mandate, the speed limit was reduced to , with a new law including a "less than 10 over" violation. In 1987, Congress allowed states to post on rural Interstate highways. Following the relaxation, Maine increased its speed limit. In May 2011, a bill was introduced to raise the speed limit on I-95 from Old Town to Houlton from to . It passed, with Maine the first state east of the Mississippi River since the 1970s to establish a speed limit.
A further law passed in 2013 by the Maine Legislature allowed the Maine Department of Transportation and the Turnpike Authority to change speed limits with the approval of the Maine State Police. Per that law, Maine DOT increased the limit to on several sections of Interstate 95 on May 27, 2014. These areas included the section from mile marker 114 just outside Augusta to mile 126 just before Waterville. In addition, the section from Fairfield (just north of Waterville) to Bangor also saw an increase to . Speed limits on sections controlled by the Turnpike Authority increased on August 11, 2014. The sections from mile marker 2.1 in Kittery to mile marker 44.1 in Scarborough and the section from mile marker 52.3 in Falmouth to mile marker 109 in Augusta increased from to . The section from mile marker 44.1 in Scarborough to mile marker 52.3 in Falmouth increased from to .
Tolls
The Maine Turnpike is a toll road for all of its length except south of York and between Auburn and Sabattus. Flat-fee tolls are paid upon entering the turnpike and at toll barriers in York, New Gloucester, and West Gardiner. As of 1 November 2021, it costs passenger vehicles $8.00 with cash and out of state E-ZPasses and $6.70 with a Maine issued E-ZPass to travel the entire length of the turnpike. The turnpike joined the E-ZPass electronic toll collection network in 2005, replacing the former Maine-only system designated Transpass that was implemented in 1997.
The tolls on the Maine Turnpike were not supposed to be permanent. Toll collections were to stop once the Maine Turnpike Authority paid off the debt from the road's construction. In the 1980s the bonds were going to be paid off but the Maine Legislature authorized the Maine Turnpike Authority in 1982 to continue as a quasi-governmental agency and to continue to collect tolls in order to fund the maintenance of the section of highway controlled by the MTA.
Service plazas and rest areas
There are eleven total rest areas on I-95 in Maine, five of which are full service plazas operated by the Maine Turnpike Authority. Five of the rest areas are accessible from northbound only, four are accessible from southbound only, and two are accessible from both directions. The rest stops are open 24 hours and all provide restrooms and visitor information. Food and Fuel services as well as ATMs are available only at the five major plazas. The plazas are at the following locations:
Kennebunk—a separate plaza is located on each direction of the turnpike at milepost 25. These plazas are the largest and most profitable in the state, and they have near-identical layouts and each includes Burger King, Starbucks, Hershey's Ice Cream, Citgo gas stations, and Z-Market gift shops among the offerings. The original plazas opened in 1947, and incorporated a pedestrian tunnel under the highway to connect the two. These original plazas were replaced in 1972, and the tunnel was sealed. The 1972 plazas were then replaced during the winter of 2006–2007, reopening in 2007.
Gray (northbound) and Cumberland (southbound)—a separate plaza is located on each direction of the turnpike on either side of the Gray–Cumberland town line at milepost 59. Each includes Burger King (both sit-down and drive-thru) and a Citgo gas station. Both plazas were rebuilt in 2007, and are currently the only two plazas to feature a drive-thru food option.
West Gardiner—accessible from both directions of both the turnpike (I-95) and I-295, which converge just north of the plaza. The plaza itself is located just off the highways, along SR 9 and SR 126. Similar in layout to the Kennebunk plazas, Burger King, Starbucks, and Citgo gas are among the offerings. This plaza also includes the Center for Maine Craft, a gift shop featuring locally made products and visitor information. The West Gardiner plaza was built and opened for business in 2008. The plaza replaced two smaller rest areas that were located in Lewiston (southbound at milepost 83) and Litchfield (northbound at milepost 98), both of which were closed and demolished.
There is a rest area and tourist welcome center located on the turnpike northbound at milepost 3 in Kittery. There are weigh stations located on the turnpike northbound and southbound in York at milepost 4 (southbound) and milepost 6 (northbound). There are ramps to and from the northbound turnpike to the Saco Ramada Hotel and Conference Center in Saco at milepost 35. The ramps are from the original exit 5 which was replaced when I-195 was opened just to the north. The hotel was built on the site of the old toll plaza. Ramps connecting the hotel to and from the southbound turnpike were removed as part of the widening project in the early 2000s when hotel ownership opted not to pay nearly $1 million to build a new bridge. The Turnpike Authority is planning to reestablish the exit at this location by 2022 in order to relieve traffic congestion at the intersection of Interstate 195 and Industrial Park Road, which can often back up to Interstate 95.
North of Augusta, there are two additional pairs of rest areas before I-95's northern terminus in Houlton. Separate facilities are located on each direction of I-95 in Hampden, just south of Bangor; and in Medway, about halfway between Bangor and Houlton. There are 24-hour restrooms at all four locations, while the Hampden facilities each feature a state-operated Maine information center available during daytime hours. A final rest area, which also contains a state-operated Maine information center, is located in Houlton, and is accessible from both directions of I-95 by taking exit 302.
Emergency routes
In 2019, MaineDOT began signing emergency routes along roads near I-95. The routes generally lead from one exit to the next exit and are meant to be used when sections of the highway must be closed due to an accident or other disruption. In such an event, electronic signs will be activated and flaggers deployed to direct drivers to use the appropriate emergency route to lead them around the closure and maintain traffic flow. Northbound routes are designated with a single letter, while southbound routes are designated with double letters. This system was first used when a section of highway was closed due to the death of a Maine State Trooper in an accident.
Exit list
Auxiliary routes
Interstate 195, a spur in Saco
Interstate 295, runs from I-95 near Downtown Portland to I-95 in West Gardiner
Interstate 395, a spur east of Bangor
Interstate 495, unsigned designation for the Falmouth Spur
References
External links
Maine Turnpike Official Site
Steve Anderson's BostonRoads.com: Maine Turnpike (I-95)
95
Maine
Toll roads in Maine
Tolled sections of Interstate Highways
Transportation in York County, Maine
Transportation in Cumberland County, Maine
Transportation in Androscoggin County, Maine
Transportation in Kennebec County, Maine
Transportation in Somerset County, Maine
Transportation in Waldo County, Maine
Transportation in Penobscot County, Maine
Transportation in Aroostook County, Maine
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks |
4034973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathstalker%20and%20the%20Warriors%20from%20Hell | Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell | Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell, also known as Deathstalker III: The Warriors from Hell, is a 1988 sword and sorcery fantasy film. It is the third film in the Deathstalker tetralogy.
Plot summary
The film, which takes place in a fantasy setting, opens at a festival featuring Deathstalker and the wizard Nicias. Deathstalker once saved Nicias and the two go from village to village obtaining money by Nicias foretelling the future and showing his magic. During the festival, a hooded woman arrives to see Nicias. She is actually the princess Carissa bringing a magical stone hoping that Nicias has the other one, which when united, will at long last uncover the magical and rich city of Arandor of whom Nicias is the last of the city's descendants. Nicias does not possess the second stone, but knows it is south in Southland which is ruled by the evil sorcerer Troxartes. Troxartes has the second stone and wants the first so he can harness its power and rule more.
The festival is attacked by Troxartes's black-clad right-hand man Makut and his horse soldiers looking for the stone. Amid the slaughter and chaos, Nicias teleports away while the princess is saved from capture by Deathstalker and the two escape. She is nonetheless killed by a few of the unknowing soldiers and passes the stone and knowledge on to Deathstalker. He travels to the hot and wooded Southland where he meets the twin sister of Carissa, the feisty Princess Elizena who was sent from the North to marry Troxartes. Makut is searching for Deathstalker now and finds him again so Deathstalker hides in Elizena's tent but is alerted by her after she sees he held her with a twig instead of a knife. He escapes into an impenetrable valley where he is given shelter by two wild women, Marinda and her mother. Marinda has sex with Deathstalker and then lead him to their horses so he can escape since Makut has entered the valley. The mother, outraged at Marinda's absence, leads Makut to the horses, but Deathstalker has escaped. Learning that he is up against Deathstalker, Troxartes uses his power to awaken all the dead foes he defeated to catch the “legend.”
Elizena's guards were killed by Makut after he thought they were aiding Deathstalker. She accidentally meets Deathstalker who is camping in the woods. In the morning she leaves and is found by Troxartes who takes her back to his castle as his bride. Deathstalker trails them and infiltrates the castle by night, but is found by Troxartes himself who asks for the stone until Deathstalker is knocked unconscious and the stone retrieved. Troxartes figures out there is actually a third stone needed to harness the power so he puts his mistress to torture Deathstalker for the knowledge, but he escapes and ties her up. Heading for the stones, Nicias unknowingly teleports right near Troxartes in the castle who jovially captures him and intends to put him in his army if his magic cannot find the third stone.
In the woods at night, Deathstalker finds Marinda and runs into a few of the undead warriors near a camp fire recognizing Gragas who was killed in a fair fight between Deathstalker earlier. They are forced to do Troxartes's bidding because their souls are kept secure in jars so Deathstalker makes a deal to get the jars if they will help him against Troxartes. He also tells Marinda to go alert the northern band to come help in the fight against the castle. Elizena learns she is just being kept alive until the third stone is found so she leads Deathstalker to where Nicias is being kept. The third stone is accidentally discovered to have been hidden in the castle all along. The northern band arrives and the souls are released by Deathstalker so the undead warriors turn on Troxartes and his band. In the ensuing battle, Makut is killed by an arrow during a duel between Deathstalker. Troxartes kills Marinda and is then killed by Deathstalker during the fight. The three stones are united at last and it reveals the secret city of Arandor and peace is brought to the land. Deathstalker rides off into the sunset for further adventures.
Cast
John Allen Nelson as Deathstalker
Carla Herd as Carissa / Elizena
Terri Treas as Camisarde
Thom Christopher as Troxartas
Aarón Hernán as Nicias
Roger Cudney as Inaros
Agustín Salvat as Makut
Claudia Inchaurregui as Marinda
Mario Iván Martínez as Preacher
Carlos Romano as Gragas
Erika Carlsson as Khorsa
Alejandro Bracho as Dead Warrior
Lizetta Romo as Dead Warrior
Antonio Zubiaga as Soldier
Manuel Benítez as Soldier
Production
The movie borrows footage from The Raven for some of the exterior shots of Troxartes's castle turrets.
Reception
Influence
This movie appeared on the seventh season of Mystery Science Theater 3000. In the episode, Mike Nelson, Tom Servo, and Crow T. Robot mock lead actor John Allen Nelson's inability to maintain a consistent accent throughout the film, as well as his character's irritating cockiness that causes them to root against him for most of the movie. They also ridicule Makut's helmet, which has enormous metal bat wings welded on each side. Thom Christopher's physical appearance and poor line delivery in the film also prove to be fodder for several jokes. At one point, Tom Servo comments that he cannot take an "arch nemesis who's 5'8" and bald" seriously. The wizard Nicias prompts numerous jokes as well, primarily The Lord of the Rings comments that compare his appearance to Gandalf, Saruman, and Radagast the Brown. The film's lame attempt at a battle scene prompted Nelson to say on two occasions, "This movie is like playing Doom when there's no monsters or opponents." and "This is one of the most ambitiously bad movies we have ever done."
The episode's stinger (following the end credits) is Marinda's mother angrily declaring "Potatoes are what we eat!"
The MST3K version of Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell was included as part of the Mystery Science Theater 3000, Volume XXXV DVD collection, released by Shout! Factory on March 29, 2016. The other episodes in the four-disc set include Teenage Caveman (episode #315), Being from Another Planet (episode #405), and 12 to the Moon (episode #524).
Soundtrack
The movie's theme tune is a recycling of James Horner's theme for Roger Corman's Battle Beyond the Stars, which has been re-used by Corman himself for several of his films, including Space Raiders and Sorceress. The film also includes an excerpt of Brian Eno's "Prophecy Theme" from the soundtrack of the 1984 David Lynch version of Dune.
References
External links
1988 films
1980s fantasy films
Sword and sorcery films
Fantasy adventure films
English-language films
Deathstalker (film series) |
4034976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Bentley | Ray Bentley | Ray Russell Bentley (born November 25, 1960) is a former professional American football linebacker, broadcaster, and author.
Biography
Playing career
Bentley's first three years in professional football were spent with the Michigan Panthers and Oakland Invaders of the United States Football League.
He later joined the Buffalo Bills, and played six seasons with the team, including their first two Super Bowl years in the 1990s. Bentley's career ended with the Cincinnati Bengals in 1992, in which he set the team's franchise record for the longest fumble return touchdown (75 yards).
Broadcasting career
Bentley worked as part of the NFL on Fox broadcast team for four years from 1998 to 2001, doing both color commentary and play-by-play. He left Fox for a position as head coach and general manager of the Arena Football League's Buffalo Destroyers, and held that position for two years before resigning.
From 2003 to 2006, Bentley was a color commentator alongside play-by-play man Bob Papa on NBC's Arena Football League coverage, and since 2003 has served in that capacity for ESPN. In 2007, Bentley returned to the Buffalo Bills as a play-by-play announcer for their preseason television games, a role he still serves. He is also an advisory member for the revival of the USFL.
From 2009 to 2016
Bentley was a radio personality on 107.3 in Grand Rapids MI. In 2012 he was the linebacker coach for the Grandville Bulldogs. Ray is currently a defensive coordinator for the high school team Byron Center Bulldogs.
Author
Bentley is the author of a series of children's books about the character of Darby the Dinosaur.
References
1960 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Arena football announcers
ArenaBowl broadcasters
Buffalo Bills announcers
Buffalo Bills players
Central Michigan Chippewas football players
Cincinnati Bengals players
College football announcers
Columbus Destroyers coaches
Michigan Panthers players
National Football League announcers
Oakland Invaders players
Olympic Games broadcasters
Sportspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Players of American football from Grand Rapids, Michigan |
4034981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderware | Wonderware | Wonderware was a brand of industrial software now owned by Aveva and rebranded under the AVEVA name. Wonderware was part of Invensys plc, and Invensys plc was acquired in January 2014 by Schneider Electric. Invensys plc. was formed in 1999 by the merger of BTR plc and Siebe plc, and Wonderware was acquired by Siebe plc in 1998.
The Wonderware software now under the AVEVA name is used in various industries, including: Automotive Assembly, Facilities Management, Food and Beverage, CPG, Mining and Metals, Power, Oil and Gas, Chemicals, Energy, Water and Wastewater.
Distribution
Over the decades Wonderware built up a network of distributing partners including a group of individually owned partners doing business under the Wonderware name. This network, including those Wonderware named partners, now sell and support AVEVA products. The Wonderware brand and name now only exists as a distribution name for AVEVA.
History
Wonderware was co-founded by Dennis Morin and Phil Huber. Both were former employees of another local startup located in Irvine, California.
Wonderware was sold to British-based SIEBE in 1998 for nearly 400 million dollars. By that time, all the founding members had left the company. Co-Founder Phil Huber remains active in startups. Morin died on the last day of 2012. Wonderware became part of Paris-based Schneider-Electric in 2014.
Wonderware was formed as a partnership in 1987 and incorporated in California in 1988 as Wonderware Software Development Corporation. The company reincorporated in Delaware in 1993. At the time, there were other software companies making programs to automate production processes, but Wonderware was the first to introduce a program designed to be used with the Microsoft Windows operating system.
Mergers and acquisitions
The original Wonderware Corporation was acquired by Siebe plc in 1998. In 1999, Siebe plc merged with BTR plc to form Invensys plc; in January 2014, Schneider Electric acquired Invensys plc; then in March 2018, AVEVA merged with Schneider Electric Software.
References
MES software |
4034990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Wimmer | Herbert Wimmer | Herbert "Hacki" Wimmer (born 9 November 1944 is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Besides winning five national championships and two UEFA Cups with his club side Borussia Mönchengladbach, he won the 1974 World Cup and the UEFA Euro 1972 with Germany.
Club career
Wimmer started his playing career with lowly Borussia Brand (a place close to the city of Aachen). Between 1966 and 1978, he played in 366 Bundesliga matches for Borussia Mönchengladbach and scored 51 goals. With the club, he won five national championships (in 1970, 1971, 1975, 1976, and 1977), the German Cup in 1973, and the UEFA Cup in 1975.
Wimmer started out as a forward, but in Mönchengladbach, his role was primarily to cover defensively for the star of the team in this era, midfield playmaker Günter Netzer. His physical endurance, which earned him the nickname the Iron Lung, was one of his major assets. Wimmer was considered as a paragon of a player that never runs out of steam. As such, Jonathan Wilson, when writing for The Guardian in 2013, described him as a "destroyer," which is a type of holding midfielder whose role is mainly to help win back possession and distribute the ball to other players.
International career
Between 1968 and 1976, Wimmer also played in 36 matches for the West German national team, where he scored four goals. With West Germany, he won the 1972 European Football Championship – he scored the second goal in the 3–0 win in the final against the USSR – and the 1974 FIFA World Cup, where he took part in two matches.
Honours
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Bundesliga: 1969–70, 1970–71, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77
DFB-Pokal: 1972–73
UEFA Cup: 1974–75; runner-up: 1972–73
European Cup runner-up: 1976–77
West Germany
FIFA World Cup: 1974
UEFA European Championship: 1972; runner-up: 1976
Individual
UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1972
kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1975–76
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
People from Eupen
German footballers
Germany international footballers
Borussia Mönchengladbach players
UEFA Euro 1972 players
UEFA Euro 1976 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
1974 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
Bundesliga players
Association football midfielders
UEFA Cup winning players |
4035020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Pearce%20%28tennis%29 | Brad Pearce (tennis) | Brad Pearce (born March 21, 1966) is a former tennis player from the United States, who turned professional in 1986. He won four doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP ranking on October 8, 1990, when he became the World No. 71.
Pearce was inducted into the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Hall of Fame.
Career
1987
Pearce started off his new season playing doubles, reaching four finals. Three of those were on the Grand Prix tennis circuit. He won his first final in January at the Auckland, with partner Kelly Jones. En route he defeated players such as Milan Šrejber and Mark Woodforde to win the title. His year continued on a high note, making it to the quarter finals of the Ebel U.S. Pro Indoor and the Lorraine Open and the semi finals of the Japan Open Tennis Championships. Later he reached the finals at the OTB Open with partner Jim Pugh, losing to Gary Donnelly and Gary Muller 6–7, 2–6. A month later he made it to the final in New Haven with partner Gilad Bloom of Israel as the #1 seed, losing to the #2 seed Glenn Layendecker and Glenn Michibata 6–3, 4–6, 2–6.
1988
1989
1990
The highlight of Pearce's single career was his appearance in the quarter-finals of the Wimbledon Championship. Pearce was an unseeded player, and one of three Americans in the quarter-finals (Brad Gilbert and Kevin Curren being the others). En route he beat Ronnie Båthman (6–3, 3–6, 6–2, 6–3), Shuzo Matsuoka (7–6, 7–5, 6–3), Milan Šrejber (6–3, 6–3, 6–1), and Mark Woodforde (6–4, 6–4, 6–4) to face Ivan Lendl, the #1 seed of the tournament, where he lost (4–6, 4–6, 7–5, 4–6).
1991
Personal life
Pearce now works as an employee of Brigham Young University in the athletic department. He is the head coach of the BYU men's tennis team, and coached several players who have reached the top 800's in ATP rankings.
Career finals
Doubles (10 wins – 12 losses
References
External links
Profile on BYU Athletics
1966 births
Living people
American male tennis players
BYU Cougars men's tennis coaches
Sportspeople from Provo, Utah
Tennis people from Utah
UCLA Bruins men's tennis players
Goodwill Games medalists in tennis
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
American tennis coaches |
4035024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak%20Benrubi | Isaak Benrubi | Isaak Benrubi (24 May 1876 in Thessaloniki – October 19 1943 in Geneva) was a philosopher from the Ottoman city of Thessaloniki, he opposed the conventional character of the act of knowing in "subject" and "object" to the reality that is interested in both subject and object: "I can't exist without the universe, neither can the universe exist without me". He decided to attend the CIC's meeting in Geneva only after learning that both Albert Einstein and Henri Bergson would also be attending.
Biography
Benrubi was born in Thessaloniki, Ottoman Empire, in 1876. He came from an old family of rabbis, from the same Jewish community of Portuguese provenance, to which Spinoza belonged to in Amsterdam. He presented his thesis in German, under the direction of the great philosopher Eucken, on the "Moral ideal of J.J. Rousseau" (1904). According to Benrubi, Rousseau is the source of all German philosophy- from Kant to Nietzsche - and the spiritual father of the great poets Goethe, Schiller, and Holderlin. He studied philosophy and was educated in Jena, Berlin, and Paris (1898–1914). In 1904, he participated in the 2nd Congress of Philosophy in Geneva, where he stayed, teaching the history of European philosophy until his death. Between 1927 and 1933 he was appointed by the Prussian Government to teach French philosophy at Bonn, a job that he considered as a cultural mission for fostering the intellectual ties between France and Germany.
In his work Benrubi tries to go beyond the agnosticism and timidity of modern philosophical reflection, to re-establish the bridge between the Self and the things, to abolish the dualism of speculative and practical thinking. The author attempts to exhibit the universe as a whole: terrestrial unity, solidarity of the living, the existence of a human race, united in its diversity, arriving in conclusion at a moral: Natural obligation of cosmic and human solidarity. In a second work, Benrubi studied at depth the great movements of moral philosophy in a manuscript of more than 600 pages, that is archived at the Bibliothèque de Genève, in which the essential ideas of the sceptics, relativists and utilitarians are analyzed in detail and compared - from the Greek Sophists to Max Stirner and Herbert Spencer, passing through Montaigne, Blaise Pascal, La Rochefoucauld, and Helvétius, among others (J. H. Zeilberger).
Works
J. J. Rousseaus ethisches Ideal, 1904
Contemporary thought of France, 1926
Philosophische Strömungen der Gegenwart in Frankreich, 1928
Les sources et les courants de la philosophie contemporaine en France, 1933
Souvenirs sur Henri Bergson, Delachaux & Niestlé, Neuchâtel, 1942
References
S. H. Bergmann, entry in Encyclopedia Judaica, IV, Jerusalem, p. 546.
H. Reverdin, "Isaac Benrubi" in Annales de la Societe J.J. Rousseau, 1943.
J. H. Zeilberger, "Isaac Benrubi, Juif fidele, patriot genevois, cosmopolite fervent", manuscript deposited at the Bibliothèque Public et Universitaire de Genève, 1981. (Cote BPU BVM 282).
1876 births
1943 deaths
German Sephardi Jews
German people of Greek descent
German people of Portuguese descent
Greek people of Portuguese descent
Greek Sephardi Jews
Jewish philosophers
Jews from Thessaloniki
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Germany |
4035031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Lewin | Josh Lewin | Josh Lewin is an American sportscaster who works as a play-by-play announcer for the UCLA Bruins football and basketball teams.
Early life and career
Lewin is originally from Rochester, New York, but lived outside of Boston for several years as a young boy. As early as nursery school, he was an avid sports fan, and he got his start in broadcasting as the radio commentator for the Rochester Red Wings at the age of 16. After graduating from Northwestern University (where he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity) in 1990, Lewin became the Red Wings' regular play-by-play announcer.
Broadcasting career
Major League Baseball
Lewin went on to call Baltimore Orioles games on the radio in 1995 and 1996, on TV for the Chicago Cubs on WGN in 1997 and on TV for the Detroit Tigers from 1998-2001 on Fox Sports Detroit. In 2000, he was the first-ever recipient of the Ty Tyson Award for Excellence in Sports Broadcasting, awarded by the Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association. He was the TV voice for the Texas Rangers from 2002 through 2011, usually on Fox Sports Southwest but also on local broadcasts for KDFI, KDFW and TXA 21. The Rangers organization announced on October 11, 2011, that Lewin would not be returning as play-by-play announcer for the team. On February 9, 2012, it was announced that Lewin would be joining the New York Mets Radio Network, succeeding Wayne Hagin. He shared play-by-play duties with Howie Rose on Mets broadcasts. Lewin left his position with the Mets following the 2018 season. During the 2019 MLB season, Lewin served as a part-time play-by-play announcer for Boston Red Sox Radio Network broadcasts alongside Joe Castiglione.
Lewin was one of the original play-by-play commentators for Fox Major League Baseball, calling regular season regional games from 1996 to 2011. He started on the fourth regional crew calling games, but by 1999 was promoted to the number three booth where he would remain from 1999 to 2011. He would often fill in for principal play-by-play men Joe Buck (with Tim McCarver during the regular season) or Thom Brennaman (with Steve Lyons during the postseason). Lewin left Fox Sports after his contract with Fox Sports Southwest was not renewed.
National Football League
During football seasons past, Lewin served as both a sideline reporter and play-by-play man for Fox NFL and called NFL games for SportsUSA/Jones Radio. From 2005 to 2016, he was the radio voice of the San Diego Chargers (he left after the team's move to Los Angeles at the end of the 2016 season). On August 26, 2006, Lewin provided television play-by-play for Fox Sports' Fox Saturday Baseball game of the week between the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. That game took place at Angel Stadium of Anaheim. When the game was over, he traveled 90 miles down to Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego to provide radio play-by-play coverage of the San Diego Chargers' NFL preseason game against the Seattle Seahawks for the Chargers Radio Network. The two games announced in one day was similar to Ted Leitner's time as announcer for both the Chargers and the San Diego Padres when he would broadcast a Chargers game then travel to join the Padres broadcast late in the baseball season.
National Hockey League
Lewin has also subbed in as the Dallas Stars play-by-play man when Dallas' usual lead voice, Ralph Strangis, was recovering from a car accident in 2003. He also did play-by-play for Fox NHL Saturday in 1998 and FSN Detroit's coverage of CCHA hockey.
The Josh and Elf Show
On October 29, 2010, it was announced that Lewin would be moving to 105.3 The Fan to host a new show in their 11am–2pm time slot. The new show started on November 1, 2010, with Greg Williams and Richie Witt moving their show to the 2pm–7pm slot. On Monday, November 29, 2010, it was announced Mark "Elf" Elfenbein would be joining the show now named The Josh and Elf Show. Following Lewin's hiring by the New York Mets and departure from The Fan, Elf and friends was launched. Numerous personalities tried out to fill Lewin's spot. He would eventually be replaced by Jane Slater, making it The Elf and Slater Show.
College football
Lewin is employed by the Big Ten Network calling football games. He also has called Conference USA football on Sports USA as well. On June 2, 2016, he was hired to be the play-by-play announcer for the UCLA Bruins football team.
College basketball
Lewin also calls collegiate basketball for UCLA, along with former Bruin standout Tracy Murray. Lewin has made other appearances on Sports USA, Fox Sports Networks, the SMU Mustangs and Michigan State Spartans.
References
External links
Official Broadcaster Bio on KIOZ 105.3 Website (Official Chargers Radio Station)
Article "MLB and NFL Announcer Josh Lewin"
Living people
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Baltimore Orioles announcers
Boston Red Sox announcers
Chicago Cubs announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
College hockey announcers in the United States
Dallas Stars announcers
Detroit Tigers announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League broadcasters
New York Mets announcers
Northwestern University alumni
San Diego Chargers announcers
San Diego Padres announcers
Sportspeople from Rochester, New York
Texas Rangers (baseball) announcers
UCLA Bruins football announcers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4035033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm%20Jim%20%28TV%20series%29 | Earthworm Jim (TV series) | Earthworm Jim is an American animated television series based on the video game series of the same name and created by series creator, Doug TenNapel. The series aired on the Kids' WB for two seasons from September 9, 1995, to December 13, 1996. It follows the adventures of the titular character who battles the forces of evil using a robotic suit.
Premise
Most episodes involve the series' numerous villains attempting to reclaim the super suit or conquer the universe. Other issues facing Jim include returning his neighbor's eggbeater and finding a new power source after his suit's battery runs out. Also, the show breaks the fourth wall with characters often talking to the audience and the narrator.
Episodes begin with a cold opening of Earthworm Jim and Peter Puppy in some peril that has nothing to do with the main plot or the past episodes, with little statement of how they got into the mess. In between parts (generally before or after the commercial break), there is a short side-story, generally featuring one of the villains doing a more natural part of life, usually without any involvement from Jim. These can range anywhere from Psy-Crow going through a career change, Evil the Cat disguising himself as a movie star in order to make his evil plans known to the world, or Professor Monkey-For-A-Head attending group therapy and always ending with the line: "and now, back to Earthworm Jim." The end of every episode involves Jim or any other character being crushed by a cow, a homage to the original game's ending.
Characters
Most of the main characters from the show originated from characters introduced in the video game series. Peter Puppy becomes Jim's sidekick and friend and Princess What's-Her-Name is featured as his love interest. Several antagonists from the games such as Evil the Cat, Psy-Crow, Bob the Killer Goldfish, Queen Slug-for-a-Butt, and Professor Monkey-For-A-Head also appear in the series.
Additionally, some original characters were also created for the series, and were then in turn integrated into future games in the series. For example, Evil Jim, an evil doppelgänger of Jim created for the series, went on to be the main antagonist in Earthworm Jim: Menace 2 the Galaxy.
Voice cast
The voice director for the series was Ginny McSwain.
Main
Dan Castellaneta as Earthworm Jim, Evil Jim, Turns-His-Eyelids-Inside-Out Boy (in "Sidekicked", "Lounge Day's Journey into Night"), Jim's Four Brains, The Grim Reaper (in "The Wizard of Ooze", "For Whom the Jingle Bell Tolls"), Jaepius: God of Puns (in "Assault and Battery"), Abraham Lincoln (in "Sword of Righteousness")
Jeff Bennett as Peter Puppy, Narrator, The Hamsternator, Evil Peter, Puce Dynamo, President of the United States (in "The Origin of Peter Puppy"," "Peanut of the Apes"), The Great Worm Spirit (in "The Anti-Fish")
Charlie Adler as Professor Monkey-For-A-Head, The Doorman of The Gods (in "Assault and Battery"), Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (in "For Whom the Jingle Bell Tolls"), Superhero #1
Jim Cummings as Psy-Crow, Bob The Killer Goldfish, Johnny Dactyl (in "Assault and Battery"), Walter (in "Conqueror Worm", "Lounge Day's Journey into Night", "The Wizard of Ooze"), Zantor: Master of The Flying Toupée (in "Sidekicked", "Lounge Day's Journey into Night"), The Sword of Righteousness (in "The Sword of Righteousness"), Phlegmaphus: God of Nasal Discharge (in "Assault and Battery"), Lower Back-Pain Man, The Giant Fur-Bearin' Trout (in "The Anti-Fish"), Santa Claus (in "For Whom the Jingle Bell Tolls")
Edward Hibbert as Evil the Cat
John Kassir as Snott, Henchrat
Andrea Martin as Queen Slug-For-A-Butt, The Torch Singer
Kath Soucie as Princess What's-Her-Name, Evil Princess, Johnny Dactyl's Mom (in "The Exile of Lucy"), Perpsichore: Goddess of Disco (in "Assault and Battery"), Cody (in "Peanut of the Apes")
Additional
Gregg Berger as Superhero #2
S. Scott Bullock as various
Miriam Flynn as Malice the Dog (in "Evil in Love")
Brad Garrett as The Lord of Nightmares (in "Evil in Love")
Lisa Kaplan as various
Danny Mann as Archbug (in "Queen What's-Her-Name", "For Whom the Jingle Bell Tolls")
Edie McClurg as various
Dee Dee Rescher as The Purple Alien
Kevin Michael Richardson as The Anti-Fish (in "Anti-Fish")
Ben Stein as Rosebud The Nameless Beast (in "The Great Secret of the Universe"), Dr. Houston (in "The Origin of Peter Puppy")
Billy West as The Sturgeon (in "Lounge Day's Journey into Night"), Morty (in "Lounge Day's Journey into Night")
April Winchell as Mrs. Bleverage, Ilene (in "Lounge Day's Journey into Night")
Production
The series was created by Doug TenNapel and produced by Universal Cartoon Studios along with AKOM, Flextech Television Limited, and Shiny Entertainment.
Episodes
Two seasons of the series were produced, for a total of 23 episodes.
Series overview
Season 1 (1995–1996)
Season 2 (1996)
Broadcast history
In the United States, the show was aired on Kids' WB on The WB Television Network from 1995 to 1996. Internationally, in the United Kingdom, it was shown on Channel 4 and TCC (The Children's Channel) in the 1990s. In the 2000s, the show has seen occasional reruns on Nickelodeon. In Ireland, the show was aired on RTÉ Two from 12 September 1996 to 1997. In Canada, the show was aired on YTV. In Mexico, the show was aired on TV Azteca. In Germany, the show was aired on RTL. In the Netherlands, the show was aired on Kindernet. In Poland, the show was aired on RTL 7.
Media
The show was released in the UK onto three VHS tapes in three volumes covering two episodes on each video in the 1990s but these are now out of print and considered rare.
On June 1, 2011, Via Vision Entertainment released the complete series as a 5-disc set in Australia and New Zealand.
The complete series was intended to receive a U.S. DVD release from Visual Entertainment on , but was delayed right before release to late October. The set includes all 23 episodes on 3 discs, and is currently available on Amazon.com.
Digitally, the complete series is currently available on Fox Corporation's Tubi.
Reception
The Earthworm Jim television series received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences, for being one of Doug TenNapel's best creations, and having the originality of the 1994 video game of the same name.
Legacy
Aspects of the show, such as newly created characters, or art style, were later implemented in future video games Earthworm Jim 3D and Earthworm Jim: Menace 2 the Galaxy. Two Earthworm Jim comic book series, in the US and UK, were also created to tie into the animated series.
A line of action figures based on the show was released by Playmates Toys. The series included several variants of Earthworm Jim, as well as Peter Puppy, Princess What's-Her-Name, Bob the Killer Goldfish, #4, Evil the Cat, Henchrat, Major Mucus and Psy-Crow. A mountable "pocket rocket" was also available as well as a rare mail-in repainted figure of Earthworm Jim in a green suit.
On November 18, 2021, it was reported that a new animated television series titled Earthworm Jim: Beyond the Groovy is in development.
References
External links
Earthworm Jim at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016.
1995 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings
1990s American animated television series
1990s American comic science fiction television series
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comic science fiction television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
Animated series based on video games
Earthworm Jim
Jetix original programming
Kids' WB original shows
Television series by Universal Animation Studios
Television series created by Doug TenNapel
Universal Pictures cartoons and characters
Animated television series about teenagers |
4035051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo%20Especial%20Uno | Grupo Especial Uno | The 1er Batallón de Combate-Grupo Especial Uno (1st Combat Battalion-Special Group One, GE-1) is a tactical assault division of the Argentine Federal Police. It depends directly of the Infantry Guard Corps, and its motto is Nihil Obstat (Nothing Hinders).
The unit was established under the denomination of Special Combat Teams in 1978, when Argentina hosted the Football World Cup. Ten years later, in 1988, the division changed its name to Police Operations Group and officially became the premier counterterrorism team of the Federal Police. In 1994 the GEOF was created and the GE-1 dramatically reduced its size, although some elements remained still functional. The Superintendent of Metropolitan Security re-activated the unit in 2002. The group quickly became an elite tactical force, with more than 400 successful tactical interventions.
All GE-1 officers must pass a rigorous, extensive training course before he/she apply to join. It is important to know that all active personnel remains in their original unit and are called when needed, a selective style similar to many American SWAT groups. The division constantly trains with similar Argentine and foreign special units.
The group uses specialized weapons and gear such as the Glock 17 9mm pistol, Heckler & Koch HK33 assault rifles, Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the M24 SWS sniper rifle.
See also
Scorpion Group
Albatross Group
Federal Special Operations Group
Hawk Special Operations Brigade
Argentine Federal Police
Federal law enforcement agencies of Argentina
Non-military counterterrorist organizations |
4035052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Goldie | Dan Goldie | Daniel C. Goldie (born October 3, 1963) is a former tennis player from the United States who won 2 singles (1987, Newport and 1988, Seoul) and 2 doubles titles (1986, Wellington and 1987, Newport). The right-hander reached the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1989 where he beat Kelly Evernden, Jimmy Connors, Wally Masur and Slobodan Živojinović before losing to Ivan Lendl. He achieved a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 27 in April 1989. Before turning pro, Goldie played tennis for Stanford University, where he won the 1986 National Singles Championship before graduating with a degree in Economics.
In 2011, Goldie co-authored The Investment Answer, a #1 New York Times bestselling book for individual investors. Goldie is currently President of Dan Goldie Financial Services LLC, an independent financial advisor located in Palo Alto, California. He has been recognized by Barron's as one of the top 100 independent financial advisors in the U.S. He currently resides in Palo Alto, California.
Career finals
Singles (2 titles)
References
External links
Dan Goldie Financial Services LLC
The Investment Answer
1963 births
Living people
American male tennis players
People from Palo Alto, California
Sportspeople from Sioux City, Iowa
Stanford Cardinal men's tennis players
Tennis people from California
Tennis people from Iowa
Universiade medalists in tennis
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade |
4035076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%20walking%20on%20water | Jesus walking on water | Jesus walking on the water, or on the sea, is depicted as one of the miracles of Jesus recounted in the New Testament. There are accounts of this event in three Gospels—Matthew, Mark, and John—but it is not included in the Gospel of Luke. This story, following the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand, tells how Jesus sent the disciples by ship back to the "other side" of the Sea of Galilee (the western side) while he remained behind, alone, to pray. Night fell and the sea arose as the ship became caught in a wind storm. After rowing against the wind for most of the night, the disciples saw Jesus walking on the water. They were frightened, thinking that they were seeing a spirit, but when Jesus told them not to be afraid, they were reassured. After Jesus entered the ship, the wind ceased, and they arrived at land
Biblical narratives
The story of Jesus walking on water is retold in the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and John; it is not in the Gospel of Luke. This episode is narrated towards the end of the Ministry of Jesus in Galilee before the key turning points halfway through the gospel narratives where Peter proclaimed Jesus as Christ and saw the Transfiguration. In all three gospels it follows the feeding of the five thousand, where Jesus had withdrawn by ship to a desert place "belonging to" Bethsaida after hearing of the death of John the Baptist, but was followed by the crowds who travelled on foot.
At the end of the evening, the disciples boarded a ship to cross to the other side of the Sea of Galilee, without Jesus who went up the mountain to pray alone. John alone specifies they were headed "toward Capernaum". During the journey on the sea, the disciples were distressed by wind and waves, but saw Jesus walking towards them on the sea. John's Gospel specifies that they were five or six kilometers away from their departure point. The disciples were startled to see Jesus, but he told them not to be afraid.
Matthew's account adds that Peter asked Jesus, "if it is you", to tell him, or command him, to come to Jesus on the water (waters). After Peter came down out of the ship and walked on the water, he became afraid of the storm and began to sink. He called out to Jesus for help. Jesus caught him, and commenting on his lack of faith led him back to the ship, whereupon the storm stopped. Matthew also notes that the disciples called Jesus the Son of God. The fact that the John account also lacks this detail suggests that this account of "St. Peter's venture" is a redactional addition by Matthew.
In all three accounts, after Jesus got into the ship, the wind ceased and they reached the shore. Only John's account has their ship immediately reach the shore. Matthew's and Mark's accounts end at this point, but John mentions that the next day some people from the other side of the sea that looked for Jesus, noted that the disciples left without him, but they didn't know where he went. When they came to Capernaum and asked Jesus how he came there, instead of answering the question, he told the crowd that they followed him, not because they had seen signs, but because of the free loaves they had eaten the day before, and he advised them not to seek earthly gains, but aim for a life based on higher spiritual values.
Gospel of Mark (c. 66–70 AD)
Gospel of Matthew (c. 80–90 AD)
Gospel of John (c. 90–100 AD)
.
Interpretations
Christian teachings
The walking on the sea episode has specific interpretations within Christian teachings and has been viewed by scholars as important due to its perceived impact on the formation of Christian ecumenical creeds, as discussed below.
One aspect of the pericope (passage) is how it highlights the relationship between Jesus and his apostles. Merrill Tenney states that the incident is in essence centered on that aspect, rather than their peril or the miracle itself. Dwight Pentecost and John Danilson state that this miracle was deliberately designed by Jesus to instruct his apostles and increase their faith. David Cook and Craig Evans note that "of little faith" is a somewhat common expression in Matthew (e.g. 8:26 when calming the storm or 16:8 regarding bread and the Pharisees just before the Confession of Peter) and may mean "of no faith".
Richard Cassidy states that this episode sheds special light on the position of Peter who had faith in Jesus and acknowledged Jesus' extraordinary powers, and by considering to walk on water himself, wanted to share in the act of Jesus before the other disciples for he considered himself closest to Jesus. Cook and Evans note that the "Lord Save me" cry of Peter is similar to and in the calming the storm episode and again emphasizes the reliance of the disciples on Jesus.
Cook and Evans also echo Pentecost's interpretation that the detail regarding "many stadia away" and "battered by the waves" were intended to emphasize that Jesus could walk on the water far away from the shore, on a rough sea, thus establishing his dominance over nature. R.T. France has also pointed out that the details regarding the boat being a long way from the shore, and the portrayal of Peter sinking are intended as a confirmation of the depth of the water.
Scholars such as Ulrich Luz and separately Dale Allison view the pericope as instrumental in asserting the divinity of Jesus among early Christians. Alan Robinson sees the pericope as important in establishing the belief in the early Church that the disciples viewed Jesus as the Son of God. Dale Allison states that Matthew's presentation emphasizes that God the Father is willing to share divine power with his son and that the impact of this pericope on the affirmation of the divinity of Jesus in the ecumenical creeds is undeniable.
Historical-critical analysis
Scholars who hold that the story records actual events do so on the basis that Jesus, as Son of God, was above the laws of nature; or, in a variation, that Jesus projected an image himself while actually remaining on the shore. The meaning of the episode is held to be inherent in its miraculous nature: "The meaning of the pericope (story) ... only has meaning ... if it is understood as relating a miraculous event which really took place" (Leopold Sabourin, 1975).
In recent scholarship, Bart Ehrman has championed the view that in general, it is impossible to either prove or disprove supernatural events such as miracles using the historical method, for proving them would require belief in a supernatural world not amenable to historical analysis, and disproving them would require historical evidence that is usually hard to come by.
Catholic scholar John P. Meier believes that the miraculous walk on water is a purely theological narrative, without historical foundation. Oral tradition, according to Meier, is intertwined with references to the Old Testament (Jesus' answer "I am" is in accordance with the vision of Jesus as Yahweh of the Early Church) and post-resurrection perceptions. In particular, the narrative part of the story seems to fall into the apocalyptic genre, meaning by this term a genre characterized by an accentuated symbolism and light-shadow contrasts. Initially Jesus collects the Apostles on a boat and sends them away alone, to go alone to the mountain to pray, but promising to meet them on the other side of the "sea"; the apostles have difficulty in reaching the other shore, but Jesus appears and everything ends well. According to Meier this is a metaphor of the Early Church immediately after Easter: Jesus leaves his disciples with the ascension promising to return, but occasionally visits them during the journey to support them (through the Eucharist). Like all apocalyptic literature, his function is to comfort a community in need.
Some scholars have held the view that while this event took place, it was not miraculous: Albert Schweitzer, for example, suggested that the disciples saw Jesus walking on the shore, but were confused by high wind and darkness; some scholars who accept this "misperception thesis" argue that Mark originally wrote that Jesus walked on the seashore rather than on the sea, and that John had a more accurate version. Others have held that the entire episode is a "pious legend" (B.H. Branscomb, 1937), based perhaps on some lost incident; perhaps Jesus waded through the surf (Vincent Taylor, 1957), or perhaps he walked on a sand bar (Sherman Johnson, 1972, J.D.M. Derrett, 1981).
Finally are those scholars who regard the story as an example of "creative symbolism", or myth, which probably was understood by a part of the audience literally and by others allegorically. Rudolf Bultmann pointed out that the sea-walking theme is familiar in many cultures. Furthermore, the motif of walking on water was associated with kings like Xerxes or Alexander, but also rejected and satirized as humanly impossible and as proverbial for the arrogance of the rulers by Menander, Dio Chrysostom or in 2 Maccabees 5:21.
Others look for an origin in the mythic world of the Old Testament itself (Christ's victory over the waters paralleling Yahweh's defeat of the primeval Sea, representing Chaos), or within the New Testament, as an originally simple story later embellished with Hellenistic and Old Testament details. In the Hebrew Bible, God gives power over the sea, e.g. to Moses (Ex 14:21–29) or to Elijah (2 kg 2:8).
Adela Yarbro Collins concludes that the text characterizes Jesus as Messiah and king of Israel endowed with divine properties.
Literary-critical analysis
Biblical scholar George W. Young dismisses the naturalistic explanations, the traditional and the historical critical perspectives. He contends that these methods of exegesis rely on factual interpretations and fail to capture the full meaning of the text based on its structure. Instead, Young explores the pericope with literary-critical methods as narrative art. Young views the text as fiction, and uses tools and terms often associated with fantastic literature to analyze it.
Young analyses the pericope as the expression of three entangled, conflicting perspectives on reality: (i) the "conventional reality" based on sensory perception; (ii) the "impossible" vision of Jesus resulting in the astonishment of the observers; (iii) the narrator's metaphysical comment in Mark 6:52 identifying Jesus as the Son of God.
See also
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Notes
Bibliography
Miracles of Jesus
Water and religion
Bethsaida
Gospel of Matthew
Gospel of Mark
Gospel of John
Sea of Galilee |
4035081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20War%20Zone | The War Zone | The War Zone is a 1999 British drama film written by Alexander Stuart, directed by Tim Roth in his directorial debut, and starring Ray Winstone, Tilda Swinton, Lara Belmont, and Freddie Cunliffe. The film is based on Stuart's 1989 novel of the same name and takes a blunt look at incest and sexual violence in an English family.
Plot
15-year-old Tom is upset after his family moves from London to a rural house in Devon. He misses his friends, and family dynamics are strange. His Mum is in the late stages of pregnancy, his Dad is in the home-furniture industry. Tom and his 18-year-old sister Jessie are unusually close to each other, and everyone helps Mum during her pregnancy.
One night, Mum goes into labour and Dad drives the whole family to the hospital. The car crashes, but nobody is badly injured and a baby girl is born while Mum is trapped in the car. They all go to the hospital to get stitched up and they see Mum and the baby happy. Later, while coming home from shopping with Mum, Tom complains he doesn't know anybody, but she assures him he will make friends. When they arrive home, Tom enters the house through the back door and something catches his attention.
Tom confronts Jessie and asks about what he saw: Dad and Jessie, naked in a bathtub together. Jessie acts as if nothing happened, but he is adamant about what he witnessed. The family goes out to the pub, and Jessie introduces Tom to her boyfriend Nick, who drives Jessie and Tom down to the beach. They engage in awkward conversation before Jessie and Nick disappear, leaving Tom alone by the fire. The parents are furious with them for staying out all night without telling them, and Mum must restrain Dad from harming Jessie. Later, Tom tells Jessie that he suspects that her and Dad's behavior has been ongoing. Jessie neither confirms nor denies this, causing Tom to lash out in anger.
Later, Dad tells them he is going for a run. Full of suspicion and armed with a video camera, Tom follows Dad and Jessie into an old war bunker near the beach. Filming through a hole in the wall, he witnesses Dad sodomizing Jessie against her will. Tom walks off and, devastated, throws the camera into the sea.
Tom accuses Jessie of being sick because of her actions with their father. Jessie lets him burn her breast with a lighter to make him feel better, but this satisfies neither and he tells her it must stop. Later she takes Tom on a trip to London to see a friend, Carol, who attempts to seduce him at Jessie's behest, but stops when she walks in on them.
One night, Tom is woken up by Mum, who tells him they must urgently go to the hospital because the baby is unwell. Jessie drives Tom home from the hospital, leaving Dad with Mum and the baby. When they get home they see Lucy, who offers Jessie comfort if she needs it. Lucy appears to know something that the viewer doesn't. Later, Tom decides to cycle back to the hospital, where he sees baby Alice, and when Mum comes in they see blood in her nappy. He tells Mum never to let Dad near the baby and not to trust him, but leaves before she can respond.
When Tom returns home, Dad tells him that Mum called from the hospital and confronts him, saying he's lying, and Tom says he is telling the truth, whereupon Dad attacks him physically, saying that Tom is breaking up the family and that he will put Tom into care. Jessie is crying throughout, arms over her head covering her ears. Dad then leaves to see Mum.
Tom and Jessie lie next to each other in bed and Jessie thanks him for standing up to Dad. Tom and Jessie enter Dad's room after he returns. He continues to deny his behaviour and claims that Tom is making things up because he misses London, is unhappy, and is putting ideas into Jessie's head. Jessie backs Tom up, but is upset by Dad's continued gaslighting.
As Dad blusters, Tom realises that he will not change. He stabs Dad in the stomach with a kitchen knife. Dad screams in pain on the floor. Tom and Jessie watch him gasping and bleeding on the floor and then Tom runs from the house to go to the bunker. Jessie follows him there and comforts him silently. Tom asks what they will do now. He walks over and closes the door to the bunker.
Cast
Reception
Box office
The War Zone was given a limited theatrical release in 12 cinemas in the United States and earned $254,441.
Critical response
The War Zone received mainly positive reviews. It has a score of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 31 reviews with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10. The site's critics' consensus states: "With the well-acted The War Zone, debuting director Tim Roth finds moments of beauty in a tale of stark horror -- and marks himself as a talent to watch behind the camera." The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 21 critics on Metacritic indicating "Generally favorable reviews".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars and wrote "Unsurprisingly, The War Zone affects viewers much more powerfully than a simple morality tale might. It is not simply about the evil of incest, but about its dynamic, about the way it does play upon guilt and shame, and address old and secret wounds. ... Roth is one of the best actors now working, and with this movie he reveals himself as a director of surprising gifts. I cannot imagine The War Zone being better directed by anyone else, even though Ingmar Bergman and Ken Loach come to mind. Roth and his actors, and Stuart's screenplay, understand these people and their situation down to the final nuance, and are willing to let silence, timing and visuals reveal what dialogue would cheapen. Not many movies bring you to a dead halt of sorrow and empathy. This one does."
Emanuel Levy wrote in Variety that "Unlike most actors-turned-directors, Roth doesn't commit the mistake of letting his cast indulge in big, theatrical scenes with long monologues and mega-close-ups. Under his guidance, Seamus McGarvey's luminous camera observes the family from the right distance – neither too close nor too detached – allowing viewers to watch and make up their own minds about the tangled web of relationships. As discerning as Roth's helming is, pic's overall impact largely depends on its superb ensemble and perfect casting. Special kudos go to newcomers Cunliffe and Belmont, who, despite a lack of acting experience, render multi-shaded performances that always ring true. Winstone is terrifyingly explosive as Dad. In a quiet role that's a departure from her previous work, Swinton shines as Mum, a woman so preoccupied with her baby that she's unaware of the crises tearing apart her family. Boasting first-rate production values and resplendent from first frame to last, The War Zone is a gem of a movie."
James Berardinelli wrote "The War Zone is a devastating motion picture; it's the kind of movie that stuns an audience so absolutely that they remain paralyzed in their seats through the end credits. In his handling of the material, Roth shows more ability than many accomplished, veteran filmmakers. He paints Devon as a grim, rainy place where darkness and grayness are always encroaching upon the light. Roth deals with the story in a way that does not insult the viewer's intelligence. There is much ambiguity to be found here."
Accolades
The film was nominated for the following awards:
References
External links
1990s teen drama films
1999 films
British films
British teen drama films
1990s English-language films
European Film Awards winners (films)
Films about child sexual abuse
Films about dysfunctional families
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Tim Roth
Films scored by Simon Boswell
Films set in Devon
Films shot in Devon
Films shot in London
Incest in film
1999 directorial debut films
1999 drama films |
4035083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Chamberlin | Paul Chamberlin | Paul Chamberlin (born March 26, 1962) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.
Chamberlin won one doubles title (1989, Bristol) during his career. After playing college tennis at the University of Arizona, the right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 46 in January 1990.
Chamberlin made the quarterfinals at Wimbledon in 1989, beating Gary Muller, Thomas Högstedt, Nick Fulwood and Leif Shiras before losing to eventual champion Boris Becker.
ATP career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Doubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Doubles: 1 (1–0)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
External links
1962 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Arizona Wildcats men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Tennis people from Ohio |
4035087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne%20Roosevelt%20Robinson | Corinne Roosevelt Robinson | Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (September 27, 1861 – February 17, 1933) was an American poet, writer and lecturer. She was also the younger sister of former President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt and an aunt of future First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt.
Early years
Corinne Roosevelt was born on September 27, 1861, at 28 East 20th Street in New York City, the fourth and youngest child of businessman/philanthropist Theodore "Thee" Roosevelt Sr. and socialite Martha Stewart "Mittie" Bulloch. Her siblings were Anna (called "Bamie" or "Bye"), Theodore Jr. (who became president), and Elliott (the father of future First Lady of the United States Anna Eleanor Roosevelt). As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt Corinne was a descendant of the Schuyler family. She received most of her education from private tutors.
Corinne was best friends with Edith Kermit Carow, her brother T.R.'s second wife and later the First Lady of the United States. Theodore Sr. was a supporter of the North during the Civil War, while Mittie supported the South. Mittie's home state was Georgia, and she had moved to New York only because of her marriage to Theodore. Mittie's brothers were members of the Confederate Navy. However, the conflict between Corinne's parents' political loyalties did not prevent her from experiencing a privileged childhood, including the best schools and regular travel, or the formal debut into society expected of the daughters of prominent families.
Career
Robinson began writing at an early age, through the encouragement of her friends, in particular Edith Wharton who helped critique her poetry. In 1911, Robinson published her first poem, "The Call of Brotherhood", in Scribner's Magazine. Her first book of poems of the same title was published in 1912. This volume was quickly followed by One Woman to Another and Other Poems (1914) dedicated to her daughter, also named Corinne, commemorating the loss of Robinson's brother Elliott and son, Stewart.
Other volumes of poetry by Robinson include Service and Sacrifice (1919) dedicated to her brother Theodore Roosevelt, The Poems of Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (1924), and Out of Nymph (1930) dedicated to Charles Scribner. She also wrote the prose memoir My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (1924).
Political career
Robinson was a member of the executive committee of the Republican National Committee and the New York State Republican Committee. During the election of 1920, Robinson became the first woman ever called upon to second the nomination of a national party convention candidate; speaking before a crowd of 14,000, she endorsed General Leonard Wood as the 1920 Republican candidate for president. After Wood lost the nomination to Harding, Robinson came out strongly for Harding and his vice-presidential candidate, Calvin Coolidge. In the 1924 election, she served as a member of Coolidge's advisory committee. Also in 1924, she wrote a letter to The New York Times commenting on the election loss of her nephew, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., for Governor of New York.
Despite being a prominent Republican, Corinne voted for her fifth cousin and nephew-in-law Franklin when he ran for Governor of New York in 1928, and in 1932 when he was elected President of the United States. During the 1932 election, she declined the designation of a Republican elector-at-large, and wrote to Franklin saying that she had refused to take an active part in the campaign. She also stated that:
You must understand why I cannot comment on the national campaign. My own beloved niece is the wife of the Democratic candidate. She is the daughter of the brother who was nearer to me in age than Theodore. For her I have the deepest affection and respect. So, much as I would like to pay the highest tribute to President Hoover, I cannot do so in this campaign.
Personal life
On April 29, 1882, she married Douglas Robinson Jr. (1855–1918), son of Douglas Robinson Sr. and Frances (née Monroe) Robinson at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church. Robinson's maternal grandfather, James Monroe (1799–1870), a member of the House of Representatives, was a nephew of U.S. President James Monroe (1758–1831). Their marriage produced four children:
Theodore Douglas Robinson (1883–1934), a member of the New York State Senate who married his distant cousin, Helen Rebecca Roosevelt (1881–1962), daughter of James Roosevelt "Rosey" Roosevelt (1854–1927) and Helen Schermerhorn Astor (1855–1893) of the Astor family, and half-niece of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Corinne Douglas Robinson (1886–1971), a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives.
Monroe Douglas Robinson (1887–1944) who married Dorothy Jordan, the daughter of merchant Eben D. Jordan and granddaughter of Eben Dyer Jordan.
Stewart Douglas Robinson (1889–1909), who died after falling out of his college dormitory window after sustaining a head injury at a party.
Throughout the 1920s, Robinson's health failed her a number of times and she had a total of sixteen eye surgeries.
Robinson died on February 17, 1933, age 71, of pneumonia, in New York City, less than a month before Franklin was inaugurated as President. Her funeral was held at St. Bartholomew's Protestant Episcopal Church and was attended by more than 1,000 people, including President-elect Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, Sara Roosevelt, Anna Roosevelt, and Curtis B. Dall. The bulk of her estate was divided among her three surviving children with smaller bequests made to grandchildren, nephews, friends and institutions. She left all real and personal property she had received from her uncle, Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt to her daughter, Corinne. The household furniture, residue of the property, including $30,000 left to her by another uncle, James King Gracie (1840–1903), was to be shared equally among her children. A portrait of Harriet Douglas (1790–1872), sister-in-law of James Monroe, painted by Sir William Beechey, was left to her grandson, Douglas Robinson (1906-1964), of whom Harriet was his great-great-great aunt.
A memorial was held for her by the Women's Roosevelt Memorial Association, of which she was a director, at Roosevelt House at 28 East 20th Street. The benediction was pronounced by the Rev. Dr. Henry Sloane Coffin. The Association also planned a memorial fund in her honor to augment the Roosevelt endowment fund for the preservation of the Roosevelt House. In 1942, two oriental plane trees were planted in front of the Roosevelt House and dedicated to the memory of Anna Roosevelt Cowles and Corinne.
Residences and clubs
Robinson, who was born at the Roosevelt House at 28 East 20th Street in New York City, had her own home in New York City at 147 East 61st Street, as well as a country home called Gelston Castle in Mohawk near Jordanville, New York where she cultivated her interest in flowers.
In 1925, she leased her former home, 422 and 424 Madison Avenue, a five-story building adjoining the southwest corner of 49th Street, to Bernard A. Ottenberg and Roy Foster for a period of 80 years with annual rent of about $25,000 a year for the first 20 years. At the time, the entire building was occupied by the Braus Art Galleries. After the expiration of the Braus lease, the new lessees planned to construct a nine-story store and loft building with foundations for twelve to fifteen stories.
She was a member of the Colony Club, Cosmopolitan Club, Women's National Republican Club, Town Hall Club, MacDowell Club and Essex Country Club.
Descendants
Robinson was the grandmother of columnists Joseph Wright Alsop V (1910–1989) and Stewart Johonnot Oliver Alsop (1914–1974).
Some published works
The Call of Brotherhood (1912) (poetry)
One Woman to Another and Other Poems (1914) (poetry)
Service and Sacrifice (1919) (poetry)
The Poems of Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (1924) (poetry)
Out of Nymph (1930) (poetry) dedicated to Charles Scribner
My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (1924) Biography of her brother Theodore Roosevelt
My Brother The 26 (1932) (poetry)
References
Sources
Howard Hilles-Corinne Roosevelt Robinson Collection – Special Collections – University Libraries at www.wmich.edu
External links
1861 births
1933 deaths
Roosevelt family
Writers from New York City
New York (state) Republicans
American women poets
People included in New York Society's Four Hundred
20th-century American poets
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City |
4035088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville%20Bulletin | Townsville Bulletin | The Townsville Bulletin is a daily newspaper published in Townsville, Queensland, Australia, formerly known as the Townsville Daily Bulletin. It is the only daily paper that serves the northern Queensland region. The paper has a print edition, a subscription World Wide Web edition, and a subscription digital edition.
The newspaper is published by The North Queensland Newspaper Company Pty Ltd, which has been a subsidiary of News Limited since 1984. News Limited is Australia's largest newspaper publisher and a subsidiary of News Corporation associated with Rupert Murdoch.
The newspaper employs over 100 people.
The Bulletin is published Monday through Saturday, with a higher price on the Saturday edition. It is in tabloid format. In 2006 the Bulletin had a readership (average) Monday to Friday of 84,000 (up 15.5% on 2005) and weekend readership (avg) of 104,000 (up 1.96% on 2005) and circulation (avg) of 27,187 Monday to Friday, weekend circulation (avg) of 41,814.
History
The town of Townsville's early newspaper was The Cleveland Bay Herald and Northern Pioneer which came into existence on 3 March 1866, which was soon renamed as the Cleveland Bay Express, and later became the Townsville Herald. The Townsville Bulletin was then established on 5 September 1881 by Edward Rhode, John Kiley Mehan (–1941) and Dodd Smith Clarke (–July 1918). Rhode, Mehan, and Clarke had previously started a newspaper in Cairns.
Co-founder and first editor Clarke was credited as 'mainly instrumental through his brilliant writings in making the venture the success it proved'. It was priced at three pence, a 50% reduction on that of the two other local newspapers, and became a daily publication on 1 January 1883. Out of this, the North Queensland Bulletin was launched as a weekly journal by mid-1883.
With the formation of the Townsville Newspaper Company in 1884, the Townsville Herald was acquired, and later merged into the Bulletin. It would appear as the North Queensland Herald.
The Bulletin offices were first in a premises on the eastern side of Stokes Street, before moving to a larger premises at south-eastern corner of Flinders and Stanley Streets from 1887 to 1896. The company then moved to the south-western corner of the intersection, until November 1908 when they moved further west on Flinders Street to a two-story building. Prior to air conditioning systems, the building was selected for cool air flow, and had installed an electric fan system.
The original newspaper was printed on a double demy Albion hand press, followed about 1883 by a gas engine powering a small single feeder Inglis machine – which printed two pages at a time, resulting in 250 newspapers an hour – before settling on a Cox Duplex rotary self-feeding and folding machine, able to turn out 1000 eight-page broadsheet by 1909. Electricity had also been installed, but with gas lighting maintained in case of emergency.
Staffing-wise, the 1881 start saw three proprietors and a boy; by 1909, eight staff had over twenty years service with the company.
A fire of the premises on 18 October 1912 destroyed much of the newspaper's early records. Described as completely gutted other than for the strong-room, insurance amounts totalled £13,680. The newspaper continued for the moment between the Evening Star and Northern Miner offices.
The Bulletin was later amalgamated with The Northern Miner, and in 1940, it incorporated The Townsville Evening Star.
Modern era
In 1984, the Townsville Daily Bulletin was acquired by News Corp Australia and renamed as the Townsville Bulletin.
The newspaper chartered a Boeing 747 to take North Queensland fans to the 2005 NRL grand final, the Cowboys' first.
It was awarded News Limited's Regional Newspaper of the Year in 2009.
Personnel
John Gagliardi, editor, 1970s
Geoff Hill, journalist, 1980s.
Christopher Mitchell, journalist, 1970s.
Alexander Vindex Vennard, writer under the pen names of Bill Bowyang, Frank Reid, and Maurice Deane, 1920s to 1940s. Vennard also wrote for The North Queensland Register.
Aerial photos and maps
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Digitisation
The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.
See also
Media in Townsville
References
External links
Newspapers published in Queensland
Townsville
News Corp Australia
Publications established in 1881
1881 establishments in Australia
Daily newspapers published in Australia
Newspapers on Trove |
4035097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zillow | Zillow | Zillow Group, Inc., or simply Zillow, is an American tech real-estate marketplace company that was founded in 2006, and was created by Rich Barton and Lloyd Frink, former Microsoft executives and founders of Microsoft spin-off Expedia; Spencer Rascoff, a co-founder of Hotwire.com; David Beitel, Zillow's current chief technology officer; and Kristin Acker, Zillow's current senior vice president of experience design.
Barton is the current CEO of Zillow, Inc.
Business model
Zillow has stated that it is a media company that generates revenue by selling advertising on its website. In April 2009, Zillow announced a partnership to lend its real-estate search engine to the websites of more than 180 United States newspapers as a part of the Zillow Newspaper Consortium. Zillow shares advertising revenue from the co-branded sites with the newspapers and extends its reach into local markets.
In February 2011, Zillow and Yahoo! Real Estate launched an exclusive partnership creating the largest real-estate advertising network on the web, according to comScore Media Metrix.
Zillow now allows renters to pay rent online to their landlords for properties on the Zillow Rental Manager tool. Zillow charges renters a transaction fee when using debit or credit cards to pay their landlord. However, renters also have a no-fee option to pay their rent by using ACH.
In 2018, Zillow Group began operations as a blanket referral-fee network without an upfront cost called Zillow Flex. Once brokers close a home transaction with a client, they pay a referral fee out of escrow to Zillow. In areas where Flex partner brokers operate alongside brokers who pay for Zillow Premier Agent upfront, leads and connections flow through the same system and are allocated randomly to partner brokers. Blanket referral fees paid to Zillow Group are not disclosed to consumers, but likely range between 30 and 40% of the entire broker's commission. The main qualification for real-estate brokers who participate with Zillow Flex Program is their willingness to pay a blanket referral fee once the transaction is complete.
History
Barton got the inspiration for funding Zillow when he was working at Microsoft and he realized that the real-estate industry would be transformed. In December 2004, Zillow was incorporated; Zillow's website was launched in February 2006. In 2010, Spencer Rascoff was named CEO of the company. Barton stayed as executive chairman. In April 2018, Zillow entered the on-demand home-buying market with Zillow Offers. In February 2019, Barton returned as CEO to lead the transition.
In 2018, Zillow signed a partnership with Century 21 Canada to begin listing Canadian properties on the site, marking the first country outside the United States to be covered by the company.
In February 2020, Zillow's stock was up 18% after going down for four years. In March of the same year, the CEO of Zillow announced a cut in expenses by 25%, and stopped hiring due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2021, Zillow announced plans to increase the workforce by 40% by hiring more than 2,000 employees nationwide by the end of 2021.
Zillow began purchasing homes in 2018/2019 with the goal of becoming a market maker with a per-unit target of within +/− 200 basis points (+/− 2%) of breakeven. In November 2021, Zillow CEO Rich Barton announced the company would shutter the i-buying part of the business, sell its existing inventory, and lay off 25% of its employees. When Barton announced the company would cease purchasing homes, Zillow owned about 7,000 houses. The division responsible for acquiring and selling homes, Zillow Offers, resulted in the company losing $420 million in the third quarter of 2021.
Acquisitions
In April 2011, Zillow acquired Postlets, an online real-estate listing creation and distribution platform. Terms of the deal were not disclosed publicly.
In November 2011, Zillow acquired Diverse Solutions for $7.8 million.
In May 2012, Zillow acquired RentJuice, a software-as-a-service company that allows landlords and property managers to market and lease their rental properties through a set of online tools. RentJuice was acquired for $40 million.
On October 31, 2012, Zillow acquired real-estate shopping and collaboration platform Buyfolio.
On November 5, 2012, Zillow acquired Lincoln, Nebraska-based mortgage-technology company Mortech for $17 million.
On November 26, 2012, Zillow acquired HotPads for $16 million. HotPads, founded in 2005, lists real estate and rental listings on a map-based web interface.
On August 19, 2013, Zillow acquired StreetEasy for $50 million.
On July 16, 2014, Zillow acquired Retsly, a Vancouver, B.C.-based startup that helps developers access real-estate data from multiple listing services (MLS).
On July 28, 2014, Zillow announced a deal to buy Trulia for $3.5 billion.
On February 17, 2015, Zillow announced the completion of its acquisition of Trulia and the formation of the Zillow Group brand portfolio.
On July 22, 2015, Zillow Group announced it would acquire Dotloop for $108 million.
On January 3, 2016, Zillow Group announced it would acquire Naked Apartments for $13 million.
On August 2, 2016, Zillow Group acquired Bridge Interactive.
On September 8, 2017, Zillow Group acquired New Home Feed.
On November 1, 2018, Zillow Group acquired Mortgage Lenders of America, a national mortgage lender, headquartered in Overland Park, Kan. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zillow-group-completes-acquisition-of-mortgage-lenders-of-america-300742636.html
In February 2021, Zillow announced that it had entered into an agreement to purchase ShowingTime, which itself had earlier acquired Showing Suite for $500 million.
Website features
Zillow has data on roughly 110 million homes across the United States. The company offers several features, including value estimates of homes, value changes of each home in a given time frame, aerial views of homes, and prices of comparable homes in the area. It also provides basic information on a given home, such as square footage and the number of bedrooms and bathrooms. Users can also get estimates of homes that have undergone significant changes, such as a remodeled kitchen.
In December 2006, Zillow launched features allowing users to post homes for sale and set a "Make Me Move" price (an informal way to market a home), as well as a real estate wiki. That same year, Zillow teamed with Microsoft to offer a feature in Microsoft Virtual Earth that shows aerial photographs.
In December 2009, Zillow expanded its listings to include rental homes.
In late 2013, Zillow began powering AOL Real Estate. In July 2014, Zillow also took over the real-estate portal for MSN Real Estate. In October 2017, Zillow announced to add three-dimensional tours to get 360° photos of houses customers are interested in buying or renting.
In July 2018, Zillow released a tool for prospective renters to submit a credit check and eviction history report to landlords.
The company reportedly had 36 million unique visitors in January 2019.
Zillow Mortgage Marketplace
On April 3, 2008, Zillow launched a service called Zillow Mortgage Marketplace. This service allows for borrowers to get custom loan quotes without revealing personally identifying information.
Zillow Mobile
Zillow Mobile apps allow users to view nearby homes based on the user's location.
April 29, 2009 – iPhone application
March 18, 2010 – Android application
April 2, 2010 – iPad application
March 31, 2011 – Blackberry application
July 13, 2012 – Windows Phone application
November 27, 2013 – Windows 8.1 application
November 2015 – Apple TV application
Zillow Advice
On December 16, 2008, Zillow launched Zillow Advice, allowing people to ask real-estate questions online and get answers from the website's community of experts.
Real-estate market reports
Zillow produces home value reports for the nation and over 130 metropolitan statistical areas. The reports identify market trends, including 5- and 10-year annualized change, negative equity, short sales, and foreclosure transactions.
Zillow also releases a Homeowner Confidence Survey. The survey is conducted by Harris Interactive and measures homeowners' perceptions about home-value changes of their own home and the local market.
Neighborhood boundary maps (GIS data)
The Zillow data team has created a database of nearly 7,544 neighborhood boundaries in the largest cities in the U.S. and made them available via Creative Commons Attribute-Sharealike license.
Zestimate
Zillow determines an estimate, also known as a "Zestimate", for a home based on a range of publicly available information, including sales of comparable houses in a neighborhood. According to Zillow, the Zestimate is a starting point in determining a home's value. The accuracy of the Zestimate varies by location depending on how much information is publicly available, but Zillow allows users to check the accuracy of Zestimates in their own region against actual sales.
In March 2011, Zillow released Rent Zestimates, which provide estimated rent prices for 90 million homes.
On June 14, 2011, Zillow changed its algorithm used to calculate Zestimates. In addition to changing the current Zestimate for millions of homes throughout the country, Zillow changed historical Zestimate value information dating back to 2006.
On June 15, 2021 Zillow reported that it updated how it calculates the Zestimate for off-market homes, so to be more responsive to local trends and seasonality that may affect a home’s market value and includes even more historical data to improve accuracy.
Critique of Zestimate accuracy
In 2007, The Wall Street Journal studied the accuracy of Zillow's estimates and found that they "often are very good, frequently within a few percentage points of the actual price paid. But when Zillow is bad, it can be terrible."
In October 2006, the National Community Reinvestment Coalition filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission stating that Zillow was "intentionally misleading consumers and real-estate professionals to rely upon the accuracy of its valuation services despite the full knowledge of the company officials that their valuation Automated Valuation Model (AVM) mechanism is highly inaccurate and misleading." In a letter dated May 4, 2007, the FTC elected not to investigate this complaint, which was later withdrawn by the NCRC.
Using data published on the Zillow website, the typical Zestimate error in the United States in July 2016 was $14,000.
Controversy and lawsuits
While factors contributing to estimates are described elsewhere, Zillow seemingly overemphasises home square footage as the major metric driving property valuation. This method may not be unique to Zillow, but unduly distorts value expectations. Listings in areas where land is priced at high premiums often reflect an identical Zillow estimate to that of nearby homes with comparable interior square footage, but where the home might be decades older. Condition, age of home, special features, and proximity to nuisances are insufficiently factored into the estimate. Zillow has made some effort to add balance by including option for owners to provide their own value estimate, but these figures can be similarly unreliable as being opinion instead of quantifiable.
In 2014, Zillow faced several lawsuits from former employees at the Zillow operation in Irvine, California, alleging violations of California Labor Code and California Business and Professions Code. On February 26, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California certified the class to include anyone who worked as an inside sales consultant at Zillow between November 2010 and January 2015. Among the numerous allegations brought by high-profile attorneys Bobby Samini and Mark Geragos, Zillow is accused of failing to pay wages, failing to pay overtime pay, and failing to provide meal and rest breaks. Zillow responded: "the narrative being pushed by this law firm through their multiple lawsuits is completely inconsistent with those who know and work with Zillow...the behavior described does not accurately depict our culture or the 1,200 Zillow employees."
In addition, Samini and Geragos represented a former Zillow employee in a sexual harassment action against the company, alleging "sexual torture" and "the most heinous acts of sexual harassment imaginable". According to the lawsuit, Zillow's Southern California office represents an "adult frat house where sexual harassment and misconduct are normalized, condoned, and promoted by male managers." Based on the allegations against the company, Samini has called Zillow a "modern day Animal House." On May 5, 2016, Zillow settled the action for an undisclosed amount, without admitting any wrongdoing.
In 2017, Zillow sent a cease-and-desist letter to Kate Wagner, the author of McMansion Hell, a blog that lampooned the presentations of ostentatious homes found on the site. Wagner was represented by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Zillow later released a statement saying it had "decided against moving forward with legal action" on the matter.
References
External links
Companies based in Seattle
Online real estate databases
Real estate valuation
American companies established in 2004
Real estate companies established in 2004
Internet properties established in 2006
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
2004 establishments in Washington (state)
2011 initial public offerings
American real estate websites |
4035098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruff%20Draft | Ruff Draft | Ruff Draft is an EP reissued as a studio album by American hip hop producer and rapper J Dilla released under the moniker "Jay Dee". It was originally released in February 2003 as an EP, by his then-newly founded label, Mummy Records, and distributed by Groove Attack, a German record label. In 2007, Ruff Draft was extended, remastered, and posthumously re-released as a "solo album" by Stones Throw Records. The re-release sold 8,049 copies in its first week, J Dilla's largest first-week sales as a solo artist.
Overview
The original vinyl release of Ruff Draft is now out-of-print. Although the album is one of Jay Dee's lesser known works, it includes some of his most abstract and experimental work, all self-produced, and recorded in under a week.
As stated in the introduction of the album, it's a noncommercial sounding lo-fi hip hop album, which sees the producer playfully toying with different styles, such as on "Nothing Like This," where his vocals are distorted and skewered over an equally eccentric production featuring a sample played backwards. The result mirrors the more off-center moments on Common's Electric Circus, which Dilla also worked on. In regards to the project's name and creation, Dilla has stated:
″That was a quickie. I did it in four or five days, turned it in and had wax in ten days. If I'm not doing beats for somebody, I make stuff for me to drive around and listen to, and that was one of those projects. I was just doing me. That's why it was called the 'Ruff Draft' EP.″
Stones Throw Records re-issued the album on CD and vinyl on March 20, 2007. The re-release is remastered from the original master tapes, with sound engineers taking steps to maintain the original release's integrity, along with additional songs, as well as an instrumental CD.
Notes
Ruff Draft was released after the artist began using the name J Dilla but the cover still lists 'Jay Dee'.
It is also the first release to bear the name 'Jaylib' (in the liner notes); J Dilla and Madlib's group which would not debut until a few months after the release of Ruff Draft.
Jaylib's "Ice" contains lyrics heard in the final seconds of the Ruff Draft track "Make'em NV".
J Dilla went on a short promotional tour in 2003, performing DJ sets with Dank of Frank-N-Dank following the release of Ruff Draft:
Jan. 15th — Helsinki FIN at Kerma Club
Jan. 17th — Eindhoven, NL at Effenaar
Jan. 18th — Bienne, SWI at La Coupole
Jan. 19th — Paris, FR at Divan du Monde
Jan. 24th — Gothenburg, SWD
Jan. 25th — Malmo, SWD at Inkonst Quality
Jan. 26th — Stockholm, SWD at Mosebacke Est.
Track listing
Samples Used
"Lets Take It Back" contains interpolated lyrics from "Verses From the Abstract" by A Tribe Called Quest and samples of "Pause" by Jay Dee (featuring Frank-N-Dank)
"Reckless Driving" contains interpolated lyrics from "What?" by A Tribe Called Quest and samples of "Pause" by Jay Dee
"The $" contains interpolated lyrics from "Paid In Full" by Eric B & Rakim and samples of "Dooinit" by Common , "Pause" by Jay Dee and "Escape (I Need A Break)" by Whodini
"Make 'Em NV" contains samples of "La Rotta" by John Renbourn and "Ante Up" by M.O.P.
"Crushin'" contains samples of "Sweet Stuff" by Sylvia Robinson
"Intro (Alt.)" contains samples of "Hold You Close" by P'taah
"Wild" contains samples of "Cum On Feel the Noize" by Neil Innes & Son
"Take Notice" contains samples of "Soul Love" by David Bowie and "Phase By Phase" by Peter Baumann
References
External links
Ruff Draft reissued
J Dilla albums
Albums produced by J Dilla
2003 EPs
Stones Throw Records EPs |
4035114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarkent | Jarkent | Jarkent (, Jarkent), formerly known as Panfilov (, until 1991) and Dzharkent (, until 1942), is a city which serves as the administrative center of Panfilov District in the Almaty Region, Kazakhstan. It is located near the Usek river, not far from the Ili river. The city's population totaled 42,617 as of 2019.
The town was founded in 1882 as Jarkent. From 1942 until 1991 it was named Panfilov after Ivan Panfilov, the Russian World War II hero who died in battle in 1941. Jarkent is well known for its nineteenth-century great mosque, commissioned by a wealthy merchant and community leader named Vali Bay. It is notable for its unique mix of Chinese and Central Asian styles of architecture.
Climate
Demographics
The city's population stood at 42,617 as of 2019; and
References
Populated places in Almaty Region
Semirechye Oblast
Populated places established in 1882 |
4035117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik%20K%C3%BChnen | Patrik Kühnen | Patrik Kühnen (born 11 February 1966) is a German former professional tennis player, who turned professional in 1985.
Kühnen had his biggest career singles win in the fourth round at Wimbledon in 1988 when he beat Jimmy Connors en route to the quarterfinals in which he lost to eventual champion Stefan Edberg. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on May 15, 1989, when he became the number 43 of the world. He won three doubles titles during his career. He was part of the German Davis Cup teams that won the competition in 1988 and 1993. Since 2003 he is the captain for Germany's Davis Cup team and also coaches the German team in the World Team Cup which won the competition in 2005 and 2011.
Career finals
Singles: 2 (2 runners-up)
Doubles: 3 (3 titles – 3 runners-up)
External links
1966 births
Living people
German male tennis players
Hopman Cup competitors
People from Püttlingen
West German male tennis players
German tennis coaches |
4035136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva | Xàtiva | Xàtiva (, ) is a town in eastern Spain, in the province of Valencia, on the right (western) bank of the river Albaida and at the junction of the Valencia–Murcia and Valencia Albacete railways. It is located 25 km west of the Mediterranean Sea. During the Al-Andalus Islamic era, Arabs brought the technology to manufacture paper to Xàtiva. In the 12th century, Xàtiva was known for its schools, education, and learning circles. Islamic scholar Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi's last name refers to Xàtiva where he lived and died.
After the Reconquista by Northern Christian Kingdoms and the following Christian repopulation the city became the cradle of one of the most powerful and controversial families of the Renaissance, this was the House of Borgia, which produced Popes like Callixtus III (Alfonso de Borgia) and Alexander VI (Rodrigo de Borgia).
History
Xàtiva (Saetabis in Latin) was famous in Roman times for its linen fabrics, mentioned by the Latin poets Ovid and Catullus. Xàtiva is also known as an early European centre of paper manufacture. In the 12th century, Arabs brought the technology to manufacture paper to Xàtiva ( Shāṭiba).
It is the birthplace of two popes, Callixtus III and Alexander VI, and also the painter José Ribera (Lo Spagnoletto). It suffered a dark moment in its history at the hands of Philip V of Spain, who, after his victory at the Battle of Almansa during the War of the Spanish Succession, had the city besieged then ordered it to be burned and renamed San Felipe. In memory of the insult, the portrait of the monarch hangs upside down in the local museum of l'Almodí.
Xàtiva was briefly a provincial capital under the short-lived 1822 territorial division of Spain, during the Trienio Liberal. The Province of Xàtiva was revoked with the return to absolutism in 1823.
Main sights
Xàtiva is built on the margin of a fertile plain, and on the northern slopes of the Monte Vernissa, a hill with two peaks crowned by Xativa Castle.
The Collegiate Basilica, dating from 1414, but rebuilt about a century later in the Renaissance style, was formerly a cathedral, and is the chief among many churches and convents. The town-hall and a church on the castle hill are partly constructed of inscribed Roman masonry, and several houses date from the Moorish period.
Other sights include:
Royal Monastery of the Assumption, Gothic and Baroque style, built during the 14th century and renovated in the 16th–18th centuries.
Natal house of the Pope Alexander VI.
Sant Feliu (St Felix) – 13th century church.
Sant Pere (St Peter)-14th century church. The interior has a Coffered ceiling decorated in Gothic-Mudéjar style.
Hermitage of Santa Anna (15th century), in Gothic style
Almodí, a 14th-century Gothic edifice (1530–1548) now housing a Museum
Casa de la Enseñanza, Xàtiva
Sant Francesc
Village of Anahuir
Notable people
Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (720 - 790 A.H./1320 - 1388 C.E.)
Pope Calixtus III (1378–1458)
Pope Alexander VI (1431–1503)
Tomás Cerdán de Tallada (1530–1614)
Diego Ramírez de Arellano (1580–1624)
Jusepe de Ribera (1591–1652)
Jaime Villanueva (1765–1824)
Raimon (1940–)
Joan Ramos (1942–)
Toni Cucarella (1959-)
Feliu Ventura (1976–)
Gallery
See also
Route of the Borgias
References
External links
Route of the Borgias |
4035145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawor%C3%B3w | Jaworów | Jaworów may refer to:
Jaworów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Jaworów, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Jaworów, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
the Polish name for the town of Yavoriv in Ukraine
See also
Jaworowo (disambiguation) |
4035155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavoriv | Yavoriv | Yavoriv (, ; ; ; ) is a city in the Lviv region of western Ukraine which is around 15 kilometers from the Polish border. It is the administrative centre of Yavoriv Raion and is situated approximately west of the oblast capital, Lviv. Yavoriv hosts the administration of Yavoriv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Its population is approximately .
Not far from it is the watering-place of Shklo with sulphur springs.
History
The town was first mentioned in written documents in 1436. It received Magdeburg rights in 1569, from Polish King Sigismund II Augustus. Jaworów was a royal town of Poland. It was a favorite residence of king John III Sobieski. In 1675 John III signed the Polish-French Treaty of Jaworów in the town, and there he also received the congratulations from the Pope on his success against the Turks at Vienna (1683).
Until the Partitions of Poland, Jaworów was an important center of commerce, located along main merchant route from Jarosław to Lwów. In 1772 it was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, as part of Austrian Galicia, where it remained until late 1918. In Galicia, it was the seat of a county, with the population of almost 11,000 (Poles, Jews, Ukrainians and Czechs).
In the immediate post-World War I period, the area of Jaworów witnessed fights of the Polish-Ukrainian War. After the war, the town became part of the Second Polish Republic, where it remained until the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in September 1939. The Jews of the village were merchants or artisans. There was a synagogue.
During the invasion of Poland, on 14-16 September, 1939, Poles defeated invading Germans in the Battle of Jaworów. Despite the victory, the town soon fell to the Soviets, and was under Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941, and then under German occupation until 1944.
The Jewish population before the German occupation on 26 June 1941 was around 3000. Several hundred Jews were sent to local forced labor camps or to the Belzec extermination camp. A few were transferred to a labour camp in Lviv.
In 1944 the town was re-occupied by the Soviets, and in 1945 it was eventually annexed from Poland by the Soviet Union.
After the war, the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission reported that more than 4900 people, most of them Jews, had been killed in Yavoriv, in addition to those sent to Belzec. Only about 20 of the town's Jews were thought to have survived.
On 27 May 1947 the UPA blew up the statue of Lenin.
In the decades between the 1960s and 1990s the town was a sulphur mining centre; excavation pits and degenerated lands remain between Yavoriv and Novoiavorivsk.
On 10 December 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union it became part of Ukraine.
On 13 March 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russians bombed the military base in Yavoriv. A Russian military spokesperson claimed the attack killed up to 180 foreign mercenaries. The Ukrainian side claimed there were at least 35 dead and 134 injured. The attack was heard in neighbouring Poland.
Notable people
Among notable people born here are Władysław Langner (General of the Polish Army), Stanisław Nowakowski (president of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association), and mathematician Wawrzyniec Żmurko. Noted Jewish commentator Rabbi David Altschuler was born or served as rabbi at the local synagogue.
Gallery
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Yavoriv is twinned with:
See also
Battle of Jaworow
References
Yavoriv, Ukraine
Official Website Statistics
Yavorov Jewish History
Cities in Lviv Oblast
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Lwów Voivodeship
Shtetls
Cities of district significance in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Ukraine |
4035158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Antonitsch | Alex Antonitsch | Alexander Antonitsch (born 8 February 1966) is a former tennis player from Austria, who turned professional in 1988.
Antonitsch won one singles title (1990, Seoul) and four doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 9 July 1990, when he became the world No. 40.
From 1983 to 1996, he was a member of the Austrian Davis Cup team, playing 27 matches, mainly doubles; his biggest Davis Cup success was reaching the semifinals in 1990, when the Austrian team was on the brink of reaching the finals against the later 1990 Davis Cup winner USA.
Career finals
Singles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)
Doubles: 4 (4 titles)
External links
1966 births
Living people
Austrian male tennis players
Olympic tennis players of Austria
Sportspeople from Villach
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Hopman Cup competitors |
4035170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerez%20de%20los%20Caballeros | Jerez de los Caballeros | Jerez de los Caballeros () is a town of south-western Spain, in the province of Badajoz. It is located on two hills overlooking the River Ardila, a tributary of the Guadiana, 18 km east of the Portuguese border. The old town is surrounded by a Moorish wall with six gates. The newer portion is well built, and has numerous orange and other fruit trees. Its main industry is in agricultural production, especially in ham and bacon from herds of swine which are reared in the surrounding oak forests. The town is said to have been founded by Alfonso IX of Leon in 1229; in 1232 it was extended by his son Ferdinand III the Saint, who gave it to the Knights Templar. Hence the name Jerez de los Caballeros, Jerez of the Knights.
Jerez de los Caballeros is the birthplace of the explorers Hernando de Soto and Vasco Núñez de Balboa. On 10 May 1539, Hernando de Soto wrote in his will: "That a chapel be erected within the Church of San Miguel in Jerez de los Cabelleros, Spain, where De Soto grew up, at a cost of 2,000 ducats, with an altarpiece featuring the Virgin Mary, Our Lady of the Conception, that his tomb be covered in a fine black broadcloth topped by a red cross of the Order of the Knights of Santiago, and on special occasions a pall of black velvet with the De Soto coat of arms be placed on the altar; that a chaplain be hired at the salary of 12,000 maravedis to perform five masses every week for the souls of De Soto, his parents and wife; that thirty masses be said for him the day his body was interred, and twenty for our Lady of the Conception, ten for the Holy Ghost, sixty for souls in purgatory and masses for many others as well; that 150000 maravedis be given annually to his wife Isabel for her needs and an equal amount used yearly to marry off three orphan damsels...the poorest that can be found," who would then assist his wife and also serve to burnish the memory of De Soto as a man of charity and substance. However, De Soto ended up dead in the house of an Indian chief at the headwaters of the Arkansas River near present-day McArthur, Arkansas, and died an impoverished defeated man, with "four Indian slaves, three horses and 700 hogs".
References
External links
Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz |
4035175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeberos | Jeberos | Jeberos is a town in the Loreto Region of Peru. It is south of the Marañón River.
Jeberos is served by the Bellavista Airport.
References
Populated places in the Loreto Region |
4035180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick%20of%20It%20All%20%28EP%29 | Sick of It All (EP) | Sick of It All is the first 7" EP recording by New York hardcore punk band Sick of It All. It was the third-ever release via Revelation Records.
Initially, only 4,000 copies of the EP were manufactured (1,000 on standard black vinyl and 1,000 on red vinyl), followed by a limited numbered pressing of 300 copies earmarked for a record convention held at 924 Gilman Street in Berkeley, California, and then a final general-release press run of 2,000 copies. Afterwards, in 1988, eight of these songs were re-recorded and added to their first full-length album release, Blood, Sweat and No Tears, which is generally regarded as a landmark hardcore punk album.
Revelation reissued the EP on both vinyl and CD in 1997 to commemorate its 10th anniversary. SOIA lead singer Lou Koller contributed a special sleeve note to the reissue. The reissue vinyl was deliberately limited to 1,100 black vinyl copies and 102 grey vinyl copies. A final vinyl run of 300 white vinyl copies was released by Revelation in December 2001, and today only the CD edition remains in print.
Track listing
7" vinyl EP edition
Side one
"It's Clobberin' Time/Just Lies"
"Pete's Sake"
"Friends Like You"
"Bullshit Justice"
Side two
Pay the Price
Pushed Too Far/Give Respect
The Deal
N.S./My Revenge
1997 CD edition
It's Clobberin' Time
Just Lies
Pete's Sake
Friends Like You
Bullshit Justice
Pay the Price
Pushed Too Far
Give Respect
The Deal
N.S./My Revenge
The song title "It's Clobberin' Time" derives from the catchphrase made famous by the Marvel Comics character The Thing.
Personnel
Lou Koller – lead and backing vocals
Pete Koller – guitars and backing vocals
Rich Cipriano – bass guitar and backing vocals
Armand Majidi – drums and backing vocals
Note
On the EP, the band members were identified by their first names only and Majidi's given name is misspelled "Arman".
Production
Bob Vandermark – recording and mixing engineer
BJ Papas – photography
Jeff Weinraub – artwork
References
1987 EPs
Sick of It All albums
Revelation Records EPs |
4035183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage%20%28computer%20science%29 | Garbage (computer science) | In computer science, garbage includes data, objects, or other regions of the memory of a computer system (or other system resources), which will not be used in any future computation by the system, or by a program running on it. Because every computer system has a finite amount of memory, and most software produces garbage, it is frequently necessary to deallocate memory that is occupied by garbage and return it to the heap, or memory pool, for reuse.
Classification
Garbage is generally classified into two types: syntactic garbage, any object or data which is within a program's memory space but unreachable from the program's root set; and semantic garbage, any object or data which is never accessed by a running program for any combination of program inputs. Objects and data which are not garbage are said to be live.
Casually stated, syntactic garbage is data that cannot be reached, and semantic garbage is data that will not be reached. More precisely, syntactic garbage is data that is unreachable due to the reference graph (there is no path to it), which can be determined by many algorithms, as discussed in tracing garbage collection, and only requires analyzing the data, not the code. Semantic garbage is data that will not be accessed, either because it is unreachable (hence also syntactic garbage), or is reachable but will not be accessed; this latter requires analysis of the code, and is in general an undecidable problem.
Syntactic garbage is a (usually strict) subset of semantic garbage, as it is entirely possible for an object to hold a reference to another object without ever using that object.
Example
In the following simple stack implementation in Java, each element popped from the stack becomes semantic garbage once there are no outside references to it:
public class Stack {
private Object[] elements;
private int size;
public Stack(int capacity) {
elements = new Object[capacity];
}
public void push(Object e) {
elements[size++] = e;
}
public Object pop() {
return elements[--size];
}
}
This is because elements[] still contains a reference to the object, but the object will never be accessed again through this reference, because elements[] is private to the class and the pop method only returns references to elements it has not already popped. (After it decrements size, this class will never access that element again.) However, knowing this requires analysis of the code of the class, which is undecidable in general.
If a later push call re-grows the stack to the previous size, overwriting this last reference, then the object will become syntactic garbage, because it can never be accessed again, and will be eligible for garbage collection.
Automatic garbage collection
An example of the automatic collection of syntactic garbage, by reference counting garbage collection, can be produced using the Python command-line interpreter:
>>> class Foo:
... """This is an empty testing class."""
... pass
...
>>> bar = Foo()
>>> bar
<__main__.Foo object at 0x54f30>
>>> del bar
In this session, an object is created, its location in the memory is displayed, and the only reference to the object is then destroyed—there is no way to ever use the object again from this point on, as there are no references to it. This becomes apparent when we try to access the original reference:
>>> bar
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
NameError: name 'bar' is not defined
As it is now impossible to refer to the object, the object has become useless; it is garbage. Since Python uses garbage collection, it automatically deallocates the memory that was used for the object so that it may be used again:
>>> class Bar:
... """This is another testing class."""
... pass
...
>>> baz = Bar()
>>> baz
<__main__.Bar object at 0x54f30>
The instance now resides at the memory location ; at the same place as where our previous object, the instance, was located. Since the instance was destroyed, freeing up the memory used to contain it, the interpreter creates the object at the same memory location as before, making good use of the available resources.
Effects
Garbage consumes heap memory, and thus one wishes to collect it (to minimize memory use, allow faster memory allocation, and prevent out-of-memory errors by reducing heap fragmentation and memory use).
However, collecting garbage takes time and, if done manually, requires coding overhead. Further, collecting garbage destroys objects and thus can cause calls to finalizers, executing potentially arbitrary code at an arbitrary point in the program's execution. Incorrect garbage collection (deallocating memory that is not garbage), primarily due to errors in manual garbage collection (rather than errors in garbage collectors), results in memory safety violations (that often create security holes) due to use of dangling pointers.
Syntactic garbage can be collected automatically, and garbage collectors have been extensively studied and developed. Semantic garbage cannot be automatically collected in general, and thus causes memory leaks even in garbage-collected languages. Detecting and eliminating semantic garbage is typically done using a specialized debugging tool called a heap profiler, which allows one to see which objects are live and how they are reachable, enabling one to remove the unintended reference.
Eliminating garbage
The problem of managing the deallocation of garbage is well-known in computer science. Several approaches are taken:
Many operating systems reclaim the memory and resources used by a process or program when it terminates. Simple or short-lived programs which are designed to run in such environments can exit and allow the operating system to perform any necessary reclamation.
In systems or programming languages with manual memory management, the programmer must explicitly arrange for memory to be deallocated when it is no longer used. C and C++ are two well-known languages which support this model.
Garbage collection uses various algorithms to automatically analyze the state of a program, identify garbage, and deallocate it without intervention by the programmer. Many modern programming languages such as Java and Haskell provide automated garbage collection. However, it is not a recent development, as it has also been used in older languages such as LISP.
There is ongoing research to type-theoretic approaches (such as region inference) to identification and removal of garbage from a program. No general type-theoretic solution to the problem has been developed.
Notes
External links
Benjamin Pierce (editor), Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages, MIT Press (2005),
Richard Jones and Rafael Lins, Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automated Dynamic Memory Management, Wiley and Sons (1996),
Computer data
Computer programming |
4035185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantha%20Kalavitigoda | Shantha Kalavitigoda | Shantha Kalavitigoda (born December 23, 1977, Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in one Test in 2005. He was educated at Nalanda College Colombo. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Colts Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.
Shantha is the 101st Sri Lanka Test Cap [New Zealand Vs Sri Lanka at Wellington New Zealand 2004/05]
References
External links
Records to be shattered
Leslie Narangoda top sportsman an article written by PREMASARA Epasinghe
1977 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Basnahira North cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo
North Central Province cricketers |
4035186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flutlicht | Flutlicht | Flutlicht is the artist name of Swiss trance music producers Daniel Heinzer (also known as DJ Natron) and Marco Guardia (also known as Reverb).
The two are most famous for their song Icarus, which came out on Drizzly Records in 2001. It was signed to over 150 compilations (over 3 million CDs) throughout the world. Their remixes were very sought after before Marco decided to quit producing trance in 2003. Mixes were produced for The Thrillseekers, Cosmic Gate, Talla 2XLC, and G&M Project, to name a few.
Their style is a kind of harder trance.
Artist Background
Flutlicht are two young producers from Winterthur, Switzerland: Daniel Heinzer and Marco Guardia. Daniel being Flutlicht's public face whilst Marco the technical mastermind behind their productions.
Daniel started deejaying about ten years ago at little events or in tiny Swiss clubs and ever since his passion for electronic music has grown stronger every day. His style of performing high quality trance and groovy techno has earned him a good reputation and as a result he has been booked for events such as Futurescope, Nautilus, Energy or Nature One in Germany.
Daniel toured the UK, the Netherlands, Scotland and Australia.
Flutlicht started with the single "Icarus", Drizzly Records 2001, licensed for more than 150 compilations worldwide. It was followed by "The Fall" in 2003.
Daniel was a frequent guest at radio shows in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Australia, South Africa, Israel, the US and Spain. His set at the Ministry of Sound at Rotation in London is well known.
Ever since the success with "Icarus", Flutlicht remixes are very much sought after. Acts such as Cosmic Gate, Talla 2XLC, the Thrillseekers or S.H.O.K.K. have gained a great deal from the filigree studiowork of Flutlicht.
Marco Guardia and Daniel Heinzer are no longer part of Flutlicht after quitting the project in 2003.
Singles
Flutlicht – "The Fall", 2002
Flutlicht – "Icarus", 2001
Flutlicht – "Ahmea", 2000
Flutlicht – "Mutterkorn", 2000
Flutlicht – "Das Siegel", 1999
Remixes
DuMonde – "God Music" (Flutlicht Remix), 2003
DJ Tatana – "Moments" (Flutlicht Remix), 2003
G&M Project – "Control Of Your Mind", 2003
Dream – "Get Over" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Ian Van Dahl – "Will I?" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Cosmic Gate – "Raging" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
The Freak – "The Melody, The Sound" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
The Thrillseekers – "Dreaming Of You" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Green Court Feat. Lina Rafn – "Silent Heart" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Talla 2XLC – "Can You Feel The Silence" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
The Mystery – "Devotion" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Marc Dawn – "Expander" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
Sumatra – "Reincarnation" (Flutlicht Remix), 2002
S.H.O.K.K. – "Isn't It All A Little Strange" (Flutlicht Remix), 2001
Alex Bartlett – "Amnesia" (Flutlicht vs. S.H.O.K.K. Remix), 2001
DJ Air – "Alone With Me" (Flutlicht Remix), 2001
Native – "Feel The Drums" (Flutlicht Remix), 2001
Tony Walker – "Fields Of Joy" (Flutlicht Remix), 2000
External links
Flutlicht on discogs.com
Official Flutlicht Facebook page
Official Flutlicht-site
Official Studio-site
Trance music groups
Swiss electronic music groups |
4035194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Doohan | Peter Doohan | Peter Doohan (2 May 1961 – 21 July 2017) was an Australian tennis player who won three consecutive Australian Hard Court Championships singles titles (1984, 1985, 1986), which remains an Open era record for that tournament. He won a further two singles titles at the South Australian Open in 1984 and San Louis Potisi tournament in Mexico in 1988. He also won five doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles ranking of world No. 43 in August 1987.
Career
At the 1987 Wimbledon Championships, he unexpectedly defeated two-time defending champion and top-seeded Boris Becker in the second round, earning himself the nickname "The Becker Wrecker" at home in Australia.
Doohan played collegiately in the United States with the University of Arkansas where he won the NCAA doubles title in 1982. Also a successful singles player, he won three Australian Hard Court Championships consecutively from (1984–1986). In 1984, he won the South Australian Open singles title. In 1988, he won the San Louis Potosi singles title on clay in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. He also coached high school tennis at Donoho High School in Anniston, Alabama, for several years in the mid-1990s.
Doohan died on 21 July 2017 from motor neurone disease.
Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP career finals
Singles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)
Doubles: 14 (5 titles, 9 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 1 (0–1)
Doubles: 1 (1–0)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
Mixed Doubles
References
External links
1961 births
2017 deaths
Arkansas Razorbacks men's tennis players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Australian male tennis players
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
Tennis people from New South Wales
Neurological disease deaths in New South Wales
Deaths from motor neuron disease |
4035197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tout | Tout | A tout is any person who solicits business or employment in a persistent and annoying manner (generally equivalent to a solicitor or barker in American English, or a spruiker in Australian English).
An example would be a person who frequents heavily touristed areas and presents himself as a tour guide (particularly towards those who do not speak the local language) but operates on behalf of local bars, restaurant, or hotels, being paid to direct tourists towards certain establishments.
Types
In London, the term "taxi touts" refers to a kind of illegal taxicab operation which involves taxi drivers (or their operator) attracting potential passengers by illegal means—for instance, calling out travellers, or fetching them and their luggage, while parked in an area where taxi drivers must wait in their vehicle. They may charge exorbitant fees upon arrival, possibly using threats to ensure payment.
"Ticket tout" is a British term for a scalper, someone who engages in ticket resale for more than the face value of the ticket. In recent years some British ticket touts have moved into Internet ticket fraud.
In the sports betting world, a tout is someone who sells picks of winners against the spread and the over/under. Most touts are scam artists and most don't have a long term winning record.
A "shop tout" is someone who is engaged by a shop to loiter outside their office, sometimes outside the building, or outside their competitors' shop. The tout then promotes the services to a passer-by and then escorts the person back to the shop, where they are paid a commission for each person that is brought back. The practice of touts working on the street to attract customers to night clubs and bars is very common in the entertainment tourist areas of Japan, particularly those of Roppongi and Kabukicho, Turkey and Spain.
Informants
In Ireland a tout is an informant, a term which includes supergrass.
See also
Handicapping
Tipster
References
Illegal occupations
it:Bagarinaggio |
4035200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibito | Jibito | The Jibito are an indigenous people of Peru. They first met with the Franciscans monks in 1676 in the forest near the Huallaga River, in what is now Peru's Loreto Province. After their conversion to Catholicism, they settled in villages on the western bank of the river.
References
See also
South American Indigenous people
Hibito–Cholon languages
Ethnic groups in Peru
Indigenous peoples in Peru
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon |
4035206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grog%20%28disambiguation%29 | Grog (disambiguation) | Grog is an alcoholic beverage.
Grog or Grogs may also refer to the following:
Arts and entertainment
Grog (film), a 1982 Italian film starring Franco Nero
Grogs (Known Space), a fictional alien species in Larry Niven's Known Space universe
Grog (Marvel Comics), a fictional character in Marvel Comics
Grog, a character in the B.C. comic strip
Grog Strongjaw, a goliath barbarian / fighter in the D&D web series Critical Role
The Grogs, a Canadian puppet troupe
Grogs (YTV), various puppet characters
Other uses
Grog (clay), a raw material for making ceramics
Operation Grog, a British Second World War operation
Grog Run (Ohio), a stream in Ohio, United States
Grog Run (Buffalo Creek tributary), a river in West Virginia, United States
Grog, a member of the British band Die So Fluid and a former member of Feline
Count Grog, American professional wrestling manager, referee, ring announcer, commentator, promoter and booker Greg Mosorjak (born 1961)
Kava grog, a non-alcoholic beverage made of kava root
See also
Edward Vernon (1684–1757), English naval officer nicknamed "Old Grog"
Grogg, a Welsh clay caricature
Grogger (disambiguation) |
4035211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Longships%20in%20Harbour | The Longships in Harbour | The Longships in Harbour is a collection of poetry by Scottish author William McIlvanney. It was first published in 1970.
The poems in this collection deal largely with the poet's experiences of growing up in a working class area of Scotland, particularly his family life. The most famous and striking poem in the collection is "Initiation", a raw, intense poem in memory of his father.
Other themes dealt with throughout are poverty, famine, war, youth and innocence, and the passage of time.
1970 poetry books
Scottish poetry
Works by William McIlvanney
Eyre & Spottiswoode books |
4035222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphla%20Hills | Daphla Hills | Daphla (or Dafla) Hills is a tract of hilly country on the border of western Arunachal and Assam occupied by an independent tribe called Daphla. It lies to the north of the Tezpur and North Lakhimpur subdivisions, and is bounded on the west by the Aka Hills and on the east by the Abor Range. In 1872 a party of independent Daphlas suddenly attacked a colony of their own tribesmen, who had settled at Amtola in British territory, and carried away forty-four captives to the hills. This led to the Daphla expedition of 1874, when a force of 1,000 troops released the prisoners and reduced the tribe to submission.
See also
1953 Achingmori incident
References
Hills of Assam |
4035228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikka | Dikka | Dikka (from dikka) is a term in Islamic architecture for a tribune raised upon columns from which the Quran is recited and prayers are intoned by the imam of a mosque.
References
Architectural elements
Islamic architectural elements
Islamic architecture
Mosque architecture
Islamic terminology |
4035234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Boon%20Yang | Lee Boon Yang | Lee Boon Yang (; born 1 October 1947) is a Singaporean business executive and a former politician and veterinarian. Lee served in the Cabinet of Singapore from July 1991 to April 2009 in various portfolios, including Minister for Defence, Minister for Manpower, and Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts. He was also a Member of Parliament (MP) for Jalan Besar GRC from 1984 to 2011, representing the governing People's Action Party (PAP). He left politics in 2011. He was the chairman of Singapore Press Holdings from 2011 to 2022.
Education
Lee was awarded a Colombo Plan scholarship and studied veterinary science at University of Queensland (UQ). He graduated with a Bachelor of Veterinary Science in 1971. In 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by UQ.
Career
Lee began his career as a veterinary surgeon. He worked as a research and development officer in the Singapore government's Primary Production Department from 1972 to 1981. From 1981 to 1984, Dr. Lee worked at US Feed Grains Council as Assistant Regional Director and later as Senior Project Manager for Primary Industries Enterprise.
Political career
Lee was first elected to the Singapore Parliament in 1984. He was appointed a Parliamentary Secretary in 1985, and went on to hold positions in the Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Communications and Information, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of Home Affairs.
Lee was brought into the Cabinet in 1991 as a Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. He was made Minister for Labour in 1992 (the role was renamed Minister for Manpower in 1998), and held this post until 2003. He also served concurrently as Minister for Defence from 1994 to 1995. He became Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts in 2003 and served in that post until 2009.
Lee retired from the Cabinet on 1 April 2009. He remained a Member of Parliament for the Jalan Besar Group Representation Constituency (Jalan Besar GRC) until his retirement from politics in 2011.
Post-political career
Lee was appointed as the chairman of the board of Keppel Corporation from 2009 to 2021, after leaving his cabinet position. He was also the chairman of Singapore Press Holdings, taking over from former president Tony Tan from 23 June 2011, to 16 May 2022 when he was succeeded by Christopher Lim.
Personal life
Lee has two siblings, elder brother Lee Boon Wang, a landscape painter and sister Lee Boon Ngan.
Lee is married to Yap Mee Mee and has a daughter.
References
Ministers for Defence of Singapore
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
University of Queensland alumni
Living people
1947 births
Communications ministers of Singapore
Labour ministers of Singapore
Singaporean chairpersons of corporations |
4035236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Anger | Matt Anger | Matt Anger (born June 20, 1963) is an American former professional tennis player. He is now the head men's tennis coach at the University of Washington.
Professional Tennis Career
Anger grew up in Pleasanton, California, and played at Amador Valley High School. He went on to be named the national 16-and-under singles champion in 1979 and to win the 1981 junior Wimbledon boys' singles title, resulting in a No. 1 ranking in the world by Tennis Magazine. He played collegiate tennis at USC from 1982 to 1984. He was a three-time All-American in these three years and was a Pac-10 singles finalist in 2003. In the same year, he led the USC Trojans to a third-place NCAA finish. The next season, he won the Pac-10 doubles championship, was a Pac-10 singles semifinalist, and helped USC win the Pac-10 conference championship. After this season, he turned to professional tennis.
The right-handed Anger reached his highest singles ranking on the ATP Tour on February 24, 1986, when he became the World No. 23. He won one singles (Johannesburg in 1985) and two doubles titles (Tokyo outdoor in 1986 and Brisbane in 1987) during his career.
Retirement from the Tour
Anger retired from the tour in 1991 and is currently the men's tennis coach at the University of Washington. He resides in Clyde Hill, Washington.
Coaching career
Anger initially joined the coaching staff at the University of Southern California. He then moved to the University of Washington where he became the head coach in 1995. He is heading into his 24th season in 2018. He is the most successful coach in Washington history with 371 wins. His teams have missed the NCAA championships only twice and have had five runs to the NCAA round of 16 since 2001.
Anger and his team have had a winning record in 21 of 22 seasons. He was named Pac-10 Coach of the Year in 2005 when the team won its first-ever Pac-10 title. Six singles players have earned All-American honors under his coaching and 11 have earned year-end top-50 rankings. Additionally, player Alex Vlaški won the 2003 All-American Championships - the first title for a Husky since 1924 - under his coaching.
Anger was inducted into the USTA Northern California Tennis Hall of Fame in 2005 and the ITA Hall of Fame in 2014.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 title)
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Doubles: 2 (2 titles)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Doubles: 2 (0–2)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
References
External links
Profile on UW Athletics
1963 births
Living people
American male tennis players
People from Clyde Hill, Washington
Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California
Tennis people from California
USC Trojans men's tennis players
Washington Huskies men's tennis coaches
Wimbledon junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
People from Pleasanton, California
American tennis coaches |
4035243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana%20Romanova | Tatiana Romanova | Tatiana Alexeievna "Tania" Romanova is a fictional character in the 1957 James Bond novel From Russia, with Love, its 1963 film adaptation and the 2005 video game based on both. She is played by Daniela Bianchi in the film, with her voice dubbed in by Barbara Jefford.
Novel and film biography
Tatiana Alexeievna Romanova is introduced as a corporal in Soviet Army Intelligence, assigned to work in the Soviet consulate in Istanbul as a cipher clerk. Her superiors, in connection with SMERSH, plan to sow dissension in the intelligence community by murdering and discrediting a significant figure in western intelligence. The target was James Bond.
Her commanding officer is Rosa Klebb—in the screenplay adaptation, Klebb is secretly an agent for SPECTRE—who manipulates Romanova into believing that she is on an important mission for her country, when she is in fact merely a pawn in the terrorist organization's latest bid to destroy MI6.
In the novel, Klebb is actually a member of the Soviet government, commander in chief of the Otdyel II section of SMERSH. Romanova's mission is to seduce Bond and have him take her to England to deliver a code machine (a Spektor in the novel, a Lektor in the film), as well as plant false information, before being rescued from prison and returned to Russia. She is promised a promotion to Captain if she completes the mission.
Once in Istanbul, she contacts Darko Kerim (Ali Kerim Bey in the film) and tells him her plans: she will voluntarily defect from the Soviet Union and take the machine with her only if Bond assists in the operation. She claims to have fallen in love with Bond and developed a desire to live with him after seeing his picture in a secret file.
Both M and Bond believe the offer to be a trap, but the prize is valuable enough to go for it. They react just as the main instigator of the plot, chess champion Kronsteen, had predicted. Bond then flies to Istanbul and contacts Kerim, spending several days there and waiting for contact. After a riot at a Gypsy camp, Bond returns to his hotel room and finds Romanova walking across the room and getting into his bed, wearing only a black velvet choker and black stockings. They make love, but are secretly filmed by Klebb's minions via a one-way mirror. The film is meant to be used to embarrass MI6.
In the film, after meeting her again to verify the authenticity of her information, they blow up the Soviet consulate in Istanbul to cover their escape. With the help of Kerim, they board the Orient Express and depart for Trieste and the Italian frontier. As a part of Kronsteen's strategy, the SMERSH/SPECTRE assassin Donovan 'Red' Grant kills Kerim. Bond contacts Grant, who is pretending to be an agent named Nash. After sedating Romanova, Nash reveals his identity to Bond, who then fights Grant in their train compartment. Prior to the fight, Grant explains that he is going to kill Bond and then execute the sleeping Romanova with Bond's gun, making it look like a murder-suicide. Bond finally defeats Grant and takes Romanova to Venice. It is there they meet Klebb again who, in an attempt to retrieve the LEKTOR and kill Bond, disguises herself as a maid and tries to eliminate the agent with a dagger-tipped shoe poisoned with blowfish venom. Romanova shoots Klebb, thus saving Bond. She and Bond are last seen on a boat in Venice, with Bond dropping the incriminating film into the canal.
Similarly, in the novel, they board the Orient Express with Kerim, planning to travel to England over the course of four days. Kerim, instead of being killed by Grant, is killed by a Russian agent named Benz who had boarded the train earlier and also is killed in the struggle. This prompts the bombing of the Soviet consulate in Istanbul in retaliation. Despite this, Bond elects not to leave the train for a plane or the consulate, after having fallen for Romanova and not wanting to cut their time short. Grant pretends to be Nash, an MI6 agent sent by M in response to the death of Kerim. After sedating Romanova, under the guise of standing guard over Bond, he waits until they are both asleep, and plans to murder them. However, due to his vanity, he taunts Bond, revealing details of a meeting with Rosa Klebb. This allows Bond to disarm Grant and save Romanova's life. It is unclear as to what ultimately becomes of Tatiana in the novel as in her last appearance, she is still heavily affected by the sedatives, sleeping in the British consulate, while Bond confronts Klebb. It is presumed that she has been arrested and/or released by the British.
Analysis
The characters of Romanova and Grant exist in juxtaposition to one another with both being defectors from their respective nations, and it was the intention of Fleming in writing From Russia with Love to contrast these two characters as a way of justifying the moral superiority of Great Britain over the Soviet Union. In the 1950s, there were real fears in the West that Communism might be the more efficient system, and the Soviet Union would pull ahead both economically and technologically over the West. Additionally, the Burgess-Maclean affair of 1951 when two senior British diplomats, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess defected to the Soviet Union added to these fears. At the time, it was not widely known that Maclean and Burgess were spies for the Soviet Union and in case of Maclean was on the brink of being arrested on charges of treason. The Soviet government claimed that Maclean and Burgess had defected because life was better in the Soviet Union while the British government was content to go along with this explanation rather than admit that two senior diplomats had been spies for the Soviet Union for the better part of the last twenty years. Since Maclean and Burgess were both members of "the Establishment", having attended public schools and Cambridge University, the defection of the two attracted much attention at the time. Fleming's intention in writing From Russia with love was at least in part to promote a "West is the best" message by creating two parallel characters who would prove Western superiority over the Soviet Union. Throughout the novel, Fleming drew contrasts between the Soviet Union and the West, always to the benefit of the latter. For an example, the officers of SMERSH are portrayed as living in fear of their superiors while relations between MI6 officers are shown as warm and friendly.
Romanova's life in Moscow as a low-ranking clerk for the MGB is portrayed as dull, confiding, and stifling as she lives a life of mind-numbing bureaucratic drudgery. As a member of the MGB, Romanova enjoys a relatively privileged life in Moscow, but complains that her MGB uniform makes it hard for her to make friends as people fear her. All of Romanova's superiors are portrayed as twisted and hideous-Rosa Klebb is an ugly woman with a "toad-like figure" and a lesbian while Kronsteen is a bisexual who is labelled "a monster" in the book. The book makes it clear that people such as Klebb and Kronsteen are the norm in the Soviet system. in the 1950s, homosexuality and bisexuality were widely considered to be perversions and Fleming by making most of his non-Russian characters straight in contrast to most of the Russian characters were part of his strategy to show "the West is the best".
However despite her repulsive superiors in the MGB, she is portrayed as a committed Communist who is at the same time vaguely unhappy with her existence as Fleming wrote: "The Romanov blood might well have given a yearning for men other than that type of modern Russian officer she would meet-stern, cold, mechanical, basically hysterical and because of their Party education infernally dull". Upon meeting Bond, she abandons her belief in Communism as she sees the advantage to a Western lifestyle while also finding Bond a much better lover than her Russian lovers. Romanova falling in love with Bond is portrayed as both a political and sexual liberation for her. The way that Bond literally and metaphorically seduces Romanova over to the West was meant by Fleming to prove the superiority of the Western world and western political ideologies. Romanova even prefers Bond for his smell as Fleming portrays Russian men as refusing to bath and hence have unpleasant body odours. The book's message that only men from the West like Bond can really sexually satisfy Romanova was another aspect of Fleming's "the West is the best" message.
In contrast to Romanova who chooses life in the West over life in the Soviet Union, the book's villain, Grant, goes in the opposition direction. Grant is described as a man from Northern Ireland who joins the British Army in the late 1940s which briefly checks his insanity and his love of killing. After Grant is disciplined for his vicious style as a boxer, he decides to defect to the Soviet Union as: "He liked all he heard about the Russians, their brutality, their carelessness of human life, and their guile and he decided to go over to them". Grant rides over on a motorcycle to a Red Army post in East Germany and says: "I am expert in killing people. I do it very well. I like it". Grant narrowly avoids being executed out of hand by the Russians, who eventually decide to accept his offer. Having proven himself, he becomes the top assassin for SMERSH, who happily kills because he is insane and because killing is the only thing he knows how to do well. In contrast to the soft and feminine Romanova who deep down really wants to be in love with a man which causes her to choose the West despite her privileged existence in Moscow, the hard and masculine Grant chooses the East because it is the only system where a perverted, violent man like himself can flourish.
The 1963 film somewhat altered the novel's message by making SPECTRE rather than SMERSH as the main antagonist. The Grant of the film is depoliticised, becoming a murderer who was acquitted by reason of insanity who then escapes from a mental institution and comes to serve as an assassin for a criminal organisation instead of a soldier who broke his oath to serve King and Country by defecting to the Soviet Union. The Romanova of the film is much closer to the Romanova of the book who is shown as thoroughly enjoying the consumerist lifestyle of the West who is constantly buying expensive clothing that Bond introduces her to. Like in the book, her relationship with Bond serves as both a political and a sexual liberation. Unlike in the book, Romanova of the film makes a more clear decision to choose the West by shooting Klebb in the film's climax to save Bond, a decision made more significant as Romanova is unaware that Klebb is really working for SPECTRE. The theme of defection does not play the same central role in the film as it does in the novel. The film's message that the obsessive struggle between MI6 and the MGB allows a criminal organisation like SPECTRE to flourish seems to be a criticism of the Cold War. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 had just occurred the previous year, and the film's message is that through the Soviet Union might be an enemy, it is best to keep the level of hostilities down to a manageable level. The fact that Romanova in the film as in the book chooses the West was meant to prove Western superiority, but at the same time the film seems to be cautioning against her excessively anti-Communist policies.
According to Cubby Broccoli, Ian Fleming modelled Romanova on Anna Kutusova, a Russian involved in the Metro-Vickers Affair.
Other media
The character's role in the video game adaptation of From Russia With Love is more or less the same as in the novel and film, the only major difference being that she is now an unwitting double agent for a terrorist organization called "OCTOPUS". She is voiced by Kari Wahlgren.
The character also appears in the 1993 James Bond comic book that takes place after the events of From Russia With Love, called Light of My Death, in which she is reinstated as KGB agent, aiding Bond in his mission against a shadowy villain who wants to provoke a war between the Soviets and the West.
Books and articles
References
Bond girls
Fictional corporals
Fictional Russian people
Fictional Soviet people
From Russia with Love (film)
Fictional KGB agents
Fictional Soviet Army personnel
Literary characters introduced in 1957
Characters in British novels of the 20th century
Fictional defectors |
4035249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilapidation | Dilapidation | Dilapidation is a term meaning a destructive event to a building, but more particularly used in the plural in English law for
the waste committed by the incumbent of an ecclesiastical living
the disrepair for which a tenant is usually liable when he has agreed to give up his premises in good repair.
Dilapidation is derived from the Latin for scattering the stones () of a building.
Ecclesiastical law
In general English law a tenant for life has no power to cut down timber, destroy buildings, etc., or to let buildings fall into disrepair (see Waste). In the eye of the law an incumbent of a living is a tenant for life of his benefice, and any waste, voluntary or permissive, on his part must be made good by his administrators to his successor in office. The principles on which such dilapidations are to be ascertained, and the application of the money payable in respect thereof, depend partly on old ecclesiastical law and partly on acts of Parliament.
Questions as to ecclesiastical dilapidations usually arise in respect of the residence house and other buildings belonging to the living. Inclosures, hedges, ditches and the like are included in things of which the beneficed person has the burden and charge of reparation. In a leading case (Ross v. Adcock, 1868, L.R. 3 C.P. 657) it was said that the court was acquainted with no precedent or decision extending the liability of the executors of a deceased incumbent to any species of waste beyond dilapidation of the house, chancel or other buildings or fences of the benefice. And it has been held that the mere mismanagement or miscultivation of the ecclesiastical lands will not give rise to an action for dilapidations.
To place the law relating to dilapidations on a more satisfactory footing, the Ecclesiastical Dilapidations Act 1871 was passed. The buildings to which the act applies are defined to be such houses of residence, chancels, walls, fences and other buildings and things as the incumbent of the benefice is by law and custom bound to maintain in repair. In each diocese a surveyor is appointed by the archdeacons and rural deans subject to the approval of the bishop; and such surveyor shall by the direction of the bishop examine the buildings on the following occasions viz.
when the benefice is sequestrated;
when it is vacant;
at the request of the incumbent or on complaint by the archdeacon, rural dean or patron.
The surveyor specifies the works required, and gives an estimate of their probable cost. In the case of a vacant benefice, the new incumbent and the old incumbent or his representatives may lodge objections to the surveyors report on any grounds of fact or law, and the bishop, after consideration, may make an order for the repairs and their cost, for which the late incumbent or his representatives are liable. The sum so stated becomes a debt due from the late incumbent or his representatives to the new incumbent, who shall pay over the money when recovered to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty.
The governors pay for the works on execution on receipt of a certificate from the surveyor; and the surveyor, when the works have been completed to his satisfaction, gives a certificate to that effect, the effect of which, so far as regards the incumbent, is to protect him from liability for dilapidations for the next five years. Unnecessary buildings belonging to a residence house may, by the authority of the bishop and with the consent of the patron, be removed. An amending statute of 1872 (Ecclesiastical Dilapidations Act (1871) Amendment) relates chiefly to advances by the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty for the purposes of the act.
Commercial property
In the commercial property world, ‘dilapidations’ refers to breaches of lease covenants relating to the condition of a property, and the process of remedying those breaches.
Tenants enter commercial leases agreeing to keep premises in repair; if they do not, the law of dilapidations applies. Landlords have the ability to serve a schedule of dilapidations on a tenant either during or more commonly at the end of the lease, itemising the breaches of covenant. Remedies for the landlord will be for the tenant to undertake the specified works or for them to seek to recover from the tenant the cost of making good the disrepair. Dilapidations occur primarily at the end of a lease, and often disputes arise between landlords and tenants as to their extent, and in order to reach a conclusion this inevitably leads to an appraisal of past case law which stems over 100 years. In an economic downturn dilapidations are also commonplace either during a lease term or if the tenant exercises a break clause. Most dilapidations are settled by negotiation, but other methods exist in demonstrating loss suffered by a landlord such as a diminution valuation. Landlords and tenants will normally be advised by a specialist surveyor or property consultant.
Formal guidance on dilapidations exists such as the PLA protocol which was currently adopted under the Civil Procedure Rules in 2012. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors produces a guidance note on dealing with dilapidations claims and this is currently in its sixth edition. The Financial Reporting Council's accounting standard FRS12 requires occupiers to budget for dilapidations in their accounts leading to more tenants seeking advice on dilapidations before the end of their leases.
References
External links
Dilapidations
Dilapidations
Dilapidation Reports
Lease-end Dilapidation Claims
English legal terminology
de:Verfall (Recht) |
4035253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion%20Sound | Champion Sound | Champion Sound is the only studio album by the duo Jaylib (hip hop musicians J Dilla and Madlib). Half of the songs are produced by Madlib and feature J Dilla on vocals, and the other half are produced by J Dilla and feature Madlib on vocals. This album was the first of the Madlib duo collaboration albums made during the 2000s.
History
Jaylib began in 2000 when DJ J Rocc of the Beat Junkies gave a CD of unused instrumental tracks by J Dilla to Madlib. Madlib then recorded vocals over these beats and labelled them "Jaylib", without the intention of actually releasing them. Stones Throw placed one of these recordings as the B-side to a promo 12" Madlib single, under the name Jaylib, which was eventually heard by Dilla. The pair recorded Champion Sound in separate cities, Madlib in Oxnard, California, and Dilla in Detroit, Michigan by sending recordings back and forth. The two met only once before or during this time, while Madlib was recording in Detroit for J Dilla's album on MCA Records; a record that was never released until 2016. The album was released in 2003 after much delay due to leaks and bootlegs and received positive reviews.
Following Dilla's move from Detroit to Los Angeles in 2004, they appeared together on tour in Spring 2004 in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York City, and Toronto. Madlib debuted a yet-unreleased Jaylib song on a BBC radio show in May 2005 titled "Take It Back aka The Unofficial", produced by J Dilla with vocals by Madlib. The track was released on Adult Swim and Stones Throw's Chrome Children compilation.
Releases
The first pressings of the album in the USA contained two bonus tracks: "Raw Addict," and "Ice" (which otherwise are only on a white label 12" issued by Stones Throw); the first pressing of the CD in Europe included those two and a third track, "Pillz," which was later featured as the b-side to the single for "McNasty Filth".
In 2005 Madlib's compilation of unreleased Jaylib tracks got leaked as an early version of Madvillain's Madvillainy did before. These two CDs were compiled by Madlib in late 2002 to listen to on a trip to Brazil. The Jaylib compilation is called The Rough Drafts and the Madvillain compilation is called Madvillainy Preview.
The 2007 re-issue of Champion Sound was abruptly delayed when Stones Throw was issued a cease-and-desist from the camp of artist Cris Williamson. "The Red", one of the more popular songs from the LP, contained an unauthorized sample of her song "Shine On, Straight Arrow". According to J-Rocc of the Beat Junkies, the sample clearance issue came down to Williamson's gripe about a Madlib lyric: "There's a Jaylib track called ‘The Red’ they got sued for. Cris Williamson is the artist and she’s a total feminist, a real woman-power type. In that song Madlib says "mostly shitty women". She said, 'I’m not having that, take it off the album.' But she’s still letting them use the instrumental for licensing and so on. So even there they’ve worked something out". "The Red" appears on the reissue with an alternate beat, though one still arranged by Jay Dee. An alternate beat was also used for the song "No Games" on the re-issue.
Reception
In 2010, Champion Sound was listed by Black Milk as one of the "Top Ten Albums of the Last Decade". In 2015, it ranked at number 41 on Facts "100 Best Indie Hip-Hop Records of All Time" list. In that year, it was also listed by HipHopDX as one of the "30 Best Underground Hip Hop Albums Since 2000".
Track listing
References
External links
2003 debut albums
J Dilla albums
Madlib albums
Stones Throw Records albums
Albums produced by J Dilla
Albums produced by Madlib
Collaborative albums |
4035257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Jelen | Eric Jelen | Eric Jelen (born 11 March 1965) is a former tennis player from Germany, who won one singles (1989, Bristol) and five doubles titles during his professional career.
The right-hander Jelen reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 7 July 1986, when he became World No. 23. Jelen was a member of two Davis Cup-winning teams. In 1988, he teamed with Boris Becker in doubles to earn the win that guaranteed a West German victory over Sweden in the final. The following year, West Germany successfully defended the title by defeating Sweden in the final, and Becker and Jelen again won the doubles match.
Career finals
Singles (1 title – 1 runner-up)
Doubles (5 titles – 6 runners-up)
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
German male tennis players
Olympic tennis players of West Germany
Sportspeople from Trier
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
West German male tennis players |
4035262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinar%2C%20Afyonkarahisar | Dinar, Afyonkarahisar | Dinar (formerly Ancient Greek: Celaenae-Apàmea, Κελαιναι-Απαμεια) is a town and large district of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey, 106 km from the city of Afyon. The mayor is Saffet Acar (MHP).
The town is built amidst the ruins of Celaenae-Apamea, near the sources of the Büyük Menderes (Maeander) river. In ancient mythology this was the site of the musical duel between Apollo and Marsyas.
Dinar today is a small town in a rural area, with limited amenities, particularly since there was a large earthquake here in 1995, which caused many people to migrate away from the town. Dinar is a crossroads on journeys from Ankara or Istanbul to Antalya, motorists wouldn't stop here but many trucks do need to.
The folk culture of Dinar is rich, the town granted many well-known folk-songs (türkü in Turkish).
Settlements
Afşar, Dinar
Akgün, Dinar
Akpınarlı, Dinar
Aktoprak, Dinar
Akça, Dinar
Akçin, Dinar
Alacaatlı, Dinar
Alparslan, Dinar
Avdan, Dinar
Bademli, Dinar
Bağcılar, Dinar
Belenpınar, Dinar
Bilgiç, Dinar
Burunkaya, Dinar
Bülüçalan, Dinar
Cerityaylası, Dinar
Cumhuriyet, Dinar
Dikici, Dinar
Dinar, Afyonkarahisar
Dombay, Dinar
Doğanlı, Dinar
Dumanköy, Dinar
Eldere, Dinar
Ergenli, Dinar
Gençali, Dinar
Gökçeli, Dinar
Göçerli, Dinar
Haydarlı, Dinar
Kabaklı, Dinar
Kadılar, Dinar
Karabedir, Dinar
Karahacılı, Dinar
Karakuyu, Dinar
Karataş, Dinar
Kazanpınar, Dinar
Keklicek, Dinar
Kınık, Dinar
Kızıllı, Dinar
Körpeli, Dinar
Muratlı, Dinar
Ocaklı, Dinar
Okçular, Dinar
Palaz, Dinar
Pınarlı, Dinar
Sütlaç, Dinar
Tatarlı, Dinar
Tekin, Dinar
Tuğaylı, Dinar
Uluköy, Dinar
Yakaköy, Dinar
Yapağılı, Dinar
Yelalan, Dinar
Yeşilhüyük, Dinar
Yeşilyurt, Dinar
Yeşilçat, Dinar
Yıprak, Dinar
Yüksel, Dinar
Çakıcı, Dinar
Çamlı, Dinar
Çapalı , Dinar
Çayüstü, Dinar
Çağlayan, Dinar
Çiçektepe, Dinar
Çobansaray, Dinar
Çürüklü, Dinar
Hacıbeşirli, Dinar
References
External links
Dinar, Dinartuning, Dinartuning.com
Afyonkarahisar Dinar
District governor's official website
Afyon Governorship - Dinar District
Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
Districts of Afyonkarahisar Province |
4035267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussilhe%20oblique%20stereographic%20projection | Roussilhe oblique stereographic projection | The Roussilhe oblique stereographic projection is a mapping projection developed by Henri Roussilhe in 1922. The projection uses a truncated series to approximate an oblique stereographic projection for the ellipsoid. The projection received some attention in the former Soviet Union.
The development of the Bulgarian oblique stereographic projection was done for Romania by the Bulgarian geodesist, Hristow, in the late 1930s.
See also
Map projection
References
External links
libproj4 cartographic projection library with Roussilhe oblique stereographic projection support
Map projections
Conformal projections |
4035271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Benito | Don Benito | Don Benito () is a Spanish town and municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, near the left bank of the Guadiana river. According to the 2014 census, the municipality has a population of 37,011.
History
Don Benito dates from the 15th century, when it was founded by refugees from Don Llorente, who deserted their own town due to the danger of floods from the Guadiana.
On 28 March 1809, the 9 km separating Don Benito from Medellín was the site of a major French victory against Spanish troops during the Peninsular War.
By 2021, the municipal government of Don Benito worked alongside that of Villanueva de la Serena to fuse the two neighbouring municipalities into a single one, paving the way for a 2022 non-binding consultation. On 8 November 2021, the Council of Ministers sanctioned the celebration of the consultation, to be held on 20 February 2022. Both municipalities approved the merging, in the case of Don Benito by a whisker (a 66.2% of yes votes relative to the 66.0% threshold set in advance).
Geography
Don Benito has 37,048 inhabitants, and is part of an urban area with Villanueva de la Serena (26,071 inhabitants) 5 km away.
The municipality is composed by the town of Don Benito and seven villages:
Demographics
Transport
The town is served by a railway station on the Ciudad Real-Badajoz railway, part of an international line that links Madrid with Lisbon. It has been interested, along with the nearby Villanueva de la Serena, by a project of a tramway, not yet finalized. The town is also the southern terminus of the EXA2 motorway from Miajadas.
Famous residents
Florinda Chico (1926-2011), actress
Jesús Gil Manzano (b. 1984), referee
Juanma Gómez (b. 1981), footballer
Pedro Porro (b. 1999), footballer
Twin towns
Fquih Ben Salah, Morocco
References
External links
Don Benito official website
Roman Villa of La Majona in Don Benito
Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz |
4035276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bowdoin%20College%20people | List of Bowdoin College people | This list is of notable people associated with Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. This list includes alumni, faculty, and honorary degree recipients.
Presidents of Bowdoin
Joseph McKeen (1802–07)
Jesse Appleton (1807–19)
William Allen (1820–39)
Leonard Woods (1839–66)
Samuel Harris (1867–71)
Joshua Chamberlain (1871–83)
William DeWitt Hyde (1885–1917)
Kenneth C.M. Sills (1918–52)
James S. Coles (1952–67)
Roger Howell, Jr. (1969–78)
Willard F. Enteman (1978–80)
A. LeRoy Greason (1981–90)
Robert Hazard Edwards (1990–2001)
Barry Mills (2001–2015)
Clayton Rose (2015–present)
Distinguished graduates
Arts and letters
Note: individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the most relevant section.
Literature and poetry
Seba Smith 1818, humorist, creator of the fictional character Major Jack Downing
Jacob Abbott 1820, academic and author of 180 books, primarily children's books
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1825, world-renowned poet; professor at Bowdoin (1829–31) and Harvard University (1831–54); memorialized in the Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey; namesake, along with Hawthorne, of Bowdoin's main library
Nathaniel Hawthorne 1825, acclaimed author of classic novels The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851); namesake, along with Longfellow, of Bowdoin's main library
Charles Asbury Stephens 1869, prolific author of children's stories for The Youth's Companion
Arlo Bates 1876, novelist, poet, and professor at MIT
Robert P. T. Coffin 1915, Rhodes Scholar, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1936), and Bowdoin professor (1934–55)
Artine Artinian 1931, French literature scholar
John Gould 1931, novelist, humorist, and columnist
James Bassett 1934, journalist and author of the best-selling novel In Harm's Way (1962)
Lawrence Sargent Hall 1936, novelist, short-story writer, and Bowdoin professor who won the O. Henry Award (1960)
Richard Hooker 1945, doctor and author of the novel M*A*S*H (1968)
Willis Barnstone 1948, four-time Pulitzer Prize-nominated poet
Paul Batista 1970, trial lawyer, television personality, and author
Rinker Buck, 1972, author
Robin McKinley 1975, fantasy author of the Newbery Medal-winning The Hero and the Crown (1985)
Douglas Kennedy 1976, novelist
Charlotte Agell 1981, author
Walter H. Hunt 1981, science fiction author
Taylor Mali 1987, slam poet and teaching activist
Martha McPhee 1987, novelist, nominated for the National Book Award (2002)
Meredith Hall 1993, best-selling author of Without a Map (2007)
Anthony Doerr 1995, novelist; author of All the Light We Cannot See (2014), which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (2015) and was nominated for the National Book Award; writer-in-residence of the state of Idaho (2007–2010)
Claudia La Rocco 2000, poet
Jay Caspian Kang 2002, writer
Kelly Kerney 2002, author
Journalism and nonfiction writing
John Stevens Cabot Abbott 1825, biographer of Napoleon Bonaparte (1855)
John Brown Russwurm 1826, third black college graduate in the United States; founder of Freedom's Journal, America's first black newspaper (1827); governor of the Republic of Maryland (later part of Liberia) (1836–41)
Charles Beecher 1834, author, minister, and abolitionist; brother of the author Harriet Beecher Stowe, the minister Henry Ward Beecher, and educator Catharine Beecher
New York Times Justice Department reporter Katie Benner (1999)
Edward Page Mitchell 1871, editor-in-chief of The New York Sun (1903–26)
Hodding Carter 1927, progressive journalist and winner of the Pulitzer Prize (1946)
Francis Russell 1933, historian, best known for his work on Warren Harding
Arthur Stratton 1935, author and historian
John Rich 1939, NBC News war correspondent
Marcus Merriman 1962, historian, best known for his work on Mary, Queen of Scots
Tom Cassidy 1972, CNN anchor (1981–89) and founder of the weekend news program Pinnacle
Geoffrey Canada 1974, author and activist; president and CEO of the Harlem Children's Zone
Alvin Hall 1974, financial advisor, author, and BBC television presenter
Cynthia McFadden 1978, ABC News anchor of Primetime (2004–14) and Nightline (2005–14); NBC News senior legal & investigative correspondent (2014–present)
Andrew Serwer 1981, Fortune Magazine Managing Editor (2006–present)
Scott Allen 1982, investigative reporter and lead editor of the "Spotlight" news team, The Boston Globe
Judy Fortin 1983, CNN Headline News anchor (1990–2006); medical correspondent (2006–present)
Brian Farnham 1993, editor-in-chief of Time Out New York (2006–08)
Thomas Kohnstamm 1998, author and travel writer
Alan Baker, owner and publisher of The Ellsworth American (1986–present)
Rebekah Metzler 2004, CNN, Senior White House Editor (2014–present)
Film and television
Phillips Lord 1925, radio personality, writer and actor
Albert Dekker 1927, actor
Gary Merrill 1937, actor
Burt Kwouk OBE 1953, British actor
Ned Dowd 1972, actor and film producer
John Davis 1975, film producer
Douglas Kennedy 1976, film producer
Kary Antholis 1984, Academy Award-winning filmmaker and executive at HBO Films
Marcus Giamatti 1984, actor
Brad Anderson 1986, filmmaker
Angus Wall 1988, two-time Academy Award-winning editor
Paul Adelstein 1991, actor
Hayes MacArthur 1999, actor and comedian; husband of actress Ali Larter
Hari Kondabolu 2004, stand-up comedian; featured several times on Comedy Central and on late night network television; writer/correspondent on Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell (2012–13)
Music
Paul "DJ Spooky" Miller 1992, trip-hop musician, turntablist and producer
Michael J. Merenda, Jr. 1998, singer-songwriter with the alternative folk band The Mammals
Art and photography
Jere Abbott 1920, art museum director who helped establish the Museum of Modern Art
Harley Schwadron 1964, cartoonist
Stephen Hannock 1974, American landscape painter
Kevin Bubriski 1975, documentary photographer
Todd Siler 1975, visual artist and researcher of creativity
Abelardo Morell 1977, photographer
Government
Note: individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the most relevant section.
Presidents
Franklin Pierce 1824, congressman (1833–37) and senator (1837–42) from New Hampshire; 14th President of the United States (1853–57); namesake of Franklin Pierce University in New Hampshire
U.S. Cabinet Secretaries
William Fessenden 1823, congressman (1841–43) and senator (1854–64, 1865–69) from New Hampshire; Secretary of the Treasury under President Abraham Lincoln (1864–65)
Hugh McCulloch 1827, Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Abraham Lincoln (1865), Andrew Johnson (1865–69) and Chester A. Arthur (1884–85)
Bill Cohen 1962, congressman (1972–78) and senator (1978–97) from Maine; Secretary of Defense under President Clinton (1997–2001)
U.S. Governors
Robert P. Dunlap 1815, governor of Maine (1834–38) and congressman from Maine (1843–47)
Richard H. Vose 1822, governor of Maine (1841) and president of the Maine state senate
William G. Crosby 1823, governor of Maine (1853–55)
John Fairfield 1826, congressman (1835–38) and senator (1843–47) from Maine; governor of Maine (1839–43)
Alonzo Garcelon 1836, Civil War general, Maine governor (1879–80)
John Andrew 1837, governor of Massachusetts (1861–66) responsible for the formation of the 54th Massachusetts during the Civil War
Frederick Robie 1841, governor of Maine (1883–87)
La Fayette Grover 1846, governor of Oregon (1871–77); congressman (1859) and senator (1877–83) from Oregon
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain 1852, Bowdoin College professor (1855–62), Civil War hero, Medal of Honor recipient (for valor on Little Round Top on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg), Maine governor (1867–71), and president of Bowdoin College (1871–83); a statue of Chamberlain now stands at the entrance to the college
Wilmot Brookings 1855, first provisional governor of the Dakota Territory; namesake of the city and county of Brookings, both in South Dakota'
Henry B. Quinby 1869, governor of New Hampshire from 1909-1911 as well as an American Physician
William T. Cobb 1877, governor of Maine (1905–09)
John Fremont Hill 1877, governor of Maine (1901–05)
Percival Proctor Baxter 1898, governor of Maine (1921–24) and namesake of Baxter State Park
James L. McConaughy 1911 (M.A.), governor of Connecticut (1947–48) and poet
Horrace Hildreth 1925, governor of Maine (1944–48), US Ambassador to Pakistan (1953–57), and president of Bucknell University (1957–67)
James B. Longley 1947, governor of Maine (1975–79)
U.S. Senators
George Evans 1815, congressman (1829–41) and senator (1841–47) from Maine
James Bell 1822, senator from New Hampshire (1855–57)
James Ware Bradbury 1825, senator from Maine (1847–53)
Alpheus Felch 1827, Michigan governor (1846–47), senator from Michigan (1847–1853), professor of law at the University of Michigan, and namesake of Felch Township in Michigan
John Hale 1827, congressman (1843–45) and senator (1847–53) from New Hampshire; ran against Franklin Pierce 1824 as the Free Soil Party candidate for President (1852)
William Frye 1850, congressman (1871–81) and senator (1881–1911) from Maine; played a role in the founding of Bates College (1855)
Paris Gibson 1851, senator from Montana (1901–05)
William D. Washburn 1854, congressman (1879–85) and senator (1889–95) from Minnesota
Charles Fletcher Johnson 1879, senator from Maine (1911–1917)
Wallace White 1899, congressman (1916–31) and senator (1931–49) from Maine; Senate Minority Leader (1944–47); Senate Majority Leader (1947–49)
Ralph Owen Brewster 1909, Maine governor (1925–29); congressman (1935–41) and senator (1941–53) from Maine
Harold Hitz Burton 1909, senator from Ohio (1941–45); associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1945–1958)
Paul Douglas 1913, professor of economics at the University of Chicago (1920–42) and senator from Illinois (1949–67)
George Mitchell 1954, senator from Maine (1982–95); Senate Majority Leader (1989–95); chairman of the Walt Disney Corporation (2004–06); winner of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1999); Chancellor of Queen's University, Belfast
U.S. Representatives
Benjamin Randall 1809, congressman from Maine (1839–43)
Bellamy Storer 1809, congressman from Ohio (1835–37) and law professor
John Anderson 1813, congressman from Maine (1825–33) and mayor of Portland (1833–36,1842)
John D. McCrate 1819, congressman from Maine (1845–47)
John Otis 1823, congressman from Maine (1849–51)
Samuel P. Benson 1825, congressman from Maine (1853–57) and Maine Secretary of State
Jonathan Cilley 1825, congressman from Maine (1837–38) whose death in an 1838 duel with a Kentucky congressman prompted outrage and a congressional ban on the practice
Cullen Sawtelle 1825, congressman from Maine (1845–47, 1849–51)
Seargent Smith Prentiss 1826, congressman from Mississippi (1838–39)
Owen Lovejoy 1832, congressman from Maine (1857–64); abolitionist participant in the Underground Railroad
John Appleton 1834, US Minister to Bolivia (1848–49), congressman from Maine (1851–53), Assistant US Secretary of State (1857–60), and US Ambassador to Russia (1860–61)
Timothy R. Young 1835, congressman from Illinois (1849–51)
Samuel Fessenden 1834, congressman from Maine (1861–63)
Charles H. Upton 1834, congressman from Virginia (1861–62)
E. Wilder Farley 1836, congressman from Maine (1853–55)
Frederick A. Pike 1837, congressman from Maine (1861–69)
Lorenzo De Medici Sweat 1837, congressman from Maine (1863–65)
Samuel Thurston 1843, first congressman from Oregon (1849–51)
T.A.D. Fessenden 1845, congressman from Maine (1862–63)
William W. Rice 1846, congressman from Massachusetts (1877–87)
Isaac Newton Evans 1851, doctor and congressman from Pennsylvania (1877–79, 1883–87)
John A. Peters 1885, United States Representative from Maine (1913–22)
Amos L. Allen 1860, congressman from Maine (1899–1911)
Thomas Brackett Reed 1860, congressman from Maine (1877–99); Speaker of the House (1889–91, 1895–99)
De Alva S. Alexander 1870, congressman from New York (1896–1910) and United States district attorney from New York (1889–93)
Daniel J. McGillicuddy 1881, congressman from Maine (1911–17)
Frederick Stevens 1881, congressman from Minnesota (1897–1915)
John A. Peters 1885, congressman from Maine (1913–22) and United States district attorney from Maine (1922–47)
Simon M. Hamlin 1900, congressman from Maine (1935–37)
Donald F. Snow 1901, congressman from Maine (1929–33)
Robert Hale 1910, congressman from Maine (1943–59)
James C. Oliver 1917, congressman from Maine (1937–43)
Edward C. Moran, Jr. 1917, congressman from Maine (1933–37) and gubernatorial candidate (1928, 1930)
Joseph L. Fisher 1935, congressman from Virginia (1975–81)
Peter A. Garland 1945, congressman from Maine (1961–63)
Thomas H. Allen 1967, Rhodes Scholar, mayor of Portland, Maine (1991–1992), and congressman from Maine (1997–2009)
Tom Andrews 1976, congressman from Maine (1991–1995)
Pat Meehan 1978, congressman from Pennsylvania (2011–2018)
Other prominent federal governmental officials
Horatio Bridge 1825, commodore in the US Navy; chief of the Naval Bureau of Provisions & Clothing (1854–69)
Sumner Increase Kimball 1855, organizer (1878) and superintendent (1878–1916) of the U.S. Life-Saving Service, precursor to the U.S. Coast Guard
Ellis Spear 1858, Civil War general, U.S. Commissioner of Patents
Sumner Pike 1913, member of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1940–46) and member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1946–51)
E. Frederick Morrow 1930, first African American to hold an executive position at the White House
David F. Gordon 1971, Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department (2007–2009).
Lawrence Lindsey 1976, professor of economics at Harvard, and director of the National Economic Council under President George W. Bush.
Khurram Dastgir Khan Minister for Defence, Pakistan (2017–Present)
Ambassadors and other diplomats
Wilhelm Haas 1953, former German Ambassador to Israel, Japan, and the Netherlands
Thomas Pickering 1953, US Ambassador to Jordan (1974–78), Nigeria (1981–83), El Salvador (1983–85), Israel (1985–88), the United Nations (1989–92), India (1992–93), and Russia (1993–96); recipient of thirteen honorary degrees
Laurence Pope 1967, US Ambassador to Chad (1993–96)
David Pearce 1972, US Ambassador to Algeria (2008–11) and Greece (2013-2016)
Christopher Hill 1974, US Ambassador to Macedonia (1996–99), Poland (2000–2004), South Korea (2004–2005), and Iraq (2009–2010); Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs and chief US negotiator with North Korea (2005–2009)
Lawrence Butler 1975, US Ambassador to Macedonia (2002–2005)
Mayors
Samuel Merritt 1844, mayor of Oakland, California (1867–69)
William LeBaron Putnam 1855, mayor of Portland, Maine (1869–70) and gubernatorial candidate (1888)
Edwin M. Lee 1974, mayor of San Francisco, California (2011–2017); first Asian-American mayor in the city's history
Nick Pilch 1983, mayor of Albany, California (2020); candidate for Alameda County Supervisor (2020)
Stephen Laffey 1984, mayor of Cranston, R.I. (2002–07); candidate for U.S. Senate (2006)
Thomas Wilson 1985, mayor of Tuxedo Park, New York (2011–2013); candidate for U.S. Congress (2012)
City and state officials
Stirling Fessenden 1896, Chairman (1923-1929) and Secretary-General (1929-1939) of the Shanghai Municipal Council
Terry Hayes 1980, member of the Maine House of Representatives and Maine State Treasurer
Hoddy Hildreth 1949, Member of the Maine House of Representatives and conservationist
Peter Steinbrueck 1979, Seattle city councilman and activist
Nick Pilch 1983, Albany, CA City Council Member, Vice Mayor, and Mayor (2014-2020) and advocate
Deborah Foote 1983, New House of Representatives (1992–98)
Activists
DeRay Mckesson 2007, civil rights activist
Law
Note: individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the most relevant section.
U.S. Supreme Court Justices
Melville Weston Fuller 1853, 8th Chief Justice of the United States (1888–1910)
Harold Hitz Burton 1909, senator from Ohio (1941–45); associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1945–1958)
Federal and state judges
Josiah Pierce 1821, Judge of Probate for Cumberland County, Maine
Thomas Drummond 1830, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Amos Morrill 1834, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
William LeBaron Putnam 1855, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Clarence Hale 1869, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine
Frank George Farrington 1872, Associate Justice Maine Supreme Judicial Court (1928–1933)
Charles Fletcher Johnson 1879, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
John A. Peters 1885, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine
John David Clifford, Jr. 1910, United States district judge for the District of Maine (1933–47)
Ronald Rene Lagueux 1953, United States district judge for the District of Rhode Island (1986–present)
George J. Mitchell 1954, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine
Michael Anello 1965, Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California
Berle M. Schiller 1965, United States district judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2000–present)
John A. Woodcock, Jr. 1972, United States district judge for the District of Maine (2003–present)
Federal attorneys
Amory Holbrook 1841, first United States attorney for the Oregon territory and senatorial candidate
Pat Meehan 1978, United States attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2001–08)
Legal academics and other legal figures
Hoyt Augustus Moore 1895, Cravath, Swaine, and Moore presiding partner
Edward G. Hudon 1937, librarian for the U.S. Supreme Court (1972–76)
Fred Fisher 1942, Boston attorney and figure in the Army-McCarthy hearings
Dennis J. Hutchinson 1969, Rhodes Scholar, law clerk to US Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, professor of law at the University of Chicago, and biographer of Justice Byron White (1998)
Christopher Wolf 1976, law professor and attorney that represented Joseph Wilson and Valerie Plame and was in critical in the formation of internet law
Cara H. Drinan, professor of law at The Catholic University of America's Columbus School of Law
Karen Mill-Francis, retired Miami-Dade County judge and television arbitrator Judge Karen
Military
John F. Appleton 1860, Union Army colonel during the Civil War
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain 1852, Bowdoin College professor (1855–62), Civil War brigadier general, Medal of Honor recipient, Maine governor (1867–71), and president of Bowdoin College (1871–83)
Michael J. Connor 1980, USN Vice Admiral, Commander, Submarine Forces (2012–2015)
Abraham Eustis 1806 (M.A.), officer during the War of 1812
Francis Fessenden 1858, Union Army brigadier general during the Civil War
James Deering Fessenden 1852, Union Army brigadier general during the Civil War
Andrew Haldane 1941, USMC Silver Star recipient during World War II
Charles Henry Howard 1859, Union Army officer and newspaper publisher
Oliver Otis Howard 1850, Civil War major general, commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865–72), and founder and president of Howard University (1869–74)
Thomas Hamlin Hubbard 1857, Civil War colonel, lawyer, financier, philanthropist
Thomas Hyde 1861, Medal of Honor recipient during the Civil War and founder of Bath Iron Works (1884)
Everett P. Pope 1941, USMC Medal of Honor recipient during World War II
Ellis Spear 1858, Civil War colonel, U.S. Commissioner of Patents
Henry Clay Wood 1854, U.S. Army brigadier general who received the Medal of Honor for heroism at the Battle of Wilson's Creek
Science and medicine
William Smyth 1822, professor of mathematics and philosophy at Bowdoin; author of popular textbooks on algebra, trigonometry, geometry and calculus (1833–59)
James Liddell Phillips 1860, D.D.(Hon.) 1878, medical missionary to India. Christian Missionary founder of the Bible School at Midnapore.
Augustus Stinchfield 1868, co-founder of the Mayo Clinic
George Edwin Lord 1869, doctor killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876
Francis Robbins Upton 1875, mathematician and inventor; long-time associate of Thomas Edison; first student ever to receive a graduate degree from Princeton (1877)
Edwin Hall 1875, physicist, discoverer of the Hall effect, used worldwide in sensors and has led more recently to the quantum Hall effect, the international standard defining the ohm in electrical resistance
Robert Peary 1877, Naval officer and leader of the first expedition to reach the North Pole (1909)
Donald MacMillan 1898, member of the Peary expedition and pioneering Arctic explorer
Philip Hunter Timberlake 1908, prolific entomologist and writer of scientific essays
Malford W. Thewlis 1911, pioneer of gerontology and founder of the American Geriatrics Society
Alfred Kinsey 1916, sex researcher, author of the controversial Kinsey Reports (1948, 1953), professor at Indiana University (1920–56), and founder of the Institute for Sex Research (1947)
Myron Avery 1920, environmentalist instrumental in the creation of the Appalachian Trail
Cornelius P. Rhoads 1920, pathologist and oncologist; winner of awards for his contributions to the field of oncology; the American Association for Cancer research named an award after him, which was later renamed following a scandal
John Ripley Forbes 1938, conservationist and philanthropist of nature museums
J. Ward Kennedy 1955, cardiologist who made novel studies concerning the heart's pumping power
Auden Schendler 1992, corporate environmentalist prominently featured in issues of Time Magazine and Businessweek
Athletics
Whitey Witt, starting center fielder for the World Series-winning 1923 New York Yankees team
Fred Tootell 1923, Olympic gold medalist in the hammer throw (1924)
George Mitchell 1954, Senate Majority Leader (1989–95); in 2007 released the Mitchell Report concerning steroid abuses in Major League Baseball
Fred Ahern 1974, NHL hockey player
Dale Arnold 1979, two-time Emmy Award-winning sportcaster
Joan Benoit Samuelson 1979, world record holder and winner of the Boston (1979, 1983), Olympic (1984) and Chicago (1985) marathons
Rick Boyages 1985, head coach for William & Mary Tribe men's basketball (2000–2003)
Joe Beninati 1987, television play-by-play announcer for the Washington Capitals (1994–present) and Major League Lacrosse (2001–present)
Tom Ryan 1993, professional lacrosse player and coach
Jared Porter 2003, general manager of the New York Mets (2020–2021)
Sean Starke 2003, professional ice hockey player
Will Hanley 2012, professional basketball player in the Liga ACB in Spain
Business
Henry Varnum Poor 1835, founder of Standard & Poor's
Jonathan Eveleth 1847, founder of first U.S. oil company
Thomas Hyde 1861, Medal of Honor recipient and founder of Bath Iron Works (1884)
Charles W. Morse 1877, American ice, shipping and banking magnate; ruined the career of New York mayor Robert Van Wyck and helped spark the Panic of 1907
Freelan Oscar Stanley 1877, inventor of the Stanley Steamer, and builder of the Stanley Hotel
L. Brooks Leavitt 1899, investment banker, partner, Paine, Webber & Co., Overseer, Bowdoin College, donor to college library
Harvey Dow Gibson 1902, Red Cross commissioner and president of the Manufacturers Trust Co; served on the board of the 1939 New York World's Fair
Everett P. Pope 1941, Medal of Honor recipient, bank president, and longtime member (1977–87) and chairman of the college's Board of Trustees (1985–87)
Charles Ireland, Jr. 1942, president of CBS (1971–72)
Bernard Osher 1948, billionaire auctioneer of Butterfield & Butterfield and philanthropist
Raymond S. Troubh 1950, independent financial consultant, general partner at Lazard (1961–74), and interim chairman at Enron (2002–2004)
Peter Buck 1952, billionaire co-founder of the Subway sandwich chain (1965) and physicist
George Mitchell 1954, chairman of the Walt Disney Corporation (2004–06)
Leon Gorman 1956, president (1967–2001) and chairman (2001–present) of L. L. Bean
Donald M. Zuckert 1956, chairman and CEO of Ted Bates Worldwide, Inc.
David A. Olsen 1959, CEO of Johnson & Higgins (1990–97); vice chairman of Marsh & McLennan (1997) and then board member (1997–present)
Kenneth Chenault 1973, president (1997–2001) and CEO (2001–present) of American Express; the first African-American CEO of a Fortune 500 company
Sheldon M. Stone 1974, Oaktree Capital Management founder and partner
Stanley Druckenmiller 1975, billionaire financier and philanthropist; former business associate of George Soros
Robert F. White 1977, founding member of Bain Capital
John Studzinski 1978, American-British investment banker and philanthropist and CBE
James "Jes" Staley 1979, former head of investment banking at JPMorgan Chase
Reed Hastings 1983, founder (1997) and CEO (1997–present) of Netflix
Charity and nonprofit
Geoffrey Canada 1974, author and activist; president and CEO of the Harlem Children's Zone
John J. Studzinski 1978, investment banker and champion of the homeless and the arts; founder of the Genesis Foundation
Academia
Note: individuals who belong in multiple sections appear in the most relevant section.
College founders and Presidents
Nathan Lord 1809, president of Dartmouth College (1828–63)
Alpheus Packard, Sr. 1819, professor (1824–65) and acting president (1882–84) of Bowdoin College
William C. Larrabee 1828, president of DePauw University (1848–1849)
William Henry Allen 1833, president of Dickinson College (1847–48) and Pennsylvania State University (1864–68)
Samuel Harris 1833, president of Bowdoin College (1867–71) and Dwight Professor of Systematic Theology at Yale Divinity School (1871–95)
Cyrus Hamlin 1834, co-founder of Robert College in Istanbul (1860); president of Middlebury College (1880–85)
Alonzo Garcelon 1836, donor of Bates College (1855), Civil War general, Maine governor (1879–80)
Laurie G. Lachance 1983, president, Thomas College (2012– )
George Frederick Magoun 1841, first president of Iowa College, now Grinnell College (1865–1885)
Oliver Otis Howard 1850, Civil War general, commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865–72), and founder and president of Howard University (1869–74)
Kenneth Sills 1901, president of Bowdoin College (1918–52)
Asa S. Knowles 1930, president of the University of Toledo and Northeastern University, and namesake of the building which houses the Northeastern School of Law
Lawrence Lee Pelletier 1936, president of Allegheny College, and namesake of the school's library
Robert W. Morse 1943, first president of Case Western Reserve University (1966–71)
George Mitchell 1954, Chancellor of Queen's University, Belfast
Roger Howell, Jr. 1958, Rhodes Scholar, Professor of History, and president of Bowdoin College (1969–78)
Barry Mills 1972, president of Bowdoin College (2001–2015)
Meredith Jung-En Woo 1980, professor at Northwestern University (1989–2000) and the University of Michigan (2001–present); Dean of the College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Virginia (2008–2015); president of Sweet Briar College (2017–present); expert on Korean politics
Paul A. Chadbourne professor 1858, President of University of Wisconsin, Williams College, and University of Massachusetts
Adam S. Weinberg 1987, president of Denison University (2013-present)
Professors and scholars
Calvin Ellis Stowe 1824, professor of religion at the Andover Theological Seminary, Dartmouth College and Bowdoin College; husband and literary agent of Harriet Beecher Stowe
Henry Boynton Smith 1834, theologian and professor at Amherst College (1847–50) and the Union Theological Seminary (1850–74)
Ezra Abbot 1840, influential biblical scholar and professor at the Harvard Divinity School (1872–84)
Charles Carroll Everett 1850, theologian and philosopher; professor at (1869–78), and dean of (1878–1900), the Harvard Divinity School
William Alfred Packard 1851, classical scholar and professor at Princeton University
Jonathan Stanton 1856, ornithologist and professor at Bates College (1863–1906)
Oliver Patterson Watts 1889, professor of chemistry at University of Wisconsin
Boyd Bartlett 1917, military officer and physics professor at the United States Military Academy
Robert Albion 1918, author and professor at Princeton University (1922–47) and at Harvard University (1948–65)
Douglas Chalmers 1953, Chair of Columbia University's Political Science Department (1978-1986); Acting Dean of Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs (1996-1997); Director of Columbia University's Institute for Latin American and Iberian Studies ( ? - present)
Richard E. Morgan 1959, distinguished professor of Government at Bowdoin College (1969–2014)
Peter Hayes 1968, Holocaust historian
Bruce E. Cain 1970, Rhodes Scholar and Charles Louis Ducommun Professor at Stanford University (2012–present)
Ralph G. Steinhardt 1976, Arthur Selwyn Miller Research Professor of Law at the George Washington University Law School (1985–present)
Lyman Page 1978, astronomer, physicist, and professor at Princeton University
Thomas Glave 1993, O. Henry Award-winning short story writer, essayist and English professor at Binghamton University
Religion
Rev. Joshua Young, Unitarian minister who presided over the funeral of John Brown.
Fictional Alumni
Hawkeye Pierce, the protagonist of Richard Hooker's novel, M*A*S*H (1968), attended a school based on Bowdoin; played by Donald Sutherland in the Academy Award-winning film version (1970) and by Alan Alda in the long-running TV series (1972–83)
Dr. Wilbur Larch, the pro-choice doctor who raises Homer Wells, the protagonist of John Irving's novel, The Cider House Rules (1985); Michael Caine won an Academy Award when he portrayed him in the 1999 film version
Homer Wells, the protagonist of John Irving's The Cider House Rules (1985), recipient of a Bowdoin degree forged by his mentor and father figure, Dr. Wilbur Larch; played by Tobey Maguire in the 1999 film version
Forney Hull, the main love interest of the lead character in Billie Letts' novel, Where the Heart Is (1995); played by James Frain in the 2000 film version
Derek Shepherd ("McDreamy"), a lead character played by Patrick Dempsey in the popular TV series Grey's Anatomy (2005–2015)
Gilbert, a character in Paul Harding's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Tinkers (2009), a semi-legendary literary figured who graduated from Bowdoin and is rumored to have been one of Nathaniel Hawthorne's classmates
Horace Guilder, the villain in Justin Cronin's 2012 novel The Twelve, mentions having running cross-country at Bowdoin.
Honorary degree recipients
John Neal M.A. 1836, American poet, novelist, journalist, critic, editor, lecturer, athlete, and activist
Jefferson Davis L.L.D. 1859, senator from Mississippi (1847–53, 1857–61), Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce (1853–1857), and president of the Confederate States of America (1861–65)
Joshua Young, D.D., 1890, abolitionist, minister of several congregations in Vermont and Massachusetts
Ashley Day Leavitt D.D. 1918, Pastor, State Street Congregational Church, Portland, Maine
Robert Frost Litt.D. 1926, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and professor at Amherst College (1916–38)
Leverett Saltonstall L.L.D. 1940, Governor and United States Senator from Massachusetts
Sturgis Elleno Leavitt Litt.D. 1943, scholar of Spanish language and literature, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Harlan Fiske Stone L.L.D. 1944, Attorney General under President Calvin Coolidge (1924–25); Associate (1925–41) and Chief (1941–46) Justice of the Supreme Court
N.C. Wyeth A.M. 1945, American artist and illustrator
Margaret Chase Smith L.L.D. 1952, representative (1940–49) and senator (1949–73) from Maine
Sir Roger Makins LL.D. 1955, British Ambassador to the United States
Edmund Muskie L.L.D. 1957, Maine governor (1954–58); senator from Maine (1958–1980); Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter (1980–81)
David Rockefeller L.L.D. 1958, banker and philanthropist
Roswell Gilpatric L.L.D. 1963, attorney, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
Edward Brooke LL.D. 1969, senator from Massachusetts (1967–79)
Andrew Wyeth D.F.A. 1970, American artist
E. Frederic Morrow L.L.D. 1970, first black US presidential aide; former Bowdoin undergraduate (1926–30)
Olympia Snowe L.L.D. 1983, representative (1979–94) and senator (1994–present) from Maine
Berenice Abbott D.F.A. 1982, photographer
George H. W. Bush L.L.D. 1982, 43rd Vice President (1981–89) and 41st President of the United States (1989–1993)
Maya Angelou, Litt.D. 1987, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and author
Ken Burns L.H.D. 1991, director of documentaries on the American Civil War (1990), baseball (1994) and jazz (2001)
Cornel West L.H.D. 1999, celebrity professor at Yale, Harvard and Princeton
Paul Simon L.L.D. 2001, congressman (1975–85) and senator (1985–97) from Illinois
Grace Paley Litt. D. 2003, essayist and short story writer
Shulamit Ran Mus.D. 2004, Pulitzer Prize-winning composer
Torsten N. Wiesel S.D. 2004, Nobel Prize winner in medicine
Frederick Wiseman D.F.A. 2005, documentary filmmaker
Roger Angell L.H.D. 2006, senior editor of The New Yorker
Drew Gilpin Faust L.H.D. 2007, president of Harvard University
Yvon Chouinard L.H.D. 2008, businessman, climber, founder of Patagonia Inc.
Gina Kolata Litt.D. 2008, science journalist for The New York Times
Kenneth Roth L.L.D. 2009, executive director of Human Rights Watch
Edward Albee L.H.D. 2009, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright
John E. Baldacci L.L.D. 2011, governor of Maine (2003-11)
Mira Nair D.F.A 2011, Academy Award-nominated Indian filmmaker
Madeleine Albright L.L.D 2013, first female United States Secretary of State
Patrick Dempsey L.H.D. 2013, actor and philanthropist
Susan Rice L.L.D. 2018, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2009–13), U.S. National Security Advisor (2013–17), and U.S. Domestic Policy Council Director (2021-present)
Notable faculty members and trustees (non-graduates)
John Chandler (1762–1841), congressman and senator from Maine, trustee
William King (1768–1862), Maine governor, trustee
Jesse Appleton (1772–1819), president of Bowdoin and father of first lady Jane Pierce
Parker Cleaveland (1780–1858), professor (50 years plus), scientist, "Father of American Mineralogy"
Andrews Norton (1786–1853), theologian, visiting faculty member
Amos Nourse (1794–1877), senator from Maine, professor of obstetrics
James Bradbury (1802–1901), senator from Maine, trustee
Roswell Dwight Hitchcock (1817–1887), professor of natural and revealed religion
Charles Abiathar White (1826–1910), professor of natural history
George Trumbull Ladd (1842–1921), professor of philosophy
Alex Marzano-Lesnevich, professor of English
Roy Ridley (1890–1969), writer and poet, visiting faculty member
Adam Walsh (1901–1985), NFL Coach of the Year for the Cleveland Rams
Rex Warner (1905–1986), English classicist, visiting faculty member
Louis Coxe (1918–1993), poet and author, longtime professor of English
Thomas Cornell (1937-2012), professor of art
Elliott Schwartz (1936–2016), composer and Robert K. Beckwith Professor of Music Emeritus
Brian Lukacher, art historian
Angus King (1944–present), Maine governor, US Senator, adjunct faculty member
Richard Ford (1944–present), Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist of Independence Day (1995)
Paul Franco (1956–present), professor of political philosophy
Michael Crow (1956–present), president of Arizona State University, trustee
Anthony Walton (1960–present), poet and writer-in-residence
Scott Sehon (1963–present), professor of philosophy
John Bisbee (1965–present), sculptor and professor of art
Kristen R. Ghodsee, ethnographer, professor of gender and women's studies
Eddie Glaude, professor of religion
Charles Beitz, professor of politics, former Dean of Academic Affairs
Richard E. Morgan, professor of politics, conservative writer
Susan Faludi, Pulitzer Prize-winning feminist scholar, professor of gender and women's studies
Bob Griffin (born 1980), American-Israeli basketball player, and English Literature professor
Matthew Stuart (-present), professor of philosophy
See also
List of Bates College people
List of Colby College people
List of Dartmouth College people
References
Bowdoin College people
Bowdoin College |
4035279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%20Boon%20Heng | Lim Boon Heng | Lim Boon Heng (; born 18 November 1947) is a Singaporean former politician who has been serving as the chairman of Temasek Holdings since 2013.
A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was a Member of Parliament (MP) between 1980 and 2011, and had served in the Cabinet between 2001 and 2011. He was the chairman of the People's Action Party (PAP) from between 2004 and 2011, succeeding Tony Tan.
Lim was also the chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative, deputy chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation, secretary-general of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and deputy chairman of the People's Association.
Early life
Lim grew up in a small farm in Punggol, Singapore. He studied at Montfort Junior School (1955–1960) and Montfort Secondary School (1961–1966). In 1967, Lim was awarded a Colombo Plan Scholarship to study naval architecture at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Upon graduation in 1970, he joined Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) as a naval architect. In 1971, he was awarded a one-year NORAD (Norwegian) Fellowship for practical training in Oslo, leading to a diploma in international shipping inspection. Lim was assigned overseas twice to supervise the construction of NOL's new ships - Denmark (1972–1974) and Japan (1976–1977). He was promoted to Manager of Corporate Planning in 1978, while concurrently holding the post of Manager of Liner Services.
Political career
Lim entered politics in 1980 after he was approached by Goh Chok Tong, who had previously worked with him in NOL. Lim was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kebun Baru (1980–1991). Lim floated the concept of town councils in 1984 and became the Chairman of the first town council in Ang Mo Kio West in 1986. He was MP for the Ulu Pandan (1991–2001) and Jurong (Jurong Central) (2001–2011). Lim was Chairman of the Government Parliamentary Committee (GPC) for Labour (1987–1991) and Deputy Speaker of Parliament (1989–1991).
Lim first entered the Cabinet when he was appointed as Minister without portfolio in October 1993 (later renamed as Minister in the Prime Minister's Office). Before being elevated to the Cabinet, he was appointed Senior Minister of State for the Ministry of Trade and Industry in 1991 and later became the Second Minister in 1993. In 1996, he was the Treasurer of the PAP Central Executive Committee and went on to become the Chairman of the PAP Central Executive Committee in 2004. In 2007, Lim was appointed Chairman of the Ministerial Committee on Ageing to oversee issues related to Singapore's rapidly ageing population.
Lim was Chairman of the National Productivity Board (1991–2003), later known as the Productivity and Standards Board and subsequently the Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING Singapore). Lim was also Chairman of the Skills Development Council (1999–2002).
Lim was the Chairman of the Cost Review Committee to look into cost of living in Singapore. (CRC1993 and CRC1996).
Lim announced his retirement from politics in 2011 before the general elections. He also hit the headlines in when he teared up while responding to the media on whether there was groupthink among PAP politicians. He recounts how the Cabinet was deeply split over whether to set up a casino in Singapore and his struggle with the decision.
Trade union career
Lim has a long career with the trade union in Singapore. He spent 26 years at the National Trades Union Congress, with the last 13 as its Secretary-General. He rose from the position of Deputy Director (1981–1983) to Assistant Secretary-General (1983–1987) and Deputy Secretary-General (1987–1991). Thereafter, he had a two-year stint at the Ministry of Trade and Industry (1991–1993). Upon his return to the NTUC, he was elected Secretary-General and served for another four terms until he stepped down in December 2006 to make way for Lim Swee Say.
Lim is Chairman of NTUC Eldercare since 2000 and Deputy Chairman of Singapore Labour Foundation since 1997. Following his retirement from NTUC, Lim helps to oversee the labour movement's network of nine cooperatives. He is currently Chairman of the Social Enterprises Development Council.
Lim served as a member on the National Wages Council from 1981 to 1991. Lim was instrumental in pushing for a flexible wage system to help older workers keep their jobs and to preserve jobs during difficult economic times.
Lim was able to persuade union leaders to support the Central Provident Fund (CPF) cuts and reform during the 1998 recession. He also rallied union leaders and workers to support the restructuring of key companies like PSA International and Singapore Airlines (SIA).
Aware of the many criticisms of his wearing the two hats - that of NTUC chief and Minister in the Cabinet, Lim argued that this arrangement gave labour a place to influence public policy-making at the highest level. He opined that both trade unions and government have the same objective - to better the lives of workers.
In August 1996, Lim was conferred the honorary Doctor of Business from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology for his role in developing and fostering tripartite relationship among government, employers and workers in Singapore. In November 1996, Lim received the honorary Doctorate of Civil Law from his alma mater, the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne for his "combined academic distinction, business acumen, political commitment and social concern". In 2007, the NTUC honoured Lim with the Distinguished Comrade of Labour for his contributions to the trade union movement. The NTUC recognises Lim as having played a key role in building trust among tripartite partners in the tumultuous 1990s when Singapore was rocked by recessions, job losses, and economic restructuring.
Lim was also the Executive Secretary of SMMWU (1981–1991) and advisor to 11 unions affiliated to the NTUC. He was also Chairman of NTUC Pasir Ris Resort Management Committee (1988–1992), Chairman of NTUC Club (1993–2006) and Appointing Governor of the Ong Teng Cheong Institute of Labour Studies (OTC-ILS) (1993–2006).
In 2013, the Lim Boon Heng Scholarship was launched to help Singaporean students who are residents of Jurong Central and Jurong Spring constituencies who have applied for admission into or are pursuing higher education in Singapore universities.
Post-politics career
After Lim's retirement from politics in 2011, he joined Temasek Holding's as a director in June 2012. In July 2013, the investment company announced his appointment as chairman to replace the then outgoing chairman S. Dhanabalan.
Lim is also the chairman of NTUC Enterprise Co-operative. and retains his position as deputy chairman of the Singapore Labour Foundation.
In 2017, Lim urged Singaporeans to work as long as they can, as working longer can offer health benefits and give them a sense of purpose. "We should work for as long as we are able to work, and want to work, although we should not expect the same pay."
In 2018, Lim participated in a roundtable to discuss about the merits of the Progressive Wage Model in Singapore versus a universal Minimum Wage.
References
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
Living people
1947 births
Singaporean trade unionists |
4035283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Maurer | Andreas Maurer | Andreas Maurer (born 8 March 1958) is a former tennis player from West Germany.
Maurer won one singles title (1985, Madrid) and two doubles titles (1984, Stuttgart outdoor and 1986, Geneva) during his professional career. The right-hander reached his career-high singles ATP-ranking in May 1986, when he became the world No. 24. His best doubles ranking of world No. 53 was achieved in March 1983
Grand Prix career finals
Singles: 1 (1–0)
Doubles: 2 (2–0)
External links
1958 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gelsenkirchen
West German male tennis players
Tennis people from North Rhine-Westphalia |
4035313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Richmond | Danny Richmond | Daniel "Danny" Richmond (born August 1, 1984) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who most recently played for Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He is the son of former NHL defenseman, Steve Richmond.
Playing career
Amateur career
As a youth, Richmond played in the 1998 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team representing the State of Illinois.
Prior to playing professionally, Richmond played one season each in three different leagues. In 2001–02, Richmond was named the league Rookie of the Year playing for the Chicago Steel of the United States Hockey League, and was named first-team USHL All-Star. His dad was the coach of the Chicago Steel that season. In 2002–03, Richmond played collegiate hockey for the University of Michigan in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, and was named to the CCHA All-Rookie Team. Richmond played for the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League in 2003–04. Richmond also played in the 2004 International Ice Hockey Federation World Junior Championships, helping the United States win the gold medal with two assists in the gold-medal game.
Professional career
Richmond was drafted by the Carolina Hurricanes with the first pick in the second round (the 31st overall selection) in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft, and signed a three-year contract with Carolina on September 15, 2004. Richmond's first professional season was with the Lowell Lock Monsters of the American Hockey League (AHL) in 2004–05, where Richmond scored four goals and had nine assists in 63 games.
In the 2005–06 season, Richmond split time between Lowell and Carolina, appearing in ten games for the Hurricanes and tallying one assist, and was named to the AHL Planet USA All-Star Team. On January 20, 2006, Richmond was traded by the Hurricanes to the Chicago Blackhawks for Anton Babchuk, and was assigned to the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL.
On July 17, 2008, Richmond was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Tim Brent. In the 2008–09 season, Richmond was assigned to Pittsburgh affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. Richmond played in 55 games with the Penguins before he was traded to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Andy Wozniewski on March 4, 2009.
On July 20, 2009, Richmond re-signed to a one-year contract with the Blues. Danny started the 2009–10 season with the Rivermen and played in 54 games before he was traded along with Hannu Toivonen, back to the Blackhawks, for Joe Fallon on March 1, 2010.
On June 11, 2010 Richmond was an honorary guest in the Chicago Blackhawks Stanley Cup parade through Chicago.
On September 30, 2010 Richmond received a Stanley Cup ring along with other Blackhawk players and staff at a private ceremony.
On July 3, 2011, Richmond signed a one-year contract with the Washington Capitals organization. Assigned to AHL affiliate, the Hershey Bears for the 2011–12 season, Richmond played in only 24 games before he was traded by the Capitals to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for Mike Carman on February 2, 2012. He was immediately assigned to AHL affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters, where Richmond was credited in helping the Monsters in a late season push by scoring 7 points in 23 games.
Unable to reach the playoffs with the Monsters, Richmond signed before free agency in North America to a one-year contract with Finnish team Lahti Pelicans of the SM-liiga on May 23, 2012. In the 2012–13 season, Richmond was leading the lowly Pelicans from the Blueline with 18 points in 39 games, before he was released from his contract and signed for the remainder of the season with European club, EC Red Bull Salzburg of the Austrian Hockey League, on January 27, 2013.
After helping Salzburg reach the EBEL semi-finals, Richmond left as a free agent and opted to remain in Europe in signing a one-year contract with German club, EHC München of the DEL, on June 17, 2013.
On June 19, 2014, Richmond transferred from Munich to rivals Adler Mannheim, agreeing to a two-year deal.
In his first season with the Adler Mannheim, Richmond won the DEL championship, defeating Ingolstadt in 6 games. Richmond led all defenders in points for the Adler with 8 goals and 32 assists
After three seasons with Mannheim, Richmond left as a free agent to sign a two-year deal with Eisbären Berlin on May 31, 2017.
Personal life
Richmond's father, Steve, played in the NHL with the New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, New Jersey Devils, and the Los Angeles Kings.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honors
References
External links
1984 births
Adler Mannheim players
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Chicago Steel players
Carolina Hurricanes draft picks
Carolina Hurricanes players
Eisbären Berlin players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey players from Chicago
Lake Erie Monsters players
Living people
London Knights players
Lowell Lock Monsters players
Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey players
EHC München players
Norfolk Admirals players
Lahti Pelicans players
Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
EC Red Bull Salzburg players
Toronto Marlies players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players |
4035316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladno%20%28disambiguation%29 | Kladno (disambiguation) | Kladno is a city in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.
Kladno may also refer to the following places:
Kladno District, part of the Central Bohemian Region
Kladno (Chrudim District), a village in Pardubice Region, Czech Republic
Kładno, Poland |
4035319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston%E2%80%93Felton%E2%80%93Hay%20House | Johnston–Felton–Hay House | The Johnston–Felton–Hay House, often abbreviated Hay House, is a historic residence at 934 Georgia Avenue in Macon, Georgia. Built between 1855 and 1859 by William Butler Johnston and his wife Anne Tracy Johnston in the Italian Renaissance Revival style, the house has been called the "Palace of the South." The mansion sits atop Coleman Hill on Georgia Avenue in downtown Macon, near the Walter F. George School of Law, part of Mercer University. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its architectural uniqueness.
The , 24-room home was designed by the New York architect T. Thomas and Son. It was built in part by craftsman and artisans brought from Italy who were supervised by local master builder James B. Ayers. It has four levels and is crowned by a three-story cupola. Commissioned by imaginative owners and constructed by the most skillful workers of the time, its technological amenities were unsurpassed in the mid-nineteenth century: hot and cold running water, central heat, a speaker-tube system connecting 15 rooms, a French lift equivalent to today's elevator, in-house kitchen, and an elaborate ventilation system.
House history
Two families lived in Hay House, the first over four generations. Most of the home's present-day furnishings date from the Hay family's occupancy (1926–1962). A few pieces are from the Johnston family (1860–1896), most notably the Eastlake-style dining room suite. The most notable piece in the collection may be the 1857 marble statue, "Ruth Gleaning", by American expatriate sculptor Randolph Rogers.
The home was a place of comfort for the Johnston family and their daughters until the late 1800s. In 1896 after the death of Mrs. Johnston, their daughter Mary Ellen Felton and her husband lived in the home. The Feltons updated the plumbing and electricity and stayed in the home until the time of their deaths in 1926.
The Johnstons
William Butler Johnston obtained his substantial wealth through investments in banking, railroads and public utilities rather than from the agrarian cotton economy. In 1851, he married Anne Clark Tracy, 20 years his junior, and the couple embarked on an extended honeymoon in Europe from 1852 to 1855. During their trip, the Johnstons visited hundreds of museums, historic sites and art studios. They collected fine porcelains, sculptures and paintings as mementos during their grand tour. Inspired by the Italian architecture they observed, the Johnstons constructed the monumental Italian Renaissance Revival mansion in Macon upon their return to America. Only two of the Johnstons' six children survived to adulthood. Caroline and Mary Ellen Johnston were born in 1862 and 1864, respectively, and grew up in the house on Georgia Avenue.
The Feltons
After the death of Mrs. Johnston in 1896, daughter Mary Ellen and her husband, Judge William H. Felton, lived in the house. They remodeled and redecorated parts of the house, updated the plumbing and added electricity. Their only child, William Hamilton Felton Jr., was born in 1889. He married Luisa Macgill Gibson in 1915, and the newlywed couple soon moved in with the Feltons. They and their two sons, William Hamilton Felton III and George Gibson Felton, lived in the house until 1926.
The Hays
After the deaths of William Sr. and Mary Ellen Felton, the house was sold to Parks Lee Hay and his wife, Maude. After purchasing, the Hays redecorated the entire home, updating it to fit the new twentieth-century décor. The home was seen as a local landmark to all in middle Georgia. Mr. Hay died in 1957, and Mrs. Hay died in 1962.
Present day
Following Mrs. Hay's death, her heirs established the P.L. Hay Foundation and operated the house as a private house museum. By virtue of its national architectural significance, Hay House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. In 1977, the ownership and operation of the house was formally transferred to The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation to ensure its long-term preservation.
In 2000, the White House Millennium Council designated Hay House an Official Project of Save America's Treasures in 2000. Today, Hay House is one of Macon's most popular tourist attractions with 20,000 visitors each year. The house is also a prominent rental venue for special events.
Hay House campaign
Recently, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation which oversees the management and maintenance of Hay House embarked on a successful $7.6 million capital campaign for the restoration and maintenance of the building. Of the money raised in the capital campaign, $3.5 million was earmarked to establish an endowment for ongoing maintenance. A need of $17.5 million has been identified to fund a complete restoration of the Hay House and permanently endow all future maintenance and management.
The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation received a number of donations and grants including a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, a grant from the National Endowment of the Arts, and an Architectural Conservation grant from the Getty Foundation.
Restoration
Today, Hay House is open to visitors. Tours are held daily. Some of the plants in the landscaping of the home date back to the 19th century. Renovations continue to occur to keep Hay House up to date. Upcoming projects include a redesign of the gift shop, including new insulation, and writing specifications for mortar repairs outside of the building. Half of the money raised in the capital campaign was allocated for restoration of the exterior, cupola, and most public rooms of the house. Other restoration efforts include repairing the porch and stairs, masonry, and window and door shutter; conserving the stained glass; installing UV protection on windows; restoring the ground floor, attic, and cupola; lighting the 8,000-gallon water tank interior to illustrate the technological innovations of the house; conserving the collections of paintings and porcelain; and repairing the exterior grounds. Original furnishings and decorations in the downstairs rooms are also being researched in order to accurately restore the wall coverings, paint finishes, and furniture upholstery to their appearance during the Hay family's residency in the house.
Popular culture
The house served as the filming location for the debutante ball scene in Borat Subsequent Moviefilm.
See also
Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation
Rhodes Hall
List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bibb County, Georgia
References
Jones, Tommy H.; Margaret Hall, editor, The Johnstons, Feltons, & Hays: 100 Years in the Palace of the South, Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, 1993.
Linley, John. The Georgia Catalog, Historic American Buildings Survey: A Guide to the Architecture of the State, University of Georgia Press, 1983.*National Historic Landmarks Program: Hay House. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1084&ResourceType=Building
National Register of Historic Places: Johnston-Hay House. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=27
The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation (2009). "Annual Report 2008".
The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation (2007-11-11). The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation Announces Successful $7 Million Fundraising Campaign. Press Release.
External links
Hay House (official website), at Georgia Trust. Includes visiting hours.
Houses completed in 1859
National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses in Macon, Georgia
Museums in Macon, Georgia
Historic house museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Italian Renaissance Revival architecture in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Bibb County, Georgia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state) |
4035327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20Acu%C3%B1a | Ricardo Acuña | Ricardo Acuña (born 13 January 1958) is a former tennis player from Chile, who won three doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 47 in March 1986.
Since his retirement from competition, Acuña has served as both the assistant director and the Director of Tennis at the ATP Headquarters in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. He currently serves on the USTA Player Development staff as a National Coach for Men's tennis.
Career finals
Singles (1 runner-up)
Doubles (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Chilean emigrants to the United States
Chilean male tennis players
Northwestern State University alumni
People from Jupiter, Florida
Sportspeople from Santiago
Tennis people from Florida
Tennis players at the 1979 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Pan American Games silver medalists for Chile
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games |
4035330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%20Vitali | Domino Vitali | Dominetta Vitali, known simply as Domino, is a fictional character and the main Bond girl in the James Bond novel Thunderball. For the 1965 film adaptation of the same name, her name was changed to Dominique Derval, nicknamed Domino, and she was portrayed by French actress Claudine Auger. In the 1983 film adaptation Never Say Never Again, her character was renamed Domino Petachi and she was portrayed by American actress Kim Basinger.
Biography
The novel
Born Dominetta Petacchi, she is an Italian beauty from Bolzano who went to school in England at Cheltenham Ladies' College. She later studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art until being forced (after her parents' death in a train wreck) to return to Italy, where she became an actress. She changed her surname to Vitali, a stage name. While in Italy she also became the mistress of Emilio Largo, whom she calls a "guardian" of no relation.
Bond meets Domino while in Nassau. She is staying on Largo's yacht, the Disco Volante, and believes Largo is in the area on a treasure hunt. For reasons she does not understand Largo makes her stay on land while he and his partners (whom she describes as shareholders) go prospecting for the hidden treasure. She also tells Bond that she has never been able to see the map that they use. Although Bond is successful in engaging Domino in conversation, she snubs him, but later agrees to meet with him again when she returns to land. She also becomes testy when Bond uses her given name, Dominetta, and bluntly tells him to call her 'Domino'.
When Bond and Domino meet again at the casino later, she has entirely changed. She tells Bond that she is tired of watching Largo show off and letting him use her. She explains to Bond that she is trapped like a bird in a gilded cage. Domino later reveals that Giuseppe Petacchi is her brother who she hasn't seen for quite some time. Bond finds out that Largo had Petacchi killed after Petacchi had hijacked a bomber on SPECTRE's behalf. He proves this to Domino, and recruits her as an ally to spy on Largo. Domino returns to Largo's yacht, the Disco Volante, with a geiger counter to verify the ship as the location of the two stolen nuclear bombs, however, she is uncovered and taken prisoner. Largo tortures her by burning her with a cigar for heat and then using ice cubes for cold.
Domino ultimately escapes as Largo attempts to carry out his plan. Before he can kill a weakened James Bond, she appears behind him and shoots him through the neck with a harpoon from a spear gun, avenging her brother.
The films
Thunderball
In early drafts of the film's screenplay, the character's name was Dominetta Palazzi. When Claudine Auger was cast as Domino, the character's surname was changed to Derval to reflect her nationality.
Dominique Derval is seen when Bond is swimming in Nassau, her foot gets stuck in coral on the ocean floor but Bond sets her free. She swims up to her boat and thanks Bond. Bond swims back to his boat with his Nassau contact, Paula Caplan. Paula takes care of their boat, as Bond is about to learn more about Domino. Domino and Bond have lunch on the beach, but Quist spies on the two, a sign that Domino had to go back to the yacht Disco Volante. At the hotel Bond stayed in, Bond sees Domino with Largo, Domino smoking a cigar, as Bond bids in the game against Largo. Domino tells Largo that Bond has pressed her to a drink. Domino and Bond slow-dance outside but Largo collects her.
Upon arriving at Largo's home in Palmyra, Domino is swimming when Bond visits. After leaving to make lunch, Largo invites Bond to the Nassau Junkanoo. Domino accompanies them and informs Bond that Felix Leiter is trying to contact him. Bond then searches for Paula, who had been kidnapped by Fiona Volpe. He finds out that Paula committed suicide with cyanide. The next day, Domino and Bond make love in the water. They go on shore and Bond tells Domino the story: Largo killed her brother, a French Air Force pilot assigned to NATO, in order for SPECTRE to steal a Royal Air Force Avro Vulcan strategic bomber with two nuclear bombs. Largo, as a senior SPECTRE operative, plans to create a nuclear holocaust using the weapons.
Domino then aids Bond by helping him kill Vargas and spying on the Disco Volante, but Largo captures and tortures her. Domino escapes and kills Largo with a harpoon in the back. She and Bond then jump off Volante just in time before it explodes. They are immediately rescued by the CIA B-17 and carried into the air on a sky hook.
Never Say Never Again
Domino Petachi (played by Kim Basinger) is structured after Domino Derval. The character is called Domino, it is no longer just a nickname, but her last name has reverted to the novel's original Petachi. Unlike in the first film version where she refers to Largo as her "guardian," there is no disguising the fact they are involved romantically.
She meets Bond at a spa in Monte Carlo, where he poses as a masseur and massages her for information. This gives her immense pleasure, though she later realizes he is not who he appears to be. She encounters him again at a casino where Bond introduces himself to her. They have drinks before being interrupted by Largo. The two dance briefly, where Bond informs her about the death of her brother Jack. Bond is then invited to Largo's yacht, where Largo spies on them kissing in her cabin. He leaves Bond manacled near Palmyra, while Domino is auctioned off as a slave to some unsavory Arabs. Bond eventually escapes and rescues her. They are then chased by the Arabs on horseback until the horse jumps off a cliff into the ocean. They are rescued from the water by Felix Leiter and a team from MI6. After their rescue, Domino and Bond track Largo to a location known as "The Tears of Allah". The two take a shower together, and Bond kisses her before heading off to stop Largo. The circumstances of her spearing Largo as he and Bond fight are altered from the original film – it here takes place underwater, with all the characters in scuba gear. The film ends with Bond indicating his intention to retire from MI6 and settle down with Domino.
Reception
In a poll conducted by Moviefone.com in 2008, Basinger was ranked #3 in the top 10 sexiest Bond girls for her portrayal of Domino.
References
Bond girls
Fictional Italian people
Thunderball (film)
Literary characters introduced in 1961 |
4035332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28United%20States%29 | 14th Infantry Regiment (United States) | The 14th Infantry Regiment ("Golden Dragons" ) is a United States Army light infantry regiment. It has served in the American Civil War, Boxer Rebellion, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, Operation Restore Hope, Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Joint Guard, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Gothic Serpent, Operation New Dawn, Operation Resolute Support, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 14th Infantry Regiment did not take part in combat during World War I. It has also conducted peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in the Sinai Peninsula, Guantánamo Bay in Cuba, Bosnia, and Kosovo.
Only the 2nd Battalion of the 14th Infantry Regiment is currently active, assigned to 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum, New York.
History
Civil War, 1861–66
In May 1861, President Abraham Lincoln called for the creation of nine additional Regular Army infantry regiments in preparation for the looming civil war. These regiments were designated the 11th through the 19th Infantry and organized as "three-battalion" regiments, each battalion containing eight companies of infantry, in contrast to the original ten regular regiments of infantry, which were organized on the traditional ten-company line.
The 14th Infantry Regiment was organized on 3 May 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut, in two battalions with the third added in April 1862. Part of the Army of the Potomac, the regiment saw its first combat action in the Peninsula Campaign 17 May 1862. The regiment was assigned to 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac and fought at Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness and Petersburg.
In recognition of the regiment's heroic performance of duty during twelve of the bloodiest campaigns of the American Civil War, General George Meade, awarded the 14th Infantry Regiment the place of honor at the "Right of the Line" in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, DC at the end of the war. This is where the regiment takes its motto "The Right of the Line".
Following the Civil War, the Army was reorganized by Congress in July 1866, and the 14th was divided into three regiments, each battalion receiving two additional companies and being organized along traditional lines. The 1st Battalion retained the designation of the 14th Infantry, while the 2nd Battalion became the 23rd Infantry and the 3rd Battalion the 32nd Infantry.
Indian Wars, 1866–78
The regiment was sent to the Presidio of San Francisco following the Civil War and from there line companies were posted to locations in Arizona, California, Oregon, and Washington. The regiment took part in two Indian campaigns and detachments were in two other campaigns (including the 1866-1868 Snake War) but not in sufficient strength to entitle the regiment as a whole to participation credit.
Campaign participation credit during this time includes Arizona 1866; Wyoming 1874; Little Big Horn 1876; Bannocks 1878.
Arizona, 1866-1869
Five companies from the regiment (Campanies B, C, D, F, and G) fought the Apaches in 1866 in Arizona. After three years of service in deserts of the Southwest, the regiment was sent to the South for Reconstruction duty beginning in July 1869.
Wyoming, 1870-1874
The threat of an Indian war in the Dakotas caused the regiment to be moved back to the frontier in April 1870, first to Fort Randall, then to Fort Sedgwick, and finally to Fort Laramie in March 1871. In 1874, three companies from the regiment (Companies D, F, and G) operated against Indian tribes raiding ranches and mines in the Wyoming territory. On February 9, 1874, a soldier from the regiment, 1st Lt. Levi H. Robinson, was killed during a skirmish with Indians north of Fort Laramie. He is the namesake of Fort Robinson in Nebraska.
Great Sioux War, 1876-1877
A total of six companies from the regiment participated in the Great Sioux War.
Soon after the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876, four companies from the regiment (Companies B, C, F, and I) participated in a punitive expedition. They departed Fort Douglas, Utah, by train, arrived at Medicine Bow, Wyoming, on June 25, and then marched overland to join General Crook’s column at Goose Creek. This expedition is noteworthy as it included the infamous Horsemeat March, one of the most grueling marches in American military history, and the Battle of Slim Buttes.
In November 1876, two companies from the regiment (Companies D and G) left Fort Fetterman accompanying eleven cavalry companies commanded by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. The expedition proceeded northward along the Bozeman Trail and attacked a Cheyenne village on November 25, 1876, in what became known as the Dull Knife Fight.
Death of Crazy Horse, 1877
Captain James Kennington, who had led Company B during the Battle of Slim Buttes, was the Officer of the Day at Fort Robinson and escorted Crazy Horse to the guardhouse when the captured Lakota war leader was killed on September 5, 1877. Private William Gentles, Company F, 14th Infantry, bayoneted Crazy Horse during the attempted escape.
Bannock War, 1878
The Bannock War was an armed conflict between the U.S. military and Bannock and Paiute warriors in Idaho and Northeastern Oregon from June to August 1878.
Fort Vancouver, 1884-1898
The regiment was posted to Fort Vancouver, Washington, and was one of the units with the longest association to the site during this era. Members of regiment were deployed to Seattle in response to anti-Chinese riots in 1885-1886.
Spanish–American War, 1898
The regiment was at the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898, in the Spanish–American War, and in the fighting around the same city in 1899.
China Relief Expedition, 1900
During the early years of the 20th century, the 14th Infantry Regiment was deployed to China to help put down the Boxer Rebellion. The 14th was the spearhead in winning a victory over the Chinese army at the Battle of Yangcun. At the Tung Pien Gate in Peking, the regiment was taking heavy fire and was unable to effectively engage the enemy. To counteract, volunteers were called for to scale the wall and lay down suppressive fire from the better vantage point while the rest of the regiment followed. Corporal Calvin P. Titus, a band member and chaplains assistant from E Company, volunteered, and with rope slung over his shoulder scaled the wall and laid down the suppressive fire that allowed more and more soldiers behind him to follow.
For his actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor as well as receiving an appointment to West Point. For their conduct of the operation, the 14th Infantry Regiment was rewarded by the Chinese government a large amount of silver bullion which was later fashioned into an ornamented punchbowl with matching cups and other dinnerware that is still kept in 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment headquarters.
World War I, 1917–18
On the eve of the US entry into World War I, the 14th Infantry Regiment was stationed in Yuma, Arizona, although the 1st Battalion was on detached duty in Alaska. The regiment was subsequently transferred to Vancouver Barracks, Washington. In 1918 the 14th was moved to Butte, Montana, to guard the Anaconda copper mines. Although a Regular Army unit, the regiment did not see active service during the war.
Omar Bradley, who was later to serve with distinction in World War II and a future Chief of Staff of the United States Army, served with this regiment during the early years of his military career.
Interwar Period, 1919-1941
The 14th Infantry Regiment was stationed at Camp Custer, Michigan, in 1919. On 22 October 1920, it was transferred to Fort Davis, in the Panama Canal Zone, and was assigned to the Panama Canal Division on 3 July 1921. When the Panama Canal Division was inactivated in 1932, the regiment was attached to Headquarters, Atlantic Sector on 15 April 1932. On 10 April 1940, the regiment was assigned to the Panama Canal Division's successor, the Panama Mobile Force.
World War II, 1941–45
In 1943, the Golden Dragons were ordered to Camp Carson, Colorado. The regiment arrived in San Francisco, California on 18 June 1943 and was assigned to the 71st Light Division on 10 July 1943. The 14th, along with the rest of the 71st Division underwent unit combat training at Camp Carson then at Camp Roberts, California and at Fort Benning Georgia. At Fort Benning the 71st was reorganized and redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division.
On 25 January 1945, the Golden Dragons sailed from New York with the rest of the 71st Division, arriving in Le Havre on 7 February 1945. The 14th then moved some across France. At Ratzwiller the 71st Division relieved the 100th Division. On 21 March 1945 the 14th took part in the 71st Division's breaching the Siegfried Line and the capture of Pirmasens. On 30 March 1945 the 71st crossed the Rhine River and went into reserve near Frankfurt.
The 14th Infantry then participated along with its sister regiment the 5th Infantry in the elimination of bypassed German forces north of Hanau, Germany on 2 April 1945. On 13 April 1945 the Golden Dragons cut the main Berlin to Munich autobahn. On 14–16 April 1945 the 14th participated in its heaviest combat as the 71st Division seized the town of Bayreuth, Germany. Bypassing German strongpoints the 71st Division sped south with the 14th Infantry crossing the Danube River and participating in the seizure of the city of Regensburg on 27 April 1945. From there the 14th made an assault crossing of the Isar River under fire and entered Austria on 2 May 1945. The 71st Division linked up with advancing Soviet Army units east of Linz, Austria on 8 May 1945 and hostilities ceased on 9 May 1945.
Korean War, 1950–53
In responding to the North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950 the U.S. Army found itself desperately short of units to halt the Communist advance. Continental U.S. (CONUS) units were stripped of personnel and equipment and sent to Korea on a priority basis. On 21 July 1950 the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was reassigned to the Far East Command and then to the 1st Cavalry Division where it was redesignated as the 3rd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment. Unlike other units that had been cobbled together at the last minute, the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was at full strength and due to its rigorous training in mountain warfare was in excellent shape to fight in the Korean mountains.
On 23 July 1951, the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry was transferred to Fort Benning where it was assigned to and redesignated as a battalion in one of the 3rd Infantry Division's regiments. The 3rd Division was initially sent to Japan then to Korea. The remaining personnel and equipment of the 14th Infantry at Camp Carson were reassigned to other CONUS units. On 1 August 1951 the 14th Infantry less personnel and equipment was assigned to the 25th Infantry Division then fighting in Korea. To man and equip the 14th Infantry the assets of the 34th Infantry Regiment of the 24th Division, then conducting infantry training in Japan, were used. The 14th Infantry moved to Korea where it replaced the 24th Infantry Regiment, which was being inactivated due to the 24th's division commander, Gen. William B. Kean, request that it be disbanded because it was "untrustworthy and incapable of carrying out missions expected of an infantry regiment."
The next two years found the regiment in almost constant combat along the 38th parallel defending places like "The Punchbowl" and "Porkchop Hill". The 25th Infantry Division assumed the responsibility of guarding the approaches to Seoul on 5 May 1953. 23 days later, when ceasefire negotiations at Panmunjom stalled, a heavy PVA assault hit the Nevada Complex, the Division held its ground; the brunt of the attack was absorbed by the attached Turkish Brigade and the 14th Infantry. The 14th Infantry's service in Korea earned the regiment five campaign streamers and a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation for gallantry at Munsan-Ni. Three soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in Korea; Sergeant Donn F. Porter, Private First Class Ernest E. West, and Private First Class Bryant H. Womack.
Vietnam, 1965–72
1st Battalion, 14th Infantry: In late 1965 the 25th Division was ordered to South Vietnam. The initial brigade to go was the 3rd Brigade composed of the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry, the 1st Battalion, 35th Infantry, the 2nd Battalion, 35th Infantry and the 2nd Battalion, 9th Artillery. The urgency of getting the 3rd Brigade to the Central Highlands of South Vietnam led to the Army and Air Force undertaking Operation Blue Light, a massive airlift of the entire 3rd Brigade from Hawaii to Pleiku. The airlift began on 28 December 1965 and was successfully concluded on 17 January 1966.
Commanded by LTC Gilbert Procter Jr., the 1/14th spent most of 1966 operating along the Cambodian border as part of the 3rd Brigade's mission of preventing the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) from cutting South Vietnam in half. In November 1966, elements of the 1st Battalion engaged two PAVN battalions inflicting heavy losses on the enemy. Among the numerous Golden Dragons performing heroically during these engagements, two members of the 1st Battalion - 1st Lt. Joseph Grant and Sgt. Ted Belcher were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.
The 1st Battalion was reassigned to the 4th Infantry Division on 1 August 1967 as part of the exchange of 3rd Brigades between the 25th and 4th Infantry Divisions. The 1st Battalion participated in a total of 12 Vietnam campaigns, receiving the Navy Presidential Unit Citation for gallantry in action at Chu Lai. Company A received the Valorous Unit Award for action in Quang Ngai Province. In addition the 1st Battalion received four awards of the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm and one award of the Vietnam Civil Action Medal, First Class.
On 8 December 1970 the 1st Battalion was reduced to zero strength at An Khe, Vietnam with the exception of a battalion color guard which returned the battalion colors to Schofield Barracks. On 15 December 1970 the 1st Battalion was reassigned to the 25th Division and the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was inactivated with its personnel and equipment reassigned to the 1st Battalion.
2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry: The 1st Brigade of the 25th Division to which the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry was assigned was scheduled to be the last of the three maneuver brigades to deploy to South Vietnam. The brigade was shy two of its three infantry battalions. When the 25th was reorganized from battle groups to battalions in 1963 two of the nine authorized infantry battalions were not activated as a cost-saving measure. Initially the plan was to activate and train two new battalions for the 1st Brigade but the timetable was too short. Adding to the problem was the need to heavily levy the 2nd Battalion for fillers for infantry battalions of the 3rd Brigade, which left in December 1965 and of the 2nd Brigade, which departed Schofield in January 1966. To round out the 1st Brigade two battalions assigned to Alaska—the 4th Battalion, 9th Infantry and the 4th Battalion, 23rd Infantry—were reassigned to the 1st Brigade on 14 January 1966.
By February 1966 the 2nd Battalion began receiving large numbers of replacements, most directly out of Advanced Individual Training. This resulted in an accelerated unit training program to ready the battalion for deployment. To enhance developing unit cohesiveness and to create espirit-de-corps the 2nd Battalion took the informal nickname of Battle Dragons. A "Battle Dragon Chant" was also written and used in battalion formations.
In early April, the 1st Brigade was alerted for movement to South Vietnam. On 16 April 1966 the sailed from Pearl Harbor with the entire 1st Brigade aboard. The ship arrived at Vung Tau on 28 April. The 2nd Battalion left the ship on 30 April and was moved by truck and aircraft to Củ Chi.
In its over four years of combat in Vietnam, the 2nd Battalion received participation credit for 12 of the campaigns of the Vietnam War. The battalion received two awards of the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm and one award of the Vietnam Civic Action Medal First Class. On 8 December 1970 the 2nd Battalion left South Vietnam and returned to Schofield Barracks. The battalion was inactivated on 5 June 1972.
3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry: To provide for a Pacific area strategic reserve for contingencies other than the ongoing Vietnam War, the Army activated the 4th Brigade, 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks on 6 December 1969. The 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was activated as one of the 4th Brigade's three infantry battalions.
The 3rd Battalion (descending from Company C) was initially activated under CARS as the 3rd Battle Group, 14th Infantry on 1 June 1959 and assigned to the 102nd Infantry Division, U.S. Army Reserve at Kansas City, Missouri. The 3rd Battle Group was reorganized and redesignated as the 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry on 1 April 1963. On 31 December 1965 the 3rd Battalion was inactivated. It was allotted back to the Regular Army on 6 December 1969 and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii as a component of the 4th Brigade, 25th Division.
As the 25th Division returned to Schofield Barracks from South Vietnam to resume its traditional mission of being the strategic reserve for the Pacific area the 4th Brigade along with the 3rd Battalion 14th Infantry was inactivated on 15 December 1970. The personnel and equipment of the 3rd Battalion was used to re-man and re-equip the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry.
Company E served in South Vietnam from 30 June 1971 to 20 November 1972 as a separate rifle security company assigned to the U.S. Army Support Command with the mission of guarding the Long Bình support facility. Company E received campaign participation credit for the last four campaigns of the Vietnam War. In 1986 it was assigned to the 25th Division as Headquarters Company, 5th Battalion. (See below.)
Post Vietnam
As part of the overall post-Vietnam draw-down of the Army only the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division remained active. The 1st Battalion 14th Infantry was assigned to the 1st Brigade and the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry was inactivated but remained assigned to the Tropic Lightning.
The 3rd Battalion, 14th Infantry was reactivated in 1987 and was based in Fort Drum, New York.
Somalia, 1993
On 3 October 1993, 2-14 Infantry was part of the quick reaction force which helped rescue members of Special Operations Task Force Ranger which had conducted a daylight raid on an enemy stronghold. 2-14 Infantry fought a moving battle for 3 hours from the gates of the Soccer Stadium Mogadishu to the Rangers' perimeter. They successfully linked up with the Rangers and then began to withdraw under fire. During the 12-hour ordeal, 29 soldiers from 2nd Battalion were wounded and 2 were killed (PFC James Martin and Sgt. Cornell Houston).2-14 Infantry along with TF Ranger endured the Mogadishu Mile before returning to the stadium.
Haiti, 1994
Operation Uphold Democracy (19 September 1994 – 31 March 1995) was an intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d'état that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July 1994 United Nations Security Council Resolution 940. Teams were deployed throughout the country to establish order and humanitarian services. Regular Army forces consisting of units from the 10th Mountain Division occupied Port-au-Prince (3-14) with 3rd Bn (Airborne) 73rd Armor Regiment (82nd Airborne Division) and elements from the U.S. Army Materiel Command provided logistical support in the form of the Joint Logistics Support Command (JLSC) which provided oversight and direct control over all Multinational Force and U.S. deployed logistics units
Bosnia, 1997
On 19 March 1997, two companies of 2-14 Infantry deployed to Bosnia. Bravo Company's mission was to defend a critical bridge site over the Sava River, while Charlie Company was to act as the theater reserve.
Kosovo, 2001
In November, 2001, 2-14 Infantry deployed to Kosovo as part of Task Force Falcon, Operation Joint Guardian.
Bosnia, 2002
On 28 March 2002, two companies of 1-14 Infantry deployed to Bosnia.
Iraq, 2003-2011
In March 2003, 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, deployed from Fort Drum in preparation for the invasion of Iraq. As part of Task Force Viking, the battalion was attached to 10th Special Forces Group in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion linked-up with 10th Special Forces in Constanta, Romania, then deployed to Irbil, Mosul, and Kirkuk. This task force, fighting with Kurdish rebels, defeated six Iraqi divisions. The battalion re-deployed to Fort Drum, New York, six months later.
In mid-2004, Soldiers of 2nd Brigade (to include 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment) deployed to Iraq for the second time. In Iraq, the brigade executed combat operations in northwest Baghdad attached to the 1st Cavalry Division and detached forces to support other brigades across the city, including a brigade fighting insurgents in Sadr City. In northwest Baghdad, the Commandos secured several key roads and neighborhoods. In addition, the brigade enabled newly established Iraqi Security Forces to secure polling centers during Iraq's elections in January 2005, the first free election held in the country since the 1950s.
The brigade (which includes 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment) returned to Iraq for a third time in late 2006, this time to the area southwest of Baghdad known as the “Triangle of Death.” There the brigade battled insurgents and international terrorists alongside its Iraqi Security Force comrades in the area's canals, along the banks of the Euphrates River, and through the cities of Mahmudiyah, Yusafiyah, and Lutafiyah.
It was during this deployment that Staff Sergeant Travis Atkins earned the Medal of Honor after engaging a terrorist in hand-to-hand combat. After engaging the enemy combatant in hand-to-hand combat, Staff Sergeant Atkins realized that the terrorist was attempting to detonate an explosive vest. Staff Sergeant Atkins then selflessly slammed the insurgent to the ground and covered the insurgent with his own body to shield the men under him from the impending blast.
Lineage & Honors
14th Infantry Regiment
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as the 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 1 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as the 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with the 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as the 14th Infantry
Assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division
Relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division
Assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division (later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division)
Relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado
Assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division
Relieved 1 February 1957 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division and reorganized as a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System
Withdrawn 1 March 1986 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System
Campaign participation credit
Decorations
Presidential Unit Citation (Navy), Streamer embroidered CHU LAI
Valorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered MOGADISHU
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered MUNSAN-NI
1st Battalion
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company A, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 8 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company A, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company A, 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with Company G, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company A, 14th Infantry (14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado (14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)
Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battle Group, 14th Infantry, and remained assigned to the 25th Infantry Division (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated)
Reorganized and redesignated 26 August 1963 as the 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Relieved 1 August 1967 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division and assigned to the 4th Infantry Division
Relieved 15 December 1970 from assignment to the 4th Infantry Division and assigned to the 25th Infantry Division
Inactivated 3 October 2016 in Hawaii
Campaign participation credit
Decorations
Presidential Unit Citation (Navy), Streamer embroidered CHU LAI
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered MUNSAN-NI
Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1966-1967
Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1967-1969
Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1969-1970
Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1967-1969
Company A additionally entitled to:
Valorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered QUANG NGAI PROVINCE
2nd Battalion
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company B, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 8 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company B, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company B, 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with Company A, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company B, 14th Infantry (14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado (14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division
Redesignated 17 May 1957 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2d Battle Group, 14th Infantry (organic elements concurrently constituted)
Battle Group activated 25 May 1957 at Fort Benning, Georgia
Assigned 1 July 1958 to the 1st Infantry Brigade
Inactivated 16 May 1960 at Fort Benning, Georgia
Relieved 25 June 1960 from assignment to the 1st Infantry Brigade
Redesignated 21 June 1963 as the 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry, and assigned to the 25th Infantry Division
Activated 26 August 1963 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Inactivated 5 June 1972 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Relieved 17 January 1986 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division, assigned to the 10th Mountain Division, and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia
Campaign participation credit
3rd Battalion
Lineage and honors
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company F, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 8 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company F, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company F, 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with Company C, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company C, 14th Infantry
(14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado
(14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division; concurrently, redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Battle Group, 14th Infantry
Withdrawn 11 May 1959 from the Regular Army, allotted to the Army Reserve, and assigned to the 102d Infantry Division (organic elements concurrently constituted)
Battle Group activated 1 June 1959 with headquarters at Kansas City, Missouri (Headquarters and Headquarters Company concurrently consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 406th Infantry, and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3d Battle Group, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 1 April 1963 as the 3d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Inactivated 30 December 1965 at Kansas City, Missouri, and relieved from assignment to the 102d Infantry Division
Withdrawn 6 December 1969 from the Army Reserve, allotted to the Regular Army, assigned to the 25th Infantry Division, and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Inactivated 15 December 1970 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Relieved 2 March 1986 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division, assigned to the 10th Mountain Division, and activated at Fort Benning, Georgia
Inactivated 15 April 1996 at Fort Drum, New York, and relieved from assignment to the 10th Mountain Division
Campaign participation credit
DECORATIONS
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered MUNSAN-NI
5th Battalion
Lineage and honors
Constituted 3 May 1861 in the Regular Army as Company E, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry
Organized 8 July 1861 at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut
Reorganized and redesignated 30 April 1862 as Company E, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry
Reorganized and redesignated 21 September 1866 as Company E, 14th Infantry
Consolidated 26 July 1869 with Company D, 45th Infantry, Veteran Reserve Corps (constituted 21 September 1866), and consolidated unit designated as Company E, 14th Infantry
(14th Infantry assigned 27 July 1918 to the 19th Division; relieved 14 February 1919 from assignment to the 19th Division; assigned 10 July 1943 to the 71st Light Division [later redesignated as the 71st Infantry Division]; relieved 1 May 1946 from assignment to the 71st Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 September 1946 in Germany
Activated 1 October 1948 at Camp Carson, Colorado
(14th Infantry assigned 1 August 1951 to the 25th Infantry Division)
Inactivated 1 February 1957 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division; concurrently, redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Battle Group, 14th Infantry
Redesignated 21 December 1960 as Company E, 14th Infantry
Activated 24 December 1960 in Korea
Inactivated 1 January 1966 in Korea
Activated 30 June 1971 in Vietnam
Inactivated 26 November 1972 in Vietnam
Redesignated 16 December 1986 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 5th Battalion, 14th Infantry, assigned to the 25th Infantry Division, and activated at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated)
Battalion inactivated 15 August 1995 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, and relieved from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division
Campaign participation credit
Decorations
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered MUNSAN-NI
List of Medal of Honor Recipients
Corporal Calvin P. Titus
Sergeant Donn F. Porter
Private First Class Ernest E. West
Private First Class Bryant H. Womack
First Lieutenant Joseph X. Grant
Sergeant Ted Belcher
Staff Sergeant Travis W. Atkins
Staff Sergeant Oxley Carrington Moultrie
Corporal Thomas W. Bennett
See also
List of United States Regular Army Civil War units
References
External links
History of the 14th Infantry Regiment
25th Infantry Division Association: 14th Infantry Regiment
Fort Drum, New York
25th Infantry Division
Historical materials for 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry
Military units and formations of the Boxer Rebellion
Military units and formations of the United States in the Philippine–American War
0014
United States Regular Army Civil War units and formations
14th Infantry
Military units and formations established in 1861
USInfReg0014
1861 establishments in the United States |
4035351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham%20campaign | Birmingham campaign | The Birmingham campaign, also known as the Birmingham movement or Birmingham confrontation, was an American movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.
Led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others, the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws.
In the early 1960s, Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States, enforced both legally and culturally. Black citizens faced legal and economic disparities, and violent retribution when they attempted to draw attention to their problems. Martin Luther King Jr. called it the most segregated city in the country. Protests in Birmingham began with a boycott led by Shuttlesworth meant to pressure business leaders to open employment to people of all races, and end segregation in public facilities, restaurants, schools, and stores. When local business and governmental leaders resisted the boycott, the SCLC agreed to assist. Organizer Wyatt Tee Walker joined Birmingham activist Shuttlesworth and began what they called Project C, a series of sit-ins and marches intended to provoke mass arrests.
When the campaign ran low on adult volunteers, James Bevel thought of the idea of having students become the main demonstrators in the Birmingham campaign. He then trained and directed high school, college, and elementary school students in nonviolence, and asked them to participate in the demonstrations by taking a peaceful walk 50 at a time from the 16th Street Baptist Church to City Hall in order to talk to the mayor about segregation. This resulted in over a thousand arrests, and, as the jails and holding areas filled with arrested students, the Birmingham Police Department, at the direction of the city Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor, used high-pressure water hoses and police attack dogs on the children and adult bystanders. Not all of the bystanders were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of SCLC to hold a completely nonviolent walk, but the students held to the nonviolent premise. Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC drew both criticism and praise for allowing children to participate and put themselves in harm's way.
The Birmingham campaign was a model of nonviolent direct action protest and, through the media, drew the world's attention to racial segregation in the South. It burnished King's reputation, ousted Connor from his job, forced desegregation in Birmingham, and directly paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited racial discrimination in hiring practices and public services throughout the United States.
Background
City of segregation
Birmingham, Alabama was, in 1963, "probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States", according to King. Although the city's population of almost 350,000 was 60% white and 40% black, Birmingham had no black police officers, firefighters, sales clerks in department stores, bus drivers, bank tellers, or store cashiers. Black secretaries could not work for white professionals. Jobs available to black workers were limited to manual labor in Birmingham's steel mills, work in household service and yard maintenance, or work in black neighborhoods. When layoffs were necessary, black employees were often the first to go. The unemployment rate for black people was two and a half times higher than for white people. The average income for black employees in the city was less than half that of white employees. Significantly lower pay scales for black workers at the local steel mills were common. Racial segregation of public and commercial facilities throughout Jefferson County was legally required, covered all aspects of life, and was rigidly enforced. Only 10 percent of the city's black population was registered to vote in 1960.
In addition, Birmingham's economy was stagnating as the city was shifting from blue collar to white collar jobs. According to Time magazine in 1958, the only thing white workers had to gain from desegregation was more competition from black workers. Fifty unsolved racially motivated bombings between 1945 and 1962 had earned the city the nickname "Bombingham". A neighborhood shared by white and black families experienced so many attacks that it was called "Dynamite Hill". Black churches in which civil rights were discussed became specific targets for attack.
Black organizers had worked in bad houses, they built houses in Birmingham and they lived in houses, for about ten years, as it was the headquarters of the houses Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC). In Birmingham, SNYC experienced both successes and failures, as well as arrests and official violence. SNYC was forced out in 1949, leaving behind a Black population that thus had some experience of civil rights organizing. A few years later, Birmingham's black population began to organize to effect change. After Alabama banned the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1956, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth formed the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) the same year to challenge the city's segregation policies through lawsuits and protests. When the courts overturned the segregation of the city's parks, the city responded by closing them. Shuttlesworth's home was repeatedly bombed, as was Bethel Baptist Church, where he was pastor. After Shuttlesworth was arrested and jailed for violating the city's segregation rules in 1962, he sent a petition to Mayor Art Hanes' office asking that public facilities be desegregated. Hanes responded with a letter informing Shuttlesworth that his petition had been thrown in the garbage. Looking for outside help, Shuttlesworth invited Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC to Birmingham, saying, "If you come to Birmingham, you will not only gain prestige, but really shake the country. If you win in Birmingham, as Birmingham goes, so goes the nation."
Campaign goals
King of the SCLC had recently been involved in a campaign to desegregate the city of Albany, Georgia, but did not see the results they had anticipated. Described by historian Henry Hampton as a "morass", the Albany Movement lost momentum and stalled. King's reputation had been hurt by the Albany campaign, and he was eager to improve it. Determined not to make the same mistakes in Birmingham, King and the SCLC changed several of their strategies. In Albany, they concentrated on the desegregation of the city as a whole. In Birmingham, their campaign tactics focused on more narrowly defined goals for the downtown shopping and government district. These goals included the desegregation of Birmingham's downtown stores, fair hiring practices in shops and city employment, the reopening of public parks, and the creation of a bi-racial committee to oversee the desegregation of Birmingham's public schools. King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said: "The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation".
Commissioner of Public Safety
A significant factor in the success of the Birmingham campaign was the structure of the city government and the personality of its contentious Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor. Described as an "arch-segregationist" by Time magazine, Connor asserted that the city "ain't gonna segregate no niggers and whites together in this town ". He also claimed that the Civil Rights Movement was a Communist plot, and after the churches were bombed, Connor blamed the violence on local black citizens.
Birmingham's government was set up in such a way that it gave Connor powerful influence. In 1958, police arrested ministers organizing a bus boycott. When the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) initiated a probe amid allegations of police misconduct for the arrests, Connor responded that he "[hadn't] got any damn apology to the FBI or anybody else", and predicted, "If the North keeps trying to cram this thing [desegregation] down our throats, there's going to be bloodshed." In 1961, Connor delayed sending police to intervene when Freedom Riders were beaten by local mobs. The police harassed religious leaders and protest organizers by ticketing cars parked at mass meetings and entering the meetings in plainclothes to take notes. The Birmingham Fire Department interrupted such meetings to search for "phantom fire hazards". Connor was so antagonistic towards the Civil Rights Movement that his actions galvanized support for black Americans. President John F. Kennedy later said of him, "The Civil Rights Movement should thank God for Bull Connor. He's helped it as much as Abraham Lincoln."
Turmoil in the mayor's office also weakened the Birmingham city government in its opposition to the campaign. Connor, who had run for several elected offices in the months leading up to the campaign, had lost all but the race for Public Safety Commissioner. Because they believed Connor's extreme conservatism slowed progress for the city as a whole, a group of white political moderates worked to defeat him. The Citizens for Progress was backed by the Chamber of Commerce and other white professionals in the city, and their tactics were successful. In November 1962, Connor lost the race for mayor to Albert Boutwell, a less combative segregationist. However, Connor and his colleagues on the City Commission refused to accept the new mayor's authority. They claimed on a technicality that their terms not expire until 1965 instead of in the spring of 1963. So for a brief time, Birmingham had two city governments attempting to conduct business.
Focus on Birmingham
Selective buying campaign
Modeled on the Montgomery bus boycott, protest actions in Birmingham began in 1962, when students from local colleges arranged for a year of staggered boycotts. They caused downtown business to decline by as much as 40 percent, which attracted attention from Chamber of Commerce president Sidney Smyer, who commented that the "racial incidents have given us a black eye that we'll be a long time trying to forget". In response to the boycott, the City Commission of Birmingham punished the black community by withdrawing $45,000 ($ in ) from a surplus-food program used primarily by low-income black families. The result, however, was a black community more motivated to resist.
The SCLC decided that economic pressure on Birmingham businesses would be more effective than pressure on politicians, a lesson learned in Albany as few black citizens were registered to vote in 1962. In the spring of 1963, before Easter, the Birmingham boycott intensified during the second-busiest shopping season of the year. Pastors urged their congregations to avoid shopping in Birmingham stores in the downtown district. For six weeks supporters of the boycott patrolled the downtown area to make sure black shoppers were not patronizing stores that promoted or tolerated segregation. If black shoppers were found in these stores, organizers confronted them and shamed them into participating in the boycott. Shuttlesworth recalled a woman whose $15 hat ($ in ) was destroyed by boycott enforcers. Campaign participant Joe Dickson recalled, "We had to go under strict surveillance. We had to tell people, say look: if you go downtown and buy something, you're going to have to answer to us." After several business owners in Birmingham took down "white only" and "colored only" signs, Commissioner Connor told business owners that if they did not obey the segregation ordinances, they would lose their business licenses.
Project C
Martin Luther King Jr.'s presence in Birmingham was not welcomed by all in the black community. A local black attorney complained in Time that the new city administration did not have enough time to confer with the various groups invested in changing the city's segregation policies. Black hotel owner A. G. Gaston agreed. A white Jesuit priest assisting in desegregation negotiations attested the "demonstrations [were] poorly timed and misdirected".
Protest organizers knew they would meet with violence from the Birmingham Police Department and chose a confrontational approach to get the attention of the federal government. Wyatt Tee Walker, one of the SCLC founders and the executive director from 1960 to 1964, planned the tactics of the direct action protests, specifically targeting Bull Connor's tendency to react to demonstrations with violence: "My theory was that if we mounted a strong nonviolent movement, the opposition would surely do something to attract the media, and in turn induce national sympathy and attention to the everyday segregated circumstance of a person living in the Deep South." He headed the planning of what he called Project C, which stood for "confrontation". Organizers believed their phones were tapped, so to prevent their plans from being leaked and perhaps influencing the mayoral election, they used code words for demonstrations.
The plan called for direct nonviolent action to attract media attention to "the biggest and baddest city of the South". In preparation for the protests, Walker timed the walking distance from the 16th Street Baptist Church, headquarters for the campaign, to the downtown area. He surveyed the segregated lunch counters of department stores, and listed federal buildings as secondary targets should police block the protesters' entrance into primary targets such as stores, libraries, and all-white churches.
Methods
The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation, including sit-ins at libraries and lunch counters, kneel-ins by black visitors at white churches, and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a voter-registration drive. Most businesses responded by refusing to serve demonstrators. Some white spectators at a sit-in at a Woolworth's lunch counter spat upon the participants. A few hundred protesters, including jazz musician Al Hibbler, were arrested, although Hibbler was immediately released by Connor.
The SCLC's goals were to fill the jails with protesters to force the city government to negotiate as demonstrations continued. However, not enough people were arrested to affect the functioning of the city and the wisdom of the plans were being questioned in the black community. The editor of The Birmingham World, the city's black newspaper, called the direct actions by the demonstrators "wasteful and worthless", and urged black citizens to use the courts to change the city's racist policies. Most white residents of Birmingham expressed shock at the demonstrations. White religious leaders denounced King and the other organizers, saying that "a cause should be pressed in the courts and the negotiations among local leaders, and not in the streets". Some white Birmingham residents were supportive as the boycott continued. When one black woman entered Loveman's department store to buy her children Easter shoes, a white saleswoman said to her, "Negro, ain't you ashamed of yourself, your people out there on the street getting put in jail and you in here spending money and I'm not going to sell you any, you'll have to go some other place." King promised a protest every day until "peaceful equality had been assured" and expressed doubt that the new mayor would ever voluntarily desegregate the city.
City reaction
On April 10, 1963, Bull Connor obtained an injunction barring the protests and subsequently raised bail bond for those arrested from $200 to $1,500 ($ to $ in ). Fred Shuttlesworth called the injunction a "flagrant denial of our constitutional rights" and organizers prepared to defy the order. The decision to ignore the injunction had been made during the planning stage of the campaign. King and the SCLC had obeyed court injunctions in their Albany protests and reasoned that obeying them contributed to the Albany campaign's lack of success. In a press release they explained, "We are now confronted with recalcitrant forces in the Deep South that will use the courts to perpetuate the unjust and illegal systems of racial separation". Incoming mayor Albert Boutwell called King and the SCLC organizers "strangers" whose only purpose in Birmingham was "to stir inter-racial discord". Connor promised, "You can rest assured that I will fill the jail full of any persons violating the law as long as I'm at City Hall."
The movement organizers found themselves out of money after the amount of required bail was raised. Because King was the major fundraiser, his associates urged him to travel the country to raise bail money for those arrested. He had, however, previously promised to lead the marchers to jail in solidarity, but hesitated as the planned date arrived. Some SCLC members grew frustrated with his indecisiveness. "I have never seen Martin so troubled", one of King's friends later said. After King prayed and reflected alone in his hotel room, he and the campaign leaders decided to defy the injunction and prepared for mass arrests of campaign supporters. To build morale and to recruit volunteers to go to jail, Ralph Abernathy spoke at a mass meeting of Birmingham's black citizens at the 6th Avenue Baptist Church: "The eyes of the world are on Birmingham tonight. Bobby Kennedy is looking here at Birmingham, the United States Congress is looking at Birmingham. The Department of Justice is looking at Birmingham. Are you ready, are you ready to make the challenge? I am ready to go to jail, are you?" With Abernathy, King was among 50 Birmingham residents ranging in age from 15 to 81 years who were arrested on Good Friday, April 12, 1963. It was King's 13th arrest.
Martin Luther King Jr. jailed
Martin Luther King Jr. was held in the Birmingham jail and was denied a consultation with an attorney from the NAACP without guards present. When historian Jonathan Bass wrote of the incident in 2001, he noted that news of King's incarceration was spread quickly by Wyatt Tee Walker, as planned. King's supporters sent telegrams about his arrest to the White House. He could have been released on bail at any time, and jail administrators wished him to be released as soon as possible to avoid the media attention while King was in custody. However, campaign organizers offered no bail in order "to focus the attention of the media and national public opinion on the Birmingham situation".
Twenty-four hours after his arrest, King was allowed to see local attorneys from the SCLC. When Coretta Scott King did not hear from her husband, she called Walker and he suggested that she call President Kennedy directly. Mrs. King was recuperating at home after the birth of their fourth child when she received a call from President Kennedy the Monday after the arrest. The president told her she could expect a call from her husband soon. When Martin Luther King Jr. called his wife, their conversation was brief and guarded; he correctly assumed that his phones were tapped. Several days later, Jacqueline Kennedy called Coretta Scott King to express her concern for King while he was incarcerated.
Using scraps of paper given to him by a janitor, notes written on the margins of a newspaper, and later a legal pad given to him by SCLC attorneys, King wrote his essay "Letter from Birmingham Jail". It responded to eight politically moderate white clergymen who accused King of agitating local residents and not giving the incoming mayor a chance to make any changes. Bass suggested that "Letter from Birmingham Jail" was pre-planned, as was every move King and his associates made in Birmingham. The essay was a culmination of many of King's ideas, which he had touched on in earlier writings. King's arrest attracted national attention, including that of corporate officers of retail chains with stores in downtown Birmingham. After King's arrest, the chains' profits began to erode. National business owners pressed the Kennedy administration to intervene. King was released on April 20, 1963.
Conflict escalation
Recruiting students
Despite the publicity surrounding King's arrest, the campaign was faltering because few demonstrators were willing to risk arrest. In addition, although Connor had used police dogs to assist in the arrest of demonstrators, this did not attract the media attention that organizers had hoped for. To re-energize the campaign, SCLC organizer James Bevel devised a controversial alternative plan he named D Day that was later called the "Children's Crusade" by Newsweek magazine. D Day called for students from Birmingham elementary schools and high schools as well as nearby Miles College to take part in the demonstrations.
Bevel, a veteran of earlier nonviolent student protests with the Nashville Student Movement and SNCC, had been named SCLC's Director of Direct Action and Nonviolent Education. After initiating the idea he organized and educated the students in nonviolence tactics and philosophy. King hesitated to approve the use of children, but Bevel believed that children were appropriate for the demonstrations because jail time for them would not hurt families economically as much as the loss of a working parent. He also saw that adults in the black community were divided about how much support to give the protests. Bevel and the organizers knew that high school students were a more cohesive group; they had been together as classmates since kindergarten. He recruited girls who were school leaders and boys who were athletes. Bevel found girls more receptive to his ideas because they had less experience as victims of white violence. When the girls joined, however, the boys were close behind.
Bevel and the SCLC held workshops to help students overcome their fear of dogs and jails. They showed films of the Nashville sit-ins organized in 1960 to end segregation at public lunch counters. Birmingham's black radio station, WENN, supported the new plan by telling students to arrive at the demonstration meeting place with a toothbrush to be used in jail. Flyers were distributed in black schools and neighborhoods that said, "Fight for freedom first then go to school" and "It's up to you to free our teachers, our parents, yourself, and our country."
Children's Crusade
On May 2, 1963, 7th grader Gwendolyn Sanders helped organize her classmates, and hundreds of children from high schoolers down to first graders who joined her in a massive walkout defying the principal of Parker High School who attempted to lock the gates to keep students inside. Demonstrators were given instructions to march to the downtown area, to meet with the Mayor, and integrate the chosen buildings. They were to leave in smaller groups and continue on their courses until arrested. Marching in disciplined ranks, some of them using walkie-talkies, they were sent at timed intervals from various churches to the downtown business area. More than 600 students were arrested; the youngest of these was reported to be eight years old. Children left the churches while singing hymns and "freedom songs" such as "We Shall Overcome". They clapped and laughed while being arrested and awaiting transport to jail. The mood was compared to that of a school picnic. Although Bevel informed Connor that the march was to take place, Connor and the police were dumbfounded by the numbers and behavior of the children. They assembled paddy wagons and school buses to take the children to jail. When no squad cars were left to block the city streets, Connor, whose authority extended to the fire department, used fire trucks. The day's arrests brought the total number of jailed protesters to 1,200 in the 900-capacity Birmingham jail.
Some considered the use of children controversial, including incoming Birmingham mayor Albert Boutwell and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who condemned the decision to use children in the protests. Kennedy was reported in The New York Times as saying, "an injured, maimed, or dead child is a price that none of us can afford to pay", although adding, "I believe that everyone understands their just grievances must be resolved." Malcolm X criticized the decision, saying, "Real men don't put their children on the firing line."
King, who had been silent and then out of town while Bevel was organizing the children, was impressed by the success of the children's protests. That evening he declared at a mass meeting, "I have been inspired and moved by today. I have never seen anything like it." Although Wyatt Tee Walker was initially against the use of children in the demonstrations, he responded to criticism by saying, "Negro children will get a better education in five days in jail than in five months in a segregated school." The D Day campaign received front page coverage by The Washington Post and The New York Times.
Fire hoses and police dogs
When Connor realized that the Birmingham jail was full, on May 3 he changed police tactics to keep protesters out of the downtown business area. Another thousand students gathered at the church and left to walk across Kelly Ingram Park while chanting, "We're going to walk, walk, walk. Freedom ... freedom ... freedom." As the demonstrators left the church, police warned them to stop and turn back, "or you'll get wet". When they continued, Connor ordered the city's fire hoses, set at a level that would peel bark off a tree or separate bricks from mortar, to be turned on the children. Boys' shirts were ripped off, and girls were pushed over the tops of cars by the force of the water. When the students crouched or fell, the blasts of water rolled them down the asphalt streets and concrete sidewalks. Connor allowed white spectators to push forward, shouting, "Let those people come forward, sergeant. I want 'em to see the dogs work."
A.G. Gaston, who was appalled at the idea of using children, was on the phone with white attorney David Vann trying to negotiate a resolution to the crisis. When Gaston looked out the window and saw the children being hit with high-pressure water, he said, "Lawyer Vann, I can't talk to you now or ever. My people are out there fighting for their lives and my freedom. I have to go help them", and hung up the phone. Black parents and adults who were observing cheered on the marching students, but when the hoses were turned on, bystanders began to throw rocks and bottles at the police. To disperse them, Connor ordered police to use German Shepherd dogs to keep them in line. James Bevel wove in and out of the crowds warning them, "If any cops get hurt, we're going to lose this fight." At 3 pm, the protest was over. During a kind of truce, protesters went home. Police removed the barricades and re-opened the streets to traffic. That evening King told worried parents in a crowd of a thousand, "Don't worry about your children who are in jail. The eyes of the world are on Birmingham. We're going on in spite of dogs and fire hoses. We've gone too far to turn back now."
Images of the day
The images had a profound effect in Birmingham. Despite decades of disagreements, when the photos were released, "the black community was instantaneously consolidated behind King", according to David Vann, who would later serve as mayor of Birmingham. Horrified at what the Birmingham police were doing to protect segregation, New York Senator Jacob K. Javits declared, "the country won't tolerate it", and pressed Congress to pass a civil rights bill. Similar reactions were reported by Kentucky Senator Sherman Cooper, and Oregon Senator Wayne Morse, who compared Birmingham to South Africa under apartheid. A New York Times editorial called the behavior of the Birmingham police "a national disgrace." The Washington Post editorialized, "The spectacle in Birmingham ... must excite the sympathy of the rest of the country for the decent, just, and reasonable citizens of the community, who have so recently demonstrated at the polls their lack of support for the very policies that have produced the Birmingham riots. The authorities who tried, by these brutal means, to stop the freedom marchers do not speak or act in the name of the enlightened people of the city." President Kennedy sent Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall to Birmingham to help negotiate a truce. Marshall faced a stalemate when merchants and protest organizers refused to budge.
Standoff
Black onlookers in the area of Kelly Ingram Park abandoned nonviolence on May 5. Spectators taunted police, and SCLC leaders begged them to be peaceful or go home. James Bevel borrowed a bullhorn from the police and shouted, "Everybody get off this corner. If you're not going to demonstrate in a nonviolent way, then leave!" Commissioner Connor was overheard saying, "If you'd ask half of them what freedom means, they couldn't tell you." To prevent further marches, Connor ordered the doors to the churches blocked to prevent students from leaving.
By May 6, the jails were so full that Connor transformed the stockade at the state fairgrounds into a makeshift jail to hold protesters. Black protestors arrived at white churches to integrate services. They were accepted in Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and Presbyterian churches but turned away at others, where they knelt and prayed until they were arrested. Well-known national figures arrived to show support. Singer Joan Baez arrived to perform for free at Miles College and stayed at the black-owned and integrated Gaston Motel. Comedian Dick Gregory and Barbara Deming, a writer for The Nation, were both arrested. The young Dan Rather reported for CBS News. The car of Fannie Flagg, a local television personality and recent Miss Alabama finalist, was surrounded by teenagers who recognized her. Flagg worked at Channel 6 on the morning show, and after asking her producers why the show was not covering the demonstrations, she received orders never to mention them on air. She rolled down the window and shouted to the children, "I'm with you all the way!"
Birmingham's fire department refused orders from Connor to turn the hoses on demonstrators again, and waded through the basement of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church to clean up water from earlier fire-hose flooding. White business leaders met with protest organizers to try and arrange an economic solution but said they had no control over politics. Protest organizers disagreed, saying that business leaders were positioned to pressure political leaders.
City paralysis
The situation reached a crisis on May 7, 1963. Breakfast in the jail took four hours to distribute to all the prisoners. Seventy members of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce pleaded with the protest organizers to stop the actions. The NAACP asked for sympathizers to picket in unity in 100 American cities. Twenty rabbis flew to Birmingham to support the cause, equating silence about segregation to the atrocities of the Holocaust. Local rabbis disagreed and asked them to go home. The editor of The Birmingham News wired President Kennedy and pleaded with him to end the protests.
Fire hoses were used once again, injuring police and Fred Shuttlesworth, as well as other demonstrators. Commissioner Connor expressed regret at missing seeing Shuttlesworth get hit and said he "wished they'd carried him away in a hearse". Another 1,000 people were arrested, bringing the total to 2,500.
News of the mass arrests of children had reached Western Europe and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union devoted up to 25 percent of its news broadcast to the demonstrations, sending much of it to Africa, where Soviet and U.S. interests clashed. Soviet news commentary accused the Kennedy administration of neglect and "inactivity". Alabama Governor George Wallace sent state troopers to assist Connor. Attorney General Robert Kennedy prepared to activate the Alabama National Guard and notified the Second Infantry Division from Fort Benning, Georgia that it might be deployed to Birmingham.
No business of any kind was being conducted downtown. Organizers planned to flood the downtown area businesses with black people. Smaller groups of decoys were set out to distract police attention from activities at the 16th Street Baptist Church. Protesters set off false fire alarms to occupy the fire department and its hoses. One group of children approached a police officer and announced, "We want to go to jail!" When the officer pointed the way, the students ran across Kelly Ingram Park shouting, "We're going to jail!" Six hundred picketers reached downtown Birmingham. Large groups of protesters sat in stores and sang freedom songs. Streets, sidewalks, stores, and buildings were overwhelmed with more than 3,000 protesters. The sheriff and chief of police admitted to Burke Marshall that they did not think they could handle the situation for more than a few hours.
Resolution
On May 8 at 4 am, white business leaders agreed to most of the protesters' demands. Political leaders held fast, however. The rift between the businessmen and the politicians became clear when business leaders admitted they could not guarantee the protesters' release from jail. On May 10, Fred Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King Jr. told reporters that they had an agreement from the City of Birmingham to desegregate lunch counters, restrooms, drinking fountains and fitting rooms within 90 days, and to hire black people in stores as salesmen and clerks. Those in jail would be released on bond or their own recognizance. Urged by Kennedy, the United Auto Workers, National Maritime Union, United Steelworkers Union, and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) raised $237,000 in bail money ($ in ) to free the demonstrators. Commissioner Connor and the outgoing mayor condemned the resolution.
On the night of May 11, a bomb heavily damaged the Gaston Motel where King had been staying—and had left only hours before—and another damaged the house of A. D. King, Martin Luther King Jr.'s brother. When police went to inspect the motel, they were met with rocks and bottles from neighborhood black citizens. The arrival of state troopers only further angered the crowd; in the early hours of the morning, thousands of black people rioted, numerous buildings and vehicles were burned, and several people, including a police officer, were stabbed. By May 13, three thousand federal troops were deployed to Birmingham to restore order, even though Alabama Governor George Wallace told President Kennedy that state and local forces were sufficient. Martin Luther King Jr. returned to Birmingham to stress nonviolence.
Outgoing mayor Art Hanes left office after the Alabama State Supreme Court ruled that Albert Boutwell could take office on May 21, 1963. Upon picking up his last paycheck, Bull Connor remarked tearfully, "This is the worst day of my life." In June 1963, the Jim Crow signs regulating segregated public places in Birmingham were taken down.
After the campaign
Desegregation in Birmingham took place slowly after the demonstrations. King and the SCLC were criticized by some for ending the campaign with promises that were too vague and "settling for a lot less than even moderate demands". In fact, Sydney Smyer, president of the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce, re-interpreted the terms of the agreement. Shuttlesworth and King had announced that desegregation would take place 90 days from May 15. Smyer then said that a single black clerk hired 90 days from when the new city government took office would be sufficient. By July, most of the city's segregation ordinances had been overturned. Some of the lunch counters in department stores complied with the new rules. City parks and golf courses were opened again to black and white citizens. Mayor Boutwell appointed a biracial committee to discuss further changes. However, no hiring of black clerks, police officers, and firefighters had yet been completed and the Birmingham Bar Association rejected membership by black attorneys.
The reputation of Martin Luther King Jr. soared after the protests in Birmingham, and he was lauded by many as a hero. The SCLC was much in demand to effect change in many Southern cities. In the summer of 1963, King led the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom where he delivered his most famous speech, "I Have a Dream".
King became Time'''s Man of the Year for 1963 and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.
The Birmingham campaign, as well as George Wallace's refusal to admit black students to the University of Alabama, convinced President Kennedy to address the severe inequalities between black and white citizens in the South: "The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased cries for equality that no city or state or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them." Despite the apparent lack of immediate local success after the Birmingham campaign, Fred Shuttlesworth and Wyatt Tee Walker pointed to its influence on national affairs as its true impact. President Kennedy's administration drew up the Civil Rights Act bill. After being filibustered for 75 days by "diehard southerners" in Congress, it was passed into law in 1964 and signed by President Lyndon Johnson. The Civil Rights Act applied to the entire nation, prohibiting racial discrimination in employment and in access to public places. Roy Wilkins of the NAACP, however, disagreed that the Birmingham campaign was the primary force behind the Civil Rights Act. Wilkins gave credit to other movements, such as the Freedom Rides, the integration of the University of Mississippi, and campaigns to end public school segregation.
Birmingham's public schools were integrated in September 1963. Governor Wallace sent National Guard troops to keep black students out but President Kennedy reversed Wallace by ordering the troops to stand down. Violence continued to plague the city, however. Someone threw a tear gas canister into Loveman's department store when it complied with the desegregation agreement; twenty people in the store required hospital treatment.
Four months after the Birmingham campaign settlement, someone bombed the house of NAACP attorney Arthur Shores, injuring his wife in the attack. On September 15, 1963, Birmingham again earned international attention when Ku Klux Klan members bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church on a Sunday morning and killed four young girls. FBI informant Gary Thomas Rowe was hired to infiltrate the KKK and monitor their activities and plans. Rowe was involved, along with the Birmingham Police, with the KKK attacks on the Freedom Riders, led by Fred Shuttlesworth, in Anniston, Alabama on May 14, 1961. In addition, Rowe and several other Klansmen also partook in the killing of Civil Rights activist Viola Liuzzo on March 25, 1965, in Lowndes County, Georgia after the Selma to Montgomery march.
The Birmingham campaign inspired the Civil Rights Movement in other parts of the South. Two days after King and Shuttlesworth announced the settlement in Birmingham, Medgar Evers of the NAACP in Jackson, Mississippi demanded a biracial committee to address concerns there. On June 12, 1963, Evers was murdered by a KKK member outside his home. He had been organizing demonstrations similar to those in Birmingham to pressure Jackson's city government. In 1965 Shuttlesworth assisted Bevel, King, and the SCLC to lead the Selma to Montgomery marches, intended to increase voter registration among black citizens.
Campaign impact
Historian Glenn Eskew wrote that the campaign "led to an awakening to the evils of segregation and a need for reforms in the region." According to Eskew, the riots that occurred after the bombing of the Gaston Motel foreshadowed rioting in larger cities later in the 1960s. ACMHR vice president Abraham Woods claimed that the rioting in Birmingham set a precedent for the "Burn, baby, burn" mindset, a cry used in later civic unrest in the Watts riots, the 12th Street riots in Detroit, and other American cities in the 1960s. A study of the Watts riots concluded, "The 'rules of the game' in race relations were permanently changed in Birmingham."
Wyatt Tee Walker wrote that the Birmingham campaign was "legend" and had become the Civil Rights Movement's most important chapter. It was "the chief watershed of the nonviolent movement in the United States. It marked the maturation of the SCLC as a national force in the civil rights arena of the land that had been dominated by the older and stodgier NAACP." Walker called the Birmingham campaign and the Selma marches "Siamese twins" joining to "kill segregation ... and bury the body". Jonathan Bass declared that "King had won a tremendous public relations victory in Birmingham" but also stated pointedly that "it was the citizens of the Magic City, both black and white, and not Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC, that brought about the real transformation of the city."
See also
Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
Notes
References
Bibliography
Bass, S. Jonathan (2001). Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Martin Luther King, Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the 'Letter from Birmingham Jail'. Louisiana State University Press.
Branch, Taylor (1988). Parting The Waters; America in the King Years 1954–63. Simon & Schuster.
Cotman, John (1989). Birmingham, JFK, and the Civil Rights Act of 1963: Implications For Elite Theory. Peter Lang Publishing.
Davis, Jack. (2001). The Civil Rights Movement, Oxford.
Eskew, Glenn (1997). But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle. University of North Carolina Press.
Fairclough, Adam (1987). To Redeem the Soul of America: the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. University of Georgia Press.
Franklin, Jimmie (1989). Back to Birmingham: Richard Arrington, Jr. and His Times. University of Alabama Press.
Garrow, David (1986). Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. William Morrow and Company.
Garrow, David, ed. (1989). Birmingham, Alabama, 1956–1963: The Black Struggle for Civil Rights. Carlson Publishing.
Hampton, Henry, Fayer, S. (1990). Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s. Bantam Books.
Isserman, Maurice, Kazin, Michael. (2008). America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s, Oxford.
Manis, Andrew (1999). A Fire You Can't Put Out: The Civil Rights Life of Birmingham's Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth. University of Alabama Press.
McWhorter, Diane (2001). Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. Simon & Schuster.
Nunnelley, William (1991). Bull Connor. University of Alabama Press.
White, Marjorie, Manis, Andrew, eds. (2000) Birmingham Revolutionaries: The Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Mercer University Press.
Wilson, Bobby (2000). Race and Place in Birmingham: The Civil Rights and Neighborhood Movements. Rowman & Littlefield.
Further reading
External links
The Birmingham Campaign Civil Rights Movement Archive
A Film on the Letter from Birmingham Jail
Birmingham Campaign M. L. King Research Institute at Stanford University
Birmingham Civil Rights Movement Birmingham march / riots of the 60s.
– Moore's Birmingham'' photographs
1963 in Alabama
1963 in American politics
African-American history in Birmingham, Alabama
Civil rights protests in the United States
1963 protests
History of Birmingham, Alabama
Martin Luther King Jr.
Protest marches
Civil rights movement
Protests in Alabama
April 1963 events in the United States
May 1963 events in the United States |
4035352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20G%C3%BCnthardt | Heinz Günthardt | Heinz Peter Günthardt (born 8 February 1959) is a retired tennis player from Switzerland.
Tennis player career
Günthardt won five singles titles during his professional career, including the Rotterdam WCT in 1980. The right-hander reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 22 in April 1986.
In doubles, he captured a total number of 30 titles. Günthardt won the men's doubles at the 1981 Roland Garros and the 1985 Wimbledon Championships with Balázs Taróczy, and the mixed doubles at the 1985 US Open with Martina Navratilova. He was also a member of the Swiss team at the 1988 Olympic Games.
Coaching career
Günthardt was the coach of Steffi Graf from the start of 1992 until the end of Graf's tennis playing career in July 1999, and he also worked briefly with Jelena Dokić and Jennifer Capriati.
From February to November 2010, he coached former world No. 1 Ana Ivanovic. He had not coached full-time since Graf's retirement in 1999. When Günthardt started coaching her, Ivanovic had dropped out of the WTA's top 20, and she dropped to a career low of world No. 65 in July 2010. During their partnership, Ivanovic recovered to world No. 17 before Günthardt ended his coaching relationship with her due to family responsibilities.
Career statistics
Tour finals
Singles: 9 (5–4)
Doubles: 59 (30–29)
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
French Open champions
French Open junior champions
Olympic tennis players of Switzerland
Sportspeople from Zürich
Swiss male tennis players
Swiss tennis coaches
Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
Wimbledon junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Steffi Graf
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles |
4035357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kladno%20%28Chrudim%20District%29 | Kladno (Chrudim District) | See other places named Kladno.
Kladno is a small village in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has around 250 inhabitants.
External links
Village website (cz)
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ultimate%20Group | The Ultimate Group | TUG Entertainment (TUG stands for The Ultimate Group), was a record label/Management Company that was once home to such artists as B2K, Omarion, Marques Houston, Mila J, O'Ryan, Jhené Aiko, One Luv, 2 Much and NLT, Simon Phenix/Rawwtunez for Universal Records. TUG CEO Chris Stokes is responsible for many films involving TUG roster members e.g. You Got Served, and his most recent project is Somebody Help Me, a horror film which includes in its cast Omarion and Marques Houston.
The label is currently defunct.
Artist
Former artists
B2K - 4 Member Boy Band
TG4 - 4 Member Girl Band
Marques Houston - Solo Male Singer
Young Rome - Solo Male rapper
Omarion - Solo Male Singer
O'Ryan - Solo Male Singer
Ashley Rose - Solo Female Singer
N2U - 4 Member Boy Band
Willie "Simon Phenix" Hill- Songwriter, Producer, Vocal Arranger
Jane 3 - 3 Member Girl Band
2 Much - 4 Member Boy Band
Emmalyn Estrada - Solo Female Singer
IMx - 3 Member Boy Band
Monteco - Solo Male Singer
Quindon Tarver - Solo Male Singer
Gyrl - 3 Member Girl Band
Dame - 4 Member Girl Band
Jhené Aiko - Solo Female Singer
Mila J - Solo Female Singer
Juanita Stokes - Solo Female rapper/singer
Timothy Hodge - Solo Male Singer
NLT - 4 Member Boy Band
Films
House Party 4: Down to the Last Minute (2001)
You Got Served (2004)
Somebody Help Me (2007)
Somebody Help Me 2 (2010)
External links
TUG Official Site
Simon Phenix Official Site
American record labels
Hip hop record labels |
4035389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kle%C5%A1ice | Klešice | Klešice is a small village in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has around 300 inhabitants.
Village Nákle is administrative part of Klešice.
External links
Village website (cz)
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Brea%20Avenue | La Brea Avenue | La Brea Avenue is a prominent north-south thoroughfare in the City of Los Angeles and in Los Angeles County, California.
La Brea is known for having diverse ethnic communities, and many shops and restaurants along its route.
History
La Brea is the Spanish phrase meaning "the tar." The La Brea Tar Pits, which the 1828 Mexican land grant Rancho La Brea was named for, are to the west of its intersection with Wilshire Boulevard in the Mid-Wilshire area.
In its early history, its northern section followed Arroyo La Brea, a former creek fed by springs in the Santa Monica Mountains that flowed south into Ballona Creek. Originally the southern section of La Brea Avenue within Inglewood was named Commercial Street.
Route
One end of La Brea Avenue is north of the Century Boulevard intersection in Inglewood, as a continuation of Hawthorne Boulevard in the 17-city South Bay area of Los Angeles County. It continues north through the View Park-Windsor Hills, Ladera Heights, and Baldwin Hills neighborhoods. It also passes through the eastern low Baldwin Hills mountain range, by Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area and the remnant Inglewood Oil Field.
Further north, La Brea passes through Crenshaw and the West Adams neighborhood, and then through the Central Los Angeles area with the Mid-City West, Park La Brea, and Hancock Park neighborhoods. It is the dividing border of eastern West Hollywood and the city of Los Angeles.
The northern end of the avenue is just north of Franklin Avenue, at the foot of the Hollywood Hills in central Hollywood.
La Brea turns into Hawthorne Boulevard or California State Route 107 and terminates in the Palos Verdes Peninsula.
Transportation
Metro Local lines 40 and 212 operate on La Brea Avenue. Line 212 serves the majority of La Brea Avenue and Line 40 starts at Florence Avenue.
An elevated light rail station for the Metro E Line is located at the intersection with Exposition Boulevard in the West Adams neighborhood.
An underground station for the Metro D Line at Wilshire Boulevard is currently under construction and is due to open in 2023.
Landmarks
Ray Charles Station, West Adams Post Office — honoring Ray Charles, on La Brea at Washington Boulevard in the Crenshaw District.
La Brea near Wilshire is at the eastern end of Museum Row in the Miracle Mile district, which includes the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, George C. Page Museum, Craft Contemporary, Petersen Automotive Museum, and Academy Museum of Motion Pictures (in 2017).
La Brea Avenue north of Wilshire Boulevard and south of Melrose Avenue has numerous designer boutiques, antiques and clothing stores, and cafés. The La Brea Bakery and the Lyric Theatre Los Angeles are on La Brea between Wilshire and 5th Street.
Pink's Hot Dogs — on North La Brea Avenue, Hollywood.
Charlie Chaplin Studios — built in 1918 on North La Brea Avenue, Hollywood. Later the A&M Records studios, and the present day Jim Henson Studios. A Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.
References
External links
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Central Los Angeles
Crenshaw, Los Angeles
Baldwin Hills (mountain range)
Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles
Fairfax, Los Angeles
Streets in Hollywood, Los Angeles
Mid-City, Los Angeles
Mid-Wilshire, Los Angeles
West Adams, Los Angeles
Streets in West Hollywood, California
Westside (Los Angeles County) |
4035411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Scanlon | Bill Scanlon | William Neil Scanlon (November 13, 1956 – June 2, 2021) was a tennis player from the United States, who won seven singles and two doubles titles during his 13-year professional career. The right-hander reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 9 in January 1984. He is also known for having upset top-seeded John McEnroe in the fourth round at the 1983 US Open.
Career
After winning the NCAA Singles championships in 1976 as a sophomore for Trinity University (upsetting UCLA's Peter Fleming), Scanlon turned pro and, in his first Grand Prix event, defeated world #7 Harold Solomon to reach the quarter-finals. His first ever ATP singles ranking was No. 154. Later that summer, Scanlon defeated world no. 4 Adriano Panatta at the US Open and, with two wins over former world #1 Ilie Năstase in early 1977, climbed the rankings to No. 23 by March 1977.
After a frustrating season in 1978, Scanlon rebounded in his final tournament of the year to take the title in Maui with wins over John McEnroe, Harold Solomon, and Peter Fleming. In 1979 he reached the quarter-finals of Wimbledon (losing to Jimmy Connors) before successfully defending his title in Maui, again beating Fleming in the final.
Scanlon peaked in 1983 when he reached the semi-finals of the US Open. He defeated Henrik Sundström, Chris Lewis, Pat Cash, John McEnroe, and Mark Dickson, before losing to Jimmy Connors.
In 1985 Scanlon underwent two knee surgeries, missing most of the season. He continued to compete through 1989, winning only one more singles title, the 1986 Hall of Fame Championships in Newport, Rhode Island.
During his career, Scanlon would log wins over eight players who had been or would be ranked #1 in the world, namely Stan Smith, Ilie Năstase (twice), Björn Borg, John McEnroe (three times), Ivan Lendl, Mats Wilander, Boris Becker, and Andre Agassi. Scanlon's other notable victories over top players included wins over Guillermo Vilas (career high No. 2) and Vitas Gerulaitis (career high #3), as well as Adriano Panatta (career high No. 4), Pat Cash (career high No. 4), and Harold Solomon (career high No. 5).
Golden set
Scanlon achieved a golden set against Marcos Hocevar of Brazil in the first round of the WCT Gold Coast Classic at Delray Beach, Florida on February 22, 1983. Scanlon won the match, 6–2, 6–0. A golden set is a player winning a set without losing a single point. The feat is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records. Only Tine Scheuer-Larsen, Yaroslava Shvedova, and Julian Reister have since repeated the feat.
Activities and distinctions
Scanlon was inducted into the Intercollegiate Tennis Hall of Fame and the Texas Tennis Hall of Fame. His Golden Set achievement is represented in the International Tennis Hall of Fame. He served on the ATP Board of Directors during his professional career and also founded the Dallas Youth Foundation in 1984 to provide sports activities to Dallas area youth featuring professional tennis players, Dallas Cowboys, Texas Rangers, Dallas Mavericks, and Olympic athletes. He also served on the board of the Southern California Tennis Association and the USTA Davis Cup committee. He was chairman of the Carl Reiner Celebrity Pro-Am and was co-founder of the Beverly Hills Invitational Charity Event.
Post-tennis career
Scanlon was a professional investment advisor from 1992 on. He was founder and principal of Advantage Capital Advisors LLC, a registered investment advisor in Los Angeles, California. He was formerly the senior partner of The Scanlon Group, a top wealth management team at UBS Financial in Los Angeles.
Author
In 2014, Scanlon authored "Zen Tennis - Playing in the Zone" with co-author Dr. Joe Parent. Parent is a renowned PGA Tour mental game coach, and author of "Zen Golf". Scanlon also authored the book Bad News for McEnroe: Blood, Sweat, and Backhands with John, Jimmy, Ilie, Ivan, Bjorn, and Vitas in 2004 as a tribute to the era during which he participated on the ATP International Tour. The book focuses on the high-profile personalities of the sport during that era, their rivalries, their celebrity, and the growth of the sport's popularity.
Personal life
Scanlon and his wife, Stephanie, lived in Bel Air, California, and Park City, Utah.
Bill Scanlon died of cancer on June 2, 2021, at the age of 64.
Career finals
Singles: 14 (6 titles, 8 runners-up)
Doubles: 8 (6 titles, 2 runner-ups)
Records
These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis.
References
External links
1956 births
2021 deaths
American male tennis players
People from Dallas
Tennis people from Texas
Trinity Tigers men's tennis players |
4035426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEice | Kněžice | Kněžice may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
Kněžice (Chrudim District), a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region]
Kněžice (Jihlava District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region
Kněžice (Nymburk District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
Kněžice, a village and part of Jablonné v Podještědí in the Liberec Region
Kněžice, a village and part of Podbořany in the Ústí nad Labem Region
Kněžice, a village and part of Strážov (Klatovy District) in the Plzeň Region |
4035437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20a%20Little%20Faith%20in%20Me | Have a Little Faith in Me | "Have a Little Faith in Me" is a song written and performed by John Hiatt that appears on his 1987 album Bring the Family. His version of the song has also appeared on the soundtracks of the movies Look Who’s Talking Now (1993), Benny & Joon (1993), Phenomenon (film) (1996), The Theory of Flight (1998), Cake (2005), My Best Friend’s Girl (2008), Love Happens (2009), Father Figures (2017), and Benjie (2017). Live versions were included on 1994's Hiatt Comes Alive at Budokan? and 2005's Live from Austin, TX. The song has been included in all of his greatest hits collections, including 1998's The Best of John Hiatt (as a rerecorded version) and Greatest Hits — The A&M Years ’87-’94, 2001’s Anthology, 2003’s 20th Century Masters, and the 2005 box set Chronicles. In 2000 it was proven Jimmy Blankenship wrote the original version as a gospel song.
Background
The song was the first song written by Hiatt following his sobriety from drugs and alcohol, which had contributed to his marriage breakdown and his being released by former record labels. Hiatt's original attempt at recording the song took place at a friend's studio and included a larger instrument accompaniment. However, the recording was plagued by technical issues. The morning after, Hiatt was informed that his estranged wife had committed suicide. Hiatt attributes the technical problems with the original recording as a sign that the song was not meant to be heard that way, and he eventually released the song with a much simpler piano accompaniment.
Mandy Moore version
"Have a Little Faith in Me" is the first single from Coverage (2003), the third studio album from Mandy Moore. The song was written by John Hiatt and produced by John Fields. The song was included on her first greatest hits album The Best of Mandy Moore (2004).
"Have a Little Faith in Me" did not have a major impact in the United States, reaching number 39 on the US Billbord pop airplay chart.
Track listings
US CD single
"Have a Little Faith in Me" (Album Version) — 4:03
"Have a Little Faith in Me" (Ford Remix) — 3:59
Digital download
"Have a Little Faith in Me" - 4:03
Personnel
John Hiatt- Piano, Vocals
Chart
Covers
Bill Frisell released an instrumental version on his 1992 album Have a Little Faith.
Delbert McClinton recorded his version in 1992 for the album Never Been Rocked Enough.
New Zealand electronica band Strawpeople recorded their version in 1992 for the album Worldservice.
Joe Cocker recorded his version in 1994 for the album Have a Little Faith.
Jewel recorded a cover for the soundtrack to the 1996 film Phenomenon.
Ilse DeLange recorded a cover of the song on her live album Dear John, in 1999.
Chaka Khan recorded a cover for the soundtrack to the 2000 HBO film Disappearing Acts.
X Factor UK finalist Daniel Evans recorded this for his 2010 debut album No Easy Way.
Jon Bon Jovi recorded his version in 2011 for the film New Year's Eve (duet with Lea Michele).
Maisy Stella (as Daphne Conrad) and Will Chase (as Luke Wheeler) in the third season of the television show Nashville. The song was performed on episode 19 "The Storm Has Just Begun." It was released as a single and included on the album The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 2.
Pop Rock band The Summer Set sampled the main tempo for their song Heart on the Floor, featured on their 2013 album Legendary.
Dan Mangan recorded his version in 2019 as a single.
Galantis and Dolly Parton recorded their version in a 2019 single "Faith".
The English duo 29 Palms recorded the song as the final track on their 1992 album No Eden.
SYML recorded his version in 2022 as a single.
References
1987 songs
2003 singles
Mandy Moore songs
Jewel (singer) songs
Joe Cocker songs
Songs written by John Hiatt
A&M Records singles
Epic Records singles |
4035451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Sadri | John Sadri | John Sadri (born September 19, 1956) is a former tennis player from the United States. He reached the final of the 1979 Australian Open, won two singles titles and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 13 in September 1980. Sadri formerly ran a junior tennis academy at Russell Tennis Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Grand Slam finals
Singles (1 runner-up)
Grand Slam tournament performance timeline
Singles
Career finals
Singles (2 wins, 3 losses)
Doubles (3 wins, 6 losses)
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
American male tennis players
NC State Wolfpack men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Tennis people from North Carolina |
4035452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured%20sale | Structured sale | A structured sale or structured installment sale, is a special type of installment sale pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code. In an installment sale, the seller defers recognition of gain on the sale of a business or real estate to the tax year in which the related sale proceeds are received. In a structured sale, the seller is able to pay U.S. Federal income tax over time while having the seller's right to receive those payments guaranteed by a high credit quality alternate obligor. This obligor assumes the buyer's periodic payment obligation. Transactions can be arranged for amounts as small as $100,000.
To fund its future payment obligation, the assignment company then purchases an annuity from a life insurance company, United States treasuries via a trust or other financial instrument. Case law and administrative precedents support recognition of the original contract terms after a substitution of obligors. In addition, proper handling of the transaction will help the parties avoid problems with constructive receipt and economic benefit issues.
After Allstate Life stopped taking new annuity business in 2013, other structured sale opportunities arose. In lieu of annuities, United States Treasury obligations held in a trust (treasury funded structured settlements) are used to fund the future cash flows. Some companies use Key Man Life Insurance Policies in place of annuities, which provide the added protection of a death benefit to the seller and a payout that continues long after the seller passes. This arrangement may preferable when the seller is interested in passing wealth to the seller's beneficiaries after death. A Key Man Policy may also pay out more than an annuity in certain circumstances.
While negotiating the installment payments, the seller is free to design payment streams with a great deal of flexibility. Each installment payment to the seller has three components: return of basis, capital gain, and ordinary income earned on the money in the annuity. Under the doctrine of constructive receipt, with a properly documented structured sale, no taxable event is recognized until a payment is actually received. Taxation is the same as if the buyer were making installment payments directly.
Structured sales are an alternative to a section 1031 exchange. In a 1031 exchange, however, the seller is required to continue to hold some form of property. Structured sales work well for sellers who want to create a continuing stream of income without management worries. Retiring business owners and downsizing homeowners are examples of sellers who can benefit.
The structured sale must be documented, and money must be handled in such a way that the ultimate recipient is not treated as having constructively received the payment prior to the time it is actually made. For the buyer, there is no difference from a traditional cash-and-title-now deal, except for additional paperwork. Because of tax advantages to the seller, structuring the sale might, however, make the buyer's offer more attractive. Because the buyer has paid in full, the buyer gets full title at time of closing.
There are no direct fees to the buyer or seller to employ the structured sale strategy.
Alternatives
A sales method called the Installment sale and a Monetized Installment Sale, are variations of the Structured sale and is intended to protect the seller of a capital asset completely from the risk in connection with the buyer's creditworthiness.
Confusion Created by Secondary Market Firms
Some buyers of structured settlement payment rights have attempted to play off the popularity of the term structured sale to lure prospects for the sale of structured settlement payment rights.
The structured settlement specialist who implements the transaction is paid directly by the life insurance company that writes the annuity, or by the service provider for the treasury funded structured settlements.
The internal rate of return is comparable to long term high quality debt instruments.
Internal Revenue Service Private Letter Ruling 150850-07, dated June 2, 2008, confirmed the IRS position the taxpayer does not constructively receive payment for tax purposes until the actual cash payment is made pursuant to a properly drafted non-qualified assignment.
Notes
Business terms
Taxation in the United States
Sales |
4035468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEice%20%28Chrudim%20District%29 | Kněžice (Chrudim District) | See other places named Kněžice (disambiguation).
Kněžice is very small village in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has around 150 inhabitants.
External links
Short official information about the village (cz)
Villages in Chrudim District |
4035505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Moor | Terry Moor | Terry Moor (born April 23, 1952) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won two singles and three doubles titles during his professional career.
The left-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on October 29, 1984, when he became world No. 32.
He is currently a database programmer in Memphis, TN.
Grand Slam finals
Doubles
Career finals
Singles: 6 (2 wins, 4 losses)
Doubles (3 titles, 2 runner-ups)
External links
1952 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Hartford, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Memphis, Tennessee
Tennis people from Connecticut
Tennis people from Tennessee |
4035514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20Tender%20Modernization%20Act | Legal Tender Modernization Act | The Legal Tender Modernization Act () was a bill proposed by United States Representative Jim Kolbe of Arizona in 2002. Its main goal was to stop the continual production of pennies. The bill also mentions other provisions including:
Allows the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to print postage stamps, currency, and security documents for foreign governments and U.S. states or political subdivisions in order to make foreign currency consistent with U.S. foreign policy.
Five different new designs each year for the $2 Federal reserve notes.
Prohibits redesigning the $1 Federal Reserve Note, as it is not as inclined into being counterfeited therefore there is no need of a redesign.
States that the seigniorage (the U.S. government's profit earned from selling money to the Federal Reserve) should be included in the budget as a receipt.
The bill failed to advance in the house and died when the 107th Congress adjourned.
Criticism
Critics of the Legal Tender Modernization Act state that by eliminating the penny, the rounding system would increase prices that could hurt the consumer, especially the lower class. Kolbe however has responded to such criticism and has stated that the rounding system "favors neither the consumer nor the retailer because the probability of rounding up or down is 50 percent either way – it would all come out even in the end."
Other common criticisms include charitable causes depending on the penny, its perceived historical importance, and the adverse effect on the zinc industry as a penny is 97.5% zinc.
See also
Penny (United States coin)
Penny debate in the United States
References
External links
House Republican Conference
CNN: Should the Penny Go?
CNN: The Fight Against the Penny
Citizens for Retiring the Penny
USA Today: Coins cost more to make than face value
Coins of the United States
Proposed legislation of the 107th United States Congress |
4035529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode%20logic | Diode logic | Diode logic (DL), or diode-resistor logic (DRL), is the construction of Boolean logic gates from diodes. Diode logic was used extensively in the construction of early computers, where semiconductor diodes could replace bulky and costly active vacuum tube elements. The most common use for diode logic is in diode–transistor logic (DTL) integrated circuits that, in addition to diodes, include inverter logic to provide a NOT function and signal restoration.
While diode logic has the advantage of simplicity, the lack of an amplifying stage in each gate limits its application. Not all logical functions can be implemented in diode logic alone; only the non-inverting logical AND and logical OR functions can be realized by diode gates. If several diode logic gates are cascaded, the voltage levels at each stage are significantly changed, so diode logic is normally limited to a single stage, though, in special designs, two-stage systems are sometimes achieved.
Simplifying assumptions
For illustration this discussion assumes idealized diodes that conduct in the forward direction with no voltage drop and do not conduct in the reverse direction. Logic design assumes two distinct levels of signals that are labeled 1 and 0. For positive logic the 1 represents the most positive level and 0 for the most negative level. For illustration in this discussion, positive logic 1 is represented by +6 volts and 0 volts represents logic 0. In binary logic the exact magnitude of the signal voltage is not critical and it is only necessary that 1 and 0 states be represented by detectably different voltage levels.
In these examples at least one input of every gate must be connected to a voltage level providing the defined logic 1 or logic 0 levels. If all the inputs are disconnected from any driving source the output signal is not confined to the correct voltage range.
Diode logic gates
In logic gates, logical functions are performed by parallel or series connected switches (such as relay contacts or insulated gate FETs like CMOS) controlled by logical inputs or parallel resistors or diodes which are passive components. Diode logic is implemented by diodes which exhibit low impedance when forward biased and a very high impedance when reverse biased. There are two kinds of diode logic gates - OR and AND. It is not possible to construct NOT (invert) diode gates because the invert function requires an active component such as a transistor.
OR logic gate
The image to the right shows a diode OR circuit. The diode symbol is an arrow showing the forward low impedance direction of current flow. All diodes have inputs on their anodes and their cathodes are connected together to drive the output. R is connected from the output to some negative voltage (-6 volts) to provide bias current for the diodes.
If all inputs A and B and C are at 0 volts (logic level 0), current flowing through R will pull the output voltage down until the diodes clamp the output. Since these diodes are treated as ideal, the output is clamped to 0 volts, which is logic level 0. If any input switches to a positive voltage (logic 1), current flowing through the now forward-biased diode will pull the output voltage up, providing a positive voltage at the output, a logic 1. Any positive voltage will represent a logic 1 state; the summing of currents through multiple diodes does not change the logic level. The other diodes are reverse biased and conduct no current.
If any input A OR B OR C is 1, the output will be 1. Only if all inputs, A and B and C are 0 will the output be 0. This is the definition of a logic OR. The truth table on the right of the image shows the output for all combinations of inputs.
This can be written as:
A OR B OR C = OUTPUT
or
A+B+C=OUTPUT
In Boolean algebra the plus sign (+) is used to denote OR.
R can return to any negative voltage. If R is connected to 0 volts it will have no drive current available to drive the next circuit; practical diodes need a bias current. In a practical circuit, all signal levels, the value of R and its return voltage are chosen by the circuit designer to meet the design requirements.
AND logic gate
The diode AND is basically the same as the OR except it is turned upside down. The diodes are reversed so that the cathodes are connected to the inputs and the anodes are connected together to provide the output. R is connected to +12 volts to provide the forward bias current for the diodes and current for output drive.
If all inputs A AND B AND C are a positive voltage (+6 volts here), current flowing through R will pull the output positive till the diodes clamp the output to +6 volts, the logical 1 output level. If any input switches to 0 volts (logical 0 level), current flowing through the diode will pull the output voltage down to 0 volts. The other diodes would be reverse biased and conduct no current.
If input A or B or C is 0, the output will be 0. Only if all inputs, A AND B AND C are 1 will the output be 1. This is the definition of a logic AND. The truth table on the right of the image shows the output for all combinations of inputs.
This can be written as:
A AND B AND C = OUTPUT
or
A×B×C=OUTPUT
(In Boolean algebra the multiplication symbol denotes AND.)
Similar to the diode OR, R can return to any voltage that is more positive than the logic level 1. If R is connected to a voltage equal to the 1 level it will have no drive current available to drive the next circuit. All signal levels, the value of R and its return voltage are options chosen by the circuit designer to meet the design requirements.
Negative logic
The assignment of 1 and 0 to the positive and negative signal levels respectively is an option of the logic designer using the AND or OR circuits. With this assignment it assumes that the logic is positive. It is just as likely that the assignment might be the reversed where 1 is the negative voltage and 0 is the positive voltage. This would be negative logic. Switching between positive and negative logic is commonly used to achieve a more efficient logic design.
In Boolean algebra it is recognized that a positive logic OR is a negative logic AND. Similarly a positive logic AND is a negative logic OR.
This relationship can easily be recognized by reading the above description of their operation. In the OR it stated, “Only if all inputs, A and B and C are 0 will the output be 0.” In negative logic each node at the lower voltage would become a logic 1, making the statement, “Only if all inputs, A AND B AND C are 1 will the output be 1.” That is the definition of an AND function.
Similarly for the AND it was stated, “If input A or B or C is 0 the output will be 0.” In negative logic each node at the lower voltage would become a logic 1, making the statement, “If input A OR B OR C is 1 the output will be 1.” That is the definition of an OR function.
The logical function of any arrangement of diodes can only be established if the representation of logic states by voltage levels is known.
Diode logic with real diodes
The above descriptions assumed an ideal diode with zero resistance in the forward direction and infinite resistance in the reverse direction. Circuit designers must concern themselves with real diodes. The articles p-n diode and a less detailed article p-n junction describe the physics of the PN diode. After all the discussion of electrons, holes, majority and minority carriers etc. each come down to an equation that most directly relates to the circuit designer. The real PN diode actually has a voltage current characteristic similar to the curve on the right. A more specific definition can be found in the Shockley diode equation. The designer of a reliable diode logic circuit is usually limited to what the diode specification provides which is often less than the equation suggests. Typically the specification will primarily provide a maximum forward voltage drop at one or more forward currents and a reverse leakage current. It will also provide a maximum reverse voltage limited by zener or avalanche breakdown. Typical worst case specifications are shown below for both germanium and silicon PN diodes.
Germanium diode:
Max forward voltage at 10 mA = 1 volt @ 0 to 85 °C
Max reverse leakage current at 15 volts = 100 microamps @ 85 °C
Silicon diode:
Max forward voltage at 10 mA = 1 volt @ 0 to 125 °C
Max reverse leakage current at 15 volts = 1 microamps @ 85 °C
Effects of component manufacturing variations and temperature are usually included in these specifications.
More realistically the germanium forward voltage might be 0.25 to 0.4 volts but this is often not specified. The silicon leakage current might be much lower, possibly 1 to 100 nanoamps.
PN diodes also have transient behaviors that might be of concern with the design. The capacitance of a PN diode between anode and cathode is inversely proportional to the reverse voltage, growing as it approaches zero volts and into forward bias. There is also a recovery concern where the current will not decrease immediately when it is switched from forward bias to reverse bias. In the case of the diode OR if two or more of the inputs are at the 1 level and one switches to 0 it will cause a glitch or increase in current in the diodes that remain at 1. This can cause a short term dip in the output voltage. In practice if the diode logic gate drives a transistor inverter, as it usually does, and the diode and transistor are of similar construction the transistor will have a similar base collector capacitance that is amplified by the transistor gain so that it will be too slow to pass the glitch. Only when the diode is of a much slower construction will it become any concern at all. In one unusual design small selenium diode discs were used with germanium transistors. The recovery time of the very slow selenium diodes caused a glitch on the inverter output. It was fixed by placing a selenium diode across the base emitter junction of the transistor making it “think” it was a selenium transistor (if there could ever be one).
Early diode logic with transistor inverter
Up until 1952, IBM manufactured transistors by modifying off-the-shelf germanium diodes, after which they had their own alloy-junction transistor manufacturing plant at Poughkeepsie. In the mid 1950s, diode logic was used in the IBM 608 which was the first all-transistorized computer in the world. The image on the right shows two basic logic circuits used on 608 cards. A single card would hold four two-way circuits or three three-way or one eight-way. All input and output signals were compatible. The circuits were capable of reliably switching pulses as narrow as one microsecond.
The designers of the 1962 D-17B guidance computer used diode-resistor logic as much as possible, to minimize the number of transistors used.
Restoration
Digital logic implemented by active elements is characterized by signal restoration. True and false or 1 and 0 are represented by two specific voltage levels. If the inputs to a digital logic gate is close to their respective levels, the output will be closer or exactly equal to its desired level. Active logic gates may be integrated in large numbers because each gate tends to remove noise at its input. Diode logic gates are implemented by passive elements; so, they have two restoration problems.
Forward voltage drop
The first restoration problem of diode logic is that there is a voltage drop VF about 0.6 V across the forward-biased diode. This voltage is added to or subtracted from the input of every gate so that it accumulates when diode gates are cascaded. In an OR gate, VF decreases the high voltage level (the logical 1) while in an AND gate, it increases the low voltage level (the logical 0). The feasible number of logic stages thus depends on the voltage drop and difference between the high and low voltages.
Source resistance
Another problem of diode logic is the internal resistance of the input voltage sources. Together with the gate resistor, it constitutes a voltage divider that causes deviations in voltage levels. In an OR gate, the source resistance decreases the high voltage level (the logical 1) while in an AND gate, it increases the low voltage level (the logical 0). In the cascaded AND-OR diode gates in the picture on the right, the AND high output voltages are decreased because of the internal voltage drops across the AND pull-up resistances.
Applications
Diode logic gates are used to build diode–transistor logic (DTL) gates as integrated circuits.
The outputs of conventional ICs (with complementary output drive stages) are never directly connected together since they act as voltage sources. However, diodes can be used to combine two or more digital (high/low) outputs from an IC such as a counter. This wired logic connection can be a useful way of producing simple logic functions without using additional logic gates.
Most circuit families are designed to have compatible inputs and outputs depending on these signal levels to achieve reliable performance. Adding diode logic will degrade the signal level and result in poor noise rejection and possible failure.
Tunnel diodes
During the 1960s the use of tunnel diodes in logic circuits was an active research topic. When compared to transistor logic gates of the time, the tunnel diode offered much higher speeds. Unlike other diode types, the tunnel diode offered the possibility of amplification of signals at each stage. The operating principles of a tunnel diode logic rely on biasing of the tunnel diode and supply of current from inputs over a threshold current, to switch the diode between two states. Consequently, tunnel diode logic circuits required a means to reset the diode after each logical operation. A simple tunnel diode gate offered little isolation between inputs and outputs and had low fan in and fan out. More complex gates, with additional tunnel diodes and bias power supplies, overcame some of these limitations. Advances in discrete and integrated circuit transistor speed and the more nearly unilateral nature of transistor amplifiers overtook the tunnel diode gate and it is no longer used in modern computers.
See also
Diode matrix
Transistor–transistor logic
References
External links
"Joystick Controller: Using Diodes to Create OR Circuits" by David Cook
Logic families |
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