id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
4025121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Bazar%20%28Caltex%20Junction%29 | South Bazar (Caltex Junction) | South Bazar or South Bazaar () is a important junction market area in Kannur city of Kerala state in South India. South Bazar is a marketplace that is on the National Highway 66 from Kannur towards Taliparamba.
Caltex Junction is one of the busiest junction area in Kannur city. The National Highway 66, Collectrate road and Stadium road joins at this Junction, and this place is close to government administrative offices and the Taluk Office in Kannur. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) Bus Stand, Kannur is located at this junction. Apart from numerous grocery stores, South Bazar also has a number of automobile showrooms such as Hero Honda, Bajaj, and Maruti.
One can also find a branch of the Indian Coffee House in South Bazar.
This place is considered as a heart of Kannur city.
Future Development
South Bazar (Caltex Junction) being one of the busiest junction in the Kannur city, so a new flyover has been proposed over the junction to ease the traffic congestion.
Satellite image
Satellite image of South Bazar
See also
Kannur
Kannur District
Taliparamba
Image gallery
References
Suburbs of Kannur |
4025128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers%20%28Echo%20%26%20the%20Bunnymen%20album%29 | Flowers (Echo & the Bunnymen album) | Flowers is the ninth studio album released by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen in May 2001. It reached number 56 on the UK Albums Chart. The album was recorded at the Elevator Studios in Liverpool and the Bryn Derwyn Studios in Wales and produced by Ian McCulloch and Will Sergeant, with additional production by Pete Coleman. Flowers included the singles "It's Alright" and "Make Me Shine". The cover art is from a book by Michael Lesy called Wisconsin Death Trip (1973). It is about a town in Wisconsin called Black River Falls during the Victorian era.
Track listing
All tracks written by Ian McCulloch and Will Sergeant.
"King of Kings" – 4:24
"SuperMellowMan" – 4:58
"Hide & Seek" – 4:07
"Make Me Shine" – 3:54
"It's Alright" – 3:32
"Buried Alive" – 3:55
"Flowers" – 4:16
"Everybody Knows" – 4:40
"Life Goes On" – 3:59
"An Eternity Turns" – 4:03
"Burn for Me" – 3:41
Personnel
Musicians
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar, piano
Will Sergeant – lead guitar, tambourine
Alex Germains – bass, backing vocals
Ceri James – keyboards
Vincent Jamieson – drums, congas, tambourine, shakers
Production
Ian McCulloch – producer
Will Sergeant – producer
Pete Coleman – additional production, engineer, mixing
Mike Hunter – additional engineering
David Blackman – mastered by
Stu Reed – pro-tools
Andrew Swainson – design, photography
References
2001 albums
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
Cooking Vinyl albums
Albums recorded at Elevator Studios |
4025135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Innes-Ker%2C%205th%20Duke%20of%20Roxburghe | James Innes-Ker, 5th Duke of Roxburghe | James Innes-Ker, 5th Duke of Roxburghe (10 January 173619 July 1823) was a Scottish nobleman.
Early life
He was the eldest surviving son of Sir Henry Innes, 5th Baronet (–1762), and Anne Drummonda Grant (1711–1771). His grandfathers were Sir Harry Innes, 4th Baronet, who represented the Parliament of Scotland constituency of Elginshire from 1704 to 1707, and Sir James Grant, 6th Baronet, a Member of Parliament for Inverness-shire and Elgin Burghs.
Upon his father's death in 1762, he succeeded to the Innes Baronetcy.
Dukedom of Roxburghe
Through the Innes family, he was a descendant of Robert Ker, 1st Earl of Roxburghe, and in 1812 established his claim to the vacant Dukedom of Roxburghe. The fight for the succession of the title encompassed seven years of constant litigation; according to one biography, "seldom have the lawyers met with a richer harvest. The courts of Edinburgh and London have revelled in conflicting claims, and the House of Lords has been disturbed by never-ending appeals." On the demise of the 3rd Duke, who had never married, his principal titles, and large and productive estates, devolved on William Bellenden-Ker, 4th Duke of Roxburghe, who died shortly thereafter, without heirs. The succession was contested by Major-General Walter Ker and the Right Honorable William Drummond; and only at vast cost decided, on 11 May 1812, in favour of Sir James, as descended from Lady Innes, the third daughter of Hary, Lord Ker, son of the first Earl of Roxburghe.
Lord Bellenden was descended from the second Duke; General Ker claimed to be heir male of the first, and Mr. Drummond heir male of the second Earl, so that the issue turned on the construction of an entail, which gave the right to the female line. Other claimants included John Bellenden Ker (c. 1765–1842), famous as a wit and botanist and the author of Archaeology of Popular Phrases and Nursery Rhymes (1837), whose son was the legal reformer Charles Henry Bellenden Ker (c. 1785–1871). It is notable that 25 years later, Walter Ker's daughter Essex Ker was involved in litigation against her father's lawyers in connection with bonds issued to cover the costs of the succession litigation.
Personal life
James took the name Innes-Ker, and became the 5th Duke of Roxburghe. He married twice, first on 19 April 1769 to Mary Wray (1729/30–1807), the eldest daughter of Sir John Wray, 12th Baronet and sister of Sir Cecil Wray, 13th Baronet. His wife died in 1807 and he remarried to Harriet Charlewood on 28 July 1807. Harriet was a daughter of Benjamin Charlewood, of Windlesham, Surrey. Together, they were the parents of:
James Henry Robert Innes-Ker (1816–1879), who married Susanna Stephania Dalbiac, the only child of Sir Charles Dalbiac.
Innes-Ker died on 19 July 1823, and was succeeded in the Dukedom by his only son from his second marriage. Four years after his death, his widow remarried to Lt Col Walter Frederick O'Reilly, CB of the Royal African Corps, on 14 November 1827.
Descendants and legacy
Through his son James, he was a grandfather of James Henry Robert Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe (1839–1892), who married Anne Emily Spencer-Churchill, daughter of the John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough.
Portraits of the Duke and his second Duchess were painted by Henry Raeburn, and hang in the entrance hall of the family seat of Floors Castle in the Scottish Borders.
References
External links
Portrait of James Innes-Ker, 5th Duke of Roxburghe, by Valentine Green.
Ker, James Norcliffe
Innes-Ker, James Norcliffe
5
Scottish representative peers |
4025136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coqui%20%28NASA%29 | Coqui (NASA) | The Coquí and Coquí 2 (Coquí Dos) campaign involved a sequence of sounding rocket launches in order to study the dynamics of the E- and F-region ionosphere and increase our understanding of layering phenomena, such as sporadic E layers. The studies were supported by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and carried out in 1992 and 1998 respectively.
NASA launched sounding rockets from the Puerto Rican coastal town of Vega Baja, about 20 miles west of San Juan. Among the stated goals were to study how the Earth's ionosphere reacts to naturally occurring phenomena by artificially simulating these phenomena using a high-frequency (HF) radar and study the ionospheric response with both the Arecibo Observatory ionospheric radar and with instruments and chemical tracers carried aboard the sounding rockets. The campaign was named for the coqui frog, which is a small frog in the genus Eleutherodactylus native to Puerto Rico.
References
External links
NASA official fact sheet on Coqui Dos
Resource Center of the Americas: NASA Experiments Continue
Activists Protest US Navy Radar Project
Long Spark Running: NASA's Coqui Experiments
NASA programs
Sounding rockets of the United States
1992 in spaceflight
1998 in spaceflight |
4025145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substomatal%20cavity | Substomatal cavity | In plants, the substomatal cavity is the cavity located immediately proximal to the stoma. It acts as a diffusion chamber connected with intercellular air spaces and allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and other gases (such as plant pheromones) in and out of plant cells.
References
Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2006) Plant Biology (Second Edition). Pearsons Education, USA.
See also
Stoma
Transpiration stream
Plant cells
Plant anatomy |
4025147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleknock%20Castle | Castleknock Castle | Castleknock Castle is a ruined Norman castle located on the grounds of present-day all boys independent school Castleknock College, Castleknock, Dublin, Ireland.
Description
"The position of the castle is commanding, and its two deep ditches, and the ruins of its massive walls, bespeak its former strength. The Castle itself is thickly clad with ivy, and the entire hill covered with large and spreading trees. The whole is now reserved ground, enclosed with a strong fence. The solemn gloom of the place, its dark winding walks, and the profound silence that reigns around, make it a delightful solitude."
A mound may have preceded the present medieval Norman structure. The polygonal keep was the notable feature of the castle. Attached to it was a large squat building. A curtain wall, interspersed with towers, surrounded the castle. There is a moat or ditch constructed around the castle. Today, the site is surrounded by trees while the ruins are seldom visible from the road except in winter. The earliest extant drawing of the castle by Francis Place also shows it in ruins, but somewhat less dilapidated than at present.
There is also a small mound to the west of Castleknock College buildings known as Windmill Hill. There is a water tower there now which was built originally as an observatory by a previous owner, Simon Guinn.
History
Cromlech
There is evidence of the site's importance prior to the erection of the castle in the Norman period. An ancient pagan cromlech was discovered.
"In the year 1861, an ancient Cromlech, or Druid's altar, was discovered in the interior of the old Castle when digging the grave of the Rev. Thomas Plunket.
The workmen, coming on a large flat stone, found it too heavy to remove, and immediately commenced to break it.
They succeeded after great difficulty, but on detaching a portion, they found, to their surprise, an empty space beneath, and a human skeleton lying at full length.
The head and larger bones were almost perfect, and with them were small heaps of dry, whitish dust. The men not understanding the nature of their discovery, placed the bones a little aside, and continued their work.
It was not till the grave was filled up, and it was too late to remedy the evil, that the whole matter came to light.
From the description given by different persons who were present, there is no doubt that the discovered grave was one of those ancient Cromlechs, or altar tombs, which were used as burial places for kings or notables during the Pagan times.
The skeleton in this case was so old that the admission of air caused a portion of the bones to fall into dust; this accounts for the small heaps of whitish dust which were found with the larger bones."
Cnucha
"In the year 726", say the Four Masters, " died Congalach of Cnucha." In the old translation of the annals of Clonmacnoisc, he is called " Konolagh of Castleknock." In the Annals of Ulster we read " Congalach Cnucho moritur; and in the Annals of Tigernach "Congalach Cnuchaensis moritur." We know nothing respecting Congalach, but that he died at his fort, Cnucha, towards the beginning of the eighth century."
Castle origins
The castle was founded by the Norman knight, Hugh Tyrrel, who was later created Baron of Castleknock. He chose this location near the end of the esker which stretches from Galway to Dublin. Built on two mounds of the esker, it commanded the route into Dublin from the west.
Castleknock was the final rallying point for the forces of the last High King of Ireland, Rory O'Connor. He failed to drive the Cambro-Normans from the area around Dublin in 1171.
At that time the old fort underwent many changes. Tyrrel strengthened his fortress with all the improvements of modern warfare, and in a short time the Norman castle stood aloft in grim defiance, with its heavy battlements and deep double ditch. The battering ram could not approach it, and the missiles thrown against it fell harmless to the ground 'as hailstones from the rounded shield.'
Foundation of abbey
The Abbey of St. Brigid was founded where the Protestant church now stands, by Richard Tyrrell, second Baron of Castleknock, in 1184, and continued to flourish until the suppression of the monasteries, when it was demolished, and a Protestant church built on the site. In ancient times Castleknock furnished two canons to the Cathedral of St. Patrick, and still today two prebends of St. Patrick's derive their titles from "Castrum Noc ex parte diaconi, et Ca-strum Noc ex parte praecentoris".
Capture by Robert the Bruce
The Bruces advanced on Dublin (1316). A short time before, Edward Bruce had been crowned King of Ireland at Dundalk, and thinking the time had come for the expulsion of the English, he invited his brother Robert to his assistance. The King of Scotland landed in Ireland with a select body of troops, and, being joined by his brother, marched to besiege Dublin with 20,000 men. The first exploit on approaching the city was the taking of Castleknock. It could not be expected that the old fortress, long deemed impregnable, could long hold out against the hero of Bannockburn. Bruce entered, making Hugh Tyrrell prisoner, and fixed there his headquarters.
It was now believed that the liberation of Ireland was at hand. There was feasting and rejoicing in the Castle. The Irish and Scottish chieftains met at the same board, and plaids and bonnets mingled, with garments of saffron hue. But joy quickly gave place to gloom. Bruce soon perceived that Dublin was fully prepared for a siege, and well provided with provisions from the sea. Moreover, the ardour of the citizens caused him to relinquish all hope. After remaining a few days in the Castle, he released Tyrrell on payment of a ransom, and retired from the city. But he had scarcely commenced his march, when he seemed to repent of his
resolution, and halted again at Leixlip. After a short delay he recommenced his march towards the south, and soon after left Ireland, leaving his brother to continue the war.
Legend
"THE LADY OF THE CASTLE ; CTR THE STORY OF EIBHLEEN O'BRINN."
Of all the facts connected with the history of Castleknock,
there is none that has attracted more interest at least,
amongst a certain class than the story of Eibhleen O'Brinn.
Dr. Burton, in his History of the Royal Hospital, Kil-
mainham, has developed it into a tale of considerable length,
and an anonymous writer in the Nation has commemorated
the event in not ungraceful verse. The facts are as follows :
In the early part of the 16th century, Hugh Tyrrell, the
last of the name, ruled in Castleknock. During his absence,
his brother Roger, by his violence and licentiousness, made
the old castle the terror of the neighbourhood, and a
"stronghold of iniquity." One summer's evening, Roger
carried off Eibhleen, the fair daughter of O'Brinn, or O'Byrne,
a Wicklow chieftain, who dwelt on a hill to the west of the
neighbouring town of Chapelizod, and confined her in the
turret of the castle. At dead of night, the maiden heard
steps ascending the stone staircase that led to her apartment,
and fearing the worst, opened a vein in her neck, by means
of her breast-pin, and bled to death. Next morning the fact
was divulged, and great indignation was expressed against
Tyrrell. Turlogh O'Brinn had taken refuge in the pale from
the horrors of war, and hoped to bring up his family in peace,
under the protection of the viceroy. The affliction which
now befel this peaceful chieftain, excited universal sympathy.
At this time, the site of the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham,
was occupied by the Knights of St. John, and one of them,
who, as procurator of the house, had become acquainted with
the family of O'Brinn, resolved that so public a scandal
should not pass unpunished. He consequently assembled his retainers, and marched towards Castleknock. Tyrrell, finding he was to be attacked, declared that he would not
take refuge behind his ramparts, but would meet his enemy
in the open field. A bloody battle ensued, in which Tyrrell
was slain. His tragical end was considered a just punish
ment for his many crimes; but the death of the maiden was
long regretted by the people, and often in the winter's even-
ings, when the rustics gathered round the blazing hearth,
many a tear was shed over the sorrows of O'Brinn, and the
fate of his daughter Eibhleen.
It was long a popular belief, that, at the hour of midnight,
a female figure, robed in white, might be seen moving slowly
round the castle. This, they said, was Eibhleen, and they
called her "The Lady of the Castle."
" When distant chimes sound midnight hour,
The spirit pure is seen;
And moving round the lonely tower,
Looks bright as moonlight beam.
And as the moonbeams tint the walls,
And light the turret's crest,
" 'Twas hence", she says, " my spirit fled,
'Tis here my bones find rest.
And here I wander, year by year,
For such my lot has been,
But soon at end my penance drear,
I'll rest in joy unseen.'"
Her act of suicide, though wholly unjustifiable, was believed to have been palliated by ignorance, and in making the rounds of the castle, she was supposed to be completing her purgatory. The Lady of the Castle has not been seen since the Congregation of St. Vincent got possession of Castleknock; the priests, they say, must have "laid the spirit."
Impact of English Civil War
"COURAGEOUS CONDUCT OF AN IRISH LADY AT THE TAKING OF CASTLEKNOCK"
Castleknock Castle was the scene of many bloody encounters, including this one recounted by an Irish officer in 1642. It was discovered in the Bibliothèque Imperiale, Paris.
A small pamphlet entitled " Courageuse Resolution d'une dame Irlandaise a la prise de Chateau-knock", was lately found by accident in the Bibliothèque Imperiale of Paris.
It occupies only six pages I2mo., and seems to have been a letter written by an Irish officer to some friends in France, very soon after the event took place. It was found at the time so interesting that it was immediately published and circulated through Paris. No name is given, but its date is 1642. It is entered in the Bibliothèque Imperiale, 8vo. No. 955, A. a. It thus commences:
"The Earl of Ormond, a Protestant, went forth from the city of Dublin on the 28th of last month at the head of 4,000-foot and 500 horse towards the county Meath.
"The next day he besieged with his army Castleknock, belonging to the Lady de Lacy, aunt of the Earl of Fingal.
The husband of this lady was engaged in the army of the Catholics of Ireland. He left his wife in the Castle to keep it with fifty men only, being well assured that her courage was above her sex, in which he was not deceived ; for this lady, by the orders which she gave, caused 400 soldiers of the besiegers to be slain during the four days the siege lasted, and the number of dead would have been greater still, had not the ammunition failed, which this lady having perceived, she caused to be put in one heap all her clothes, money, jewels, and precious moveables, in a word, all that was found of any value within the enclosure of the Castle ; she then set fire thereto, so that there should remain no booty for the enemy. She also rendered useless all the arms which were in the place, having caused them to be broken, with the exception of those with which her soldiers were equipped, and in the light of the fire she harangued her soldiers thus:
" My faithful servants, you can well judge by the action I am after performing, what hope there is of favour from our enemies, and how little clemency I expect at their hands. I tell you, moreover, that you should not expect quarter from them, but remember the sentence which says, ' let the vanquished hope for nothing from their enemies.' Take courage, then, and combat to death for the faith of your Redeemer ; you can never find a more glorious end, and the sooner to find it, go valiantly to attack the enemy of the Cross, lest, being made prisoners, any of you should, by bad treatment or the violence of torments, fail in the good resolution you have taken of dying to-day for the Catholic Faith ; in which I desire to set you the example by marching at your head.'
"This done, the besieged set fire to the Castle, and went down, sword in hand, with such resolution that, after a great carnage of their enemies, all that went forth remained dead on the field, with the exception of the lady, who was made prisoner by the Earl of Ormond.
"After this the Earl sent to Dublin for reinforcements, and pursued his march."
Thus terminates this interesting narrative."
General Monk
The castle was partially dismantled after the War of the Three Kingdoms when considerable artillery damage had been done to the castle.
"When the English Parliament proclaimed war upon King Charles, the Irish adhered to the Stuarts, and the lords of Castleknock joining the national movement, planted the royal standard upon their battlements. From that day their doom was fixed.
General Monk marched from Dublin with a strong force and siege train, and sat down before the castle (1642). Things were there in the same state as in the days of the first Tyrrells.
The lofty walls, the deep-set windows, the rooms within low and dimly lighted, and the heavy oak benches around, more like machines. of war than articles of luxury. But the garrison was too weak for the defence. A heavy cannonade commenced, and when the walls were shaken to their foundations, and eighty of the defenders had fallen, the signal was given and the place taken by assault. The garrison had acted bravely, but compassion was far from the hearts of the Republicans. The survivors were tried by court-martial, found guilty of fighting against the state, and hanged from those walls they had so bravely defended.
Monk, on returning to Dublin, left a strong force in the Castle, for, though much shattered, it was still a position of considerable importance. But its days were numbered."
Owen Roe O'Neill
On his march towards Dublin (1647), finding Castleknock in the hands of the English, he determined to dislodge them. An effort was made to avert the blow. Colonel Trevor appeared at the head of a body of cavalry, but these were quickly routed, and O'Neill commenced another siege. This was too much for the veteran fortress, already tottering to its fall; it surrendered, and breathed its last in the hands of the Irish hero.
Present day
The green plot of ground enclosed within the old walls is used as a burial place for the priests of St. Vincent de Paul, and many zealous missioners, cut off in the bloom of life, are there interred. It was a happy thought. That spot, purpled with the blood of many a hero, and containing within its bosom the relics of the " departed brave", is now a consecrated cemetery. Here rest side by side the soldier and the priest of Erin. The one fought for Ireland's temporal interests, the other for her spiritual welfare..
Books
Dónal MacPolin and Peter Sobolewski, Blanchardstown, Castleknock and the Park, 2001, Cottage Publications
James O'Driscoll, Cnucha: A history of Castleknock and district, 1977, privately issued
Jim Lacey, A Candle in the Window, 1999 Marino Publications
Tadhg O'Keeffe, Medieval Irish Buildings, pp 230-231 2015 Four Courts Press
References
External links
History of Castleknock
Excerpt from book on Castleknock by Jim Lacey
Fort of Cnucha and its Successors
Castles in Fingal
Castleknock College
Ruins in the Republic of Ireland
Buildings listed on the Fingal Record of Protected Structures |
4025157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20State%20News | The State News | The State News is the student newspaper of Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. It is supported by a combination of advertising revenue and a $7.50 refundable tax that students pay at each semester's matriculation. Though The State News is supported by a student tax, the faculty and administration do not interfere in the paper's content. The State News is governed by a Board of Directors, which comprises journalism professionals, faculty and students. In 2010, the Princeton Review ranked The State News as the #8 best college newspaper in the country. And in 2015, the Society of Professional Journalists named TSN as the nation's best daily college newspaper for 2014.
History
The State News traces its roots to March 10, 1909.
It was first dubbed The Holcad, chosen by the president of the then-Michigan Agricultural College. Holcad was the name of a ship that carried news from seaport to seaport in ancient Greece. The newspaper was seen as a way for students to defend themselves against charges of hooliganism by the Lansing press.
In 1925, the newspaper changed its name to the Michigan State News. Eventually, this got clipped to The State News. The paper was overseen by a university-run publications board.
In 1971, the newspaper was spun off from the university into a nonprofit corporation, State News Inc., governed by its own board of directors. The move was designed to protect the student publication from interference by university administrators who might disagree with its content. Its incorporation also protected the university from liability of anything published in The State News. The newspaper's masthead references this, referring to the publication as "Michigan State University's Independent Voice."
In August 2005, The State News moved its offices from the Student Services Building, where it had resided since the building's opening in 1957, to an off-campus location at 435 E. Grand River Ave. Prior to its location at the Student Services Building, the newspaper had its offices in the MSU Union.
In August 2014, the newspaper switched from a broadsheet to a tabloid format, and in April 2015 it ceased publishing a print edition each weekday during the school year, eventually shifting to the current biweekly print format.
Controversy and criticism
On election day, 1948, The State News, going to press at 7 a.m., became the only morning daily to place Harry S. Truman in the lead for president.
In June 1950, the first issue of the summer edition of The State News carried an editorial critical of the Michigan Department of the American Legion's Boy's State program held on the Michigan State College campus. Several days later, June 25, North Korea invaded South Korea initiating the Korean War. The following Monday the state American Legion held its summer encampment and adopted a resolution calling for the suspension of The State News and the expelling of its student editor, Ron M. Linton. Later that week, Michigan State suspended further summer publication of the paper but declined to expel its editor. The school did, however, announce the appointment of a full-time college employee, William McIlrath, as director of the publication with authority over the paper's content. It was later learned that the school had already planned this action but used this incident as a rationale. This culminated a period of six years—since the end of World War II—of increasing irritation of the school's administration by the independent attitude of the student journalists. Returning veterans were a significant portion of the paper's staff and, being several years older than students enrolled directly from high school and matured by war, they tended to exercise a more critical attitude toward campus events. This led to a series of articles and editorials about the difficulty had by African-American male students in getting haircuts, including the refusal of the Union's barber shop to service African-Americans. It also published a series critical of the school's plan to require male cooperative residences to hire "house mothers"; ultimately, the coops were exempted, but fraternities were not. The State News, to the administration's consternation, exposed the administration's efforts to block unionization of dining room and school service employees.
When the local Congressman demanded in 1950 that Michigan State remove left-leaning economist Paul Douglas (later U.S. Senator from Illinois) from its lecture series, the paper fought back in a series of editorials that resulted in the Congressman turning tail. The State News was the first U.S. daily newspaper, commercial or student, to editorially criticize then-U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-WI) for his sweeping charges without proof of communist activities by a number of citizens.
In November 1965, four State News editors resigned over the faculty adviser's and the lead editor's decision to spike a story involving Paul Schiff, who claimed he was denied re-admission to MSU for his political views.
Internal controversies include a group of junior editors dissatisfied with the editor-in-chief starting a weekly newspaper, Campus Observer, in 1968. The following year, the managing editor took over the editorial reins in response to staff grumbling.
In April 1977, a one-day newsroom staff walkout followed the board's appointment of the next top editor when the staff's recommendation was not picked.
In 2000, The State News published Fetus-X which regularly contained psychedelic pictures of Jesus breakdancing with dead babies. After protests from the Catholic League, The State News fired artists Eric Millikin and Casey Sorrow.
In 2003, an advertisement printed in the State News showed Palestinians celebrating in the street while Israelis lit candles and prayed. The advertisement's caption claimed that these were the reactions to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Pro-Palestinian groups protested outside the MSU Student Services building and demanded that their student fees be refunded.
On Veterans Day, 2005, editorial cartoonist Mike Ramsey drew a piece that showed a World War II soldier who liberated concentration camps conversing with a modern-day soldier who was shown holding a torture device. In response, Young Americans for Freedom and the College Republicans picketed the offices of The State News and called for Ramsey's dismissal. Ramsey was not fired.
In 2008, the Michigan Supreme Court heard arguments regarding The State News''' lawsuit against MSU over Freedom of Information Act issues.
The State News received criticism in 2010 for replacing some of its comics with games/puzzles, including new additions of a giant crossword, Octo, Word Finder and Pathem puzzles. In 2010 the State News published Crosswords, Pathem puzzles, Sudoku, Octo, Wordplay and Word Search puzzles. As of 2012 The State News continues to support publishing puzzles and games.
In 2018, The State News received national attention for an editorial demanding the resignation of MSU President Lou Anna K. Simon amid fallout from the Larry Nassar sex assault scandal. Simon quit shortly thereafter.
Journalistic opportunity
Many of the paper's staffers have gone on to professional internships and jobs at the nation's largest newspapers. Alumni of The State News work for news organizations around the world.
The newspaper has won the Associated Collegiate Press' Pacemaker award 18 times (in 1963, 1966, 1967, 1970, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2020, and 2021 for print; 2014 and 2018 for online). The award is considered one of college journalism's top prizes. It won in 2003 for coverage of the U.S. invasion of Iraq and a campus riot later in the spring of that year. The State News was also a print Pacemaker finalist in 1987, 2010, 2011, 2017 and 2018 and an online Pacemaker finalist in 2005, 2009 and 2017.
The Society of Professional Journalists ranked The State News among the nation's best college daily in 2014, and among the top three in 2007 and 2011.
Reporters often travel to cover news, especially to out-of-state sporting events, such as the 2009 presidential inauguration, the 2012 and 2016 Democratic and Republican national conventions, the 2014 Rose Bowl Game and 2019 men's Final Four. Clinics and professional development opportunities are provided. A staff photographer at the paper has been named Michigan's College Photographer of the Year by the Michigan Press Photographers' Association each year for most of the last decade.
Alumni also have won Pulitzer Prizes, including M.L. Elrick who was part of the Detroit Free Press staff that won the journalism award in April 2009 for their coverage of the texting message scandal of Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick. Elrick wrote for the State News in 1987-88. Jim Mitzelfeld won in 1994 for beat reporting at The Detroit News, 11 years after serving as editor-in-chief.
Investigative work by Charles Robinson at Yahoo! Sports led to the revocation of USC football player Reggie Bush's 2005 Heisman Trophy. Robinson later uncovered millions of dollars in illegal compensation to several dozen football players at the University of Miami (Fla.).
Other recent alums of note include Jemele Hill, former co-host of "SportsCenter" on ESPN who now writes for The Atlantic; Steve Eder, a presidential campaign reporter for The New York Times; and John Hudson, who covers national security for the Washington Post.
Publishing and distributionThe State News has a readership of more than 65,000 students, faculty, staff and residents of the cities surrounding the university. Free copies of the paper are available online or at green-colored newsstands around campus and the city. The State News prints 7,000 copies of the paper every other Tuesday during the Fall and Spring semesters. The print edition is not published on weekends, holidays, the summer semester or semester breaks, though news is constantly updated at statenews.com (which has garnered more than 5 million page views annually) and via social media (the State News' Twitter feeds have more than 40,000 followers). In 2012, The State News began marketing its Gryphon content management system to other college newspapers under the moniker of SNworks (www.getsnworks.com). Gryphon's successor CMS, called CEO, is now being used by more than 50 student-run papers at North Carolina, Duke, Maryland, Indiana, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico, Eastern Michigan, Grand Valley State, UM-Flint, Otterbein and other universities, in addition to The State News itself.
Hall of Fame
In 2006, the State News Alumni Association honored the first 15 inductees to its State News Hall of Fame. 31 additional names have been added through 2009. The first class included:
A.A. Applegate, MSU journalism chairman and mentor to students at The State News, 1936–1955;
Len Barnes, news staff and editor, 1938–1942, who along with Sheldon Moyer, is credited with taking The State News from a three-day-a-week paper to a five-day-a-week paper featuring a wire service;
Lou Berman, general manager, 1961–1972, who is credited with saving the newspaper from potential ruin;
Ben Burns, reporter and editor, 1958–1963, who is a former executive editor of The Detroit News and head of the journalism program at Wayne State University;
Phil Frank, cartoonist, 1961–1965, who went on to publish the strip Farley in the San Francisco Chronicle;
Carole Leigh Hutton, reporter and editor, 1975–1978, who helped hold The State News together during a staff walkout in the 1970s and the first female publisher and editor of the Detroit Free Press;
Charles P. “Lash” Larrowe, faculty columnist, 1971–1989, who was an economics professor emeritus famous for his satirical column;
Ron Linton, night editor and editor, 1947–1950, who was a senior consultant for the Carmen Group, served in high-level positions in Congress, worked on John F. Kennedy’s 1960 presidential campaign and was named director of Economic Utilization Policy at the Department of Defense;
Dick Milliman, news staff, 1946–1950; board member, 1978–1985, 1991–1996, 2002–present, who is the founder of Milliman Communications, which has published more than 25 community newspapers in Michigan.
Jim Mitzelfeld, editor in chief, 1982–83, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1994 as a reporter for The Detroit News and is now an attorney for the U.S. Justice Department
Jim Quello, editor, 1935, who served on the Federal Communications Commission for more than 23 years, including 11 months as interim chairman in 1993;
Dave Rood, news staff, 1946–1950, who in 1977 as editor of The Escanaba Daily Press was asked by his paper’s corporate publisher to run two stories about President Jimmy Carter. When Rood refused, saying the stories were shoddy journalism, he was fired. His stand for journalistic principles earned him national attention and a place in the Michigan Journalism Hall of Fame;
Jim Spaniolo, editor in chief, 1967–68, a former dean of the College of Communication Arts and Sciences who in 2003 was named president of the University of Texas at Arlington;
James P. Sterba, news staffer, 1960s, a foreign correspondent, war correspondent and national correspondent for three decades at The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He is currently a senior correspondent in the New York bureau of The Wall Street Journal;
Jerry terHorst, reporter and night editor, 1941–43, who served as President Gerald Ford's press secretary but resigned one month later to protest the pardon of Richard Nixon.
Notable journalists
Jack Berry, summer editor during 1955 and sports editor for the 1955–56 semester.
References
External linksThe State News'' website
[The State News Alumni Association https://web.archive.org/web/20061224224900/http://snaa.statenews.com/]
State News Alumni Association Hall of Fame
advertise.statenews.com
SNworks
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Student newspapers published in Michigan
Publications established in 1909
1909 establishments in Michigan |
4025160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legnago | Legnago | Legnago () is a town and comune in the Province of Verona, Veneto, northern Italy, with population (2012) of 25,439. It is located on the Adige river, about from Verona. Its fertile land produces crops of rice, other cereals, sugar, and tobacco.
History
Traces of human presence in the area date back to the Bronze Age.
Legnago had an important military role since the early Middle Ages. In the 19th century it was one of the Quadrilatero fortresses, the main strongpoint of the Austrian Lombardy-Venetia puppet state during the Italian Wars of Independence. The present fortifications were planned and made in 1815, the older defences having been destroyed by Napoleon I in 1801.
Geography
Located in the southwestern corner of its province, near the borders with the ones of Rovigo, Padua and Vicenza, Legnago borders with the municipalities of Angiari, Bergantino (RO), Bonavigo, Boschi Sant'Anna, Castelnovo Bariano (RO), Cerea, Minerbe, Terrazzo and Villa Bartolomea. It counts the hamlets (frazioni) of Canove, Casette, Porto, San Pietro, San Vito, Terranegra, Torretta, Vangadizza and Vigo.
Main sights
Church of San Salvaro (12th century).
Cathedral (Duomo), from the 18th century.
The Torrione ("Grand Tower"), dating from the 14th century, the only surviving tower from the old medieval walls.
Culture
In honour of Legnago's most famous native, the composer Antonio Salieri, there is a Salieri Opera Festival every autumn sponsored by the Fondazione Culturale Antonio Salieri and dedicated to rediscovering his work and those of his contemporaries. A theatre in Legnago has also been renamed in his honour.
People
Antonio Salieri (1750-1825), composer
Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle (1827-1897), art historian
Apollo Granforte (1886-1975), operatic baritone
Sport
The local football club is the F.C. Legnago Salus S.S.D.
References
Sources
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Veneto |
4025161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid | Antimineralocorticoid | An antimineralocorticoid, also known as a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MCRA) or aldosterone antagonist, is a diuretic drug which antagonizes the action of aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors. This group of drugs is often used as adjunctive therapy, in combination with other drugs, for the management of chronic heart failure. Spironolactone, the first member of the class, is also used in the management of hyperaldosteronism (including Conn's syndrome) and female hirsutism (due to additional antiandrogen actions). Most antimineralocorticoids, including spironolactone, are steroidal spirolactones. Finerenone is a nonsteroidal antimineralocorticoid.
Medical uses
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are diuretic drugs that work primarily on the kidneys. They decrease sodium reabsorption which leads to increased water excretion by the kidneys. By regulating water excretion, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists lower blood pressure and reduce fluid around the heart which can be very beneficial in some cardiovascular conditions. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have been used for many clinical conditions in the cardiovascular system. It has proven beneficial for diseases like primary aldosteronism, primary and resistant hypertension, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. They are often used with other medications, such as ACE inhibitors or beta blockers.
Adverse effects
Increased urination is a commonly reported side effect, particularly during the initial phase following treatment initiation; this is mostly transient and tends to reduce with sustained treatment. Common side effects for antimineralocorticoid medications include nausea and vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhoea. Clinically significant hyperkalemia is possible, and warrants serum potassium monitoring on a periodic basis. The pathophysiology of hyperkalemia is that antimineralocorticoid medications reduce potassium (K) excretion.
Mechanism of action
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid which is synthesized in the adrenal glands. When aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal glands, it binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor in the renal tubule cell and forms a complex.
This complex enhances transcription of specific DNA segments in the nucleus, leading to the formation of two protein transporters, Na+/K+ ATPase pump at the basolateral membrane and Na+ channel called ENaC, located at the apical membrane of the renal tubule cell.
These protein transporters increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal tubule and the collecting duct of the kidneys. This helps the body to maintain normal volume and electrolyte balance, increasing the blood pressure.
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists decrease the aldosterone effect by binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor inhibiting aldosterone. This leads to higher levels of potassium in serum and increased sodium excretion, resulting in decreased body fluid and lower blood pressure.
List of Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
Pharmacokinetics
When comparing the pharmacokinetic properties of spironolactone and eplerenone, it is clear that the two drugs differ. Spironolactone has shorter half-life (t1/2 = 1.3-1.4 hours) than eplerenone (t1/2 = 4-6 hours). Eplerenone goes through rapid metabolism by the liver to inactive metabolites (t1/2 = 4-6 hours). However, spironolactone is metabolized to three active metabolites, which give it prolonged activity (13.8 – 16. 5 hours). Spironolactone has a long half-life and is excreted 47-51% through kidneys. Patients with chronic kidney disease therefore require close monitoring when taking the drug. Spironolactone is also eliminated through feces (35-41%). The excretion of eplerenone is 67% through kidneys and 32% through feces. The information about excretion plays a critical role when determining the appropriate doses for patients with renal and/or hepatic dysfunction. It is very important to adjust the doses for patients with renal dysfunction because if they fail to eliminate the drug through their kidneys it could accumulate in the body, causing high concentration of potassium in the blood.
Structure-activity relationship
Spironolactone and Eplerenone competitively block the binding of aldosterone to the mineralocorticoid receptor and hindering the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions. The activity of mineralocorticoid antagonists is dependent on the presence of a y-lactone ring on the C-17 position. The C-7 position is also important for activity as substituents there sterically hinder the interaction of C-7-unsubstituted agonists such as aldosterone.
Eplerenone is a newer drug that was developed as a spironolactone analog with reduced adverse effects. In addition to the y-lactone ring and the substituent on C-7, eplerenone has a 9α,11α-epoxy group. This group is believed to be the reason why eplerenone has a 20-40-fold lower affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor than spironolactone.
Despite the nonsteroidal nature of finerenone which yields a different lipophilicity and polarity profile for this compound, finerenone's affinity toward mineralocorticoid receptors is equal to that of spironolactone and 500 times that of eplerenone, hinting that the steroidal core component of most antimineralocorticoids is not essential for mineralocorticoid receptor affinity.
History
The main goal of the identification of the first aldosterone antagonists, which happened during the 1950s, was to identify inhibitors of aldosterone activity. In those times, the main use of aldosterone was recognized as the control of renal sodium and the excretion of potassium.
Hans Selye, a Hungarian-Canadian endocrinologist, studied the effects of aldosterone antagonists on rats and found that the use of one of the first aldosterone antagonists, spironolactone, protected them from aldosterone-induced cardiac necrosis. The same year, 1959, spironolactone was launched as a potassium-sparing diuretic.
It became clear years later that aldosterone antagonists inhibit a specific receptor protein. This protein has high affinity for aldosterone but also for cortisol in humans and corticosterone in mice and rats. For this reason, aldosterone antagonists were called mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
There have been three major waves in the pharmaceutical industry when it comes to research and development of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: The first wave took place within Searle Laboratories. This company identified, shortly after the purification of aldosterone, steroid-based spironolactone as the first anti-mineralocorticoid.
The second wave was all about discovering much more specific steroidal anti-mineralocorticoids. The main active companies were Searle, Ciba-Geigy, Roussel Uclaf and Schering AG.
Around 50 years after Selye’s work, several pharmaceutical companies began drug discovery programs. Their goal was to discover novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for use as efficacious and safe drugs with the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics well defined. Their goal was to use these candidates for a broad spectrum of diseases. This was essentially the third wave.
The first mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were all discovered and identified by in vivo experiments whereas the identification of novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were done with high-throughput screening of millions of chemical compounds in various pharmaceutical companies.
Examples
Members of this class in clinical use include:
Widespread use
Spironolactone — the first and most widely used member of this class
Eplerenone — much more selective than spironolactone on target, but somewhat less potent and efficacious
Uncommon use (to date)
Canrenone and potassium canrenoate — very limited use
Finerenone — nonsteroidal and more potent and selective than either eplerenone or spironolactone
Some drugs also have antimineralocorticoid effects secondary to their main mechanism of actions. Examples include progesterone, drospirenone, gestodene, and benidipine.
See also
Potassium-sparing diuretic
Mineralocorticoid
Corticosteroid
Antiglucocorticoid
References
External links
Potassium-sparing diuretics |
4025164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20in%20Liverpool%20%28Echo%20%26%20the%20Bunnymen%20album%29 | Live in Liverpool (Echo & the Bunnymen album) | Live in Liverpool is a live album by Echo & the Bunnymen. It was released in 2002. Featuring live recordings in the band's native city of Liverpool at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA) on Friday 17th and Saturday 18th August, 2001. The album cover features Liverpool Cathedral.
Track listing
"Rescue"
"Lips Like Sugar"
"King of Kings"
"Never Stop"
"Seven Seas"
"Buried Alive"
"SuperMellow Man"
"My Kingdom"
"Zimbo (All My Colours)"
"An Eternity Turns"
"The Back of Love"
"The Killing Moon"
"The Cutter"
"Over the Wall"
"Nothing Lasts Forever"
"Ocean Rain"
Personnel
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar
Will Sergeant – guitar
Steve Flett – bass
Ceri James – piano, keyboards
Vinny Jameson – drums
Ged Malley – guitar
References
External links
The Ultimate Echo and the Bunnymen Discography, Tab & Lyric Site
Echo & the Bunnymen live albums
2002 live albums
Sire Records live albums |
4025172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vries | Vries | Vries may refer to:
Sherwin Vries (born 1980), South African sprinter
Vries, Netherlands, a village in the Dutch province of Drenthe
See also
De Vries |
4025174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamara%20Kapugedera | Chamara Kapugedera | Chamara Kantha Kapugedera (, born 24 February 1987), commonly Chamara Kapugedera, is a former international Sri Lankan cricketer who played all formats of the game, and was a former One Day International captain.
He was a permanent member in the national team from the debut match until 2010, and finally poor performances dropped him from the squad, until his comeback in 2015. He is an alumnus of Dharmaraja College, Kandy. He was also a member of the first Twenty20 International match for Sri Lanka, and capped no. 6. Kapugedara re-entered the national side in the mid-2015 and played the role of a middle order batsmen. In December 2019, he retired from all forms of cricket.
Domestic career
Kapugedera made his first-class debut in a match for Sri Lanka A against New Zealand A in 2005. In domestic cricket, he plays for Colombo Cricket Club. His inconsistency during 2009 has proved costly, with more young players coming through to challenge for his place in the team. Chennai Super Kings put him on sale for the 2009 Indian Premier League, but no team came forward to bid for him despite the very low starting price. In 2012, Kapugedera was included to the Uthura Rudras for Sri Lanka Premier League tournament. He scored 69 runs in a match-winning knock against Basnahira Cricket Dundee, which was Rudras' first victory in SLPL.
In Dhaka Premier Division 2014–15 season, he played for Victoria Sporting Club. In a match against Prime Bank Cricket Club, Kapugedera led his team for a big win with an unbeaten 161 and four wickets.
In March 2018, he was named in Kandy's squad for the 2017–18 Super Four Provincial Tournament. The following month, he was also named in Kandy's squad for the 2018 Super Provincial One Day Tournament.
International career
Early years
An aggressive right-handed batsman, Kapugedera got his first taste of international cricket when he made his One Day International debut against Australia in Perth in 2006. He made his Test cricket debut in the first Test against England at Lord's Cricket Ground in London, in May 2006, in which he made a first ball duck in the first innings. A stylish and classical player, he is also known for his big hitting against Brett Lee and his innings of 38 runs from 21 balls, inclusive of 2 fours and 3 sixes, in the first final of the VB Series held in 2006. This innings bolstered Sri Lanka's total and ensured that Australia lost their first home final in 9 years.
In 2009 in the second ODI against Pakistan, Kapugedera scored unbeaten 69 runs to lead Sri Lanka to win and series leads 2–0.
Inconsistency
Although Kapugedera showed huge potential in both one day and Test cricket, with some mature innings, his overall inconsistency lead to him being dropped from both teams. However, after the 2007 Cricket World Cup he began to stabilise his position in the one day team, and in 2008 some good performances cemented his position in the number 4 position. This included a 95 against West Indies when Sri Lanka were in trouble, and in the 2008 Asia Cup.
Prominence
However, the doors were opened him for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match.
He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka in ODI cricket with 159 runs. Kapugedara along with Angelo Mathews set the record for the highest ever fifth wicket stand for Sri Lanka in T20 World Cup history with 80 runs.
On 2 March 2012, Kapugedera was named as a replacement for injured all-rounders in the ODI squad that qualified for the finals of the 2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series.
Comeback
Many critics argued that, he probably the best option for the place of legendary Mahela Jayawardene in ODI team, but due to many talented young cricketers, he was unable to enter to the squad, only named to the 15-named squad in Pakistan series 2015. However, after about 3 years of scarcity in international cricket, Kapugedera was called up for the T20I series against Pakistan in July 2015. He made his comeback with a strong note by scoring unbeaten 31 runs in the first match, eventually Sri Lanka lost the match. He scored his highest T20I score of 48* in the second match in this series. The innings was impressed by the commentators, but finally Sri Lanka lost the match and also the series.
After 3 years of ODI rest, Kapugedera was included to the ODI squad for New Zealand in 2015–16 season as a middle order batsman. He was only able to score 8 runs in the first ODI where Sri Lanka were all out for 188 runs and lost the match by 7 wickets. Kapugedera played only one ODI against Pakistan in 2017–18 season in the UAE. In the match he scored only 18 runs from 30 balls. During the fielding, Kapugedra struck the ball under the right eye after a throw from the keeper Dickwella, caused heavy swelling. After the incidence, he was removed from the next match and then from the series as well.
Captaincy
Kapugedara was appointed as the vice captain of the ODI squad for the series against India in late July 2017. In the second ODI, Tharanga has been suspended with two ODIs due to slow over rate. With that, Kapugedera was appointed as the captain of ODI team for rest of the two ODIs. He captained third ODI, which is a must win game for series alive. However, he won the toss and elected to bat first. The decision went wrong very quickly, where Sri Lanka only managed to score 218 at the end. India won the match easily and won eighth consecutive bilateral ODI series win against Sri Lanka. During the last phase of India's innings, crowd started to throw bottles into the ground and play was arrested for 35 minutes as well.
Personal life
Kapugedera is married to his longtime partner, Tamara Derek on 16 December 2010 where the wedding ceremony was taken place at Waters Edge Hotel, Battaramulla. They have three children Akshan, Yenith and Yhavin, all of which are boys.
References
External links
1987 births
Abahani Limited cricketers
Alumni of Dharmaraja College
Chennai Super Kings cricketers
Chittagong Vikings cricketers
Colombo Cricket Club cricketers
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from Kandy
Duronto Rajshahi cricketers
Kala Bagan Krira Chakra cricketers
Kandy District cricketers
Kandurata cricketers
Kurunegala Warriors cricketers
Living people
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Uthura Rudras cricketers
Victoria Sporting Club cricketers
Wayamba cricketers |
4025175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awbury%20Arboretum | Awbury Arboretum | Awbury Arboretum (55 acres) is a nonprofit arboretum and estate located at 1 Awbury Road in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its grounds are open daily without charge. Established in 1916, it then became a nonprofit organization in 1984.
History
The arboretum dates back to 1852, when Henry Cope purchased the property. The grounds were laid out in the English landscape tradition, with advice from noted landscape architect William Saunders. A number of houses were constructed on the property; all are now privately owned with the exception of the Francis Cope House (1860) which is now the Arboretum headquarters. The Cope family formally established the arboretum in 1916; it became a nonprofit organization in 1984.
The arboretum lies entirely within the Awbury Historic District, a National Historic District designated in 2001.
Trees
The arboretum is laid out as a series of open spaces, with clusters of trees and shrubs framing long vistas. Among its many mature trees, the arboretum contains a State Champion River Birch (Betula nigra), and notable specimens of American Linden (Tilia americana), American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera).
Other trees in the collection include Acer rubrum, Amelanchier canadensis, Carpinus caroliniana, Chionanthus virginicus, Cornus alternifolia, Cornus amomum, Cornus florida, Corylus americana, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica, Prunus serotina, Quercus alba, Quercus palustris, Quercus prinus, and Quercus rubra. Shrubs include Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia melanocarpa, Lindera benzoin, Viburnum dentatum, and Viburnum prunifolium.
See also
Awbury Historic District
List of botanical gardens in the United States
List of parks in Philadelphia
Wyck House
External links
Awbury Arboretum
Schuylkill River National and State Heritage Area: Awbury Arboretum
Arboreta in Pennsylvania
Botanical gardens in Pennsylvania
Parks in Philadelphia
Germantown, Philadelphia |
4025176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Vries | De Vries | De Vries is one of the most common Dutch surnames. It indicates a geographical origin: "Vriesland" is an old spelling of the Dutch province of Friesland (Frisia). Hence, "de Vries" means "the Frisian". The name has been modified to "DeVries", "deVries", or "Devries" in other countries.
People named De Vries:
Academics
Barend de Vries (1925–2010) – Dutch economist at the World Bank
Benjamin de Vries (born 1923) – Dutch-Israeli economic historian
Gerda de Vries, Canadian mathematician
Glen de Vries
Gustav de Vries (1866–1934) – Dutch mathematician
Hans de Vries (born 1927) – Dutch economic historian
Hent de Vries (born 1958) – Dutch philosopher
Hessel de Vries (1916–1959) – Dutch physicist
Hugo de Vries (1848–1935) – Dutch botanist and geneticist
Jan de Vries (linguist) (1890–1964) – Dutch Germanic mythologist
Jan de Vries (historian) (1943) – (Dutch-)American historian
Jouke de Vries (born 1960) – Dutch University Dean
Jurn de Vries (born 1940) – Dutch theologian and journalist
Keith DeVries (1937–2006) – American archaeologist
Kelly DeVries (born 1956) – American medievalist historian
Marc de Vries (born 1958) – Dutch physicist
Margaret Garritsen de Vries (1922–2009) – American economist
Philip James DeVries (born 1952) – American entomologist and evolutionary ecologist
Rheta Devries (1936–2012) – American educator
Susanna de Vries (born 1936) – Australian historian
Arts, acting, music
Abraham de Vries (painter) (c. 1590 – 1649/50) – Dutch portrait painter
Adriaen de Vries (1556–1626) – Dutch sculptor
Andrew DeVries (born 1957) – American painter and sculptor
Bouke de Vries (born 1960) – Dutch ceramist in England
Casper de Vries (born 1964) – South African comedian
David Devriès (1881–1936) – French lyric operatic tenor
David de Vries (born 1961) – Australian film and comic book maker
Dolf de Vries (1937–2020) – Dutch actor
Doug de Vries (born 1960) – Australian guitarist
Erwin de Vries (1929–2018) – Surinamese painter and sculptor
Han de Vries (born 1941) – Dutch oboist
Hendrik de Vries (1896–1989) – Dutch poet and painter
Henri De Vries (1864–1949) – Dutch film actor
Herman de Vries (born 1931) – Dutch artist
Jill De Vries (born 1953) – American model
John DeVries (1915–1992) – American lyricist
John de Vries (born 1946) – Dutch car designer
Klaas de Vries (composer) (born 1944) – Dutch composer
Leondre Devries (born 2000) – British pop singer
Louis de Vries (1905–1935) – Dutch jazz trumpeter
Marius De Vries (born 1961) – English music producer
Matt DeVries (born 1977) – American guitarist
Nathalie de Vries (born 1965) – Dutch architect
Roelof de Vries (1631 – c. 1690) – Dutch landscape painter
Rosa de Vries-van Os (1828–1889) – Dutch operatic singer
Simon de Vries (1570–75 – 1628/29) – Dutch engraver better known as Frisius
Politics and religion
Abraham de Vries (minister) (1773–1862) – Dutch Mennonite minister
Albert de Vries (born 1955) – Dutch politician
Aukje de Vries (born 1964) – Dutch politician
Bert de Vries (born 1938) – Dutch CDA politician
Betsi DeVries (born 1952) – American (New Hampshire) politician
Bibi de Vries (born 1963) – Dutch VVD politician
Christoph de Vries (born 1974), German politician
Cornelis de Vries (1740–1812) – Dutch Mennonite minister
George Devries (1896–1957) – Australian (Queensland) politician
Gerrit de Vries (politician) (1818–1900) – Dutch prime minister
Gijs de Vries (born 1956) – Dutch politician
Henry Lucien de Vries (1909–1987) – Surinamese politician and entrepreneur
Jack de Vries (born 1968) – Dutch CDA politician
Jannewietske de Vries (born 1961) – Dutch (Friesland) politician
John Devries (Yukon politician) (born 1945) – Canadian (Yukon) politician
Kees de Vries (born 1955), German/Dutch politician (CDU)
Klaas de Vries (Christian Democratic Appeal) (1917–1999) – Dutch politician
Klaas de Vries (Labour Party) (born 1943) – Dutch politician
Marion De Vries (1865–1939) – American politician
Monique de Vries (born 1947) – Dutch VVD politician
Walter DeVries (1929–2019) – American political consultant
Sports
Alida de Vries (1914–2007) – Dutch sprinter
Anita Valen de Vries (born 1968), Norwegian racing cyclist
Ann Devries (born 1970) – Belgian tennis player
Berden de Vries (born 1989) – Dutch racing cyclist
Bob de Vries (born 1984) – Dutch speed skater
Carl E. DeVries (1921–2010) – American football coach
Cole De Vries (born 1985) – American baseball pitcher
Darian DeVries (born 1975) – American basketball coach
Dorien de Vries (born 1965) – Dutch competitive sailor
Dorus de Vries (born 1980) – Dutch football goalkeeper
Douwe de Vries (born 1982) – Dutch speed skater
Elma de Vries (born 1983) – Dutch speed skater
Feike de Vries (born 1943) – Dutch water polo player
Floris de Vries (born 1989) – Dutch golfer
Francis de Vries (born 1994) – New Zealand footballer
François De Vries (1913–1972) – Belgian footballer
Gerrit de Vries (cyclist) (born 1967) – Dutch road cyclist
Greg de Vries (born 1973) – Canadian hockey player
Jack de Vries (soccer) (born 2002) – American soccer player
Jan de Vries (athlete) (1896–1939) – Dutch sprinter
Jan de Vries (motorcyclist) (born 1944) – Dutch motorcycle road racer
Jan-Lodewijk de Vries (born 1972) – Dutch water polo player
Jared DeVries (born 1976) – American football player
Jeroen de Vries (born 1971) – Dutch speed skater
John de Vries (born 1966) – Australian racecar driver
Johnny de Vries (born 1990) – Dutch footballer
Kristi de Vries (born 1982) – Dutch softball player
Lianne de Vries (born 1990) – Dutch footballer
Linda de Vries (born 1988) – Dutch speed skater
Marijn de Vries (born 1978) – Dutch racing cyclist and journalist
Mark de Vries (born 1975) – Dutch footballer
Martijn de Vries (born 1992) – Dutch footballer
Martin de Vries (born 1960) – Dutch basketball player
Mered de Vries (born 1977) – Dutch volleyballer
Michelle de Vries (born 1961) – Australian swimmer
Myles de Vries (born 1940) – English cricketer
Nyck de Vries (born 1995) – Dutch racing driver
Paul de Vries (born 1996) – Ghanaian footballer
Raimo de Vries (born 1969) – Dutch footballer
Remon de Vries (born 1979) – Dutch footballer
Rianne de Vries (born 1990) – Dutch speed skater
Rika de Vries (born 1974) – Dutch sitting volleyball player
Ruan de Vries (born 1986)] – South African hurdler
Ryan De Vries (born 1992) – New Zealand footballer
Sjerstin de Vries-Vermeulen (born 1972/73) – Dutch swimmer and equestrian
Steve DeVries (born 1964) – American tennis player
Tjark de Vries (born 1965) – Dutch rower
Troy DeVries (born 1982) – American basketball player
Vikki de Vries (born 1964) – American figure skater
Vincent de Vries (born 1994) – Dutch badminton player
Writing and journalism
Abe de Vries (born 1965) – Dutch West Frisian-language writer and poet
Abraham H. de Vries (born 1937) – Afrikaans author
Anke de Vries (born 1936) – Dutch youth writer
Anne de Vries (1904–1964) – Dutch author
Maggie De Vries (born 1961) – Canadian writer
Peter De Vries (1910–1993) – American editor and comic novelist
Peter R. de Vries (1956–2021) – Dutch journalist
Rachel Guido deVries (born 1947) – American poet and novelist
Stefan de Vries (born 1970) – Dutch writer and journalist
Theun de Vries (1907–2005) – Dutch writer and poet
Other
David Pietersz. de Vries (c. 1593 – 1665) – Dutch navigator and New Netherland patroon
Glen de Vries (1972–2021) – American businessman
Hidde Sjoerds de Vries (1645–1694)— Dutch admiral
Jan de Vries (soldier) (1924–2012) – Canadian veteran's advocate
Lini De Vries (1905–1982) – Dutch-born American public health nurse in Mexico
Maarten Gerritsz Vries (or "de Vries") (1589–1647) – Dutch cartographer and explorer
Mike de Vries (born 1958) – German businessman
Nina de Vries (born 1961) – Dutch sex worker
Roel de Vries (born 1968) – Dutch engineer and businessman in Japan
Roland de Vries – South African Army officer
Tara De Vries (born 1999) – Turkish-Dutch beauty pageant
Tjerk Hiddes de Vries (1622–1666) – Dutch admiral and naval hero
William DeVries (born 1943) – American surgeon who performed first permanent artificial heart transplant
Compound surnames
Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries (born 1943) – Dutch author and researcher
Daniel Rooseboom de Vries (born 1980) – Dutch freestyle footballer
Hans Vredeman de Vries (1527–1607) – Dutch architect
Jacob Vredeman de Vries (1588–1621) – Dutch kapellmeister and composer
Paul Vredeman de Vries (1567–1617) – Flemish painter and draughtsman
Salomon Vredeman de Vries (1556–1604) – Flemish painter and draughtsman
Herman de Vries de Heekelingen (1880–1942) – Dutch archaeologist and historian
Gerard de Vries Lentsch (1883–1973) – Dutch competitive sailor
Willem de Vries Lentsch (1886–1980) – Dutch competitive sailor
Wim de Vries Lentsch (1914–2007) – Dutch competitive sailor
Hans Dirk de Vries Reilingh (1908–2001) – Dutch geographer
Boyd van der Vuurst de Vries (born 1999) – Dutch basketball player
Keye van der Vuurst de Vries (born 2001) – Dutch basketball player
Piet van Wyk de Vries (born 1972) – South African songwriter
Fictional people
Alicia DeVries – drop commando and captain of the alpha synth starship Megaera from the novel Path of the Fury by David Weber
Cassandra de Vries – director of the dataDyne corporation from the Perfect Dark video game series
Hugo De Vries —an adversary of Inspector Morse, featured in the episode Masonic Mysteries
Piter De Vries – a twisted Mentat in the 1965 novel Dune
Tissaia de Vries – a sorceress in The Witcher series
See also
Vries, Drenthe, a village in the province of Drenthe in the Netherlands
Devriès family, a family of American and later French operatic singers, descendants of Rosa de Vries-van Os
Korteweg–de Vries equation, a wave model co-discovered by Gustav de Vries
Tussenvoegsel, the prepositions and/or articles in Dutch surnames
References
Dutch-language surnames
Afrikaans-language surnames
Surnames of Frisian origin
Ethonymic surnames |
4025194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%2012 | New York State Route 12 | New York State Route 12 (NY 12) is a state highway extending for through central and northern New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 (US 11) in the town of Chenango (just north of Binghamton) in the Southern Tier. The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country. In between, the route serves three cities of varying size: Norwich, Utica, and Watertown. NY 12 intersects several primary routes, including US 20 in Sangerfield, New York State Thruway via Interstate 790 (I-790) in Utica, overlaps NY 28 from Barneveld to the town of Remsen, NY 3 in Watertown, and I-81 in Pamelia and Orleans.
It is a two lane, undivided, full access roadway for the majority of its length, except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek, where it is a four-lane highway. Within that span, it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica, referred locally as The Arterial and the North–South Arterial. The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route, and features many gas stations, truck stops, and fast food restaurants. Between Boonville and Lowville, it follows the Black River Valley. Then further north, between Watertown and Morristown, it follows the St. Lawrence River valley.
NY 12, as originally assigned in 1924, extended from Chenango in the south to Clayton in the north. It was extended east over the former routing of NY 3 to Alexandria Bay in 1930, then along a new roadway to Morristown in the 1960s. Parts of NY 12 have been rerouted onto new roadways in areas, primarily in Oneida County.
Route description
Broome and Chenango counties
NY 12 begins at US 11, which connects it to I-81, north of Binghamton in the Broome County town of Chenango. The route heads north through the Chenango River valley, connecting to I-88 (via NY 12A), and passing west of Chenango Valley State Park before traversing the Tioughnioga River near the community of Chenango Forks. On the northern bank of the river, NY 12 intersects and briefly overlaps NY 79 before continuing northward through the valley and into Chenango County.
Within Chenango County, NY 12 acts as the primary connector between the numerous communities located along the Chenango. In Greene, NY 12 intersects NY 206 and overlaps NY 41 for six blocks through the village before continuing northeast for to Oxford, where it intersects the eastern terminus of NY 220. After another , NY 12 enters the city of Norwich, becomes South Broad Street, and then intersects the western terminus of NY 990L (East Main Street). The South Broad moniker remains with the route northward through the city until the downtown district, where NY 12 turns into North Broad Street at a junction with NY 23. NY 12 loses the street name soon afterward as it leaves the city and intersects the western terminus of NY 320 north of Norwich and south of Norwich Lt. Warren Eaton Airport.
The route and the Chenango River remain in close proximity to one another up through the village of Sherburne, where NY 12 intersects NY 80. North of the village center, the river breaks to the west, following NY 12B to the northwest while NY 12 continues northward into rural Madison County.
Madison and Oneida counties
Across the county line, NY 12 joins the Sangerfield River as it heads north through the narrow southeastern portion of the county. Near the northern border of Madison County, the route shifts slightly east to bypass a marshy area around the Sangerfield River known as the Ninemile Swamp. The conditions persist into Oneida County to just south of the Sangerfield hamlet of the same name, where the swamp ends as the river curves away from NY 12. At the actual community, NY 12 intersects US 20.
The route continues north for an additional to the village of Waterville, home to an intersection between NY 12 and NY 315. Outside of Waterville, NY 12 heads north once more through hilly, sparsely populated areas of New York toward Utica. In the Utica suburb of New Hartford, the route intersects Genesee Street (unsigned NY 921E), then NY 5 a short distance east of where NY 12B terminates at NY 5. NY 12 turns east, joining NY 5 northeast on a limited-access highway known locally as the North–South Arterial. Upon crossing into the Utica city limits, the Arterial intersects NY 8 and NY 840 by way of a cloverleaf interchange. NY 8 joins the freeway here, following NY 5 and NY 12 through southern Utica as the arterial meets French Road (unsigned NY 921W) and then Burrstone Road (unsigned NY 921B) by way of a pair of interchanges. After the Burrstone Road interchange, the arterial becomes a divided highway through downtown before becoming limited-access once more just past Noyes Street. After a short distance the highway intersects Court Street via a single point urban interchange then Oriskany Street (NY 5A and NY 5S).
Between Oriskany Street and the New York State Thruway (I-90), NY 5, 8, and 12 is part of the Interstate Highway System as I-790 overlaps all three routes northward over the Mohawk River and the Erie Canal before leaving the arterial at a large interchange on the north bank of the canal. NY 5 turns off as well, following I-790 eastward. Meanwhile, NY 8 and NY 12 interchange with NY 49 (the Utica–Rome Expressway), partially via the I-790 exit ramps, and passes over the Thruway before continuing northward out of the city limits.
NY 8 and NY 12 remain limited-access as they proceed through the northern suburbs of Utica, connecting to Mulaney Road and Trenton Road via interchanges in Deerfield. Farther north in the town, NY 8 leaves the freeway by way of a trumpet interchange. Although the amount of development around NY 12 declines as it heads northward, it continues as an expressway to a point north of the Putnam Road interchange in Trenton, where the road reverts to a limited-access four-lane highway. This configuration remains through the villages of Barneveld, where NY 28 joins NY 12 south of the village, then intersects Mappa Avenue (unsigned NY 921D) in the village. From here NY 12 and NY 28 continues northward for a short distance and then connects to NY 365 via an interchange. From NY 365, it continues northward and intersects Steuben Street (unsigned NY 920V), the former NY 28B, east of the village of Remsen. From here NY 12 and NY 28 continue northward to the vicinity of Alder Creek in the town of Boonville, where NY 28 leaves NY 12 via a partial trumpet interchange and the road narrows to two lanes shortly afterward.
From Alder Creek to Boonville, NY 12 loosely follows the path of the Black River as it heads northwest. Inside Boonville, NY 12D departs NY 12 and begins to follow a northward routing parallel to that of its parent. Together with NY 12D and the Black River, NY 12 passes into the region of New York known as the North Country.
North Country
The path of NY 12 through New York's North Country consists of three primary subregions: rural Lewis County, urban Watertown, and the numerous communities that line the southern bank of the St. Lawrence River, here the geographical divide between the United States and Canada.
Lewis County
NY 12, NY 12D, and the Black River continue to follow parallel routings north through the village of Port Leyden to Lyons Falls, where NY 12D returns to NY 12 just west of the village. Heading north NY 12 passes under NY 12D. Whereas NY 12D heads northeast from NY 12 on Cherry Street to access Lyons Falls before heading west over NY 12 and out of the village. NY 12 continues north along the vicinity of the Black River to Lowville, where NY 12 briefly overlaps NY 26 and meets NY 812 before leaving both the village and the river to the west.
Roughly outside Lowville, at West Lowville, NY 12 leaves its due west alignment and curves to the northwest, with the westerly alignment continuing onward as NY 177. From here to the area surrounding Copenhagen, NY 12 passes through largely undeveloped terrain, save for a pair of isolated roadside communities. This trend ceases, albeit temporary, in the village of Copenhagen, located on the banks of the Deer River at the crossroads of NY 12 and the former NY 194 (now County Route 194 or CR 194). Outside the limits, the route resumes its trek through the rural North Country.
Watertown area
NY 12 enters Jefferson County on its way to Watertown just north of Copenhagen. NY 12 is known as Van Allen Road, crossing with Jefferson county roads in Rutland. At the intersection with CR 67, NY 12 turns to the north and enters Watertown as Gifford Street. NY 12 intersects with NY 126 just northeast of Thompson Park and Watertown Golf Club and turns to the northwest. As NY 12 continues through southern parts of Watertown, NY 3 intersects and becomes concurrent. NY 3 and NY 12 enter Watertown Public Square and split into divided highways. Here, NY 283 starts to the northeast. The eastern terminus of NY 12F is accessed via NY 12 southbound.
NY 3 and NY 12 split, just northwest of the Public Square. NY 3 splits to the west, NY 12 heads to the northwest, and quickly becomes concurrent with US 11. The two roads cross a river and split in different directions. NY 12 heads to the northeast, intersecting with a suffixed route, NY 12E, and passes North Watertown Cemetery before connecting to I-81 at exit 47. NY 12 leaves Watertown afterwards and heads northeast through rural northwestern Jefferson County, along the way intersecting the western terminus of NY 342. North of Perch Lake in the southeastern corner of the town of Clayton, NY 12 intersects NY 180. From here, NY 12 continues approximately north and reaches the village of Clayton on the St. Lawrence River. On the south side of the village NY 12 intersects NY 12E and James Street (unsigned NY 970L), a loop through the village of Clayton. From here NY 12 turns east, intersects Webb Street (other end of unsigned 970L), then continues following State Street out of Clayton.
St. Lawrence River
NY 12 continues northeast along the south bank of the St. Lawrence, intersecting Mason Point Road (a local road leading to a Thousand Islands-bound ferry) and NY 180, and passing south of Grass Point State Park prior to encountering I-81, at exit 50, southwest of the village of Alexandria Bay. Farther northeast, NY 12 passes by Keewaydin State Park before intersecting the northern terminus of NY 26 and Church Street (unsigned NY 971K) in the southwestern portion of the village. The latter was a former northern extension of NY 26.
Outside of Alexandria Bay, NY 12 temporarily turns east and leaves the riverbank to avoid Goose Bay, a small body of water partially separated from the St. Lawrence by two protruding points of land. The route then curves back toward the water and follows the eastern length of the bay, serving the seaside hamlet of Goose Bay near the bay's midpoint. North of Goose Bay, NY 12 intersects Kring Point Road, an access road leading to Kring Point State Park, and crosses into St. Lawrence County. NY 12 continues along the southern bank of the St. Lawrence River as it proceeds through the rural western portion of the county. In the town of Hammond, past the county line, NY 12 intersects CR 6, a roadway leading east to the village of Hammond and Black Lake. Farther north in Morristown, NY 12 travels through Jacques Cartier State Park before terminating at an interchange with NY 37 just south of the Morristown village limits.
History
Origins
A section of the highway north of Utica was created as the Utica Turnpike. The company that built the turnpike was chartered in 1805 to build a road from the town of Deerfield to the town of Steuben. The road was opened in part in 1811, and was fully open in 1815. The road was sold off in 1848.
Designation
In 1908, the New York State Legislature created Route 8, an unsigned legislative route extending from Binghamton to Kirkland (west of Utica) via Greene, Norwich, Sherburne, Bouckville, and Oriskany Falls. Also assigned at this time was Route 25, which passed through Barneveld, Remsen and Forestport on its way from Whitesboro to Albany, and Route 27, which began at Route 25 in Forestport and went northwest to Alexandria Bay by way of Boonville, Potters Corners, Lowville, Carthage, Watertown, and Clayton. Route 25 originally went directly from Barneveld to Remsen; however, it was realigned by 1920 to serve the village of Prospect to the east.
When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924, NY 12 was assigned to an alignment extending from Binghamton to Clayton via Norwich, Utica, and Watertown. It utilized legislative Route 8 from Binghamton to just south of Clinton, where it veered northeast to serve the city of Utica instead of continuing north on Route 6 (modern NY 233) to Kirkland. In the vicinity of Utica, NY 12 initially followed Clinton Road, Genesee Street, and Trenton Road through the city. Past Utica, it continued north on Trenton Road to a point south of Trenton (now Barneveld), where it briefly followed its current routing. NY 12 turned off again in Trenton to follow legislative Route 25's original alignment on Mappa Avenue in Trenton and Main Street in Remsen. NY 12 continued north from Remsen on legislative Route 25.
At Forestport, NY 12 left Route 25 to follow legislative Route 27 to Lowville. In Lowville, NY 12 split from Route 27 and proceeded northwest to Watertown via Copenhagen, bypassing the slightly more circuitous route that Route 27 took via Carthage on modern NY 26, NY 126, and NY 3. NY 12 rejoined legislative Route 27 in Watertown and followed it to Clayton, where NY 12 ended at NY 3, which was also assigned in 1924. At the time, the segment of legislative Route 27 between Clayton and Alexandria Bay was designated as part of NY 3.
Realignments and terminus changes
In the late 1920s, NY 12 was realigned between Sherburne and Utica to follow a more direct alignment between the two locations via Sangerfield. Its former routing to the west became NY 12A (now NY 12B). As a result, NY 12 now entered Utica on Paris Road. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 3 was rerouted onto its current alignment east of Watertown while the former routing of NY 3 from Clayton to Alexandria Bay became an extension of NY 12. Also created as part of the renumbering was NY 12D, an alternate route of NY 12 between Potters Corners and Lowville via Lyons Falls. By the following year, NY 12D was rerouted south of Lyons Falls to follow a routing similar to modern NY 12 to Boonville. The alignments of NY 12 and NY 12D between the two villages were swapped , placing NY 12D on the direct highway between the two and NY 12 on the slightly more circuitous route via Lyons Falls.
NY 12 originally extended southward into downtown Binghamton by way of an overlap with US 11. The overlap was eliminated at some point between 1947 and 1970. On its north end, NY 12 was extended northeast over a new roadway along the St. Lawrence River to NY 37 in Morristown in the mid-1960s.
In April 2014, work began on a $68.3 million project to replace the viaduct over Columbia Street, Lafayette Streets, and Oriskany Boulevard (NY 5A and NY 5S) in Utica. The nearly one mile stretch had signalized at-grade intersections that were causing safety concerns and some fatalities. In addition to the replacement of the viaduct, the alignment of the arterial was straightened, a new single point urban interchange was built at Court Street, and a pedestrian bridge was built across the roadway. The pedestrian bridge was opened by December 2014, and the remainder of the project was completed by October 2017.
Bypasses
NY 12 has been realigned onto divided highways and limited-access highways over the years, particularly in Oneida County, to bypass communities along its routing. The first bypass that was constructed in Oneida County was around Remsen in the early 1950s. NY 12 was realigned onto the bypass, which passed to the west of the village, by 1954. Construction began by 1956 on a southward extension of the bypass that would take NY 12 around the eastern edge of Barneveld. It opened to traffic by 1958. Farther south, in Utica, a new limited-access highway was built through the downtown portion of the city in the early 1960s. At the time, it began at French Road and ended at Trenton Road. It became a realignment of NY 12 by 1964. An extension of the road southwest to Genesee Street in New Hartford was completed by 1968, at which time NY 12 was realigned to follow New Paris Road into the city. A limited-access highway bypassing Trenton Road and linking the Utica expressway and the Barneveld–Remsen bypass was completed by 1973, resulting in the rerouting of NY 12 onto the roadway. The former routing of NY 12 along Trenton Road from the Utica city line to Powell Road is now CR 91.
The route has also been realigned in areas to bypass smaller communities along the highway. One such location is in the vicinity of the village of Greene, where NY 12 initially followed Chenango Street through the village. The current bypass around the western edge of the village was built in the late 1970s and completed by 1981.
Major intersections
Suffixed routes
NY 12 has had seven suffixed routes bearing six different designations. Two have since been removed and at least partially renumbered. All of the routes were assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York unless otherwise noted.
The NY 12A designation has been used for two distinct highways:
The first NY 12A was an alternate route of NY 12 between Sherburne and Utica. It was assigned in 1928 and renumbered to NY 12B in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York.
The current NY 12A () is an east–west spur connecting NY 12 to I-88 and NY 7 on the banks of the Chenango River in Chenango Bridge, Broome County. The entire route is known as Chenango Bridge Road and is one of only six signed New York state highways less than a mile in length. The route was assigned in 1930.
NY 12B () is an alternate route of NY 12 between Sherburne and Utica.
NY 12C is a former alternate route of NY 12 between Utica and Barneveld. The route was eliminated in 1970, at which time the lone portion of NY 12C that did not overlap another state route was redesignated as NY 291.
NY 12D () is an alternate route of NY 12 between Boonville and Lyons Falls.
NY 12E () is an alternate route of NY 12 between Watertown and Clayton. While NY 12 follows a direct path between the two locations, NY 12E veers to the west to serve communities along Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
NY 12F () is a spur connecting NY 12 in downtown Watertown to NY 180 near the Watertown International Airport in Dexter.
See also
List of county routes in Oneida County, New York
References
External links
012
Transportation in Broome County, New York
Transportation in Chenango County, New York
Transportation in Madison County, New York
Transportation in Oneida County, New York
Transportation in Lewis County, New York
Transportation in Jefferson County, New York
Transportation in St. Lawrence County, New York |
4025199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potto%20%28disambiguation%29 | Potto (disambiguation) | Potto (Perodicticus potto) is a strepsirrhine primate of the family Lorisidae.
Potto may also refer to:
Potto, North Yorkshire, a village in England
Potto Brown (1797–1871), an English miller and philanthropist
Vasily Potto, a Russian lieutenant-general and military historian
Animals
Golden potto (Arctocebus sp.), two species of strepsirrhine primates
False potto (Pseudopotto martini), a lorisoid primate of uncertain taxonomic status
Kinkajou (Potos flavus), a mammal of the family Procyonidae related to coatis and raccoons
See also
POTO (disambiguation) |
4025201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goian%C3%A1polis | Goianápolis | Goianápolis is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. It had a population of 11,224 (IBGE 2020 estimate) in a total area of 162.38 km2 (2007). The town is famous for its tomato production and as the birthplace of Leandro and Leonardo, one of the most famous country and western duos in recent Brazilian music.
Location
Goianápolis, the so-called "state tomato capital", is located 33 km. northwest of the state capital of Goiânia and 11 km. south of the important Goiânia-Brasília highway. It belongs to the Goiânia Microregion. Connections with Goiânia are made by BR-457 / GO-415.
It forms boundaries with Anápolis, Terezópolis de Goiás, and Leopoldo de Bulhões.
The climate is tropical humid. The hydrographic basin is formed by the streams of João Leite, Sozinha, Pindobal, Macaco, Arábia and da Gama. The water supply comes from the Ribeirão Sozinha.
The municipality contains part of the Altamiro de Moura Pacheco State Park, created in 1992.
Political Data
Eligible voters: 8,717 (2007)
Mayor: Waldecino Ferreira Neto
Vice-mayor: Gary Rocha de Paula
Councilmembers: 09
Demographic Data
Population density: 68.72 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate 2000/2007: 0.64.%
Population in 1980: 7,569 hab
Population in 1991: 10,716
Urban population in 2007: 10,109
Rural population in 2007: 1,050
The economy
The main economic activity of the city was, until recently, the production of tomatoes (100 hectares in 2006), which were sold all over the country and even exported to Argentina and Paraguay. This activity has dropped off significantly in recent years.
There is also production of rice, corn (400 hectares), beans, bananas, manioc, cabbage, carrots, and sugar beets. There were 15,000 head of cows in 2006.
Data are from IBGE
Economic Data
Industrial units: 19 (06/2007)
Retail units: 61 (08/2007)
Banking institutions: BRADESCO S.A. (08/2007)
Education and Health
Literacy rate: 84.3%
Infant mortality rate: 33.94 in 1,000 live births
Schools: 08 (2006)
Classrooms: 54
Teachers: 127
Students: 3,094
Hospitals: 01 (2007)
Hospital beds: 35
History
The history of Goianápolis began when Pedro Ludovico Teixeira decided to transfer the capital of the state from Goiás to Goiânia in 1933. With the change, there was an increase in population from Anápolis to the region of Campininha where the new capital was being built. Families arrived in the region looking for land to plant and to raise pigs. Soon a new municipality was formed: Goianápolis—a combination of Goiânia and Anápolis.
Goianápolis is also famous in Brazil as the birthplace of Leandro and Leonardo, one of the most famous country duos in Brazilian music. See official site at Leandro e Leonardo
Human Development Index: 0.689
State ranking: 217 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 3,174 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2007)
For the complete list see Frigoletto.com
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Municipalities in Goiás |
4025205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic%20acquired%20resistance | Systemic acquired resistance | Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen. SAR is analogous to the innate immune system found in animals, and although there are many shared aspects between the two systems, it is thought to be a result of convergent evolution. The systemic acquired resistance response is dependent on the plant hormone, salicylic acid.
Discovery
While, it has been recognized since at least the 1930s that plants have some kind of induced immunity to pathogens, the modern study of systemic acquired resistance began in the 1980s when the invention of new tools allowed scientists to probe the molecular mechanisms of SAR. A number of 'marker genes' were characterized in the 80s and 90s which are strongly induced as part of the SAR response. These pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) belong to a number of different protein families. While there is substantial overlap, the spectrum of PR proteins expressed in a particular plant species is variable. It was noticed in the early 1990s that levels of salicylic acid (SA) increased dramatically in tobacco and cucumber upon infection. This pattern has been replicated in many other species since then. Further studies showed that SAR can also be induced by exogenous SA application and that transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase gene are unable to accumulate SA or mount an appropriate defensive response to a variety of pathogens.
The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice (XA21, 1995) and in Arabidopsis (FLS2, 2000).
Mechanism
Plants have several immunity mechanisms to deal with infections and stress. When they are infected with pathogens the immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). This induces a PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Some pathogens carry effectors that interact with the PTI and induce effector triggered susceptibility (ETS). Some plants own resistance (R) proteins that recognize pathogen effectors and induce effector triggered immunity (ETI). This often results in a form of regulated cell death, the hypersensitive response (HR). New effectors for overcoming ETI can be recognized by the plant and provide a new ETI. When PTI and ETI are activated in the local infected plant tissues signaling induces an immune response in the whole plant which is called systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR is characterized by accumulation of plant metabolites and genetic reprogramming in local as well as in systemic (not local infected) leaves.SA and NHP are two metabolites, which are known to be accumulating because of SAR. Furthermore, SA and Pip (which is a precursor of NHP) deficient plants are known not to induce SAR. That’s why it is most likely they part of the SAR signaling.
Use in disease control
Unusually, the synthetic fungicide acibenzolar-S-methyl is not directly toxic to pathogens, but rather acts by inducing SAR in the crop plants to which it is applied. It is a propesticide — converted in-vivo into 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole-7-carboxylic acid by methyl salicylate esterase. Field trials have found that acibenzolar-S-methyl (also known as BSA) is effective at controlling some plant diseases, but may have little effect on others, especially fungal pathogens which may not be very susceptible to SAR.
See also
Plant disease resistance
Hypersensitive response
Phytopathology
Plant-induced systemic resistance
References
Chuanfu et al, A. (2011). Salicylic acid and its function in plant immunity.
Conrath, U. (2006). Systemic Acquired Resistance. Plant Signaling and Behavior.
Deng et al, C. (2003). Rapid Determination of Salicylic Acid in Plant Materials by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia.
Holmes et al, E. C. (2019). An engineered pathway for N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid synthesis enhances systemic acquired resistance in tomato. Sci Signal.
Huang et al, W. (2020). Biosynthesis and Regulation of Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid in Plant Immunity. Molecular Plant.
Further reading
External links
Phytopathology
Plant physiology
Immune system |
4025211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20LPFK | IBM LPFK | The Lighted Program Function Keyboard (LPFK) is a computer input device manufactured by IBM that presents an array of buttons associated with lights.
Each button is associated to a function in supporting software, and according to the availability of that function in current context of the application, the light is switched on or off, giving the user a graphical feedback on the set of available functions. Usually the button to function mapping is customizable.
External links
http://brutman.com/IBM_LPFK/IBM_LPFK.html
Computer keyboards
LPFK |
4025224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20of%20Montevergine | William of Montevergine | William of Montevergine, or William of Vercelli, () (1085 – 25 June 1142), also known as William the Abbot, was a Catholic hermit and the founder of the Congregation of Monte Vergine, or "Williamites". He is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.
Life
He was born in 1085 into a noble family of Vercelli in northwest Italy and brought up by a relation after the death of his parents. He undertook a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. On his pilgrimage to Compostela, William asked a blacksmith to make an iron implement that would encircle his body and increase his suffering, and he wore it throughout the pilgrimage.
After he returned to Italy, he intended to go to Jerusalem and for this purpose he reached South Italy, but he was beaten up and robbed by thieves. William considered this misfortune a sign of God's will to stay in South Italy and spread the message of Christ. Because of this, he decided not to travel to Jerusalem anymore and to settle in South Italy, on the summit of Monte Vergine (then known as Monte Vergiliana) between Nola and Benevento, where he lived as a hermit.
Here he attracted a number of followers and founded the Monastery of Montevergine.
While at Montevergine, William of Vercelli is stated as having performed miracles. Roger II of Sicily served as a patron to William, who founded many monasteries for men and women in Sicily. The Catholic Encyclopedia states that Roger built a monastery opposite his palace at Salerno in order to have William always near him.
The inflow of the faithful was for the priests the opportunity to exercise their ministry, and the hermit life that William sought was compromised. Moreover, his confreres did not tolerate that lifestyle too austere and full of privations. Therefore, he left Montevergine in 1128 and settled on the plains in Goleto, in the territory of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, between Campania and Basilicata, where he began a new monastic experience, a double monastery built mostly by women.
Subsequently, he founded several other monasteries of the same rule, but mostly remained in Goleto except for some trips to Apulia.
Eventually he died in Goleto on June 25, 1142. His remains were buried in Goleto, where they stayed until they were transferred to Montevergine on September 2, 1807, as ordered by the king of Naples Gioacchino Murat. Some of his relics are also located in other cathedrals (Benevento) and Italian churches. Catholic tradition states that William foresaw his own imminent death "by special revelation".
Sources
The most reliable source concerning William of Vercelli's life is the Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae, written in the first half of the 13th century, thus shortly thereafter. The remaining later sources contain corrupt or even invented accounts on his life, therefore they are unreliable although not necessarily false, as primary sources may have been lost.
The miracle of the wolf
According to all the sources, including the earliest source, Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae, all of which are close to Catholicism, he performed many miracles. The best-known miracle was and still is the "Miracle of the Wolf" (1591). Because of this, he is often depicted in company with a "domesticated" wolf, even in the monastery of Montevergine. One day a wolf hunted and killed a donkey the saint used for towing and other tasks. The saint then turned to the wolf and ordered the beast to offer himself to do all the donkey's previous tasks. The wild beast reportedly became tame, and the people who met the saint were astonished to see such a docile wolf.
At king Roger II's court
Hagiographer Tommaso Costo (1591) wrote that king Roger II of Sicily had heard about William of Montevergine, and thus he wanted to meet him. The king reportedly was living in Salerno at that time. Reportedly, while visiting the king, a prostitute wanted to prove the genuineness of his faith, and, complicit with the king, tried to get into William of Montevergine's bed who, in response, put burning embers on his bed and there he lay down, inviting the prostitute to follow his example. Reportedly the woman repented of her mistake and switched to a more religious life.
Posthumous sources add further details, stating that the prostitute had been called Agnes and that, after conversion, she had built a monastery in Venosa, where she led a monastic life with other women, being called "Blessed Agnes of Venosa". Hagiographer Tommaso Costo, as early as in the 16th century, dismissed the second part of the story, there being no mention of it in the main and most reliable source, the Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae.
See also
Abbey of San Guglielmo al Goleto
References
Bibliography
(first printed edition of the Legenda de vita et obitus)
The Book of Saints, compiled by the Benedictine monks of St Augustine's Abbey, Ramsgate. London: Cassell, 1994. .
Guglielmo di Montevergine (da Vercelli) at the Santi e Beati website.
Further reading
Guglielmo di Montevergine (da Vercelli) at Santi e Beati
External links
Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
1085 births
1142 deaths
Italian Roman Catholic saints
12th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
People from Vercelli
12th-century Christian saints
Italian untitled nobility |
4025232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rianne%20ten%20Haken | Rianne ten Haken | Rianne ten Haken (born 27 November 1986) is a Dutch model. She was born to a Dutch Father and a Belgian mother in Lelystad, Flevoland, and began modeling after she won the 2001 Elite Model Look competition at the age of 15.
In 2003 Rianne walked her first runways. In New York she debuted at the Marc Jacobs show and got picked up by other big clients after that.
In December 2003 she landed her first major cover for Italian Vogue, photographed by Steven Meisel. That same month she also appeared on the cover of Numero photographed by Mert & Marcus.
Rianne has worked with several famous fashion photographers as Steven Meisel, Craig McDean, Patrick Demarchelier and Peter Lindbergh. She worked for magazines such as American, Italian and British Vogue, Numero, W and GQ. Recently, she landed back to back covers and fashion editorials in Vogue Italia for the October and November 2009 issues. In the 2010s she appeared on the covers of various magazines such as Vogue Netherlands, Elle Russia, Elle Spain, Elle Serbia and L'Officiel Netherlands.
Ten Haken was seen in advertising campaigns for companies such as Versace, Armani collezioni, Armani exchange and La Perla. She also featured in cosmetic campaigns for Versace, Chanel, Guerlain and Clarins.
As a runway model, Rianne has walked the catwalks for designers such as Calvin Klein, Jean Paul Gaultier, Dior, Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, Prada, Miu Miu, Marc Jacobs, Donna Karan, Diane von Furstenberg, Versace, Roberto Cavalli and many more.
In 2014 she appeared in the music video for Lenny Kravitz's song The Chamber which was the lead single off his album Strut.
Rianne is represented by Women Model Management, Elite Model Management and Traffic.
References
External links
The Internet Fashion Database
1986 births
Living people
Dutch female models
People from Lelystad |
4025238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwelltown | Maxwelltown | Maxwelltown (, IPA:[ˈkʰʲaun̴̪ˈt̪ɾɔxətʲ]) was formerly a burgh of barony and police burgh and the largest town in the county of Kirkcudbrightshire Scotland. In 1929 Maxwelltown was merged with Dumfries.
Maxwelltown lies to the west of the River Nith, which forms the boundary of Kirkcudbrightshire and Dumfriesshire. Maxwelltown was a hamlet known as Bridgend up until 1810, in which year it was made into a burgh of barony under its present name. Maxwelltown comprises several suburbs, including Summerhill, Troqueer, Janefield, Lochside, Lincluden, Sandside, and Summerville.
The oldest remaining building within the Dumfries urban area is on the Maxwelltown side of the Nith, Lincluden Abbey. Queen of the South football ground is also on the Maxwelltown side. Some of the most notable local players for the club hail from the same side of the Nith, including Ian Dickson, Billy Houliston and Ted McMinn. Other buildings of note are the former Dumfries Mill, now the Robert Burns Centre, with visitor centre, museum, film theatre and restaurant. Dumfries Museum and Observatory and the Camera Obscura are further up on the hill as is the Sinclair Memorial. The former Benedictine Convent of the Immaculate Conception stands on a prominent position on Corbelly Hill. HMP Dumfries is at Jessiefield and the former Maxwelltown Burgh Court House is now flats. Maxwelltown railway station in the Summerhill area on the Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway closed in 1965.
References
External links
Maxwelltown in the Gazetteer for Scotland
The Robert Burns Centre Film Theatre
Maxwelltown entry in South West Scotland future museum
Burghs
Dumfries
Kirkcudbrightshire |
4025258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eplerenone | Eplerenone | Eplerenone, sold under the brand name Inspra, is an aldosterone antagonist type of potassium-sparing diuretic that is used to treat chronic heart failure and high blood pressure, particularly for patients with resistant hypertension due to elevated aldosterone. It is a steroidal antimineralocorticoid of the spirolactone group and a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA). Eplerenone is more selective than spironolactone at the mineralocorticoid receptor relative to binding at androgen, progestogen, glucocorticoid, or estrogen receptors.
Medical uses
Heart failure
Eplerenone reduces risk of death in patients with heart failure, particularly in patients with recent myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Hypertension
Eplerenone lowers blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension. Eplerenone also reduces arterial stiffness and vascular endothelial dysfunction.
For persons with resistant hypertension, eplerenone is safe and effective for reducing blood pressure, particularly in persons with resistant hypertension due to hyperaldosteronism.
Adverse effects
Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with the use of eplerenone include: hyperkalaemia, hypotension, dizziness, and reduced renal clearance. Eplerenone may have a lower incidence than spironolactone of sexual side effects such as feminization, gynecomastia, impotence, low sex drive and reduction of size of male genitalia. This is because other antimineralocorticoids have structural elements of the progesterone molecule, causing progestogenic and antiandrogenic outcomes. When considering taking these medicines, it is important to note the variations in their ability to offset the nongenomic effects of aldosterone.
Currently, there is not enough evidence available from the randomized controlled trials on side effects of eplerenone to do a benefit versus risk assessment in people with primary hypertension.
Interactions
Eplerenone is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. Thus the potential exists for adverse drug interactions with other drugs that induce or inhibit CYP3A4. Specifically, the concomitant use of the CYP3A4 potent inhibitors ketoconazole and itraconazole is contraindicated. Other CYP3A4 inhibitors including erythromycin, saquinavir, and verapamil should be used with caution. Other drugs that increase potassium concentrations may increase the risk of hyperkalemia associated with eplerenone therapy, including salt substitutes, potassium supplements and other potassium-sparing diuretics.
Pharmacology
Eplerenone is an antimineralocorticoid, or an antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Eplerenone is also known chemically as 9,11α-epoxy-7α-methoxycarbonyl-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone and "was derived from spironolactone by the introduction of a 9α,11α-epoxy bridge and by substitution of the 17α-thoacetyl group of spironolactone with a carbomethoxy group." The drug controls high blood pressure by blocking the binding of aldosterone to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in epithelial tissues, such as the kidney. Blocking the action of aldosterone decreases blood volume and lowers blood pressure. It has 10- to 20-fold lower affinity for the MR relative to spironolactone, and is less potent in vivo as an antimineralocorticoid. However, in contrast to spironolactone, eplerenone has little affinity for the androgen, progesterone, and glucocorticoid receptors. It also has more consistently observed non-genomic antimineralocorticoid effects relative to spironolactone (see membrane mineralocorticoid receptor). Eplerenone differs from spironolactone in its extensive metabolism, with a short half-life and inactive metabolites.
Eplerenone seems to be about 50 to 75% as potent as spironolactone as an antimineralocorticoid. Hence, 25 mg/day spironolactone may be equivalent to approximately 50 mg/day eplerenone.
Regulatory and Patent History
Eplerenone was patented in 1983 and approved for medical use in the United States in 2002. Eplerenone is currently approved for sale in Canada, the US, EU, Netherlands and Japan. Eplerenone costs an estimated $2.93 per day when treating congestive heart failure and $5.86 per day when treating hypertension.
See also
Finerenone
Mexrenone
References
Antimineralocorticoids
Epoxides
Lactones
Methyl esters
Pfizer brands
Pregnanes
Spirolactones |
4025259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20288%20GTO | Ferrari 288 GTO | The Ferrari GTO (often referred to as Ferrari 288 GTO) (Type F114) is an exotic homologation of the Ferrari 308 GTB produced from 1984 to 1987 in Ferrari's Maranello factory, designated GT for Gran Turismo and O for Omologata (homologated in Italian).
Background
Contrary to what is reported historically in the press, the Ferrari GTO was not immediately born to compete in the new 1982 Group B Circuit Race series; Enzo Ferrari did not have overall control of the Road Car division, which was at the time managed by the General Director Eugenio Alzati and the FIAT MD (CEO) Vittorio Ghidella. In 1983 Mr Ferrari noted from discussions with close friends and clients that the road car sales were falling due to stronger competition from rival car makers and what he described as the "excessive gentrification" of the Ferrari model lineup.
Turbocharging: from F1 to road cars
The success of turbocharging in Formula 1 and the introduction of some new tax laws (above the 1999cc displacement threshold) had prompted Ferrari to first build the 208 Turbo and then discuss turbocharging also in 3 litre form for a road car which could produce 330 bhp. The first 208 turbo did not feature an intercooler so the performance and reliability was somewhat delicate due to high combustion temperatures. Ferrari approached the head of powertrain for the Gestione Sportiva (Racing Division), Nicola Materazzi, to give an opinion on the proposed specification for the new 3L turbo engine. Materazzi had joined from Osella in 1979 (before then at Lancia Reparto Corse) due to his experience with forced induction and had been involved in the 126 F1 car experimentation between Comprex and turbo. When Materazzi showed confidence that 400 bhp could be reliably extracted from 3000cc (133 bhp/litre), Ferrari placed his trust in him on condition that it would deliver as promised. Ferrari also jokingly suggested that Materazzi work on the 268 engine destined for the Lancia LC2 Group C racing car, due to similarities in displacement and mechanical parts.
Development
The Ferrari F114B road-car engine and the Lancia 2.6L V8 race engine developments progressed closely, with some draughtsmen employed from Abarth to complete detail design on components for manufacture at times when the Ferrari draughtsmen were at full capacity. In order to improve overall performance, several key aspects of the original 308 vehicle layout were altered: the engine did not grow in displacement but was turbocharged, it remained mid-mounted but now longitudinally instead of transversely, the wheelbase was elongated by 200mm, the outer bodywork required modifications to maintain pleasing proportions. The car used water-cooled IHI turbochargers from Japan compared to the KKK turbochargers used in Formula 1 due to the better materials and aerodynamic internal designs which allowed faster transient response. IHI had bought patents from Swiss manufacturer Brown Boveri (Baden) that had supplied Ferrari with the Comprex systems.
Some of the GTO's styling features were first displayed on a 308 GTB design exercise by Pininfarina shown at the 1977 Geneva Auto Salon. The 288 GTO had started out as a modified version of the 308/328 to hold down costs and to build the car quickly, but little of the 308/328 was left when the 288 GTO was finished. Fortunately Ferrari could count on customers who were loyal when it came to spending more if they could access performance and style that was unmatched, so the unplanned deviation from the original cost targets did not necessarily prove an issue.
Easily noticeable differences were the GTOs bulging fender flares, larger front/rear spoilers, large "flag-style" outside mirrors and four driving lights at the far sides of the grille. Retained from the original 250 GTO were slanted air vents, put in the GTO's rear fenders to cool the brakes, as well as the rear wing's design, borrowed from the 250 GTO's original wing. The GTO also had wider body panels than the 308's because they had to cover much larger Goodyear tires mounted on racing wheels. The suspension's height could be set higher for road use and lower for racing on tracks. Bodywork material was new and lighter for better acceleration and handling. The GTO's weight was , compared to for the 308/328. Steel was used just for the doors because major body panels were made from molded fiberglass. Kevlar was used for the hood, and the roof was made from Kevlar and carbon fiber.
Materazzi felt that with the latest road speed limits and stricter fines, it was increasingly harder for clients to really prove the potential of cars with high performance. Ferrari asked what was his proposal, to which he suggested returning to racing in the GT class, something which had been interrupted after the 512 BB LM. The overall permission to modify the GTO road car into the Evoluzione for a racing programme however had to be ratified by Eugenio Alzati. He permitted it on conditions that the engineers interested in the project work outside of the Monday to Friday timetable (which was dedicated for development of 328 and other models). The lessons learnt during the development of the engine for the Lancia LC2 could be applied to the racing version of the GTO, such as the carefully engineered conicity of the intake plenums to ensure accurately balanced air flow and pressure to each cylinder and the setup of the turbochargers to produce in excess of 650 bhp.
The GTO Evoluzione included all the necessary modifications (bodywork, chassis, safety systems) to comply with the FIA regulations which permitted 20 cars per year to be specifically built for rally or track racing. Due to multiple deaths and the inherent danger involved with group B rally racing, the Group B Circuit series was suspended at the end of 1986. As a result, the GTO Evo never raced. All GTO road cars came in a stock red color, except one which was black. All GTO Evo cars came in red colour.
Like any Ferrari car, the low production numbers for the GTO were intended to give an exclusive product for the enthusiast buyer. The number of GTO's produced did indeed fit in the minimum requirement of 200 required by the FIA and in fact the factory produced 70 more plus a couple extra to please the Agnelli family, an F1 driver or anybody else who the Commendatore predicted might insist on a last minute purchase option.
Although the production car test team - headed by Dario Benuzzi - did not include any of the Formula 1 drivers, Michele Alboreto occasionally had involvement in giving feedback on cars such as the 288 GTO, and later the 328 Turbo and F40. In particular he agreed with Enzo Ferrari's return to a breed of cars which were much more fiery, describing the GTO as "cattiva" (angry) and praising its low engine centre of gravity compared to the Testarossa.
Engine
The GTO was based on the rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive 308 GTB, which has a V8. The "288" refers to the GTO's 2.8 litre DOHC 4 valves per cylinder V8 engine as it used a de-bored by with IHI twin-turbochargers, Behr air-to-air intercoolers, Weber-Marelli fuel injection and a compression ratio of 7.6:1. The 2.85 litre engine capacity was dictated by the FIA's requirement for a turbocharged engine's capacity to be multiplied by 1.4. This gave the GTO an equivalent engine capacity of , just under the Group B limit of 4.0 litres.
Unlike the 308's engine, the GTO's V8 was mounted longitudinally, using the 308's rear trunk space. This was necessary to make room for the twin turbochargers and intercoolers. The racing transmission was mounted to the rear of the longitudinal engine, moving the rear differential and wheels aft. The arrangement also let the GTO use a more conventional race-car engine/transmission layout for such things as quick gear-ratio changes for various tracks. As a result, the wheelbase was longer at . The track was also widened to accommodate wider wheels and tires (Goodyear NCT 225/55 VR16 tires mounted on 8 x 16 inch Speedline wheels at the front and 255/50 VR16 (265/50 VR16 for U.S. models) mounted on 10 x 16 inch wheels at the rear) to provide increased cornering and braking performance and the ability to apply at 7,000 rpm and of torque at 3,800 rpm. The GTO could accelerate from 0- in around 5 seconds and Ferrari claimed 0- in 15 seconds flat and a top speed of , making it one of the fastest street-legal production cars of its time.
288 GTO in North America
Ferrari did not "federalize" the 288 GTO for sale in America. Americans wanted the car anyway, and obtained it as a Grey import vehicle.
Performance
Test results by Road & Track:
0–: 2.3 s
0–: 4.1 s
0–: 5.0 s
0–: 6.2 s
0–: 7.7 s
0–: 11.0 s
0–: 16.0 s
Standing : 14.1 s at
Top Speed:
Evoluzione
Ferrari built six (five production models and one prototype) 288 GTO Evoluzione models with more aggressive and aerodynamic body styling and increased power. The Evoluzione, introduced in 1986, was built to race in Group B but when that series was cancelled the project was also shelved as it was not fit for any other racing series. Ferrari had planned a production run of 20 cars to comply with Group B homologation requirements for Evolution models. The 288 GTO Evoluzione is powered by an upgraded version of the 2.9 L V8 used in the normal 288 GTO that has twin-turbochargers and produces at 7,800 rpm. It has a weight of around and can reach a top speed of . It features a unique front end designed for aerodynamics with front canards, channels and vents as well as a large carbon fibre rear spoiler and numerous large NACA ducts. Many styling and mechanical elements from the Evoluzione influenced the soon to follow F40.
All six are thought to still be in existence with one owned by the Factory on display in the engine manufacturing facility in Maranello and another suspected to have been used as a prototype during the development of the F40.
Formula 1 GTO owners
Several Formula 1 drivers were offered GTOs by Enzo Ferrari. These include Michele Alboreto (56195), Keke Rosberg (56653) and Niki Lauda (58329), who was gifted the last of the 272 units built, by Enzo Ferrari himself.
Awards
In 2004, Sports Car International named this car number two on the list of Top Sports Cars of the 1980s, behind its German rival the Porsche 959.
References
Bibliography
Ferrari 288 GTO at the Group B Rally Cars.
288 Gto
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Group B cars
Cars introduced in 1984
Sports cars |
4025271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Satir | Peter Satir | Peter Gerald Satir (born c. 1937) is an American microbiologist who has spent his career studying the basis of motion by studying the cilium. He is a native of New York, graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1952, received his Ph.D. from the Rockefeller University in 1961 and currently works at the Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
Education
His interest in biology came from the first day in high school biology when he looked in a microscope, saw a Paramecium and asked his teacher how its cilia move. He says, "At the age of fourteen, I had asked the question which still dominates my research interests. Of course, I still had a long way to go to be a biologist."
After high school, he went to Columbia University where he was the only zoology major. He met his wife Birgit while studying in Denmark. After their marriage, they moved to Chicago, where they worked in Biology and Zoology at the University of Chicago. While not permitted to work under the same supervisor, they were permitted to work in the same department.
Career
In 1967, Satir was appointed Associate Professor of Anatomy in Berkeley bringing experience in electron microscopy and modern cell biology to the department. They went to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine because it offers individual faculty positions to spouses.
Awards
1972: he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
2005: he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Copenhagen.
2014: he shared the E.B. Wilson Medal of the American Society for Cell Biology.
References
External links
Bio
American Society of Cell Biology Newsletter
PubMed 117 hits for Satir AND (Satir P[Auth])
Google Scholar search
Cilia get arms for bending
1930s births
Living people
American anatomists
American microbiologists
University of Chicago faculty
Columbia University alumni
Rockefeller University alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Yeshiva University faculty
Science teachers
Cell biologists |
4025280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Marshak | Robert Marshak | Robert Eugene Marshak (October 11, 1916 – December 23, 1992) was an American physicist, educator, and eighth president of the City College of New York.
Biography
Marshak was born in the Bronx, New York City. His parents, Harry and Rose Marshak, were immigrants from Minsk. He went to the City College of New York for one semester and then "received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University."
In 1939, Marshak received his Ph.D. from Cornell University. Along with his thesis advisor, Hans Bethe, he discovered many of the fusion aspects involved in star formation. This helped him on his work for the Manhattan Project, in Los Alamos, during World War II. During this time, he developed an explanation of how shock waves work in extremely high temperatures achieved by a nuclear explosion, and these waves are known as Marshak waves.
Following the war, Marshak joined the University of Rochester Department of Physics, becoming head of the department in 1950.
In 1947, at the Shelter Island Conference, Marshak presented his two-meson hypothesis about the pi-meson, which were discovered shortly thereafter. Three years later, Marshak established the Rochester Conference while chair of the University of Rochester's physics department. This later became known as the International Conference on High Energy Physics.
In 1957, Marshak and George Sudarshan proposed a V-A ("vector" minus "axial vector") Lagrangian for weak interactions, which eventually paved the way for the electroweak theory. This theory was later presented by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann, which later contributed to each winning a Nobel Prize in Physics. Sudarshan stated that Gell-Mann had learned the theory from him at the Rochester Conference. Similarly, Richard Feynman learned about the theory from a discussion with Marshak in a conference. Feynman acknowledged Marshak and Sudarshan's contribution in 1963 stating that the V-A theory was discovered by Sudarshan and Marshak and publicized by Gell-Mann and himself.
Marshak was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1958, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961, and the American Philosophical Society in 1983.
In 1970, Marshak left Rochester to become president of the City College of New York. He left to become University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, retiring in 1991.
Marshak shared the 1982 J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize with Maurice Goldhaber. The next year he served as the president of the American Physical Society, previously having served on its council (1965-1969), as chairman of its Division of Particles and Fields (1969-1970), and as vice-president.
Marshak died by accidental drowning in Cancún, Mexico. In addition to Sudarshan, his doctoral students include Susumu Okubo, Rabindra Mohapatra and Tullio Regge.
Selected works
Marshak, Robert E. (1952). Meson Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Marshak, Robert E.; Radha, T.K.; Raman, K. (1963?) Theory of Weak Interactions of Elementary Particles. Matscience report no. 10. Madras: Institute of Mathematical Sciences.
Marshak, Robert E.; Blaker, J. Warren; Bethe, Hans A.; et al. (1966). Perspectivies in Modern Physics: Essays in Honor of Hans A. Bethe on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, July 1966. New York: Interscience Publishers.
Marshak, Robert E.; Riazuddin; Ryan, Ciaran P. (1969). Theory of Weak Interactions in Particle Physics. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Marshak, Robert E.; Wurtemburg, Gladys (1982). Academic Renewal in the 1970s : Memoirs of a City College President. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
Marshak, Robert E. (1993). Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics. Singapore: World Scientific.
Notes
Resources
Henley, Ernest M.; Lustig, Harry (1999). Robert Eugene Marshak, 1916-1992. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Sudarshan, E.C.G.; et al. (1995). A Gift of Prophecy: Essays in Celebration of the Life of Robert Eugene Marshak. Singapore: World Scientific, 1995.
External links
Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060 at Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives
Robert Eugene Marshak Collection at the City College of New York
Biographical Memoir at the National Academy of Sciences
Robert Marshak Oral History Interviews from the American Institute of Physics
1916 births
1992 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Deaths by drowning
20th-century American physicists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Presidents of City College of New York
Particle physicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Accidental deaths in Mexico
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from New York (state)
Scientists from the Bronx
Manhattan Project people
Virginia Tech faculty
20th-century American Jews
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
4025282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs%20to%20Learn%20%26%20Sing | Songs to Learn & Sing | Songs to Learn & Sing is a compilation album by Echo & the Bunnymen which was released on 11 November 1985 and featured all of the singles the band had released up to that point. Released on LP, cassette and CD by Korova, WEA and Sire Records, the album received positive reviews and reached number six on the UK Albums Chart and number 158 on the US Billboard 200.
Releases
Songs to Learn & Sing was first released as an LP, a cassette and a CD by Korova in the United Kingdom, WEA in Germany and Sire Records in the United States on 15 November 1985. The LP and cassette versions of the album have six tracks on side one and five tracks on side two. The album was also available as a limited edition picture disc and a limited edition album with a copy of "The Pictures on My Wall" single. The album was reissued on 17 October 1990 by WEA.
The tracks included on the album are in chronological order and taken from the four studio albums that had been released up to that point as well including two non-album singles: "Rescue" from the Crocodiles album; "The Puppet", a non-album single; "Do It Clean", the B-side to "The Puppet"; "A Promise" from the Heaven Up Here album; "The Back of Love" and "The Cutter" from the Porcupine album; "Never Stop", a non-album single; "The Killing Moon", "Silver" and "Seven Seas" from the Ocean Rain album; and "Bring on the Dancing Horses" a new single.
Release history
Singles
Although the album is a compilation album it included one previously unreleased single — "Bring on the Dancing Horses" which was released on 14 November 1985. The single reached number 21 on the UK Singles Chart and number 15 on the Irish Singles Chart.
Reception
Allmusic rated the release four and a half stars out of five and describes the album as "a solid and comprehensive collection of the band's material". The album was listed in Rock Compact Disc magazine's list of 45 classic "British Indie Guitar Rock" albums. The album was also reasonably successful with the fans which was shown by the album reaching number 6 on the UK Albums Chart.
Chart positions
Track listing
Note: track timings taken from original LP's labels.
Personnel
Musicians
Ian McCulloch – vocals
Will Sergeant – guitar
Les Pattinson – bass
Pete de Freitas – drums
Production
Ian Broudie – producer ("Rescue", "The Back of Love", "The Cutter")
Bill Drummond – producer ("The Puppet", "Do It Clean")
David Balfe – producer ("The Puppet", "Do It Clean")
Hugh Jones – producer ("A Promise", "Never Stop")
The Bunnymen – producer ("A Promise", "The Killing Moon", "Silver", "Seven Seas")
Laurie Latham – producer ("Bring on the Dancing Horses")
Anton Corbijn – photography
References
External links
The official Echo and The Bunnymen website
1985 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Laurie Latham
Echo & the Bunnymen compilation albums
Sire Records compilation albums |
4025307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20policy%20statement | Government policy statement | A government policy statement is a declaration of a government's political activities, plans and intentions relating to a concrete cause or, at the assumption of office, an entire legislative session. In certain countries they are announced by the head of government or a minister of the parliament. In constitutional monarchies, this function may be fulfilled by the Speech from the Throne.
In Germany and Austria, the Chancellor submits a government policy statement (Regierungserklärung) at the beginning of the session of the Bundestag (in Austria: Nationalrat), in which they announces the intended policies of the government during the next legislative session. The statement is not legally binding, but is a significant constitutional commitment for the parliament and the government. During the legislative period the federal government, through the Chancellor and the ministers, can give statements to the parliament through the chancellor or the ministers concerning current political themes. It cannot however be obliged to give such statements.
In Belgium, the federal government holds its policy statement (Beleidsverklaring) on the second Wednesday in October; its northern region of Flanders states its September Declaration (Septemberverklaring) on the fourth Monday of September. In the Netherlands, every third Tuesday in September is Prinsjesdag: the king holds the Speech from the throne (Troonrede) and the government will state its policy and budget plans in the Budget Memorandum (Miljoenennota) for the next year. When a new government coalition has been formed after elections, the Prime Minister will make a similar statement (Regeringsverklaring) for the four year legislative period it intends to run the country.
In Sweden, the Prime Minister holds the government's statement (Regeringsförklaring) at the start of their government's legislative session and at the start of each parliamentary year.
See also
State of the Nation
State of the State address
External links
German government policy statements since 10 November 1998
Austrian government policy statement 2007–2010
Government policy statement
Policy statement |
4025308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr%20S-Bahn | Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn | The Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn () is a polycentric and electrically driven S-train network covering the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region in the German federated state of North Rhine-Westphalia. This includes most of the Ruhr (and cities such as Dortmund, Duisburg and Essen), the Berg cities of Wuppertal and Solingen and parts of the Rhineland (with cities such as Cologne and Düsseldorf). The easternmost city within the S-Bahn Rhine-Ruhr network is Unna, the westernmost city served is Mönchengladbach.
The S-Bahn operates in the areas of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr and Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg tariff associations, touching areas of the Aachener Verkehrsverbund (AVV) at Düren and Westfalentarif at Unna. The network was established in 1967 with a line connecting Ratingen Ost to Düsseldorf-Garath.
The system consists of 16 lines. Most of them are operated by DB Regio NRW, while line S28 is operated by Regiobahn and S7 by Vias. The S19 will run 24/7 between Düren and Hennef for 17 stations and not only between Cologne Hbf and Cologne/Bonn Airport.
Rolling stock history
Age of steam
The predecessor of the S-Bahn was the so-called Bezirksschnellverkehr between the cities of Düsseldorf and Essen, which consisted of steam-powered push-pull trains, mainly hauled by Class 78, since 1951 also Class 65 engines.
Early electric years
The first S-Bahn lines were operated using Silberling cars and Class 141 locomotives. However these were not suited for operations on a rapid transit network and were soon replaced by Class 420 electric multiple units.
Originally designed for the Munich S-Bahn, the Class 420 was judged in the mid-1970s to be unsuitable for the network, mainly due to being uncomfortable and lacking a lavatory and not being walk-through, since one could travel rather long distances on the Rhine-Ruhr network.
The x-Wagen era
Constructing an improved version of the 420 with the tentative designation Class 422 was discussed, but in 1978 the Deutsche Bundesbahn commissioned a batch of coaches from Duewag and MBB. These lightweight and modern coaches were designated as x-Wagen ("x-car") after their classification code Bx. Among the design elements inherited from the recent LHB prototype carriages were the bogies with disc brakes and rubber airbag shock absorbers that also included automated level control, ensuring level boarding from S-Bahn platforms with a standard height of 96 cm regardless of varying passenger loading.
In late 1978, the first prototypes of 2nd class type Bx 794.0 cars and Bxf 796.0 control cars were handed over to DB, followed by split first/second class cars type ABx 791.0 in early 1979. The prototypes were successful, so from 1981 to 1994 several series were commissioned, with some going to the Nuremberg S-Bahn system.
The x-Wagen were mechanically coupled to form fixed sets of typically one ABx car, one or two Bx cars and one Bxf control car. This way a train offered seating for a total of 222 to 302 passengers and standing room for another 429 to 539 passengers. A few five-car sets ran on peak time services. All cars were of a walk-through design with mechanical doors at each end. Initially the ABx car ran on the loco end to keep passengers looking for a seat from disturbing first-class passengers. The orientation of trains was not predictable in practice however, so the ABx car was instead put in the middle of the train. In later years, when insufficient numbers of Bx cars were ready for service, some trains ran with two ABx cars.
Traction was provided by the Class 111 locomotives produced locally by Krupp in Essen. They had been designed for long-haul Intercity and limited-stop commuter train services with a maximum speed of 160 km/h and were not an ideal fit for rapid transit duty. After the German reunification, even before the old Deutsche Bundesbahn was merged with the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany to form the new Deutsche Bahn AG, the Class 143 Reichsbahn engines replaced the Class 111 on the S-Bahn network, limiting the top speed on the network to 120 km/h but with better acceleration and noticeably less jolting.
Rolling stock today
The Cologne S-Bahn section went into full operation in 2002 in conjunction with the opening of the Cologne-Frankfurt high speed line. It runs with Class 423 EMUs on lines S11, S12 and S13/S19. Due to recent service improvements, there are insufficient numbers of Class 423 EMUs available, so Class 420 electric multiple units can be found on line S12.
Starting in 2008, 84 units of Class 422 were introduced in the Ruhr area section and around Düsseldorf, replacing the x-Wagen loco-hauled trains.
These newer classes of EMUs once again increased the maximum speed on the network to 140 km/h where permitted, which together with the better acceleration of the EMUs did reduce delays that had become entrenched in the latter years of x-Wagen operations.
The S28 is not operated by DB Regio NRW, but by Regiobahn, which uses Bombardier TALENT DMUs. The S7 uses Alstom Coradia LINT DMUs and is operated by Abellio Rail NRW.
New electric rolling stock for the S5 and S8 lines was introduced in December 2014 after having been tested on S68 since October 2014. These Alstom Coradia trains are operated by DB Regio NRW and offer on-board toilet facilities.
All trains of Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn ran with the red DB livery except for the S7 and S28 trainsets which are painted in the colours of their respective operators.
Rolling stock after 2019
Starting in December 2019, there will be major changes in the Ruhr area section of the network: The standard service pattern will be altered from a 20-minute to a 30-minute or 15-minute headway. Services around Düsseldorf and Cologne will not be affected and remain on their 20-minute schedule.
Several services will no longer be operated by DB Regio NRW, but by Abellio Rail NRW. Simultaneously, the livery of all trains will change to green and white to uphold a uniform appearance regardless of operator.
Lines S2, S3 and S9 as well as several Regionalbahn lines that will complement or supplant S-Bahn services will use Stadler FLIRT 3 XL units. Upon eventual electrification, those are also going to run on line S28, sporting Regiobahn's red and white livery.
Lines
The region's lines were mainly built by three major private railway companies of the early industrial era: The Cologne-Minden Railway Company, the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company and the Rhenish Railway Company. After nationalisation and in the post-WW2-era, more lines were built or altered to accommodate S-Bahn services.
A number of tunnel sections were added to extend the S-Bahn to new high-density housing estates (e. g. Cologne-Chorweiler), to suburbs that had historically been villages (e. g. Dortmund-Lütgendortmund station) or the Dortmund university founded in 1968.
Lines before December 2019
Kursbuchstrecken 450.x (x is equivalent to the number of the line), as of 13 December 2009.
Lines after December 2019
Network map
See also
List of rapid transit systems
References
External links
Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn
www.marco-wegener.de – Information and History of Rhine-Ruhr-Sieg S-Bahn (German)
Deutsche Bahn
S-Bahn in Germany |
4025315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur%20%28disambiguation%29 | Augur (disambiguation) | An augur is a public official in ancient Rome.
Augur may also refer to:
People
Christopher C. Augur (1821–1898), American Civil War officer
Helen Augur (died 1969), American journalist
Hezekiah Augur (1791–1858), American sculptor and inventor
Jean Augur (1934–1993), British teacher and dyslexia activist
Fiction
Augur, the eighth month of the fictional Zork calendar
Augur, a fictional weapon from the Resistance: Fall of Man video game
Other uses
Augur (software), a decentralized prediction market built using Ethereum
Augur buzzard, an African bird of prey
Augur (caste), a sub-group of the Jogi caste in India
Eugene Augur, a countercultural underground newspaper published 1969–1974
See also
Agar (disambiguation)
Auger (disambiguation) |
4025335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Raven | Andrew Raven | Andrew Owen Earle Raven OBE (22 January 1959 – 4 October 2005) was a British conservationist and an influential contributor to modern land policy in Scotland.
The eldest son of John Raven, a Cambridge University classics don, and grandson of Charles E. Raven, Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, he developed professional expertise in land management. He was a trustee of the John Muir Trust from 1989 to 1995, a time when the charity started to acquire land in the Scottish Highlands. In 1995 he became their Director of Land Management.
In 1992 he became a member of the Council of the Rural Forum, a highly influential group which for the first time brought together rural communities and Scottish policy-makers. Three years later he joined the Scottish Consumer Council, seeing himself there as the voice of rural Scotland in consumer affairs. In 2000, he was appointed a Commissioner of the Forestry Commission, becoming the chairman of its National Committee for Scotland in 2003.
Raven was awarded an OBE in 2005.
He died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 46 on 4 October 2005.
References
Obituary: Andrew Raven, The Daily Telegraph, 8 October 2005.
Pepper, Simon. Obituary: Andrew Raven, The Guardian, 10 October 2005.
Minister backs deer cull call, BBC News, 5 November 2001
External links
Carbon and the Climate: Implications for Rural Land Use - The First Andrew Raven Memorial Weekend at Ardtornish, 8-10 June 2007
1959 births
2005 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Cambridge
British conservationists
Deaths from lymphoma |
4025336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Development%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of Development (Greece) | The Ministry of Development () of Greece was created in January 1996 by then Prime Minister Costas Simitis through the merger of three former ministries: the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Technology, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Tourism). The Ministry of Development was abolished after the 2009 election and its role taken over by the Ministry of the Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping and later by the newly established Ministry of Development and Investment.
List of Ministers for Development
See also
Cabinet of Greece
External links
Ministry website (archived)
Defunct government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Ministries established in 1996 |
4025350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleophora | Coleophora | Coleophora is a very large genus of moths of the family Coleophoridae. It contains some 1,350 described species. The genus is represented on all continents, but the majority are found in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Many authors have tried splitting the genus into numerous smaller ones, but most of these have not become widely accepted.
As with most members of the family, the larvae initially feed on the seeds, flowers or leaves of the host plant, but when larger, they feed externally and construct distinctive protective silken cases, often incorporating plant material. Many species have specific host plants; discarded larval cases are often scattered thickly on affected plants.
Technical description
For terms see External morphology of Lepidoptera
Antennae 4/5, porrected in repose, often thickened with scales towards base, in male simple, basal joint long, usually with rough scales or projecting tuft. Labial palpi rather long, recurved, second joint more or less roughscaled or tufted towards apex beneath, terminal shorter, acute. Posterior tibiae rough - haired. Forewings with costa often long - haired beneath ; lb furcate, 4 sometimes absent, 5 absent, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings 2/3, linear-lanceolate, cilia 3-4 ; transverse veins sometimes partly absent, 4 usually absent, 6 and 7 closely approximated or stalked.
Gallery
Synonyms
References
External links
Fauna Europaea
Nomina Insecta Nearctica
HOSTS - Caterpillar Hostplants Database
Coleophora at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera pages
Moth genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner |
4025352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Bridge | Battle of the Bridge | The Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of al-Jisr () was a battle at the bank of the Euphrates river between Arab Muslims led by Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and the Persian Sasanian forces led by Bahman Jaduya. It is traditionally dated to the year 634, and was the only major Sassanian victory over the Rashidun Caliphate army.
Context
The Muslim forces had already taken Hira and assumed control of the surrounding Arab-inhabited areas of Mesopotamia, on the banks of the Euphrates. The fall of Hira shocked the Persians, as the "youthful Yazdgard, began to take the business of the Arabs more seriously." Yazdgard sent forces to the Arab border areas, and looked to be gaining the upper hand, as Al-Muthanna had to call for reinforcements from Medina.
The new Caliph, Umar, sent Abu Ubaid to Mesopotamia to take command from Al-Muthanna. He encountered the main Persian force under Bahman Jaduya, near what is the present site of Kufa. The two forces faced each other on opposing banks of the Euphrates. As it was crossed by a bridge, the battle came to known as the Battle of the Bridge.
Battle
Bahman invited Abu Ubayd to decide who should cross the river. The latter took the initiative, and crossed the river aggressively; this proved to be disastrous. According to accounts, the sight of the elephants in the Persian army frightened the Arabs' horses. A white elephant apparently tore Abu Ubaid from his horse with its trunk and trampled him underfoot during his misguided attempt to attack its trunk. At this, and the inability of the Arab troops to push back the Persians who had formed a rigid line close to the bridge, the Arabs panicked and fled. After Abu Ubayd the command was taken by al-Hakam and Jabr, his brother and son, respectively, and eventually Al-Muthanna. According to tradition, Al-Muthanna remained to fight so that the Arabs could repair the bridge and flee losing 4,000 men, although any accurate estimates of the figures involved in this and other contemporaneous battles are not known. Around 3,000 Arab Muslims were carried away by the river.
Sources agree that for whatever reason, Bahman Jaduya did not pursue the fleeing Arab army.
See also
Muslim conquest of Persia
Fall of the Sasanian Empire
Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
References
Sources
Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate
Battles involving the Sasanian Empire
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
634 |
4025360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistophorus | Cistophorus | The cistophorus (, kistophoros) was a coin of ancient Pergamum. It was introduced shortly before 190 B.C. at that city to provide the Attalid kingdom with a substitute for Seleucid coins and the tetradrachms of Philetairos. It also came to be used by a number of other cities that were under Attalid control. These cities included Alabanda and Kibyra. It continued to be minted and circulated by the Romans with different coin types and legends, but the same weight down to the time of Hadrian, long after the kingdom was bequeathed to Rome. It owes its name to a figure, on the obverse, of the sacred chest () of Dionysus.
Cistophoric standard
It was tariffed at four drachmas, but weighed only as much as three Attic drachmas (the most important weight standard of the time), 12.75 grams. In addition, the evidence of hoards suggests that it did not travel outside the area which Pergamum controlled. It is therefore probable that it was overvalued in this area.
In any case, the result was a closed monetary system similar to that in the Ptolemaic Kingdom. It is likely that this was a deliberate policy.
Design and themes
Cistophoric coinage fails to portray reigning kings in its coins. It is possible that this lack of royal iconography is the result of Attalid royal ideology. The royal coinage is mimicking itself as a federal coinage. Attalid kings were unable to portray themselves as a charismatic and militaristic authority like the other Hellenistic rulers, as the kingdom during reign of Eumenes II received much of its power practically as a Roman gift. He portrayed himself as a benefactor of the Greeks living within Asia Minor.
The types reflect the Attalid kings' claims of descent from Dionysus and Heracles. The cista mystica on the obverse represents Dionysus while the bow case on the reverse represents Heracles, whose son, Telephus, was the mythological founder of Pergamon.
See also
List of ancient Greek monetary standards
References
External links
Cistophorus, article in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
Coins of ancient Greece
Coins of ancient Rome |
4025362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bardin | John Franklin Bardin | John Franklin Bardin (November 30, 1916 – July 9, 1981) was an American crime writer, best known for three novels he wrote between 1946 and 1948.
Biography
Bardin was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father was a well-to-do coal merchant and his mother an office worker. Nearly all of his immediate family died of various illnesses, however, with an elder sister dying of septicaemia, and, a year later, his father succumbing to a coronary and leaving little money. Bardin, who by then had graduated from Walnut Hills High School, was studying engineering at the University of Cincinnati, and had to leave in his first year in order to work full-time as a ticket-taker and bouncer at a roller-skating rink, and later as a night clerk at a bookstore, where he would educate himself by reading. "Mother had become a paranoid schizophrenic by then," Bardin said. "It was on visits to her that I first had an insight into the 'going home' hallucinations" that would later form the core of his third novel, Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly. Other jobs, held in some combination of Cincinnati and New York City, to which he moved before turning 30, including working as a bench hand in a valve foundry; in the advertising department of a bank; in the production department of an advertising agency; and doing freelance market research for Barron Collier.
In New York, he began working in 1944 for the ad agency Edwin Bird Wilson, Inc., and from 1946 to 1948 completed the three novels for which he would be best known: The Deadly Percheron, The Last of Philip Banter, and Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly, published over the course of 18 months, though that last not in the United States until the 1960s. Bardin would eventually write 10 novels over the course of his lifetime. His magazine articles include "The Disadvantages of Respectability", a review of the book Father of the Man: How Your Child Gets His Personality, by W. Allison Davis and Robert J. Havighurst, in The Nation, May 3, 1947.
After gradually rising to become vice president and director of Edwin Bird Wilson, Bardin left that agency in 1963. Two years earlier he had begun teaching creative writing and advertising at the New School for Social Research, which he would continue to do through 1966. That year he worked as associate publicity director for the United Negro College Fund, and from 1967 to 1968, he wrote for the United Jewish Appeal of Greater New York. Turning to magazines, he then served as an editor at Coronet through 1972.
For the next two years at least, Bardin lived in Chicago, Illinois, where he served as managing editor of the American Medical Association magazine Today's Health through 1973; and through 1974 originated, and served as managing editor of, two American Bar Association Press magazines, Learning and the Law and Barrister. While his official site states he returned to New York in 1974, one source places him in Chicago still in 1978.
He resided in New York City's East Village. He died on July 9, 1981 at Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan, New York City. He was survived by his second wife, Phyllida.
Legacy
As of at least 2010, Bardin's copyrights are held by Franklin C. Bardin and Judith A. Bardin, a.k.a. Judith Aycock, his children from his first marriage.
Novels
In 1946, Bardin entered a period of intense creativity during which he wrote three crime novels that were relatively unsuccessful at first, one of them not even being published in America until the late 1960s, but which have since become well-regarded cult novels. He went on to write four more novels under the pen names Gregory Tree or Douglas Ashe; the writer Julian Symons, in his introduction to an omnibus collection of Bardin's first three works, called those later novels "slick, readable, unadventurous crime stories". Under his own name, Bardin also wrote three more novels, the first two of which Symons called, respectively, "an interesting but unsuccessful experiment" and "disastrously sentimental".
His best-regarded works, The Deadly Percheron, The Last of Philip Banter and Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly experienced renewed interest in the 1970s when they were discovered by British readers. As Symons said of their reemergence:
Symons, who compiled the omnibus, had difficulty tracking down information on Bardin. He was unable to find any American critic who had heard of him and even his original publishers and agents did not know how to contact him or even whether he was still alive. Symons wrote that Third Degree, the journal of Mystery Writers of America, found Bardin in Chicago, editing an American Bar Association magazine, and willing and eager to see his work republished.
The Deadly Percheron tells the story of a psychiatrist who encounters a patient with apparent delusions and a strange story to tell, but who does not otherwise exhibit signs of mental instability. His story turns out to have at least some connection to reality, drawing the psychiatrist into a complicated alternate identity that changes his life. The Last of Philip Banter sees a man receiving (or apparently writing) disturbing predictions about his life. The predictions partly become true, the effect of the predictions themselves being destructive and mind-altering.
Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly, perhaps his most acclaimed work, is a complicated story told almost entirely in terms of the psychology of the protagonist Ellen, a mental patient who experiences mental disintegration.
Bardin gave his literary influences as Graham Greene, Henry Green and Henry James.
In the film Mona Lisa one of the characters is reading The Deadly Percheron and makes several conversational references to it.
The Library of Congress' Rule Interpretations (October 2009), in its chapter "Uniform Titles", uses The John Franklin Bardin Omnibus as its example of an author's name as an integral part of a copyrighted book title.
In other media
The Last of Philip Banter was adapted into a 1986 film produced, directed and cowritten by Hervé Hachuel and starring Scott Paulin, Irene Miracle, Gregg Henry, Kate Vernon and Tony Curtis.
Bibliography
The Deadly Percheron 1946 by Dodd, Mead in the United States. In England 1947 by Victor Gollancz. In paperback in the US & UK, 1976-1991 first as part of The John Franklin Bardin Omnibus and then in a separate edition. 1998 by Poisoned Pen Press. In Scotland, 2000 by Canongate Books, Ltd (Canongate Crime Classics). 2006 Millipede Press
The Last of Philip Banter 1947 by Dodd, Mead in the United States. In England 1947 by Victor Gollancz. In paperback in the US & UK, 1976-1991 first as part of The John Franklin Bardin Omnibus and then in a separate edition.
Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly in England 1948 by Victor Gollancz. In the United States 1967 by Macfadden-Bartell (paperback). Again in paperback in the US & UK, 1976-1991 first as part of The John Franklin Bardin Omnibus and then in a separate edition. In Scotland, 2001, by Canongate Books, Ltd (Canongate Crime Classics).
The Case Against Myself (Published under the pseudonym Gregory Tree) 1950 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. 1951 by Bantam. In England, 1951 by Victor Gollancz.
The Burning Glass 1950 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. In England, by Victor Gollancz.
The Case Against Butterfly (Published under the pseudonym Gregory Tree) 1951 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States.
A Shroud For Grandmama (Published under the pseudonym Douglas Ashe and in England under the pseudonym Gregory Tree) 1951 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. In England, 1952 by Victor Gollancz. In US, 1970 by Paperback Library (retitled The Longstreet Legacy).
So Young To Die (Published under the pseudonym Gregory Tree) 1953 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. In England, 1952 by Victor Gollancz. In the US, 1969 by Macfadden-Bartell (paperback).
Christmas Comes but Once a Year 1954 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. In England, 1954 by Peter Davies.
Purloining Tiny 1978 by Harper and Row in the United States.
References
External links
"Person Detail:John Franklin Bardin", New York State Literary Tree. Accessed December 27, 2010.
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American crime fiction writers
1916 births
1981 deaths
Writers from Cincinnati
American male novelists
Novelists from Ohio
People from the East Village, Manhattan
University of Cincinnati alumni |
4025365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline%20Burghs%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 | Dunfermline Burghs (UK Parliament constituency) | Dunfermline Burghs was a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 1974. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system.
From 1918 to 1950 it was also, officially, a district of burghs constituency.
There was also a Dunfermline county constituency from 1974 to 1983.
Boundaries
As defined in 1918 the constituency covered the parliamentary burghs of Dunfermline, Cowdenbeath, Inverkeithing, and Lochgelly. Prior to the constituency's creation, the burghs of Dunfermline and Inverkeithing had been represented as components of Stirling Burghs, while Cowdenbeath and Lochgelly were within the county constituency of West Fife.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
References
See also
Former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
Politics of Fife
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1974
Politics of Dunfermline |
4025366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Finance%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of Finance (Greece) | The Ministry of Finance () is the government department responsible for Greece's public finances. The incumbent minister is Christos Staikouras of New Democracy.
Minister's role
According to Article 73 of the Constitution of Greece, any bills relating to pensions must be submitted by the Minister of Finance. According to Article 75 of the Constitution, any bill relating to expenditure or a reduction in revenue must not be introduced unless accompanied by a special report on the bill, signed by the Minister of Finance. Finally, according to Article 79 of the Constitution, the Minister of Finance must bring the budget before the Hellenic Parliament at least one month before the start of the fiscal year, for it to be voted on.
Lists of Ministers
List of Ministers of Finance (1967–2000)
List of Ministers of Economy and Finance (2000–2009)
List of Ministers of Finance (since 2009)
See also
Bank of Greece
References
External links
Official Site of the Ministry of Finance
Government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Greece
Finance in Greece |
4025396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil%20Bhoyrul | Anil Bhoyrul | Anil Bhoyrul (born Mauritius, May 1966) is a British business journalist who was convicted of breaching the Financial Services Act 1986 in the 'City Slickers' share tipping scandal of 1999-2000. After writing for the Sunday Express, he joined Arabian Business in Dubai, and is now CEO of JES Media.
Early life
He was born in Mauritius and moved to the UK when he was 14. He graduated in Civil Engineering in 1988.
BusinessAge and Sunday Business
Bhoyrul started working in civil engineering but soon switched to journalism. In 1993 he joined BusinessAge magazine under its editor and owner Tom Rubython, becoming deputy editor the following year. Rubython sold the title to VNU in 1995; according to PR Week "The legend of the pre-VNU BusinessAge was that it went down in a welter of writs". In April 1996 Rubython launched the Sunday Business with Bhoyrul as editor, but despite strong initial sales and investment by Owen Oyston, the Sunday Business struggled financially and failed within a year; the Barclay brothers finalised a deal to buy it from the receivers in August 1997.
Meanwhile BusinessAge had struggled under VNU and was closed in June 1996. Bhoyrul saw that he did not fit in the plans of the new regime at the Sunday Business and with a consortium of investors led by Oyston bought BusinessAge back from VNU. BusinessAge relaunched in June 1997 with Bhoyrul as editor promising "to take the title back to its glossy, controversial and scandalous best. We’ll probably ruin a few careers along the way, but only if they deserve it". Oyston sold his media interests after he was convicted of raping a teenager in 1997. Chris Butt took over as editor in 1998, when Oyston sold to Priory Publishing.
City Slickers scandal
Bhoyrul and BusinessAge colleague James Hipwell then joined the Daily Mirror under editor Piers Morgan. Between incidents such as Bhoyrul getting caught stealing a penguin from London Zoo, they wrote a share-tipping column called "City Slickers". They bought shares before tipping them in the newspaper, in 44 separate incidents between 1 August 1999 and 29 February 2000. Bhoyrul pleaded guilty to the conspiracy on 11 August 2005. He was convicted on charges of conspiracy to breach the Financial Services Act 1986 and sentenced to 180 hours of community service. Hipwell denied the charges along with private investor Terry Shepherd, and they were sentenced to six months and three months in prison respectively.
Punch, Express and ITP
After they were sacked from the Daily Mirror in 2000, Mohamed Al-Fayed gave Bhoyrul and Hipwell a column in Punch and £100,000 to turn into £1 million within 12 months. They wrote a book "for Mirror readers, not your sophisticated types" entitled Make a Million in Twelve Months; We did! but at the time of its launch, five months into the challenge, they had lost 30% of the money. In July 2000 he was planning to write a book on the City Slickers story called A Tip Too Far, and claimed that he had had enough of newspapers and wanted to go back to Mauritius to run a bar on a beach.
However soon Bhoyrul joined Richard Desmond's Express group, where he wrote articles under the byline Frank Bailey. He wrote 26 negative stories about Conrad Black in the Sunday Express between September 2001 and May 2003, including one questioning Black's finances that the newspaper subsequently admitted was false. In May 2003 he wrote to Piers Morgan apologising for articles he had written under various pseudonyms in the Sunday Express :"Nothing would make me happier than not having to write all this stuff, but then nobody else pays me £6k a month...the thinking behind that column comes as you can guess from people above me".
In 2004 he moved to Dubai to become editor of Arabian Business, a weekly English-language magazine published by ITP Media Group. He left the magazine suddenly in 2005 but stayed with ITP and became editor-in-chief. He left in June 2020, shortly after Arabian Business introduced a paywall. he is CEO of JES Media in Dubai.
Personal life
Bhoyrul is married to Branka, a Slovenian photographer. They have three children - Joe, Evita and Savannah. In 2018, worried that his children were becoming too spoilt and materialistic in Dubai, he got them to each throw a dart at a world map and as a result sent them to live in La Paz, Bolivia for two years. He is a fan of Arsenal F.C.
References
External links
ITP articles written by Anil Bhoyrul
1966 births
Living people
British male journalists
People convicted of market manipulation in England and Wales
British expatriates in the United Arab Emirates |
4025398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Labour%20and%20Social%20Affairs%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Greece) | The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs () is a government department of Greece. The incumbent minister is Kostis Hatzidakis, Vice President of New Democracy.
Ministers for Employment and Social Protection (2001–2009)
Ministers for Labour and Social Security (2009–2012)
Ministers for Labour, Social Security and Welfare (2012–2015)
Ministers for Labour and Social Solidarity (2015)
Ministers for Labour, Social Insurance and Social Solidarity (2015–2019)
Ministers for Labour and Social Affairs (since July 2019)
References
External links
Government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Greece
Labour in Greece |
4025419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Dodson | Pat Dodson | Patrick Lionel Djargun Dodson (born 29 January 1948) is an Australian politician representing Western Australia in the Australian Senate. He is a Yawuru elder from Broome, Western Australia. He has been chairman of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, a Commissioner into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, and a Roman Catholic priest. He was the winner of the 2008 Sydney Peace Prize and the 2009 John Curtin Medallist. His brother is Mick Dodson, also a national Indigenous Australian leader.
On 2 March 2016, Dodson was announced as the replacement for Joe Bullock as a Labor Senator for Western Australia, following Bullock's resignation. The Parliament of Western Australia appointed Dodson to the Australian Senate on 2 May 2016.
Early life and priesthood
Dodson was born on 29 January 1948 in Broome. His father, John "Snowy" Dodson, was born in Launceston, Tasmania and his mother, Patricia, was an Indigenous Australian. The family moved to Katherine in the Northern Territory when Pat was two, to escape Western Australian laws banning race-mix families.
The Dodson children were orphaned at the deaths of both parents only three months apart in 1960. He and his brother Mick were made wards of the state, but their aunt and uncle decided they should accept a scholarship to study at Monivae College in Hamilton, Victoria, where Dodson became head prefect and captain of football. After completing his schooling, Patrick enrolled to study for the priesthood at Corpus Christi College, Melbourne, and was ordained in the order of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart in May 1975. He was the first Aboriginal person to become a Catholic priest in Australia. He left the priesthood in the early 1980s due to conflict over the balance and blend of Catholicism and Aboriginal spiritual belief.
Public service
Dodson lives in Broome where he is also involved in matters relating to the preservation and development of Indigenous rights and culture. Some of the prominent roles and positions he has held include:
Director of the Central Land Council and the Kimberley Land Council
Commissioner into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 1989
Chairman of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (1991-1997) (This body was replaced by Reconciliation Australia). He retired stating "I fear for the spirit of this country".
Adjunct Professor at the University of Notre Dame Australia.
Chairperson, Kimberley Development Commission (his term expired in November 2010)
Chairman of the Lingiari Foundation, an Indigenous non-government advocacy and research Foundation.
Inaugural Director of the Indigenous Policy, Dialogue and Research Unit (IPDRU) at the University of New South Wales
Chairman of the Yawuru Native Title Holders Body Corporate (2010-2013) and Nyamba Buru Yawuru Ltd (to 2015)
Politics
The Parliament of Western Australia appointed Dodson to fill a casual vacancy in the Australian Senate on 2 May 2016, following the resignation of Labor senator Joe Bullock. He was sworn in as a senator on the same day, and sat as a Labor senator for Western Australia. He retained his seat at the 2016 federal election. He has served on a number of Senate committees, notably as joint chair of the Joint Select Committee into Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.
Dodson was added to the shadow ministry in May 2016, as a shadow assistant minister. He was initially appointed shadow parliamentary secretary to the Leader of the Opposition, and in July 2016 has been shadow assistant minister for indigenous affairs and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Opposition Leader Bill Shorten promised to appoint Dodson as Minister for Indigenous Affairs if the ALP won the 2019 federal election. This did not eventuate, and Dodson did not stand for re-election to the Labor frontbench.
As the shadow assistant minister for reconciliation and constitutional recognition, Dodson supports the Uluru Statement from the Heart in full.
Dodson served on the "Inquiry into the destruction of 46,000 year old caves at the Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara region of Western Australia", which delivered its interim report in December 2020.
Honours
Dodson holds an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Melbourne and an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of New South Wales.
In 2012 he gave the inaugural Gandhi Oration at the University of New South Wales.
References
Other sources
Kevin Keeffe, (2003) ''Paddy's Road: Life Stories of Patrick Dodson" Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra
External links
Patrick Dodson - A Life Story Local ABC NSW Tuesday, 2 September 2003 [Accessed 10 February 2006]
Bio at Kimberley Development Commission website
Heroes: Pat Dodson at Universal Rights Network
Bio at The University of New South Wales
1948 births
Living people
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for Western Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
People from Broome, Western Australia
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
Australian indigenous rights activists
Indigenous Australian politicians
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian Roman Catholic priests
Missionaries of the Sacred Heart
Indigenous Australian clergy
Australian Aboriginal elders |
4025425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20T.%20Francis | K. T. Francis | K. T. Francis, full name Kandiah Thirugnansampandapillai Francis (15 October 1939 – 9 June 2013) was a Sri Lankan cricket umpire. Francis officiated in 25 Tests and 56 One Day Internationals between 1982 and 1999, mostly in his own country.
Francis' first Test as umpire was the one-off Test between Sri Lanka and England in February 1982; this was the first recognised Test match played by Sri Lanka. Three days earlier, Francis made his debut as a One Day International umpire, in a match that also featured the debut of future Sri Lankan cricket captain Arjuna Ranatunga.
K. T. Francis was married and has two children.
See also
List of Test cricket umpires
List of One Day International cricket umpires
References
External links
K. T. Francis Cricinfo Profile
1939 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Sri Lankan Test cricket umpires
Sri Lankan One Day International cricket umpires
Sri Lankan Tamil sportspeople |
4025427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Health%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of Health (Greece) | The Ministry of Health (), is the government department responsible for managing the health system of Greece. The incumbent minister is Thanos Plevris of New Democracy. The Alternate Minister for Health Services is , and the Deputy Minister for Mental Health is Zoi Rapti.
Ministers for Health and Social Solidarity (2004–2012)
Ministers for Health (2012–2015)
Ministers for Health, Social Security and Social Solidarity (January 2015–September 2015)
Ministers of Health (since September 2015)
See also
Health care in Greece
List of hospitals in Greece
External links
Health
Health
Greece
1982 establishments in Greece
Ministries established in 1982 |
4025428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Adventures%20of%20Hitler | The New Adventures of Hitler | The New Adventures of Hitler was a comic series written by Grant Morrison and drawn by Steve Yeowell which first appeared in Cut, a Scottish arts magazine in 1989 before being reprinted in the anthology Crisis in 1990.
Publication history
The New Adventures of Hitler was a satirical and surreal (one scene has Hitler opening a cupboard to find Morrissey singing "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now") strip based on the claims of Hitler's sister-in-law Bridget Dowling that Hitler had lived with her, her husband Alois Hitler, Jr., and her son William Patrick Hitler in Liverpool from 1912 to 1913. It first appeared in Cut, a Scottish arts and culture magazine and became instantly controversial, and some accused Morrison of being a Nazi due to their use of Hitler in what was essentially a humorous story.
Cut ceased publication before the entire strip was published, but The New Adventures of Hitler was printed in its entirety in Crisis in 1990.
Crisis was a spin-off from 2000 AD which printed more adult-oriented work and The New Adventures of Hitler fit in with the themes of the magazine. However the controversy which had surrounded the story in Cut continued with the strip's reprinting in Crisis. The story ran from Crisis in issues 46-49 and a proposed collected edition by IPC never appeared. Morrison themselves had planned to set up their own imprint to self-publish some of their work, including The New Adventures of Hitler, but nothing came of the idea.
See also
Adolf Hitler in popular culture
Notes
References
The New Adventures of Hitler at 2000 AD online
External links
Grant Morrison homepage
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler
1989 comics debuts
Comics based on real people
Satirical comics
Black comedy comics
Surreal comedy
Crisis (Fleetway) comic strips |
4025445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20After%20Night | Night After Night | Night After Night may refer to:
Night After Night (film), a 1932 film starring George Raft and Constance Cummings, with Mae West
Night After Night (Nils Lofgren album), a 1977 album by Nils Lofgren
Night After Night (U.K. album), a 1979 album by the British band UK
Night After Night with Allan Havey, a talk show starring Allan Havey
"Night After Night", a 2015 song by Sandra Lyng
"Night After Night (Out of the Shadows)", a song by The Rasmus from their album Hide from the Sun
Night After Night (TV series), a South Korean television talk show
Night After Night (2008 TV series), a 2008 South Korean television drama series |
4025448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copic | Copic | is a Japanese brand of refillable markers and related products made by the Too Corporation and distributed in the United States and Canada by its subsidiary, "Too Corporation Americas".
Description
Copic markers are available in 358 non-toxic, alcohol-based ink colours and are refillable using standard colours ink refills. The refill inks can be mixed to create custom colours, and empty markers are sold for this purpose. The markers are airtight to prevent them from drying out.
Sketch markers, which are the most popular version, have a chisel-style tip at one end and a brush tip at the other, though additional styles of replaceable nibs and tips are available.
The company also sells an airbrush system which utilizes either an air compressor or canned air to blow ink off the tips of the markers onto the paper.
History
In 1987, the initial classic line of Copic Markers was introduced in Japan with the manga industry in mind. A total of 71 colours were launched and were developed to meet designers’ demand for photocopy-safe markers. The markers would not dissolve the toner of freshly-printed photocopies, and in turn the markers were given the name Copic, deriving from the word “copies”.
In 1989, an additional 71 colours were added to the line, adding a set of more neutral tones and grays to the marker’s library. These additional tones were created to accommodate for architectural design and figure painting. In 1991, 72 new colours were added to meet the need to design environments and fashion.
In 1993, Copic Sketch was introduced with an assortment of 144 colours. These markers featured a Super Brush Nib, a brush that revolutionized fine art markers with its nib durability and long-lasting lifespan. The Copic Sketch has since become the most widely sought-after marker from the company.
In 1998, the Copic Ciao marker was introduced. The line was released with 72 colours and was an inexpensive pack designed for beginners.
Since 1999 many new colours were added to the line of Copic Sketch to meet the success of the markers and the expansion of the manga market. Many colours introduced to the Copic Sketch line included flesh tones, pastels, fluorescents and many more.
Copic Marker types
Sketch
Copic Sketch markers are available in all 358 Copic colours, with a brush nib and a chisel-shaped nib. They have an oval barrel. They are compatible with the Copic Airbrush System. These are the most popular marker from Too Corporation.
Ciao
Ciao markers are available in 180 colours. They have a brush nib, a chisel nib, and a circular barrel. They are smaller than Copic's other markers and are marketed as a more affordable option.
Classic
Classic markers are available in 214 colours with nine different tip options, including: two calligraphy tips, two types of broad tips, and a range of fine nibs. They come with a chisel nib and a bullet nib on each side.
Wide
Wide markers were available in 36 colours, had a wide chisel-shaped nib and a large oval shaped barrel. They have been used for large backgrounds as well as calligraphy. Too Corporation has discontinued the production of coloured Copic Wide in 2016, but Copic Wide Original (empty marker) continues to be sold.
Refill
Copic markers can be refilled with Copic ink refills. It is also possible to mix inks to create custom colours.
Copic Color System
The Copic Color System identifies and categorizes ink colours by using short colour codes. Such codes can be found on the base of any marker, as well as on the caps of classic and sketch markers.
Copic Colour Wheel
The letter(s) on your marker represents the colour family it falls into. There are currently 16 Copic Marker colour families:
Chromatic Colours (and Fluorescent Colour)
R - Red
B - Blue
Y - Yellow
G - Green
V - Violet (Purple)
YR - Yellow-Red (Orange)
BG - Blue-Green (Teal/Turquoise)
YG - yellow-green family
BV - Blue-Violet
RV - Red-Violet (Pink)
E - Earth Tones (Brown)
F - Fluorescent/Neon colours
Gray Tones
N - Neutral Gray
C - Cool Gray
W - Warm Gray
T - Toner Gray
Achromatic Colours
1 - Black Copic Markers are represented by number only: 100, and 110 for special (rich) black.
0 - Colourless Blender Markers are coded with a single 0 as they contain alcohol-based fluid with no pigment.
Colour Saturation (Blending Group)
Following the letter is the first number. The first digit represents the level of saturation of the Copic Marker. This number ranges between 0- 9, with 0 being the purest form of colour and 9 being most desaturated (with the highest level of gray).
Colour Value (Shade/Intensity)
The last digit(s) on Copic Markers represent a marker's colour intensity (aka how bright that colour is). These numbers are split between 12 levels (000, 00 and 0-9). Markers that fall closer to the 0 range are lighter in value, and become darker the closer they shift toward 9. Markers that are 000 and 00 in nature are often more transparent as they have a higher concentration of colourless blender alcohol-based fluid.
Pens
Four types of pens are sold under the Copic brand, all of which are marketed as having "Copic-proof" ink that does not smudge when coloured over with a Copic marker:
The Multiliner is a fineliner. It is available in ten different colours and seven different nib thicknesses.
The Multiliner SP is an upgraded version of the Multiliner with an aluminium body, a replaceable nib, and a replaceable ink cartridge. It is only available in black ink.
The Gasenfude is a brush pen, available in black ink. Unlike some other manufacturers' brush pens, it cannot be refilled.
The Drawing Pen features a fountain pen nib. It is available in black and sepia (brown) inks, and in two nib sizes.
Copic Airbrush System
The airbrush system uses disposable cans of compressed air, or air from a compressor, to spray ink from Copic Original and Sketch markers onto a surface. Airbrushing uses less ink than direct colouring since saturating the paper isn't necessary.
References
External links
1987 establishments in Japan
Art materials brands
Companies established in 1987
Japanese brands
Japanese stationery |
4025452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20After%20Night%20%28U.K.%20album%29 | Night After Night (U.K. album) | Night After Night is a live album recorded by the British band U.K. It features the trio lineup of Eddie Jobson, John Wetton, and Terry Bozzio.
Recorded in late May and early June 1979 at Nakano Sun Plaza Hall and Nippon Seinenkan, Tokyo, Japan, it is UK's third album and their first live recording, released in September 1979 in support of the band's US tour supporting Jethro Tull (which Eddie Jobson joined after UK's split) and later headlining European tour.
The album was remastered in 2016 and included as part of the box-set Ultimate Collector's Edition, along with an extended version containing nine songs not included in the original album and in actual concert order .
Background
According to Eddie Jobson, the album was recorded at the request of Polydor in Tokyo, originally intended for a Japan-only release, but Polydor in the US were also interested in releasing it. John Wetton explained, "The Japanese record companies, they said that live albums are so popular in Japan right now, that any act coming in, it's almost compulsory to do a live album in Japan, just for release in Japan."
The title track and "As Long As You Want Me Here" do not appear on any studio release by the band.
Track listing
All songs written by Eddie Jobson and John Wetton except where indicated.
Original album
CD
Extended version
Personnel
U.K.
Eddie Jobson – keyboards, electric violin, electronics
John Wetton – bass, lead vocals
Terry Bozzio – drums
Singles
"Night After Night" / "When Will You Realize" (released in UK/Europe)
The A-side is an edited version of the album track, while the B-side is a non-album studio recording that didn't appear on any CD until the 2016 Ultimate Collector's Edition box-set (although it was re-recorded with different lyrics on John Wetton's solo album Caught in the Crossfire in 1980).
References
U.K. (band) albums
1979 live albums
E.G. Records live albums
Albums recorded at Nakano Sun Plaza |
4025459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Barbour%20Democrat | The Barbour Democrat | The Barbour Democrat is an independent newspaper published every Wednesday in Philippi, West Virginia. It is the only newspaper published in Barbour County and has a paid circulation of 5,300, accounting for 31% of the county's population. It is a member of the West Virginia Press Association.
The Barbour Democrat has been published continuously since 6 July 1893, when it was founded by Aldine S. Poling. In the 1940s it absorbed a rival paper, The Philippi Republican. The paper was owned and operated by the Byrne family, but is now owned in its entirety by J. Eric Cutright;
Lars Byrne is the editor and the only remaining Byrne family member still employed by The Barbour Democrat.
Coverage consists of serious news from the region, reported by staff, and social items contributed by readers. In addition to covering events in Philippi, Belington and Junior, the Democrat runs several regular columns reporting news from small rural communities in the county. Despite its name, the paper has long since abandoned political partisanship and does not publish editorials or endorse candidates.
In 2004, The Barbour Democrat received the Barbour County Chamber's Directors' Award 'for long and faithful dedication to the continuing prosperity of Barbour County and its citizens, wherever in the world they may now be living.' In 2005, the paper won the West Virginia Education Association's Golden Apple Award for continuous coverage of education issues.
References
Barbour Democrat Website
Barbour County, West Virginia
Barbour Democrat, The
1893 establishments in West Virginia |
4025490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplansky%27s%20conjectures | Kaplansky's conjectures | The mathematician Irving Kaplansky is notable for proposing numerous conjectures in several branches of mathematics, including a list of ten conjectures on Hopf algebras. They are usually known as Kaplansky's conjectures.
Group rings
Let be a field, and a torsion-free group. Kaplansky's zero divisor conjecture states:
The group ring does not contain nontrivial zero divisors, that is, it is a domain.
Two related conjectures are known as, respectively, Kaplansky's idempotent conjecture:
does not contain any non-trivial idempotents, i.e., if , then or .
and Kaplansky's unit conjecture (which was originally made by Graham Higman and popularized by Kaplansky):
does not contain any non-trivial units, i.e., if in , then for some in and in .
The zero-divisor conjecture implies the idempotent conjecture and is implied by the unit conjecture. As of 2021, the zero divisor and idempotent conjectures are open. The unit conjecture, however, was disproved for fields of positive characteristic by Giles Gardam in February 2021: he published a preprint on the arXiv that constructs a counterexample. The field is of characteristic 2. (see also: Fibonacci group)
There are proofs of both the idempotent and zero-divisor conjectures for large classes of groups. For example, the zero-divisor conjecture is known to hold for all virtually solvable groups and more generally also for all residually torsion-free solvable groups. These solutions go through establishing first the conclusion to the Atiyah conjecture on -Betti numbers, from which the zero-divisor conjecture easily follows.
The idempotent conjecture has a generalisation, the Kadison idempotent conjecture, also known as the Kadison–Kaplansky conjecture, for elements in the reduced group C*-algebra. In this setting, it is known that if the Farrell–Jones conjecture holds for , then so does the idempotent conjecture. The latter has been positively solved for an extremely large class of groups, including for example all hyperbolic groups.
The unit conjecture is also known to hold in many groups, but its partial solutions are much less robust than the other two. For example, there is a torsion-free 3-dimensional crystallographic group for which it is not known whether all units are trivial. This conjecture is not known to follow from any analytic statement like the other two, and so the cases where it is known to hold have all been established via a direct combinatorial approach involving the so-called unique products property. By Gardam's work mentioned above, it is now known to not be true in general.
Banach algebras
This conjecture states that every algebra homomorphism from the Banach algebra C(X) (continuous complex-valued functions on X, where X is a compact Hausdorff space) into any other Banach algebra, is necessarily continuous. The conjecture is equivalent to the statement that every algebra norm on C(X) is equivalent to the usual uniform norm. (Kaplansky himself had earlier shown that every complete algebra norm on C(X) is equivalent to the uniform norm.)
In the mid-1970s, H. Garth Dales and J. Esterle independently proved that, if one furthermore assumes the validity of the continuum hypothesis, there exist compact Hausdorff spaces X and discontinuous homomorphisms from C(X) to some Banach algebra, giving counterexamples to the conjecture.
In 1976, R. M. Solovay (building on work of H. Woodin) exhibited a model of ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory + axiom of choice) in which Kaplansky's conjecture is true. Kaplansky's conjecture is thus an example of a statement undecidable in ZFC.
Quadratic forms
In 1953, Kaplansky proposed the conjecture that finite values of u-invariants can only be powers of 2.
In 1989, the conjecture was refuted by Alexander Merkurjev who demonstrated fields with u-invariants of any even m. In 1999, Oleg Izhboldin built a field with u-invariant m = 9 that was the first example of an odd u-invariant. In 2006, Alexander Vishik demonstrated fields with u-invariant for any integer k starting from 3.
References
H. G. Dales, Automatic continuity: a survey. Bull. London Math. Soc. 10 (1978), no. 2, 129–183.
W. Lück, L2-Invariants: Theory and Applications to Geometry and K-Theory. Berlin:Springer 2002
D.S. Passman, The Algebraic Structure of Group Rings, Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1977.
M. Puschnigg, The Kadison–Kaplansky conjecture for word-hyperbolic groups. Invent. Math. 149 (2002), no. 1, 153–194.
H. G. Dales and W. H. Woodin, An introduction to independence for analysts, Cambridge 1987
Ring theory
Conjectures
Unsolved problems in mathematics |
4025513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Andersson | Dan Andersson | Dan Andersson (6 April 1888 in Ludvika – 16 September 1920 in Stockholm) was a Swedish author, poet, and composer. A nom de plume he sometimes used was Black Jim. Although he is counted among the Swedish proletarian authors, his works are not limited to that genre.
Early life
Born in Grangärde parish in the province of Dalarna, Andersson grew up under harsh conditions in the village of Skattlösberg. His father Adolf was a primary school teacher there, and his mother Augusta had also taught in the local school. The village lies in the "Finn Woods" of southern Dalarna, where Forest Finns had immigrated to cultivate new land. On his father's side, Andersson descended from these Finnish settlers. Andersson took odd jobs during the first years of his life, for instance as a forestry worker and school teacher. He found it difficult to make a living. The family considered trying to find a better life in the United States, and Andersson was sent to live in Forest Lake, Minnesota, as a 14-year-old in 1902 to see if it would be possible. But he wrote to them, saying that there were no better opportunities there than in Sweden, upon which his father asked him to come home. The family moved from Skattlösberg in 1905, but Andersson returned there to live with his parents and siblings from 1911 to 1915. During this period, he wrote a number of stories and poems. Large parts of his and were probably created during this time. In 1918 Andersson married primary schoolteacher Olga Turesson, the sister of troubadour .
Brunnsvik
During 1914–1915, Andersson studied at the Brunnsvik folk high school, with, among others, future authors Harry Blomberg and Ragnar Jändel. He was also a good friend of Karl Lärka, who would become a well-known documentary photographer. From this time onwards he was to become active as an author, writing poems and songs about his home region, which are read and sung almost a century later in Swedish homes. Gunde Johansson and Thorstein Bergman are among the best known of his interpreters. Andersson also set some of his lyrics to music — most notably ("To My Sister") and ("Sailor apprentice Jansson") — and played the accordion and violin. He was a co-worker at the Social Democratic newspaper Ny Tid in Gothenburg 1917–1918, and he also translated texts by Rudyard Kipling and Charles Baudelaire into Swedish. Despite his simple upbringing, Andersson was highly educated.
Death
Dan Andersson died in room 11 at Hotel Hellman in Stockholm on 16 September 1920, where he had gone to look for a job at the newspaper Social-Demokraten. The hotel staff had used hydrogen cyanide against bedbugs and had not cleared the room as prescribed. At 3 p.m. Andersson was found dead. At the same time, insurance inspector Elliott Eriksson from Bollnäs also died. The hotel was located at Bryggaregatan 5 in Stockholm, but it was demolished in the 1960s.
Andersson is buried at Lyviken Cemetery in Ludvika.
Legacy
Dan Andersson's poetry enjoys a broad popularity among the Swedish people because of its naturalist mysticism and searching for God. In 2005, Sofia Karlsson recorded a new interpretation of 11 of Andersson's songs on her album Svarta ballader, which received a Grammis award in both Sweden and Denmark, and before that time his poems had been sung by musicians including the Hootenanny Singers, Love Explosion, and Fred Åkerström. Joakim Thåström has also referenced Andersson in a number of his songs.
In 1988, at the centenary of Andersson's birth, Posten, the Swedish postal service, published two stamps in his honour. In Ludvika, a Dan Andersson week is celebrated the first week of every August. In Ludvika there is also a Dan Andersson museum and a statue of him. A bust is also to be found at Järntorget in Gothenburg.
Works in Swedish
Brevkort från Grangärde finnmark (1903)
(1914)
(1915)
Det kallas vidskepelse (1916)
Svarta ballader (1917)
De tre hemlösa (1918)
David Ramms arv (1919)
. Berättelser från norra Amerika (1920)
Efterlämnade dikter (1922)
Works in English
Modern Swedish Poetry Pt. 1, 1929.
Modern Swedish Short Stories, 1934.
Charcoal Burner’s Ballad and Other Poems, 1943.
Scandinavian Songs and Ballads, 1950.
The Last Night in Paindalen, 1958.
Swedish Songs, LP, 1974.
Swedes On Love, CD, 1991.
Dan Andersson in English, 1994.
Poems of Dan Andersson, 2003.
His life in English
A History of Swedish Literature, 1961.
A History of Swedish Literature, 1989.
A History of Swedish Literature, 1996.
References
External links
Dan Andersson at Authors' Calendar
Translations
Christmas-song in the Finnmark (Julvisa i Finnmarken)
A musician's last journey (En spelmans jordafärd)
For my sister and four other poems
Poems by Dan Andersson
Twelve Poems
Videos
1888 births
1920 deaths
Swedish people of Forest Finnish descent
People from Ludvika Municipality
Swedish-language poets
Swedish people of Finnish descent
Swedish socialists
Writers from Dalarna
20th-century Swedish poets
20th-century Swedish male writers |
4025522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNAT-TV | KNAT-TV | KNAT-TV (channel 23) is a religious television station in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, owned and operated by the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN). The station's studios are located on Coors Boulevard in northwestern Albuquerque, and its transmitter is located on Sandia Crest.
History
KMXN-TV
Channel 23 began broadcasting as KMXN-TV on August 10, 1975. It was owned by Spanish Television of New Mexico, headed by state senator Odis Echols, and affiliated with the Spanish International Network, broadcasting from a transmitter atop the Western Bank Building.
Problems emerged with the station's management more than a year after it began operations. At the start of 1977, Herbert Taylor, a former officer of Spanish Television of New Mexico, sued Echols, fellow state senator C. B. Trujillo of Taos, and John Aragon, stockholder and president of New Mexico Highlands University, alleging that the three were using KMXN-TV to provide advertising kickbacks and for other political purposes. The First National Bank sued the station in December 1977, claiming it had defaulted on a $67,500 loan made in March 1976; by that time, Echols had stepped down.
Channel 23 also began to branch out beyond Spanish-language shows. When ABC affiliate KOAT-TV decided not to air Monday Night Baseball, KMXN-TV stepped in to carry it instead; the station then added high school football games.
KLKK-TV
In 1978, Eddie Peña began buying out the partners of Spanish Television of New Mexico. Peña was granted a construction permit the next year to move the transmitter from downtown to Sandia Crest, the main tower site for the Albuquerque area.
Peña also prepared a total relaunch of channel 23's programming. The station shifted to an English-language independent—New Mexico's first—on May 19, 1980, and took on the call letters KLKK-TV. As part of the changes, channel 23 disaffiliated from SIN, which Peña blamed for providing Latin American programming that was not well received in the Albuquerque market. Local productions included pre-existing shows from the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce that had aired on KMXN-TV, as well as Pueblo Speaks, focusing on Native American issues, and a live call-in show. SIN would not be gone from Albuquerque for long, as a translator carrying the network began broadcasting in August.
Not long after the relaunch, Peña began seeking buyers. Rumors circulated as early as the spring of 1981 that channel 23 would be sold. When fired general manager Milt Ledet sued the station for breach of contract at year's end, he revealed that a sale was near, and that he was entitled to two percent of the proceeds. While a $7 million purchase by Malcolm Glazer was reported, it was another buyer that would win out in April: Carson Communications Corporation. A star-studded consortium headed by Johnny Carson and with Neil Simon, David Letterman, Joan Rivers and Paul Anka as other investors, Carson Communications acquired the station and its programming contracts for a total of $3.6 million.
KNAT
After a brief period of silence during the transition, channel 23 emerged under Carson ownership as KNAT on August 9, 1982. The station made an early and aggressive push to court advertisers. Carson hosted some at a gala event in Las Vegas, where his company also owned VHF independent KVVU-TV, while the entertainer also briefly appeared in promotional advertisements. That stopped when the general manager of Albuquerque's NBC affiliate, KOB-TV, complained to the network; to make amends, Carson cut several promotions for The Tonight Show and KOB-TV's late newscasts.
When Peña had flipped KMXN-TV to KLKK-TV in 1980, it was the first independent television station in the Albuquerque market. A year later, competition emerged when KGSW-TV channel 14 signed on; a year after Carson took over, the two independents were tied at the bottom of the market ratings. After KNAT relaunched, two more independent stations piled into a crowded market: KNMZ-TV on channel 2 and Santa Fe-based KCHF on channel 11. As advertising revenues doubled, program costs increased sixfold due to competition between the independent stations.
On April 25, 1985, it was announced that KNAT would go dark on April 27, though it said two buyers were in the process of scouting out the station. The ownership group had changed its name from Carson Communications Corporation to Albuquerque Broadcasting Corporation, removing any mention of the host, after selling KVVU-TV the year prior. General manager Dave Cavileer cited the failure of ownership to market the station and said that "what they paid for programming broke their backs". Competing station executives claimed that, unwilling to provoke Carson's ire, syndicators let the station slide for months without paying fees to purchase programming. Channel 23 ended up on the air several more days while sale talks continued—airing music videos, as most of the other programming had already been returned—however, the station went off the air at midnight on May 1.
It was more than six months after the station went dark that a buyer finally emerged for channel 23: the Trinity Broadcasting Network, which purchased KNAT for $2.25 million. The station returned to the air with TBN programming on December 17.
Subchannels
KNAT-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 23, on that date. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 24. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 23.
References
External links
Official website
Trinity Broadcasting Network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1975
NAT-TV
Mass media in Albuquerque, New Mexico
1975 establishments in New Mexico |
4025531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection%20formula | Reflection formula | In mathematics, a reflection formula or reflection relation for a function f is a relationship between f(a − x) and f(x). It is a special case of a functional equation, and it is very common in the literature to use the term "functional equation" when "reflection formula" is meant.
Reflection formulas are useful for numerical computation of special functions. In effect, an approximation that has greater accuracy or only converges on one side of a reflection point (typically in the positive half of the complex plane) can be employed for all arguments.
Known formulae
The even and odd functions satisfy by definition simple reflection relations around a = 0. For all even functions,
and for all odd functions,
A famous relationship is Euler's reflection formula
for the gamma function , due to Leonhard Euler.
There is also a reflection formula for the general n-th order polygamma function ψ(n)(z),
which springs trivially from the fact that the polygamma functions are defined as the derivatives of and thus inherit the reflection formula.
The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) satisfies
and the Riemann Xi function ξ(z) satisfies
References
Calculus |
4025533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Loves%20Cole | Ella Loves Cole | Ella Loves Cole is a 1972 studio album by Ella Fitzgerald, arranged by Nelson Riddle, of songs written by Cole Porter.
This was Fitzgerald's first album of songs dedicated to a single composer since 1964's Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Johnny Mercer Song Book (also arranged by Riddle), and her second collection of songs by Porter, her first since 1956's Cole Porter songbook. She later recorded Ella Abraça Jobim, dedicated to Antônio Carlos Jobim. Fitzgerald and Riddle would collaborate again on her 1982 album The Best Is Yet to Come.
The album was re-released on Pablo as Dream Dancing in 1978, with the addition of two new tracks; "Dream Dancing" and "After You". Ella Loves Cole was remastered again in 2002, with colours added to the cover.
Track listing
For the 1972 Atlantic LP release; Atlantic SD 1631.
Side One:
"I Get a Kick Out of You" – 4:21
"Down in the Depths (On the Ninetieth Floor)" – 3:40
"At Long Last Love" – 2:27
"I've Got You Under My Skin" – 3:17
"So Near and Yet So Far" – 2:21
"All of You" – 2:18
"Without Love" – 2:46
Side Two:
"My Heart Belongs to Daddy" – 2:33
"Love for Sale" – 4:36
"Just One of Those Things" – 3:53
"I Concentrate on You" – 4:06
"Anything Goes" – 2:51
"C'est Magnifique" – 2:27
All songs written by Cole Porter.
Personnel
Ella Fitzgerald - vocals
Nelson Riddle - arranger
Harry "Sweets" Edison - trumpet
Keter Betts - double bass
Ed Thigpen - drums
Tommy Flanagan - piano
Val Valentin - recording engineer
References
1972 albums
Ella Fitzgerald albums
Atlantic Records albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Albums arranged by Nelson Riddle
Cole Porter tribute albums |
4025534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan | Kanan | Kanan may refer to:
People
Given name
Male
Kanan Gill (born 1989), Indian stand-up comedian, actor, and internet personality
Kanan Guluyev, an Azerbaijani wrestler
Kanan Karimov (born 1976), an Azerbaijani football manager and former player
Kanan Makiya (born 1949), Iraqi American professor and former dissident
Kanan Malhotra, Indian model and television actor
Kanan Seyidov, an Azerbaijani military officer
Kanan Yusif-zada (born 1973), an Azerbaijani surgeon, professor, and military administrator
Female
Kanan Devi (1916-1992), Indian actress and singer
Kanan Kaushal (born 1939), Indian actress
Kanan Minami (born 1979), a manga artist
Kanan Mishra (1944–2015), an Oriya writer
Surname
Paul Kanan, an American political strategist from Michigan
Sean Kanan, American actor and TV host
Pseudonym
Pen name of Yūko Ōtsuki, illustrator of Galaxy Angel manga
Fictional characters
Kanan, a character in the manga series, Saiyuki
Kanan Jarrus, a character in the Star Wars franchise
Kanan Matsuura, a character from the media-mix project, Love Live! Sunshine!!
Places
Kanan, Osaka, a town in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Kanan, Pori, a district in Pori, Finland
Kanan-e Olya, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Kanan-e Sofla, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Kanan-Bakache, a village and commune in Niger, West Africa
Kanan Devan Hills Plantations Company, an Indian consumer products company
Others
The Kanan Tape, a mixtape by American rapper 50 Cent
Kanan (tigress)
Unisex given names |
4025545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Graduate%20%28MC%20Lars%20album%29 | The Graduate (MC Lars album) | The Graduate is the first studio album of MC Lars released on iTunes on February 14, 2006 and in stores on March 21, 2006.
Track listing
"Download This Song" – 3:44
featuring Jaret Reddick of Bowling for Soup
"The Roommate from Hell" – 3:18
featuring MC Chris
"21 Concepts" – 2:49
"Hot Topic Is Not Punk Rock" – 2:15
featuring The Matches
"Rapgirl" – 3:03
"Generic Crunk Rap" – 3:02
"Ahab" – 3:21
"iGeneration" – 2:53
"If I Had a Time Machine, That Would Be Fresh" – 1:03
"Internet Relationships (Are Not Real Relationships)" – 3:24
featuring A Scholar and a Physician and Piney Gir
"Space Game" – 4:05
"The Dialogue" – 2:53
featuring Ill Bill
"Six Degrees of Kurt Cobain" – 1:44
"Signing Emo" – 3:37
Bonus tracks
Samples
"Download This Song" samples "The Passenger" by Iggy Pop.
The song "21 Concepts" samples music from Tetris. When performed live, the background video includes clips of Mega64's popular Tetris video. Additionally, the lyrics parody the song '99 Problems' by Ice-T.
The chorus to "Ahab" samples the British band Supergrass performing "Moving" off their self-titled album.
The song "iGeneration" samples "American Hearts" by Piebald.
The song "Singing Emo" samples "Cry Tonight" by Hearts That Hate.
References
2006 debut albums
MC Lars albums
Nettwerk Records albums
Albums produced by Mike Sapone |
4025550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Doumit | Sam Doumit | Samia "Sam" Doumit is an American actress.
Early life
Doumit is of Irish, French, Lebanese, German, and Jewish descent (mother's side). She was a Dean's list and honor roll student at Emerson College in Boston before attending the California Institute of the Arts. Doumit's great-uncle is Nobel Peace Prize recipient Dr. Albert Schweitzer.
Career
She starred in the film The Hot Chick with Rob Schneider, Adam Sandler, Anna Farris, and Rachel McAdams as well as the independent film The Utopian Society. She is featured in the Zed video clip "Starlight", included on The Hot Chick DVD. She guest starred on ABC's Castle, Showtime's series Shameless, and The Mentalist on CBS. Doumit guest-starred in the final episode of the short-lived series LAX. She had a role in one episode of the never-aired series The Jake Effect. She played "Maggie", a recurring character on Disney's Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show. Doumit is friends with actor Jeremy Sisto, and they worked together in the series finale of Dawson's Creek and the film Little Savant. Doumit played a drug addled prostitute in an episode of Southland.
She currently plays the lead role “Rosie” in the 10 episode limited series Red Riding Hoods
Doumit began acting on stage at age 5. She has performed in over 30 professional plays including "Bonnie" in Hurlyburly, "Laura" in The Glass Menagerie and "Juliet" in Romeo and Juliet. She played a stage actress in KY2 in 2000.
In October 2005, she wrote, directed and performed "Not to Fear", a daring performance art piece in the Half-Hour From Home: Cal-Arts Alumni at Barnsdall, organized by Cal-Arts.
Samia Doumit played "Kate" in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew at the Lillian Theatre in Los Angeles. Her portrayal of "Kate" was featured in an interview and article for Estylo Magazine. In 2009-2010 Doumit played 8 comedic characters in the long running hit Jewtopia at The Greenway Court Theatre in Los Angeles.
Doumit is the face of the SuicideGirls logo. Doumit married Erik Contreras on September 3, 2005.
She hosted "Suicide Girls Radio" Sunday nights on Indie 103.1 FM in Los Angeles from 2006 to 2011. It was voted #1 Radio in 2009 by Rolling Stone Magazine
Filmography
Film
On the Ropes (1999) ..... Maya
Taylor's Wall (2001) ..... Taylor Manning
Beyond the Pale (2001) ..... Dina
The Hot Chick (2002) ..... Eden
The Utopian Society (2003) ..... Nera
Longtime Listener 12th Time Caller (Voice) (2004) ..... Nancy
Just Hustle (2004) ..... Naomi Rose
East L.A ..... Krista Guzman
Rosary Stars ..... Herself
Television
Beverly Hills, 90210 (1998)
Undressed (1999)
Brutally Normal (2000)
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show (2000)
ER (2001)
Boston Public (2002)
Dawson's Creek (2003)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2004)
Passions (2005)
LAX (2005)
The Jake Effect (2006)
Southland (2009)
Castle (2010)
The Mentalist (2010)
Shameless (2010)
Matumbo Goldberg (2011)
Harry's Law (2011)Crazy White Chicks (2014)Criminal Minds (2018)Red Riding Hoods ''(2021)
References
Jewtopia Play
TV Tome
Just Hustle Movie
Longtime Listener 12th Time Caller
External links
Sam Doumit Official Website
The Utopian Society Official Site
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Emerson College alumni
Actresses from Sacramento, California
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Lebanese descent
California Institute of the Arts alumni |
4025565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Liberators%20%28comic%20book%29 | The Liberators (comic book) | The Liberators was a science fiction comic book series based on concepts created by Dez Skinn and Will Simpson for the British anthology title Warrior. The series was intended as a far-future continuation of Skinn's proposed shared continuity 'Warrior-verse', established in the Big Ben strip which also ran in Warrior. The Liberators was one of the first mainstream continuing strips scripted by Grant Morrison.
Plot
The scenario is the British capital of London in 2470. A ragtag group of human misfits with strange powers struggle against an occupying force of malevolent, shape-shifting alien beings.
After a disastrous guerilla assault on one of the invaders' living ships, the protagonists are attacked by the unstoppable Wardroid. Meanwhile, in the ruins of the Houses of Parliament, secrets are unearthed that may be the key to understanding the aliens' true motives.
Publication history
The Liberators first featured in Warrior #22, cover dated September 1984. After an initial 5 page installment, Death Run, written by Skinn himself and drawn by John Ridgway, the scripting of the series was handed over to Grant Morrison. Morrison's first 5-page installment, Night Moves, saw publication in Warrior 26, the final issue of the series, cover dated February 1986.
A 6-issue Liberators title by Morrison and Ridgway was announced by Quality Comics for publication in the American market in 1986, but was never published.
In 1996 a previously unpublished Liberators strip by Morrison and Ridgway, Angels and Demons, was published alongside an expanded reprint of Night Moves in the Warrior "Spring Special"/Comics International #67 flipbook.
References
External links
Quality Communications homepage
Grant Morrison's homepage
Richard Arndt's Warrior Index
Warrior titles
Fiction set in the 25th century
Comics set in London |
4025575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendzimir%20process | Sendzimir process | Sendzimir process (named after Tadeusz Sendzimir) is used to galvanize a steel strip by using a small amount of aluminum in the zinc bath and producing a coating with essentially no iron-zinc alloy. The process guarantees high resistance and durability characteristics. About 75% of hydrogen was needed in the original Sendzimir process but all the newer nonoxidizing methods of degreasing require only 7–15%.
The rolling of hot steel slabs using a Sendzimir mill requires a much smaller operational area than a continuous hot strip mill.
This milling process is not recommended for heavy duty running surfaces such as crane rail.
See also
Hot-dip galvanizing
References
Corrosion prevention
Steel
Polish inventions |
4025578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20McCarthy%20Fennell | Thomas McCarthy Fennell | Thomas McCarthy Fennell (22 December 1841 – 23 February 1914) was a Fenian political prisoner transported as a convict to Western Australia.
Born in County Clare, Ireland in 1841, Fennell was just four years old when the Great Famine struck. Nonetheless he received a good education, attending either a Catholic school or a national school, and he learned to speak Irish at home.
Fenians
In 1863, Fennell became one of the first Fenians recruited from County Clare; he then helped recruit and organize a group of men in preparation for the Fenian Rising. On 5 March 1867, six Fenians men entered the Kilbaha coastguard station, and demanded the station's arms "in the name of the Irish Republic". A scuffle ensued, and Fennell was shot through the hip and testicle. The group retreated, and Fennell was treated for his injuries. He was arrested three days later. Tried for treason in the Clare Assizes, on 15 July 1867 he was found guilty and sentenced to ten years' penal labour. Initially he was lodged at Mountjoy Prison, a clearinghouse for political prisoners; later he was transferred to Portland prison.
In October 1867, he was put on board the Hougoumont, a convict ship bound for Western Australia. The Hougoumont departed Portland on 12 October 1867 and arrived at Fremantle, Western Australia on 9 January 1868.
Pardon
Fennell remained in the Western Australian penal system until March 1871, when he received a conditional pardon under a Royal Clemency announced by William Ewart Gladstone the previous December. Banned from returning to the United Kingdom, Fennell sailed for New Zealand in May 1871. On arrival, he was immediately arrested and deported to New South Wales, as New Zealand had laws restricting immigration of ex-convicts. New South Wales had similar laws, but did not arrest him, presumably because he made known his intention of emigrating to the United States. He sailed for San Francisco on board the City of Melbourne. In 1872 he went to Connecticut. While there, he was approached by John Devoy about plans to rescue the military Fenians still in Western Australia's penal system. Fennell's suggestion was ultimately implemented in the Catalpa rescue. Although Devoy and the other Irish-Americans always credited Fennell with the original idea, Fennell himself claimed that the idea came from "two gentlemen in Australia whose names it would not be well to mention, and a Rev'd gentleman now out west in this country".
In 1874 Fennell married Margaret Collins, and they moved to Elmira, New York. Fennell set up as the operator of the Commercial Hotel, and also served as the local agent for the Cunard Line, a city park commissioner, and Elmira's first Superintendent of Public Works. He helped to raise funds for various Irish causes, such as the Kilrush monument to the Manchester Martyrs. Fennell's first son, Thomas Francis Fennell was the head football coach at Penn State from 1904 to 1908.
Death
Fennell died on 23 February 1914 after a brief illness. He was survived by his wife and three children.
General References
1841 births
1914 deaths
Convicts transported to Western Australia
People from County Clare
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood |
4025585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate%20of%20Sicily | Emirate of Sicily | The Emirate of Sicily () was an Islamic kingdom that ruled the island of Sicily from 831 to 1091. Its capital was Palermo (Arabic: Bal'harm), which during this period became a major cultural and political center of the Muslim world.
Sicily was part of the Byzantine Empire when Muslim forces from Ifriqiya began launching raids in 652. Through a prolonged series of conflicts from 827 to 902, they gradually conquered the entirety of Sicily, with only the stronghold of Rometta, in the far northeast, holding out until 965.
Under Muslim rule, the island became increasingly prosperous and cosmopolitan. Trade and agriculture flourished, and Palermo became one of the largest and wealthiest cities in Europe. Sicily became multiconfessional and multilingual, developing a distinct Arab-Byzantine culture that combined elements of its Islamic Arab and Berber migrants with those of the local Greek-Byzantine and Jewish communities. Beginning in the early eleventh century, the Emirate began to fracture from internal strife and dynastic disputes. Christian Norman mercenaries under Roger I ultimately conquered the island, founding the County of Sicily in 1071; the last Muslim city on the island, Noto, fell in 1091, marking the end of Islamic rule in Sicily.
As the first Count of Sicily, Roger maintained a relative degree of tolerance and multiculturalism; Sicilian Muslims remained citizens of the County and the subsequent Kingdom of Sicily. Until the late 12th century, and probably as late as the 1220s, Muslims formed a majority of the island's population, except in the northeast region of Val Demone, which had remained predominantly Byzantine Greek and Christian, even during Islamic rule. But by the mid thirteenth century, Muslims who had not already left or converted to Christianity were expelled, ending roughly four hundred years of Islamic presence in Sicily.
Over two centuries of Islamic rule by the Emirate has left some traces in modern Sicily. Minor Arabic influence remains in the Sicilian language and in local place names; a much larger influence is in the Maltese language that derives from Siculo-Arabic. Other cultural remnants can be found in the island's agricultural methods and crops, the local cuisine, and architecture.
Background
Due to its strategic location in the center of the Mediterranean, Sicily had a long history of being settled and contested by various civilizations. Greek and Phoenician colonies were present at least by the ninth century BC, and skirmished intermittently for centuries. Conflicts continued on a larger scale in the sixth through third centuries BC between the Carthaginians and the Sicilian Greeks, most of all the powerful city-state of Syracuse. The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage saw Sicily serve as a major power base and theater of war for both sides, before the island was finally incorporated into the Roman Republic and Empire. By the fifth century AD, Sicily had become thoroughly Romanized and Christianized after nearly seven hundred years of Roman rule. But amid the decay of the Western Roman Empire, it fell to the Germanic Ostrogoths following Theodoric the Great's conquest of most of Italy in 488.
First Muslim attempts to conquer Sicily
In 535, Emperor Justinian I reconquered Sicily for the Roman Empire, which by then was ruled from Constantinople. As the power of what is now known as the Byzantine Empire waned in the West, a new and expansionist power was emerging in the Middle East: the Rashidun Caliphate, the first major Muslim state to emerge following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632. Over a period of twenty five years, the caliphate succeeded in annexing much of the Persian Sasanian Empire and former Roman territories in the Levant and North Africa. In 652, under Caliph Uthman, an invasion captured most of the island, but Muslims occupation was short-lived, as they left following his death.
By the end of the seventh century, with the Umayyad conquest of North Africa, the Muslims had captured the nearby port city of Carthage, allowing them to build shipyards and a permanent base from which to launch more sustained attacks.
Around 700, the island of Pantelleria was captured by Muslims, and it was only discord among the Muslims that prevented an attempted invasion of Sicily at that time. Instead, trading agreements were arranged with the Byzantines, and Muslim merchants were allowed to trade goods at Sicilian ports.
The first true attempt at conquest was launched in 740; in that year the Muslim prince Habib, who had participated in the 728 attack, successfully captured Syracuse. Ready to conquer the whole island, they were however forced to return to Tunisia by a Berber revolt. A second attack in 752 aimed only to sack the same city.
Revolt of Euphemius and gradual Muslim conquest of the island
In 826, Euphemius, the commander of the Byzantine fleet of Sicily, forced a nun to marry him. Emperor Michael II caught wind of the matter and ordered that General Constantine end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' nose. Euphemius rose up, killed Constantine and then occupied Syracuse; he in turn was defeated and driven out to North Africa. He offered rule of Sicily over to Ziyadat Allah, the Aghlabid Emir of Tunisia, in return for a place as a general and safety; the Emir agreed, offering to give Euphemius the island in exchange for a yearly tribute. The conquest was entrusted to the 70-year-old qadi Asad ibn al-Furat, who led a force 10,000 infantry, 700 cavalry and 100 ships. Reinforced by the Muslims, Euphemius' ships landed at Mazara del Vallo, where the first battle against loyalist Byzantine troops occurred on July 15, 827, resulting in an Aghlabid victory.
Asad subsequently conquered the southern shore of the island and laid siege to Syracuse. After year-long siege, and an attempted mutiny, his troops were able to defeat a large army sent from Palermo, backed by a Venetian fleet led by Doge Giustiniano Participazio. A sudden outbreak of plague killed many of the Muslim troops, as well as Asad himself, forcing the Muslims to retreat to the castle Mineo. They later renewed their offensive, but failed to conquer Castrogiovanni (modern Enna) where Euphemius was killed, forcing them to retreat back to their stronghold at Mazara.
In 830, the remaining Muslims of Sicily received a strong reinforcement of 30,000 Ifriqiyan and Andalusian troops. The Iberian Muslims defeated the Byzantine commander Teodotus between July and August of that year, but again a plague forced them to return to Mazara and later Ifriqiya. However, Ifriqiyan units sent to besiege the Sicilian capital of Palermo managed to capture it after a year long siege in September 831. Palermo was made the Muslim capital of Sicily, renamed al-Madinah ("The City").
The conquest was an incremental, see-saw affair; with considerable resistance and many internal struggles, it took over a century for Byzantine Sicily to be fully conquered. Syracuse held out until 878, followed by Taormina in 902, and finally, Rometta, the last Byzantine outpost, in 965.
Period as an emirate
In succession, Sicily was ruled by the Sunni Aghlabid dynasty in Tunisia and the Shiite Fatimids in Egypt. However, throughout this period, Sunni Muslims formed the majority of the Muslim community in Sicily, with most (if not all) of the people of Palermo being Sunni, leading to their hostility to the Shia Kalbids. The Sunni population of the island was replenished following sectarian rebellions across north Africa from 943–7 against the Fatimids' harsh religious policies, leading to several waves of refugees fleeing to Sicily in an attempt to escape Fatimid retaliation. The Byzantines took advantage of temporary discord to occupy the eastern end of the island for several years.
After suppressing a revolt the Fatimid caliph Ismail al-Mansur appointed al-Hasan al-Kalbi (948–964) as Emir of Sicily. He successfully managed to control the continuously revolting Byzantines and founded the Kalbid dynasty. Raids into Southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a German army under Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor was defeated near Crotone in Calabria. With Emir Yusuf al-Kalbi (986–998) a period of steady decline began. Under al-Akhal (1017–1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions within the ruling family allying themselves variously with the Byzantine Empire and the Zirids. After this period, Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis attempted to annex the island for the Zirids, while intervening in the affairs of the feuding Muslims; however, the attempt ultimately failed.
Sicily under Arab rule
The new Arab rulers initiated land reforms, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems through Qanats. Introducing oranges, lemons, pistachio and sugarcane to Sicily. A description of Palermo was given by Ibn Hawqal, a Baghdad merchant who visited Sicily in 950. A walled suburb called the Kasr (the palace) is the center of Palermo until today, with the great Friday mosque on the site of the later Roman cathedral. The suburb of Al-Khalisa (Kalsa) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private prison. Ibn Hawqual reckoned 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. The population of the city during this period is uncertain, as figures given by Arab writers during the era were unreliable. Paul Bairoch estimated Palermo's population at 350,000 in the 11th century, while other historians like Stephan R. Epstein estimated it to be closer to 60,000. Based on al-Maqdisi's statement that Palermo was larger than Old Cairo, Kenneth Meyer Setton put the figure above 100,000 but below 250,000.
Around 1330, Palermo's population stood at 51,000.
Arab traveler, geographer, and poet Ibn Jubair visited the area in the end of the 12th century and described Al-Kasr and Al-Khalisa (Kalsa):
Throughout this reign, revolts by Byzantine Sicilians occurred, especially in the east, and part of the lands were even re-occupied before being quashed.
The local population conquered by the Muslims were Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians, but there were also a significant number of Jews. The Orthodox and Catholic populations were members of one Church until the events of 1054 began to separate them, the sack of 1204 being the last straw as far as the Byzantine "Orthodox" were concerned.
Christians and Jews were tolerated under Muslim rule as dhimmis, but were subject to some restrictions. The dhimmis were also required to pay the jizya, or poll tax, and the kharaj or land tax, but were exempt from the tax that Muslims had to pay (Zakaat).
Under Arab rule there were different categories of Jizya payers, but their common denominator was the payment of the Jizya as a mark of subjection to Muslim rule in exchange for protection against foreign and internal aggression. The conquered population could avoid this subservient status by converting to Islam. Whether by honest religious conviction or compulsion large numbers of native Sicilians converted to Islam. About half the population was Muslim at the time of the Norman Conquest. The Fatimids in the mid-10th century adopted a policy of active conversion and increased oppression of Christians. However, even after 100 years of Islamic rule, numerous Greek speaking Christian communities prospered, especially in north-eastern Sicily, as dhimmis. This was largely a result of the Jizya system which allowed co-existence. The co-existence with the conquered population fell apart after the reconquest of Sicily starting in the 1160s and particularly following the death of King William II of Sicily in 1189. The policy of oppression visited upon Christians was applied to Muslims.
Administration
The emir was in charge of the army, administration, justice and minted money. It is also very likely that a ṭirāz was active in Palermo, a laboratory in which the sovereign authorities had fabrics of great value created (often granted as a sign of appreciation to their subjects to reward them for their work or as a gift of the reception of foreign embassies). The Emir - who resided in today's Royal Palace - appointed the governors of the major cities, the most important judges (qāḍī) and the arbitrators capable of resolving minor disputes between individuals (hakam). There was also an assembly of notables called giamà'a that supported and in some cases replaced the emir in decisions.
It must also be specified that the Muslim domination on the island was not the same, the division into the three valleys also served to distinguish the different approaches to government. In fact, western Sicily was more Islamized and the numerical presence of the Arabs was much greater than the other parts. In Val Demone then the difficulties in the conquest and the resistance of the population determined a domination mostly concentrated in the maintenance of taxes and public order.
The fighters or giund in conquering the lands obtained 4/5 as booty (fai) and 1/5 was reserved for the state or the local governor (khums), following the rules of Islamic law . However this rule was not always respected and in many areas such as that of Agrigento the new owners would not have had the right. But it must be said that this distribution of the lands brought about the end of the large estates and the possibility of better exploitation of the lands. New crops were thus introduced where only wheat had been grown for centuries. Sugar cane, vegetables, citrus fruits, dates and mulberry trees appeared and a mining exploitation began.
Coinage
The coin introduced by the Arabs was the dinar, in gold and weighing 4.25 grams. The dirhem was silver and weighed 2.97 grams. The Aghlabites introduced the solidus in gold and the follis in copper. While following the conquest of Palermo in 886 the kharruba was coined which was worth 1/6 of a dirhem.
Decline and "Taifa" period
By the 11th century mainland southern Italian powers were hiring Norman mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the Vikings; it was the Normans under Roger de Hauteville, who became Roger I of Sicily, that captured Sicily from the Muslims. In 1038, a Byzantine army under George Maniaces crossed the strait of Messina, and included a corps of Normans. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his conquest of the latter, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines. The Norman Robert Guiscard, son of Tancred, then conquered Sicily in 1060 after taking Apulia and Calabria, while his brother Roger de Hauteville occupied Messina with an army of 700 knights.
The Emirate of Sicily began to fragment as intra-dynastic quarrels took place within the Muslim regime. In 1044, under emir Hasan al-Samsam, the island fragmented into four qadits, or small fiefdoms: the qadit of Trapani, Marsala, Mazara and Sciacca led by Abdallah ibn Mankut; that of Girgenti, Castrogiovanni and Castronuovo under Ibn al-Hawwàs; Catania held by Ibn al-Maklatí; and that of Syracuse under Ibn Thumna, while al-Samsam retained control of Palermo longer, before it adopted self-rule under a council of sheikhs. There followed a period of squabbles among the qadits that likely represented kin-groups jockeying for power. Ibn Thumna killed Ibn al-Maklatí, took Catania and married the dead qadi's widow who was the sister of Ibn al-Hawwàs. He also took ibn Mankut's qadit, but when his wife was prevented from returning from a visit to her brother, the Fatimid-allied Ibn Thumna attacked Ibn al-Hawwàs only to be defeated. When he left Sicily to recruit more troops, this briefly left Ibn al-Hawwàs in control of most of the island. In waging his war on his rivals, Ibn Thumna had collaborated closely with the Normans, each using the other to further their goal of ruling the entire island, and though Ibn Thumna's death in a 1062 ambush led the Normans to draw back and consolidate, Ibn Thumna's former allies appear to have continued the alliance, such that Muslim troops constituted the majority of the Hauteville "Norman" army in Sicily.
The Zirids of North Africa sent an army to Sicily led by Ali and Ayyub ibn Tamin, and these troops progressively brought the qadits under their control, killing al-Hawwàs and effectively making Ayyub emir of Muslim Sicily. However, they lost two decisive battles against the Normans. Sicilians and Africans were defeated in 1063 by a small Norman force at the Battle of Cerami, cementing Norman control over the north-east of the island. The sizeable Christian population rose up against the ruling Muslims. Then in 1068, Roger and his men defeated Ayyub at the Battle of Misilmeri, and the Zirids returned to North Africa, leaving Sicily in disarray. Catania fell to the Normans in 1071. Palermo, ruled since the Zirid withdrawal by Ibn al-Ba'ba, a man apparently of Spanish Jewish descent from the city's merchant class who led the city with the support of its sheikhs, would in turn fall on 10 January 1072 after a five month siege. Trapani capitulated the same year.
The loss of the main port cities dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. The last pocket of active resistance was Syracuse governed by Ibn Abbad (known as Benavert in western chronicles). He defeated Jordan, son of Roger of Sicily in 1075, and occupied Catania again in 1081 and raided Calabria shortly after. However, Roger besieged Syracuse in 1086, and Ibn Abbad tried to break the siege with naval battle, in which he died accidentally. Syracuse surrendered after this defeat. His wife and son fled to Noto and Butera. Meanwhile, the city of Qas'r Ianni (Castrogiovanni, modern Enna) was ruled by a Hammud, who surrendered and converted to Christianity only in 1087. After his conversion, Hammud subsequently became part of the Christian nobility and retired with his family to an estate in Calabria provided by Roger I. In 1091, Butera and Noto in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of Malta, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians with ease. After the conquest of Sicily, the Normans removed the local emir, Yusuf Ibn Abdallah from power, while respecting the customs of the resident Arabs.
Aftermath
The Norman Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II has been characterized as "multi-ethnic in nature and religiously tolerant". Normans, Jews, Muslim Arabs, Byzantine Greeks, Lombards and native Sicilians lived in relative harmony. Arabic remained a language of government and administration for at least a century into Norman rule, and traces remain in the language of Sicily and evidently more in the language of Malta today. The Muslims also maintained their domination of industry, retailing and production, while Muslim artisans and expert knowledge in government and administration were highly sought after.
However, the island's Muslims were faced with the choice of voluntary departure or subjection to Christian rule. Many Muslims chose to leave, provided they had the means to do so. "The transformation of Sicily into a Christian island", remarks Abulafia, "was also, paradoxically, the work of those whose culture was under threat". Also, Muslims gradually converted to Christianity, the Normans replaced Orthodox clergy with Latin clerics. Despite the presence of an Arab-speaking Christian population, Greek churchmen attracted Muslim peasants to receive a baptism and even adopted Greek Christian names; in several instances, Christian serfs with Greek names listed in the Monreale registers had living Muslim parents. The Norman rulers followed a policy of steady Latinization by bringing in thousands of Italian settlers from the northwest and south of Italy, and some others from southeast France. To this day, there are communities in central Sicily which speak the Gallo-Italic dialect. Some Muslims chose to feign conversion, but such a remedy could only provide individual protection and could not sustain a community.
"Lombard" pogroms against Muslims started in the 1160s. Muslim and Christian communities in Sicily became increasingly geographically separated. The island's Muslim communities were mainly isolated beyond an internal frontier which divided the south and western half of the island from the Christian north and eastern half. Sicilian Muslims, a subject population, were dependent on the mercy of their Christian masters and, ultimately, on royal protection. After King William the Good died in 1189 royal protection was lifted, and the door was opened for widespread attacks against the island's Muslims. This destroyed any lingering hope of coexistence, however unequal the respective populations might have been. The death of Henry VI and his wife Constance a year later plunged Sicily into political turmoil. With the loss of royal protection and with Frederick II still an infant in papal custody Sicily became a battleground for rival German and papal forces. The island's Muslim rebels sided with German warlords like Markward von Anweiler. In response, Innocent III declared a crusade against Markward, alleging that he had made an unholy alliance with the Saracens of Sicily. Nevertheless, in 1206 that same pope attempted to convince the Muslim leaders to remain loyal. By this time the Muslim rebellion was in full swing. They were in control of Jato, Entella, Platani, Celso, Calatrasi, Corleone (taken in 1208), Guastanella and Cinisi. Muslim revolt extended throughout a whole stretch of western Sicily. The rebels were led by Muhammad Ibn Abbād. He called himself the "prince of believers", struck his own coins, and attempted to find Muslim support from other parts of the Muslim world.
However, Frederick II, no longer a child, responded by launching a series of campaigns against the Muslim rebels in 1221. The Hohenstaufen forces rooted out the defenders of Jato, Entella, and the other fortresses. Rather than exterminate the Muslims who numbered about 60,000. In 1223, Frederick II and the Christians began the first deportations of Muslims to Lucera in Apulia. A year later, expeditions were sent against Malta and Djerba, to establish royal control and prevent their Muslim populations from helping the rebels. Paradoxically, in this era the Saracen archers were a common component of these "Christian" armies and the presence of Muslim contingents in the imperial army remained a reality even under Manfred and Conradin.
The House of Hohenstaufen and their successors (Capetian House of Anjou and Aragonese House of Barcelona) gradually "Latinized" Sicily over the course of two centuries, and this social process laid the groundwork for the introduction of Latin (as opposed to Byzantine) Catholicism. The process of Latinization was fostered largely by the Roman Church and its liturgy. The annihilation of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late 1240s, when the final deportations to Lucera took place. By the time of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282 there were no Muslims in Sicily and the society was completely Latinized.
List of emirs
al-Hasan al-Kalbi (948–953)
Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi (954–969)
Ya'ish (969–970), usurper
Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi (970–982)
Jabir al-Kalbi (982–983)
Ja'far al-Kalbi (983–985)
Abdallah al-Kalbi (985–990)
Yusuf al-Kalbi (990–998)
Ja'far al-Kalbi (998–1019)
al-Akhal (1019–1037)
Abdallah (1037–1040), Zirid usurper
Hasan as-Samsam (1040–1053)
Taifa period
Abdallah ibn Mankut - Trapani and Mazara (1053–?)
Ibn al-Maklatí - Catania (1053–?)
Muhammed ibn Ibrahim (Ibn Thumna) - Syracuse (1053–1062) and in later years Catania and Trapani/Mazara
Alí ibn Nima (Ibn al-Hawwàs) - Agrigento and Castrogiovanni (1053–about 1065), all Taifas from 1062
Ayyub ibn Tamim (Zirid) (about 1065–1068)
Ibn al-Ba'ba, Palermo (1068–1072)
Hammad - Agrigento and Castrogiovanni (1068–1087)
Ibn Abbad (Benavert) - Syracuse and Catania (1071–1086)
See also
Emirate of Bari
Emirate of Granada
Fatimid Caliphate
History of Islam in southern Italy
History of Sicily
Kalbids
References
Sources
1091 disestablishments in Europe
11th-century disestablishments in Italy
States and territories established in the 830s
Shia dynasties
Spread of Islam
Former Muslim countries in Europe
Former emirates
Former Arab states
Arab–Byzantine wars
831 establishments
9th-century establishments in Italy |
4025587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Fennell | Thomas Fennell | Thomas Fennell may refer to:
Thomas Fennell (politician) (1928–2012), member of the Parliament of Canada
Thomas McCarthy Fennell (1841–1914), Irish prisoner
Tom Fennell (1875–1936), American football coach
Thomas F. Fennell (1904–1991), American college football player
See also
Fennell, surname |
4025594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennell | Fennell | Fennell may refer to:
Alan Fennell (1936–2001), British writer and editor
Albert Fennell (1920–1988), British film and television producer
Dale Fennell (born 1957) (son of Jack Fennell), English rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s
Dave Fennell (born 1952), former Canadian Football League defensive lineman
Desmond Fennell (1929–2021), Irish writer, philosopher, and linguist
Eamonn Fennell (born 1984), Gaelic football player
Frederick Fennell (1914–2004), American music conductor
Jack Fennell (1933–2019) (father of Dale Fennell), English rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s
Jan Fennell, dog trainer and writer
Jane Fennell, Australian former TV presenter
John Fennell, Canadian luger
John Lister Illingworth Fennell, British historian of Russia
Joseph Fennell (1835–1919), Anglican priest
Kevin Fennell, drummer for the American indie rock band Guided by Voices
L. Raymond Fennell (1893–1986), Canadian politician
Marc Fennell (born 1985), Australian film critic, technology journalist, radio personality and author
Nuala Fennell (1935–2009), Irish economist and politician
Patricia Fennell, American writer and businessperson
Robert Fennell (born 1956), American politician and restaurateur
Susan Fennell (born 1953), mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Canada
Thomas Fennell (disambiguation)
Willie Fennell (1920–1992), Australian actor and comedian
See also
Finnell, a surname
Fennel, a plant |
4025596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Prosper%20Tassin | René-Prosper Tassin | René-Prosper Tassin (17 November 1697 – 10 September 1777) was a French historian, belonging to the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur.
Tassin was born at Lonlay, in the Diocese of Le Mans. He was professed at the Abbey of Jumièges in 1718. United in close friendship with his brother in religion, Dom Charles-François Toustain, he collaborated with him on a new edition of the works of Theodore the Studite, which task led them to visit Rome together. Their work was interrupted by a dispute between the Benedictine Abbey of St. Ouen and the chapter of Rouen, which was supported by the erudite Jean Saas. Tassin and his friend wrote against Saas in defence of their brethren.
They then resided at the Abbey of Rouen where they remained till 1747, when they were summoned to the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, at Paris, by their general. To defend the authenticity of the deeds of their abbey they were obliged to make a deep study of diplomatics, dealing with diplomas, charters, and other official documents, for which Jean Mabillon had laid the foundations in his great Latin work, De re diplomatica (1681).
As a result of their researches they wrote the Nouveau traité de diplomatique, in six quarto volumes, which appeared between the years 1750 and 1765. Toustain died before the second volume had been entirely printed, and so Tassin saw the great work to completion. However, he wished the name of his friend to be associated with the project in its entirety, and consequently all the volumes are described as the work of "two Benedictines".
Tassin later wrote his Histoire littéraire de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (Paris and Brussels, 1770), a model history containing the lives and list of works, printed or in manuscript, of all the learned authors of the Congregation, from its formation in 1618 until his own time, including a list of their works, printed or in manuscript. Several manuscript works of Tassin are in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris. Tassin died in Paris.
References
People from Normandy
1697 births
1777 deaths
18th-century French historians
French Benedictines
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers |
4025611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinaroo%20Dam | Tinaroo Dam | The Tinaroo Dam, officially the Tinaroo Falls Dam, is a major ungated concrete gravity dam with a central ogee spillway across the Barron River located on the Atherton Tableland in Far North Queensland, Australia. The dam's purpose includes irrigation for the Mareeba-Dimbulah Irrigation Scheme, water supply, hydroelectricity, and recreation. Completed between 1953 and 1958, the dam creates the impounded reservoir, Lake Tinaroo.
Location and features
In 1952, the Tinaroo Dam and Mareeba-Dimbulah Irrigation Scheme was approved by the Queensland Government. Construction on the dam was started in 1953 and completed in 1958, at a cost of 12.666 million. When the dam was filled in 1959, the old township of Kulara near Yungaburra went underwater, and all of the residents relocated to Yungaburra and surrounding towns. The area around Kulara was among the last to flood when the dam filled. Earlier the area of Danbulla, located on Robson's Creek - which also feeds into the lake, went underwater. Most of these residents relocated to the tablelands area as their farms were resumed. The dam is located close to Lake Barrine and Lake Eacham (Yidyam).
The dam wall, constructed with of concrete, is high and long. The maximum water depth is and at 100% capacity the dam wall impounds enough water from the Barron River to create a lake approximately 75% the size of Sydney Harbour with a capacity of of water at . The surface area of the Lake Tinaroo is and the catchment area is . The ungated, central ogee spillway is capable of discharging . Two radial gates serve as irrigation outlets that yield a annually. In addition, one core valve serves as an outlet for the Barron River.
After the dam was completed in 1958, there was expected to be another few months before the annual rains to do some final earthworks at the base of the dam, and to clear out the final settlements in the area. Unfortunately the rains began earlier than expected and to this day there are still some pieces of large construction equipment under water at the base of the dam wall, because they were not able to be removed in time.
In 2011 the dam's owner, SunWater, completed improvements that included work on both the main dam wall and the saddle dam. The main dam wall was reinforced with the insertion of steel cable anchors within the wall and the addition of a concrete protection slab along the downstream base of the dam wall. The height of the saddle dam was increased by and filters zones, designed to minimise damage caused by seepage during a flood event, was placed on the downstream face.
History
James Mulligan was the first European explorer and prospector to visit the tablelands in 1875. The area is now called the Atherton Tablelands after John Atherton who settled at Emerald End Station, at the junction of Emerald Creek and the Barron River. It is reported through popular legend that upon discovering alluvial tin at the headwaters of the creek, Atherton shouted "Tin, Harroo!!" to his prospecting mate.
Water uses
Irrigation
Covering almost , the Mareeba-Dimbulah Irrigation Area is spread across the valleys of the Barron, Walsh and Mitchell Rivers. Some of farmland are irrigated by the lake when it supplies its of water each year. Farmers access this water from the extensive network of of channels using either a gravity fed system or pumps. Areas not serviced by the channels can draw water from streams that have their water replenished by the Barron River, which, in turn, is fed by the lake.
Power generation
The Tinaroo Hydro Power Station became operational in 1963 and generates , thereby reducing of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere each year. The dam is used to regulate the waterflow for use at the Barron Gorge Power Station, located downstream from the dam wall.
Urban water supply
The townships of Tinaroo, Walkamin, Mareeba, Kuranda, Mutchilba, Dimbulah and Yungaburra are supplied from Tinaroo Dam through the Barron River.
In 1952 the Queensland government approved construction at the dam on the Atherton tablelands in Far North Queensland. It took six years to build costing them 12 million dollars. The dam supplied so much water for the 1000 people that worked there. The dam was 44.5 meters tall. The supply level was 670 meters, and the length of storage was 15 kilometers long. There would have been 100 houses but now there is only 12 because it all has been swept away.
Recreation
Located on the picturesque Atherton Tableland, with the Tinaroo Range and the Danbulla State Forest surrounding it, Lake Tinaroo provides a popular tourist attraction and recreation facility for over 500,000 people a year.
Water sports
With over of shoreline, Lake Tinaroo offers many bays with smooth water that are protected from the wind. To this end, the lake is often used for sailing, water skiing, houseboating and swimming. During the drought of the last few years, some of the trees that were flooded during the dam's creation have become a hazard to boats because of the receding waters. Sunwater, the owners of the dam do not cut down trees due to safety hazards. Cutting trees at water level creates less visible submerged stumps as well as underwater obstructions which can float to areas that have been mapped as clear. Illegal tree clearing is reported to Atherton police and Maritime safety Queensland. There are still large areas of flooded vegetation, including trees and other man-made objects such as telephone poles, which stand around in the waters of the Lake. The degree of exposure varying with the water level.
Hiking
The lake is surrounded by national park, rainforest, pine tree plantations and Australian "bush". Hiking paths wind in and out of the mountains surrounding the lake and range from a pleasant walk from the parking lot to the water-front, to week-long treks around the lake and its mountains.
Fishing
Many species of fish and other aquatic animals populate the lake. The barramundi can grow to an enormous size in the lake because they have no natural predators. Each year, the lake is stocked with young barramundi from the Walkamin Research Station as the species is unable to breed in the lake due to the lack of access to salt water. Also present in Lake Tinaroo are eel-tailed catfish, sooty grunter, sleepy cod, mouth almighty, archer fish, spangled perch, long tom and many species of crayfish, including the red-claw and yabby.
A Stocked Impoundment Permit is required to fish in the dam.
Tilapia were illegally introduced into Lake Tinaroo and are now well established. They have been declared a noxious pest species and must be destroyed and buried if caught. It is illegal to possess, rear, sell or buy tilapia. It is also an offence to release tilapia into Queensland waterways or to use them as bait, live or dead.
Statistical overview
References
External links
Fishing information with lake map at Sweetwater Fishing Lake Tinaroo
Tinaroo Education Centre
Buildings and structures in Far North Queensland
Dams completed in 1958
Dams in Queensland
Gravity dams
1958 establishments in Australia
Tablelands Region |
4025630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCHF | KCHF | KCHF (channel 11) is a religious independent television station licensed to Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, serving the Albuquerque area and most of the state. It is owned by the estate of Belarmino "Blackie" Gonzalez (1933–2008) and his non-profit ministry, Son Broadcasting. KCHF's studios are located on 4th Street in northwestern Albuquerque, and its transmitter is located near Los Alamos.
KCHF's main channel is relayed on the fifth digital subchannel of KYNM-LD (channel 21.5) in Albuquerque to provide improved reception in areas of the city where the main signal from Los Alamos is hard to receive, and on translator K24ML-D (channel 24) in Taos, New Mexico and K29ME-D (channel 29) in Antonito, Colorado.
History
The original construction permit for KCHF was granted on January 19, 1983. The station signed on in January 1984 and was granted a license to cover on June 29, 1984. It claims to be the first VHF Christian television station in the United States. During the analog era, KCHF was one of a few Christian television stations in the United States to operate on the VHF band (KJNP-TV in Fairbanks, Alaska is another example). KCHF's digital transmitter was licensed on January 26, 2006.
Programming
Some of the programs produced by KCHF include Restoring God's People, Healing is for You, A Healthier You and God Answers Prayer.
God Answers Prayer is a weekday, studio-based talk show with a live call-in segment. A "best of" show, with highlights of the past week, is seen on Sundays.
As part of its compliance with the federal Children's Television Act, KCHF broadcasts over eight hours of E/I-compliant children's programming each week, mostly aimed at children under 10, including a five-hour block on Saturday mornings.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
KCHF carried the country music channel Heartland on channel 11.3 beginning June 30, 2014. In early June 2016, Heartland was dropped for QVC with Antenna TV moving from 11.4 to 11.2 and WeatherNation moving from 11.2 to 11.6.
Translators
Analog-to-digital conversion
KCHF shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 10. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 11.
References
External links
Official website
Television channels and stations established in 1984
CHF
Religious television stations in the United States
Buzzr affiliates
1984 establishments in New Mexico
Mass media in Santa Fe, New Mexico |
4025637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Greig%20%28supermarket%29 | David Greig (supermarket) | David Greig was the supermarket (initially grocery shop) chain founded by the Greig family of Hornsey, north London. With its headquarters at Atlantic Road, Brixton (and later at Waterloo Road, London) and grocery shops across southern England, it was a rival to the Sainsbury's chain, John and Mary Sainsbury having opened their first grocery shop in Holborn one year earlier. A deep personal rivalry developed between the two families, because of acrimonious feelings about the Greigs' alleged betrayal of a verbal agreement regarding the purchasing of sites for development.
The David Greig chain is considered to have been established in 1870, when the wife of a Hornsey cabinet maker of Scots birth opened a small provisions shop at 32 High Street, Hornsey. By 1881 her son David Greig had joined her in the business and described himself as a 'provision dealer' in the census of that year. The business thrived and wishing to expand beyond Hornsey, Greig opened his first shop at 54-58 Atlantic Road, Brixton in 1888, initially "anchoring" the nascent Brixton Market, which started in Atlantic Road in the 1870s and was so successful that it spread to Brixton Road before being relocated to Brixton Station Road plus several purpose built covered arcades and finally also Electric Avenue, to reduce congestion and allow further growth. Around 1890 a second shop was opened at nearby Loughborough Junction, near Brixton. This was probably the shop at 232 Coldharbour Lane where a wooden ‘David Greig’ fascia with ‘Brilliant cut’ gilded lettering in the distinctive serif typeface of the chain, was uncovered in 2020.
By the late 1960s, there were more than 220 Greig shops across the south of the country, all trading under the David Greig brand. However, the company was sold to Fitch lovell and merged into Fitch Lovell's own Key Markets supermarket brand in 1972 after crippling death duties were incurred when several of the men in the family died in quick succession, with inheritance tax obligatory on their entirely private holdings. Key Markets was later bought by Gateway, and eventually rebranded as Somerfield, although several of the larger stores were taken over by ASDA, including the Sturry Road site, near Canterbury. This was in turn bought by the Co-operative Group. Each of these changes included considerable restructuring, so many ex-Greig stores may now be in different ownership. In 1992 Gateway rebranded two of its stores, including one in Bristol, with the David Greig name.
David Greig was a notable philanthropist, and, grateful for the education he received at the local parish school in Hornsey village, left educational trusts for the benefit of Hornsey and the community. These have contributed to the Greig City Academy in Hornsey.
A commemorative plaque has been placed on 32 Hornsey High Street, the site of the very first Greig shop. The David Greig shop at 54-58 Atlantic Road, Brixton, is no longer a supermarket, but the frontage, containing a "DG" cypher, remains relatively original, and although the full name has been removed from the facade it is still visible in the mosaic floor outside the recessed shop entrance.
Two well-preserved examples of David Greig shops have been listed Grade II by Historic England - firstly in 2000 the branch at 177 Streatham High Road (for listing description see: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1380345?section=official-listing) and later in 2017, No.65 Lordship Lane in East Dulwich both largely retain their authentic late 19th-century interiors.
The old David Greig building at 23 St Georges Street Canterbury (now Superdrug) was designed by Robert Paine and Partners in 1952 and became a listed building in 1995 under the English Heritage building protection scheme. There is an inscription on the wall, in memory of DAVID GREIG, founder and DAVID ROSS GREIG. When Superdrug refurbished the store in the 1990s and the marble replaced, a stonemason was employed to re-create the inscription. It can still be seen today.
Film of the Canterbury store from about 1955 is held in the collection of The Cinema Museum London Ref HM0355.
There is another facility in Alcester (Warwickshire) in memory of his wife Hannah Susan. The current sports, arts and community facilities are called The Greig and are managed by the Hannah Susan Greig Memorial Company Limited.
The family tableaux is located in Magpie Hall Lane cemetery, Bromley, London.ent.
A David Greig shop sign was uncovered at No.257 Old Kent Road after the current occupiers carried out refurbishments in November 2019.
Detail of David Greig tiling at 16 Half Moon Lane, London.
See also
List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom
References
External links
Photo of mosaic floor outside recessed entrance to first shop, in Atlantic Road Brixton, as seen in Aug 2003
Defunct supermarkets of the United Kingdom
1870 establishments in the United Kingdom |
4025640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20Lombard | Lambert Lombard | Lambert Lombard (c. 1505 – August 1566) was a Renaissance painter, architect and theorist for the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. During his career he worked for Jan Gossaert in Middelburg and trained Frans Floris.
Biography
Lombard was born in Liège, where in 1532 he became court painter and architect. A few paintings and many drawings have been preserved.
In 1537, he was sent to Rome by Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège, to buy works of art, and he discovered the wonders of the Italian Renaissance. On his return he brought not only works of art, but also the new ideas concerning art and the position of the artist, to Liège.
His pupils were Frans Floris, Hendrick Goltzius, Willem Key, Dominicus Lampsonius, , and .
Dominicus Lampsonius wrote a biography of Lombard, The Life of Lambert Lombard.
References
External links
2006 Lambert Lombard exposition
Lombard at World Wide Arts Resources
The Life of Lambert Lombard by Domenicus Lampsonius, original latin version (1565) on Google Books
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Drawings and Prints, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes material on Lambert Lombard (see index)
The engravings of Giorgio Ghisi, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Lambert Lombard (see index)
1505 births
1566 deaths
Early Netherlandish painters
Flemish Renaissance painters
Court painters
16th-century painters from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège |
4025641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth%20man | Sixth man | The sixth man in basketball is a player who is not a starter but comes off the bench much more often than other reserves, often being the first player to be substituted in. The sixth man often plays minutes equal to or exceeding some of the starters and posts similar statistics. He is often a player who can play multiple positions, hence his utility in substituting often. For example, Kevin McHale, a famous sixth man who played for the Boston Celtics in the 1980s, variably played center and power forward. The presence of a good sixth man is often a sign of team excellence. It usually means that a team has excellent depth, as the sixth man is usually more than talented enough to start for most teams.
A common strategy is to place a good scorer as a sixth man when the starting lineup already has enough scorers. In this case, the sixth man will enter the game without the team suffering a drop-off in scoring. This was used during the Chicago Bulls' championship runs with forward Toni Kukoč and more recently with Manu Ginóbili of the San Antonio Spurs, Leandro Barbosa during his tenure with the Phoenix Suns, Jason Terry during his time with the Dallas Mavericks, James Harden during his time with the Oklahoma City Thunder, and Jamal Crawford with the Los Angeles Clippers. A different strategy is to wait for the game to develop, thus letting the sixth man read the opponent's weak spots and take advantage of them once he steps in. Theo Papaloukas brought this tactic to another level both for CSKA and Olympiacos, as well as the Greece men's national basketball team.
Legendary Boston Celtics coach Red Auerbach has been credited with creating the sixth man. He first used guard Frank Ramsey, who played behind the Hall-of-Fame duo of Bob Cousy and Bill Sharman, in the role during the early part of the Celtics' dynasty years. Though Ramsey was one of the Celtics' best players, he felt more comfortable coming off the bench and Auerbach wanted his best players fresh and in the lineup at the end of close games. The most famous sixth man, however, was teammate John Havlicek, who revolutionized the role during his 16-year career.
See also
12th Man (football)
NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award
WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year Award
References
Basketball terminology |
4025645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission%20test%20cycle | Emission test cycle | An emission test cycle is a protocol contained in an emission standard to allow repeatable and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for different engines or vehicles. Test cycles specify the specific conditions under which the engine or vehicle is operated during the emission test. There are many different test cycles issued by various national and international governments and working groups. Specified parameters in a test cycle include a range of operating temperature, speed, and load. Ideally these are specified so as to accurately and realistically represent the range of conditions under which the vehicle or engine will be operated in actual use. Because it is impractical to test an engine or vehicle under every possible combination of speed, load, and temperature, this may not actually be the case. Vehicle and engine manufacturers may exploit the limited number of test conditions in the cycle by programming their engine management systems to control emissions to regulated levels at the specific test points contained in the cycle, but create a great deal more pollution under conditions experienced in real operation but not represented in the test cycle. This results in real emissions higher than the standards are supposed to allow, undermining the standards and public health.
Application
Emission test cycles are typical tests for research and development activities on engines at automobile OEMs.
The commonly used hardware platforms therefore are:
engine test stand - for just a single engine
vehicle test stand (also "chassis dynamometer" or "chassis dyno" or "emission dyno") - for the complete car with engine
ASM Test - Accelerated Simulation Mode: (California inspections) Vehicles tested at 15 MPH & 25 MPH where vehicle undergoes a load.
References
See also
Emission standards
Engine test stand
Vehicle inspection
Automotive technologies
Pollution control technologies |
4025654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20%28basketball%29 | Point (basketball) | Points in basketball are used to keep track of the score in a game. Points can be accumulated by making field goals (two or three points) or free throws (one point). If a player makes a field goal from within the three-point line, the player scores two points. If the player makes a field goal from beyond the three-point line, the player scores three points. The team that has recorded the most points at the end of a game is declared that game's winner.
NBA
Regular season
Most career points: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (38,387 pts)
Highest career scoring average: Michael Jordan (30.12 ppg)
Most points scored in a season: 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain (1961–62)
Highest seasonal scoring average: 50.4 by Wilt Chamberlain (1961–62)
Most points in one game: 100 by Wilt Chamberlain (3/2/1962 vs. New York Knicks)
Most points in one half, regular season: 59 by Wilt Chamberlain
Most points in one quarter, regular season: 37 by Klay Thompson
Most points in one overtime period, regular season: 16 by Gilbert Arenas
Playoffs
Most career points, Playoffs: LeBron James (7,491)
Highest career scoring average, Playoffs: Michael Jordan (33.4)
Most points in one game, Playoffs: Michael Jordan (63, 4/20/1986 vs. Boston Celtics [2OT])
Most points in one half, Playoffs: Sleepy Floyd (39, Golden State Warriors vs. L.A. Lakers)
Most points in one quarter, Playoffs: Sleepy Floyd (29, Golden State Warriors vs. L.A. Lakers)
Most points in one overtime period, Playoffs: Stephen Curry (17, 5/9/16 vs. Portland Trail Blazers)
Most points in one game, Finals: Elgin Baylor (61, 4/14/1962 vs. Boston Celtics)
Most points in one half, Finals: Michael Jordan (35, 6/3/1992 vs. Portland Trail Blazers)
U.S. college
Most points in one game: 138 points by Grinnell's Jack Taylor on November 20, 2012
Highest career scoring average: Pete Maravich (44.2ppg)
See also
List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders
List of National Basketball Association season scoring leaders
List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game
List of National Basketball Association players with 50 or more points in a playoff game
List of National Basketball Association top individual scoring season averages
List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages
List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders
List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders
References
Basketball terminology
Basketball statistics
Scoring (sport) |
4025671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-%20The%20Life%20and%20Music%20of%20Richard%20Thompson | RT- The Life and Music of Richard Thompson | RT- The Life and Music of Richard Thompson is a 5-CD box set by Richard Thompson, released in February 2006. It gives an extensive overview of Thompson's long career without including content from any of his mainstream albums.
While many of the songs included are familiar to Thompson fans, the tracks are mostly live, nearly all of them previously unreleased, and the arrangements are often different from those of the original recordings. Thompson himself granted the compilers access to his personal archives of recordings and photos, and other collectors of Thompsonia (most notably American record producer Edward Haber) also contributed to the set. Thompson retained (and exercised) the right of veto over any aspect of the set.
Of particular interest are live tracks by Richard and Linda Thompson (including a few from the 1982 "tour from hell"), songs demo-ed for his first solo album Henry the Human Fly as well as several of Thompson's comic songs ("Madonna's Wedding" and his lampooning of Janet Jackson's infamous breast-baring moment at the Super Bowl) and several songs that Thompson himself had never released.
The set also includes a 168-page book – consisting of a biography, an exclusive interview and track notes – and a reproduction of a Vincent Motorcycles catalogue (a reference to Thompson's best loved song “1952 Vincent Black Lightning”). As with the actual track selection Thompson had input into the book and was involved in the proofreading and supplied some of the photos that are included. There are numerous typographical errors.
The five CDs are themed, which gives each disc a specific focus and helps to give this large set some cohesion.
Songs based on real persons and events
Essential songs
Epic live performances
Thompson covering other artists' songs, or playing as a session musician.
Rarities
A sixth CD "RT on FR" is offered free of charge by returning a coupon included in the box.
Track listing
All songs written and performed by Richard Thompson except where noted otherwise
Disc 1 – Walking the Long Miles Home.
"Now That I Am Dead" (D. Blair and J. French)
"Genesis Hall"
"Josef Locke"
"Willy O'Winsbury" (traditional, arranged by Thompson)
"Don't Sit On My Jimmy Shands"
"Nobody's Wedding"
"Madonna's Wedding"
"Walking The Long Miles Home"
"Withered And Died"
"Beat The Retreat"
"The Great Valerio" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Walking On A Wire" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Never Again" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"The End Of The Rainbow"
"King Of Bohemia"
"Killerman Gold Posse"
"Lotteryland"
"Now Be Thankful"
"Shoot Out The Lights"
"Outside Of The Inside"
Disc 2 – Finding Better Words.
"I Feel So Good"
"Push And Shove"
"Time To Ring Some Changes" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Cooksferry Queen"
"Waltzing's For Dreamers"
"I Want To See The Bright Lights Tonight" performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"I Misunderstood"
"Meet On The Ledge"
"Down Where The Drunkards Roll"
"Gethsemane"
"Tear-Stained Letter"
"Wall Of Death"
"1952 Vincent Black Lightning"
"From Galway To Graceland" – performed by Richard Thompson and Fairport Convention
"Crazy Man Michael"
"Dimming Of The Day" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Beeswing"
Disc 3 – Shine In The Dark.
"Valerie"
"Don't Let A Thief Steal Into Your Heart"
"Ghosts In The Wind"
"Crash The Party"
"For Shame Of Doing Wrong" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Calvary Cross"
"Sloth" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Night Comes In"
"Drowned Dog, Black Night"
"Put It There Pal"
"Morris Medley/Flying Saucer Rock 'n roll" (traditional, arranged Thompson / R. Scott)
Disc 4 – The Songs Pour Down Like Silver.
"Substitute" (P. Townshend)
"Tempted" (C. Difford and G. Tillbrook)
"The Story Of Hamlet" (F. Loesser) – performed by Richard Thompson and Danny Thompson
"Oops! I Did It Again" (K. Sandberg and R. Yacoub)
"Ca Plane Pour Moi" (Plastic Bertrand)
"Why Don't Women Like Me?" (G. Formby)
"Time Has Told Me" (N. Drake) – performed by Richard Thompson and Raymond Kane
"Shenandoah" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"Danny Boy" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"Move It" (P. Samwell) – performed by Richard Thompson with Fairport Convention
"Willie and The Hand Jive / Not Fade Away" (J.Otis / N.Petty and C. Hardin)
"Loch Lomond" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"Job of Journeywork" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"Napoleon's Dream" (traditional, arranged Thompson) – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Sally Rackett" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"God Loves A Drunk" – performed by Norma Waterson
"The Angels Took My Racehorse Away" – performed by Dave Burland
"Poseidon" (J. Owen)– performed by Judith Owen and Richard Thompson
"Wall Of Death / Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues / Needles and Pins" (Thompson / B. Dylan / S. Bono)
"You'll Never Walk Alone" (R. Rodgers and O. Hammerstein)
"I Ain't Marching Anymore" (P. Ochs)
"My Generation / I Can't Explain / Substitute" (P. Townshend)
Disc 5 – Something Here Worth More Than Gold.
"Albion Sunrise" – performed by the Albion Country Band
"How Many Times Do You Have To Fall" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Bad News Is All The Wind Can Carry"
"Mrs Rita"
"Shady Lies" – performed by the Albion Country Band
"Lucky in Life, Unlucky in Love"
"Dragging the River"
"Alexander Graham Bell"
"Someone Else's Fancy"
"Modern Woman" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Woman Or A Man" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"My Daddy Is A Mummy"
"You Got What You Wanted"
"In Over Your Head"
"Dear Janet Jackson"
Disc 6 – RT on FR.
-Meet On The Ledge.
-When I Get To The Border.
-I Want To See The Bright Lights.
-We Sing Hallelujah.
-The Hangman's Reel.
-Albion Sunrise.
-Sir Patrick Spens.
-New St. George.
-Sword Dance/Young Black Cow.
-The Lady Is A Tramp.
-Farewell, Farewell.
-Meet On The Ledge.
-Gas Almost Works
-Withered And Died.
-Has He Got A Friend For Me.
-End Of The Rainbow.
-Beeswing.
References
http://www.freereed.co.uk
http://www.richardthompson-music.com
The Life And Music Of Richard Thompson by Nigel Schofield. Free Reed. 0-9542610-8-9.
2006 compilation albums
Richard Thompson (musician) compilation albums |
4025673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yimyu | Yimyu | Yimyu is one of the 15 wards that make up Mokokchung town in India. It is an extensive area and forms the northwestern part of Mokokchung. Until 2003, Yimyu was a separate town and not under Mokokchung Municipal Council. However the last two decades has seen the gradual expansion of the settlements of both Yimyu and Mokokchung and had become a continuous settlement area. In 2003, Yimyu was formally incorporated as part of Mokokchung town. The Mariani-Mokokchung Highway passes through this ward. Mokokchung District Jail and DIET College are located here.
Location
Yimyu is situated in the North-West side of Mokokchung District about three kilometers from the heart of Mokokchung Town. Kubolong bound it in the North, Alichen and Longkum in the South, Mokokchung Village in the North-East and Aliba and Kinunger in the West. It is a narrow strip of mountainous territory between Mokokchung town and Khensa village. Ongpangkong Compound falls under the jurisdiction of Khensa village but they have a separate administration council under the chairmanship of Extra Assistant Commissioner(EAC) of Ongpangkong range. Yimyu is located at an altitude of about 1100 metres above sea level.
History
There are many stories behind the name Yimyu, and many suggested meanings. First, Yimyu is derived from the word "Yimyu Langjem" meaning 'meeting place'. 'Yim' means 'village', 'Yu' means 'word' and 'Langjem' means 'decide'. It is said that there was a dispute between Khensa village and Settsu village, and it was at this particular place that the Khensa villagers met to discuss their strategies and plans with their rival. Second, the bird Oyim once flew across this place and it was called Yimyu, which means the Oyim flew over this land. Third, the term Yimyu is derived from the Phom Naga dialect. Today it has been altered to YimYu Ward Ongpangkong because this is the central place for Ongpangkong range among 16 villages. The decision to alter the name was made by all the 16 villages that fall under the jurisdiction of Ongpangkong range.
External links
http://www.akasworld.com/
http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/nagaland/onpangkong_south/blockinformation.html#geography
Mokokchung
Cities and towns in Mokokchung district |
4025674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR%20L12%20class | LSWR L12 class | The London and South Western Railway L12 class was a class of 20 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for express passenger work by Dugald Drummond. They were introduced to the London and South Western Railway network in 1904. Despite the class being an unremarkable continuation of the Drummond lineage, one member was involved in the infamous Salisbury rail crash in June 1906. None of the class survived into preservation after their brief career in British Railways ownership.
Background
In 1904, the LSWR Locomotive Superintendent, Dugald Drummond, was tasked by his superiors to analyse the possibility of an updated version of his successful T9 class 4-4-0. With open competition against the Great Western Railway in earning revenue from ocean-going traffic in the south-west of England at Plymouth, there was a need for a new design of powerful locomotive capable of hauling heavy loads at high speeds. This furthermore provided Drummond with the chance to take advantage of various advances in locomotive technology that had accumulated in the five years since the release of the T9.
Construction history
The last in an unbroken lineage of Drummond 4-4-0s stretching back to his unsuccessful C8 Class of 1898, the L12 continued the tradition of solid construction and robust operation.
Drummond took the decision to construct a further new class of 20 4-4-0s as part of the competition between the LSWR and GWR regarding boat trains to Plymouth harbour. Once again, the L12 followed the example of the Class S11 in incorporating the same frames as the T9. The major design difference between this and the Class S11 was the fact that the driving wheels seen on the T9 were reinstated for fast running on the LSWR main line.
The boiler was also similar to that of the T9s, capped off with a dome and stovepipe chimney, though the smokebox was of a smaller design in comparison due to the initial lack of superheating. The locomotive was fitted with cross-water tubes fitted into the firebox, as featured on the T9 Class. This was an attempt to increase the heat surface area of the water, which was achieved, though at a cost in boiler complexity. The new locomotive had a higher centre of gravity than the earlier T9 class, which would cause the locomotive to become unbalanced on curves at speed, and this would have fatal consequences later on.
One major modification was made by Robert Urie, who exchanged the saturated steam boilers for the superheated variety, resulting in an enlarged smokebox when compared to that fitted on the S11 Class. At the same time, the addition of the superheater header and associated tubes meant that the overall weight was increased by from .
Production of the class began at Nine Elms in 1904, with all members of the class were fitted with the Drummond "watercart" eight-wheel tender for longer running on the LSWR network.
Operational details
The class gained the nickname "Bulldogs" from their crews due to their 'butch' appearance. The L12s were initially rostered to Nine Elms, Bournemouth and Salisbury, where they worked the LSWR system on express passenger trains..
The class was later also shedded at Exmouth Junction where they shared the Ocean Liner special expresses to and from Plymouth with the S11 class. Although the class was relatively well-received by locomotive crews, there was no discernible improvement over the T9s it was supposed to develop from, and as such, led uneventful careers after the accident of 1906. They began to be withdrawn soon after Nationalisation in 1948, by which time the class were used for local freight working on rural lines. The last of the class was withdrawn from Guildford shed in 1955, ending its life on pick-up/set down goods trains on the Meon Valley Railway. None survived for preservation.
Accidents and incidents
It was at that the class gained an infamous reputation, as number 421 was involved in the Salisbury high speed derailment of 1 July 1906, which resulted in twenty-eight fatalities and eleven injuries. 421 was one of two locomotives hauling a boat train to London Waterloo from Plymouth, which failed to round a curve at the eastern end of Salisbury station and subsequently derailed. The resultant inquiry into the incident ended the ruthless competition between the LSWR and GWR for Plymouth boat traffic.
Livery and numbering
LSWR and Southern
Under the LSWR, the locomotives were outshopped in the LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery with purple-brown edging, creating panels of green. This was further lined in white and black with 'LSWR' in gilt on the tender tank sides.
When transferred to Southern Railway ownership after 1923, the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsell's darker version of the LSWR livery. The LSWR standard gilt lettering was changed to yellow with 'Southern' on the water tank sides. The locomotives also featured black and white lining.
However, despite Bulleid's experimentation with Malachite Green livery on express passenger locomotive, the Maunsell livery was continued with the S11s, though the 'Southern' lettering on the tender was changed to the 'Sunshine Yellow' style. During the Second World War, members of the class outshopped form overhaul were turned out in wartime black, and some of the class retained this livery to Nationalisation.
Post-1948 (nationalisation)
Livery after Nationalisation was initially Southern Wartime Black livery with 'British Railways' on the tender, and an 'S' prefix on the number, until superseded by the Standard BR 30xxx series. Latterly, the class was outshopped in BR Mixed Traffic Black livery, with red and white lining. The BR crest was placed on the tender tank sides.
References
External links
SEMG gallery
L12
4-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1904
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain |
4025676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Toustain | Charles-François Toustain | Charles-François Toustain (13 October 1700 – 1 July 1754) was a French historian and a member of the Benedictine Congregation of Saint Maur. He is remembered for his scholarly work carried out withwith his fellow-Maurist, Dom René-Prosper Tassin.
Life
Charles-François Toustain was born into a family of note at Repas in the diocese of Séez on 13 October 1700. On 20 July 1718, he took the vows of the Benedictine order at the abbey of Jumièges. After finishing the philosophical and theological course at the Abbey of Fécamp, he was sent to the at Rouen, to learn Hebrew and Greek. At the same time he studied Italian, English, German, and Dutch, in order to be able to understand the writers in these languages.
He was not ordained priest until 1729, and then only at the express command of his superior. He always said Mass with much trepidation and only after long preparation. In 1730 he entered the Abbey of St-Ouen at Rouen, and went later to the Abbey of St-Germain-des-Pres and the , both in Paris.
His theological opinions inclined to Jansenism.
Toustain died while taking his milk-cure at the abbey of Saint-Denis on 1 July 1754. He had worn out his body by fasting and ascetic practices.
Scholarship
As a scholar Toustain became highly respected. He worked for twenty years with his fellow-Maurist, Dom René-Prosper Tassin, on an edition of the works of the Byzantine Greek monk Theodore the Studite. It was never printed, as a publisher could not be found. Another joint project of the two was the Nouveau traité de diplomatique (6 vols, 1750–1765) in which they addressed more fully and thoroughly the subjects taken up in Jean Mabillon's great work De re diplomatica. Toustain and Tassin's work provided the basis for the modern discipline of diplomatics. The final four volumes were edited by Tassin alone following Toustain's death.
Of general interest among Toustain's personal writings are: La vérité persécutée par l'erreur (2 vols, 1733), a collection of the writings of the Fathers on the persecutions of the first eight centuries; and "L'authorité de miracles dans l'Église" (no date), in which he expounds the opinion of St. Augustine. Tassin testifies that he was zealous in his duties, modest, and sincerely religious.
Attribution
1700 births
1754 deaths
18th-century French historians
French Benedictines
Fécamp Abbey
French male non-fiction writers |
4025696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieri | Chieri | Chieri (; ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont (Italy), located about southeast of Turin, by rail and by road. It borders the following municipalities: Baldissero Torinese, Pavarolo, Montaldo Torinese, Pino Torinese, Arignano, Andezeno, Pecetto Torinese, Riva presso Chieri, Cambiano, Santena, and Poirino.
History
Pre-Roman
Between the Neolithic and the Iron Age, the original inhabitants of this part of the Italian peninsula were the Ligures. The Ligures living in this area of the Po river plain belonged specifically to the Taurini tribe.
The location of Chieri is within the Taurini tribe's territory, in the belt of hills which surround Turin. The original settlement was most likely founded by them, being sited on a prominent hill (on which the church of San Giorgio currently stands) and growing to be the geographical focus of the city centre. Its original name would have been Karreum or a variant thereof (e.g. Karreo/Karrea/Carrea); this is based on the root kar, which possibly means "stone", reflecting the typical Ligurian settlement layout of a stone edifice at the centre of a grouping of other habitations within a village, which would have likely been the original layout of Chieri.
Sometime around 400 BCE, Celtic tribes crossed the Alps from Gaul and settled the Po river plain. These peoples mingled with the original Ligures, either through conquest or peaceful cohabitation, and gave rise to a Celto-Ligurian people, inhabiting the region which the Romans would call Cisalpine Gaul, i.e. "Gaul this side of the Alps".
Roman
The Romans, over the two centuries between 400-200 BCE, conducted a prolonged counter-offensive to conquer all of the northern Italian peninsula, partially in response to successive invasions, starting with Gauls led by king Brennus in 391 BCE, and later the Carthaginians under the great general Hannibal Barca in 218 BCE.
It is likely sometime after 176 BCE that Cisalpine Gaul was completely subdued by Roman legions, and this would have included the village of Karreum itself. This was possibly under the command of Roman consul Caius Claudius Pulcrus, leading a military response to a rebellion the year before by the Ligures.
Following this Roman conquest in the 2nd Century BCE, the village became known as the Roman settlement of Carreum Potentia: the Latin name Potentia (derived from potens, "powerful") being added as a cognomen to the original Ligurian name.
It is likely that, following similar examples elsewhere, at Carreum Potentia the Roman settlement was built alongside the pre-Roman one, the Roman part built on lower ground in the plain, alongside the Rio Tepice stream and at the base of the original native hill-top settlement. It would appear the Forum and the main Temple (most likely dedicated to the goddess Minerva) were located in the area where the cathedral and the piazza around it currently stand, with a wall around it (traces of which were excavated in the 1960s).
Roman historian Pliny the Elder referenced "Carreum quod Potentia cognominatur", in his Naturalis Historia (dated 50-60 AD), naming it within a list of fortified settlements which then abounded in the section of Cisalpine Gaul between the River Po and the Ligurian Apennines: the city was portrayed as a prosperous Roman walled city, surrounded by cultivated farmlands and scattered agricultural settlements.
By the 1st Century AD, Carreum Potentia was indeed referred to as a Roman municipium, i.e. a seat of local government for the surrounding area.
The city underwent conversion to Christianity sometime between the 4th and 5th century, as recorded on a funeral slab dated from June 488 AD for a little girl called Genesia who died at the age of two.
According to Marguerite de Lussan, biographer of Louis Balbe-Bertone de Crillon, the city of Chieri was given a republican form of government by a Balbus, member of a patrician Roman family, who relocated to the city in the late sixth century. No evidence of this statement is provided, although Chieri would emerge in the middle ages as a republic striving for independence from its feudal liege lords.
Early Middle Ages
No further historical records exist regarding Chieri until the 10th century, when it was officially granted as a fief to the Bishop of Turin by an Imperial grant of Otto III, although it was also subject to the military authority of the larger march of Italy, whose holder at the time was the titular Count of the House of Savoy through his marriage to Adelaide of Susa.
Following the death of Adelaide of Susa, Marchioness of Turin, many of the Piedmontese holdings of the counts of Savoy were lost by her heir Umberto II.
In the political fragmentation which followed, the Piedmontese lands east of Turin were divided into the counties of Saluzzo, Biandrate and the March of Montferrat, which eventually allowed the cities of Chieri and Asti to flourish economically and declare independence from their respective liege bishops as free cities, supported by the House of Savoy who were interested in diminishing the power of the local feudal lords.
The process of obtaining independence was gradual and prudent and started with various administrative and tax reforms to provide the city's government with resources and offices of government of Roman stamp, consuls, as well as with the strengthening of the city's fortifications. In this gradual manner, the city of Chieri started to expand its influence to the neighbouring territories.
By the first half of the 11th century, the city had an encircling defensive wall erected around the San Giorgio Hill (known as the Castrum Sancti Georgi, which still constitutes the city nucleus), under the direction of Bishop Landulf: these long-demolished Mura Landolfiane still clearly trace the outline of the pattern of narrow streets around the hill (known as the Chiocciola, "snail"). The work included a strengthening of the fortifications and tower atop the hill, now incorporated into the Church of San Giorgio which occupies the hilltop and overlooks the city.
Outside the walls, on the plains surrounding the city, a church was erected dedicated to the Virgin Mary: this site was likely that of an earlier and more primitive Church dating from the 4th century, which had itself replaced the earlier Roman Temple to the goddess Minerva.
This period also experienced the construction of numerous quadrilateral towers inside the perimeter of the walls by the powerful families of the city, hence it became known as Città delle Cento Torri ("city of one hundred towers"): a handful of these towers still survive to this day.
In 1154, the city allied itself with the more powerful city of Asti in fighting against William V of Montferrat, defeating him in battle.
At the first Diet of Roncaglia, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa who had descended upon Italy with his army to restore his sovereignty, granted William V of Montferrat, who had married a niece of the Emperor, rights over the two cities. With his army following the river Po, the Emperor was determined to lay siege to both cities. The citizen of Chieri, knowing that the city would be no match for a siege by the Imperial Army, fled the city carefully leaving behind copious amounts of wine and food for the invaders, who nonetheless proceeded to demolish its towers and ruin its fortifications, ultimately setting the city on fire in January of 1155, before moving on to Asti, where they would repeat the deed.
Popular legend has it that the present-day name of the city was given by Barbarossa, who, upon departing the city after ransacking it, looked back upon its ruins and asked Ma tu, chi eri? (Italian for "And you, who were you?"), although this story is most likely apocryphal.
In 1158, the Emperor returned to Italy to deal with the continued insurgence of the cities of northern Italy, which were growing politically bolder and economically more prosperous.
Although this time Chieri sided with the Emperor and immediately contributed to his army, it was terribly compensated, for it was newly to the Bishop of Turin who in turn gave it to the powerful Guido III, Count of Biandrate, possibly fearing that alone he may not have sufficient power to hold it.
In 1169, Chieri and Asti signed a defensive treaty of mutual aid to defend themselves from the ambitions of the Counts of Biandrate and found themselves shortly after victorious in a war against them, restoring some of their rights and furthering their path towards independence.
In 1176, the Emperor was defeated by the Lombard League at the battle of Legnano and personally injured.
The Balbo family from the city of Chieri participated in the battle fighting in the Guelph side, against the Emperor.
At the end of the century, the city allied with Testona to declare war on its ecclesiastical liege lord the Bishop of Turin, Arduino Valperga. The town of Turin, the counts of Biandrate, and the lords of Cavoretto and Revigliasco joined on the side of the Bishop, while the lords of Cavorre and Piossasco joined on the side of the republic of Chieri. The republic of Asti, which was bound to Chieri by similar ambitions and fate, and by a military pact of 1194, came to the aid of Chieri. Although first hand recollections of the war are unavailable, it is assumed by the following peace that the war was favorable to Chieri. The peace was signed in the fields of Mairano, near Testona, on 10 February 1200 in the presence of ambassadors of Asti and Vercelli, the Bishop Arduino, the Podestà of Turin, Chieri and Testona, and numerous prominent citizens of the city, including two Pulluolii, Uberto di Bencia, two Merli, Pier Gribaldo, Signorino Balbo and Enerico Tana. The peace had several clauses, of which the most important was likely a clause stating that the two republics of Testona and Chieri would aid the Count of Savoy were he to exercise his rights over the city of Turin and the Bishop, in recognition that he was the heir of their former sovereigns and out of mutual enmity with Turin.
A treaty of 4 March 1204 bound Chieri, Testona and Turin. On top of the defensive and mutual aid clauses, others were made to establish that each of the cities would enjoy the same municipal privileges of the others, and that they would share the same podestà. Many provisions were made in regards to the bridge of Testona (today at Moncalieri), which was of vital economical importance to all three cities, including its tolls, the roads leading to it and the guards to be provided. Although ambitious in nature, the treaty was soon put aside, with a new Bishop of Turin requesting that many of his privileges be restored.
This included being beneficiary of all fines for homicide, theft, treason and for duels, as well as of those foreigners who died without will and those of Chieri with no will and no relatives up to the fourth grade. This was ratified in a treaty in 1210.
On 10 June of the same year, the city signed a treaty with Goffredo, Count of Biandrate, and his nephews for mutual defense against all enemies save for the Emperor and the Bishop. The treaty forbade the Count to give citizenship to any man of the city of Chieri, and vice versa for Chieri to offer citizenship to any of his subjects. The clause is characteristic of the regulation of growth in the medieval period, where the founding of a city required imperial dispensation, fortifications were to be approved by liege lords, and the movement of people was an enormous loss of capital for the feudal system, although one that would prove irreversible as urban areas grew larger and more powerful over the coming centuries.
Many of the privileges earned were to be confirmed by Otto IV, to whom a richer Chieri sent the ambassador Iacopo de Rohat, their podestà, and many others. Privileges he granted the city included the faculty of receiving new citizens as well as confirmed sovereignty over smaller territories nearby.
In 1123 and 1224, respectively, Riva and Coazze were annexed by Chieri. The inhabitants of the latter were moved closer to Chieri with its help to the lands of Pecetto.
Greatly responsible for the prosperity of Chieri at this time was Ugone del Carretto, podestà of Chieri and in 1225 of Asti. He was also instrumental for the purchase by the city of the Castle of Revigliasco and its surrounding lands.
Finally, the commercial disputes over the merchant root from Genova and Lombardy which went through Asti and Chieri, which took Italian merchants to France, resulted in a new war by Chieri and Asti against Testona. In 1228, the troops of the two allied cities razed Testona to the ground, not sparing even its churches. In the following years, the dispersed inhabitants resettled in the nearby locality of Moncalieri.
Late Middle Ages
In the course of the 13th century, the Republic of Chieri experienced a period of substantial prosperity, and at that time was comparable in splendor and importance to other Italian city-states such as Genoa, Asti and Pisa.
In 1238, the Republic was granted the status of camera speciale (Italian: "special chamber") by Emperor Frederick II, which meant that the only authority the Republic would be subject to was that of the (very remote) emperor.
Following growing violent internecine struggles between city factions to the end of that century, the Republic of Chieri, despite asserting its dominion over adjacent lands and castles and constructing a secondary ring of city walls, decreased in power and autonomy to the point that in 1339 the city made itself subject to Robert of Anjou, King of Naples; in doing so, it granted half of its lands and territories as feudal possession to Prince Iacopo of the house of Savoy-Acaia. The city eventually passed in its entirety to the House of Savoy, when the line of Acaia died out.
Renaissance era
The 15th century brought Chieri a period of economic prosperity and a flourishing of the arts with, among other endeavours, the rebuilding of the Church of Santa Maria into its present form as the Duomo. During this time the hill-top church of San Giorgio was also rebuilt into its current incarnation, and several works of Flemish art were brought into the area by rich city merchants.
The 16th century covered a period of succeeding plagues, epidemics, and wars, and from 1551 to 1562 also brought French domination. During this period, some of its citizens became followers of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, but this was quashed by strong opposition from Duke Emmanuel Philibert: it was in order to honour him, along with Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy, that the city towards the end of this century constructed a triumphal arch, still present on the main street (currently Via Vittorio Emanuele II).
The year 1630 saw a terrible outbreak of the Bubonic Plague, which is still commemorated every 12 September with the ceremony of the Madonna delle Grazie. Despite this, the remainder of the 17th century experienced a flourishing of artistic achievement, with the building of several churches and chapels in Baroque style such as Sant'Antonio Abate at Chieri, as well as numerous paintings and sculptures.
Modern era
In 1785 Chieri became a Principality under the control of the Duke of Aosta. The late 18th century again brought French domination, this time under the conquests of Napoleon Bonaparte, but this period also witnessed the establishment of a major textile mill, which consolidated and built upon the city's base as a medieval centre for textile trade and manufacture.
Numerous other textile factories followed in the late 19th century, with textile manufacture originating from Chieri playing a prominent role even in international textile fairs. The year 1850 saw the demolition of the old medieval city gates and the privatisation of the city walls, which at that time still demarcated the limits of the entire city.
In 1871, a railroad link was constructed to the city in the form of the Chieri-Trofarello branch line, partly due to contributions from the municipality and from wealthy citizens. This was to serve the now very significant textile industry of the city, with the building of the railway station also serving to initiate in the surrounding area the erection of the first city quarter built outside its walls.
The early 20th century brought the electrification of the textile industries (1909). World War II caused no direct bombardments to the city despite the relocation of numerous factories and heavy industry manufacture from the nearby major industrial centre of Turin. Germany occupied the city following the 1943 Armistice of Cassibile until its liberation by Allied forces.
Today
The post-war period experienced a huge increase in Chieri's population, as massive migration occurred between the 1950s and 1970s from the Veneto region and from Southern Italy to the major industrial centres of Northern Italy such as Milan and Turin and adjacent areas. This resulted in a population boom from approximately 14,000 immediately after the war to 30,000 inhabitants in just under three decades.
The later years of the 20th century also witnessed the decline of textile industry in the city, as numerous factories were forced to close from competitive pressure from the cheaper manufacturing centres of the Indian subcontinent and the Far East. This is being counteracted by the establishment of a new industrial area outside the city, and also by a rediscovering and redeveloping of Chieri's significant cultural and historical heritage.
Today, Chieri is a growing center for the provision of a varied portfolio of commercial, retail, financial, and tertiary services.
Main sights
Chieri Cathedral: Gothic-style Duomo (cathedral), founded in 1037 and reconstructed in 1405, is the largest in Piedmont, and has a 13th-century octagonal Baptistery which includes a collection of 13th century frescoes. Its glass stained windows are the work of renowned glass artist Silvio Vigliaturo.
San Giorgio: hill-top church dominating the historical centre and offering commanding views of the entire city.
San Filippo: church on the principal Via Vittorio Emanuele, boasting an example of Italian Baroque-style face-brick façade.
San Guglielmo
The Arco (Triumphal Arch), dedicated to Charles Emmanuel I and Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.
Santi Bernardino e Rocco
Sanctuary of the Santissima Annunziata
Collegiata di Santa Maria della Scala
San Domenico: gothic style church
Sports
Chieri is home to semi-professional football team A.S.D. Calcio Chieri 1955, which plays in the Serie D.
People
Giuseppe Avezzana (1797–1879), Italian general and politician who previously fought under Napoleon in 1813–14
Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo (1786–1842), Catholic priest and saint, died in Chieri
David Levi (1816–98), Italian poet and patriot
Giovanni Perrone (1794–1876), theologian
Roberto Rosato (1943–2010), football player
Francesco Stacchino (born 1940), football player
Notable events
At 8:30a.m. on Tuesday, 15 October 2002, Chieri experienced one of Italy's worst civilian massacres outside of wartime when unemployed craftsman Mauro Antonello (40), a gun enthusiast with a history of mental illness, went on a shooting rampage in Via Parini Street within the Borgo Venezia Quarter on the outskirts of the city.
Using four weapons (including three semi-automatic), the perpetrator killed seven people, starting with his ex-wife Carla Bergamin, at whose house the tragedy occurred. His other victims included her widowed mother Teresa Gobbo; Carla's brother Sergio Bargamin and his wife Margherita Feyles, who operated a textile workshop on the ground floor of their house; next-door neighbour Decio Guerra along with his wife; and Pierangela Gramaglia, a friend of Margherita's who also worked for them at their workshop.
The perpetrator took his own life before police arrived on the scene.
International relations
Gastronomy
Chieri's Focaccia
This town has among its culinary specialties a sweet flatbread, a recipe completely homemade, which is eaten at the end of a meal. In order to prepare it, it is necessary to use a dough made of water, flour, milk, eggs, butter, sugar and beer yeast. This mix is then put in the oven so that it can caramelize. These days one can buy the traditional version, which weighs half a kilo.
Library
In Chieri there is the Nicolo and Paola Francone Library. The project for the renovation of the building and its furniture was given to the architect and library expert, Gianfranco Franchini from Genoa. He renovated the interior design with pragmatism, having as a priority the use of pieces of furniture from the 1950s to set up the library. For Franchini, those pieces of furniture had to be in line with the design style of the former cotton mill Tabasso.
Chieri is twinned with:
Épinal, France
Nanoro, Burkina Faso
Tolve, Italy
Adria, Italy
References
External links
www.comune.chieri.to.it/
Roman towns and cities in Italy |
4025702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltrum | Baltrum | Baltrum () is a barrier island off the coast of East Frisia (), in Germany, and is a municipality in the district of Aurich, Lower Saxony. It is located in-between the chain of the seven inhabited East Frisian Islands. Baltrum is the smallest island in this chain by area and inhabitants. It has a land area of 6.5 square kilometres, and a population in (2011) of just over 500 resident inhabitants.
Geography
It is located in the middle of the island chain known as the East Frisian Islands () and is the smallest permanently inhabited island in the chain according to the area and number of inhabitants. The gat or tidal channel of Wichter Ee in the west separates Baltrum from Norderney and the tidal creek Accumer Ee in the east separates it from Langeoog. There are two villages on the island – Ostdorf () and Westdorf () – although they have essentially merged into one. The ferry for Baltrum departs from the small port near the village of Neßmersiel (in the parish of Dornum) with connection to the train station of Norden. The island has its own ferry terminal and a small airstrip.
The island is about long and wide. It covers an area of and has a population of around 600 people, swelling to about 3,500 during the summer months due to tourism. Tourists (mainly from the Ruhr Area in North Rhine-Westphalia) travel to Baltrum to enjoy the countryside of the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park, the beach and attractions such as the indoor swimming pool filled with sea water or a miniature golf course. The highest point on the island is a central coastal dune with a viewing platform on top called Aussichtsdüne in German and is above sea-level.
Etymology
The origin of the name Baltrum is not clearly clarified. In 1398, the island was mentioned for the first time in a document of enfeoffment as Balteringe meaning either "pasture" or "[the place of] the sons or followers of Balter" in Old Frisian. Another assumption is that the name is derived from the Norse god Baldr – son of Odin and Frigg. In the recent past an ironic version arose, one would be bald 'rum () when encircling the island, as the island is small it would not take a long time to walk around Baltrum. Nevertheless, the circumference amounts to about .
History
The geographers Strabo and Pliny the Elder provide an indication that the island existed since the first century BC and AD. During the era of the East Frisian chieftains, from 1350 to 1464, the East Frisian islands belonged to the powerful family tom Brok. In 1398 Baltrum was mentioned in a document for the first time, when Widzel tom Brok assigned Balteringe (besides the other islands) to Duke Albert I of Bavaria and received them back as fief.
In the 17th century Baltrum had an elongated shape similar to the present shape of the barrier islands Norderney and Juist. Through the centuries Baltrum lost a huge amount of land at its west coast due to wind and sea conditions which the extension at the east coast could not compensate. Between 1650 and 1960 the island moved about at its west side to east, whereas the east coast moved only to east. A journey from a committee in 1650 reports that the 14 inhabitants on the island of that time were in jeopardy by the sea. In 1737 there was a village with a church which had to be abandoned due to silting of shifting sand dunes in 1800. The new village, named Western village, was settled down around to the west of the present day west coast (near the present day shoal Othelloplate in-between Baltrum and Norderney) and in the east there was the Eastern village. A storm surge in 1825 disrupted the island in several pieces and it became mostly uninhabitable, followed by deserting the Western village.
From 1870 onwards the island was protected against the power of the sea with groynes, wooden palisades and revetments. Furthermore, are levees protecting the built-up area against floodings.
On the island exist no official street names but house numbers, instead. Currently (retrieved 2009), are about 300 numbers assigned to houses. The numbering is based on the date of the house construction in ascending order. So the numbers reveal some history of the buildings on the island. However the numbers do not change if a building is replaced by a newer construction.
Tourism
Although Baltrum became a seaside resort in 1876, the tourism grew very slowly. Since 1966 Baltrum has been a seaside health resort approved by the state of Germany. Two hotels were opened in the end of the 19th century, Hotel Küper in 1892 and Hotel zur Post in 1895. Before the World War II broke out 5,000 to 6,000 people visited Baltrum annually. In 1960 nearly 17,000 tourists showed up and since the 1970s there are over 30,000 people making holidays every year during the peak season. Besides the approximately 500 inhabitants about 3,000 guests are constantly living on the island during the peak seasons exhausting the acceptance capacity of the two small villages.
Points of interest
Old church of the island: In 1826 the church was built as Lutheran church, later used as Catholic church, afterwards as a morgue. In present days it is only used for marriage ceremonies, baptisms and cultural events.
Great Lutheran church of the island: This church was built in the years of 1929–30. Both naves were attached in 1959, the tower was elevated in 1964–65.
Saint Nicholas church: The foundation block of the Catholic church was laid on Saint Nicholas Day in 1956 and consecrated on Ascension Day in 1957. The church has a closed building used during the winter (winter church) and a thatching roofed building used in the summer season (summer church). The winter church has seats for 50 people and the summer church can receive up to 300 people. The constructor of the church was the architect Heinrich Feldwisch-Drentrup from Osnabrück, the glass windows were created by Margarete Franke.
Historical palisade for protection: The palisade for protection () is located at the southwestern side. It was positioned in the 1880s and renewed in 1930–31. Nowadays it is only a section of the original palisade in-between the tiny harbor and the western end. It is heritage-protected and due to extensive restoration works in 2008 repaired at the western side.
Museum of local history in the old custom house: The museum was opened in the old custom house by the association of local history of Baltrum on May 24, 2007. The exhibition covers the local and the natural history.
National park museum: Founded in 1987 in the former shed of the shipping company Baltrum Linie and focuses on the tides.
Traffic
Baltrum is a completely car-free island, because of the traffic ban of all kind of motor vehicles. The only exceptions are vehicles of the volunteer fire department, an ambulance, a few wheel loaders and some machines needed for the coastal protection. From 1949 until 1985 there was a small single track Inselbahn Baltrum () which was an unelectrified narrow gauge railway for baggage and cargo transportation. No bicycle sharing system exists on Baltrum and the tourists are asked not to bring their own bicycles onto the island, riding bicycles is the privilege of inhabitants. The passenger and freight transportation is accomplished by horse-drawn carriages. The baggage is transported by two-wheeled or four-wheeled carts or also carriages, use of electrical bicycles is the latest trend.
There are no street names on Baltrum, and postal addresses are related to the chronology of the development of the areas meaning that the numbering is geographically independent.
There is a search and rescue station presently on Baltrum which is operated by the German Maritime Search and Rescue Service.
Transport
Ferry services
Baltrum is tidal independent laid by ferries owned by the shipping company Baltrum Line, founded in 1928, starting in Neßmersiel. The journey takes about 30 minutes and depending on the season and tourist season one ferry leaves once up to four times for each direction daily. The baggage is containerized and transported in the same ferry as the vacationers. The highlights of the passage are the seals on the shoals ahead of Norderney passed by the ferry. The shipping company manages a bus connection to the train station of Norden, Lower Saxony. Until 2006 the freight traffic was accomplished with the ferry Baltrum II via the port in Norddeich, Lower Saxony, but since then is transacted via the port in Neßmersiel. The port of Neßmersiel was inaugurated in 1970 and extended by a cargo wharf with in length from April to August 2008 due to the relocation of the freight transportation.
Airport
The airstrip on Baltrum achieves the connection by air to Norddeich.
Walk
At the event of low water Baltrum is reachable from the port of Neßmersiel as a guided walk across the mudflats taking 2.5 hours.
External links
Official website
Literature
References
Geography of Lower Saxony
Towns and villages in East Frisia
East Frisian Islands
Aurich (district)
Islands of Lower Saxony
Car-free zones in Europe |
4025703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20to%20Draw%20Manga | How to Draw Manga | How to Draw Manga () is a series of instructional books on drawing manga published by Graphic-sha, by a variety of authors. Originally in Japanese for the Japanese market, many volumes have been translated into English and published in the United States. The English-language volumes in the series were co-produced by Graphic-sha and two other Japanese companies, Japanime Co. Ltd. and Japan Publications Trading Co.
List of books in the series
This is a list of books in the main HTDM set and other sets that relate to the main series.
How to Draw Manga
Originally there were no volume numbers on the English versions, because the original Japanese version did not have them. Only volumes 1 - 8 were given numbers. With continued reprints and more books being released, all volumes gained a number. The dates given are the first printing.
How to Draw Manga Vol. 1: Compiling Characters (October 1999)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 2: Compiling Techniques (July 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 3: Compiling Application and Practice (August 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 4: Dressing Your Characters in Casual Wear (May 2001)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 5: Developing Shoujo Manga Techniques (July 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 6: Martial Arts & Combat Sports (June 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 7: Amazing Effects (June 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 8: Super Basics (June 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 9: Special: Colored Original Drawing (May 2001)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 10: Getting Started (October 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 11: Maids & Miko (November 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 12: Giant Robots (February 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 13: Super Tone Techniques (August 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 14: Colorful Costumes (January 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 15: Girls' Life Illustration File (May 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 16: Guns & Military Vol. 1 (September 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 17: Guns & Military Vol. 2 (October 2004)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 18: Super-Deformed Characters Vol. 1 Humans (August 2004)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 19: Super-Deformed Characters Vol. 2 Animals (June 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 20: Female Characters (December 1999)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 21: Bishoujo Pretty Gals (November 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 22: Bishoujo Around the World (March 2001)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 23: Illustrating Battles (October 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 24: Occult & Horror (June 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 25: Bodies & Anatomy (December 2001)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 26: Making Anime (January 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 27: Male Characters (July 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 28: Couples (January 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 29: Putting Things in Perspective (October 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 30: Pen & Tone Techniques (April 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 31: More about Pretty Gals (August 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 32: Mech. Drawing (December 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 33: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 1 Everyday Fashion (December 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 34: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 2 Intimate Apparel (January 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 35: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 3: Sexy Sports Wear (May 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 36: Animals (February 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 37: Macromedia Flash Techniques (February 2004)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 38: Ninja & Samurai Portrayal (September 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 39: Creating Manga: Stories (April 2007)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 40: Dressing Your Characters In Suits & Sailor Suits (August 2006)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 41: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 4 Kimono & Gowns (April 2007)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 42: Drawing Yaoi (June 2007) Note: this is a bishōnen how-to guide, not yaoi
How to Draw Manga Vol. 43: Drawing Bishōnen (December 2008)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons
This set was printed in a smaller format of 15 cm x 21 cm.
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 1: Drawing Made Easy (April 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 2: The Basics of Characters and Materials (August 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 3: Drawing Sensational Characters (November 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 4: Making the Characters Come Alive (March 2006)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 5: A Touch of Dynamism (2006)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 6: Striking the Right Note (2006)
How to Draw Manga: Computones
Each volume in this set includes a CD-ROM for use with Windows only.
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 1: Basic Tone Techniques (May 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 2: Depicting Characters (September 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 3: Mecha (October 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 4: Portraying Couples (June 2006)
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 5: Aiming For Action (June 2006)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 1: Sketching to Plan (February 2007)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 2: Logical Proportions (April 2007)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 3: Unforgettable Characters (October 2007)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 4: All About Perspective (Nov 12, 2008)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 5: Sketching Props (August 11, 2009)
These books are no longer in print and the series has been canceled.
Manga Pose Resource Book
This set was printed in an over-sized format of 21 cm x 29.6 cm.
Manga Pose Resource Book Vol. 1: Basic Poses (2002)
Manga Pose Resource Book Vol. 2: Animals (2002)
Manga Pose Resource Book Vol. 3: Actions Scenes (2002)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters
This set is another Graphic-Sha publication that is shown alongside the main HTDM series on the dustjacks and in ads.
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 1: Basics for Beginners and Beyond (August 2000)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 2: Expressing Emotions (March 2001)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 3: Bringing Daily Actions to Life (August 2001)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 4: Mastering Battle and Action Moves (April 2002)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 5: Bishoujo Game Characters (September 2003)
More How to Draw Manga
Another set of manga-know-how with only four volumes, based in character creation.
More How to Draw Manga Vol. 1: The Basics of Character Drawing (March 2004)
More How to Draw Manga Vol. 2: Penning Characters (March 2004)
More How to Draw Manga Vol. 3: Enhancing a Character's Sense of Presence (August 2004)
More How to Draw Manga Vol. 4: Mastering Bishoujo Characters (September 2004)
Cancelled/status unknown volumes
These are volumes that were going to be released in English and even advertised for ordering, but they have been cancelled.
How to Draw Manga: Digital Comic Guide Vol. 1
Cross-promotions
A special edition of the series titled How to Draw Manga Special: Colored Original Drawing was produced detailing how to use Copic markers. It explains how to avoid blotches, use colorless blenders, select paper, refill markers, changing nibs and the airbrush system. It is Volume 9 in the English language series.
Reception
The series has been credited with "the standardization of manga style", popularizing most common tropes such as "the large eyes of shōjo characters, the feminine features of bishōnen". The series has been successful in multiple markets as it has been translated to numerous other languages, and it shows the global success of manga - that not only the product itself is successful, but even works about the process of making the product.
References
External links
Manga related books on Graphic-sha website
How to Draw Manga
Books about visual art
Books about manga
Handbooks and manuals
Book series introduced in 1999
Japanese book series |
4025717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercan%C3%ADas%20Madrid | Cercanías Madrid | Cercanías Madrid is the commuter rail service that serves Madrid, the capital of Spain, and its metropolitan area. It is operated by Cercanías Renfe, the commuter rail division of Renfe, the former monopoly of rail services in Spain. The system is known for being the target of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings. The total length spans 370 km.
History
Until 1989
The first railroad line departing from Madrid (the second in Spain and the third in the Iberian Peninsula) was built in 1851 between Madrid and Aranjuez. Soon the growing Spanish railway system was dominated by two large companies: the Compañía del Norte (Northern Company), who operated the lines between Madrid and the Atlantic North of Spain from the Estación del Norte (now Príncipe Pío),and the Madrid-Zaragoza-Alicante (MZA) who operated the lines between the capital and the Mediterranean and Andalusian cities from the Atocha station. Another station, Delicias, served the line to Lisbon. Other smaller companies operated from Madrid, mostly in narrow gauge. After the Civil War, in 1941, the ailing railway companies were nationalised and joined in the new RENFE, and the narrow gauge lines were progressively closed, the last one in 1970. Almost at the same time, the new Chamartín station was built and all services were transferred to the main stations: Chamartín for the north and east-bound and the international services and Atocha for the south and west-bound trains. Both stations were linked by a tunnel, the Connection Railway Line (Línea de Enlaces Ferroviarios, a line to link the MZA lines with the Norte lines; the building started during the Second Republic and was only finished in 1967. The delays gave the tunnel the nickname of Túnel de la risa ("Tunnel of Laughter" (es)), after a fairground attraction very popular in the 1930s.
The development of the towns around Madrid as bedroom communities only started in the late 1960s, in two different parts of the metropolitan area:
The Henares Corridor
The main Madrid-Zaragoza-Barcelona line followed the valley of the Henares river, going through the important town of Alcalá de Henares to Guadalajara and Zaragoza. The towns around the line (Coslada, San Fernando de Henares, Torrejón de Ardoz, Alcalá itself) and some suburbs within the city of Madrid (Vallecas Villa, Vicálvaro) started to grow large bedroom communities, which relied heavily in the railway for commuting to Madrid.
The South-Southwestern Area
At the same time, the former rural towns of Alcorcón, Móstoles, Leganés, Fuenlabrada and Getafe (and some others) started to grow as bedroom communities. These bedroom communities were less rail-oriented and relied more in bus services and private transportation, but soon the rail services were enlarged: in the Madrid-Toledo line for the towns of Getafe and Parla, in the Madrid-Talavera de la Reina line for Leganés and Fuenlabrada, and in 1976 a full (Spanish) gauge line between Madrid and Móstoles was built, substituting the narrow gauge line closed in 1970.
At this time, the services were full part of the normal RENFE services, and the cars and stations had the standard livery of the rest of the company. In the 1980s, services started to operate between Madrid-Chamartín and the new town of Tres Cantos, serving also the Autonomous University of Madrid campus, in Cantoblanco.
From 1989 on
In 1989, RENFE divided its services in business areas (áreas de negocio), each one with its own symbols and livery. The gold and blue colors were substituted by the red, white and gray colors of the new Cercanías brand and new network maps were made, where the lines were numbered. At the same time, a shift was appreciated in the Metropolitan Madrid area growth; the new housing initiatives moved from the northeast and southwest part of the region to the northwest. RENFE then started an ambitious plan of growth of the Cercanías network: linking the decaying Norte station, now renamed Príncipe Pío, to the Atocha station, through the former industrial districts just south the Madrid downtown. This project, called the Pasillo Verde (Green Corridor), also created new streets and housing projects. In 1997, the Pasillo Verde was finished. In 2000, the line C-1 was extended to the towns of Alcobendas and San Sebastián de los Reyes, relieving the heavy road traffic between these towns and Madrid. In 2003, the C-7 line was extended to Colmenar Viejo, and in 2004, the C-5 to Humanes. Both extensions were ardently sought, because both cities were already linked by railroad to Madrid, so a Cercanías service was considered logical. The company also developed the so-called CIVIS services, linking important stations non-stop with downtown Madrid (see below at CIVIS).
The 11 March 2004 attacks
The 11 March 2004 attacks occurred in four trains circulating by the Madrid-Alcalá-Guadalajara-Zaragoza line. One of the trains was a double-decker 450 series which served the C-2 line coming from Guadalajara to Chamartín; the other three were 446 series who departed from Alcalá de Henares: two serving the C-1 line to Alcobendas and one serving the C-7 line, finishing in Príncipe Pío. After the attacks, services were reintroduced the following day, with RENFE private security reinforced. Security measures and design of the rolling stock have been accredited to having notably reduced the number of casualties in the attacks.
Lines
Nine lines serve the Cercanías network. There are three kinds of lines:
suburb-to-Madrid lines these lines make a direct link between the suburbs with downtown Madrid: lines C-2, C-7, and C-10.
suburb-to-suburb lines, passing through Madrid these lines link two suburbs, but most passengers only go from one of the suburbs to Madrid or vice-versa; indeed, some of these lines have special services suburb-to-Madrid only, specially in rush hours, early in the morning or late at night. Suburb-to-suburb lines are the C-3, C-4, C-5 and C-8.
intra-city line C-1, only runs through the city of Madrid from Príncipe Pío to the Madrid Airport.
tourist line C-9, from the village of Cercedilla (terminus of C-8) to the ski resorts of Navacerrada Pass and Cotos. Only runs from December to March.
It can be argued that lines C-2 and C-8 are the same line, as usually the trains who finish C-8 line in Atocha will follow line C-2 to Guadalajara and vice versa; indeed, a C-2 train will be signed El Escorial or Cercedilla rather than Chamartín, and a C-8 train will rather be signed Guadalajara than Atocha.
There is no line C-6 because it was combined with line C-5.
In 2004 construction was begun on a second central line to link Atocha and Chamartín, to relieve the heavy traffic in the old tunnel (built during the 1930s and 1940s, when materials were scarce and poor). Opening on July 9, 2008, it included a new station at Sol of the Metro where trains stop instead of at Recoletos on the old line. The tunnel is now in use by the C-3 and C-4.
Stations
Operation
Operating times
Rather strangely for such a night-living city as Madrid, trains do not operate late at night, mostly for union and safety reasons. The first train to operate on weekdays is the 5:07 C-5 train from Móstoles/El Soto; the rest of the lines (except C-9) start to operate around 5:30 am. Line C-9, being a branch line located far away from central Madrid in the Sierra de Guadarrama, operates from 9:30 am to 10:30 pm.
The frequency of the trains depends on the size of the towns served and the traffic on the line. The central section of the network, from Atocha to Chamartín, through Recoletos and Nuevos Ministerios, has trains every 3–4 minutes (of various lines) on weekday peak hours; the farther branches of the C-8 line have trains every two hours on weekends.
All lines (except C-9) finish their operations around midnight.
Rolling stock
There are basically three series of trains operating in the Madrid Cercanías network:
446 series built from 1989 on, these are the most usual cars in the network, together with 447 series. They are used for almost all lines. Their maximum speed is 100 km/h and can carry 704 passengers (204 seated) in each three cars. They use an AdTranz Propulsion & Control System, with CAF bogies and carbody.
447 series built from 1993 on. Their maximum speed is 120 km/h and can carry 704 passengers (204 seated) in each three cars. They use a Siemens Propulsion & Control System, with CAF bogies and carbody.
450 series the double-decker 450 series were built from 1990 on. Apart from the double deck, they are different from the other series in their almost all-seat configuration. They are mostly used on the C-2/C-8 and the C-1 line. Their maximum speed is 140 km/h and they can carry 1840 passengers (1008 seated).
They are also new modular and moderns trains, called Civia (462, 463, 464 or 465 series). They share the same design, the series number depending on the number of coaches, with a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 5 coaches. They have been designed as a replacement for the old 440/440R series in the CIVIS services. In Madrid there are only 465 series.
The 446 and 447 series trains can serve in two composition: a single composition of three cars (called tren corto or short train) and a double composition of six cars (called tren largo or long train) As the double composition is the most usual, when a service is operated by a single composition it is announced previously.
Tickets
Cercanias is part of the Madrid Regional Transport Consortium (Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid) and follows its zoning system, based in concentric zones around Madrid. The price of the trips inside the network depends on the number of zones crossed.
Prices of one single trip ticket, in euro as of April 2015:
There is also the bonotren, that allows ten trips (prices range from € 5.65 to 26.20) and the abono mensual that allows two trips a day during a natural month (prices range from € 20.00 to 70.00) The abono mensual should not be confused with the Abono Transportes, which allows the use of the entire transport network – not just trains.
CIVIS
CIVIS is a special service which operates on some lines: first on C-10 and C-3, and later on C-2. The CIVIS services uses the direct railway line between Chamartín and San Fernando without stopping and thus provides faster through service to San Fernando and stations beyond.
Development plans
As Renfe is (at the moment) a constituent of the Spanish Ministry of Infrastructure, and national infrastructure development projects during the last ten years have focused on the development of the Spanish high speed network, funding for new lines has been scarce and growth has been slow (in comparison with the rocket-paced growth of the Madrid Metro).
As the Cercanías network is the only public transportation system in Madrid which is owned by the Spanish central state (in comparison with the Metro and bus services, owned regionally, municipally and privately) this difference has been exploited politically. A harsh debate between the Madrid regional government (which operates the Metro) and the central government (which operates the Cercanías) about who is responsible for building the line to the new terminal of the Barajas Airport delayed the construction of any rail link. The Madrid Metro Line 8 extension to Terminal 4 opened in May 2007, while the Cercanías link did not open until 2011.
See also
Madrid Metro
Renfe
Commuter rail
Elektrichka
S-Bahn
Réseau Express Régional
Transportation in Spain
References
External links
Cercanías
Transport in Madrid
Rail transport in the Community of Madrid |
4025721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie%20Cobb | Artie Cobb | Artie Cobb (born November 17, 1942) is an American professional poker player, based in Las Vegas, Nevada. Cobb began playing poker in New York, where he is originally from, and would later move to Las Vegas in 1976.
Poker career
Cobb has won four bracelets at the World Series of Poker (WSOP), three of them in seven-card stud. To date, only one player has made more in WSOP stud events than Cobb.
He won his first bracelet in the 1983 WSOP $1,000 seven card stud event Hi-Lo event, defeating David Singer during the heads-up play. This was Cobb's first cash in any WSOP event.
Cobb won his second bracelet in 1987, defeating multi-bracelet winner Don Williams heads-up in a seven card stud event. He later won two more bracelets at the WSOP, both in seven card stud events.
Cobb cashed in the $10,000 no limit Texas hold'em main event in 1986 (34th), 1987 (34th), and 1990 (28th).
As of 2011, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,550,000.
World Series of Poker Bracelets
Notes
1942 births
American poker players
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Super Bowl of Poker event winners |
4025722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celano | Celano | Celano is a town and comune in the Province of L'Aquila, central Italy, east of Rome by rail.
Geography
Celano rises on the top of a hill in the territory of Marsica, below the mountain range of Sirente. It faces the valley of Fucino, once filled by the large Fucine Lake, which was drained during the 19th century.
History
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Celano suffered from the invasions of Lombards (6th century). The city passed under Byzantine control, and was then subdued by the Lombards and governed by the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento.
From the 8th century, Charlemagne and his descendants ruled the Marsica region independently of Spoleto, raising it to the rank of county. Celano was elected Caput Marsorum (capital city of the Marsica region), governed by the Berardi family. From around the year 1140, it was captured by the Normans, who annexed it to the Kingdom of Sicily. Fearing that Marsica was becoming too powerful, in the year 1223 Emperor Frederick II ordered his army to destroy the castles of the region. Celano suffered a long siege, which ended with its defeat and total destruction and the exile of its entire male population to Sicily and Malta. Once the feudal rights of Celano were abolished the region came under the jurisdiction of the Giustizierato of Abruzzo, with Sulmona as capital.
After the intercession of the Pope Honorius III, Emperor Frederick II authorised the inhabitants to return from exile. The new city was rebuilt three years after its destruction, about one kilometre from the ancient city. Celano reflourished and was once again governed by the Berardi family.
After a series of struggles between the Angevins and Aragonese, in the 15th century the family of Berardi was dethroned by the family of the Pope Pius II of Pienza, allied to the Aragonese, who governed the city and its county. Celano was incorporated into the Kingdom of Naples till 1860, except during the years associated with the Napoleonic era and the Parthenopean Republic. In the year 1591, the Piccolomini family sold the County of Celano to Camilla Peretti, sister of Pope Sixtus V. The city was at times also governed by the Savelli and Sforza families and was damaged by earthquakes in the years 1695, 1780, 1915 and 2009.
From the year 1860, Celano belonged to the Kingdom of Italy.
Main sites
The square Piccolomini Castle, with round towers at the corners, was erected in its present form on the top of the San Vittorino Hill. Its construction was commissioned by Count Pietro Berardi around the year 1392, and was finished around 1451. In 1463, it was adapted on the orders of Antonio Piccolomini. On January 13, 1915, the castle was seriously damaged by a terrible earthquake that destroyed many villages in the area. The restoration began 25 years later, in 1940, but was interrupted because of the Second World War and was resumed only in 1955, with completion in 1960. Today, the castle hosts the Museum of Sacred Art of the Marsica. The beautiful castle is easily recognisable driving on the highway A25 between Rome and Pescara.
Celano is home to three churches with 13th-century façades, in the style of those of L'Aquila.
Culture and sport
Celano F.C. Marsica plays in Serie D Group F in the 2012/2013 football season.
Celano's sister city is Żejtun in Malta.
Notable people
Celano is the birthplace of the Blessed Thomas of Celano, born between the years 1185 and 1190, and follower of St. Francis of Assisi, and of the classical pianist Nazzareno Carusi.
See also
Museo Paludi di Celano
References
External links
:it:Immagine:Celano con Castello Piccolomini.jpg
Picture of Castello Piccolomini
Marsica |
4025738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR%20K10%20class | LSWR K10 class | The London and South Western Railway K10 Class was a class of 40 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for mixed traffic work. They were introduced on the London and South Western Railway in 1901 and 1902 to the design of Dugald Drummond, where they earned the nickname "Small Hoppers".
Background
In order to satisfy a pressing requirement for mixed-traffic locomotives, Drummond adopted the solution of a small-wheeled 4-4-0 he had previously employed on the Caledonian Railway. The resulting K10 had the same diameter coupled wheels as the M7 and the boiler was interchangeable with the M7, 700 and C8 classes
Construction history
Forty of the class were subsequently outshopped from the LSWR's Nine Elms Locomotive Works. They were generally paired with a 6-wheel tender because of their intended short journey lengths, which included local stopping trains and medium-level freight haulage, but as with the later L11 class, some could occasionally be seen with a "watercart" tender for longer trips.
Livery and numbering
LSWR and Southern
Livery under the LSWR was Drummond's LSWR Passenger Sage Green, with purple-brown edging and black and white lining. Under Southern Railway ownership from grouping in 1923, the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsell's darker version of the LSWR Sage Green with yellow lettering on the tender, with black and white lining. This livery was continued under Oliver Bulleid despite his experimentations with Malachite green, though the 'Southern' lettering on the tender was changed to the 'Sunshine Yellow' style. During the Second World War, members of the class outshopped form overhaul were turned out in wartime black. The class was haphazardly numbered by the LSWR. Numbering under the Southern retained the LSWR allocations.
Post-1948 (nationalisation)
In 1947 nos.136/8/49 & nos.342/4/7/81/7/8 were placed out of use leaving just thirty-one to enter into British Railways ownership upon nationalisation in 1948. However, with withdrawals rapidly continuing only no.381 physically received its new BR number (30381 in ‘Sunshine Yellow’ and still with ‘Southern’ on its black unlined tender). But it too was withdrawn (April 1951) before no.389 (failed July 1951) and no.384 (already condemned but serviceable to August 1951). None of the K10 class carried the Railway Executive's Standard Livery for British Railways (as published in February 1949).
Operational details
The class shared the same inability to sustain their power over long distances as the C8s, leading to the K10s being employed only on occasional main line trips over short distances. The class therefore gained the nickname of "Small Hoppers" from their crews. The aforementioned defect was not a hindrance, with the class leading an admirable career on secondary routes. Due to the LSWR being primarily a passenger railway, there were few heavy goods services that would have proved too much for the design despite its flaws.
Comparison with L11
According to Dendy Marshall, the main differences between the K10 "Small Hoppers" and the L11 "Large Hoppers" were:
K10, coupling rods and C8 type boiler
L11, coupling rods and T9 type boiler
Preservation
None have been preserved.
References
Casserley, H.C. (1971) London and South Western locomotives, incorporating Burtt, F. [1949] LSWR locomotives—a survey. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Limited.
Further reading
Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives, 1949 edition, part 2
External links
SEMG gallery
Blood & Custard and associated liveries
K10
4-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1901
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain |
4025744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carini | Carini | Carini (, ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, Sicily, by rail west-northwest of Palermo. It has a population of 37,752.
Timaeus, in the thirteenth book of his work Histories, said that it was called Hyccara because the first men who arrived there found a species of fishes which were called hycae ().
The small town, in the ancient periods called Garinis, was built around the X century by the Arabs, not far from Hyccara, the only Sican settlement (probably a fishing village) on the coast. It was stormed and taken by the Athenians in 415 BC during the Peloponnesian War, and the inhabitants, among them the famous courtesan Lais, sold as slaves. Christian catacombs were found at Villagrazia.
The first historical mention of a bishop of the see is in two letters of Pope Gregory the Great, in the 6th century, one addressed to Bonifacius of Reggio Calabria, the other to Barbarus of Carini. But many signs, including local catacombs, show that a Christian community existed at Carini from the 3rd century. A lead seal bears the name of a Felix, bishop of this see. One of Gregory the Great's letters show that the diocese was incorporated into that of Reggio Calabria in September 595, but by 602 it was again under its own bishop. A Bishop John of the see took part in a synod at Rome in 649. The last testimony to its existence dates from the 8th century, and the Muslim conquest of Sicily, which began in 827, brought it to an end as a residential bishopric.<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonifacio_res-7c7e332e-87e8-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ Paolo Bertolini, "Bonifacio" in Dizionario Biografico Treccani]</ref> As a result, Carini/Hyccara/Hyccarum is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Tourism and retail
Tourism is an important part Carini's economy. Carini's lure for tourists is based mainly on shopping but also on its possession of other ancient and modern attractions. Carini has one of the biggest shopping areas in Sicily called the Zona Industriale where more than ten big shopping centres can be found. The Zona Industriale attracts people from the surrounding areas and beyond, especially during weekends and the summer season. Carini has two shopping malls, including one of sicily's largest, centro commerciale Poseidon. The other shopping mall is called Portobello - Le Gallerie del Risparmio''.
Military Architecture
Carini Castle
The building was erected in the late ninth and early twelfth century, certainly on a previous Arab construction, by the first Norman feudal lord Rodolfo Bonello, warrior in the retinue of Count Roger. The excavations carried out during the recent restoration, both in the east and in the north, they have surfaced walls of earlier times to the Norman. The castle has a large courtyard, where there is the residential structure made primarily in two elevations. The ground floor consists of: a room with a cross vault that contains a wall in stone, which originally served as the exterior wall. In this are visible windows and a pointed front door with splays of the old medieval structure; A large hall divided by two pointed arches with the central column; The private chapel where you can admire a beautiful wooden tabernacle of the first decade of '600, with Corinthian columns that mark prospectively space.
Outside the chapel, a portal giving access to the bastion, where the remains of a perimeter wall are visible. The second floor, reached by an outside stone staircase Billiemi, architect Matteo Carnalivari, comprises: the ballroom, classic example of fifteenth-century room with coffered wooden ceiling, fireplace adorned with the emblem of La Grua and large windows with leaning seats and from the sleeping area, composed of frescoed rooms, where you can admire a beautiful eighteenth-century decorated door that characterizes the alcove. A small circular staircase leads to the kitchen, while another adjoining rooms on the upper floors. From the west side there is access to an area called "Foresteria." A staircase leads to the castle tower or male. The continuous tower with a wooden gallery from which a mullioned window with the emblem of Abbate can observe the south side of the country. The Abbate family commanded the castle from 1283 to 1397 after Palmerio Abbate campaigned with Geovanni Procida during the War of the Sicilian Vespers. The castle was then commanded by the La Grua Talamanca family. Here is the time to cruise with plumes also ending with Billiemi stone. A scale, which no longer exists, allowing the output to the battlements of the tower. From a door, characterized by an arch lancet, you exit into a small terrace, recently created, which allows to observe the city.
Coastal Defensive Towers
Torre Muzza, built in the seventeenth century and located on the coastal strip in Piraineto area;
Internal Defensive Towers to the Territory
Franco tower, built in the seventeenth century and located close to the Villagrazia di Carini;
Guardiola Tower, built in the seventeenth century and located near Zucco Fund;
Tower of Life, built in the eighteenth century and located near the historic center
Defensive Towers Incorporated into Beams
Tower and trap Baglio, the first of which was built in the thirteenth century and incorporated in the beam in the sixteenth century, located on the coast in places Carborangeli;
Tower and beam Chiachea, built in the sixteenth century and located on the coastal strip in locations Chiachea;
Tower and beam Milioti, built in the sixteenth century and located near the coast in places Milioti;
Tower and beam Aiello, built in the eighteenth century and located near the village of Olives Park;
The farm Zucco, complex built in the eighteenth century, surrounded by four towers, famous for its wines.
Main sights
References
External links
Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo |
4025776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendham | Mendham | Mendham may refer to:
Mendham, Saskatchewan, Canada
Mendham, Suffolk, England
Mendham Borough, New Jersey, USA
Mendham Township, New Jersey, USA
People with the surname
John Mendham, English MP
Joseph Mendham, English clergyman and controversialist
Peter Mendham, English former footballer |
4025777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Hellmann | Hans Hellmann | Hans Gustav Adolf Hellmann (14 October 1903 – 29 May 1938) was a German theoretical physicist.
Biography
Hellmann was born in Wilhelmshaven, Prussian Hanover. He began studying electrical engineering in Stuttgart, but changed to engineering physics after a semester. Hellmann also studied at the University of Kiel.
He received his diploma from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin for work on radioactive compounds under Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner. He received his Ph.D. at Stuttgart with Prof. Erich Regener for work on the decomposition of ozone. Hellmann's future spouse Victoria Bernstein was the foster daughter of Regener. In 1929 Hellmann became an assistant professor at the Leibniz University Hannover.
After the Nazi rise to power, Hellmann was dismissed on 24 December 1933 as ‘undesirable’ because of his Jewish wife. He immigrated to the Soviet Union, taking up a position at the Karpov institute in Moscow working among other things on pseudopotentials. However, he was later denounced during the Great Purge, imprisoned on 10 May 1938 and executed in Butovo on 29 May. His son, Hans Hellmann, Jr., was only allowed to leave the former Soviet Union in 1991.
In science, his name is primarily associated with the Hellmann–Feynman theorem, as well as with one of the first-ever textbooks on quantum chemistry (‘Kvantovaya Khimiya’, 1937; translated into German as ‘Einfuehrung in die Quantenchemie’, Vienna, 1937). He pioneered several approaches now commonplace in quantum chemistry, notably the use of pseudopotentials.
Notes
References
Translation of
Siegen university site
Complete list of publications of Hans Hellmann (Freie Universität Berlin)
1903 births
1938 deaths
20th-century German chemists
People from Wilhelmshaven
People from the Province of Hanover
20th-century German physicists
University of Stuttgart alumni
University of Kiel alumni
University of Hanover faculty
Great Purge victims from Germany
Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union
Theoretical physicists
Executed people from Lower Saxony |
4025783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferden%2C%20Limburg | Afferden, Limburg | Afferden (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Bergen (L.), and lies about 25 km southeast of Nijmegen.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1293 as Afordia. The etymology is unknown. Afferden is a village along the Maas. It was a heerlijkheid before 1176. The castle was destroyed in the 16th century. In 1648, it became part of Spanish Guelders. In 1713, it became part of Prussia, and in 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Catholic St Cosmas and Damianus Church is a three aisled basilica like church with a tower at some distance. The tower dates from the late-13th century. The church dated from the 15th century, but was severely damaged in 1945 and demolished. The current church was built between 1957 and 1958 and designed by Johannes Kayser. The tower was repaired in the same period.
The ruins of the Bleijenbeek Castle are to the east of Afferden. In 1390, a fortified farm with tower was built. The tower was destroyed in 1579. Around 1688, the castle was modified and extended in a classical style. In 1945, it was reduced to a ruin.
Affereden was home to 460 people in 1840.
Afferden was severely damaged in 1944 and 1945. During Operation Market Garden, the western side of the Maas was liberated by the British, however the Germans built defences on the eastern side. The grist mill Nooit Gedacht was built in 1958. Its predecessor was built in 1852. In January 1945, the inhabitants were evacuated, and when the miller returned in May 1945, the wind mill was reduced to ruins. Nowadays, it only operates on a voluntary basis.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Bergen, Limburg |
4025784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSnapshot | KSnapshot | KSnapshot is a screenshot application for the KDE desktop environment developed by Richard J. Moore, Matthias Ettrich and Aaron J. Seigo. The screenshots taken by KSnapshot are also called snapshots, which explains its name. It is written in Qt and C++. KSnapshot allows users to use hotkeys to take a screenshot.
In December 2015, KSnapshot has been replaced by Spectacle.
Features
KSnapshot has the following features:
Save snapshot in multiple formats
Take new snapshot
Open with... possibility to open snapshot in external editor.
Copy to clipboard
Several capture modes, including selected region or single window.
Snapshot delay
Ksnapshot also had a direct-to-print button but it was removed in version KDE 3.5.
Spectacle
Spectacle replaced KSnapshot with the release of KDE Applications 15.12 in December 2015.
In addition to what one could do with KSnapshot, Spectacle can take composite screenshots of pop-up menus along with their parent windows. Other feature is the ability to take screenshots without explicitly starting Spectacle by using the keyboard shortcuts and respectively. Spectacle was optimized to start fast to minimize the time lag between starting the application and capturing the image.
See also
GNOME Screenshot
scrot
References
External links
The KSnapshot Handbook
Free software programmed in C++
KDE Applications
Screenshot software
Software that uses Qt
Utilities for macOS
Utilities for Windows |
4025790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altweerterheide | Altweerterheide | Altweerterheide (; ) is a town in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Weert, and lies about 4 km southwest of Weert.
In 2001, Altweerterheide had 514 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.14 km², and contained 195 residences.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Weert |
4025793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BCve%20diagram | Stüve diagram | A Stüve diagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting.
It was developed circa 1927 by the German meteorologist Georg Stüve (1888–1935) and quickly gained widespread acceptance in the United States to plot temperature and dew point data from radiosondes.
This diagram has a simplicity in that it uses straight lines for the three primary variables: pressure, temperature and potential temperature. The isotherms are straight and vertical, isobars are straight and horizontal, dry adiabats are also straight and have a 45° inclination to the left, while moist adiabats are curved. Wind barbs, symbols used to show wind speed and direction, are often plotted at the side of the diagram to indicate the winds at different heights.
However, using this configuration sacrifices the equal-area property of the original Clausius–Clapeyron relation requirements between the temperature of the environment and the temperature of a parcel of air lifted/lowered. Although it permits analysis of the cloud cover and the stability of the airmass, it thus does not permit calculation of the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE). This is why the three other thermodynamic diagrams (emagrams, tephigrams, and skew-T log-P diagrams) are most often preferred, the latter in the USA nowadays.
See also
Thermodynamic diagrams
Skew-T log-P diagram
Emagram
Tephigram
References
M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers, Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, January 1, 1989, 304 pages.
J. V. Iribarne and W. L. Godson, Atmospheric Thermodynamics, Second Edition, published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1981, 278 pages, ,
Atmospheric thermodynamics |
4025794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meall%20a%27%20Bh%C3%B9iridh | Meall a' Bhùiridh | Meall a' Bhùiridh (IPA:[ˈmauɫ̪ˈaˈvuːɾʲɪʝ]) is a mountain on the edge of Rannoch Moor in the Highlands of Scotland. It lies near the top of Glen Coe and Glen Etive, overlooking the Kings House Hotel inn and the A82 road. The Glencoe Ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak.
Meall a' Bhùiridh is linked by a high bealach to the neighbouring peak of Creise, and the two hills are often climbed in conjunction, starting and finishing at the ski area carpark.
The Clachlet Traverse is a 25 km north-to-south route linking the inn at Inveroran with the Kingshouse. Meall a' Bhùiridh is the final of four Munros crossed on this route, the others being (south to north) Stob a' Choire Odhair, Stob Ghabhar and Creise.
References
External links
Glencoe Mountain
Glencoe Ski area
Highland-Instinct
Munros
Marilyns of Scotland
Mountains and hills of the Central Highlands
Ski areas and resorts in Scotland
Mountains and hills of Highland (council area)
One-thousanders of the British Isles
Glen Coe |
4025796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcen | Arcen | Arcen (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2010, it became part of the municipality of Venlo. Previously, it had been part of the municipality of Arcen en Velden and the seat of the town hall ().
In 2001, Arcen had 1884 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.39 km2, and contained 747 residences.
In December 2009, the last month before merging with the city of Venlo, the municipality of Arcen en Velden had 8671 inhabitants.
Its location on the river Maas (Meuse) makes it a popular tourist attraction. It is wedged in between Germany in the east and the river Maas in the west. National Park de Hamert lies just north of Arcen. Historic buildings include the 'Schanstoren' (Schans Tower) and the castle as well as century old houses in the village itself. The town hall is of a Traditionalist 20th century design by A.J. Kropholler while the church was designed in a similar style by H.W. Valk. Outside the centre are the Hertog Jan beer brewery and the 'De IJsvogel' distillery, which is located in a historic water mill and produces jenever (gin), bitters and liquors.
Near Arcen lies the only preserved fortress built to protect the Fossa Eugeniana, a canal built between 1625 and 1629 to connect the rivers Rhine and Maas.
Arcen has a thermal bath and various holiday parks.
Arcen's 'Kasteeltuinen' (castle gardens) went bankrupt in 2012.
Arcen is the birthplace of former Dutch soccer international Stan Valckx.
Gallery
Climate
References
External links
Castle Gardens
Boroughs of Venlo
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Spa towns in the Netherlands |
4025797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arensgenhout | Arensgenhout | Arensgenhout (; ) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Beekdaelen, and lies about 8 km south of Geleen.
The hamlet was first mentioned in 1381 as "dat dorpe 't gene Hoit", and means "forest belonging to Arnold (person)".
Arensgehnout was home to 287 people in 1840. In 1850, the remains of the Roman villa Steenland were discovered.
The former monastery Ravensbos was built in 1885 with school and boarding house and was intended as a seminary. It was sold in the late-20th century, and has a residential function.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Beekdaelen |
4025803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesfin%20Woldemariam | Mesfin Woldemariam | Mesfin Woldemariam (Ge'ez: መስፍን ወልደ ማርያም; 23 April 1930 – 29 September 2020) was an Ethiopian academic and human rights activist.
Early life and education
Mesfin Woldermariam was born on 23 April 1930 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Mesfin received his early education at Teferi Mekonnen School, and was a student of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, receiving ordination as a deacon in 1946. He completed his further education in London in 1951, and won a scholarship to study abroad. He received his BA from Punjab University, Chandigarh in 1955 and his MA and Ph.D. from Clark University in 1977 by dissertation rural vulnerability to famine in Ethiopia.
Mesfin was professor of geography at Haile Selassie University (now Addis Ababa University), and for a time was head of the geography department. He was also a senior Fulbright scholar in 1971, 1986 and 1987. He retired in 1991.
Political activism
Responding to a student petition, on 8 April 2001 Mesfin and Berhanu Nega held a day-long panel discussion at the hall of the National Lottery on academic freedom. They were arrested on the allegations that this panel incited a student protest at AAU the next day, but released on bail 5 June and neither were ever tried.
In November 2005, the government of Ethiopia detained Mesfin on charges of treason, genocide and outrage against the constitution, along with other leading members of the Coalition for Unity and Democracy. This charge was considered to criminalize actions of free speech, freedom of association and freedom of expression that are guaranteed by international human rights laws, and has been condemned by many international observers including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the European Union. He was held at Kaliti Prison. During his incarceration, Mesfin took part in two hunger strikes in December 2005 and January 2006, protesting his detention and trial. He later contracted pneumonia, collapsing in his prison cell 18 August, and was taken to the hospital. The court was supposed to deliver the verdict on 19 February 2007. However, Mesfin, and 37 others were pronounced guilty on 11 June 2007.
This judgment occurred after Mesfin refused to defend himself, insisting that the arrest, charges, detention and trial were politically motivated and that the trial was not likely to be fair. Along with 37 others, he was convicted on the basis of the prosecution evidence and prevented from making a statement in court after the prosecution case ended. The prosecutor is said to have presented video and audio evidence. The judge ruled that as they had not submitted a defense and were guilty as charged.
Mesfin, along with the 37 other Ethiopian opposition party officials, prominent human rights defenders and journalists on trial with him, were freed on 20 July 2007. They received a pardon and had their political rights restored four days after most were sentenced to life in prison and others to prison terms of up to 15 years.
Death and funeral
Mesfin died on 29 September 2020 from complications brought by COVID-19, at the age of 90. Mesfin's funeral took place on 6 October 2020, with many government officials, celebrities and family members attended. Professor Berhanu Nega, spokesperson of the House of Federation Tagesse Chaffo, the mayor of Addis Ababa Adanech Abebe, and the President of Oromia Region Shimeles Abdisa also presented.
In his funeral service statements, he was credited as the founder of the Ethiopian Human Rights Council (EHRCO) and he also conducted various researches on famine and drought related topics, various socio economic thematic areas.
References
External links
Official website dedicated to Mesfin Wolde Mariam by his children
A call for immediate release of Prof. Mesfin W/Mariam by Amnesty International
Prof. Mesfin's controversial Book
1930 births
2020 deaths
Addis Ababa University faculty
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Ethiopia
Clark University alumni
Ethiopian prisoners and detainees
Ethiopian human rights activists
Rainbow Ethiopia: Movement for Democracy and Social Justice politicians
Recipients of Ethiopian presidential pardons |
4025807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20575%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | County Route 575 (New Jersey) | County Route 575 (CR 575) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Somers Point-Mays Landing Road (CR 559) in Egg Harbor Township to New York Road (U.S. Route 9 or US 9) in Port Republic.
Route description
CR 575 begins at an intersection with CR 559 in Egg Harbor Township, heading north on two-lane undivided English Creek Avenue. The road runs through a mix of woods and homes, crossing CR 615 as it turns more to the northeast and crosses CR 559 Alternate. CR 575 continues to US 40/US 322 (Black Horse Pike), where it turns west to form a concurrency with that road. Here, English Creek Avenue continues north as CR 603. The Black Horse Pike, a four-lane divided highway, heads west through commercial areas, crossing into Hamilton Township and reaching the CR 646 junction. CR 575 splits from US 40/US 322 by heading northeast on Wrangleboro Road a short distance before the US 40/US 322 split.
Past this intersection, CR 575 is briefly a six-lane divided highway as it intersects a ramp to and from the eastbound Atlantic City Expressway and an access road to the Hamilton Mall. The road becomes a four-lane undivided road as it continues through commercial areas and runs southeast of the former Atlantic City Race Course. Upon reaching a partial interchange with access to and from the westbound direction of the Atlantic City Expressway, CR 575 becomes two lanes again and enters woodland. The road crosses CR 563 near the Atlantic City International Airport before coming into Galloway Township. Here, the route becomes Pomona Road and enters wooded residential areas within the community of Pomona, intersecting CR 686 and CR 605 before crossing NJ Transit’s Atlantic City Line. The route acontinues to an intersection with US 30 (White Horse Pike).
After US 30, CR 575 crosses CR 633 before leaving Pomona and meeting CR 561. The road continues through forested areas with some farms before passing near the campus of Stockton University. Past the college, the route forms a concurrency with CR 561 Alternate and reaches a complete interchange with the Garden State Parkway. This interchange provides access to and from the parkway. CR 561 Alternate and CR 575 split a short distance later, with CR 575 heading into Port Republic on English Creek-Port Republic Road, Pomona Avenue, and Main Street. The road continues through dense woodland before making a turn to the east and passing several homes. CR 575 intersects CR 610 and turns north onto Old New York Road, intersecting CR 624 a short distance later. Leaving the center of Port Republic, the road enters rural areas again and turns northeast at the CR 650 junction onto Chestnut Neck Road. The route parallels the Garden State Parkway to the south and passes a couple businesses. CR 575 comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with US 9.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
County Route 575
575
575 |
4025808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenray | Asenray | Asenray (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Roermond, and lies about 3 km east of Roermond.
It was first mentioned in 1267 as "vicum qui dicitur Asenraede", and means "forest cultivation by Aso (person)". Asenray was home to 194 people in 1840. A church was built in 1932. In 1945, just before liberation, it was blown up by the Germans. In 1948, a new church was built.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Roermond |
4025812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baarlo | Baarlo | Baarlo (; ) is a village in the southeastern Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Peel en Maas, Limburg, about 6 km southwest of Venlo.
Name and symbols
The oldest mention of the name Baarlo is from 1219.
The oldest certificate of the bank of Baarlo dates from 25 January 1377. In 1629 for the first time it used its own seal. The seal shows the Saint Peter, holding a key in his left hand and in his right hand three ropes carrying a shield, on which a stag is shown jumping to the left. At that time, the local lord, schout or pastor sealed the certificates.
History
Archeological excavations have shown that at the beginning of our calendar people already had settled in Baarlo. Later the Romans came; they built the Roman road between Tongeren and Nijmegen and Oyen (between Baarlo and Kessel).
In the 19th century the old church of Baarlo became too small, so the city decided to build a new one. Pierre Cuypers was the architect and the church was finished in 1878.
In 1932, the priest chancel and the cross of the church were extended by Joseph Frassen. In November 1944 the church was blown up by the Germans. A restoration was not possible. Therefore, it was decided to build a new church. This work has been completed in 1955.
Castles
There are four castles in Baarlo. Castles d'Erp (has also been called de Borcht), Berckt, and Raay were built in the 13th century. Castle Scheres was built about 1860 and was inhabited by the Japanese artist Shinkichi Tajiri until he died on 15 March 2009.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Peel en Maas |
4025816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baexem | Baexem | Baexem () is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Leudal, and lies about 9 kilometres northwest of Roermond.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1244 as Baxen, and means "settlement of Bako (person)". Baexem was part of the Imperial Abbey of Thorn, a tiny independent country, until 1794. It developed into two centres in the 19th century. One was located along the Antwerp to Roermond railway line and the other Roermond to Weert road. In the 20th century, the settlements merged.
The St John the Baptist Church was built between 1949 and 1950 to replace the old church which was destroyed in 1944. A tower was added in 1958. Baexem Castle was first mentioned in 1244. The castle received its current shape from 1676 onwards. Two side wings were probably added in the 18th century.
The grist mill Aurora was built in 1845. In 1945, the miller and his assistant were repairing the wind mill when it suddenly started to turn and killed the miller. The new owner only used the electro motor. The wind mill was restored in 1972, and operates on a voluntary basis.
Baexem was home to 576 people in 1840. Until 1991, Baexem was a separate municipality; it then became a part of Heythuysen. It is part of the municipality of Leudal since 2007.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Leudal |
4025817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Bedford | Ian Bedford | Philip Ian Bedford (11 February 1930 – 18 September 1966) was an English first-class cricketer who had a sensational start to his first-class career with Middlesex in 1947 as a 17-year-old lower-order batsman and leg break bowler. In his first match, against Essex, he was the fourth spin bowler used in the Essex first innings, but took four wickets for 81 runs. He then took four for 65 in his second match against Nottinghamshire, five for 53 in his third against Surrey and five for 54 in his fourth and final match of 1947 against Lancashire.
He returned to club cricket for several years, until he succeeded John Warr as Middlesex captain in 1961 and 1962.
He played in 77 first-class matches between 1947 and 1962, taking 128 wickets at an average cost of 32.87, with a personal best of 6/52.
He died following a brain aneurysm, while batting for Finchley C.C. at Buckhurst Hill in 1966. He was 36. He left a wife and four young daughters.
References
External links
1930 births
1966 deaths
English cricketers
Middlesex cricket captains
Combined Services cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Cricketers from Greater London
Deaths from aneurysm
Middlesex cricketers |
4025823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneheide | Baneheide | Baneheide (; Ripuarian: is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Simpelveld, and lies about 9 km southwest of Kerkrade.
It was first mentioned in 1603 or 1604 as Baenenheidt, and means "cultivated heath".
National monuments
Baneheide has four farms that have been designated national monuments.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Simpelveld |
4025824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banholt | Banholt | Banholt (Limburgish: Tebannet) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is part of the municipality of Eijsden-Margraten and lies about 10 km southeast of Maastricht.
The village was first mentioned in 1294 or 1295 as Bannoyt. Banholt which developed in the Middle Ages on the plateau of Margraten. In the 18th century, it became a road village.
The Catholic St Gerlachus Church is a three aisled church with wide church which was constructed between 1874 and 1876. Banholt was home to 471 people in 1840.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Eijsden-Margraten |
4025827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beegden | Beegden | Beegden (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Maasgouw, and is located about 6 km west of Roermond.
Until 1991, Beegden was a separate municipality. During that year the village became part of the municipality of Heel en Panheel. In 2007 the municipality of Heel en Panheel, including Beegden, became part of the new municipality of Maasgouw. The town currently has about 1800 inhabitants.
During the past few years tourism has developed in Beegden, the key attractions of the town are the church, the seventeenth-century house and the St. Lindert windmill. The last underwent a major restoration in 2000 and can be visited free of charge every Wednesday and Saturday.
Born in Beegden
Annemiek Derckx (born 1954), Dutch canoer who twice won a bronze medal at the Summer Olympics
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Maasgouw |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.