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4023886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20L.%20Bissell%20Jr. | Nicholas L. Bissell Jr. | Nicholas Louis "Nick" Bissell Jr. (January 14, 1947 – November 27, 1996) was the county prosecutor of Somerset County, New Jersey. After being charged with embezzlement, tax fraud and abuse of power, he fled to Laughlin, Nevada, and killed himself after a standoff with US Marshals.
Biography
Born in 1947 to Nicholas L. Bissell Sr. (1919–2002) and his wife, Louise, Nick Bissell grew up in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, and later moved to Somerville, New Jersey. He entered private practice, then worked as a part-time judge. He then became an assistant prosecutor in Somerset County, and was appointed county prosecutor in 1982 by Governor Tom Kean. He held that position for 13 years. His specialty was civil forfeiture. At one point, the value of the assets he seized were the highest in the state, even though Somerset County is the eighth-smallest county in New Jersey. One of his best-known cases that didn't involve a forfeiture was the prosecution of Matthew Heikkila, a 21-year-old from affluent Basking Ridge, who, on January 29, 1991, murdered his adoptive parents. Although Bissell pressed for the death penalty, the jury sentenced Heikkila to two consecutive life sentences.
In 1990, a forfeiture case proved to be Bissell's downfall. On May 10, 1990, James Giuffre was arrested on charges of selling $700 worth of cocaine. Bissell said he would drop the charges if Giuffre forfeited two plots of land to the prosecutor's office, valued at $174,000. They were sold at auction below their appraised value to a friend of Bissell's chief of detectives. Giuffre filed a civil suit against Bissell (which the Somerset County Freeholders later settled for $435,000) and also then contacted the Internal Revenue Service and the FBI. Forensic accountants with the IRS discovered that Bissell skimmed cash from a gas station of which he was part owner. The FBI discovered that Bissell had destroyed a suspect's written request for a lawyer and threatened to frame his gasoline wholesaler for cocaine possession.
In September 1995, Bissell was indicted on 30 federal charges of mail fraud, tax evasion and abuse of power, and was promptly fired by Governor and Somerset County resident Christine Todd Whitman. In May 1996, he was convicted on all charges and faced a minimum sentence of six to eight years in federal prison and a maximum of ten years. He was released under the condition that he wear an electronic bracelet until he was sentenced. He abruptly cut it off on November 18, 1996 and fled to Nevada, leaving a note in which he stated that he intended to commit suicide. He was tracked by his cell phone.
He fatally shot himself after a 10-minute standoff in his hotel room, while members of the United States Marshals Service tried to lure him out of his room.
References
External links
Profile (November 21, 1995), philly.com; accessed October 13, 2016.
Profile (October 8, 1995), philly.com; accessed October 13, 2016.
at Crime Library
1947 births
1996 suicides
District attorneys in New Jersey
Suicides by firearm in Nevada
Politicians from Somerville, New Jersey
People from Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
20th-century American politicians
Place of birth missing |
4023888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Georgia%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20faculty | List of Georgia Institute of Technology faculty | This list of Georgia Institute of Technology faculty current and former faculty, staff and presidents of the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Administration
Institute presidents
Other administration
Natural sciences
Engineering
Computer science
Mathematics
Social Sciences
Psychology
Public policy
Humanities
Literature
Athletics
References
Georgia Institute of Technology faculty |
4023894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%20Yi%20Chen | Si Yi Chen | Si Yi Chen (; born 19 March 1985) is an Chinese–Australian criminal who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005, Chen was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta together with three others. Police uncovered of heroin in a suitcase in the room. After a criminal trial, on 15 February 2006 Chen was sentenced to life imprisonment. His appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock when the Supreme Court imposed the death penalty on 6 September 2006. A subsequent appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court, following a full confession by Chen to his role in the plan to import heroin from Bali to Australia, resulted in the original sentence of life imprisonment being reinstated.
Alleged trafficking conspiracy
It is unclear how Chen, aged 20 years, from Doonside in Sydney, was connected to the fellow members of the Bali Nine. According to media reports, acting on behalf of Myuran Sukumaran, on 5 April 2005 Chen handed Renae Lawrence A$500 at a Sydney hotel representing spending money for Lawrence's trip to Bali. On or about 8 April 2005, Chen arrived in Bali with Matthew Norman and checked into the White Rose Hotel. It was reported that Chen and Norman "hardly ever left their room".
On 14 April, Chen, Norman, Lawrence and Martin Stephens checked into Adhi Dharma hotel, with Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen arriving in the same hotel two days later. It was reported that police took the room next to Chen and Norman. In the evening of Sunday 17 April, appearing like tourists, Nguyen, Chen and Norman checked into the Melasti Hotel. Sukumaran, who was also with them, with his bags, left them with the others as he decided to go to the Hard Rock Hotel complex.
Arrest in Indonesia
Approximately 20 minutes after checking in, Chen was arrested at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta on 17 April 2005 with Nguyen, Sukumaran and Norman. Indonesian police claim the group were in possession of of heroin and bundles of plastic wrapping, Elastoplast tape, and a set of scales, indicating involvement in a plan to transport drugs to Australia.
Earlier that day at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Indonesian police also arrested the following drug mules after they were found carrying various amounts of heroin concealed on their bodies. Martin Stephens was found to be carrying ; Renae Lawrence was found to be carrying ; Michael Czugaj was found to be carrying and Scott Rush was found to be carrying of heroin. Alleged co-ringleader, Andrew Chan was also arrested the same day whilst seated on an Australian Airlines flight waiting to depart Denpasar for Sydney. At the time Chan was arrested, he was carrying three mobile phones and a boarding pass. No drugs were found in his possession.
Two weeks after leaving Australia, Chen's father reported him missing to Australian police and had no idea he was abroad; saying:
"I didn't see him for two weeks. I never knew he was overseas. I am very surprised to hear this news."
Criticism of Australian Federal Police tipoff
Lee Rush, the father of Scott Rush, a fellow member of the Bali Nine, said that he contacted the Australian Federal Police (AFP) prior to the commission of the offence, fearing his son was travelling to Bali and would commit a drug-related crime. Rush senior claims then to have received assurances from the AFP that they would tell his son he was under surveillance to dissuade him from going through with the crime before the group's departure from Indonesia. Scott Rush's lawyers said he was never contacted. It was revealed that the AFP alerted Indonesian police that a crime was to be committed approximately two weeks before the arrests, and had commenced an investigation about ten weeks prior to the arrests. When the Bali Nine were arrested, the news of the tipoff became public and there was criticism of the role of the AFP in protecting the interests of Australian citizens. Commenting on the matter at the time, AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty was reported as saying:
Rush took action in the Federal Court of Australia against the AFP for breach of the bilateral treaty between Indonesia and Australia when information was handed by the AFP to the Indonesians. Rush's case claimed that such information should only be released by the Attorney-General. However, the Commonwealth Government maintained that the treaty only applies after a suspect is charged. The application was dismissed by the Federal Court in January 2006.
Criminal trial
Criminal trials for the accused commenced in the Denpasar District Court on 11 October 2005. Chen, Nguyen, and Norman, all arrested at the Melasti Hotel and earning the numeric epithet, The Melasti Three, were tried together, with the remaining six defendants tried separately. During the trial it was reported that Chen denied any involvement in the alleged drug trafficking operation. Chen was quiet throughout proceedings and at times could barely be heard by panel judges.
In December 2005, it was reported that tensions were building between the Bali Nine drug mules and Sukumaran and Chan. Several days later, lawyers acting for some members of the Bali Nine initially sought the support of the Director of Public Prosecutions to intervene and lay charges for conspiracy to import drugs, so that the nine could be extradited and charged under Australian law. However, the judges hearing the trial matters in Bali called for Australia not to intervene in Indonesia's right to impose capital punishment;. Lawyers acting for Stephens, one of the Bali Nine, claimed that the fairness of his trial was in jeopardy following comments made in the media by Indonesian Foreign Minister Hassan Wirajuda that Australians should be prepared for members of the Bali Nine to receive a death sentence, if found guilty.
Sentencing and appeal
In pre-sentence proceedings, Chen's father, Edward Chen, was reported as saying:
During his final plea on 2 February 2006, Chen said:
On 15 February 2006 Chen was sentenced to life imprisonment. Commenting on the sentences at the time, Australian Federal Police Commissioner Keelty stated:
The Australian Prime Minister John Howard was reported as commenting:
A subsequent appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock on 6 September 2006 when the death penalty was imposed on Chen, Nguyen, and Norman. Following a full confession by Chen during a subsequent appeal for leniency, the original sentence of life imprisonment being reinstated with some media reports that the Melasti Three could be released before 2020, subject to good behaviour.
Additional arrests
In February 2006, as verdicts and sentences were handed down in the trial of the Bali Nine, additional arrests were made in Australia.
Prison life
Chen is serving his sentence in Kerobokan Prison where he is working in partnership with a local jewellery company Yin Jewellery to establish Mule Jewels, a rehabilitative silver making programme that offers inmates a trade skill that they are able to use upon release, and gives inmates some constructive and therapeutic work. Chen has stated online that he is sharing a cell with an Australian and a Japanese person. "It's comfortable enough for the three of us but it is dirty." He has since become a Christian.
See also
List of Australians in international prisons
List of Australian criminals
References
External links
1985 births
21st-century Australian criminals
Australian drug traffickers
Living people
Criminals from Sydney
Australian Christians
Australian people of Chinese descent
Place of birth missing (living people)
Australian people imprisoned abroad
Australian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Indonesia
Bali Nine
Bali Nine
Inmates of Kerobokan Prison |
4023910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption%20in%20Kenya | Corruption in Kenya | Corruption in the government of Kenya has a history which spans the era of the founding president Jomo Kenyatta, to Daniel arap Moi's KANU, Mwai Kibaki's PNU government and the current Uhuru Kenyatta's Jubilee Party government. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2021 Kenya is ranked 128th out of 180 countries for corruption, tied with seven other countries, including Bolivia, Azerbaijan, Laos, and Paraguay (least corrupt countries are at the top of the list).
Most bribes paid by urban residents in Kenya are fairly small but large ones are also taken – bribes worth over 50,000 Kenyan shillings (€600, US$450) account for 41% of the total value. There is also corruption on a larger scale with each of the last two regimes being criticised for their involvement.
Despite market reforms, several business surveys reveal that business corruption is still widespread and that companies frequently encounter demands for bribes and informal payments to 'get things done' in Kenya, a trend that has contributed to an increased cost of doing business in Kenya. The public procurement sector in Kenya suffers widespread corruption and is the leading form of graft in the public service and always at the centre of all major corruption scandals. The use of agents to facilitate business operations and transactions in Kenya is widespread and poses a risk for companies, particularly at the market entry and business start-up stage.
Despite positive developments, the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) was disbanded and replaced by the newly instated Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission(EACC) on 5 September 2011. Observers describe the new agency as superficial.
It is observed that in Kenya bribery and nepotism as most prevalent forms of corruption according to surveys carried out.
On 22 July 2019, Kenya's finance minister Henry Rotich became the country's first sitting minister to be arrested for corruption. This followed an order by the Director of Public Prosecution (DPP) Noordin Haji for the arrest and prosecution of Mr. Rotich and his Principal Secretary (PS) Kamau Thugge among other top government officials over the multibillion-shilling Arror and Kimwarer dams scandal.
In 2017, the US government cut health funding to Kenya over widespread corruption in the Ministry of Health. USAID suspended $21M funding for activities carried out by a number of the Ministry's departments over corruption and weak accounting procedures.
Before 1990
The first corruption incident in Kenya is widely regarded as the Ngei maize scandal of 1965. Paul Ngei, an independence hero and at the time the Minister for Marketing and Cooperatives, was involved in a maize scandal that caused a national maize shortage. The Commission of Maize Inquiry, the first of its kind in independent Kenya, found that Ngei's wife, Emma, was getting preferential treatment for her business, Emma Stores (Uhuru Millers of Kangundo), through which she bought maize directly from farmers, which was illegal at the time.
Between 1986 and 1991 the construction of the Turkwel Hydroelectric Power Station was riddled with claims of corruption. The dam was eventually built at three times the estimated cost, twice the allocated amount and producing energy significantly below capacity.
Turkwel Dam Scandal
The Turkwell Gorge Hydro Electric Dam Project was commissioned in 1986 and completed by French company Spie Batignolles in 1991. The construction of the dam is one of the controversial projects that characterized former president Moi's administration in the late 80s and early 90s. According to media reports the project was riddled by allegations over pricing, lack of environmental assessment and feasibility study and failure to have an open tendering process that saw the contract awarded to the French company.
In 1986, Achim Kratz, then European Commission delegate to Kenya, in an internal memo that was leaked to the Financial Times alleged that Kenya's failure to have an open tendering process resulted in the government paying more than double the cost.
The blame on the alleged corruption surrounding the dam was blamed on two government officials: then Minister of energy Nicholas Biwott and then Finance Minister George Saitoti who were accused of handpicking the French company for the job for their own gain in terms of kickbacks.
In 2000, the permanent secretary, secretary to the cabinet, and head of Public Service to the Kenyan government, Dr. Richard Leakey declassified the Turkwel dam files making them publicly accessible. The information, which falsified the graft allegations raised against the project including the lack of an open tendering process, was also made public in Hansard, parliamentary debates of June 8, 2000.
The late president Moi had appointed Dr. Leakey in 1999 to head the civil service and help with reform the corrupt civil service and privatization of state-owned companies but Leakey stepped down in 2001.
In March 2002 in High Court Case No 2143 of 1999, Nicholas Biwott successfully sued the People's Daily Newspaper over libel after the paper published a story accusing him of colluding with the French firm to award it the contract in disregard of due process. Justice Aluoch awarded him 10M in damages.
1990–1999
The longest-running scandal is the Goldenberg scandal, where the Kenyan government subsidized exports of gold, paying exporters in Kenyan Shillings (Sh) 35% over their foreign currency earnings. In this case, the gold was smuggled from Congo. The Goldenberg scandal cost Kenya the equivalent of more than 10% of the country's annual GDP.
A Sh360 million helicopter servicing contract in South Africa. Military officers had argued that the contract was too extravagant and servicing the helicopters could be done locally. Kenya Air Force (KAF) went ahead to spend Sh108 million as a down payment for servicing the Puma helicopters, whose tail number is logged as 418 at Denel Aviation, a South African firm.
2000–2009
"In 2003, because of the corruption and misuse of the arms under their custody, 600 KPRs (Kenya Police Reserves) were disarmed in Tana River, and in most urban areas of Kenya, they were disbanded as of 18 April 2004. Among the reasons given was that officers had become a threat to the national security instead of defending it. In some areas, the officers commanding police divisions did not know the number of men they had, even though they were issued with firearms, ammunition and walkie-talkies."
In 2003, the military was split over plans to buy new Czech fighter jets. The plan to buy the jet fighters would have cost taxpayers Sh12.3 billion.
A Sh4.1 billion Navy ship deal. A Navy project was given to Euromarine, a company associated with Anura Pereira, the tender awarded in a process that has been criticised as irregular. The tender was worth Sh4.1 billion. Military analysts say a similar vessel could have been built for Sh1.8 billion.
Chamanlal Kamani had been involved in a supply contract, as Kamsons Motors. Kampsons tendered for the supply of Mahindra Jeeps to the Police Department in the mid 1990s for close to Sh1 million (US$13,000) each, at a time when showrooms would have charged customers a sixth of the price. Moreover, the vehicles were being bought for a government department and were therefore imported duty-free. Few of the more than 1,000 units that were imported over several years are in service today.
The Kamanis were also involved in a deal to build a CID forensic laboratory. On 7 June 2004 an amount of $4.7 million was wired back. The payment was a refund against the money paid for the Criminal Investigations Department forensic laboratory. Another euro 5.2 million was paid back in respect of the E-cop project, which involved computerisation of the police force and the installation of spy cameras in Nairobi by Infotalent Systems Private Limited.
The Prisons department lost $3 million after contracting Hallmark International, a company associated with Deepak Kamani of Kamsons Motors, for the supply of 30 boilers. Only half of the boilers were delivered – from India and not the United States as had been agreed.
The construction of Nexus, a secret military communication centre in Karen, Nairobi. The Government spent Sh2.6 billion (US$36.9 million) to construct the complex. Three years later, military personnel have not moved into the centre. A phantom company, Nedermar BV Technologies, which is said to have its headquarters in the Netherlands, implemented the secret project situated along Karen South Road. Nedermar is linked to businessman Anura Pereira. However, Pereira has denied this. The tendering process for the Nexus project was circumvented as DoD's Departmental Tender Committee. Funding for the project was made through the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The complex is currently headed by Colonel Philip Kameru. Nexus was first meant to be an ammunition dumpsite before it was turned into a military communication and operations centre. Construction continued without any site visits by either the DoD staff or Ministry of Public Works officials. The Nexus project was implemented during the tenure of General Joseph Kibwana.
In 2005 plans to buy a sophisticated £20 million passport equipment system from France, as government wanted to replace its passport printing system, created conditions for corruption scandal. The transaction was originally quoted at 6 million euros from François Charles Oberthur of Paris (a supplier of Visa and MasterCards) but was awarded to a British firm, the Anglo-Leasing and Finance Company Limited, at 30 million euros, who would have sub-contracted the same French firm to do the work. Despite the lack of competitive tendering Anglo Leasing was paid a "commitment fee" of more than £600,000. Anglo Leasing's agent is a Liverpool-based firm, Saagar Associates, owned by a woman whose family has enjoyed close links with senior officials in the Moi regime. Company records show Saagar Associates is owned by Mrs Sudha Ruparell, a 47-year-old Kenyan woman. Ruparell is the daughter of Chamanlal Kamani, the multimillionaire patriarch of a business family that enjoyed close links with senior officials in the Moi regime. Anglo Leasing made a repayment of euro 956,700 through a telegraphic transfer from Schroeder & Co Bank AG, Switzerland on 17 May 2004.
The local chapter of Transparency International and the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR), a government body released a report in February 2006, stating that between January 2003 and September 2004, the National Rainbow Coalition government spent about $12-million on cars that were mostly for the personal use of senior government officials. The vehicles included 57 Mercedes-Benz, as well as Land Cruisers, Mitsubishi Pajeros, Range Rovers, Nissan Terranos and Nissan Patrols. The $12-million substantially exceeded what the government spent over the 2003/04 financial year on controlling malaria – "the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya", says the report.
In late February 2006, the newspaper The Standard ran a story claiming that president Mwai Kibaki and senior opposition figure Kalonzo Musyoka had been holding secret meetings. On 2 March at 1:00 am local time (2200 UTC on the 1st), masked gunmen carrying AK-47s raided multiple editorial offices of The Standard, and of its television station KTN. They kicked and beat staff members, forcibly took computers and transmission equipment, burned all the copies of the 2 March edition of the newspaper, and damaged the presses. At KTN, they shut down the power, putting the station off the air. Initially, the Kenyan information minister claimed no knowledge of the raid, but it has since revealed that Kenyan police were responsible. The Ministry of the Internal Security later stated that the incident was to safeguard state security. "If you rattle a snake you must be prepared to be bitten by it," John Michuki said. Three journalists at The Standard, arrested after the critical story was printed, are still being held without charge. The story now also features the bizarre case of two Armenian businessmen, mocked in the press for their taste for heavy gold chains, watches and rings, referred to as Mercenaries, who the opposition says led the raid and had shady dealings with Kibaki's government.
In November 2006, the government was accused of failing to act on a banking fraud scam worth $1.5bn involving money laundering and tax evasion, reported by whistle-blowers as early as 2004. Investigators believe sums worth 10% of Kenya's national income are involved. A recent auditor's report says the scale of the operations "threatens the stability of the Kenyan economy".
In November 2006, British Foreign Office minister Kim Howells warned, that corruption in Kenya is increasing the UK's exposure to drug trafficking and terrorism. "People can be bought, right from the person who works at the docks in Mombasa up to the government. (...) This weakness has been recognised by drug-traffickers and probably by terrorists too." Said Howells for the BBC.
On 31 August 2007, The Guardian newspaper featured on its front page a story about more than GBP 1 billion transferred out of Kenya by the family and associates of former Kenyan leader Daniel arap Moi. The Guardian sourced the information from the WikiLeaks article The looting of Kenya under President Moi and its analysis of a leaked investigative document ("the Kroll report") prepared for the Kibaki government in 2004 to try to recover money stolen during Moi's rule.
On 2007-09-06 parliament passed the Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Bill, restricting investigations by the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission to offences committed prior to May 2003, excluding the Goldenberg and Anglo-Leasing scandals and other major cases. The move was condemned by anti-corruption campaigners; Mwalimu Mati, former chief executive of the Transparency International Kenya Chapter, declared that "grand corruption has swallowed the government and parliament that Kenyans elected to fight it in 2002". In response to public outrage generated by the move, President Kibaki announced that he would veto the bill.
In September 2007, WikiLeaks released documents exposing a 500 million Kenyan shilling payroll fraud at Egerton University] and subsequent cover up, now the subject of ongoing legal dispute in the High Court.
On 28 September 2007, WikiLeaks released 28 investigative documents] exposing a US$1.5 billion money laundering fraud by Charterhouse Bank Ltd, which was widely re-reported.
In June 2008, the Grand Regency Scandal broke, wherein the Central Bank of Kenya is alleged to have secretly sold a luxury hotel in Nairobi to an unidentified group of Libyan investors for more than 4 billion Kenyan Shillings (approx US$60 million) below the appraised market value. Finance Minister Amos Kimunya negotiated the sale, and was censured in a near-unanimous motion by the Kenyan Parliament, though he vehemently denies the charges. This follows on the heels of the Safaricom IPO, overseen by Kimunya, which has been alternatively praised and questioned for possible corruption in the execution of the sale. Safaricom is the largest mobile phone service provider in Kenya, having operated with a near-government monopoly for many years. The government of Kenya sold its 50% stake in Safaricom in the IPO.
In January 2009, a scandal became public over the sale of imported maize.
The 2009 Triton Oil Scandal regarding the unauthorised releasing of oil by Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC) without informing financiers became public in January 2009.
2010–present
In October 2012, allegations surfaced that top Foreign Affairs Ministry officials ignored land offered by Japan that could have saved the country loss of Sh1.1 billion. The scandal led to the resignation of the then Foreign Affairs Minister Moses Wetangula.
In October 2010, the Department of Defence uncovered a bribery scandal involving senior Kenya Defence Force Officers in the corrupt Sh1.6 billion purchase of armoured personnel carriers from South African company OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd. Minister of Defence Yusuf Haji retired several high-ranking officers in January 2011 accused of taking bribes by OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd, and the matter was referred for further investigation to Parliament. The September 2012 Report on Military Modernization Programmes by the Departmental Committee on Defence and Foreign Relations found that the irregular procurement of the PUMA M26 armoured carriers had violated multiple sections of the Public Procurement Act 2005, that OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd's business partners in Kenya had been identified by the US Government as being involved in international crime and drugs smuggling, and recommended that OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd be barred from doing any business with the Government of Kenya in the future. In 2014, the same company was accused by the government of Mozambique of irregular tax and export control activities in the transport of similar armoured carriers through Mozambique for onward trafficking into Africa.
Mega corruption scandals hit Kenya in 2018. The country lost over Sh13 billion to graft deals in key state departments such as the National Youth Service, Kenya Pipeline Company, National Cereals and Produce Board, National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and shoddy land transactions at the Ministry of Lands. Mohammed Abdalla Swazuri, the chairman of National Land Commission, and Atanas Kariuki Maina, managing director of the Kenya Railways Corporation, were among 18 officials, businesspeople and companies arrested on corruption charges involving land allocation for the $3 billion flagship Nairobi-Mombasa railway.
In February 2019, The Ministry of Lands headed by lands CS Farida Karoney, could not account for the loss of 20 billion Tax Payers money. The details regarding this saga was delivered by the Country's Auditor General Edward Ouko. This report indicated a lot of discrepancies and inaccuracies in the ministry's 30 June 2018 financial Statement.
In July 2019, the Director of Public Prosecution, Noordin Haji uncovered a mega-graft Scandal on the procurement of 2 dams. The graft case led to the Publics of Kenya losing 19 billion. The scandal involved high-profile people in the government such as the then CS of treasury Henry Rotich and 28 others. Rotich, his principal secretary, the chief executive of Kenya's environmental authority and other 28 accused handed themselves into police custody after being criminally charged with corruption. The allocated budget of Sh19,714,366,991 that was lost through graft was meant to construct 2 dams, Arwor and Kimwarer Dams in Elgeyo Marakwet Counties.
On 6 December 2019, Nairobi Governor Mike Mbuvi Sonko was arrested on multiple corruption charges On 11 August 2020, Nairobi County Assembly Speaker Beatrice Elachi resigned. On 21 December 2020, recently-elected Nairobi County Assembly Speaker Benson Mutura was sworn in as acting Nairobi Governor four days after Sonko was impeached and removed from office. At the time of Mutura's swearing in as acting Governor, which he will hold for at least 60 days, Nairobi did not have a Deputy Governor as well.
On 14 January 2020, Kenyatta officially replaced Rotich with Labour Secretary Ukur Yatani
On 9 December 2020, it was confirmed by the Kenya News Agency that the National Anti-Corruption Campaign Steering Committee (NACCSC) was in the process of strengthening its collaboration with other crime fighting agencies, including those in Kenyatta's government. The group had National Government Administrative Officers (NGAO) in hopes they would support the County Anti-Corruption Civil Oversight Committee (CACCOC). The day before, Winnie Guchu, who serves in Kenyatta's government as the Chief Administrative Secretary (CAS) in the Office of the Attorney General and the Department of Justice, confirmed in a press conference that she had met with members of CACCOC to strengthen relations.
On 11 December 2020, Kenya's Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) released a statement confirming that Robert Pavel Oimeke, the director general of Kenya's Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority, was arrested and taken into police custody on charges of demanding 200,000 Kenyan shillings ($1,795) to approve the re-opening of a petrol station that had been shut down over violations.
COVID-19 Funds
In August 2020, Activists in Kenya embarked on countrywide protests to demand full accountability of all the COVID-19 funds from the government, following media reports of misappropriation of the funds. Narc party leader and human rights defender, Martha Karua, was the first leader to come out publicly call on the President Kenyatta's government to provide full disclosure and accountability of the Covid-19 funds and equipment from all sources including loans, grants, donations and in-kind support both locally and internationally.
The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has been investigating an alleged procurement scandal at the Kenya Medical Supplies Authority (KEMSA.
Anti-Corruption Initiatives
Despite corruption being rampant in Kenya, the country has had an anti-corruption legislation dating back to 1956; The Prevention of Corruption Act (Cap. 65), which was in operation from August 1956 to May 2003 when the Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, No. 3, became operational.
The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has also provided a framework for reporting cases of graft in the Government and the public Sector. The reports can be reported in person, via phone call or email at the EACC headquarters or any of the commission's regional offices across the counties or at the Huduma Centre. Whistleblowers can also file reports anonymously.
Since 2003, EACC has secured 293 convictions in Court and recovered assets worth Sh 26.65 billion, acquired from corruption.
Wealth Declaration for Civil Servants
In an effort to curb corruption and promote ethics and integrity in the public service, all senior civil servants in Kenya are required to declare their wealth. The wealth declaration for public officials is backed by The Public Officer Ethics Act, 2003, which sets out one-year jail term or one million fine for those who fail to submit a declaration or clarification.
The declarations are meant to detect and prevent corrupt practices, evaluate potential conflicts of interest, promote transparency and accountability and increase public confidence in government. The wealth declaration forms have helped EACC nab corrupt public officers especially in the graft-ridden police service.
In 2015 President Uhuru Kenyatta, in a bold move to tame the massive corruption that has tainted his first term in office, asked all public officials, who had adversely been named in a graft report handed to him by the EACC, to step aside and pave way for investigations. The officials named in the report consisted of members of the Public Accounts Committee in Parliament, MPs, heads of parastatals and various principal secretaries. Then Lands cabinet secretary Charity Ngilu was among the leaders mentioned in the report, who stepped down following President Kenyatta's directive. Secretary to the Cabinet Francis Kimemia, Labour minister Kazungu Kambi, Transport and infrastructure CS Eng Michael Kamau, Transport PS Nduva Muli and Energy and Petroleum CS Davis Chirchir also resigned.
Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (ODPP)
The office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, whose core functions include prosecution of those charged by the police and other investigative agencies with criminal offences, has also helped in the war against graft. The current DPP Noordin Haji has particularly introduced a new vigour in the fight against corruption since he assumed the office in 2018.
Senior government officials including sitting Ministers, Governors, Principal Secretaries and MPs, linked to corruption scandals, have been arrested and prosecuted on the DPP's orders.
Some of the Governors who have been charged with misappropriation of Public funds include; Migori Governor Zachary Okoth Obado Nairobi governor Mike Sonko, Kiambu governor Ferdinard Waititu, Samburu Governor Moses Kasaine and Tharaka Nithi Governor Muthomi Njuki. In 2019 Noordin Haji also ordered the arrest and prosecution of Former Treasury Cabinet Secretary Henry Rotich, who became Kenya's first sitting Minister to be arrested for corruption.
In July 2020, Haji's office issued new rules for prosecutors on preferring charges against suspects in corruption and other criminal cases. The new rules outline the thresholds that prosecutors must check to see if the potential case either passes the evidence test, the public interest test, or both and only pursue cases with realistic prospects of conviction.
Activists
The Civil society in Kenya has been at the fore front of fighting graft in the country. Renowned activists like Boniface Mwangi, Wanjeri Nderu and Okiya Omtatah have always put the government on the spot over corruption and often lead anti-corruption protests to demand for accountability.
The Kenya Police has often been condemned by citizens and Human Rights groups for meting out excessive force on protesters and infringing on their rights.
Strong Institutions
According to the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, Kenya is losing an estimated Kshs 608.0 bn (7.8% of Kenya's GDP) to corruption annually. Reduced corruption is therefore crucial for the country's development. Sustainable Development Goal 16 advocates for justice and strong institutions as essential elements to every democratic society. Targets 16.3 and 16.5 aim to Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all, and substantially reduce corruption and bribery. The Sustainable Development Goals are consistent with Kenya's primary development blueprint, the Kenya Vision 2030, and President Uhuru Kenyatta's Big 4 Development Agenda.
Security contracts
Listed in Githongo's dossier are a number of companies that won security-related contracts :-
Anti-corruption authorities
The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) was established after Kenya's President Mwai Kibaki signed the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act on 29 August 2011. The EACC replaced the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC).
Previously, the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) was established in April 2003 to replace the Kenya Anti-Corruption Authority, after Parliament enacted new legislation.
See also
2009 Triton Oil Scandal
2009 Kenyan Maize Scandal
Larry Timmons
Kenya Police
Aaron Ringera
Politics of Kenya
Crime in Kenya
International Anti-Corruption Academy
Group of States Against Corruption
International Anti-Corruption Day
ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems
United Nations Convention against Corruption
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
Transparency International
References
External links
Kenya Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
Kenya's Kibaki pledges action over graft "in days" – Reuters South Africa
AfricaFiles News summaries from Kenya
John Githongo report BBC: Full report on Kenya corruption, from the Ethics secretary (3.3Meg PDF, 22 pages)
wikinews:Kenyan TV and newspaper raided by masked police – Wikinews
CCTV still images from raid
Journalists from 'The Standard' charged – IFEX
Kenyan politics as a process of laundering thieves and murderers" by Mutuma Mathiu, 9 Dec 2007
TrustLaw's Anti-Corruption Profile: Kenya
Kenya Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
Politics of Kenya
Kenya |
4023913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nordhaus | William Nordhaus | William Dawbney Nordhaus (born May 31, 1941) is an American economist, a Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University, best known for his work in economic modeling and climate change, and one of the 2 recipients of the 2018 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Nordhaus received the prize "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis".
Education and career
Nordhaus was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the son of Virginia (Riggs) and Robert J. Nordhaus, who co-founded the Sandia Peak Tramway. Robert J. Nordhaus was from a German Jewish family – his father Max Nordhaus (1865–1936) immigrated from Paderborn in 1883 and was a manager of The Charles Ilfeld Company branch in Albuquerque.
Nordhaus graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover and subsequently received his BA and MA from Yale in 1963 and 1973, respectively, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He also holds a Certificate from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques (1962) and a PhD from MIT (1967). He was a Visiting Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge in 1970–1971. He has been a member of the faculty at Yale since 1967, in both the Economics department and the School of the Environment. Nordhaus also served as its Provost from 1986–1988 and its Vice President for Finance and Administration from 1992–1993. He has been on the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity since 1972. During the Carter administration, from 1977–1979, Nordhaus was a member of the Council of Economic Advisers.
Nordhaus was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013. He served as the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank between 2014 and 2015.
Nordhaus lives in New Haven, Connecticut, with his wife, Barbara, a social worker recently retired from the Yale Child Study Center.
Contributions to economics and the study of climate change
Nordhaus is the author or editor of over 20 books. One of his early works, he partnered with Paul Samuelson as a co-author for an introductory textbook entitled Economics. Nordhaus worked alongside Samuelson from the 12th edition until the 19th, starting in 1985. It was first published in 1948 and has appeared in nineteen different editions and seventeen different languages. It was known as a best-selling economics textbook for decades and is still extremely popular today. Economics was called a “canonical textbook”, and the development of mainstream economic thought has been traced by comparing the nineteen editions over the 1948–2010 period.
He has also written several books on global warming and climate change, one of his primary areas of research. Those books include Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change (1994), which won the 2006 Award for "Publication of Enduring Quality" from the Association of Environmental and Resource Economics. Another book, with Joseph Boyer, is Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming (2000), The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World. His most recent book is The Spirit of Green (2021).
In 1972 Nordhaus, along with fellow Yale economics professor James Tobin, published Is Growth Obsolete?, an article that introduced the Measure of Economic Welfare (Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare) as the first attempt to develop environmental accounting.
Nordhaus is also known for his critique of current measures of national income. He wrote, "If we are to obtain accurate estimates of the growth of real incomes over the last century, we must somehow construct price indexes that account for the vast changes in the quality and range of goods and services that we consume, that somehow compare the services of horse with automobile, of Pony Express with facsimile machine, of carbon paper with photocopier, of dark and lonely nights with nights spent watching television, and of brain surgery with magnetic resonance imaging" (1997, 30).
Palda summarizes the importance of Nordhaus's insight as follows: "The practical lesson to be drawn from this fascinating study of lighting is that the way we measure the consumer price index is severely flawed. Instead of putting goods and their prices directly into the index we should reduce all goods to their constituent characteristics. Then we should evaluate how these goods can best be combined to minimize the cost of consuming these characteristics. Such an approach would allow us to include new goods in the consumer price index without worrying about whether the index of today is comparable to that of ten years ago when the good did not exist. Such an approach would also allow governments to more precisely calculate the rate at which welfare and other forms of aid should be increased. At present, such calculations tend to overestimate the cost of living because they do not take into account the manner in which increases in quality reduce the monetary cost of maintaining a certain standard of living."
Contributions on economics of climate change
Nordhaus has written on the economics of climate change. He is the developer of the DICE and RICE models, integrated assessment models of the interplay between economics, energy use, and climate change.
A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies was published by Yale University Press in 2008.
In Reflections on the Economics of Climate Change (1993), he states: "Mankind is playing dice with the natural environment through a multitude of interventions – injecting into the atmosphere trace gases like the greenhouse gases or ozone-depleting chemicals, engineering massive land-use changes such as deforestation, depleting multitudes of species in their natural habitats even while creating transgenic ones in the laboratory, and accumulating sufficient nuclear weapons to destroy human civilizations." Under the climate change models he has developed, in general those sectors of the economy that depend heavily on unmanaged ecosystems – that is, are heavily dependent upon naturally occurring rainfall, runoff, or temperatures – will be most sensitive to climate change. Agriculture, forestry, outdoor recreation, and coastal activities fall in this category." Nordhaus takes seriously the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change.
In 2007, Nordhaus, who has done several studies on the economics of global warming, criticized the Stern Review for its use of a low discount rate:
In 2013, Nordhaus chaired a committee of the National Research Council that produced a report discounting the impact of fossil fuel subsidies on greenhouse gas emissions.
In a January 2020 interview with Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Nordhaus claimed that achieving the 2°C goal of the Paris agreement was "impossible", stating that "even if we make the fastest possible turn towards zero emissions, will continue to accumulate in the atmosphere, because we cannot simply shut down our economy". He asserted that he was not alone in making this assessment, claiming that half of the simulation arrived at the same conclusion. He also remarked that the two-degree target was set without reference to the costs of meeting the target.
Honors
Scientific and engineering academies
Among many honors, he is a Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 1999. He was awarded the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Prize by the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2020.
American Economic Association
In 2004, Nordhaus was designated a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association (AEA), along with George P. Shultz and William A. Brock. The accompanying AEA statement referred to his "knack for asking large questions about the measurement of economic growth and well-being, and addressing them with simple but creative insights," among them, his pioneering work on the political business cycle, ways of using national income accounts data to devise economic measures reflecting better health, increases in leisure and life expectancy, and "constructing integrated economic and scientific models to determine the efficient path for coping with climate change". In 2013, Nordhaus became president-elect of the AEA, and served as the association's president between 2014 and 2015.
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
Nordhaus was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018, which he shared with Paul Romer. In detailing its reasons for giving the prize to Nordhaus, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences specifically recognized his efforts to develop "an integrated assessment model, i.e. a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate. His model integrates theories and empirical results from physics, chemistry and economics. Nordhaus' model is now widely spread and is used to simulate how the economy and the climate co-evolve."
Many of the news outlets that reported on Nordhaus's prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing. Some climate scientists and commentators were disappointed with the Nobel Prize going to Nordhaus due to his embrace of substantially lower carbon taxes per ton than most scientists, along with his past history of minimal carbon taxes.
Evaluations
The Nobel Foundation described Nordhaus's work as follows: "William Nordhaus’s findings deal with interactions between society, the economy and climate change. In the mid-1990s, he created a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate. Nordhaus’s model is used to examine the consequences of climate policy interventions, for example carbon taxes." Additionally, the Nobel Prize announcement commented that Nordhaus had “significantly broadened the scope of economic analysis by constructing models that explain how the market economy interacts with nature." In an evaluation of the work, Lint Barrage summarizes its impact, stating that the "body of work also represents science at its best: integrative across disciplines, visionary in scope yet incremental in progress, transparent, and producing knowledge for the benefit of humankind."
Critics of Nordhaus's DICE model focus on several aspects. One of the most important, incorporating political and moral philosophy, is the use of discounting, with an early study by William Cline. Another branch, represented by Robert Pindyck, holds that integrated assessment models cannot capture the complexity of the climate-economy nexus. Nicholas Stern argued that the damage function does not capture many of the most important risks to society. A particularly important critique, developed by Martin Weitzman, is that the economy-climate system may have "fat tails" and therefore inadequately deal with low probability, high consequence outcomes.
Steve Keen, the heterodox economist, criticises the economics of climate change:
"economists made their own predictions of damages, using three spurious methods: assuming that about 90% of GDP will be unaffected by climate change, because it happens indoors; using the relationship between temperature and GDP today as a proxy for the impact of global warming over time; and using surveys that diluted extreme warnings from scientists with optimistic expectations from economists."
Publications
References
Further reading
External links
William Nordhaus (Yale Home Page)
The Question of Global Warming Nordhaus exchange with Freeman Dyson and others from The New York Review of Books
Energy: Friend or Enemy? October 27, 2012 in The New York Review of Books
including the Prize Lecture Climate Change: The Ultimate Challenge for Economics
Living people
1941 births
American Nobel laureates
American people of German-Jewish descent
21st-century American economists
Jewish American economists
Nobel laureates in Economics
Environmental economists
Climate economists
Energy economists
Economists from New Mexico
Yale University alumni
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Yale Sterling Professors
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Yale University faculty
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Alumni of Clare Hall, Cambridge |
4023915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca%20Filippi | Luca Filippi | Luca Filippi (born 9 August 1985 in Savigliano, Italy) is an Italian auto racing driver. He competed in GP2 Series from 2006 to 2012, and the IndyCar Series from 2013 to 2016. In 2008 he was the official Honda Racing F1 test driver.
Career
Formula Renault
Filippi made the step out of karting in 2003, competing in Formula Renault 2.0 Italia, where he finished third in 2004 behind Pastor Maldonado and Kohei Hirate.
Formula 3000
Filippi stepped up to the Italian Formula 3000 series in 2005, driving for Giancarlo Fisichella's Fisichella Motorsport team. He also made his Formula One test debut in 2005 with Minardi in the team's last test.
GP2 Series
Fisichella joined forces with the Coloni Motorsport GP2 Series team in 2006, and Filippi was selected as a driver for the team. However, he switched to the BCN Competición team mid-way through the season.
In 2007, he continued in GP2 with Super Nova Racing and emerged as one of the series' top performers, finishing the season in fourth position.
On 14 November 2007 Filippi tested for Honda Racing F1. On 6 December Filippi tested for Super Aguri F1, being even faster than regular race driver Takuma Sato.
For the inaugural GP2 Asia Series season in early 2008, Filippi raced for Team Meritus, a Malaysian team who entered the series due to regular series team Racing Engineering not competing in the winter series. He only managed to score four points in ten races, finishing in 17th place.
Filippi drove for the ART Grand Prix team in the first half of the 2008 GP2 Series season, alongside Romain Grosjean. Following a disappointing first half of the season, Luca left the team in favour of Sakon Yamamoto after ten races. Filippi was confirmed as a driver at the Arden International team two days later, where he replaced Yelmer Buurman. His results failed to improve and he finished nineteenth in the championship.
Filippi returned to BCN Competición for the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season, but was replaced by Fabrizio Crestani as a result of the team's purchase after the first round of the season.
For the 2009 GP2 Series season, he returned to the Super Nova team, and took the final win of the season at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve. His result promoted him up to fifth overall in the championship standings.
Filippi returned to Team Meritus for the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season, and finished as runner-up in the championship standings, taking Meritus' first victory in the series in Bahrain.
Filippi began the 2010 GP2 Series season without a drive, but returned to Super Nova mid-season to replace the injured Josef Král. He took five points from ten races, before Král returned for the season finale, finishing twentieth in the championship. During this period, Filippi became the most experienced GP2 driver in the series' history, beating Javier Villa's record of 82 race entries.
Filippi was drafted into the Scuderia Coloni team for the second round of the 2011 GP2 Asia Series season after regular driver James Jakes opted to move to the United States in order to pursue a career in the IndyCar Series. He returned once again to Super Nova for the main series, alongside Fairuz Fauzy. After five rounds of the championship, he switched back to Coloni, replacing Kevin Ceccon. He immediately registered an improvement in form, winning his first race for the team at the Nürburgring, which also marked his 100th race in the series. He also won the Spa-Francorchamps sprint race and the Monza feature race, propelling him to a career-best second place in the drivers' championship.
After almost a year away from GP2, Filippi was again called up by Coloni as a replacement for Stefano Coletti for his home race of the 2012 championship at Monza. Despite his absence from the series, he won the feature race. He also secured pole position for the following (and final) round of the championship in Singapore, but crashed heavily during the feature race, damaging his car beyond immediate repair and thus non-starting the sprint race. Nevertheless, he still finished 16th in the drivers' championship despite contesting only four of the series' 24 races.
Auto GP
Filippi contested in the 2010 Auto GP season, where he finished 5th in the drivers' standings with 2 victories topping and tailing the season with the 1st race at Brno and the last race at Monza. He returned to the series the following year, taking one pole position, three fastest laps, one win and five further podiums, finishing as runner-up to Kevin Ceccon by only 3 points despite having missed two races.
IndyCar
On 6 March 2012, it was announced that Filippi would join Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing in the IndyCar series from the Indy 500 onwards. He would have partnered ex-Formula 1 driver Takuma Sato; despite this, he did not take part in the Indy 500 nor in the following races. He competed in four races in 2013 for Bryan Herta Autosport, scoring a best finish of 15th.
CFH Racing signed Filippi for the 2015 IndyCar season to compete at the road/street races.
For the 2016 season, Filippi signed with Dale Coyne Racing to compete in the whole season, ovals included. His first race on an oval track was in Phoenix Arizona, where he finished P20. A few days before the GP of Indianapolis, Coyne excluded Filippi from both Indy events and signed Gabby Chaves in place of the Italian driver.
Formula E
2017 saw Filippi join NIO in the all-electric FIA Formula E Championship alongside Oliver Turvey, where he picked up a point in his debut race with a tenth place finish in the 2017 Hong Kong ePrix. Despite a strong debut, Filippi failed to pick up another point during the season. He missed the Paris ePrix, so that Ma Qinghua could fulfil a contract deal. He scored just one point to Turvey's 46 and was dropped by NIO for the 2018/19 season.
Racing record
Career summary
† As Filippi was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.
* Season still in progress.
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! DC
! Points
|-
|rowspan=3| 2006
! FMS International
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| VALSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| IMOFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| IMOSPR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!rowspan=3| 19th
!rowspan=3| 7
|-
! Petrol Ofisi FMS International
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRSPR
| CATFEA
| CATSPR
| MONFEA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! BCN Competición
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MAGFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MAGSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HOCFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HOCSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
|
|
|
|-
| 2007
! Super Nova International
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"| BHRFEA
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| BHRSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| CATFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| CATSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| MONFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| MAGFEA
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| MAGSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| MNZSPR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| SPAFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SPASPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| VALSPR
|
|
|
! 4th
! 59
|-
|rowspan=2| 2008
! ART Grand Prix
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| CATFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| CATSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MONFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MONSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MAGFEA
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| MAGSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!rowspan=2| 19th
!rowspan=2| 6
|-
! Arden International
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| HOCFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| HOCSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| VALSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SPAFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SPASPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2009
! Super Nova Racing
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| CATFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| CATSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MONFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MONSPR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| NÜRSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| VALSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SPAFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SPASPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| PORFEA
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"| PORSPR
|
|
|
|
! 5th
! 40
|-
| 2010
! Super Nova Racing
| CATFEA
| CATSPR
| MONFEA
| MONSPR
| ISTFEA
| ISTSPR
| VALFEA
| VALSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HOCFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HOCSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| SPAFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SPASPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
| YMCFEA
| YMCSPR
|
|
|
|
! 20th
! 5
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011
! Super Nova Racing
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| CATFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| CATSPR
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| MONFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| MONSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| VALSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2nd
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 54
|-
! Scuderia Coloni
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"|NÜRFEA
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|NÜRSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|HUNFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|HUNSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|SPAFEA
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"|SPASPR
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"|MNZFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|MNZSPR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2012
! Scuderia Coloni
|SEPFEA
|SEPSPR
|BHR1FEA
|BHR1SPR
|BHR2FEA
|BHR2SPR
|CATFEA
|CATSPR
|MONFEA
|MONSPR
|VALFEA
|VALSPR
|SILFEA
|SILSPR
|HOCFEA
|HOCSPR
|HUNFEA|HUNSPR
|SPAFEA
|SPASPR
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MRNFEA
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| MRNSPR
! 16th
! 29
|}
Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Auto GP results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
IndyCar Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Formula E results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete TCR Europe Touring Car Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
Complete World Touring Car Cup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics'' indicate fastest lap)
‡ As Filippi was a Wildcard entry, he was ineligible to score points.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
People from Savigliano
Italian racing drivers
Karting World Championship drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Auto GP drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
GP2 Series drivers
International GT Open drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Formula E drivers
World Touring Car Cup drivers
Euronova Racing drivers
Scuderia Coloni drivers
Ocean Racing Technology drivers
Super Nova Racing drivers
ART Grand Prix drivers
Arden International drivers
Team Meritus drivers
Barracuda Racing drivers
Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing drivers
Ed Carpenter Racing drivers
Dale Coyne Racing drivers
NIO 333 FE Team drivers
Sportspeople from the Province of Cuneo |
4023940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%20fan | Tail fan | Tail fan can refer to:
Tail fan of a decapod, see decapod anatomy
Tail fan of a bird, see Rump (croup)
Windmill fantail, which turns the cap automatically to bring it into the wind
See also
Fantail (disambiguation) |
4023956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansbert | Ansbert | Ansbert (died c. 695), sometimes called Ansbert of Chaussy, was a Frankish monk, abbot and bishop of Rouen, today regarded as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Early life
Ansbert was born at Chaussy-sur-Epte, a village in the Norman historical area known as the Vexin. He was born to a noble family, and was highly educated. He had a significant professional career, and is said to have served as a senior member of the court of the Merovingian king, Clotaire III. As such, he was both chancellor and referendary.
Ansbert was engaged to be married to another future saint, Angadrisma. Her father, said to have been another of Clotaire's chancellors, arranged for her to wed his colleague, but Angadrisma – later a patroness of nuns – prayed for release from this obligation. Tradition states that dispensation was given to her after she was "struck down with leprosy", a disfiguring malady which only disappeared when she joined a convent. Some sources state that Ansbert later took a different bride.
Religious vocation
In 673, the same year Clotaire died, Ansbert renounced his secular pursuits and became a monk of the Benedictine order. Six years later, he was elevated to abbot of his monastery, the illustrious Fontenelle Abbey. He followed two other saints in that office: Wandrille, the abbey's founder and first abbot, and Lambert, the second abbot, who vacated the office when he was named bishop of Lyons. Under his leadership, Fontenelle prospered. His enterprises included a great expansion and refinement of the abbey's library, and the establishment of local hospitals for the poor.
During his time as abbot, Ansbert served as the confessor to King Theodoric III. After several years, Ansbert was appointed archbishop of Rouen following the death of the previous officeholder, Saint Ouen, in 683 or 684. His former mentor Saint Lambert performed his consecration, and Ansbert was succeeded as abbot at Fontenelle by Hildebert (d. 701), who is also venerated as a saint.
Despite his high office and eminent reputation, Ansbert was removed from the bishopric around the year 690. By "a false accusation", the powerful majordomo of the Frankish court, Pepin of Heristal, arranged his dismissal, either because of some kind of political opposition or because Ansbert's "zeal was not well-received" and "his austere life caused offence". He was sent into exile at the monastery of Hautmont where he stayed until his death, sometime between 692 and 695. At some time Pepin apparently reconsidered his actions and agreed to allow Ansbert to return, but either he changed his mind again or Ansbert died before making the trip.
Legacy
The 12th-century chronicler Ordericus Vitalis relays a tale in which it was said that Ansbert's remains were desecrated and dispersed by soldiers of Hugh the Great. He asserts that the bones in question belonged to a different Ansbert, and that those of the saint were, at the time of his writing, still preserved safely at Fontenelle Abbey. The 18th-century author Alban Butler, however, states that the remains were at some point transferred to St. Peter's Abbey in Ghent, where they were destroyed by Calvinists in 1578.
A collective day of remembrance for all the many saints associated with Fontenelle Abbey is celebrated on 1 March. Saint Ansbert's own annual feast day is 9 February.
References
External links
Ansbert's Life translated
695 deaths
7th-century Frankish bishops
Bishops of Rouen
Frankish Benedictines
French abbots
Abbey of Saint Wandrille
Year of birth unknown
7th-century Frankish saints
Colombanian saints |
4023973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekipa%20%28Serbia%29 | Ekipa (Serbia) | Ekipa was a short-lived sports daily published in Belgrade, Serbia. Right from the first issue on April 18, 2005, it attempted to bite into the market held for decades by Sportski žurnal and Sport dailies.
The paper went about their goal by offering bold, often bordering on sensationalist, coverage of day-to-day sporting events, as well as wider on-going trends in sport.
The very first issue set the tone fittingly. It featured an in-your-face cover headline screaming "Shame", as teaser for an interview with Milorad Kosanović, former Serbia-Montenegro under-21 national team and Red Star Belgrade coach, in which he claimed the Serbia-Montenegro league is entirely rigged.
Initially, Ekipa turned a lot of heads, but soon found itself short-strapped for attention grabbing topics. It wasn't able to ride the initial wave of attention nor did it succeed in making a significant dent into the market still firmly held by two established sports dailies. At this point, the original group of owners sold the daily to Radisav Rodić (owner of Kurir and Glas javnosti).
In late October 2005, barely 6 months into its overall run, new owner Radisav Rodić pulled the plug on Ekipa, making the October 29th issue its last. Couple of days later, under the same ownership, new daily called Start was launched.
Defunct newspapers published in Serbia
Sports mass media in Serbia
Sports newspapers
Publications established in 2005
Publications disestablished in 2005
Mass media in Belgrade |
4023975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ldner%3A%20Secret%20Wars | Söldner: Secret Wars | Söldner: Secret Wars is a video game, developed by German studio Wings Simulations and published in 2004 by JoWooD Productions and Encore, Inc. The game can be played in first- or third-person. Players can control an individual soldier who can acquire and control a ground vehicle, ship, submarine, plane, VTOL or helicopter; a ground troop can be equipped with SCUBA gear, weapons with open, telescopic, and dot sights, smoke, fragment, and flash-bang grenades, explosives and booby traps, vehicle repair equipment, thermal scopes, and other gear.
A still unique aspect of Soldner is the Advanced Destruction System (ADS) that it implements; explosives, bombs, and missiles can change the shape of terrain, crater runways and roads to make them unusable or difficult to navigate, and damage terrain, trees, and buildings used for cover as well as leaving debris which may become an obstacle for soldiers and vehicles.
In 2011, the game's developer JoWood was acquired by THQ Nordic, and development of the game was handed over to the game's community.
Reception
The commercial released version of Söldner: Secret Wars received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
A year after release Rock, Paper, Shotgun returned to the game and reports that in their opinion financial difficulties forced JoWood to release an unfinished game with a broken single player mode and buggy multiplayer mode, though it notes that the post-JoWood Soldner community had already formed and was already working on fixing the multiplayer game.
References
External links
Official website
2004 video games
First-person shooters
Multiplayer online games
Third-person shooters
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
Windows-only games
JoWooD Entertainment games |
4023987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Greene | Jackie Greene | Jackie Greene (born November 27, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He has a solo career and became a member of The Black Crowes in 2013, though the band broke up in 2015 before he could contribute any studio work.
Early life
Greene was born Chris Nelson in Salinas, California. He grew up in Cameron Park near Sacramento, where he developed an interest in music at an early age, starting with the piano. At 14, he began to play guitar and within a short time, was able to sit in with local bar bands. As he got older, he began composing his own songs. After he graduated from Oak Ridge High School in El Dorado Hills, he moved to Sacramento and got his start by playing at local establishments like Marilyn's, Fox & Goose and The Blue Lamp. He recorded in a makeshift garage studio, burning his own CDs and selling them everywhere he could. Using the money he saved, Greene was eventually able to record and release his first full-length album, Rusty Nails, on his own.
Career
In late 2002, Greene released his first album with DIG, Gone Wanderin', which won the California Music Award for the Best Blues/Roots Album in 2003 and remained on the national Americana charts for over a year. In 2004, Greene released his third album, Sweet Somewhere Bound, and began receiving radio play for singles like "Honey I Been Thinking About You".
Greene has toured nationally with Gov't Mule, Los Lobos, Mark Knopfler, B.B. King, Phil Lesh, Ratdog, Huey Lewis, Susan Tedeschi, Taj Mahal, and Buddy Guy, and has played major U.S. festivals, including All Good, Gathering of the Vibes, Mountain Jam, Grateful Garcia Gathering, Newport Jazz, Newport Folk, South by Southwest, Wakarusa, Winnipeg Folk, Bonnaroo, Outside Lands, and Rothbury. He has performed with Levon Helm at several Midnight Rambles.
In early 2005, he signed with Verve Forecast. Sweet Somewhere Bound was reissued that year, followed by a new release, American Myth, in March 2006. The following year, Greene joined Phil Lesh and Friends, the Grateful Dead bassist's ensemble dedicated to the interpretation of the Dead's extensive song book. Other members of the band at the time included John Molo, Larry Campbell and Steve Molitz. Also in 2005 his song "I Will Never Let You Go" was used in the score for the movie Brokeback Mountain, winning the Academy Award in 2005 for Best Original Score, and which was also released on the Verve label.
In 2007, his cover of "Look Out Cleveland" was included on the tribute album Endless Highway: The Music of The Band.
Meanwhile, Greene continued to pursue solo efforts, releasing Giving Up the Ghost on 429 Records in April 2008, and made his second visit to Late Night with Conan O'Brien in June 2008, performing "Like A Ball & Chain". Another song from the album, "I Don't Live in a Dream", was featured on episodes of the NBC television series Life in November 2008 and ABC's Private Practice in March 2009.
In October through November 2009, Jackie Greene played a series of shows with Gov't Mule, culminating at the end of the tour on Halloween at the Tower Theater in Upper Darby, PA, during which Jackie played and sang through an entire set of Rolling Stones songs with Gov't Mule.
The Jackie Greene Band currently features Nathan Dale on guitar, Jon Cornell on bass, and Fitz Harris on drums. Past members included Jeremy Plog, Steve Taylor, Zack Bowden, Henderson Phillips, Matt McCord, Bruce Spencer, Ben Lefever and Nick Swimley.
Greene was a member of Trigger Hippy.
In the Spring of 2012 Greene, Bob Weir of the Grateful Dead and Chris Robinson of the Black Crowes embarked on an acoustic tour. They called themselves the Weir, Robinson, Greene trio, or WRG for short.
In spring 2013, Greene joined the Black Crowes as lead guitarist, replacing Luther Dickinson, for the band's Lay Down With Number 13 world tour.
More recently, Greene was featured in World Gone Mad, the new album from the Weight Band, on a Jerry Garcia cover. In 2019, he embarked upon his 100% Greene Tour starting with a two-night engagement at Ophelia’s in Denver, CO followed by stops at various locations of City Winery.
Discography
Gone Wanderin' (2002)
Rusty Nails (2003)
Sweet Somewhere Bound (2004)
American Myth (2006)
Giving Up the Ghost (2008)
Small Tempest (2009)
Till the Light Comes (2010)
Back to Birth (2015)
The Dig Years (2017 Re-release) (Blue Rose Music)
The Modern Lives – Vol 1 (2017) (Blue Rose Music)
The Modern Lives – Vol 2 (2018) (Blue Rose Music)
Live from Town Hall (2019) (Blue Rose Music)
100% Greene - Live at the Throckmorton Theatre (2019) (Blue Rose Music)
References
External links
Jackie Greene collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
1980 births
Living people
Musicians from California
People from Salinas, California
21st-century American musicians |
4023999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Midwife%27s%20Apprentice | The Midwife's Apprentice | The Midwife's Apprentice is a children's novel by Karen Cushman. It tells of how a homeless girl becomes a midwife's apprentice—and establishes a name and a place in the world, and learns to hope and overcome failure. This novel won the John Newbery Medal in 1996.
Mary Beth Dunhouse, chair of the Newbery Award Selection Committee, wrote of the book, "The reader is drawn in from the first sentence when the author speaks of a 'rotting and moiling heap. 'And this is when the reader meets the central character, Brat--'unwashed, unnourished, unloved, and unlovely... who dreamed of nothing, for she hoped of nothing and expected nothing.' This homeless waif becomes the midwife's apprentice--a person with a name and a place in the world. Medieval England is well-evoked, and readers will find this world so compelling that they will keep turning pages to see what happens next."
In an interview in Scholastic Magazine, Ms. Cushman says, "The book took about 9 months to write, the same length of time it takes to make a child. Interesting, huh? I had done a lot of research on the Middle Ages for Catherine, Called Birdy, so I knew a lot about the time and place. The research I did was for specific about childbirth, herbs, and healing."
Plot
In medieval Europe, a homeless orphan girl who has no name, and can recall being named Brat, attempts to nestle in a warm dung heap on a cold night. She wakes up to the taunts of village boys, and the words of the harsh and uncaring Jane Sharp, the local midwife. Jane takes the girl on as her apprentice and renames her "Beetle," but does not teach Beetle about midwifery for fear of competition.
Beetle learns what she can anyway, and starts to grow as a person through various experiences. She even has a chance to claim a new name, Alyce, after being mistaken for another girl with the same name. Alyce befriends a homeless, orphaned boy, who -with some prompting- names himself Edward after the King. She tells him to go to a local manor to get food and a job.
Jane helps a woman in labor with the help of Alyce, and word arrives the Lady of the Manor is in labor. Jane abandons the new mother to Alyce's care to the Lady. Alyce is kind to the woman and successfully delivers the baby, and the grateful parents pay her and name the child "Alyce Little." Soon after, a woman's son comes to Alyce asking her to deliver her baby. This is a more difficult birth, and Alyce is overwhelmed by her inability to help. Jane sweeps in and completes the job, and Alyce flees with her cat, not wanting to endure the shame.
In another town, she comes to an inn where the kindly owner gives Alyce work in exchange for food, and a scholar from Oxford, staying for the winter, teaches Alyce how to read and write. As time goes on, Alyce comes to miss little Edward. She returns to the village to check on him, and their reunion is like that of a brother and sister, but Alyce can't stay for long. She returns to the inn just in time to find a married couple begging for aid. It turns out the woman is in labor, but neither she nor her husband knew she was pregnant. Alyce is able to help, and the birth goes well, making Alyce realize that she truly wants to be a midwife. Filled with a new sense of self-purpose, she returns to the midwife's home and asks to be her apprentice again, declaring she won't stop coming to Jane's door until she's allowed back, and she will work harder than ever.
The story ends with Jane wordlessly letting Alyce in.
References
External links
http://www.karencushman.com/books/midwife.html Author's website
Newbery Medal–winning works
1991 American novels
American children's novels
Houghton Mifflin books
Works about midwifery
1991 children's books |
4024002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengannur | Chengannur | Chengannur (also spelled Chengannoor or Chenganur) is a Municipality in the Alappuzha district of Kerala State, India. It is located in the extreme eastern part of the Alappuzha district, on the banks of Pamba River.
Chengannur is north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram on the MC Road (State Highway 1). Chengannur is connected to Kollam and Kottayam by NH 220. Chengannur is noted for the Chengannur Mahadeva Temple (aka 'Dakshina Kailasam' as a major Shiva temple of South India) and its Old Syrian Church of the ancient Syrian Christian community. Chengannur is also a major destination of Sabarimala pilgrims known as the Gateway of Sabarimala.
The nearby municipal towns are Pandalam to the south, Mavelikkara to the west Pathanamthitta to the east and Tiruvalla to the north. The taluk comprises villages such as Kurattissery, Mannar, Ennakkad, Pandanad, Thiruvanvandoor, Chengannur, Mulakuzha, Ala, Puliyoor, Cheriyanad, Budhanoor and Venmony.
History
The name Chengannur (chen - kunnu- ur/noor) is derived from the words 'Che' (Malayalam) which means red, 'kunnu' (Malayalam) which means hill and 'ur/oor' (Malayalam) meaning land. It means the land of red hills. The red soil of Chengannur was different from the soil of nearby regions of Mavelikara & Kuttanad.
Chengannur was a part of the Ay Kingdom in the ancient period. The Ay Kingdom's territory extended from Pamba River in the north to Nagercoil in the south. Subsequently it came under the sovereignty of the Cheraman Perumals. The earliest epigraphical record to mention Chengannur (Thiruchenkunrur) is the Mampalli copper plate inscription (947 CE) which records a donation from Venad chiefly family to the Chengannur Temple.
In the medieval age, Chengannur was controlled by the Vanjipuzha chiefly family of Mundencavu. They were of Tulu Brahmin origin. The principality was a feudatory of Odanad. Chengannur came under the Kingdom of Travancore when the area was annexed by Marthanda Varma in 1742. The Vanjippuzha chief helped Marthanda Varma in his conquests. As a result, Marthanda Varma transferred the rights enjoyed over Chengannur by the defeated King of Odanad to the Vanjipuzha family. The economic, social and religious esteem and the political power and sway of Vanjipuzha family over Chengannur continued to be intact throughout even the British period uninterrupted.
In the historical period there were migrations from "Kollam" to "Chengannur" due to natural disasters. Pepper, popularly known as "black gold", was a major export item of Chengannur. Angadical (Angadi means market in Malayalam) was the main market in Chengannur. Current Chengannur market (Shastham Puram Chanda) was developed by Velu Thampi Dalawa. During the 19th and 20th centuries, this market played a major role in selling and buying goods produced in eastern region of the state with the coastal region of Kerala.
Mahatma Gandhi addressed at the Mills Ground (Mills Maithan is Ksrtc Bus stand now) at Chengannur in 1925 as part of his visit to the Kingdom of Travancore. In 1938 as part of Indian independence movement, large gathering of people from all over Central Travancore were present at the Mills Maithan in Chengannur in response to a notification circulated by the State Congress. There was police lathi charge during the meeting and a person named 'Kutilil George' died and scores of people were injured.
Chengannur Municipality was formed in the year 1980 with Shri. P.K John Plammoottil as its First Municipal Chairman.
Culture
The cultural background of Chengannur originates from the era of Royal rule. Chengannur was a part of Vanjippuzha Principality which was under the rule of Travancore.
Chengannur town is in the banks of Holy river Pamba which influenced the culture of this town. There are many "Chundan Vallam" (Snake boats) participating in Aranmula Boat Race hails from Chengannur and nearby areas. Padayani is a traditional temple art-form that is performed as part of the festival in Vadasserikkavu Devi Temple, located 2 km north of Chengannur town. Chengannur has produced several great artists. The most famous one is the famous Kathakali artist Chenganoor Raman Pillai, popularly known as "Guru Chengannur".
Chengannur was famous for the craftsmen who were brought by rulers of Travancore to build the Sabarimala temple. Later generations of those craftsmen are also famous for their craftsmen skills. Idols of the deities of many temples in Kerala are crafted in Chengannur. Mannar in Chengannur Taluk is famous for the bronze industry.
Chengannur is a major Shaiva pilgrim destination in India. Chengannur temple is one of the 108 temples believed to be created by Parasurama. Vishnu temples which are believed to be created by the Pandavas of Mahabharatha are in and around Chengannur. These temples are major Vaishnava pilgrim destinations of South India. The Chengannur Mahadeva Temple is located in the heart of Chengannur town, very close from Pamba River flowing towards the east. The temple is built in Kerala style architecture, which is common in all temples in the South Indian state of Kerala.
Chengannur Suriyani Church is another example for the architecture excellence of this town. It was built by Vanjipuzha Chief. The Church is shared by Marthoma and Orthodox believers of the locality including cemetery and all other assets. It is famous for its unique architecture. There is a 33.5 feet tall Cross made from single stone is a major attraction of its Architectural beauty. Aval Nercha(Flattened rice offering) at this church is another significant tradition that is believed to have been initiated by a member of the church "Mrs.Akkama" nearly 400 years ago. This custom is still practiced by the local believers and organised by the members of Mukkath Kudumba Yogam on Maundy Thursday every year.
Demographics
As of 2011 Census, Chengannur had a population of 23,466 among which 10,933 are males and 12,533 are females. Chengannur Municipality has an area of with 6,278 families residing in it. The average female sex ratio was 1146 higher than the state average of 1084. 7.2% of the population was under 6 years of age. Chengannur had an average literacy of 97.8% higher than the state average of 94%; male literacy was 98.3% and female literacy was 97.4%.
Transport
Chengannur is well-connected by road and rail. State Highway 1 (SH1), popularly known as the MC Road, passes through the heart of the town and connects Chengannur to state capital, Thiruvananthapuram and Angamaly in Eranakulam District. The Chengannur - Kottayam stretch of the MC Road is also part of the NH 220 which stretches between Kollam and Theni. Another major road is State Highway 10 which connects Chengannur to Mavelikkara and Kozhencherry. Besides these two roads, there are also many arterial roads running across the length and breadth of the town.
Road
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation has a depot at Chengannur (station code: CGNR); it is among the 29 major depots in the state. The KSRTC depot at Chengannur has an inter-state bus service, which is operated to Kanyakumari. KSRTC runs buses to different cities and towns inside and outside the state. Some of the Major destinations are Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Mangalore, Mukambika, Kanyakumari, Coimbatore, Palani, Kannur and Wayanad. The Municipal Private bus stand is located in front of the railway station. Private buses leave this stand heading to various places in the Alappuzha, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta and Kollam districts. In addition to these, private luxury buses are available to Major cities like, Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Mysore, Salem, Mangalore etc.
Rail
Chengannur Railway Station (station code: CNGR), is an important railway station between Kollam and Kottayam. It is a major railway station in the Thiruvananthapuram railway division of the Southern Railway Zone (India). People from eastern part of the state are using this railway station for travelling to various parts of the country. All the trains traveling through this route stop at Chengannur station. It caters to the needs 3 districts, viz. Alappuzha, Kollam and Pathanamthitta. By rail, Chengannur is well connected to major cities in India like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Agra, Ahmedabad, Bikaner, Mangalore, Bhopal, Guwahati, Nagpur, Jammu and other major cities of the country. Recently, the station has been declared as "The Gateway to Sabarimala". The rail line between Chengannur and Thiruvananthapuram has been doubled and electrified. Two new lines are proposed from Chengannur: one to Thiruvananthapuram via Adoor and the other to Sabarimala via Pathanamthitta. Furthermore, an MRTS is proposed to be established between Thiruvananthapuram and Chengannur. There is one more small railway station at Cheriyanadu which is 6 km from the town center.
Air
The nearest airport is Trivandrum International airport which is about 116 km from Chengannur. Another nearby airport is Cochin International Airport (CIAL) which is about and 127 km from Chengannur. With these two airports, Chengannur is well connected to Major Indian cities as well as the Countries in Middle East, Far East, Europe and Americas.
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical monsoon (Am).
Administration
The two administrative systems prevailing in the Chengannur are Revenue and local self-government. As per the revenue system, Chengannur is one of the two revenue divisions of Alappuzha district. The Chengannur revenue division comprises Karthikapally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara taluks consisting of a total of 44 villages. Under the local self-government system, Chengannur is divided into 1 statutory town and development blocks consisting of 11 panchayats.
Politics
Lok Sabha
Chengannur is a part of the Mavelikara constituency which after demarcation extends from Changanassery in Kottayam district to Kottarakkara in Kollam district. Kodikunnil Suresh of the INC has been representing the Mavelikkara constituency since 2009.
State Assembly
Chengannur's assembly constituency (Number 110) is a part of the Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency). The first speaker of the Kerala legislative assembly, Sankaranarayanan Thampi, was an MLA from Chengannur. K. K. Ramachandran Nair was the MLA from 2016 onwards. He died and was replaced in the by-elections conducted on 28 May 2018 by Saji Cheriyan of Left Democratic Front.
Economy
There are many state Government offices, Banks and educational institutions located in Chengannur. A good number of people work in these institutions. Other major source of income is from the Non Residential Indians, which is a common economical factor in the central Travancore region, and the rest of Kerala as well. Agriculture is also there in the outskirts, but mostly confined to Rubber Plantations. There are no major industries in Chengannur, but a number of small scale industries are present. Major private employers are limited to banks, hospitals and shops.
Chengannur Central Hatchery in chengannur which was started in 1961 was Asia's biggest poultry hatchery under government initiative.
In Sabarimala season, which starts from mid-November to mid-January there is a huge boost in economical activities in this town. Since Chengannur is the nearest Railway station to Sabarimala Temple, most devotees use this railway station to visit the temple. During this season a boost in restaurant, hotel and transportation business is visible.
Notable people
Viralminda Nayanar- 9th Century Nayanar Saint
George Joseph - Indian Freedom Fighter and Editor of Young India, The Independent (India) magazines
M. R. Kurup - ISRO Scientist and Founder of the First Solid Rocket Propellant Plant in India
K. M. Cherian - Renowned Cardiac Surgeon who performed India's first coronary artery bypass surgery
Chenganoor Raman Pillai - Kathakali Artist
Puthencavu Mathan Tharakan - Malayalam Poet
Acharya Narendra Bhooshan - Indian linguist and Vedic Scholar
Captain Thomas Philipose - Maha Vir Chakra Awardee
Pothan Joseph - Renowned Journalist
Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph - Renowned Educationist and Founder Principal of Laxmibai National College of Physical Education
Mela Raghu - Indian actor
Sony Cheruvathur - Former Captain of Kerala cricket team
Parampath Joy Oommen - Former Chief Secretary of the State of Chhattisgarh and First Chairman of the Naya Raipur Development Authority which is responsible for the development of the new capital city for the State of Chhattisgarh
Saji Cheriyan - Minister for Fisheries, Culture and Youth Affairs, Government of Kerala
Places of worship
The population of Chengannur mainly practices Hinduism and Christianity. Muslims are also found in the M.C. Road Mulakuzha region of the town. Most of Muslims are living at Kollakadavu and Mannar areas.
Chengannur Mahadeva Temple
Thripuliyoor Mahavishnu Temple
Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple
Anandeswaram Sree Mahadeva Kshethram
Cheriyanad Sree Balasubrahmanya Swami Temple
Assemblies of God in India
Pazhaya Suriyani Pally (Old Syrian Church)
St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Puthencavu
India Pentecostal Church of God
Educational organizations
See also
References
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Cities and towns in Alappuzha district |
4024015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ker%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Roxburghe | John Ker, 1st Duke of Roxburghe | John Ker, 1st Duke of Roxburghe, KG, PC, FRS (30 April 1680–27 February 1741) was a Scottish nobleman.
Early life
Ker was born on 30 April 1680. He was the second son of Robert Ker, 3rd Earl of Roxburghe, and Margaret Hay, daughter of John Hay, 1st Marquess of Tweeddale. His older brother was Robert Ker, 4th Earl of Roxburghe, and his younger brother was The Hon. William Ker, who fought on the Continent under the Duke of Marlborough and was present at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. He served as Groom of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales in 1714, and was a Member of Parliament for Berwick and Dysart Burghs.
John became 5th Earl of Roxburghe on the death of his elder brother Robert in 1696.
Career
In 1704, he was made a Secretary of State of Scotland, and he helped to bring about the union with England, being created Duke of Roxburghe in 1707 for his services in this connection. This was the last creation in the Scottish peerage. On 28 May 1707, he was admitted a FRS.
The duke was a representative peer for Scotland in four parliaments. George I made him a privy councillor and Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, and he was loyal to the king during the Jacobite rising in 1715. He served as Secretary of State for Scotland in the British Parliament from 1716 to 1725, but he opposed the malt tax, and in 1725 Sir Robert Walpole procured his dismissal from office.
In April 1727, he was one of the six pall-bearers of Sir Isaac Newton's coffin at Westminster Abbey. He was one of the original governors of the Foundling Hospital, a charity created by royal charter on 17 October 1739.
Personal life
On 1 January 1707/8, Roxburghe was married to widow Lady Mary Savile. Lady Mary was the only child of Daniel Finch, 7th Earl of Winchilsea. From her first marriage to William Savile, 2nd Marquess of Halifax, she was the mother of Lady Mary Savile (who married Sackville Tufton, 7th Earl of Thanet in 1722) and Lady Dorothy Savile (who married Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington). Together, John and Mary were the parents of:
Robert Ker (–1755), who married his half-cousin Essex Mostyn, eldest daughter of Sir Roger Mostyn, 3rd Baronet.
The Duchess of Roxburghe died on 19 September 1718 and the Duke died on 27 February 1741. He was buried first in his family vault beneath Bowden Kirk. Later his remains were relocated to the Roxburghe Aisle attached to Kelso Abbey. Upon his death, his only son, who had been created Earl Ker of Wakefield in 1722, became 2nd duke.
Ancestry
References
1680 births
1741 deaths
1
Fellows of the Royal Society
John Ker, 1st Duke of Roxburghe
17th-century Scottish peers
Scottish representative peers
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Knights of the Garter |
4024033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Savulescu | Julian Savulescu | Julian Savulescu (born 22 December 1963) is an Australian philosopher and bioethicist of Romanian origins. He is Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics at the University of Oxford, Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford, director of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, co-director of the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities. He is visiting professorial fellow in Biomedical Ethics at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Australia, and distinguished visiting professor in law at Melbourne University since 2017. He directs the Biomedical Ethics Research Group and is a member of the Centre for Ethics of Pediatric Genomics in Australia. He is a former editor and current board member of the Journal of Medical Ethics (2001–2004 and 2011–2018), which is ranked as the No.1 journal in bioethics worldwide by Google Scholar Metrics as of 2013. In addition to his background in applied ethics and philosophy, he also has a background in medicine and neuroscience and completed his MBBS (Hons) and BMedSc at Monash University, graduating top of his class with 18 of 19 final year prizes in Medicine. He edits the Oxford University Press book series, the Uehiro Series in Practical Ethics.
He completed his PhD at Monash University, under the supervision of philosopher Peter Singer. His doctoral thesis was on good reasons to die and euthanasia. After graduating, he took a Menzies Foundation postdoctoral scholarship, supervised by Derek Parfit before returning to Australia. He established a group on the ethics of genetics at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia. In 2002, he took up the Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics in Oxford. In 2003, he established the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics as director.
Awards
Savulescu has a Doctoris Honoris Causa from the University of Bucharest (2014). He was awarded the ‘Thinker’ Award in the top 100 Australian Future Leaders (2009), and is a Monash University Distinguished Alumni (2009). He was ASMR Gold Medalist (2005).
In 2018, Savulescu and a team of co-authors were awarded the Daniel M. Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize. This prize recognizes the author of an article or book chapter judged to provide the most innovative theoretical contribution to social/personality psychology within a given year. He was also shortlisted for the AHRC Medal for Leadership in Medical Humanities in 2018.
Procreative beneficence
Savulescu coined the phrase procreative beneficence. It is the controversial putative moral obligation of parents in a position to select their children, for instance through preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), to favor those expected to have the best life. An argument in favor of this principle is that traits (such as empathy, memory, etc.) are "all-purpose means" in the sense of being instrumental in realizing whatever life plans the child may come to have.
In some of his publications he has argued for the following:
that parents have a responsibility to select the best children they could have, given all of the relevant genetic information available to them, a principle that he extends to the use of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic diagnoses (PGD) to determine the intelligence of embryos and possible children; and
that stem cell research is justifiable even if one accepts the view of the embryo as a person.
Savulescu also justifies the destruction of embryos and fetuses as a source of organs and tissue for transplantation to adults. In his abstract he argues,
"The most publicly justifiable application of human cloning, if there is one at all, is to provide self-compatible cells or tissues for medical use, especially transplantation. Some have argued that this raises no new ethical issues above those raised by any form of embryo experimentation. I argue that this research is less morally problematic than other embryo research. Indeed, it is not merely morally permissible but morally required that we employ cloning to produce embryos or fetuses for the sake of providing cells, tissues or even organs for therapy, followed by abortion of the embryo or fetus." He argues that if it is permissible to destroy fetuses, for social reasons, or no reasons at all, it must be justifiable to destroy them to save lives.
Further, as editor of the Journal of Medical Ethics, he published, in 2012, an article by two Italian academics which stated that a new-born baby is effectively no different from a foetus, is not a "person" and, morally, could be killed at the decision of the parents etc. This article was published as part of a special double issue, 'Abortion, Infanticide, and Allowing Babies to Die'. The double issue included articles by Peter Singer, Michael Tooley, Jeff McMahan, C.A.J Coady, Leslie Francis, John Finnis, and others. In an editorial, Savulescu wrote: "The Journal aims in this issue to promote further and more extensive rational debate concerning this controversial and important topic by providing a range of arguments from a variety of perspectives. We have tried to be as inclusive as possible and provided a double issue to include as many as possible of the submissions we received. Infanticide is an important issue and one worthy of scholarly attention because it touches on an area of concern that few societies have had the courage to tackle honestly and openly: euthanasia. We hope that the papers in this issue will stimulate ethical reflection on practices of euthanasia that are occurring and its proper justification and limits." He also stated, "I am strongly opposed to the legalisation of infanticide along the lines discussed by Giubilini and Minerva."
Along with neuroethicist Guy Kahane, Savulescu's article "Brain Damage and the Moral Significance of Consciousness" appears to be the first mainstream publication to argue that increased evidence of consciousness in patients diagnosed with being in persistent vegetative state actually supports withdrawing or withholding care.
In 2009, Professor Savulescu presented a paper at the 'Festival of Dangerous Ideas,' held at the Sydney Opera House in October 2009, entitled "Unfit for Life: Genetically Enhance Humanity or Face Extinction," which can be seen on Vimeo. Savulescu argues that humanity is on the brink of disappearing in a metaphorical 'Bermuda Triangle' unless humans are willing to undergo 'moral enhancement'.
Reception
Walter Veit has gone further than Savulescu and argued that because there is no intrinsic moral difference between 'creating' and 'choosing' a life, eugenics becomes a natural consequence of procreative beneficence. If parents have a moral obligation to create children likely to have the best possible life, they should prefer to have children that have been genetically engineered for an optimal chance at such a life, even if those children bear little or no genetic relation to them.
Rebecca Bennett, however, criticizes Savulescu's argument. Bennett argues that "the chances of any particular individual being born is spectacularly unlikely, given the infinite number of variables that had to be in place for this to happen. In order for any particular individual to exist, that individual's parents have to have been created in the first place, they have to meet at the right time and conceive us at a particular time to enable that particular sperm to fuse with that particular egg. Thus, it is clear that all sorts of things, any change in society, will effect who is born.". According to Bennett, this means that no-one is actually harmed if one does not select the best offspring, as the individuals born could not have had any other, worse life as they would otherwise never have been born – "choosing worthwhile but impaired lives harms no-one and is thus not less preferable", as Bennett puts it. Bennett argues that while advocates of procreative beneficence could appeal to impersonal harm, which is where one should aim to ensure the maximum possible potential quality of life and thus embryos without or with the least impairments should be selected (as the impersonal total quality of life will be improved), this argument is flawed on two counts. Firstly on an intuitive level, Bennett questions if benefit or harm that doesn't affect anyone (i.e. it is impersonal) should be worthy of consideration as no actual people will gain or lose anything. Secondly and on a theoretical level, Bennett argues that attempting to increase the sum total impersonal happiness (or decrease impersonal harm) can lead to repugnant conclusions, such as being obliged to produce as many offspring as possible to bring more people into the world to raise the level of impersonal happiness, even if the quality of life of individuals suffers for it due to scarcity and overcrowding. Bennett argues that this conclusion is repugnant because "it cares little about what we normally regard as morally important: the welfare of individual people".
Norbert Paulo criticised Savulescu's argument for moral enhancement, arguing that if democratic governments had to morally enhance their populations because the majoritarian population are morally deficient, they could not be legitimate as they manipulated the population's will. Thus in Paulo's view, those advocating large-scale, state-driven and partially mandatory moral enhancement are advocating a non-democratic order.
Other information
In 2009, Savulescu was awarded a Distinguished Alumni Award by Monash University. In the same year, he was also announced as the winner in the Thinking category of The Australian newspaper's Emerging Leaders Awards.
He has co-authored two books: Medical Ethics and Law: The Core Curriculum with Tony Hope and Judith Hendrick and Unfit for the Future: The Need for Moral Enhancement (published by Oxford University Press) with Ingmar Persson.
Savulescu is a member of the board of directors executive committee of the International Neuroethics Society.
Together with John Harris, Julian was called a leading figure in New eugenics.
He has also edited the books Der neue Mensch? Enhancement und Genetik (together with Nikolaus Knoepffler), Human Enhancement (together with Nick Bostrom), Enhancing Human Capacities, The Ethics of Human Enhancement
See also
Bioethics
Biopolitics
Designer baby
Human enhancement
Human genetic engineering
Morphological freedom
Procreative liberty
Reproductive rights
Reprogenetics
Techno-progressivism
Transhumanism
References
External links
The Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics.
The Hinxton Group: An International Consortium on Stem Cells, Ethics & Law.
Stronger, smarter, nicer humans.
Philosophy Bites podcast of Julian Savulescu interviewed by Nigel Warburton on the Yuk Factor.
1963 births
Living people
20th-century Australian philosophers
21st-century Australian philosophers
Australian people of Romanian descent
Australian transhumanists
Bioethicists
Fellows of St Cross College, Oxford
People educated at Haileybury (Melbourne)
Monash University alumni |
4024042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Sports%20School | Singapore Sports School | Singapore Sports School (SSP) is a government-aided specialised independent school and statutory board under the purview of Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth in Singapore that offers an integrated sports and academic programme to secondary and post-secondary students.
Management
Moo Soon Chong was the first principal of Singapore Sports School. He was assisted by Chua Choon Seng, Director of Corporate Services and Irwin Seet, Director of Sports, Seah Poh Chua, Director of Academics and School Administration, who was Dean of the Academic Wing then, and a core team.
Moo Soon Chong retired on 14 December 2007 and Deborah Tan was appointed as the new principal of Singapore Sports School on the following day. Deborah Tan was appointed to a senior position at the Ministry of Education and left the school on 14 December 2013.
Followed by Deborah Tan's departure, Tan Teck Hock is appointed as the new principal of Singapore Sports School. Tan Teck Hock had served in the Education Service since 1992. He was the principal of Yishun Town Secondary School from December 1999 to December 2005 and Serangoon Junior College from December 2006 to December 2010. Tan Teck Hock was the founding Principal of the Physical Education and Sports Teacher Academy in 2010.
On 15 December 2019, Singapore Sports School announced that Ong Kim Soon would replace Tan Teck Hock. Ong Kim Soon was a PE and English teacher, head of department, vice-principal and special assistant of the principal at Saint Hilda's Secondary School, and Director of Physical, Sports, and Outdoor Education in the Ministry of Education Headquarters.
Sport Programmes and Achievements
Student-athletes in Singapore Sports School are either in an Academy Programme or in an Individual Programme.
The Academy Programmes are in the following sports:
Badminton
Bowling
Fencing
Football
Netball
Sailing
Shooting
Swimming
Table Tennis
Track and Field
Singapore Sports School also welcomes high-performing youth athletes to join the Individual Programme sports such as Artistic Swimming, Golf, Gymnastics, Pencak Silat, Sailing and Wushu.
Athlete-Friendly Academic Pathways
The Sports School offers the GCE "O" Level Examinations and several post-secondary through-train pathways. Student-athletes on the through-train pathways bypass the GCE "O" Level Examinations and progress onto one of three pathways conducted at Sports School: the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP), the customised Diploma in Sport Management (RP-SSP DSPM) from Republic Polytechnic or the customised Diploma in Business Studies (Entrepreneurship Management Option) (BS-EMGT) from Ngee Ann Polytechnic.
Singapore 2010 Youth Olympics Games
Singapore Sports School was the venue of the Aquatics (Swimming), Modern Pentathlon and Shooting.
National Youth Sports Institute
The National Youth Sports Institute (NYSI) is a youth-centric and youth-focused sporting organisation that aims to value-add and positively impact the Singapore youth sports ecosystem. Initiated by the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth.NYSI works closely with the Singapore Sports School and Singapore Sports Institute to drive youth sports development through four functional areas: Talent Identification and Development, Youth Coaching, Sports Science and Athlete Life Management.
Notable alumni
Calvin Kang – Olympian (Athletics, Sprinter)
Dipna Lim Prasad – Olympian (Athletics, Hurdler)
Mylene Ong – Olympian (Swimming)
Tao Li – Olympian (Swimming)
Narelle Kheng – Actress and singer
Benjamin Kheng – Actor and singer
Ben Davis – Footballer
Terry Hee – Badminton player
Loh Kean Yew – Olympian (Badminton) and 2021 BWF World Champion
References
External links
Singapore Sports School - Official website
Educational institutions established in 2004
2004 establishments in Singapore
Independent schools in Singapore
Secondary schools in Singapore
Sport schools in Singapore
Woodlands, Singapore
Venues of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Youth Olympic swimming venues |
4024051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltel | Beltel | Beltel was the name and trademark used by the South African Department of Posts and Telecommunications (later Telkom) for its Videotex system between the mid eighties and 1999.
The system used telephone lines and modems connected to personal computers or to dumb terminals which had built in modems.
The system incorporated a billing system which enabled information providers and service providers to receive payment for information and services provided to users. The billing system was capable of handling very small transactions, and referred to as Micro-billing. Today all of the functionality of the Beltel system, and more, is delivered by handheld mobile phones or cellphones and PDAs which utilize mobile payment.
Booklets/Magazines:
What is BELTEL?
BELTEL user manual. (Setting up, Facilities, Passwords, Logging off, Mail, Commands)
Videotex SA Beltel. (Various business services for its 14,000 users) (In 1990)
BELTEL as a business tool
The BELTEL post box.
Telematics: (News, views, reviews and adverts) (Seasonal)
Beltel provided many online services such as:
Debates, competitions, prizes.
Banking:
Allied Bank,
First National Bank,
Nedbank,
Standard Bank,
Trust bank,
United Bank,
Volkskas Bank
Credit Checking:
National Credit Bureau
Message Handling:
Beltel e-Mail,
Interlink,
Telkom 400
Agriculture
Agritel Fresh Produce,
Agritel Meat Service,
Boere-Data,
Mielieraad
Directories:
INNOBEL,
Electronic Yellow Pages
Entertainment:
Bel-Base,
Elmdene SA,
Playworld,
Times Media
Chatlines:
FROGG,
Intercom
News/Weather:
Agritel,
Bel-Base,
Elmdene SA,
Times Media
Classifieds:
Bel-Base,
CDS Classifieds,
Junk Mail
References
Telecommunications equipment
Videotex |
4024053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharman%20Shanmugaratnam | Tharman Shanmugaratnam | Tharman Shanmugaratnam (born 25 February 1957) is a Singaporean politician and economist who has been serving as a senior minister in the Cabinet since 2019, Coordinating Minister for Social Policies since 2015 and the chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) since 2011. He also serves as a deputy chairman of the country's sovereign wealth fund GIC and chairs its Investment Strategies Committee.
An economist by profession, Tharman is active in both the public and private sectors, both domestically and internationally. He previously led the G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance. Tharman earlier chaired the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), the International Monetary Fund's key policy forum, for four years – the first Asian chair. Since January 2021, he also co-chairs the G20 High Level Independent Panel on Global Financing for Pandemic Preparedness and Response along with fellow economists Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Lawrence Summers. In March 2022, Tharman was appointed as a member of the United Nations' High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism. He also chairs the Group of Thirty, a global council of economic and financial leaders from the public and private sectors and academia. In addition, he co-chairs the Global Education Forum, and the Advisory Board for the UNDP's Human Development Report. He is a member of the World Economic Forum's Board of Trustees.
Tharman has spent most of his working life in public service, in roles principally related to economic and social policies. He has also served in numerous ministerial positions in the Singaporean government. They include being the Deputy Prime Minister from 2011 to 2019, the Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies from 2015 to 2019, the Minister for Finance from 2007 to 2015 and the Minister for Education from 2003 to 2008. Tharman is a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Taman Jurong division of Jurong GRC and as an advisor of the Jurong GRC Grassroots Organisations. He was first elected as an MP during the 2001 general election, and has been re-elected four times since in 2006, 2011, 2015 and 2020.
Early life and education
Born in Singapore, Tharman attended the Anglo-Chinese School before graduating from the London School of Economics (LSE) with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics. LSE would later honored him with an Honorary Fellowship in 2011.
He subsequently obtained a Master of Philosophy degree in economics from the University of Cambridge, and a Master in Public Administration degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he received a Lucius N. Littauer Fellow award for his outstanding performance and potential.
Tharman was a student activist while studying in the United Kingdom during the 1970s. He originally held socialist beliefs, but his views on economics changed to the right over the course of his working career.
Political career
Tharman was first elected a Member of Parliament following the 2001 general election for Jurong GRC, having won 79.75% of the votes. Shortly after the 2001 elections, Tharman was appointed Senior Minister of State at the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Education. He then served as the Minister for Education from 2003 to 2008.
After being re-elected at the 2006 general election, Tharman was also appointed Second Minister for Finance before becoming Minister for Finance on 1 December 2007.
Following the 2011 general election, Tharman was appointed Deputy Prime Minister, while remaining as Minister for Finance. He served concurrently as the Minister for Manpower between May 2011 to July 2012. He stepped down as Minister for Finance in September 2015 after 9 years.
At the 2015 general election, Jurong GRC, helmed by Tharman, garnered a vote share of 79.3% against a Singaporeans First (SingFirst) team. Tharman has been elected to the Central Executive Committee of the People's Action Party since Dec 2002, and was appointed 2nd Assistant Secretary-General in May 2011. After the election, Tharman remained Deputy Prime Minister and was also appointed as Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies in October 2015.
In May 2017, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) conferred on Tharman the Medal of Honour, the highest of its May Day Awards. NTUC cited amongst other things "his deep commitment to building an inclusive society".
On 23 April 2019, the Prime Minister Office's cabinet reshuffle announced that Tharman, alongside Teo Chee Hean, would be relinquishing their respective Deputy Prime Minister portfolios, and appointed Senior Ministers effective from 1 May onwards. Tharman would also be Coordinating Minister for Social Policies and advise the Prime Minister on economic policies.
Tharman was re-elected at the 2020 general election, winning 74.62% of the votes in his GRC against Red Dot United.
Career before politics
Prior to entering politics, Tharman started his career at the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), where he became its chief economist. He later joined the Singapore Administrative Service and served in the Ministry of Education as Senior Deputy Secretary for Policy, before returning to the MAS where he eventually became its Managing Director. He resigned from this position to contest in the 2001 general election as a candidate for the People's Action Party.
Official Secrets Act case
While serving as director of the Economics Department of the MAS in 1992, Tharman was one of five persons charged under the Official Secrets Act (OSA) in a case involving the publication of Singapore's 1992 second-quarter flash GDP growth projections in the Business Times newspaper. The others included the editor, Patrick Daniel, of the Business Times.
The OSA case, which stretched over more than a year, was reported extensively in the Singapore press. Tharman contested and was eventually acquitted of the charge of communicating the GDP growth flash projections. The District Court then introduced a lesser charge of negligence, as the prosecution's case had been that the figures were seen on a document that he had with him on a table during his meeting with private sector economists together with one of his colleagues. Tharman also contested this lesser charge of negligence, and defended himself on the witness stand for a few days.
The Court nevertheless convicted him together with all the others in the case. Tharman was fined S$1,500, and the others S$2,000. As there was no finding that he communicated any classified information, the case did not pose any hurdle to his subsequent appointment as the Managing Director of the MAS, nor to his subsequent larger national responsibilities.
Other national and international appointments
Tharman has been the chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) since May 2011. He is appointed as the Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) as of May 2019, and chairs its Investment Strategy Committee.
Tharman led the SkillsFuture programme, launched in 2014 with the aim of developing skills of the future, and opportunities for life-long learning and job upskilling among Singaporeans. He subsequently chaired the tripartite Council for Skills, Innovation and Productivity (CSIP) until May 2017.
He currently also chairs the Economic Development Board's International Advisory Council, and the International Academic Advisory Panel that advises the Government on strategies for the university sector.
In April 2017, Tharman was appointed by the G20 to chair a G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance. In Oct 2018, the Group proposed reforms for a more effective system of global development finance and for financial stability. Tharman also succeeded Jean-Claude Trichet as Chairman of the Group of Thirty, an independent global council of leading economic and financial policy-makers from January 1, 2017.
Tharman had previously been appointed by his international peers as Chairman of the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), the key policy forum of the IMF, for an extended period of four years from 2011; he was its first Asian chair. In announcing Tharman's selection, the IMF said that his "broad experience, deep knowledge of economic and financial issues, and active engagement with global policy makers will be highly valuable to the IMFC".
Since 2019, Tharman has been the co-chair of the Advisory Board for UN's Human Development Report. He co-chaired with Thomas Piketty in 2019 and Michael Spence for the 2020 edition, and is co-chairing the Advisory Board for the 2021/22 edition with Michele Lamont.
In May 2019, Tharman was admitted to the World Economic Forum Board of Trustees.
Among his other roles, he chairs the Board of Trustees of the Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA), which seeks to uplift educational performance and aspirations in the Indian Singapore community. He also chairs the Ong Teng Cheong Labour Leadership Institute.
In January 2021, Tharman was appointed by the G20 to co-chair the G20 High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on Financing the Global Commons for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, together with Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Lawrence Summers. In March 2022, Tharman was appointed as a member of the United Nations’ High Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism.
As of 2022, he currently chairs the National Jobs Council which is aimed at rebuilding skills and jobs for Singaporeans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Personal life
Ancestry and family
Tharman is a Singaporean of Ceylonese Tamil ancestry. One of three children, he is the son of Emeritus Professor K. Shanmugaratnam, a medical scientist known as the "father of pathology in Singapore", who founded the Singapore Cancer Registry and led a number of international organisations related to cancer research and pathology.
Tharman is married to Jane Yumiko Ittogi, a lawyer of Chinese-Japanese descent. She is actively engaged in social enterprise and the non-profit arts sector. The couple have one daughter and three sons.
Miscellaneous
Tharman was an active sportsman in his youth, and has highlighted the way sports instils lessons for life. He spoke about sports as a form of education in Game for Life: 25 Journeys, published by the Singapore Sports Council in 2013, as "a huge deal for character... Children learn the value of teams. They learn the discipline of repeated practice, and how there is no other way to develop expertise. Plus, the ability to fall or lose in competition and pick oneself up… with humility."
In Singaporean Chinese-language media, Tharman is usually referred to as (), an approximate transliteration of Tharman Shanmugaratnam. It was given to him by a leading Chinese language specialist in 1995.
References
External links
Tharman Shanmugaratnam on Singapore Prime Minister's Office
Tharman Shanmugaratnam on Parliament of Singapore
Tharman Shanmugaratnam on Taman Jurong
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1957 births
Alumni of Wolfson College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
Deputy Prime Ministers of Singapore
Finance ministers of Singapore
Chairmen of the Monetary Authority of Singapore
Ministers for Education of Singapore
Group of Thirty
Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean Hindus
Singaporean people of Indian descent
Singaporean people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Singaporean Tamil politicians
Ministers for Manpower of Singapore |
4024055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20the%20Interior%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of the Interior (Greece) | The Ministry of the Interior () is a government department of Greece. On 15 September 1995, it was merged with the Ministry of the Prime Minister's Office () to form the Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization (). On 19 September 2007, it was merged with the Ministry of Public Order and reverted to its original name. The merger was reversed on 7 October 2009, when the Ministry of the Interior, Decentralization and Electronic Governance () was formed. On 27 June 2011, a separate Ministry of Administrative Reform and Electronic Governance was created, and the Ministry of the Interior again reverted to its original name. On 27 January 2015, the two were merged with the Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection to form the Ministry of the Interior and Administrative Reorganization (). A separate Ministry of Administrative Reorganization was created on 5 November 2016, and the Ministry of the Interior reverted to its original name for the third time in a decade. A separate Ministry of Citizen Protection was also re-established on 29 August 2018. The Ministry of Administrative Reorganization was reabsorbed by the Ministry of the Interior on 9 July 2019.
List of Ministers of the Interior (1974–1995)
On 15 September 1995, the Ministry of the Prime Minister's Office and the Ministry of the Interior were merged to become the Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization.
List of Ministers of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization (1995–2007)
On 19 September 2007, the Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization was merged with the Ministry of Public Order to form the Ministry of the Interior.
List of Ministers of the Interior (2007–2009)
List of Ministers of the Interior, Decentralization and Electronic Governance (2009–2011)
List of Ministers of the Interior (2011–2015)
List of Ministers of the Interior and Administrative Reorganization (2015–2016)
List of Ministers of the Interior (since 2016)
See also
Decentralization
External links
Official website
Government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Law enforcement in Greece
Greece |
4024062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Examinations%20and%20Assessment%20Board | Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board | The Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB) is a statutory board under the Ministry of Education of the Government of Singapore.
SEAB was established on 1 April 2004 as a statutory board to develop and conduct national examinations in Singapore and to provide other examination and assessment services. The board also publishes examination results for the major exams such as the Primary School Leaving Examination, GCE ‘N’ Level GCE 'O' Level and GCE 'A' Level.
Regulated examinations
The following national examinations are regulated by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board.
Primary school examinations
Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE)
International Primary School Leaving Examination (iPSLE), international variation of the PSLE.
Secondary school examinations
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level (GCE O-Level)
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level (GCE N-Level)
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal (Academic) Level (GCE N(A)-Level)
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal (Technical) Level (GCE N(T)-Level)
Examinations for tertiary education
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level (GCE A-Level)
Organisation Structure
SEAB is governed by a board which is led by a Chairman. The Chief Executive is the professional head of the organisation. Under the Chief Executive are various divisions organised into 2 clusters: Assessment and Exam Cluster and Corporate Cluster. Divisions in each cluster are led by Directors/Deputy Directors.
External links
SEAB Website
References
2004 establishments in Singapore
Government agencies established in 2004
Education in Singapore
Organisations of the Singapore Government
Statutory boards of the Singapore Government
Educational institutions established in 2004
Qualifications awarding bodies
Regulation in Singapore |
4024070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shondrella%20Avery | Shondrella Avery | Shondrella Dupre Avery (born April 26, 1971) is an American actress, model and comedian. Her film roles include as LaFawnduh Lucas-Dynamite in the independent comedy Napoleon Dynamite (2004), and supporting roles in Domino (2005) and The Secret Life of Bees (2008).
Early life
Avery was born in Los Angeles, California, and grew up in South Central Los Angeles, as the oldest of 10 children. She has created a one-woman show titled "Ain't I Enough," based on her experiences growing up with her enormous family, which has aired on HBO.
She graduated from Los Angeles County High School for the Arts and studied for her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from California State University, Los Angeles.
Career
Avery began her career as a comic, performing as a member of the improvisational comedy groups The Groundlings in Los Angeles, and The Second City in Chicago. She and her family produced four different "workout" spots for up-and-coming and seasoned comics throughout Los Angeles County, while working a corporate job. Her first big break came in 2001 during a Fourth of July celebration on Martha's Vineyard hosted by local politicians related to her high school friend. She and good friend Tony Rock (brother to Chris Rock) performed, with an overwhelming response.
From 2002 until 2005, Avery had a recurring role as Candy Taylor on the situation comedy One on One and later became a cast member on the spinoff Cuts, playing the same role. Simultaneously, she was a cast member for five seasons on the first ever all-female reality/prank television series, Girls Behaving Badly.
In movies, Avery played internet girlfriend "LaFawnduh Lucas-Dynamite" in the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite. At the time of being cast, Avery was working as a contracts executive at the Hilton Hotels Corporation in Beverly Hills. She subsequently had supporting roles in the films Trippin' and Domino. She also appeared in Déjà Vu with Denzel Washington, in which she was directed by Tony Scott for the second time. In 2012, Avery appeared in End of Watch, starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Michael Peña. The movie was filmed in her native South Central Los Angeles, and was written and directed by Training Day writer David Ayer.
In 2007, Avery appeared in a People magazine "who wore it best" feature comparing her to Beyoncé in an H&M dress. In US magazine, she was pictured with Mena Suvari attending Carmelo Anthony's Shoe launch in 2008. She has also been seen at many of Macy Gray's concerts. Gray played Avery's twin sister in Domino. In 2010 she staged a high tea at Philippe Chow for friend Mo'Nique, also from Domino, in honour of her Oscar nomination. The day after the high tea, Mo'Nique won the Oscar for her acclaimed performance in Precious. Avery helped celebrate the win when she made an appearance on the Mo'Nique show in 2010.
Avery and her husband, who is originally from Nigeria, produced a TV pilot in 2010 in which she examines the differences between Africans and Americans, suggesting there should be a mediator explaining both sides. She describes her show as Larry David's Curb Your Enthusiasm meets The Office. Avery is in search of the right network to launch it.
Personal life
Avery's husband is Ade Kester. Avery has been linked to many philanthropic causes. She is a children's advocate, mentoring kids at "A Place Called Home" in South Central. She's also involved with the WGA Writer's Program for teens, speaking at high schools and universities. She gives time at Los Angeles children's charity Penny Lane and is a sitting board member of the Sickle Cell Disease Foundation of California; her mother has the disease, and two of her siblings died of it. She also works with Coach Art, a charity offering free athletic and arts training to chronically ill children.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
UPNcyclopedia bio
1971 births
Living people
Actresses from Los Angeles
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
African-American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
California State University, Los Angeles alumni
Los Angeles County High School for the Arts alumni
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people |
4024071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Green%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tom Green (disambiguation) | Tom Green (born 1971) is a Canadian actor, comedian, talk show host and media personality.
Tom Green or Tommy Green may also refer to:
Sports
Association football (soccer)
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1863) (1863–1923), English footballer for Aston Villa
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1873) (1873–1921), English footballer for West Bromwich Albion
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1876) (1876–1958), English footballer for New Brighton Tower, Liverpool, Middlesbrough and Stockport County
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1893) (1893–1975), English footballer for West Ham United, Accrington Stanley, Stockport County and Clapton Orient
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1913) (1913–1997), English footballer for West Bromwich Albion
Other sports
Tommy Green (athlete) (1894–1975), British race walker
Tom Green (basketball) (born 1949), American college basketball coach
Tom Green (field hockey) (born 1974), Canadian field hockey player
Tom Green (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1979), Australian rules footballer for Hawthorn
Tom Green (footballer, born 2001), Australian rules footballer for Greater Western Sydney
Tom Green (golfer) (1900–1974), Welsh golfer
Tom Green (runner) (born 1950/1), American marathon runner
Others
Tom Green (artist) (1913–1980), Australian artist
Tom Green (attorney) (born 1941/2), American defense lawyer
Tom Green (designer) (fl. 1964), designer and driver of the land speed record holder Wingfoot Express
Tom Green (polygamist) (born 1948), American Mormon fundamentalist in Utah who practiced plural marriage
Tom Patrick Green (1942–2012), American painter and art professor
Other uses
Tom Green County, Texas, American geographic designation
See also
Thom Green (born 1991), Australian dancer and actor
Thom Sonny Green, English drummer and electronic music producer
Thomas Green (disambiguation)
Thomas Greene (disambiguation)
Tommie Green (1956–2015), American basketball player
Green, Tom |
4024075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Milyutin | Nikolay Milyutin | Nikolay Alexeyevich Milyutin (; 6 June 1818 – 26 January 1872) was a Russian statesman remembered as the chief architect of the great liberal reforms undertaken during Alexander II's reign, including the emancipation of the serfs and the establishment of zemstvo.
Peter Kropotkin, the Anarchist, described him as "the soul of the emancipation of the Serfs in bureaucratic circles."
Early life
Nikolay Milyutin was born in Moscow on 6 June 1818, the scion of an influential, but impoverished, aristocratic Russian family. He was the nephew of Count Pavel Kiselyov, the most brilliant Russian reformer of Nicholas I's reactionary reign. Milyutin's brothers were Vladimir Milyutin (1826–55), a social philosopher, journalist and economist, and Dmitry Milyutin (1816–1912), who served as Minister of War under Alexander II.
Milyutin's formative years were spent on his father's estate, Titovo, in Kaluga Oblast. Serfs worked the land at Titovo, while Milyutin's father occupied most of his time hunting and carousing with friends. Milyutin's mother was left to oversee most aspects of life on their estate. According to Milyutin, there were so many serfs at Titovo that "to list all would be impossible." While Milyutin largely omitted the more unsavory aspects regarding life at Titovo from his published memoirs, an unpublished draft, detailing his childhood, discusses the brutality with which his father treated his serfs. On one occasion Milyutin witnessed his father "mercilessly" flog one their serfs, as he later explained: "But thus were the mores in those times: a good landowner considered [flogging] unavoidable to keep his serfs in line." Afterwards, as was then common practice, the serf was made to come and "thank the master" for having administered his "lesson." The incident left an indelible impression on Milyutin's young mind.
Career
Milyutin graduated from Moscow University and joined the Ministry of the Interior in 1835. A man of liberal views who sympathized with the Slavophile cause, Milyutin helped reform the municipal administration in St Petersburg, Moscow, and Odessa during the 1840s.
As an Assistant Minister of Interior since 1859, he succeeded in defending his vision of ambitious liberal reforms against attacks by conservatives and disconcerted nobility. The Emancipation Manifesto of 1861 was largely drafted by him. Up to the passage of the act, Milyutin had served as Adjunct of the Minister of the interior, Sergey Lanskoy. However, Milyutin was distrusted by the Czar as "a restless and uncompromising reformer." After passage of this act, though, Milutin was dismissed from office. In regards to the Liberal Party, "As you know, the hopes of the party were dashed to the ground by the dismissal -- one might also say disgrace -- of Nicholas Milutine the day after the [Emancipation] Edict was published..."
During the January Uprising he was dispatched to Poland in order to implement reforms there. He devised a program which involved the emancipation of the peasantry at the expense of the nationalist landowners and the expulsion of Roman Catholic priests from schools. Over seven hundred thousand Polish peasants were granted freehold land to farm as the result of Milyutin's reforms. A Russian university was established at Warsaw, and all secondary school lessons were required to be given in Russian, not Polish. Finally, the property of the Catholic Church was confiscated and sold. Although Milyutin had previously opposed the "direct and outright Russification" of Poland, according to one biographer, historian W. Bruce Lincoln, Milyutin's reforms effectively "hastened the coming of stern Russification policies" in Poland.
Milyutin resigned his office in December 1866, after having suffered a paralytic stroke, and spent the rest of his life in seclusion. He died on 26 January 1872 in Moscow.
See also
Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia
References
Further reading
Leslie, Robert Frank. Reform and insurrection in Russian Poland, 1856-1865 (Greenwood, 1969).
Lincoln, W. Bruce. "Milyutin and the Russian Serfs:" History Today (July 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 7, pp 495–504; online; covers 1840 to 1859.
Lincoln, W. Bruce. "The Makings of a New Polish Policy: N. A. Milyutin and the Polish Question, 1861-1863." Polish Review (1970): 54-66. online
Zyzniewski, Stanley J. "The Russo-Polish Crucible of the 1860s: A Review of Some Recent Literature." The Polish Review (1966): 23-46. Online
External links
Politicians of the Russian Empire
Russian nobility
Government officials of Congress Poland
1818 births
1872 deaths
Privy Councillor (Russian Empire) |
4024078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaraja | Nagaraja | Nāgarāja ( , ) are the serpent-like figures that appear in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain mythology. These are the kings of the various races of Nāga, divine or semi-divine half-human half-serpent beings that reside in the netherworld (Patala) and can occasionally take human form. Rituals devoted to these supernatural beings have been taking place throughout South Asia for at least two thousand years.
Hinduism
Hindu texts refer to three main beings by this title: Shesha, Takshaka and Vasuki. All of them are the children of rishi Kashyapa and Kadru.
Shesha
Shesha, also sometimes known as Ananta, is the eldest brother and first serpent king of all serpents: a devotee and a Mount of Vishnu , he represents the friendly aspect of serpents, as they save food from rodents. Vishnu is always in continuous meditation (Yoganidra) with Ananta forming a bed for him; thus, this posture is called Ananta-Sayana.
Vasuki
Vāsuki is the second serpent king in Buddhism and Hinduism. He is a devotee of Shiva, who always wears the nāga around his neck .
Takshaka
Takshaka is the third and presently serpent king. In the Mahabharata, he ruled the Khandava forest, which was then burnt by the Pandava Arjuna. Later, Takshaka slew Parikshit, the grandson of Arjuna.
Serpents are 1000 brothers and they also had a sister whose name is Mansa.
Temples
An ancient temple of Nagraj or snake god Vasuki is in Gujarat's surendranagar district's "Thangadh" town. Thangadh's land is also known as land of snake. People do worship Vasuki nag as the rustic god of Thangadh.
At Nagercoil in Kanniyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, a temple dedicated to Nagaraja exists.
There is another famous temple named Mannarasala in Alleppey district of Kerala. The deity in this temple embodies both Anantha and Vasuki into one.
A temple devoted to nagraja exists in kaippattoor of Ernakulam district in Kerala, India.
It is known as thekkanattil nagaraja kshetram.
A temple devoted to Nagaraja exists in Poojappura of Thiruvananthapuram District in Kerala, India. It is known as Poojappura Nagarukavu Temple. The uniqueness of this temple is that here the family of the Nagaraja including Nagaramma (Queen of Naga) and Nagakanya (Princess of the Naga kingdom) is placed inside a single temple.
Also at Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient abode of Serpent Wisdom known as Thuppanathu Kavu, located at Vazhamuttam. The three serpent deities evoked in this ancient temple are Nagaraja Vasuki (relating to Lord Shiva), Naga Yakshi (Serpent Queen/ wife of Nagaraja) and Naga Kanyaka. Turmeric powder, Noorum Paalum and Naagaroottu are offered to them. Accompanied by the Naga Gods and Goddesses at Thuppanathu Kavu are the goddess Vanadurga and the goddess Rajarajeswari.
Kukke Subramanya is a Hindu temple located in the village of Subramanya, Karnataka. In this temple Kartikeya is worshipped as Subramanya, lord of all serpents. The epics relate that the divine serpent Vasuki and other serpents found refuge under Subramanya when threatened by Garuda.
Buddhism
There are many Nagarajas mentioned throughout various Buddhist texts. There are four major royal races of Nagarajas in Buddhism as the Virupakkhas, the Erapathas, the Chabyaputtas and the Kanhagotamakas. Nāga Kings appears in the audience for many of Gautama Buddha's sermons in Buddhist scriptures. The duties of the Nāga Kings included leading the nāgas in protecting the Buddha, other enlightened beings, as well as protecting the Buddha Sasana.
Some of the most notable Nagarajas occurring in Buddhist scriptures are Virupaksa, Mucalinda, Dhrtarastra, Taksak, Vasuki, Nanda, Upananda, Sagara, Balavan, Anavatapta, Varuna and Utpala.
Virupaksa
Virūpākṣa (Sanskrit; Pali: Virūpakkha) is a major deity in Buddhism. He is one of the Four Heavenly Kings and a dharmapala. He lives on the western part of Sumeru. He is leader of the nāgas.
Mucalinda
It is said that four weeks after Gautama Buddha began meditating under the Bodhi Tree, the heavens darkened for seven days, and a prodigious rain descended. However, the mighty King of Serpents, Mucalinda, came from beneath the earth and protected with his hood the one who is the source of all protection. The subject of Buddha meditating under the protection of Mucalinda, also known as Naga Prok attitude is very common in Southeast Asian Buddhist art.
Dhrtarastra
Buddhist literature features a Nāga King named Dhṛtarāṣṭra(Sanskrit; Pali: Dhataraṭṭha). He was the father of Gautama Buddha in a past life when the latter was a bodhisattva named Bhūridatta. He is mentioned in several Buddhist texts such as the Bhūridatta Jātaka, the Mahāmāyūrī Vidyārājñī Sūtra and the Mahāmegha Sūtra.
Apalala
Apalāla(Pali, Sanskrit) is a water-dwelling Nāga-king in Buddhist mythology. He story of conversion to Buddhism by the Buddha (Pali: Apalāladamana) can be found in Buddhist texts such as Samantapāsādikā and Divyāvadāna; this is one of the most popular legends in Buddhist lore and art.
Duo-luo-shi-qi
In some Buddhist traditions a figure called Duo-luo-shi-qi or Talasikhin is described as a Dragon King who dwells in a palace within a pond outside the legendary kingdom of Ketumati and drizzles in it during midnight.
See also
Long Wang (Dragon King)
Kuzuryū
Nagraj
Ur (Mandaeism)
Taxakeshwar – Nagaraja temple in Madhya Pradesh
Naga Panchami – An auspicious day for Naga Worship all over India
Bhujang Nag Temple – Gujarat
Khajji Naga Temple – Khajjiar, Himachal Pradesh
Nagraj Mandir – Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
References
H.Oldenberg: The Vinaya Pitakam. London 1879, pp. 24–25
External links
Mannarasala Sri Nagaraja Temple official web site
Nāgas
km:នាគក្បាលប្រាំបួន |
4024093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20efficiency | Thermal efficiency | In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, steam turbine, steam engine, boiler, furnace, refrigerator, ACs etc.
For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work output to the heat input; in the case of a heat pump, thermal efficiency (known as the coefficient of performance) is the ratio of net heat output (for heating), or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy input (external work). The efficiency of a heat engine is fractional as the output is always less than the input while the COP of a heat pump is more than 1. These values are further restricted by the Carnot theorem.
Overview
In general, energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of a device and the input, in energy terms. For thermal efficiency, the input, , to the device is heat, or the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is mechanical work, , or heat, , or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is
From the first law of thermodynamics, the energy output cannot exceed the input, and by the second law of thermodynamics it cannot be equal in a non-ideal process, so
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be between 0% and 100%. Efficiency must be less than 100% because there are inefficiencies such as friction and heat loss that convert the energy into alternative forms. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at around 25% efficiency, and a large coal-fuelled electrical generating plant peaks at about 46%, advances in Formula 1 motorsport regulations have pushed teams to develop highly efficient power units which peak around 45–50% thermal efficiency. The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%. In a combined cycle plant, thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%. Such a real-world value may be used as a figure of merit for the device.
For engines where a fuel is burned there are two types of thermal efficiency: indicated thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency. This efficiency is only appropriate when comparing similar types or similar devices.
For other systems the specifics of the calculations of efficiency vary but the non dimensional input is still the same. Efficiency = Output energy / input energy
Heat engines
Heat engines transform thermal energy, or heat, Qin into mechanical energy, or work, Wout. They cannot do this task perfectly, so some of the input heat energy is not converted into work, but is dissipated as waste heat Qout < 0 into the surroundings:
The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the percentage of heat energy that is transformed into work. Thermal efficiency is defined as
The efficiency of even the best heat engines is low; usually below 50% and often far below. So the energy lost to the environment by heat engines is a major waste of energy resources. Since a large fraction of the fuels produced worldwide go to powering heat engines, perhaps up to half of the useful energy produced worldwide is wasted in engine inefficiency, although modern cogeneration, combined cycle and energy recycling schemes are beginning to use this heat for other purposes. This inefficiency can be attributed to three causes. There is an overall theoretical limit to the efficiency of any heat engine due to temperature, called the Carnot efficiency. Second, specific types of engines have lower limits on their efficiency due to the inherent irreversibility of the engine cycle they use. Thirdly, the nonideal behavior of real engines, such as mechanical friction and losses in the combustion process causes further efficiency losses.
Carnot efficiency
The second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit on the thermal efficiency of all heat engines. Even an ideal, frictionless engine can't convert anywhere near 100% of its input heat into work. The limiting factors are the temperature at which the heat enters the engine, , and the temperature of the environment into which the engine exhausts its waste heat, , measured in an absolute scale, such as the Kelvin or Rankine scale. From Carnot's theorem, for any engine working between these two temperatures:
This limiting value is called the Carnot cycle efficiency because it is the efficiency of an unattainable, ideal, reversible engine cycle called the Carnot cycle. No device converting heat into mechanical energy, regardless of its construction, can exceed this efficiency.
Examples of are the temperature of hot steam entering the turbine of a steam power plant, or the temperature at which the fuel burns in an internal combustion engine. is usually the ambient temperature where the engine is located, or the temperature of a lake or river into which the waste heat is discharged. For example, if an automobile engine burns gasoline at a temperature of and the ambient temperature is , then its maximum possible efficiency is:
It can be seen that since is fixed by the environment, the only way for a designer to increase the Carnot efficiency of an engine is to increase , the temperature at which the heat is added to the engine. The efficiency of ordinary heat engines also generally increases with operating temperature, and advanced structural materials that allow engines to operate at higher temperatures is an active area of research.
Due to the other causes detailed below, practical engines have efficiencies far below the Carnot limit. For example, the average automobile engine is less than 35% efficient.
Carnot's theorem applies to thermodynamic cycles, where thermal energy is converted to mechanical work. Devices that convert a fuel's chemical energy directly into electrical work, such as fuel cells, can exceed the Carnot efficiency.
Engine cycle efficiency
The Carnot cycle is reversible and thus represents the upper limit on efficiency of an engine cycle. Practical engine cycles are irreversible and thus have inherently lower efficiency than the Carnot efficiency when operated between the same temperatures and . One of the factors determining efficiency is how heat is added to the working fluid in the cycle, and how it is removed. The Carnot cycle achieves maximum efficiency because all the heat is added to the working fluid at the maximum temperature , and removed at the minimum temperature . In contrast, in an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder is nowhere near its peak temperature as the fuel starts to burn, and only reaches the peak temperature as all the fuel is consumed, so the average temperature at which heat is added is lower, reducing efficiency.
An important parameter in the efficiency of combustion engines is the specific heat ratio of the air-fuel mixture, γ. This varies somewhat with the fuel, but is generally close to the air value of 1.4. This standard value is usually used in the engine cycle equations below, and when this approximation is made the cycle is called an air-standard cycle.
Otto cycle: automobiles The Otto cycle is the name for the cycle used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines such as gasoline and hydrogen fuelled automobile engines. Its theoretical efficiency depends on the compression ratio r of the engine and the specific heat ratio γ of the gas in the combustion chamber. Thus, the efficiency increases with the compression ratio. However the compression ratio of Otto cycle engines is limited by the need to prevent the uncontrolled combustion known as knocking. Modern engines have compression ratios in the range 8 to 11, resulting in ideal cycle efficiencies of 56% to 61%.
Diesel cycle: trucks and trains In the Diesel cycle used in diesel truck and train engines, the fuel is ignited by compression in the cylinder. The efficiency of the Diesel cycle is dependent on r and γ like the Otto cycle, and also by the cutoff ratio, rc, which is the ratio of the cylinder volume at the beginning and end of the combustion process: The Diesel cycle is less efficient than the Otto cycle when using the same compression ratio. However, practical Diesel engines are 30% - 35% more efficient than gasoline engines. This is because, since the fuel is not introduced to the combustion chamber until it is required for ignition, the compression ratio is not limited by the need to avoid knocking, so higher ratios are used than in spark ignition engines.
Rankine cycle: steam power plants The Rankine cycle is the cycle used in steam turbine power plants. The overwhelming majority of the world's electric power is produced with this cycle. Since the cycle's working fluid, water, changes from liquid to vapor and back during the cycle, their efficiencies depend on the thermodynamic properties of water. The thermal efficiency of modern steam turbine plants with reheat cycles can reach 47%, and in combined cycle plants, in which a steam turbine is powered by exhaust heat from a gas turbine, it can approach 60%.
Brayton cycle: gas turbines and jet engines The Brayton cycle is the cycle used in gas turbines and jet engines. It consists of a compressor that increases pressure of the incoming air, then fuel is continuously added to the flow and burned, and the hot exhaust gasses are expanded in a turbine. The efficiency depends largely on the ratio of the pressure inside the combustion chamber p2 to the pressure outside p1
Other inefficiencies
One should not confuse thermal efficiency with other efficiencies that are used when discussing engines. The above efficiency formulas are based on simple idealized mathematical models of engines, with no friction and working fluids that obey simple thermodynamic rules called the ideal gas law. Real engines have many departures from ideal behavior that waste energy, reducing actual efficiencies below the theoretical values given above. Examples are:
friction of moving parts
inefficient combustion
heat loss from the combustion chamber
departure of the working fluid from the thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas
aerodynamic drag of air moving through the engine
energy used by auxiliary equipment like oil and water pumps.
inefficient compressors and turbines
imperfect valve timing
These factors may be accounted when analyzing thermodynamic cycles, however discussion of how to do so is outside the scope of this article.
Energy conversion
For a device that converts energy from another form into thermal energy (such as an electric heater, boiler, or furnace), the thermal efficiency is
where the quantities are heat-equivalent values.
So, for a boiler that produces 210 kW (or 700,000 BTU/h) output for each 300 kW (or 1,000,000 BTU/h) heat-equivalent input, its thermal efficiency is 210/300 = 0.70, or 70%. This means that 30% of the energy is lost to the environment.
An electric resistance heater has a thermal efficiency close to 100%. When comparing heating units, such as a highly efficient electric resistance heater to an 80% efficient natural gas-fuelled furnace, an economic analysis is needed to determine the most cost-effective choice.
Effects of fuel heating value
The heating value of a fuel is the amount of heat released during an exothermic reaction (e.g., combustion) and is a characteristic of each substance. It is measured in units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass, such as: kJ/kg, J/mol.
The heating value for fuels is expressed as the HHV, LHV, or GHV to distinguish treatment of the heat of phase changes:
Higher heating value (HHV) is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature, and in particular condensing any vapor produced. This is the same as the thermodynamic heat of combustion.
Lower heating value (LHV) (or net calorific value) is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water vapor from the higher heating value. The energy required to vaporize the water therefore is not realized as heat.
Gross heating value accounts for water in the exhaust leaving as vapor, and includes liquid water in the fuel prior to combustion. This value is important for fuels like wood or coal, which will usually contain some amount of water prior to burning.
Which definition of heating value is being used significantly affects any quoted efficiency. Not stating whether an efficiency is HHV or LHV renders such numbers very misleading.
Heat pumps and refrigerators
Heat pumps, refrigerators and air conditioners use work to move heat from a colder to a warmer place, so their function is the opposite of a heat engine. The work energy (Win) that is applied to them is converted into heat, and the sum of this energy and the heat energy that is taken up from the cold reservoir (QC) is equal to the magnitude of the total heat energy given off to the hot reservoir (|QH|)
Their efficiency is measured by a coefficient of performance (COP). Heat pumps are measured by the efficiency with which they give off heat to the hot reservoir, COPheating; refrigerators and air conditioners by the efficiency with which they take up heat from the cold space, COPcooling:
The reason the term "coefficient of performance" is used instead of "efficiency" is that, since these devices are moving heat, not creating it, the amount of heat they move can be greater than the input work, so the COP can be greater than 1 (100%). Therefore, heat pumps can be a more efficient way of heating than simply converting the input work into heat, as in an electric heater or furnace.
Since they are heat engines, these devices are also limited by Carnot's theorem. The limiting value of the Carnot 'efficiency' for these processes, with the equality theoretically achievable only with an ideal 'reversible' cycle, is:
The same device used between the same temperatures is more efficient when considered as a heat pump than when considered as a refrigerator since
This is because when heating, the work used to run the device is converted to heat and adds to the desired effect, whereas if the desired effect is cooling the heat resulting from the input work is just an unwanted by-product. Sometimes, the term efficiency is used for the ratio of the achieved COP to the Carnot COP, which can not exceed 100%.
Energy efficiency
The 'thermal efficiency' is sometimes called the energy efficiency. In the United States, in everyday usage the SEER is the more common measure of energy efficiency for cooling devices, as well as for heat pumps when in their heating mode. For energy-conversion heating devices their peak steady-state thermal efficiency is often stated, e.g., 'this furnace is 90% efficient', but a more detailed measure of seasonal energy effectiveness is the annual fuel use efficiency (AFUE).
Heat exchangers
A counter flow heat exchanger is the most efficient type of heat exchanger in transferring heat energy from one circuit to the other. However, for a more complete picture of heat exchanger efficiency, exergetic considerations must be taken into account. Thermal efficiencies of an internal combustion engine are typically higher than that of external combustion engines.
See also
Kalina cycle
Electrical efficiency
Mechanical efficiency
Heat engine
Federal roofing tax credit for energy efficiency (US)
Lower heating value
Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
Higher heating value
Energy conversion efficiency
References
Thermodynamic properties
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Energy conversion
Engineering thermodynamics |
4024100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagres%20and%20Fort%20San%20Lorenzo | Chagres and Fort San Lorenzo | Chagres (), once the chief Atlantic port on the isthmus of Panama, is now an abandoned village at the historical site of Fort San Lorenzo (). The fort's ruins and the village site are located about west of Colón, on a promontory overlooking the mouth of the Chagres River.
16th and 17th centuries: Discovery and fortification
In 1502, during his fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus discovered the Chagres River.
By 1534, the Monarchy of Spain had, following its conquest of Peru, established a rainy-season gold route over the isthmus of Panama—Camino Real de Cruces—using mule trains and the Chagres River. The trail connected the Pacific port of Panama City to the mouth of the Chagres, from whence Peru's plunder would sail to Spain's storehouses in the leading Atlantic ports of the isthmus: Nombre de Dios, at first; and, later, Portobelo. (The dry-season, overland route—the Camino Real—connected Panama City with those ports directly.)
Attracted to the treasure, pirates began attacking Panama's coast around 1560. To protect the Atlantic terminus of Las Cruces Trail (Camino Real de Cruces), Spain built Fort San Lorenzo at the Chagres River's mouth. The work began in 1598 by order of King Philip II. From 1587 to 1599, the fortifications evolved into a sea-level battery and they were completed in 1601. The plans of the massive fortress were made by the Italian engineer Baptist Antonelli. The castle of San Lorenzo was built on top of a high reef, in a position that dominated the entrance of the Chagres River.
In 1670, buccaneer Henry Morgan ordered an attack that left Fort San Lorenzo in ruins. He invaded Panama City the following year, using San Lorenzo as his base of operations.
In the 1680s, the Spanish constructed a new fort above the water. Set on a cliff overlooking the entrance to the harbor, the fort was protected on the landward side by a dry moat with a drawbridge. During this time, the town of Chagres was established under the protection of the fort.
18th and 19th centuries: Decline and rebirth
In 1739 and 1740, British Admiral Edward Vernon attacked the Spanish fortifications at Portobelo and Chagres. With the destruction of Portobelo's fort, Spain abandoned trade there, instead strengthening its fortifications at Chagres, and, upstream, Gatun. With the decline of Portobelo, Chagres surpassed it as the chief Atlantic port of the isthmus.
By the middle of the 18th century, however, the Spanish had largely abandoned both of the old trails over the isthmus, preferring to sail around the tip of South America at Cape Horn. For over a century, Fort San Lorenzo was used as a prison.
The 1848 finding of gold in California stimulated new vitality at the mouth of the Chagres River. Westbound prospectors who preferred to avoid crossing the "Great American Desert" or rounding Cape Horn would follow the old path of the Las Cruces Trail, beginning their transcontinental journey at "Yankee Town" or "Yanqui Chagres"—the wild-west boomtown that sprang up on the bank opposite the original village and fortress.
The rebirth of Chagres' importance was short-lived. Although the advent of steamboat service on the Chagres River had, by 1853, shortened the time required to cross the isthmus from several days to about twelve hours, the 1855 completion of the Panama Railway further reduced the transcontinental travel time to about three hours. As a result, the railway’s Atlantic terminus, Colón, became Panama's Atlantic port, and Chagres receded from importance.
20th century: Canal Zone to protected area
The construction of the Panama Canal, completed in 1914, required the construction of the massive Gatun Dam, about upriver from Chagres, permanently sealing off the river from inland trade.
Although Chagres fell outside the original boundary of the Panama Canal Zone, that zone expanded in 1916 to include the mouth of Chagres River. The town of Chagres—which, by then, had only 96 houses and 400 to 500 inhabitants—was then "depopulated," and its former residents were resettled to Nuevo Chagres, located about to the southwest, along the coast.
Fort San Lorenzo has been designated as government-protected since 1908. Currently, the ruins of Fort San Lorenzo and the Chagres village site are contained within the of the San Lorenzo Protected Area, all former Canal Zone territory.
In 1980, UNESCO declared Fort San Lorenzo, together with the fortified town of Portobelo about to the northeast, to be a World Heritage Site under the name, "Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama." The organization describes the fortifications as follows: "Magnificent examples of 17th- and 18th-century military architecture, these Panamanian forts on the Caribbean coast form part of the defence system built by the Spanish Crown to protect transatlantic trade."
Images
In fiction
Chagres features prominently in The Adventures & Brave Deeds Of The Ship's Cat On The Spanish Maine: Together With The Most Lamentable Losse Of The Alcestis & Triumphant Firing Of The Port Of Chagres, a children's book by Richard Adams.
See also
Chagres District—a district within the Colón Province
Chagres National Park—park at the Chagres River's headwaters; not to be confused with the San Lorenzo Protected Area
Chagres River—the river on whose mouth Chagres and Fort San Lorenzo were built
Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo—description of the UNESCO World Heritage Site
Nuevo Chagres—the capital of Chagres District
Portobelo—the other part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site
San Lorenzo Protected Area—encompasses Chagres and Fort San Lorenzo
Notes
References
External links
History of Panama
Archaeological sites in Panama
Former populated places in Panama
San Lorenzo
Spanish colonial fortifications
World Heritage Sites in Panama
Buildings and structures in Colón Province
Historic American Buildings Survey in the former Panama Canal Zone |
4024109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into%20the%20Arms%20of%20Strangers%3A%20Stories%20of%20the%20Kindertransport | Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport | Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport is a 2000 documentary film about the British rescue operation known as the Kindertransport, which saved the lives of over 10,000 Jewish and other children from Nazi Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Danzig by transporting them via train, boat, and plane to Great Britain. These children, or Kinder in German, were taken into foster homes and hostels in Britain, expecting eventually to be reunited with their parents. The majority of them never saw their families again. Written and directed by Mark Jonathan Harris, produced by Deborah Oppenheimer, narrated by Judi Dench, and made with the cooperation of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, it utilized rare and extensive footage, photographs, and artifacts, and is told in the words of the child survivors, rescuers, parents, and foster parents.
The film received numerous accolades, including winning the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
The film was released on DVD and VHS on August 28, 2001 by Warner Home Video.
In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Interviewed subjects
The documentary features filmed interviews in which the children of the Kindertransport (aged in their 60s and 70s at the time of the filming) recall their feelings and experiences. These interview subjects include:
Lorraine Allard, Kind
Lory Cahn, Kind
Mariam Cohen, foster mother of Kurt Fuchel
Hedy Epstein, Kind
Kurt Fuchel, Kind
Abrascha Gorbulski, Alexander Gordon, Kind, Dunera Boy, British Army Sergeant (1941-1947)
Franzi Groszmann, mother of Lore Segal
Eva Hayman, Kind
Jack Hellman, Kind
Bertha Leverton, Kind
Ursula Rosenfeld, Kind
Inge Sadan, Kind (Bertha Leverton's sister)
Lore Segal, Kind
Robert Sugar, Kind
Nicholas Winton, rescuer
Norbert Wollheim, rescuer
Alexander Gordon was also one of the refugees on , one of the most notorious events of British maritime history.
Reactions
Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport has an approval rating of 91% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 35 reviews, and an average rating of 7.68/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Although it appears to be nothing more than a "talking heads" documentary you may see on TV, Into the Arms of Strangers, nonetheless, tells a heart-wrenching story". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The film had a limited theatrical release (18 theaters at its widest) and grossed $382,807 domestically.
In 2014, Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertranspot was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation for all time in the National Film Registry.
In 2000, Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport won the Evening Standard Award for Best Documentary.
See also
The Children Who Cheated the Nazis
The Power of Good: Nicholas Winton
List of Holocaust films
Anti-Semitism
References
External links
Into the Arms of Strangers official website
The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Kindertransport page
Deborah Oppenheimer website
2000 films
2000 documentary films
American films
English-language films
American documentary films
Documentary films about children in the Holocaust
Documentary films about child refugees
Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Films directed by Mark Jonathan Harris
Films scored by Lee Holdridge
Kindertransport
United States National Film Registry films |
4024117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo%20Chagres | Nuevo Chagres | Nuevo Chagres (, ) is a seaside town and corregimiento in the Colón Province of Panama, and the capital of the Chagres District. It had a population of 499 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 327; its population as of 2000 was 419.
The town is named after the historical settlement of Chagres, which lay about to the northwest, at the mouth of the Chagres River. Although Chagres fell outside the original boundary of the Panama Canal Zone, that boundary was expanded in 1916 to include the Chagres River's mouth. The town of Chagres—with its 96 houses and 400 to 500 inhabitants—was then "depopulated," and its former residents were relocated to Nuevo Chagres.
References
Corregimientos of Colón Province
Populated places in Colón Province
1916 establishments in Panama
Populated places established in 1916 |
4024124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%20Deng | Fu Deng | Fu Deng (; 343–394) was an emperor of the Di-led Chinese Former Qin dynasty. He assumed the throne in 386 after the deaths of Fu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao) and Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi (Emperor Aiping), even though he was only a distant relative of theirs, as by that time Former Qin's territory had largely been reduced to the territory under his control. He battled the Later Qin emperor Yao Chang for years in a stalemate that neither could conclusively prevail, but in 394, he made a major attack on Later Qin after Yao Chang's death, seriously underestimating Yao Chang's son and successor Yao Xing, who captured and executed him. Later that year, his son Fu Chong, who succeeded him, would die in battle, ending Former Qin.
Early career
Fu Deng was born in 343, to Fu Chang (苻敞), a distant grandnephew of Former Qin's founder Fu Jiàn, while still under Later Zhao rule. After Fu Jiàn founded Former Qin in 351, Fu Chang served as a general and a commandery governor. During the reign of Fu Jiàn's cruel and whimsical son Fu Sheng (r. 355–357), Fu Chang was executed, but he was posthumously honored after Fu Sheng was overthrown by his cousin Fu Jiān. Fu Jiān was impressed by Fu Deng's abilities, and when he grew older, Fu Deng was made the county magistrate of the capital Chang'an. Later, however, for unspecified faults, he was demoted to be the county magistrate for Didao (狄道, in modern Dingxi, Gansu).
After Former Qin began to collapse in 384 and Fu Jiān was killed by the Later Qin general Yao Chang in 385, Fu Deng became a subordinate of the general Mao Xing (毛興), who sought to control all of the provinces in the west still nominally under Former Qin rule, but his soldiers became weary from all of the battles and assassinated him in 386, replacing him with Wei Ping (衛平), a very old general who was the head of the clan. However, these soldiers soon became convinced that Wei was too old to accomplish much, and they deposed Wei and replaced him with Fu Deng. Fu Deng submitted a report of these events to Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi, the new emperor, and Fu Pi commissioned him as a provincial governor and created him the Prince of Nan'an.
The battles between Fu Deng and Yao Chang after the former replaced Wei Ping coincided with a time of droughts and famines. Fu Deng called the killed enemies shóushí (熟食, "cooked food" or "readied food") and told his soldiers, "Fight in the morning and you will have meat to eat in the evening. Why worry about hunger?" The soldiers followed his order, ate the corpses, and had the force for battles. Hearing this, Yao Chang hurried to call his brother Yao Shuode (姚碩德) for help, saying, "If you do not come, we are going to be eaten off by Fu Deng."
Later in 386, Fu Pi died in battle against Jin, and the territory under his direct control (modern Shanxi), as well as his officials, fell into the hands of the Western Yan emperor Murong Yong. His official Kou Qian (寇遣) escorted his sons Fu Yi (苻懿) the Prince of Bohai and Fu Chang (苻昶, note different character than Fu Deng's father) the Prince of Jibei to Fu Deng's domain. Fu Deng, after mourning for Fu Pi, proposed to have Fu Yi declared emperor, but his subordinates all opined that given the state Former Qin was in (down to holding not much more than the territory under Fu Deng's control), the state needed an older emperor; at their suggestion, Fu Deng himself took the throne. He made Fu Yi his crown prince.
Reign
Before the Battle of Dajie
Even before he took imperial title, Fu Deng battled Yao Chang continuously, and the wars between Fu Deng and Yao Chang's Later Qin intensified after Fu Deng became Former Qin's emperor. Fu Deng set up a shrine to Fu Jiān in his army, and whenever he made a key decision he would report it to Fu Jiān. He was also described as a master of square and circular formations (although the exact mechanism is not understood well), and initially won a number of battles over Later Qin—so much so that Yao Chang, in fear, also set up a shrine dedicated to Fu Jiān in his army, apologizing for his killing of Fu Jiān and requesting forgiveness. However, after that failed to yield victories, Yao Chang cut off the head of the effigy he had made of Fu Jiān and delivered to Fu Deng. But Fu Deng's victories over Yao Chang did not appear to have lasting impact, and the wars between Former Qin and Later Qin became stalemated. Meanwhile, Fu Deng's shortcomings became exposed—an inability to take decisive action to deal heavy damage to Later Qin, and Yao Chang took advantage of his indecisive tendencies to gradually destroy other semi-independent generals in the Guanzhong region and consolidate his power base.
In 387, Fu Deng created the ruler of Western Qin, Qifu Guoren, the Prince of Wanchuan, and Qifu Guoren accepted, signifying at least nominal submission to Fu Deng. After Qifu Guoren died in 388 and was succeeded by his brother Qifu Gangui, the relationship continued.
In summer 388, Fu Yi the Crown Prince died, and Fu Deng created his own son Fu Chong to be the crown prince.
In summer 389, a battle would greatly damage Fu Deng. He had set up a base of operations at Dajie (大界, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), guarded by his wife Empress Mao, while attacking Later Qin's city of Pingliang and capturing it. Meanwhile, however, Yao Chang made a surprise attack on Dajie, capturing and killing Empress Mao and Fu Deng's sons Fu Bian the Prince of Nan'an and Fu Shang the Prince of Beihai. Some 50,000 of Fu Deng's people were captured.
After the Battle of Dajie
Then, Fu Deng gathered his remaining army and went back to Hu Kong Castle (胡空堡, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). He promoted generals such as Dou Chong, Yang Ding, and Yang Bi (楊璧). Fu Deng attacked Zhang Longshi (張龍世) in Yangquanbao (鴦泉堡). Yao Chang sent his generals to help Zhang and set up a trap. They pretended to surrender in order to catch Fu Deng. Fu Deng, initially believing in the false surrender, avoided to be fooled with the reminding of Lei Edi (雷惡地).
After the Battle of Dajie, Fu Deng appeared to be no longer able to again make major attacks against Later Qin, although the two states continued to battle continuously, and Yao Chang appeared to be equally unable to destroy Fu Deng. However, Yao Chang continued the consolidation process by destroying other semi-independent generals, and Later Qin grew stronger and stronger.
In 392, Fu Deng created one of his concubines, Consort Li, empress.
Later in 392, Yao Chang grew ill, and Fu Deng, hearing this, made a major attack on the important Later Qin city Anding (安定, in modern Pingliang, Gansu), but Yao Chang, in his illness, nevertheless faced him in battle, forcing Fu Deng to withdraw—and then, in the engagement, made a clean evasive maneuver with his troops and disengaged, to Fu Deng's surprise, and Fu Deng commented:
What kind of a man is Yao Chang? I could not tell when he would go and when he would come. Everyone thought that he is near death, but he lives to fight. It is unfortunate that I live at the same time as this old Qiang.
Death
Yao Chang died around the new year 394 and was succeeded by his son Yao Xing. While Yao Xing tried to keep news of Yao Chang's death a secret, the news still got to Fu Deng. Fu Deng, extremely glad to hear about Yao Chang's death, prepared to launch a major assault against Later Qin—he had his brother Fu Guang (苻廣) defend the base of Yongcheng (雍城, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and Fu Chong defend the base of Hu Kong Castle, and, in his anxiety, did not make sure that his army had sufficient water supply. Yao Xing set up his army at Mawei (馬嵬, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) to prevent Former Qin forces from reaching the river near Mawei, and Former Qin forces collapsed in thirst. Upon hearing the defeat, Fu Guang and Fu Chong abandoned the two bases that they were holding, and Fu Deng was unable to recapture them. He instead fled to Pingliang and then into the mountains. He sent his son Fu Zong the Prince of Ruyin to Qifu Gangui and married his sister the Princess Dongping to Qifu Gangui as his princess, seeking aid from Qifu Gangui. Qifu Gangui sent his general Qifu Yizhou (乞伏益州) to aid Fu Deng, but as Fu Deng came out of the mountains to join Qifu Yizhou's forces, Yao Xing ambushed and captured him, and then executed him. He disbanded Fu Deng's troops and gave Fu Deng's Empress Li to his general Yao Huang (姚晃).
Era name
Taichu (太初 tài chū) 386–394
Personal information
Father
Fu Chang (苻敞), killed by Fu Sheng
Wives
Empress Mao (created 387, killed by Yao Chang 389), daughter of Mao Xing (毛興)
Empress Li (created 392, captured by Yao Xing 394 and awarded to Yao Huang (姚晃))
Children
Fu Chong (苻崇), initially the Prince of Dongping (created 387), later the Crown Prince (created 388), later emperor
Fu Bian (苻弁), the Prince of Nan'an (created 388, killed by Yao Chang 389)
Fu Shang (苻尚), the Prince of Beihai (created 388, killed by Yao Chang 389)
Fu Zong (苻宗), the Prince of Ruyin
References
Former Qin emperors
Former Qin generals
343 births
394 deaths
Incidents of cannibalism
Executed Former Qin people
People executed by Later Qin
Executed Sixteen Kingdoms people
People executed by a Sixteen Kingdoms state by decapitation
Murdered Chinese emperors |
4024141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBOO | KBOO | KBOO is a non-profit organization, listener-funded FM Community radio station broadcasting from Portland, Oregon. The station's mission is to serve groups in its listening area who are underrepresented on other local radio stations and to provide access to the airwaves for people who have unconventional or controversial tastes and points of view. It broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and has been on the air since 1968.
KBOO is supported financially by donations from members and a small endowment. As of February 2006, the station had about 6,800 members. The station runs pledge drives twice each year. The annual KBOO budget in 2006 was about $900,000.
The station is run by nine paid staff members and several hundred volunteers. Its offices and broadcast studios are in a converted warehouse in inner Southeast Portland, purchased in 1982. Its main transmitter power output is 10,000 watts (approximately 26,500 watts after antenna gain) in Portland, KBOO also has two repeater stations – in Philomath, Oregon (at 104.3 FM) and the Columbia River Gorge (at 91.9 FM) – which extend its broadcast area to include the Columbia River Gorge and most of the Willamette Valley.
History
Early Days (1964–1971)
A group of Portlanders organized themselves as Portland Listener Supported Radio in 1964. They approached Lorenzo Milam, a former volunteer at Pacifica Radio's KPFA, who helped start KRAB, a now-defunct community station in Seattle.
Milam agreed to help them organize a station, and after a series of meetings, Portland Listener Supported Radio applied for a license for a Portland radio station. In time, Milam helped several other communities start their own stations, including KCHU, WAIF, WORT, KDNA, KTAO, and KUSP.
Milam asked KRAB volunteer David Calhoun if he'd be willing to help organize the new station in Portland. Calhoun, an ex-monk and third-year medical student, packed his VW with a transmitter from Seattle, and moved south.
Sleeping on couches and bumming meals, Calhoun and other volunteers including Gray Haertig (who continues to volunteer to this day) put together what was needed for a community radio station. A basement room was donated on Third and Salmon Streets, in downtown Portland. The space was barely big enough for two tape recorders, one turntable, and Calhoun. A diverse mix of about thirty volunteers came together to help out, including society women, movement radicals, professional broadcast engineers, and musicians.
Selecting call letters referencing a strain of marijuana called "Berkeley Boo", KBOO Community Radio was on the air in June 1968, at a cost of less than $4,000. The total monthly station budget was about $50. The total output was only ten watts - not quite that of a light bulb. A new and important force on Portland's airwaves was born.
Initially, KBOO was on the air whenever there was a volunteer to flip a switch and activate the repeater signal from KRAB. But almost immediately, the station began to grow. KBOO volunteers lugged big Ampex tape recorders to concerts, political events, and neighborhood meetings; nationally recognized artists and activists were brought into the KBOO studio. Local poets also discovered they had an electronic outlet.
By the summer of 1970, a used 1,000-watt transmitter was installed, enabling KBOO's audience and subscriptions to grow. KBOO could be heard in much of Northwest Oregon.
After three years, KBOO outgrew its studio, and moved to a storefront on SE Belmont Street near 31st Avenue. Walls of the makeshift studios were lined with egg cartons for sound insulation. Two desks were shared by everyone.
Incorporation and stability (1972–1982)
By 1972, the non-profit KBOO Foundation was born, with an interim five-member Board of Directors. The umbilical cord to KRAB was being cut. By 1973, the staff had grown to five, with about 50 active volunteers. About 600 subscribers donated an average of $20 a year. Station Manager John Ross got an $80,000 federal grant to help purchase equipment.
In 1975, the 800-strong KBOO Foundation elected its first Board of Directors. The KBOO Foundation and its officers got the license and ownership of the station. KBOO became fully independent of KRAB and its parent, the Jack Straw Memorial Foundation. After 10 years, KBOO had come of age.
The station moved again, in 1977, to SW Yamhill Street, and soon expanded broadcasting to 24 hours a day on a regularly scheduled basis. KBOO was broadcasting at 12,500 watts. Rapid growth came to KBOO in its new downtown location. Subscribers soared from 1,200 in early 1978 to well above 2,000 by 1980. About 300 volunteers gave KBOO one of the stronger volunteer programs in the nation.
In 1981, urban renewal in downtown Portland forced a search for a new home. KBOO found its present location at 20 SE 8th Avenue (the little robin's egg blue building half a block south of East Burnside Street behind the Jupiter Hotel and Doug Fir Lounge). Through a massive volunteer effort, a new station was built in 1982 in an empty warehouse. For the first time, KBOO would own its own home.
Expansion (1982–present)
In the early '80s, KBOO broadened its commitment to multicultural programming. New Spanish and Asian-language programs were added. A strip of African-American musical programming was added in 1981. A Hispanic strip followed in 1984. News and Public Affairs Director Ross Reynolds and volunteers teamed up to organize a nightly newscast, supplemented by a new wire service and national newscast from Pacifica Radio, which proudly continues to air to this day. A new station, KMUN, was launched in Astoria through KBOO's help, much as KRAB had nurtured KBOO. Funds were raised to purchase the new building and KBOO was in the black for the first time in memory.
In 1986, the building was purchased. Power was boosted to 23 kW, and KBOO began broadcasting in stereo for the first time. A major federal grant in 1987 allowed purchase of new studio equipment. A satellite dish was added on the roof, and the station bought a remote transmitter, allowing live remote broadcasts of community events.
In the early 1990s, KBOO set up translators in Corvallis (broadcasting at 100.7 FM) and in White Salmon, Washington (broadcasting at 91.9 FM), allowing KBOO's signal to be received from the very northern tip of Eugene to The Dalles, on a good day. In 2013, the Corvallis translator moved slightly, to Philomath, where it still reaches Corvallis and now parts of Eugene, at 104.3 FM.
In the summer of 1991, KBOO moved its transmitter to a new location on the KGON tower (also known as Stonehenge) on Portland's West Hills. This increase of gave KBOO much greater range. KBOO's effective radiated power was boosted to 26.5 kW. Reports from jubilant listeners came in from the coast and outskirts of Eugene, saying they were hearing KBOO clearly for the first time.
Programming
KBOO offers a wide spectrum of programming on a regular basis, as well as annual and one-time special event programming.
Regular programs range from music to public affairs. KBOO's public affairs programming offers morning talk shows, daytime cultural programs, and a nightly volunteer-produced evening newscast. It has hosted the Walt Curtis poetry show "Talking Earth" since 1971. In addition to these local programs, KBOO also broadcasts a few syndicated programs, such as Democracy Now!, The Ghost of Hollywood and Hard Knock Radio. Music programs, which cover a vast array of genres from hip-hop, rock, electronica, experimental, folk, and world, can be heard from noon to 4pm each weekday, as well as most evenings, late nights and weekends. In addition, KBOO also offers radio theater programs every Monday night, usually at 11pm, including The Ubu Hour, Sudden Radio Project, Gremlin Time and Sub-Human Intellect Theater, with each program alternating from week-to-week, producing one episode per month.
Special programming events have included live remote broadcasts of music festivals such as PDX Pop Now!, Pickathon, and the annual Waterfront Blues Festival.
According to the KBOO Programming Charter, KBOO shall fill the needs that other media outlets do not, "providing programming to diverse communities and unserved or underserved groups" and "shall provide access and training to those communities."
KBOO hosted the Grassroots Radio Coalition's 13th annual Grassroots Radio Conference. The conference was held July 24–27, 2008, at Portland State University's Native American Student and Community Center. It was co-sponsored by KBOO, KPSU, and KPCN-LP.
"Stairway to Heaven"
As a listener-funded station, KBOO runs a variety of fundraising offers. They once promised that, for a donation of $10,000, the station would never play "Stairway To Heaven" again. After his last set at the Aladdin Theater, Robert Plant was driving his rental car to the Oregon Coast and station-surfing, looking for non-mainstream music. That is, of course, a KBOO specialty, and the offer was repeated while Plant was lingering on the station. He liked the idea and decided to accept. He pulled over to use a pay-phone to call and make a $10,000 pledge, which he says he did using the credit card of Atco Records president Herb Abramson.
During an interview in which Plant confirmed the story, he also said that he liked the song well enough, and of course it has been very good to him... "…but don’t you know, I’ve heard it."
See also
List of community radio stations in the United States
References
External links
Community radio stations in the United States
BOO
Radio stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Oregon |
4024142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramp-ring | Cramp-ring | Cramp-rings are rings anciently worn as a cure for cramp and "falling-sickness" or epilepsy. The legend is that the first one was presented to Edward the Confessor by a pilgrim on his return from Jerusalem, its miraculous properties being explained to the king. At his death it passed into the keeping of the abbot of Westminster, by whom it was used medically and was known as St Edwards Ring. From that time the belief grew that the successors of Edward inherited his powers, and that the rings blessed by them worked cures.
Hence arose the custom for the successive sovereigns of England each year on Good Friday formally to bless a number of cramp-rings. A service was held; prayers and psalms were said; and holy water, which had been blessed in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, was poured over the rings, which were always of gold or silver, and made from the metal that the king offered to the Cross on Good Friday. The ceremony survived to the reign of Mary I, but the belief in the curative powers of similar circlets of sacred metal has lasted to the present day.
References
English culture
Rings (jewellery)
Traditional medicine
Superstitions |
4024148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Jolliffe | William Jolliffe | William Jolliffe may refer to:
William Joliffe (1622 – 1712), English merchant and politician
William Jolliffe, 1st Baron Hylton, (1800–1876), known as Sir William Jolliffe, 1st Baronet, between 1821 and 1866, British Conservative Party politician
William Jolliffe (censor), first Chief Censor of New Zealand
William Jolliffe (1660-1750), British Member of Parliament for Petersfield, 1734–1741
William Jolliffe (1745–1802), British Member of Parliament for Petersfield, 1768–1802
William Sydney Hylton Jolliffe (1841–1912), British Member of Parliament for Petersfield, 1874–1880
William Jolliffe, 4th Baron Hylton (1898–1967), British peer and soldier
See also
Jolliffe |
4024163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCOM | ARCOM | ARCOM may refer to:
Army Commendation Medal
Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication |
4024164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirunavukkarasu%20Kumaran | Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran | Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran () (born 30 December 1975 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu), also known as 'Kenny' and 'Thiru Kumaran', is an Indian First Class cricketer & Cricket Coach. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler.
He was a member of Indian World Team in the Indian Cricket League Twenty20 competition.
Playing career
Kumaran was a product of the MRF Pace Foundation under the personal training from Dennis Lillee. He also had some training at the Australian Cricket Academy in Adelaide.
Kumaran got selected into the national ODI team after an exception haul of 10 wickets in an Irani Trophy match against Karnataka at Bangalore in the 1999/2000 domestic season.
He was picked for the Australian tour where he performed well in the first-class games prior to the first Test. However Ajit Agarkar was preferred over him to play in the series. He took this disappointment in his stride, but another one followed when he was one of the five players replaced for Carlton & United one-day series.
He performed averagely in the 8 ODI's that he played and was never picked to play for India again. He was one of many medium pacers Indian selectors tried out in the late 90's to lend support to Javagal Srinath and Venkatesh Prasad.
ICL career
He joined the rebel Indian Cricket League during its inception in 2007 and was one of the stand-out performers for the Chennai Superstars. He took an astonishing 6 for 21 on debut – a league record – and also has the best strike (12.69) in the 20-over tournament. However, he accepted the BCCI's amnesty offer and quit the league in 2009, along with a host of other Indian players.
Coaching career
After retiring from playing, Kumaran emigrated to the United States. He was an assistant coach of the U.S. national side (under Robin Singh) at the 2012 WCL Division Four and the 2013 Americas Twenty20 tournaments and was the caretaker coach (in Singh's absence) for 2013 WCL Division Three tournament.
Kumaran coached the national under-19 team at the 2015 Americas Under-19 Championship. , he was a resident of Dallas, Texas.
References
External links
India One Day International cricketers
Indian cricketers
Tamil Nadu cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Tamil sportspeople
Cricketers from Chennai
1975 births
Living people
Indian cricket coaches
Indian emigrants to the United States
American cricket coaches
Coaches of the United States national cricket team
ICL India XI cricketers
Chennai Superstars cricketers
American cricketers
American sportspeople of Indian descent |
4024167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollegal | Kollegal | Kollegal is one of the major taluks in the Chamarajanagara District of Karnataka State in the south of India. It is also the largest taluk in Karnataka, Kollegal is well known for its silk industry which attracts traders from all over the state.
History
Until 1956, Kollegal was part of the Coimbatore district of the Madras Presidency. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 moved Kollegal to Karnataka primarily organising it along linguistic lines. Kollegal is the name derived from the names of two hermits namely 'Kauhala' and 'Galava' who were believed to be instrumental in the development of Kollegal. Kollegal, also called "Silk City", is famous for its handloom silk saree industry. Kollegal is one of the larger taluks in Karnataka and was previously the largest. Plans are underway to divide Kollegal, making Hanur the capital of the new taluk in the Chamarajanagara District. This separation has been ongoing for years is not yet entirely in effect.
Kollegal serves as a center for pre-university education in the region. Well known schools in Kollegal include Lions High School, Sree Vasavi Vidya Kendra, St. Francis Assisi High School, Nisarga Independent PU college, Seventh Day Adventist High School, and Mudigundam Gurukaar Subappa Veerappa (MGSV), and Mahadeshwara Degree College.
Singanalur, Kollegal is the hometown of Legendary Kannada thespian, the demigod of Karnataka, Dr.Rajkumar. Kollegal was one of the areas which played host to the activities of Veerappan, a notorious bandit who smuggled sandalwood and poached elephants for their tusks.
Many tourists visit the Kollegal area. The Malai Mahadeshwara Hills, and the waterfalls at Hogenakkal near Male Mahadeshwara hills and the waterfalls of Gagana Chukki and Barachukki at Shivanasamudra (also known as Bluff) are popular destinations. In Kollegal, there is a small hill called "Maradi Gudda" which is located in the heart of the city. Gundal dam is just away from Kollegal. It also includes BRT Tiger Reserve (2011) Biligiriranga Hillswhich is approximately 25–30 km from the town, which is a home to many fauna and flora including mammals like Tigers, Leopards, Indian Elephant, Indian Guar and the Sloth Bear.
Transportation
Kollegal is connected by two national highways:
NH 209 this starts from Bengaluru-Dindigul via Coimbatore, Kollegal
NH 212 this starts from Kollegal to Calicut, via Narasipura, Mysuru
The nearest railway stations are Chamarajanagara and Mysuru (MYS) . The nearest airport is Kempegowda International Airport (BLR), , Mysore airport (MYQ), and Coimbatore International Airport (CJB), away. Kollegal is the main junction where you can enter Salem, Coimbatore, Ooty, Kozhikode from Mysuru & Bengaluru. The Biligiri Rangana Betta (known as BR hills) is just away from the town.
The K.Gudi (Kyathadevara Gudi) Wilderness camp run by the jungle lodges and resorts (a government of Karnataka undertaking) is near the B.R hills.
There are two bus routes from Bengaluru to Kollegal:
Bengaluru > Maddur > Malavalli > Kollegal (Via NH 275) Bengaluru Mysuru highway, take left diversion at Maddur after 80 km from Bengaluru
Bengaluru > Kanakapura > Halaguru > Malavalli > Kollegal (Via NH 209)
Karnataka government buses from Bengaluru ply from MCTC which is popularly known as Satellite bus terminal in Mysuru Road. Since the town was in Coimbatore district in the past, buses run between Coimbatore and Kollegal.
Geography
Kollegal is located at . It has an average elevation of . Since the town is on the foothills of the Western Ghats, it is home to a mixed topography. Temperature is moderate.
Demographics
India census Kollegal had a population of 57,149. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Kollegal has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 64%. In Kollegal, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
People in Kollegal speak a variation of Kannada distinct from that spoken in Mysuru and Bengaluru. There are 25,000 Tamil native speakers in Kollegal Taluk. There was a trust for Tamil peoples welfare activity named Kollegal Tamil Sangam.
College and schools
MCKC High School, Lions School and PU college, Seventh Day Adventist English school, St. Francis Assisi School and PU college, RC mission, Sree Vasavi Vidya Kendra, Mahadeshwara College, JSS Women's College And College For Nursing are the oldest educational institutions in Kollegal offering best education. Manasa degree college and school and its PU college is a decade old private institution. Wisdom school is a recently opened private institution.
Image gallery
Location
See also
Hanur
Male Mahadeshwara Hills
Musicians
References
External links
Kollegal Online Information Website
Kollegal Municipal Corporation Official Website
Kollegal Photos
Cities and towns in Chamarajanagar district |
4024168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunderland%20Valley | Dunderland Valley | The Dunderland Valley (, ) is a valley in the municipality of Rana in Nordland county, Norway. It reaches from just below the eastern Saltfjellet plateau about south of the Arctic circle. The mountain Bolna is situated in the uppermost boundary of the valley which then proceeds to the southwest all the way down to the Ranfjorden. Some of the minor side valleys include Plurdalen, Røvassdalen, Bjøllådalen, Grønfjelldalen and Virvassdalen. The valley also includes several villages such as Krokstrand, Bjøllånes, Storvoll, Dunderland, Eiterå, Nevernes, Storforshei, Nevermoen and Røssvoll.
The European route E6 highway passes through the Dunderland Valley, following the Ranelva river. The Illhøllia Tunnel on the E6 highway, between Nevermoen and Røssvoll, was opened in 2002. The Nordland Line also follows the river through the valley. Today, the valley only houses a small number of people, and it has two stations on the Nordland Line: Dunderland Station and Bolna Station.
Geology
The mountain rocks in the Dunderland Valley are a caledonian shale, known from its occurrences of iron ore, mica schist, and marble. Its mining industry has produced Fauske marble, also present in Fauske municipality to the north. At Storforshei, there has been a large-scale iron mining industry.
There are also pyrite mines. The valley has several stalactite caverns in the limestone, with some of the tributary streams flowing for considerable distances underground. From the upper parts of the Dunderland Valley, a sequestered bridle-path runs from Bolna to Saltdal on the Skjerstadfjord, with a branch through the magnificent Junkerdal National Park.
Mining
Deposits of iron ore have been known in this area since 1799. The Dunderland Iron Ore Company mined here during several operative periods, the first one starting in 1902. The river Ranelva provided water power to the miners. The mining company was closed in 1947.
Since 1937, Rana Gruber has mined iron ore. Norsk Jernverk was established in 1946, and it began mining magnetite and hematite from the iron ore in 1964.
History
Recent history
This valley was the site to several accidents and recorded events in Norwegian history. During the World War II, Nazis had several concentration camps in the valley. They mainly housed Polish and Russian prisoners, who were used to build the Nordland Line from Trondheim. The stretch of railway passing through Saltfjellet was extremely brutal and many lost their lives building this. The German troops disposed the bodies the majority of the sick/diseased prisoners in the river Ranelva which flows through the Dunderland Valley. The strong currents made it almost impossible to recover anyone.
In 1948, the Dunderlandsdal accident occurred, it was one of the worst bus accidents in Norwegian history to date. For the Sámi, the valley has a special symbolic value due to a tragic incident that occurred about one hundred years ago. In the early 1900s a bus returning from a Sámi conference in Tromsø drove off the road and crashed into the Ranelva river at the bottom of the valley. Of the 23 people on board, 16 were killed and 4 were never found. Most of the people aboard the bus died, and thus the Southern Sámi people lost most of their political leaders in one single blow. There is a memorial that was built on the site in 1950 where the bus ran off the road. It is somewhat hidden in the forest, but accessible from the road by a small stairway.
In 1953, a family tragedy struck the valley. A family was found slaughtered at a remote farm. A young girl at the age of 6 and her mother were found killed in the barn. The father was found hung in the same barn.
In 1995, another tragic event hit the valley. During a Boy Scout camp at an old farm, a 12-year-old girl disappeared. The girl was from the town of Tromsø in Northern Norway. The event was widely covered in Norwegian press. Crews searched for her for two years, but all they found was her backpack lying alongside the Ranelva river.
Stone Age settlements
There have been settlements in the Dunderland Valley since the Stone Age. In the summer of 2003, a Danish tourist discovered a battle axe (Streitaxe) close to the river Eiterå. The axe was delivered to the Cultural Department of the Rana Museum on 1 July 2004.
This is the first discovery of the battle axe culture in the inner parts of Northern Norway. In 1913, a long axe from the same cultural horizon was discovered on Brattland in Utskarpen. The axe is a "boat-axe" of Swedish-Norwegian type from about 2800—2400 BC. It was not a functional tool, but rather a dignity symbol of worthiness and a high social class. It may have belonged to a local chieftain.
The stripe on the backside of the axe resembles an edge from moulding, and is an imitation of moulded axes in bronze from Skåne or Denmark. According to the geologist Barbara Prisemann (Department of Natural history, Rana museum), the axe is made from the green shale rock type.
Axe pictures
References
Valleys of Nordland
Rana, Norway |
4024176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s%20English%20Society | Queen's English Society | The Queen's English Society is a charity that aims to keep the English language safe from perceived declining standards. The president of the Queen's English Society is Bernard Lamb, a former reader in genetics at Imperial College.
In June 2012 the Society announced its closure because of declining participation, but it continued to exist, as volunteers filled the committee in September 2012.
History
The Queen's English Society was founded in 1972 by Joe Clifton, an Oxford graduate and schoolteacher. The Society's meetings were held in Arundel, and members wrote to newspapers and broadcasters, pointing out perceived linguistic errors and instances of ambiguous spoken English.
The Society claims to be concerned about the education of children. It believes that teachers should be trained to spot certain errors in English usage. In 1988, the Society delivered a petition to the then Secretary of State for Education and Science, Kenneth Baker, urging him "to introduce the compulsory study of formal grammar, including parsing and sentence analysis, into the school curriculum".
The objectives of the Society, as expressed in its constitution, are "to promote the maintenance, knowledge, understanding, development and appreciation of the English language as used both colloquially and in literature; to educate the public in its correct and elegant usage; and to discourage the intrusion of anything detrimental to clarity or euphony”.
On 4 June 2012, after a general meeting of the society attracted no nominations to replace retiring officers of the Society, chairman Rhea Williams announced that the society would cease to exist, but after new committee members volunteered, the Society was able to continue.
The QES Academy of the English Language
In June 2010 the QES announced that it had formed an Academy of English, a language reference website. The founder of the academy was quoted as saying that: "At the moment, anything goes. Let’s set down a clear standard of what is good, correct, proper English. Let’s have a body to sit in judgment."
The Academy attracted widespread press coverage, some positive and some negative, and the QES enjoyed a surge in membership. In September 2010 the QES deleted the "Academy" content from its website, though the Academy was continued by its own board on a separate website, which is linked to that of the QES and vice versa.
Reception
A Daily Telegraph opinion piece had called the QES Academy "both welcome and long overdue. [...] English has been left to fend for itself at a time when it is under unprecedented attack." The Guardian believed that the Academy would seek to "protect the language from innovations", although its members had insisted that it would "mov[e] with the times".
American phoneticist Mark Liberman called the QES "even more illogical, hypocritical and badly informed than you'd expect them to be". In the Baltimore Sun John E McIntyre wrote: "the peevish combination of shibboleth and superstition about language, combined with a sad, sad little snobbery about their presumed mastery of the language, renders these people [the QES] impervious to reason", referencing an analysis of their nascent website by Stan Carey. Comedian David Mitchell disliked the "self-appointed" nature of the Academy and asked, "[b]y what authority would they sit in judgment?" The proposal was received with scepticism by The Economist'''s Lane Greene.
Publications
The Society's quarterly journal, Quest, has been sent to members from 1979. It included articles, letters from members, news, book reviews, puzzles and poems. Books published by the QES include The Queen's English: And How to Use It by Bernard Lamb, and Shakin' the Ketchup Bot'le, a compilation of articles from Quest''.
See also
Linguistic prescription
Received Pronunciation
References
External links
Queen's English Society homepage
Charity Commission page for the Queen's English Society
English language
Educational organisations based in the United Kingdom
English
English
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1972 |
4024177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsyafed | Matsyafed | Matsyafed, the Kerala State Co-operative Federation for Fisheries Development Ltd., is the Apex Federation of 654 Primary Fisherman Co-operative Societies spread over 10 districts of Kerala, South India
There are 332 co-operative societies in the Marine sector, 183 in the Inland sector and 131 Women Co-operatives. The Federation came into existence in 1984. The Federation has a District Office in each of the maritime districts and one in the Inland district each headed by a District Manager. The District Manager with a team of supporting staff Co- ordinate and supervise all the activities in the district. The administration and management of Matsyafed is vested with a Board of Directors having 19 members of who, 1 are elected from the Primary Co-operatives, 5 official members and 3 non-officials members nominated by the Government. The Chief Executive is the Managing Director.
Activities
Matsyafed is engaged in the implementation of multifaceted activities for the welfare development of the fisherman community as detailed below:
Production oriented activities
Welfare activities
Employment generation activities
Commercial activities
Women oriented activities
Extension activities
Aquaculture activities
Housing and basic sanitation.
Production oriented activities: Through the integrated fisheries development project Matsyafed has been involved in the process of supplying quality fishing inputs to the traditional fishermen of marine and inland sectors at subsidized rates. To avoid exploitation of fishermen and to ensure better price to the fish landed, beach level auctions of the fish are conducted by the primary co-operatives societies of Matsyafed.
Welfare activities: Eight Vanitha () Buses are operated for transporting fisherman vendors to various routes. The fishermen are covered under the personal accident Insurance scheme for a nominal premium wherein the dependents of those who die in accidents are paid Rs. 1,50 lakhs and for partial disablement Rs. 0.50 lakhs is paid. Community peeling centres are being run in spite of loss to the Federation as an employment opportunity unit for fishermen. Matsyafed has set up 200 small-scale production units of ornamental fishery benefiting 600 fishermen.
Employment generation: Matsyafed has been implementing schemes with the assistance of the National Backward classes finance and Development Corporation since 1995-96 and National Minorities development and Finance Corporation since 1997-98 to provide alternate and diversified employment avenues for the unemployed youth.
Commercial activities: Matsyafed is spearheading many activities by operating nylon net factories, ice and freezing plant, Diesel bunks, Fish Manure plants, Chitosan Plant, Vyasa stores, OBM service centres etc. To ensure timely service to the fishermen at moderate cost, the OBM workshops are set up. The Net Factory ensures the supply of quality fishing nets at moderate cost; timely supply of fishing inputs and accessories are ensured by the Vyasa Stores.
Women-oriented activities: To take up any employment generating activity, fishermen are given loans at very low interest rate.
Extension activities: Since it is felt that the backwardness of the fishing folk is mainly due to the lack of general programmes, health awareness camps, medical camps, etc. are being organized in the coastal area.
Aquaculture activities: To augment the development of fishery, Matsyafed has been managing 3 farms and 4 hatcheries. Fish farm and aqua tourism centre, Vypin are the two of such farms located in Vypin. To check fishery resource depletion in the marine as well as inland waters, fishery conservation measurements have been taken up.
Housing and basic sanitation: Government has entrusted implementation of Housing and sanitation schemes to local bodies from 1997 onwards and hence the residue works are only being carried out. Matsyafed has already completed construction of 33400 houses. In order to give relief to the poor fishermen, Matsyafed had come up with a debt relief scheme amounting to Rs. 9 crores and the government has sanctioned the required amount for this scheme. Based on this, Matsyafed had constructed Adalaths for the Debt relief scheme for fisherman in all the 14 districts and the maximum relief was passed on to the eligible fishermen during this period.
Citation: from Kerala Government Information site
See also
Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies
Fish farm and aqua tourism centre, Vypin
External links
Department of Fisheries, Kerala
Cooperatives in Kerala
Fishing trade associations
Fishing in India
1984 establishments in Kerala
Indian companies established in 1984 |
4024199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%20telluride | Tin telluride | Tin telluride is a compound of tin and tellurium (SnTe); is a IV-VI narrow band gap semiconductor and has direct band gap of 0.18 eV. It is often alloyed with lead to make lead tin telluride, which is used as an infrared detector material.
Tin telluride normally forms p-type semiconductor (Extrinsic semiconductor) due to tin vacancies and is a low temperature
superconductor.
SnTe exists in three crystal phases. At Low temperatures, where the concentration of hole carriers is less than 1.5x1020 cm−3 , Tin Telluride exists in rhombohedral phase also known as α-SnTe.
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, Tin Telluride exists in NaCl-like cubic crystal phase, known as β-SnTe.
While at 18 kbar pressure, β-SnTe transforms to γ-SnTe, orthorhombic phase, space group Pnma. This phase change is characterized by 11 percent increase in density and 360 percent increase in resistance for γ-SnTe.
Tin telluride is a thermoelectric material. Theoretical studies
imply that the n-type performance may be particularly good.
Thermal properties
Standard enthalpy of formation: - 14.6 ± 0.3 kcal/mole at 298 K
Standard Enthalpy of sublimation: 52.1 ± 1.4 kcal/mole at 298 K
Heat capacity: 12.1 + 2.1 x 10−3 T cal/deg
Bond-dissociation energy for the reaction SnTe(g)-> Sn(g)+ Te(g) : 80.6 ± 1.5 kcal/mole at 298 K
Entropy: 24.2±0.1 cal/mole.deg
Enthalpy of Dimerization for the reaction Sn2Te2->2SnTe(g) :46.9 ± 6.0 kcal/mole
Applications
Generally Pb is alloyed with SnTe in order to access interesting optical and electronic properties, In addition, as a result of Quantum confinement, the band gap of the SnTe increases beyond the bulk band gap, covering the mid-IR wavelength range. The alloyed material has been used in mid- IR photodetectors and thermoelectric generator.
References
External links
Berlin thermophysical properties database
Webelements page
Landolt-Börnstein Substance/SnTe index
Reflectivity of Tin Telluride in the Infrared
Tellurides
Tin(II) compounds
IV-VI semiconductors
Rock salt crystal structure |
4024213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress%20Mao%20%28Former%20Qin%29 | Empress Mao (Former Qin) | Empress Mao (毛皇后, personal name unknown) (died 389) was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Deng (Emperor Gao).
Life
She was the daughter of the general Mao Xing (毛興), who served as the governor of He Province (河州, modern southwestern Gansu and eastern Qinghai) during the reign of Fu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao). After Former Qin began to disintegrate in 384 following the defeat at the Battle of Fei River, the generals in the western empire began to turn on each other, and in 386, Mao Xing was attacked by the generals Wang Guang (王廣) and Wang Tong (王統), who were brothers. He defeated Wang Guang, but when he was about to attack Wang Tong, his soldiers, worn out by the wars, assassinated him. After an interim command by Wei Ping (衛平), eventually, Fu Deng, a distant relative of Fu Jiān, took over the command of his forces, and was created the Prince of Nan'an by Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi (Emperor Aiping). It might have been at this time that Fu Deng married her, or the marriage might have taken place earlier.
After Fu Pi was killed by Jin forces in 386, Fu Deng assumed imperial title. In 387, he created her, who at that time carried the title of Princess of Nan'an, empress. She was described to be beautiful and mighty in battle, capable in horsemanship and archery. In 389, however, when Fu Deng was attacking the Later Qin emperor Yao Chang, Yao Chang made a surprise attack against his base Dajie (大界, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), where Empress Mao had remained, and she, after making a desperate attempt to fight Yao Chang's forces off with her guards, was captured after killing 700 Later Qin soldiers. Yao Chang wanted to make her his concubine, but she, in anger, cried out:
"Yao Chang, you murdered the Son of Heaven (referring to Yao Chang's killing of Fu Jiān in 385), and now you want to humiliate the empress. How can heaven and earth still tolerate you?"
Yao Chang therefore executed her, along with Fu Deng's sons Fu Bian (苻弁) the Prince of Nan'an and Fu Shang (苻尚) the Prince of Beihai. (It is unclear whether they were her sons.)
References
Book of Jin, vol. 115.
Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 107.
Former Qin empresses
Former Qin generals
389 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People from Northwest China
Executed Former Qin people
People executed by Later Qin
4th-century Chinese women
4th-century Chinese people
Executed royalty
Women in ancient Chinese warfare
Women in 4th-century warfare |
4024229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth%20of%20Israel | Commonwealth of Israel | Commonwealth of Israel is the English translation of the Greek πολιτείας (politeias) mentioned in Ephesians 2:12. The context of the surrounding verses, Ephesians 2:11-13, implies the uniting of Gentiles with Jews, whom had historically been God's heritage and the object of God's promises.
Advocates of Two House theology see in Joseph's blessing over Ephraim and Manasseh evidence that the ten tribes of the Kingdom of Israel became a "multitude of nations". Commonwealth Theology observes many other Bible verses that predict and affirm that the House of Israel was "scattered," swallowed up," "not a people." This theology takes the view that the Gentiles (nations) "brought near by the blood of Christ" may be indistinguishable from the genetic descendants of the Lost Tribes and identical to the "believers scattered among the nations" (the Church). This connection between the dispersed tribes of Israel and the Gentiles would appear to be substantiated by John 7:35: "Then said the Jews among themselves, Whither will he go, that we shall not find him? will he go unto the dispersed among the Gentiles, and teach the Gentiles?" (KJV)
The Commonwealth Theology position that the Commonwealth of Israel denotes more than merely a restored/united Kingdom of Israel is further substantiated by the verses in Ephesians Ch. 2 which follow Paul's reference to the commonwealth. "For He Himself is our peace, who has made both one, and has broken down the middle wall of separation, having abolished in His flesh the enmity, that is, the law of commandments contained in ordinances, so as to create in Himself one new man from the two, thus making peace, and that He might reconcile them both to God in one body through the cross, thereby putting to death the enmity. And He came and preached peace to you who were afar off and to those who were near. 18 For through Him we both> have access by one Spirit to the Father" (Eph. 2:14-18).
"One new man" implies something that did not previously exist, something unique and apart from the United Kingdom under King David and Solomon. In addition, the antecedents of "we both" refer to the Gentiles who were alienated, strangers, far off, and the recipient of the promises which would include both houses of the Divided Kingdom. Once again, this added element of the Gentiles exceeds the original Kingdom consisting only of the Children of Israel and fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 49:8:
References
Biblical phrases |
4024234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress%20Li%20%28Former%20Qin%29 | Empress Li (Former Qin) | Empress Li (李皇后, personal name unknown) was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Deng (Emperor Gao).
Very little is known about the empress. She was already Fu Deng's concubine by 392, when Fu Deng created her empress to replace Empress Mao, who had been captured and killed by the rival Later Qin's emperor Yao Chang in 389. In 393, when Fu Deng was captured and killed by Yao Chang's son and successor Yao Xing, Yao Xing gave her to his official Yao Huang (姚晃). Nothing further was recorded about her.
References
|-
Former Qin empresses |
4024235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1995 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Two-time defending champion Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Boris Becker in the final, 6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1995 Wimbledon Championships.
This is the most recent Wimbledon where the top 4 seeds made the semi-finals.
Seeds
Andre Agassi (semifinals)
Pete Sampras (champion)
Boris Becker (final)
Goran Ivanišević (semifinals)
Michael Chang (second round)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (quarterfinals)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Sergi Bruguera (withdrew)
Michael Stich (first round)
Marc Rosset (first round)
Jim Courier (second round)
Richard Krajicek (first round)
Stefan Edberg (second round)
Todd Martin (fourth round)
Andriy Medvedev (second round)
Guy Forget (second round)
Sergi Bruguera withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Thomas Enqvist. This marked a change in Wimbledon policy, as previously seeded players who withdrew from the tournament were replaced by a qualifier or lucky loser (depending on when the withdrawal occurred).
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1995 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4024246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Robertson | John A. Robertson | John A. Robertson (June 15, 1943 – July 5, 2017) held the Vinson and Elkins Chair at The University of Texas School of Law. He wrote and lectured widely on law and bioethical issues.
Robertson was the author of two books on bioethics, The Rights of the Critically Ill and Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies, and numerous articles on reproductive rights, genetics, organ transplantation, and human experimentation.
He served on, or had been a consultant to, many national bioethics advisory bodies, and was Chair of the Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Robertson was a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution.
See also
Procreative liberty
References
1943 births
2017 deaths
Bioethicists
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Hastings Center Fellows
University of Texas School of Law faculty |
4024251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Defending champion Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Goran Ivanišević in the final, 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1994 Wimbledon Championships.
Seeds
Pete Sampras (champion)
Michael Stich (first round)
Stefan Edberg (second round)
Goran Ivanišević (final)
Jim Courier (second round)
Todd Martin (semifinals)
Boris Becker (semifinals)
Sergi Bruguera (fourth round)
Andriy Medvedev (fourth round)
Michael Chang (quarterfinals)
Petr Korda (second round)
Andre Agassi (fourth round)
Cédric Pioline (first round)
Marc Rosset (second round)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (third round)
Arnaud Boetsch (first round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4024253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arping | Arping | arping is a computer software tool for discovering and probing hosts on a computer network. Arping probes hosts on the examined network link by sending link layer frames using the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request method addressed to a host identified by its MAC address of the network interface. The utility program may use ARP to resolve an IP address provided by the user.
The function of arping is analogous to the utility ping that probes the network with the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) at the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite.
Two popular arping implementations exist. One is part of Linux iputils suite, and cannot resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses. The other arping implementation, written by Thomas Habets, can ping hosts by MAC address as well as by IP address, and adds more features. Having both arping implementations on a system may introduce conflicts. Some Linux distros handle this by removing iputils arping along with dependent packages like NetworkManager if Habets's arping is installed. Others (e.g. Debian-based distros like Ubuntu) have iputils-arping split into a separate package to avoid this problem.
In networks employing repeaters that implement proxy ARP, the ARP response may originate from such proxy hosts and not directly from the probed target.
Example
Example session output of arping from iputils:
ARPING 192.168.39.120 from 192.168.39.1 eth0
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.810ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.607ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.602ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.606ms
Sent 4 probes (1 broadcast(s))
Received 4 response(s)
Example session output from Thomas Habets's arping:
ARPING 192.168.16.96
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=0 time=292.000 usec
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=1 time=310.000 usec
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=2 time=256.000 usec
^C
--- 192.168.16.96 statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% unanswered (0 extra)
See also
ArpON
arpwatch
References
External links
arping by Thomas Habets
iputils suite (including arping)
arping source on github
Internet Protocol based network software
Free network management software |
4024257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Bloomfield | Janet Bloomfield | Janet Elizabeth Bloomfield (née Hood; 10 October 1953 – 2 April 2007) was a British peace and disarmament campaigner who was chair of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) from 1993 to 1996.
Biography
Born in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England, Bloomfield was educated at Abbeydale Grange School, Sheffield and Sussex University, where she obtained a BA (Hons) degree in Geography.
Bloomfield was the Chair of the CND, the largest peace and disarmament organisation in Europe from 1993 to 1996. During this time she helped to develop CND's campaign around the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which included the production of the highly influential "Blueprint for a Nuclear Weapon Free World.
She was active in the anti-nuclear movement since 1981. She was a local group secretary, national council and executive, regional worker in the West Midlands for CND. She was the National Vice-Chair for two years before being elected Chair in 1993. She was honorary Vice-President of CND at the time of her death.
She was a consultant (Vice-President 1994–1997) to the Geneva-based International Peace Bureau, a Nobel Peace Prize-winning network of non-aligned peace organisations in 44 countries. She was a member of the Global Council of Abolition 2000, Global Network to Eliminate Nuclear Weapons and convened the Abolition Now Campaign Working Group of Abolition, 2000.
Bloomfield organised the campaign to stop arms trade shows being held at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham in 1991. She organised and led the Atomic Mirror Pilgrimage 1996 around nuclear and sacred sites of England, Scotland and Wales. This was filmed and made into a documentary called "Sacred Fire".
She was a consultant to the Oxford Research Group.
After 1997, Bloomfield's main work was as UK co-ordinator of the Atomic Mirror, whose goal is to create a nuclear-free world. The Atomic Mirror works with activists, artists, and indigenous peoples from nuclear sites, developing initiatives and joint activities to inspire people to take action, and abolish nuclear weapons and power. The Atomic Mirror is a founding member of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Awareness Programme, of which Bloomfield was a spokesperson.
Affiliations
Chair of Governors of the Grange Farm Primary School, Coventry, from 1988 to 1992.
Member of the Board of Governors of Friends School, Saffron Walden, from 2003 to 2005.
Charter 88 signatory and a Fellow of the British-American Project
Joined Green Party in 1996.
Member of Thaxted Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Co-Clerk of the Peace Campaigning and Networking Group of the Quakers' Peace and Social Witness.
Family
She was married since 1976 to Richard Bloomfield; they had two children - Lucie (b. 1980) and Robin (b. 1982).
See also
List of peace activists
References
External links
Oxford Research Group
Abolition 2000
Weapons of Mass Destruction Awareness Programme
1953 births
2007 deaths
British anti-war activists
People from Newcastle-under-Lyme
Alumni of the University of Sussex |
4024269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Rice%2C%203rd%20Baron%20Dynevor | George Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor | George Talbot Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor (Dinefwr) (8 October 1765 – 9 April 1852) was a British peer and politician. He was the son of Cecil de Cardonnel, 2nd Baroness Dynevor and George Rice (or Rhys). He was educated at Westminster School and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 1 February 1783, where he was awarded a Master of Arts degree on 30 May 1786.
Talbot Rice was the Tory Member of Parliament for Carmarthenshire from 1790 to 1793. His father had previously been the Tory MP for Carmarthenshire between 1754 and 1779.
He inherited his title in 1793 on the death of his mother. The 3rd Baron's mother had adopted, by royal licence the name of de Cardonnel. In 1817 (again by royal licence) he resumed his paternal surname of Rice. His name is now often hyphenated as Talbot-Rice.
He died on 9 April 1852. On 20 October 1794 he had married Frances Townshend, third daughter of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney of St Leonards. They had 2 sons and 5 daughters and lived at Newton House in his Dynefwr estate near Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire. He was succeeded by his eldest son George, who later adopted the surname of Rice-Trevor.
References
1765 births
1852 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
03
Rice, George
Rice, George
Rice, George
George
Lord-Lieutenants of Carmarthenshire |
4024271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20Tournoi%20de%20France | 1997 Tournoi de France | The 1997 Tournoi de France (; French, 'Tournament of France'), often referred to as Le Tournoi, was an international football tournament held in France in early June 1997 as a warm-up to the 1998 FIFA World Cup. The four national teams participating at the tournament were Brazil, England, hosts France, and Italy. They played against each other in a single round-robin tournament with the group winner also being the winner of the tournament.
Event
England won the tournament after collecting six points by winning their first two matches, against Italy and France, and losing one to Brazil. Brazil were second with five points, a product of a win and two draws. Their 3–3 draw with Italy included two goals from then 22-year-old Alessandro Del Piero and one goal apiece from Romário and Ronaldo as well as one own goal from each of the teams. Del Piero was the top goalscorer of the tournament with three goals scored while Romário scored twice.
In the 21st minute of the opening match between France and Brazil, Roberto Carlos scored his famous Banana Shot free kick goal, curling from a 33.13-metre distance and often considered to be one of the best in the modern game.
Elo Ratings before the tournament
Venues
Squads
Table
Results
Statistics
Goalscorers
Broadcasters
Rai 1
SVT
Fox Sports (English), Telemundo (Spanish)
See also
1998 FIFA World Cup
References
External links
RSSSF
1997
1997
1996–97 in English football
1996–97 in French football
1996–97 in Italian football
1997 in Brazilian football
1998 FIFA World Cup
June 1997 sports events in Europe
International men's association football invitational tournaments |
4024277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Smith | Alan Smith | Alan or Allan Smith may refer to:
Sports
Association football
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1921) (1921–2019), English football left winger
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1939) (1939–2016), English footballer for Torquay United
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1949), Welsh footballer for Newport County
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1962), English footballer for Leicester City and Arsenal, current pundit
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1966), English footballer for Darlington
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1980), current Notts County player-coach and former Leeds United and Manchester United player
Alan Smith (football manager) (born 1946), English former manager of Crystal Palace
Alan Smith (physiotherapist) (born 1950), former England and Sheffield Wednesday physio
Allan Smith (New Zealand footballer), New Zealand international football (soccer) player
Rugby
Alan Smith (rugby union) (born 1942), New Zealand rugby union player
Alan Smith (rugby league, born 1944), English rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s
Alan Smith (rugby league, born 1955), Australian rugby league footballer
Other sports
Alan Smith (cricketer) (born 1936), English cricketer
Alan Smith (sport shooter) (born 1958), Australian sports shooter
Alan Smith (sailor) (born 1964), New Zealand sailor
Allan Smith (diver) (born 1929), Sri Lankan diver
Allan Smith (high jumper) (born 1992), British athlete
Other fields
Allan Smith (solicitor) (1871–1941), British Conservative Party politician, MP for Croydon South 1919–1923
Allan F. Smith (1911–1994), American professor of law at the University of Michigan
Alan Smith (geneticist) (born 1945), British geneticist
Alan Jay Smith (born 1951), American computer scientist
Alan J. Smith (architect) (born 1949), English architect
Alan Smith (radio presenter) (born 1966), British journalist
Alan Smith (bishop) (born 1957), British bishop of St Albans
Alan Smith (RAF officer) (1917–2013), English Second World War fighter ace
Cris Alexander (born Alan Smith, 1920–2012), American actor and photographer
See also
Al Smith (disambiguation)
Allen Smith (disambiguation)
Alan Smithee, pseudonym used since 1968 by film directors who wished to be dissociated from a film
Alan Smythe, fictional character in BBC 2000–2005 series Monarch of the Glen |
4024278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%27s%20Bar | Hunter's Bar | Hunter's Bar is a roundabout and former toll bar on Ecclesall Road in south-west Sheffield, England; the toll bar was active until the late 19th century. The name also attaches to the area surrounding Hunter's Bar roundabout at the intersection of Ecclesall Road, Brocco Bank, Sharrow Vale Road and Junction Road. The toll bar now stands in the middle of the roundabout. The gatekeeper for the toll bar, known as "Hunter's Toll Gate" lived in a house on the corner of Ecclesall Road and Sharrow Vale Road. In 1871, the gatekeeper was Jacob Thompson, who was born in Wirksworth, Derbyshire and had previously been a lead miner there. His wife and two daughters lived with him.
The area is featured in the Arctic Monkeys' song "Fake Tales of San Francisco", in particular the lyric, "He talks of San Francisco, he's from Hunter's Bar". Hunter's Bar roundabout has its own Twitter account and its own website.
Hunter's Bar is located where the Ecclesall ward of Sheffield Hallam constituency and Broomhill & Sharrow Vale ward of Sheffield Central constituency meet. The main shopping area is situated on Ecclesall Road. Much of the terraced housing in Hunter's Bar and nearby Sharrow Vale is directly attributable to the industrial revolution, when housing was built for workers.
Close to the roundabout are Endcliffe Park and Hunter's Bar Infant and Junior Schools. On Sharrow Vale Road and Ecclesall Road there are fashionable shops, restaurants, cafes and pubs.
Football has been played at Hunter's Bar for over 100 years, notably when The Albion FC played at Hunter's Bar from 1872. Though long gone, the area still has its own team Hunter's Bar FC, who play in the Hope Valley League.
Housing in the area is split between upmarket Yorkstone semi-detached houses and redbrick terraces. There is a high density of students from the nearby University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University campuses.
The former Wilson Road Synagogue lies near Hunter's Bar.
References
Hunter
Roundabouts in England |
4024285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Pete Sampras defeated Jim Courier in the final, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1993 Wimbledon Championships. This was the first of Sampras's eventual seven Wimbledon titles, an all-time record shared with William Renshaw until 2017 when Roger Federer won his eighth title.
Andre Agassi was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Sampras.
This was Ivan Lendl's final Wimbledon appearance; he lost in the second round. He was a runner-up in two Wimbledon finals. This was the only major he did not win in his career.
Seeds
Pete Sampras (champion)
Stefan Edberg (semifinals)
Jim Courier (final)
Boris Becker (semifinals)
Goran Ivanišević (third round)
Michael Stich (quarterfinals)
Ivan Lendl (second round)
Andre Agassi (quarterfinals)
Richard Krajicek (fourth round)
Andrei Medvedev (second round)
Petr Korda (fourth round)
Michael Chang (third round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
MaliVai Washington (second round)
Karel Nováček (first round)
Thomas Muster (first round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4024300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked%20list%20of%20Salvadoran%20departments | Ranked list of Salvadoran departments | The following article is a ranked list of Salvadoran departments.
By area
The following table presents a listing of El Salvador's 14 departments ranked in order of their surface area.
By population
The following table presents a listing of El Salvador's 14 departments ranked in order of their total population (based on 2006 population estimates).
See also
El Salvador
Departments of El Salvador
Geography of El Salvador
List of Salvadoran departmental capitals
Salvadoran Departments by HDI
El Salvador
Lists of subdivisions of El Salvador |
4024303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%20Gordon%2C%20Marchioness%20of%20Aberdeen%20and%20Temair | June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair | Beatrice Mary June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, , FRSAMD (née Boissier; 29 December 1913 – 22 June 2009), commonly known as Lady Aberdeen, was a professional musician and patron of the Aberdeen International Youth Festival and founder and Musical Director of Haddo House Choral & Operatic Society.
Biography
She was born in 1913 on the Isle of Wight to Arthur Paul Boissier and Dorothy Christina Leslie, daughter of Rev. Clement Smith, rector of Whippingham and canon of Windsor. Trained as a pianist and conductor, she met David Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair at Harrow School where her father was Headmaster. They married on 29 April 1939, and lived at Haddo House, Ellon, Aberdeenshire, home of the Gordon family. They adopted four children who were, until 2004, not entitled to either courtesy titles or for the elder son to inherit the peerage:
Lady Mary Katherine Gordon (b. 30 May 1946), married Simon Piers Welfare and had issue.
Lady Sarah Caroline Gordon (b. 25 March 1948), married Mr. P. Scott and had issue; then remarried Eric N Money with one son.
Lord Andrew David Gordon (b. 6 March 1950), married Lucy Mary Frances Milligan and had issue.
Lord James Drummond Gordon (b. 11 April 1953), married Marilyn Sim
Until 2004, adopted children of peers had no right to any courtesy title. However, as a result of a Royal Warrant dated 30 April 2004 adopted children are now automatically entitled to such styles and courtesy titles as their siblings. However, as with illegitimate children where legitimated, such children have no rights to inheritance of peerages, although Scottish peerages rules of descent differ.
They founded the Haddo House Choral & Operatic Society in 1945 in order to give additional cultural opportunities to the residents of Aberdeenshire. Haddo House, is surrounded by gardens, a park and a lake with abundant Scottish wildlife and boasts a wooden built theatre (Haddo House Hall) which was originally built as a tennis court but is now a fully operational theatre and concert hall. The Haddo estate is a uniquely beautiful and peaceful setting for concerts, operas and other shows. Situated 20 miles north of Aberdeen, the House is now administered by the National Trust for Scotland.
Known professionally as June Gordon, a graduate of the Royal College of Music, Lady Aberdeen was a pianist and conductor by training and she developed Haddo's musical programme with great enterprise. The first recorded concert was a Christmas Carol service in Haddo House Chapel in 1945, which still occurs annually. Under June's baton, the society widened its repertoire developing a tradition for presenting major British works – both Operas and concerts. She started with directing Handel's 'Messiah' with soloist Elsie Suddaby in 1947 and other highlights have included 1950's Bach's 'St Matthew Passion' with oboist Leon Goosens in a solo role and major choral works by Elgar, Delius, Tippett, Vaughan Williams and Howells and many operas which require chorus.
A succession of internationally renowned artists have helped make this North East Scotland venue a lively stage for the very best in choral, operatic and drama productions: Dame Janet Baker was asked to perform there immediately on graduating from the Royal College of Music because Lady Aberdeen thought her "promising". Glasgow-born Rosalind Sutherland first performed Desdemona in Verdi's opera Otello at Haddo in 1996, and returned as Micaela in Carmen in 1997, before finding fame taking the title role in 'Madame Butterfly' at the San Francisco Opera House. Judith Lovat, now with the Philadelphia Opera, gained early experience at Haddo. Other eminent musicians to appear have included: Benjamin Britten, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Willard White, Sarah Walker, and Neil Mackie. In recent years there have been visiting performers from France, Finland, Denmark, Germany and America. For many years a Summer Play was also produced, using the renowned Globe Stage in the Hall for Shakespeare one year and presenting another playwright's work the next, but this has recently been discontinued. As a young man, Prince Edward appeared several times in these productions.
Many young people who have grown up in the area have performed at Haddo and gone on to study music and the performing arts at the tertiary level. Students from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama take part in the opera every year, gaining invaluable experience in the orchestra, chorus and/or taking small singing roles. The Society is now 65 years old and presents an annual programme of opera, oratorio and carols. Professional pianist and singing teacher Alice E Dennis GTCL trains the chorus. HHCOS prides itself on its high standard of performance, achieved by the local community working alongside the professional artists brought in for producing and designing the opera, for the major solo roles and for playing in the orchestra for the opera and concerts alike. The facilities at Haddo comprise a purpose built rehearsal room, and the theatre known as "Haddo House Hall" for performances. The Choral Society also uses the tiny and picturesque Chapel, attached to the side of the main House for their popular carol concerts. These venues are a delight for both artists and their audiences. The umbrella organisation at Haddo house; the "Haddo User Group" involves over 200 members of all ages and backgrounds, who take part in a wide range of productions including the opera, large choral concerts and carol concerts. There are also musical shows from Haddo Youth Music Theatre and the Haddo Children's Theatre and youth concerts involving the two award winning Haddo Youth and Children's Choirs. She was President of the RSCDS (Royal Scottish Country Dance Society) Aberdeen Branch until her death.
Death and legacy
Lady Aberdeen was a Patron of leading Scottish learning disabilities charity Cornerstone Community Care, and Chairman of the North East of Scotland Music School. She received the MBE in 1971 and CBE in 1989. She died in June 2009, aged 95.
A sculpture of June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, was commissioned from Laurence Broderick.
References
External links
Aberdeen International Youth Festival
Haddo House Choral & Operatic Society
1913 births
2009 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St John
British marchionesses
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Deputy Lieutenants of Aberdeenshire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |
4024306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv%20University%20%22Paisii%20Hilendarski%22 | Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski" | The Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski" (), also known as The Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, is a university located in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. It was founded in 1962 and has nine faculties.
History and profile
Plovdiv University, named in honor of the Bulgarian historian Paisii Hilendarski (known as Saint Paisius of Hilendar in English), is the city’s leading cultural and scientific institution. It is the largest institution of higher education in southern Bulgaria and the third largest Bulgarian university, after St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia and St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo.
In 1945 the University of Plovdiv was inaugurated by a Decree of the Regents’ Council of August the 4th, promulgated the same year in the State Gazette of August 20, structured in two faculties: Medicine and Agriculture and Forestry, which in July 1961 was reorganized as Higher Teacher-Training Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. The institute was promoted to university status by government decree on 12 January 1972, when it took its present name “Paisiy Hilendarski” Plovdiv University.
In 1973, it became the first higher institution in Plovdiv to offer language and literature studies, offering B.A. degrees in Bulgarian and Russian Languages and Literature. Soon after, a program in Slavonic Languages and Literature (with specialization in Czech Language and Literature) was added. A degree in Education was offered for the first time in 1984, Law degree programs were introduced in 1992, and Economics degree programs were launched in 1994.
Today the University of Plovdiv is a true university by international standards, since it provides training to students in the four major fields of higher education: natural sciences, humanities, social sciences, and economics. “Paisiy Hilendarski” Plovdiv University has been institutionally accredited by National Certification and Accreditation Board (Protocol No. 1 of 15 February 2001). Over 7,500 full-time and 5,000 part-time students are enrolled in the programs and courses by the university’s nine faculties. The full-time teaching staff consists of 34 full professors, 167 associate professors and 360 assistant professors.
The university also comprises a Technical College in Smolyan as well as two branches outside of Plovdiv: a Smolyan branch, successor to the Teacher Training Institute opened in 1962 as part of the old Bulgarian tradition in teacher training, and a branch in Kardzhali, successor of semi-Pedagogical Institute "L.Karavelov" - Kardzhali founded in 1961.
Organization
The nine faculties in which the university is divided into are:
Faculty of Biology
Faculty of Economics and Social Science
Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics
Faculty of Education ('Faculty of Pedagogics')
Faculty of Physics
Faculty of Languages and Literature ('Faculty of Philology')
Faculty of Philosophy and History
Faculty of Chemistry
Faculty of Law
See also
List of colleges and universities
References
External links
Official Website
Educational institutions established in 1962
Universities in Plovdiv |
4024308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopis%20Pavlopoulos | Prokopis Pavlopoulos | Prokopios Pavlopoulos (, ; born 10 July 1950), commonly shortened to Prokopis (Προκόπης), is a Greek lawyer, university professor and politician who served as President of Greece from 2015 to 2020. A member of New Democracy, he previously was Minister of the Interior from 2004 to 2009. He was succeeded by Katerina Sakellaropoulou on 13 March 2020, who became the first woman to serve as President of Greece.
Academic career
Prokopis Pavlopoulos was born in Kalamata to high school principal and classics teacher Vasilios Pavlopoulos and grew up in the same city. After finishing school in his home town, he entered the Law School of the University of Athens in 1968.
In 1975, on a government scholarship, he received his DEA from the Paris Panthéon-Assas University, followed by his PhD in 1977 on Public Law. He then returned to Greece to serve his military service in the Hellenic Army (1978–79). He was elected Lecturer at the University of Athens in 1980, and he was promoted to Reader in 1981. In 1983 he became Assistant Professor and he was promoted to Associate Professor in 1986. In 1989, he was elected (Full) Professor of Administrative Law. In 1986, Pavlopoulos was an adjunct faculty member at the Panthéon-Assas University.
Political career
Early political career
Pavlopoulos was secretary to the first President of the metapolitefsi, Michail Stasinopoulos, in 1974. From November 1989 to April 1990, he served as alternate Minister for the Presidency and government spokesman in the ecumenical government headed by Xenophon Zolotas. He served as head of the legal office to President Konstantinos Karamanlis from 1990 to 1995, and political advisor to Miltiadis Evert, then chairman of New Democracy, from September 1995. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for the New Democracy party in the 1996 parliamentary election; in the 2000 parliamentary election, he was elected as an MP for the Athens A constituency. He was appointed as New Democracy's Press and Information Spokesman by Evert on 20 April 1996; he subsequently became its Parliamentary Spokesman on 14 April 2000. Pavlopoulos was successively re-elected for Athens A in the 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009 and 2012 elections.
Minister of the Interior
Following the March 2004 legislative election, which was won by New Democracy, Pavlopoulos became Minister of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralisation in the new government of the Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis on 10 March 2004. In the government appointed following New Democracy's victory in the September 2007 parliamentary election, the Interior Ministry was merged with the Ministry of Public Order; Pavlopoulous became Minister of the Interior and Public Order.
He is a member of the Central Committee of New Democracy, and on 29 July 2004 he was designated as a member of the party's Political Council as one of seven MP candidates; no vote was necessary because there were only seven MP seats available on the Council.
President of Greece
On 17 February, Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras nominated Pavlopoulos as the ruling Syriza–ANEL coalition's candidate for the post of President of Greece in the presidential election that had begun in December 2014. On 18 February 2015, backed by Syriza, ANEL and his own New Democracy party, Pavlopoulos was elected by the Hellenic Parliament as the new President of Greece with 233 votes in favour. He succeeded Karolos Papoulias after the end of the latter's term on 13 March 2015.
Personal life
Pavlopoulos is married to Vlassia Pavlopoulou-Peltsemi and together they have two daughters, Maria and Zoe, and one son, Vasilis.
David Davis, the son of Katherine, Crown Princess of Yugoslavia (and her husband Alexander Davis), is a godchild of President Prokopis Pavlopoulos.
Honours
: Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III - 30 March 2015
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour - 22 October 2015
: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 23 November 2015
: Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry - 27 January 2017
Knight of the Order of the White Eagle - 18 November 2017
Order of the Republic of Serbia - 15 February 2021
References
External links
|-
|-
1950 births
21st-century presidents of Greece
Greek jurists
Greek lawyers
Greek MPs 1996–2000
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
Greek MPs 2012 (May)
Greek MPs 2012–2014
Living people
Ministers of the Interior of Greece
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens faculty
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni
Politicians from Kalamata
Presidents of Greece
Greek legal scholars |
4024334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Four-time defending champion Björn Borg successfully defended his title, defeating John McEnroe in the final, 1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1980 Wimbledon Championships. It was his fifth consecutive singles title at the Championships. The final has often been called one of the greatest and most exciting matches of all time, and was central to the Borg–McEnroe rivalry. A dramatic depiction of the final featured as the conclusion to the 2017 movie Borg vs McEnroe.
Seeds
Björn Borg (champion)
John McEnroe (final)
Jimmy Connors (semifinals)
Vitas Gerulaitis (fourth round)
Roscoe Tanner (quarterfinals)
Gene Mayer (quarterfinals)
Peter Fleming (quarterfinals)
Víctor Pecci (third round)
Pat DuPré (third round)
Ivan Lendl (third round)
Harold Solomon (withdrew before the tournament began)
Yannick Noah (withdrew before the tournament began)
Wojciech Fibak (quarterfinals)
Victor Amaya (first round)
Stan Smith (third round)
José Luis Clerc (third round)
Harold Solomon and Yannick Noah withdrew due to injury. They were replaced in the draw by Qualifiers Kevin Curren and Wayne Hampson respectively.
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4024338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg%20Poly-61 | Korg Poly-61 | The KORG Poly-61 (PS-61) is an analogue programmable polyphonic synthesizer released by Korg in 1982, as a successor to the Polysix. It was notable for being Korg's first largely "knobless" synthesizer - featuring a push-button interface for programming, dispensing with the Polysix's knobs and switches. The Poly-61 also uses digitally controlled analog oscillators or DCO's (Roland's Juno-6 had made the same leap the previous year), in place of the Polysix' VCOs. The Poly-61 also boasted double the amount of patch memory (64 memory positions versus the Polysix's 32), but did not feature its predecessor's on board effects.
In 1984 a MIDI version, the Poly-61M was released featuring basic MIDI implementation, however, prior to that, a person could order a factory installed Poly 61 with MIDI in and MIDI out jacks installed on a plate on the rear of the keyboard, simply called Poly-61 with Factory Installed MIDI. The MIDI implementation was basic with only note on and note off information, partly as the synthesiser was not touch sensitive.
Audio path
Oscillators
The Poly-61 offers two DCOs per voice. DCO1, a more traditional design, provides sawtooth, pulse, and PWM waveforms. DCO2, based on low-resolution counter ICs, has only sawtooth and square, and is not available on its own.
Filter
The filter has the typical controls for cutoff, resonance, keyboard tracking and envelope amount. Some of these are rather limited by the parameter resolution. Keyboard tracking is simply "on" or "off" for example, and resonance and envelope level (here labelled "EG Intensity") have only 8 values. However, when manipulated by internal LFOs, the resolution is considerably better without notable stepping.
Output
The final component in the audio path is a VCA. It can be driven by the envelope generator or a CV/Gate pulse.
Embedded processors
NEC D8049C - 8 bits, 11 MHz (max.), 40 pins (DIP), Supply Voltage = 5V
There are 2 of them on the CPU board (KLM-509), one is a Programmer and the other is an Assigner.
The 8049 has 2 kB of masked ROM as well as 128 bytes of RAM and 27 I/O ports. The µC's oscillator block divides the incoming clock into 15 internal phases, thus with its 11 MHz max. crystal, one gets 0.73 MIPS (of one-clock instructions). Some 70% of instructions are single byte/cycle, but 30% need two cycles and/or two bytes, so raw performance is closer to 0.5 MIPS. The minimum instruction length is 8 bits and the maximum instruction length is 16 bits.
Modulation
Envelope generator
The envelope is an ADSR type. All parameters can only be set to one of 16 values.
There are 6 SSM-2056 analog envelope generator chips used in the Poly 61, each being controlled by discrete 4-bit D/A converters. This means there are only 16 possible settings for each of the ADSR parameters.
LFO
The LFO (known as a 'modulation generator' on the Poly-61) is a simple triangle wave that can be routed to the DCOs or VCF. It has a variable delay before it is triggered.
Joystick
The joystick controls a second LFO, adjustable by a knob with rate indicator LED, and entirely independent of the main LFO, although the effect can be cumulative. The joystick can be used to route this to DCO pitch (vibrato) or VCF. As control of this LFO is entirely manual, it does not feature in the programmable patch structure of the synth.
Performance features
Joystick
Unlike the separate pitch and modulation wheels of the Polysix, the Poly 61 features a full joystick, with variable pitchbend (+/- about 7 semitones), and an independent LFO (see above).
Chord memory
As well as standard 6-voice polyphony, a chord memory can be engaged, memorising any chord voicing held down while pressing the Chord Memory button. This chord is then replicated, its lowest note matching any note played on the keyboard. A hold function works in either Poly or Chord mode, with a dedicated input jack for a release foot pedal.
Arpeggiator
There is a simple arpeggiator with dedicated control buttons and tempo knob, which can work in conjunction with the chord memory for moderately sophisticated sequences.
Reception and Impact
The Poly-61 was not as well received as its predecessor, in particular the push button programming interface being criticised for its lack of resolution compared to the knob-controlled analog synths of the period; this would foreshadow general criticisms of the 'menu-diving' required to edit patches 'on the fly' whilst playing that would be directed at the digital and sample-based synths that were to follow. The Poly-61 also lacked the on-board effects capability of the Polysix.
Crucially, the Poly-61 was released just before the introduction of MIDI, and still used old style analog voltage trigger outputs to interface it with sequencers and drum machines (although this was addressed by the later addition of MIDI in the Poly-61M). However, it would be the release of the all-digital Yamaha DX7 just a few months after the Poly-61 that would quickly erode its market appeal. The Poly-61 was replaced in 1985 by the DW-8000 which still used a partially analog architecture. It was not until the revolutionary Korg M1 six years later, that Korg returned to the top of the class with the first sample-based digital workstation synth.
Notable users
Com Truise
Cardiacs
FM Static
Homeshake
Jesse Saunders
Kanjo
Ray Parker Jr. "Ghostbusters"
The Faint
Twenty Four Hours
Tuxedomoon
J McCarthy
Brian Auger
Kebu
References
P
Analog synthesizers
Polyphonic synthesizers |
4024350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skreemer | Skreemer | Skreemer is a six-issue comic book limited series, written by Peter Milligan with art by Brett Ewins and Steve Dillon. The first issue was published by American company DC Comics in May 1989.
Synopsis
The story is set thirty-eight years after the fall of civilization in New York. The central character is Veto Skreemer, an imposing giant in an age when giants are near-obsolete. His story is narrated by Peter Finnegan as he looks back on both Veto's life and how it intersects with the lives of the Finnegan family, contrasting the formers’ rise to power with the latter's struggle to survive.
Inspiration
Brett Ewins, in the foreword to the book, explains that Skreemer has two distinct inspirations. The first is gangster films, specifically Once Upon a Time in America and The Long Good Friday, and the second is James Joyce's Finnegans Wake.
Collected editions
The series has been collected into a trade paperback:
Skreemer (169 pages, 2002, Titan Books, , DC Comics, )
Awards
1989: Won "Favourite Single or Continued Story US" Eagle Award
Notes
References
Comics by Peter Milligan |
4024356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry%20Milyutin | Dmitry Milyutin | Count Dmitry Alekseyevich Milyutin (, tr. ; 28 June 1816, Moscow – 25 January 1912, Simeiz near Yalta) was Minister of War (1861–81) and the last Field Marshal of Imperial Russia (1898). He played a major role in the Circassian genocide. He was responsible for sweeping military reforms that changed the face of the Russian army in the 1860s and 1870s.
Early career
Milyutin graduated from the Moscow University School in 1833 and Nicholas Military Academy in 1836. Unlike his brother Nikolai Milyutin, who chose to pursue a career in civil administration, Dmitry volunteered to take part in the Caucasian War (1839–45). After sustaining a grave wound, he returned to the military academy to deliver lectures as a professor.
In the following years, Milyutin earned a considerable reputation as a brilliant scholar. He emphasized the scientific value of military statistics and authored the first comprehensive study of the subject, which earned him the Demidov Prize for 1847. Milyutin regarded Suvorov as a model for military commanders and the Italian campaign of 1799 as the pinnacle of his career, elaborating these views in a detailed account of the campaign, published in five volumes in 1852 and 1853.
Capitalizing on his knowledge, Milyutin analyzed the causes of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War and framed some radical proposals for military reforms. His ideas were approved by Alexander II, who appointed Milyutin to the post of Minister of War in 1861. Several years earlier, Milyutin had taken part in the capture of Shamil, thus helping bring the prolonged Caucasian War to an end.
Minister of War
Milyutin was Minister of War from 16 May 1861 to 21 May 1881. The military reforms carried on during Milyutin's long tenure resulted in the levy system being introduced to Russia and military districts being created across the country. Military service was declared compulsory to all males aged 21 for 6 years instead of the previous 25 years. This applied to all males including nobles. The system of military education was also reformed, and elementary education was made available to all the draftees. Milyutin's reforms are regarded as a milestone in the history of Russia: they dispensed with the military recruitment and professional army introduced by Peter the Great and created the Russian army such as it continued into the 21st century until Anatoliy Serdyukov announced military reforms to end in 2020. (See: 2008 Russian military reform)
Up to Dmitry Milyutin's reforms in 1874 Russian Army had no constant barracks and was billeted in dugouts and shacks.
The success of his reforms was demonstrated during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Milyutin's subtle leadership made itself felt during the peak of the conflict when the Russians failed three times in a row to take Pleven and many experts advised them to retreat. Milyutin promptly ordered the siege to be continued in a more orderly manner which brought the war to a victorious end. At the close of the war, Milyutin set up a commission in order to investigate faulty supply of provisions and other problems that had surfaced during the siege. In recognition of his services, he was made a count and received all the Russian orders, including the Order of Saint Andrew.
Having gained the tsar's ear, Milyutin was the chief decision-maker, for ordering the deportations that he knew would cause the death from starvation and disease of large numbers of Circassians from 1861 to 1865.
Later life
After the Congress of Berlin, Milyutin succeeded the ailing Chancellor Gorchakov as the leader of the imperial foreign policy. Alexander II's assassination in 1881 rendered his position precarious, however, and after Konstantin Pobedonostsev, intent on reversing the liberal innovations of the previous reign, emerged as the most powerful policy-maker, Milyutin resigned his office. In 1898, when the 80th anniversary of Alexander II was celebrated, he was promoted to Field Marshal, the first man to receive this honour for many years and the last in the history of the Russian Empire. He died in Simeiz in 1912.
Honours and awards
Domestic
Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Order of the White Eagle
Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class
Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class
Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Order of St. Andrew
Demidov Prize
Order of St. George, 2nd class
Foreign
Order of the Star of Romania
Kingdom of Prussia:
Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 9 September 1872
Pour le Mérite (military), 22 March 1879
Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 4 September 1879
:
Knight of the Imperial Order of the Iron Crown, 2nd Class, 1853
Grand Cross of the Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold, 1872
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, September 1876
French Order of Academic Palms
:
Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, 19 July 1875
Kingdom of Denmark:
Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 19 August 1876
:
Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1874
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
House Order of the Wendish Crown
Order of the Cross of Takovo
Order of Prince Danilo I
Order of the Lion and the Sun
References
Further reading
Forrest A. Miller, Dmitrii Miliutin and the Reform Era in Russia (1968)
Walter Richmond, The Circassian Genocide (Rutgers University Press, 2013) online
His memoirs have been reprinted. The early years in a volume published by Oriental Research Partners (Newtonville, Mass) in 1978 with a new useful introduction by Prof. Bruce Lincoln. A three volume set of memoirs of his later years was published by Rossiiski arkhiv (Moscow 1999-2006) Pp. 525, 557, 730.
External links
1816 births
1912 deaths
Writers from Moscow
People from Moscow Governorate
Russian nobility
Military writers of the Russian Empire
Field marshals of Russia
Politicians of the Russian Empire
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Demidov Prize laureates
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo
Russian military personnel of the Caucasian War
Reformers
People of the Caucasian War
Circassian genocide perpetrators
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur |
4024362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly%20Songs%20with%20Larry | Silly Songs with Larry | Silly Songs with Larry is a regular feature segment in Big Idea's cartoon series VeggieTales. Often secular, they generally consist of Larry the Cucumber singing either alone or with some of the other Veggie characters. Occasionally, another character, like Mr. Lunt, Bob the Tomato, Junior Asparagus, Laura Carrot, Archibald Asparagus, Oscar the Polish Caterer, and the French Peas Jean-Claude and Philippe, or an ensemble is featured in Larry's place. The Silly Songs have proven to be a very popular part of the show and have also prompted the release of several "sing-along" and compilation videos of these segments, some wrapped with new material that threads them into a fresh context. Some of the silly songs have been nominated for a GMA Dove Award.
Segment structure
Sometimes a Silly Song is introduced with a static picture of Larry. Then, an unseen narrator, sometimes Archibald, says the following: "And now it's time for Silly Songs with Larry, the part of the show where Larry comes out and sings a silly song." However, this format is used loosely; sometimes it is renamed, adapted to the context of the episode, or eschewed altogether.
The Silly Song, when present, always appears in the middle of an episode, usually at a cliffhanger moment or between two separate segments, and usually has nothing to do with the episode storyline. The segment either takes place on the familiar countertop which opens and closes some of the episodes, or is presented in another setting off the countertop. On some videos, the background scenery often appears as a stage set, behind which electrical outlets and ceramic tile can be seen.
On a few occasions, the song is stopped and replaced before it can even begin. When this occurs, the brief images that are shown of the original song are intentionally more outlandish than usual, leaving the audience to wonder what it might have been. Examples of this occurring include Madame Blueberry, Lyle the Kindly Viking, Moe and the Big Exit, Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue, and MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle.
The segment typically ends, unless pre-empted or replaced by another character, with the same unseen narrator saying "This has been Silly Songs with Larry. Tune in next time to hear Larry sing another Silly Song."
History
Phil Vischer wrote in his book, Me, Myself, and Bob: A True Story about Dreams, God, and Talking Vegetables, that when he originally created the Silly Songs section of the first show (Where's God When I'm S-Scared?), he never intended it to be a recurring segment, but after complaints from viewers about the lack of the segment in the second show (God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!), he suggested that Mike Nawrocki write more Silly Songs for future shows. Since the third show (Are You My Neighbor), the segment has returned.
Mike Nawrocki has written and directed a majority of the silly songs for the past 20 years. Kurt Heinecke has served as producer and composer for nearly all of the silly songs of the past 20 years. Christian songwriter Steve Taylor wrote the 2009 silly song entitled "Sippy Cup."
Many of the Silly Songs such as ''The Pirates Who Don’t Do Anything'', ''His Cheeseburger'', ''The Yodeling Veterinarian of the Alps'', and ''Belly Button'' have been nominated for several GMA Dove Award including best music video of the year.
The segment was briefly discontinued after the original series ended in 2015 and were not featured in the Dreamworks spinoff series VeggieTales in the House (2014-2016) or VeggieTales in the City (2017). On his podcast (entitled The Holy Post) in late spring of 2019, Phil Vischer announced that the silly song segment will be returning with new songs in the new series The VeggieTales Show (which premiered in October 2019).
Songs
VeggieTales (1993-2015)
"The Water Buffalo Song" (Where's God When I'm S-Scared?) Written by Phil Vischer in 1993 – Wearing an oversized cowboy hat, Larry comes out and sings that "everybody's got a water buffalo," until Archibald Asparagus brings the song to an abrupt end and critiques Larry over the falseness of his lyrics. Larry then starts singing that "everybody's got a baby kangaroo," which makes Archibald so exasperated he charges at Larry and knocks him off the screen. Covered by Superchick on the album Veggie Rocks!.
"The Hairbrush Song" (Are You My Neighbor?) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1995 – Larry, wearing a towel and having recently emerged from the bathtub, rues the mysterious loss of his hairbrush while hopping and dancing around in the bathroom. Pa Grape and Junior Asparagus try to help him, but it is Bob the Tomato who finally solves the mystery. "The Hairbrush Song" marks the first of many cameo appearances by The Peach, which has become a running gag for the series. Covered by Audio Adrenaline on the album Veggie Rocks!.
"Dance of the Cucumber" (Rack, Shack, and Benny) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1995 – Larry, dressed up in Argentenian garb, sings and dances to a traditional ballad "in its original Spanish," while Bob, in a sheriff's hat, translates. Bob becomes frustrated, however, when Larry begins to taunt him because Bob cannot dance and sing. This gets to the point in which Bob eventually snaps and chases Larry off the set. Larry, meanwhile, hopes Bob does not catch him.
"I Love My Lips" (Dave and the Giant Pickle) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1996 – Larry visits his psychiatrist (played by Archibald) worried about losing his lips. Because his focus on his lips is so absolute, he sees everything as a lip when given a Rorschach test. The Rorschach test in the original release featured a picture of Sonny Bono, after Sonny's death, later releases replaced the picture with a caricature of Mike Nawrocki. It was covered by Stevenson on the album Veggie Rocks!.
"Oh, Santa!" (The Toy That Saved Christmas) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1996 – While awaiting the arrival of Santa Claus on Christmas Eve, Larry is visited by a bank robber (Scallion #1), a viking (Pa Grape), and an IRS agent (the Peach), whom Larry shares his cookies with (except the IRS agent). When Santa (Bob) arrives, however, it is revealed that Larry's remaining two guests have stolen parts of his outfit and he is fed up with it, chasing the two off the set. Larry gives the IRS agent the last cookie and says "Merry... Christmas." (presumably either to Santa or the IRS agent) and ends the song by staring at the viewer.
"The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything" (Very Silly Songs!) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1997 – The "infamous" pirates (played by Larry, Mr. Lunt, and Pa Grape) sing of their lack of ambition, but Larry does not seem to grasp the concept of the song. This song was covered by Relient K for the Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie and The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie soundtracks.
"The Song of the Cebú" (Josh and the Big Wall!) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1997 – In a "sequential image, stereophonic, multimedia event" (a.k.a. a slide projector and a bed sheet), Larry presents the audience (Junior and the Gourds) with a song and slide show about a boy who owns three Cebús and a hippo, though due to an error by the Photo Booth Larry occasionally dives off-topic, leading Archibald to continually critique the presentation. As Junior and the two Gourds (Jimmy and Jerry) leave, Jimmy and Jerry talk about wanting their money back and how unfulfilling the presentation was.
"His Cheeseburger" (Madame Blueberry) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1998 – Larry is about to introduce a new Silly Song when Archibald announces the cancellation of his segment as a result of the disastrous outcome of the Song of the Cebu. He then gives Mr. Lunt a chance to sing a song in his own segment, Love Songs with Mr. Lunt. During the segment, Mr. Lunt sings of Jerry Gourd's unrequited love for a cheeseburger in this homage to typical rock 'n' roll ballads. At Archibald's assumption Mr. Lunt was going to sing about "growing up in Connecticut," Mr. Lunt clarifies he "grew up in New Jersey." It is included on WOW 1999. This song is covered by Tait on the album Veggie Rocks!.
"The Yodeling Veterinarian of the Alps" (The End of Silliness?) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1998 – Larry introduces this Silly Song after getting his Silly Songs with Larry segment back following a petition. Narrated in song by a barbershop quartet (consisting of the Scallions and Frankencelery), Larry is portrayed as a veterinarian who believes he is able to cure sick pets simply by yodeling to them. Meanwhile, his nurse (Pa Grape) is slipping prescriptions to the pets' owners behind his back. After refusing to give the nurse a raise, Larry realizes the painful truth of the inadequacy of his singing when a bear stuck in a trap is entirely unaffected by his 'treatment' and runs amok.
"Endangered Love" aka Barbara Manatee (King George and the Ducky) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2000 – While watching the television soap opera, "Endangered Love", Larry sings of his love for the main character, a manatee, while dancing with a stuffed manatee doll. Meanwhile, onscreen, the story of lovers Barbara and Bill is told. However, the song is abruptly stopped when Bob interrupts Larry mid-song and suggests he read a book.
"The Puppy Song" aka Lost Puppies (Esther, the Girl Who Became Queen) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2000 - Miss Acmetha, another woman on stage before Esther auditioning to be queen of Persia, sings a song about helping lost puppies, which King Xerxes and Haman turn down.
"Larry's High Silk Hat" (Lyle the Kindly Viking) Written by Marc Vulcano in 2001 – A new Silly Song is about to be introduced when Archibald intervenes and interrupts the segment, calling on the French Peas Philippe and Jean-Claude, who slide the title card for a segment simply known as Classy Songs with Larry in, before he begins introducing the new segment. During the new segment, Archibald and Larry sing to the tune of Funiculì, Funiculà, while Larry expresses his joy at having a lovely stovepipe hat and a box of chocolates while sitting at a trolley stop having to contend with nosy people (Art Bigotti, Mr. Nezzer, Miss Achmetha, Apollo Gourd, and Scallion #1) in the hot sun.
"The Credit Song" (Jonah: A Veggietales Movie) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2002 - The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything sing as the credits to Jonah: A Veggietales Movie roll. The Pirates express how the song they are singing has nothing to do with the movie the audience had just seen.
"BellyButton" (The Ballad of Little Joe) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2003 – In the introduction to this song, the boy band "Boyz in the Sink" (Mr. Lunt, Larry, Jimmy Gourd, and Junior Asparagus) dramatically state their intent to be "serious" artists. During the song, Mr. Lunt admits that he lacks a bellybutton and he goes to the hospital to see the doctor and the nurse (Khalil the Caterpillar and Miss Achmetha) for help. The song is a direct parody of O-Town, and the band itself is named after Boyz n the Hood. This is the first Silly Song to not be shot on the normal countertop stage.
"Sport Utility Vehicle" (A Snoodle's Tale) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2004 – Larry and Miss Achmetha sing of their admiration for each other's SUV's, but stuck in their sedentary lifestyles, they can only dream of going off-road and performing daring rescues.
"Schoolhouse Polka" (Sumo of the Opera) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2004 – Presented as "Schoolhouse Polka with Larry". In a parody of the Schoolhouse Rock! series, Larry plays the accordion and sings a song about homophones to the tune of the title song from the play/movie "Oklahoma!". However, he gets exhausted and tries to go off-screen, but the announcer keeps bringing him back to sing more.
"The Blues With Larry" (Duke and the Great Pie War) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2005 – Larry enthusiastically tries his hand at singing the Blues, but lacks the necessary life experiences as his version of the Blues is filled with sunshine and happiness. A professional Blues singer named Blind Lemon Lincoln tries to help by making Larry sad so he will get it right, but there is always something that makes Larry happy again. A frustrated Lemon eventually gives up ("Sorry, man, you are way too happy to sing the blues!"), and the song ends with Larry joining a polka player, Oscar The Polish Caterer. This song is set to the tune of Santa Claus Is Back In Town.
"Pizza Angel" (Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush) Written by Tim Hodge in 2005 – Larry is awaiting his pizza delivery, which is hours late, and sings a desperate, 1950s-style, love ballad as he waits. When the pizza finally comes, the box is empty. The pizza delivery guy (played by Jimmy Gourd) explains that he was unable to locate Larry's house because the address number on Larry's door was broken and that he also ate Larry's pizza out of gluttony.
"My Baby Elf" (Lord of the Beans) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2005 – presented as "Silly Songs with Elves, the part of the show where Ear-a-Corn comes out and sings a Silly Song for Elves". Ear-a-Corn (Larry, dressed as Elvis Presley with elf ears) sings a song about an elvish girl, whose disdain for Ear-a-Corn is mistranslated by him as compliments. Leg-o-Lamb (Jimmy Gourd) interrupts near the end, pulling Ear-a-Corn's fake ears off and accusing Ear-a-Corn of being an "elvish impersonator".
"Gated Community" (Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2006 – Larry's ball bounces over the wall of a gated community. Instead of helping him, the residents of the community sing about how lovely life is there, much to Larry's irritation and annoyance. The song ends with the residents finally throwing the ball back.
"Lance the Turtle" (Gideon Tuba Warrior) Written by Tim Hodge in 2006 – With Larry dressed as a pirate, the French Peas force Bob to stand in with a replacement segment called "Ukulele Karaoke with Bob". Confused and completely unprepared, Bob sings the lyrics to his backup singers, "The Wiggly Turtle Toobies" (a trio of peas perched on turtle-shaped cut-outs). Just as Bob is starting to enjoy the song, he accidentally shreds his script through a fan, forcing the Peas to hastily tape the script back together – thus creating completely nonsensical lyrics.
"A Mess Down In Egypt" (Moe and the Big Exit) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2007 - The Boyz in the Sink return and interrupt the Silly Songs with Larry narrator to allow them to tell the Moses story in their own way. However, Bob comes in and tells them that the show is sticking with its own Western version of the story.
"Monkey" (The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's) Written by Andrew Peterson and Randall Goodgame in 2007 – While on a photo safari, Larry continually repeats what he heard from an "expert" about the difference between monkeys and apes ("if it has a tail then it's a monkey, if it doesn't have a tail then it's an ape"), applying such logic to everything he sees. Bob repeatedly tries to correct Larry, but after Larry mistakenly identifies a cow as a monkey, Bob gives up in frustration. Bob then says that he and Larry do not have tails, but Larry utters some disagreement which Bob does not understand and it is later revealed that Bob's does have a tail.
“Rock Monster” (The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything A Veggietales Movie)- Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2008 - The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything perform a parody of The B-52's song entitled "Rock Lobster". The song focuses on the event of the movie when the pirates arrive on the island of walking rocks.
"The Biscuit of Zazzamarandabo" (Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue) Written by Andrew Peterson and Randall Goodgame in 2008 – When Larry forgets to write a silly song, Archibald jumps in with a song of his own. In the song, Larry, Archibald, Pa Grape, Mr. Lunt, and the French Peas go on a journey to see the famed "Biscuit of Zazzamarandabo." However, Larry (the driver) is constantly stopping to get something, frustrating Archibald. After a long journey (in which they first accidentally end up at the "Biscuit of Doug") and with 0.01 miles left to the Biscuit of Zazzamarandabo, they turn around to take a "potty break", with the nearest restroom 57 miles in the opposite direction. In the end, when they cue the title card, Larry comments to Archibald: "I always thought you were the announcer." Archibald relies, "So did I..."
"Sneeze if You Need To!" (Abe and the Amazing Promise) Written by Andrew Peterson and Randall Goodgame in 2009 – Bob needs to sneeze and visits the Sneeze Doctor (Larry) who tries multiple methods (potpourri, flowers, bright light, a bowling ball, and a toilet plunger) to get Bob to sneeze. Eventually, a cat comes along, which makes Bob sneeze. He is relieved, but then starts sneezing uncontrollably. Meanwhile, the nurse (Mr. Lunt) shares trivia about sneezing.
"Sippy Cup" (Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella) Written by Steve Taylor and Mike Nawrocki in 2009 – Larry goes to a fancy restaurant and asks for a glass of grape juice. The waiter (Mr. Lunt) refuses because Larry has spilled grape juice several times in the past and ultimately forces Larry to use a sippy cup. Larry tries to argue his case with the waiter, busboy (Jimmy), and maître d' (Madame Blueberry), but they insist that Larry use the sippy cup. When a courtroom judge (Mr. Nezzer) is about to pass the sippy cup sentence, the governor calls in and says that Larry can have his grape juice in a glass, which he promptly spills. When the title card appears again, Larry says he will take the sippy cup.
"Donuts for Benny" (Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2009 – Presented as "Helpful Humanitarian Songs with Mr. Lunt", Mr. Lunt sings about Benny, a poor old mutt who sits outside a donut shop and begs for donuts. At Mr. Lunt's urging, passersby keep giving Benny donuts, but Mr. Lunt learns the hard ways that dogs should not be fed donuts when Benny twice gives a hyperactive rendition of "Waltz Me Around Again, Willie".
"Where Have All the Staplers Gone?" (Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't) Written by Mike Nawrocki and Kurt Heniecke in 2010 – Presented as "Obscure Broadway Show Tunes with Larry", Larry and Petunia lament the displacement of various office supplies and reminisce about the time when they were plentiful in this parody of the folk song Where Have All the Flowers Gone?. In the end, the narrator promotes Act 2, "Revenge of the Staplers".
"Pants" (Sweetpea Beauty) Written by Ian Eskelin and Douglas McKelvey in 2010 – Presented as a "Veggie Shopping Network" infomercial. Larry and Pa Grape sell pants to viewers while Jimmy and Jerry Gourd show them off on stilts.
"Goodnight Junior" (It's a Meaningful Life) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2010 – Presented as "Bedtime Songs with Junior", Junior is revealed to be a rather spoiled little brat, as he proceeds to continuously and unreasonably nag Mom Asparagus to get him everything he "needs" for bedtime.
"Hopperena" (Twas The Night Before Easter) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2011 – Presented as "The Latest Dance Craze with Jean-Claude and Philippe", the French Peas invent a new dance craze (a spoof of the Macarena), which Archibald becomes a big fan of.
"Astonishing Wigs!" (Princess and the Popstar) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2011 – In an installment of "The History of Fashion with Archibald", Archibald, Madame Blueberry, Jimmy Gourd, Mr. Lunt, and a pack of singing pigs sing about wigs. This song loosely ties to the feature by occurring after a scene where Princess Poppyseed and popstar Vanna Banana exchange clothes, including Vanna's wig, in a vain attempt to switch lives.
"The Eight Polish Foods Of Christmas" (The Little Drummer Boy) Written by Mike Nawrocki (recorded in 1996, animated in 2011)– At "A VeggieTales Christmas Party", Oscar the Polish Caterer arrives to serve his filling cuisine (sung to "The 12 Days of Christmas"). Originally recorded for the "A Very Veggie Christmas" album, this is its first appearance in video form.
"Bubble Rap" (Robin Good and The Not-So-Merry Men and If I Sang a Silly Song) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2012 – The Boyz In The Sink perform a song about the wonders of bubble wrap.
"Best Friends Forever" (The Penniless Princess) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2012 – Laura and another girl text each other about being friends forever on the internet talk.
"Supper Hero" (The League of Incredible Vegetables) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2012 – Jimmy Gourd (dressed as the Supper Hero) eats the whole league's supper (including their chocolate cake).
"Happy Tooth Day" – (The Little House that Stood) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2013 – Larry sings about having his one tooth, and has a celebration for the tooth.
"Kilts and Stilts" (MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2013 – Larry and Scooter interrupt the narrator to begin a segment of "Silly Songs with Scottish Larry". The song begins Larry standing on stilts while singing in a Scottish accent, while Scottish food, music, quilting, and kilts are also mentioned. However, the French Peas interrupt the song to change the background, prompting Larry and his friends to sing similar verses about Ireland, England and the United States, much to the dismay of Scooter, who eventually faints.
"Wrapped Me Up for Christmas" (Merry Larry and the Light of Christmas) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2013 – Larry accidentally wraps himself, Bob, Jean-Claude, Phillipe, and Pa Grape in wrapping paper. Junior unwraps them (with the exception of Pa, who remains unseen until the end of the Silly Song).
"Asteroid Cowboys" (Veggies in Space: The Fennel Frontier) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2014 – Larry, Junior, and Jimmy sing about their lives as asteroid herders.
"Perfect Puppy" (Celery Night Fever) Written by Len Uhley, Dave Kinnoin, and Jimmy Hammer in 2014 – Larry wants a puppy, but is having a hard time deciding what breed is perfect for him. He is taken to the kennel by Bob and ends up choosing a puppy which bears a strange resemblance to himself.
"Macaroni and Cheese" (Beauty and the Beet) Written by Len Uhley, Dave Kinnoin, and Jimmy Hammer in 2014 – A parody of Romeo and Juliet. Larry describes in the operatic form how his Italian ancestors, the rival Cucaroni and Cumbarizzi families, invented Macaroni and Cheese when his great (etc.) grandmother Maria, and great (etc.) grandfather Tony, accidentally crashed their cheese and macaroni carts into each other.
"My Golden Egg" (Noah's Ark) Written by Len Uhley, Dave Kinnoin, and Jimmy Hammer in 2015 – An Easter egg hunt is enjoyed by Junior, Laura, and Larry. Larry sings about a special golden egg that he wants to find by imagining himself on a jungle adventure. Laura finds the Golden egg first, but she shares her egg with Larry in the end.
The VeggieTales Show (2019–present)
“The Agitated Song” (A Lifetime Supply of Joy) Written by Guy Vasilovich in 2020 - As the cast takes a brief intermission from the play of Paul and Silas, Larry becomes extremely agitated at Archibald for leaving the story on a cliffhanger. Bob then forces Larry to perform a silly song for the audience during intermission, but Larry becomes extremely agitated at the cast and sings the shortest silly song in VeggieTales history.
“Amazing Glazed” (It’s Cool to be Kind) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2020 - Larry sings a western ballad about Billy the Doughnut puppet. Billy is in love with Mary-Joe Cruller. However, Mary-Joe literally has a hole where her heart should be.
"Wanna Wallaby" (Little Things Matter) Written by Phil Vischer in 2020 - Larry sings about his desire to be an Australian Wallaby, but his excessive kicking has Archibald intervene and end the song.
"Oh Pluto" (Being Gentle Makes You Great) Written by Phil Vischer in 2020 - Larry sings about where the planet Pluto has gone, until Archibald intervenes after the song ends, stating that Pluto is a dwarf planet.
"Tooth Sweater" (The Giving-est Day) Written by Phil Vischer in 2021 - Larry sings about tooth sweaters, sweaters that cover your teeth. Bob later interrupts the song, stating that other parts of Larry's body aren't covered up, like his eyes. When Larry covers them up with eye sweaters, it causes him to lose his vision and make chaos in the silly song's set.
"Sleep Singing" (The Good Shepherd) - written by Mike Nawrocki in 2021- Larry, Jimmy, and Mr. Lunt all sing about Bob's activities while he sleepwalks, which include singing, eating from the trash, and dancing. Bob later wakes up from his trance, and wonders what happened in his sleep.
"Alligator Family" (“The One and Only You”) - written by Phil Vischer in 2021- After being attacked by an alligator in the previous sketch of the show, Bob gets the alligator in the crate and is about to take him to a zoo. However, Bob is interrupted by Larry who wants to keep the alligator and make it apart of his family.
Albums
Videos
References
Further reading
VeggieTales
Children's music |
4024364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20IV%2C%20Duke%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp | Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp | Frederick IV (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702) was the reigning Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
He was born in Gottorf Castle as the elder son of Duke Christian Albert of Holstein-Gottorp and Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark. He was married on 12 May 1698 to Princess Hedwig Sophia of Sweden and they had an only child, Charles Frederick, who eventually fathered the future Tsar Peter III of Russia, therefore making Frederick a patrilineal ancestor to all Russian emperors after Catherine II.
He took part in the Great Northern War and was killed by artillery fire in the Battle of Kliszów in Poland.
According to Robert Massie's Peter the Great: His Life and World, Duke Frederick arrived in Stockholm to marry his cousin, Princess Hedwig Sophia, soon befriending his first cousin and new brother-in-law, King Charles XII (their respective mothers, Frederica Amalia and Ulrika Eleonora, being daughters of Frederick III of Denmark). His visit made such an impression on Swedish society that the excesses surrounding him and the King earned him "the Gottorp Fury" as a nickname. Duke Frederick and King Charles regularly participated in wild festivities, drinking binges, and outlandish pranks. Generally, Duke Frederick's influence was the blame for the King's "reckless" lifestyle. There were even rumors at the time that the Duke sought to kill the King and usurp the throne. As it happened, according to Massie in the aforementioned book, the 17-year-old King Charles, in the summer of 1699, pushed himself to an unbearable point of excess and vowed never to touch another drop of liquor again. Apparently, writes Massie, the King stuck to beer thereafter, and even just drank beer when he was either wounded or post-battle. As for his relationship with his cousin Frederick, they remained on good terms, so much that King Charles gave him military assistance to defend Holstein-Gottorp from Danish invasion.
Ancestry
Notes and references
See also
History of Schleswig-Holstein
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
Military personnel killed in action
1671 births
1702 deaths |
4024369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javad%20Maroufi | Javad Maroufi | Javād Ma'roufi (), (1912 in Tehran – December 7, 1993, in Tehran) was an Iranian composer and pianist.
Biography
Javād Ma'roufi was born in Tehran to the musician father Musā Ma'roufi and mother Ozrā Ma'roufi (or Ezra Ma'roufi) who both were distinguished pupils of Darvish Khan, a renowned music master of the time in Iran. Javād Ma'roufi lost his mother at young age, and consequently grew up in his paternal family. He was taught in music first by his father, playing both the tar and the violin. At fourteen he attended the Academy of Music of which Ali-Naqi Vaziri was the director and where he studied the piano under the music master Tatiana Kharatian (تاتیانا خاراطیان). During this period he studied works by Chopin, Mozart, Beethoven and Bach.
Ma'roufi died in the morning of Tuesday 7 December 1993 (16 Āzar 1372 AH) in a hospital in Tehran.
Notes
External links
Official Website of Ostād Javād Ma'roufi
Javad Maroufi webpage at Rouhollah Khaleghi Artistic Center (Kanun-e Honari-e Rouhollah Khaleghi)
An article about Javad Maroufi
Iran Daily article about Javad Maroufi (PDF)
1912 births
1993 deaths
Iranian composers
Iranian pianists
Musicians from Tehran
20th-century pianists
20th-century composers |
4024375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20%28band%29 | Golden (band) | Golden is an American rock band formed in 1993 on April 7 in Oberlin, Ohio. Since Golden's members are also involved with other, more well-known bands, Golden is often considered more of a side project than a full-fledged band in its own right.
Golden's sound is an amalgamation of many rock styles, but also includes rhythms and influences of many styles from around the world (likely due to guitarist Ian Eagleson working as an ethnomusicologist).
Members
Ian Eagleson - guitar, vocals (member of Extra Golden)
Alex Minoff - guitar, vocal (member of Weird War, Extra Golden, The Make-Up and Six Finger Satellite)
Jon Theodore - drums (ex-member of The Mars Volta and Royal Trux, currently a member of Queens of the Stone Age)
Phillip Manley - bass (member of Trans Am and The Fucking Champs)
Discography
Albums
Here comes the Golden Fuzz (Slowdime, 1997)
Golden (Trans Solar, 1998)
Super GOLDEN Original Movement (Slowdime, 1999)
Golden Summer (Slowdime, 2000)
Apollo Stars (National Record Label, 2002)
Singles & EPs
"Gone To Return / Shack" (7") (Proteen Records, 1993)
"Chet's Jalopy" (7") (Proteen Records, 1995)
"Victory Is Ours!/Lance A." (7") (Happy Go Lucky, 1995)
"Violator/Deep Skills" (7") (The Bedtime Record, 1999)
"Golden And Rhythm Beat Jazz" (12") (Slowdime, 1999)
Compilations
"Oldies" (Bandcamp, 2015)
External links
Golden's Page on Epitonic
2012 Flab Mag audio interview with Alex Minoff
Golden's Page on Bandcamp
Golden Discography on Discogs
Rock music groups from Ohio
Musical groups established in 1993 |
4024392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Extremist%20%28comics%29 | The Extremist (comics) | The Extremist was a four-issue comic book mini-series, written by Peter Milligan with art by Ted McKeever. The series was published by DC Comics through their Vertigo comics imprint from September to December 1993. It was originally created by Brendan McCarthy, who gave it to Peter Milligan to develop as a comic series because he "couldn't be bothered to draw it".
Plot
Judy Tanner, grieving after the murder of her husband Jack, desires to get revenge on the murderer. She submerges her identity into that of "The Extremist", an alias her husband went by in both his life as a patron of the most extreme sex clubs and as a hired assassin for a shadowy organization called "The Order". Judy eventually murders a woman she believes to be her husband's killer, but she later learns the real killer was a man named Patrick, the "Chief Hedonist" of the Order. Patrick claims he killed Jack in order to manipulate Judy into becoming the Extremist, and into killing an innocent woman, to "liberate" her from her bourgeois moral system.
After Judy goes missing, her neighbor Tony Murphy attempts to find her while discovering more and more about what "The Extremist" really is, and he is both ashamed and titillated by his discoveries. In his quest to find Judy, Tony's obsession prompts his wife and newborn child to leave him. He does eventually manage to track Judy down, after which a thoroughly indoctrinated Judy kills him to prevent him from exposing her activities or those of the order.
Notes
External links
The Extremist at the Big Comic Book DataBase
Comics by Peter Milligan |
4024395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Rice-Trevor%2C%204th%20Baron%20Dynevor | George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron Dynevor | George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron Dynevor (5 August 1795 – 7 October 1869) was a British politician and peer.
Early life
He was the son of George Talbot Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor. Dynevor matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford 13 October 1812; he was awarded a D.C.L. on 11 June 1834.
By royal licence, 28 October 1824, he took the name of Trevor, after that of Rice, on inheriting the estates of the Trevor family at Glynde, Sussex.
Political career
He served as Tory Member of Parliament (MP) for Carmarthenshire, from 1820 to 1831. At the 1831 General Election he chose to stand down from the Commons on the basis that his political views diverged from those of his constituents. The following years, however, he contested the seat and was re-elected, serving until his elevation to the peerage in 1852 upon the death of his father.
Rebecca Riots
When the Rebecca Riots of 1843–44 reached Carmarthenshire Rice-Trevor, as a militia officer, and MP and vice-lieutenant of the county, returned from London to deal with the situation. After the rioters burned crops on his father's Dinefwr estate he threatened armed retaliation. The response of the rioters was to dig a grave in the grounds and announce that Rice-Trevor would occupy it by 10 October 1843. He did not, but he did order in so many troops and police that a barracks had to be built to accommodate them.
Later life
Lord Dynevor succeeded to the title of Baron Dynevor and the Dinefwr estate on the death of his father in 1852. He was an honorary colonel in the militia and from 1852 to 1869 he served as ADC to Queen Victoria.
Personal life
On 27 November 1824 he married Frances Fitzroy, daughter of General Lord Charles Fitzroy (a younger son of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton). The couple had the following children:
The Hon. Frances Emily Rice (1827– 26 November 1863)
The Hon. Caroline Elizabeth Anne Rice-Trevor (1829 – 12 August 1887), married Thomas Bateson, 1st Baron Deramore
The Hon. Selina Rice-Trevor (11 September 1836 – 22 January 1918), married William Pakenham, 4th Earl of Longford
The Hon. Elianore Mary Rice-Trevor (born 1839)
Dynevor died on 7 October 1869, aged 74, at Malvern, Worcestershire from paralysis and was interred in the family vault at Barrington Park, Gloucestershire. As he died without male issue, his cousin the Reverend Francis William Rice succeeded to the barony. The family wealth passed to his daughters, thus splitting the wealth from the title.
References
External links
1795 births
1869 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Carmarthenshire constituencies
04
Dynevor, George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
Dynevor, B4
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Dynevor, George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron
George
People from Glynde |
4024402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebula | Trebula | Trebula may refer to:
Trebula Mutusca, an ancient Sabine town, modern Monteleone Sabino, Province of Rieti, Lazio
Trebula Suffenas, an ancient Sabine town, location unknown
Trebula Balliensis, modern Treglia, in the comune of Pontelatone, Province of Caserta, Campania |
4024413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobstering | Lobstering | Lobstering may refer to one of the following:
Lobster fishing
Caridoid escape reaction, swimming backwards by frightened shrimp |
4024414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troides%20minos | Troides minos | Troides minos, the southern birdwing, also called Sahyadri birdwing, is a large and striking swallowtail butterfly endemic to south India. With a wingspan of 140–190 mm, it is the second largest butterfly of India. It is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List.
It was earlier considered a subspecies of the common birdwing (Troides helena) but is now recognised as a valid species.
The species is more common in the Western Ghats of South India, which is a biodiversity hotspot with a high degree of endemism in many taxa. It is much sought after by collectors and is a highlight of many butterfly tours in the Western Ghats. It is the state butterfly of Karnataka, India.
Description
Description from Charles Thomas Bingham (1907) The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma, Butterflies. Volume II.
Male and female. Differs from Troides helena cerberus as follows.
Male: Hindwing: the black along the dorsal and terminal margins both on upper and undersides much broader; on the upperside entirely filling interspace 1, on the underside with only a narrow streak of yellow at the angle between the median vein and vein 2; the cone-shaped black markings on the terminal margin shorter and broader; on the costal margin the black is narrower than in cerberus, barely extended below vein 8 except at the base and apex of the wing where it broadens; the abdomen is dull yellow above and below not shaded with black.
Female: Hindwing: the black on the costal margin as in cerberus, but there is always a large yellow spot at base of interspace 7; interspace 1 black, with a pale patch in the middle; the black terminal border broader, the inwardly extended cone-shaped markings prominent, those in interspaces 2 and 3 with pale buff lateral edgings, extended inwards to the postdiscal spots. In both male and female the hindwing on the upperside is clothed with soft, silky, long brownish-black hairs from base along the dorsal area.
Expanse: 140–190 mm.
Habitat: Southern India. Bombay to Travancore.
Larva. Roughly cylindrical, tapers a little to each end, with two rows of fleshy processes somewhat curved forwards and a double row on each side that are much shorter. On the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments an additional long pair between the dorsal and lateral rows. Head smooth and black; body of a uniform dark madder brown, prettily lighted with a tinge of pink at the points of some of the fleshy processes; dorsal process on the 8th segment and a lateral pair on the 7th pinkish-white, with a band of the same colour uniting them.
Pupa. Suspended by the tail and a band that encircles it much nearer the head than is usual with Papilio pupae. In form stout, flattened, dilated in the middle, with head and thorax thrown back. Head somewhat angular and tuberculated; two of the abdominal segments each with a prominent dorsal pair of pointed tubercles. Colour usually light brown, with a strongly contrasting saddle of old gold. (After Davidson & Aitken) - Mr T. A. Sealy (Proc. Ent Soc. 1875 p. 9) states- "The pupa possesses the power of making a curious noise like pha-pha!, and makes it very loudly when touched; the noise is accompanied (perhaps produced) by a short contraction of the abdominal segments. I thought at first it was merely produced by the rubbing of one ring of the pupa-case against the next, but the sound did not resemble a mere frictional sound, it was more like the sound of a rush of air through small holes. I tried to produce it with a dead chrysalis but failed: the pupa sometimes contracted on being touched without making the noise, and appeared unable to make the noise until some time was given to allow it to recover its vigour." Messrs. Davidson and Aitken have also noticed this power in the pupa, but they speak of it "as a husky squeaking noise, produced apparently by friction of the abdominal rings."
Range
Western Ghats and parts of the Eastern Ghats.
Status
The butterfly is locally very common in the southern and central Western Ghats covering the states of Karnataka and Kerala. Also found in southern Maharashtra and northern Goa where it is uncommon. Despite its restricted range and endemicity, the butterfly is not known to be threatened but the IUCN recommends continuous monitoring.
Habitat
Found up to in the Western Ghats. Found in diverse habitats from low-land evergreen forests near the coast to mixed deciduous forests, dry scrub and agricultural fields.
Habits
Active during early morning hours when both sexes feed in the forest on Lantana and diverse food plants. Later on, it is seen sailing as high as over the countryside until it descends later in the evening to feed again. It flies in a leisurely manner circling around jungle clearings and also frequents hill tops. A determined flier, it is known to cover very large distances before settling. The only food source is nectar, it also visits gardens and orchards and sips from domestic plants such as Mussaenda, Ixora and Lantana.
Life cycle
Though it flies all the year round, it is abundant in the during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.
Eggs
Spherical eggs laid singly on the edges of the undersides of young leaves and shoots.
Larva
Velvety maroon red with shiny black head and four rows of fleshy bright red tubercles. Grey markings on the back with a broad oblique pink white band on the 7th and 8th segments. These are heavily parasitised by tiny braconid wasps.
Pupa
Pale brown or green, marked with fine brown striations and minute markings. Found on the underside of leaves. If touched, it sways and makes hissing sounds.
Food plants
The larval host plants of these butterflies are small creepers and climbers of the family Aristolochiaceae such as Aristolochia indica, Aristolochia tagala, Thottea siliquosa and Bragantia wallichii The host plant toxins sequestered by the butterfly during its larval stage make it unpalatable to predators. Its flight and bright colouration advertise its unpalatability.
Related species
Troides minos is a member of the Troides aecus species group. The members of this clade are:
Troides aeacus C. & R. Felder, 1860
Troides magellanus (C. & R. Felder, 1862)
Troides minos (Cramer, [1779])
Troides rhadamantus (Lucas, 1835)
Troides dohertyi (Rippon, 1893)
Troides prattorum (Joicey & Talbot, 1922)
See also
Papilionidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)
References
Kurt Rumbucher; Béla von Knötgen, 1999 Part.6, Papilionidae. 3, Troides. 1 aeacus- group in Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Eds. Butterflies of the World Keltern: Goecke & Evers 1999.
Minos
Butterflies of Asia
Taxa named by Pieter Cramer
Butterflies described in 1779 |
4024418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Montgomery | Cliff Montgomery | Cliff Montgomery (September 17, 1910 – April 21, 2005) was an American football player who served as the captain of the Columbia Lions football team that won the 1934 Rose Bowl Game. Montgomery, the quarterback, called a hidden-ball trick play known as KF-79 that led to Columbia's 7-0 upset over Stanford University. It was widely regarded as one of the greatest athletic upsets of the twentieth century, and Montgomery was named the game's Most valuable player. He went on to play for one season with the National Football League Brooklyn Dodgers.
Montgomery served with the United States Navy during World War II. He earned the Silver Star during the 1945 invasion of Okinawa, credited with saving the lives of 400 sailors on April 6, 1945 when he navigated his flagship alongside a burning destroyer in rough seas.
An executive at McGraw Hill, Montgomery spent 25 years as a college football official and earned a spot in the College Football Hall of Fame.
See also
List of Columbia University people
References
External links
Columbia University obituary for Cliff Montgomery
1910 births
2005 deaths
Recipients of the Silver Star
American football quarterbacks
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia Lions football players
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy officers
Burials at the Cemetery of the Holy Rood |
4024423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status%20of%20Jerusalem | Status of Jerusalem | The status of Jerusalem is disputed in both international law and diplomatic practice, with both the Israelis and Palestinians claiming Jerusalem as their capital city. The dispute has been described as "one of the most intractable issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict", with conflicting claims to sovereignty over the city or parts of it, and access to its holy sites. The main dispute revolves around the legal status of East Jerusalem and especially the Old City of Jerusalem, while broader agreement exists regarding future Israeli presence in West Jerusalem in accordance with Israel's internationally recognised borders. The majority of United Nations (UN) member states hold the view that the final status of Jerusalem should be resolved through negotiation, and have therefore favored locating their embassies in Tel Aviv prior to a final status agreement. However, in the late 2010s, the international consensus to abstain from expressing a viewpoint on the city's final status has shown signs of fragility, with Russia, the United States, and Australia adopting new policy positions. Furthermore, the proposal that Jerusalem should be the future capital of both Israel and Palestine has also gained international support, with endorsements coming from both the United Nations and the European Union.
Background
From 1517 until the First World War, Jerusalem was part of the Ottoman Empire. It was part of the Damascus eyalet (province) until, as a result of widespread administrative reform in the mid 1800s, it became an independent sanjak (district) in 1872. Since the 1860s, Jews have formed the largest religious group in the city and since around 1887, with the beginning of expansion outside the old city walls, Jews have been in the majority.
Historically, the Vatican has had a particular interest in protecting Christian churches and holy places in the region, and acted particularly with the agency of Italy and France as Catholic states in advancing that objective. In the 19th century, European powers were competing for influence in the city, usually on the basis (or pretext) of extending protection over Christian churches and holy places. Much of the property that is now owned by the churches was bought during this time. A number of these countries, most notably France, entered into capitulation agreements with the Ottoman Empire and also established consulates in Jerusalem. In 1847, with Ottoman approval, the first Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem since the Crusades was established.
After capturing Jerusalem in 1917, the United Kingdom was in control of Jerusalem; initially under a wartime administration, then as part of the Mandate of Palestine assigned to Britain in 1920. The principal Allied Powers recognized the unique spiritual and religious interests in Jerusalem among the world's Abrahamic religions as "a sacred trust of civilization", and stipulated that the existing rights and claims connected with it be safeguarded in perpetuity, under international guarantee.
However, the Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine were in mortal dispute and Britain sought United Nations assistance in resolving the dispute. During the negotiations of proposals for a resolution that culminated in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (also known as Resolution 181) in November 1947, the historic claims of the Vatican, Italy and France were revived. The Vatican's historic claims and interests, as well as those of Italy and France were based on the former Protectorate of the Holy See and the French Protectorate of Jerusalem. From their point of view this proposal was essentially to safeguard Christian holy sites and was expressed as a call for the special international regime for the city of Jerusalem. This status was also confirmed in UN General Assembly Resolution 194 in 1948, which maintained the position that Jerusalem be made an international city, under United Nations supervision. The Vatican's official position on the status of Jerusalem was in favour of an internationalization of Jerusalem, in order to keep the holy place away from either Israeli or Arab sovereignty.
The United Nations Partition Plan called for the partition of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem (with borders expanded to include Bethlehem, see UN map of Jerusalem) being established as a corpus separatum, or a "separated body", with a special legal and political status, administered by the United Nations. The Free City of Danzig was a historical precedent for this solution; Trieste was a contemporaneous city ruled by the UN. Jewish representatives accepted the partition plan, while representatives of the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab states rejected it, declaring it illegal.
On 14 May 1948, the Jewish community in Palestine issued the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel within territory set aside for the Jewish state in the Partition Plan. Israel became a member of the United Nations the following year and has since been recognised by most countries. The countries recognizing Israel did not necessarily recognize its sovereignty over Jerusalem generally, citing the UN resolutions which called for an international status for the city. The United States, Guatemala, Honduras and Kosovo have embassies in Jerusalem.
With the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel and the subsequent invasion by surrounding Arab states, the UN proposal for Jerusalem never materialised. The 1949 Armistice Agreements left Jordan in control of the eastern parts of Jerusalem, while the western sector (with the exception of the Mount Scopus exclave in the east) was held by Israel. Each side recognised the other's de facto control of their respective sectors. The Armistice Agreement, however, was considered internationally as having no legal effect on the continued validity of the provisions of the partition resolution for the internationalisation of Jerusalem. In 1950, Jordan annexed East Jerusalem as part of its larger annexation of the West Bank. Though the United Kingdom and Iraq recognized Jordanian rule over East Jerusalem, no other country recognized either Jordanian or Israeli rule over the respective areas of the city under their control. Pakistan is sometimes falsely claimed to have recognized the annexation as well.
Following the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel declared that Israeli law would be applied to East Jerusalem and enlarged its eastern boundaries, approximately doubling its size. The action was deemed unlawful by other states who did not recognize it. It was condemned by the UN Security Council and General Assembly which described it as an annexation and a violation of the rights of the Palestinian population. In 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law, which declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel". The Security Council declared the law null and void in Resolution 478, which also called upon member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from the city. The UN General Assembly has also passed numerous resolutions to the same effect.
Prelude: UN resolution from 1947
On 29 November 1947 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution which, as part of its Partition Plan for Palestine, included the establishment of Jerusalem as a separate international entity under the auspices of the United Nations, a so-called corpus separatum.
Israel
1948 war and 1949 diplomatic steps
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War,
Israel took control of West Jerusalem while Jordan took control of East Jerusalem (including the walled Old City in which most holy places are located). Although accepting partition before the war, Israel rejected the UN's corpus separatum decision at the Lausanne Conference of 1949, and instead indicated a preference for division of Jerusalem into Jewish and Arab zones, and international control and protection only for holy places and sites. Also in 1949, as the UN General Assembly began debating the implementation of its corpus separatum decision, Israel declared Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal capital".
Aftermath of 1967 Six-Day War
After Israel conquered East Jerusalem from Jordan in 1967 during the Six-Day War, Israel argued that it had the stronger right to the city.
Very soon after its conquest of East Jerusalem in 1967, Israel merged East Jerusalem with West Jerusalem by administratively extending the municipal boundary of the city.
1980 Jerusalem Law
In July 1980, the Knesset passed the Jerusalem Law as part of the country's Basic Law, which declared Jerusalem the unified capital of Israel.
Legal positions since Oslo Accords
On the 'corpus separatum' issue
According to a 1999 statement by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "There is no basis in international law for the position supporting a status of 'corpus separatum' (separate entity) for the city of Jerusalem." In the view of the ministry, the concept of corpus separatum became irrelevant after the Arab states rejected the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and invaded the newly created State of Israel in 1948. Accordingly, the ministry states, "There has never been any agreement, treaty, or international understanding which applies the 'Corpus Separatum' concept to Jerusalem."
On sovereignty
In 2003 Israel argued that Jordan had no rights to any land west of the Jordan River, that it had taken the West Bank and East Jerusalem by an act of aggression, and therefore never acquired sovereignty.
Government positions since Oslo Accords
Positions on the final status of Jerusalem have varied with different Israeli governments.
Yitzhak Rabin (Prime Minister 1992–95)
The Oslo Accords declared that the final status of Jerusalem would be negotiated, but Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin declared that he would never divide the city. In 1995, he allegedly told a group of school children that "if they told us peace is the price of giving up a united Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty, my reply would be 'let's do without peace'".
Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister 1996–99)
This position was upheld by his successor, Benjamin Netanyahu, who stated there would be "..no discussion of the case of Jerusalem...".
Ehud Barak (Prime Minister 1999–2001)
Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, during negotiations, became the first Israeli Prime Minister to allow for a possible division of Jerusalem, despite his campaign promises.
Ariel Sharon (Prime Minister 2001–06)
Prime minister during the second intifada, Ariel Sharon was unequivocal in his support for an undivided Jerusalem. In an interview done one week before a stroke incapacitated him he stated: "Our position is that Jerusalem is not negotiable. We are not going to negotiate on Jerusalem. Jerusalem will be forever a united and undivided capital of Israel."
Ehud Olmert (Prime Minister 2006–09)
Prime Minister (and former Jerusalem mayor) Ehud Olmert vowed to keep Jerusalem the "undivided, eternal capital of the Jewish people", but later supported the detachment of several Arab neighborhoods from Israeli sovereignty and the introduction of an international trust to run the Temple Mount.
Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister 2009–2021)
When Netanyahu succeeded Olmert, he declared that "all of Jerusalem would always remain under Israeli sovereignty" and that only Israel would "ensure the freedom of religion and freedom of access for the three religions to the holy places".
These statements seem to closely reflect Israeli public opinion. According to a 2012 poll by the right-wing Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 78% of Jewish voters who responded said that they would reconsider voting for any politician that wants to relinquish Israel's control over the Old City and East Jerusalem.
On 17 May 2015, Prime Minister Netanyahu reiterated, regarding Jerusalem serving as the capital of both Israel and a future Palestinian state, "Jerusalem has forever been the capital of only the Jewish people and no other nation."
On 2 January 2018 Israel passed into law new legislation that requires the two-thirds majority support of the Knesset for any section of Jerusalem to be transferred to a foreign government.
On 25 January 2018, Netanyahu repeated the previous government position but seemed to alter it, reportedly saying: "Under any peace agreement the capital of Israel will continue to be in Jerusalem." (stress added)
Palestine
During the British Mandate, the main representation of the Palestinian Arabs was the Arab Higher Committee, formed in the beginning of the Great Arab revolt in 1936; it was outlawed in 1937 and its leaders deported. Reconstituted in 1945 and dominated by Palestinian Arabs, it continued in various iterations until 1948, when, viewed as a threat to Jordan, its army was forced to disband. There was unequivocal support for an Arab controlled Jerusalem (at that time the status quo).
Until the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, there was little in terms of an internationally recognised representation of the Palestinian Arabs. The Arab League usually took over the job, with the short-lived Egyptian-controlled All-Palestine Government based in Gaza having little sway, and Jordan taking control of the West Bank with East Jerusalem.
Until the Oslo Accords in 1993, and the Letters of Mutual Recognition, the Palestinians, represented since 1964 by the PLO, had at all times rejected any partition of any part of the former British Mandate territory. However, while they had previously rejected the UN's internationalisation plan, most of the Arab delegations at the Lausanne Conference of 1949 accepted a permanent international regime (called corpus separatum) under United Nations supervision as proposed in Resolutions 181 and 194. The Arabs vociferously objected to Israel moving to (West) Jerusalem its national institutions, namely the Knesset, the presidential, legislative, judicial and administrative offices.
The Palestinian leadership now claims the "1967 borders" (in effect the 1949 armistice lines) as the borders of the Palestinian territories, and includes East Jerusalem as part of these territories. Despite recognition of Israel (only from Fatah, not Hamas), and its support in 1949 of corpus separatum, it had never conceded sovereignty of Jerusalem. In 1988, Jordan conceded all claims to the West Bank, including Jerusalem, other than the Muslim holy places on the Temple Mount, and recognized the PLO as the legal representatives of the Palestinian people.
The Palestinian National Authority views East Jerusalem as occupied Palestinian territory, in line with UNSC Resolution 242. The PNA claims all of East Jerusalem, including the Temple Mount, as the capital of the State of Palestine, and claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to final status negotiations, but is willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an open city. In the Palestine Liberation Organization's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is called the capital of the State of Palestine. In 2000 the Palestinian Authority passed a law designating the city as such, and in 2002 this law was ratified by Chairman Yasser Arafat. The official position of the PNA is that Jerusalem should be an open city, with no physical partition and that Palestine would guarantee freedom of worship, access and the protection of sites of religious significance. The status quo on the Temple Mount now is that tourists are allowed to visit, but not pray, on the Temple Mount, although this seems to be slowly changing.
ICJ case — Palestine v. United States of America
In September 2018, the State of Palestine initiated an action in the International Court of Justice, in the case Palestine v. United States of America (officially titled Relocation of the United States Embassy to Jerusalem), in which Palestine charges the US with violating the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations by moving its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, arguing the Convention requires that "the diplomatic mission of a sending State must be established on the territory of the receiving State." The Palestinian application argues that in international law Jerusalem cannot be considered to be the territory of the State of Israel because under General Assembly Resolution 181 of 1947 (the Partition Plan) Jerusalem was to have been placed under international governance, and thus precludes considering Jerusalem to be under the sovereignty of any State.
United Nations
The United Nations considers East Jerusalem to be part of Israeli-occupied territories or occupied Palestinian territory. It envisions Jerusalem eventually becoming the capital of two states, Israel and Palestine. This is at odds with other General Assembly Resolutions, which promote an internationally administered Jerusalem.
1947 UN Partition Plan (Resolution 181(II)) provided for the full territorial internationalisation of Jerusalem: "The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United Nations." The resolution was accepted by the Jewish leadership in Palestine, but rejected by the Arabs. This position was restated after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War in Resolution 194 of 1948 and in Resolution 303(IV) of 1949. According to a 1979 report prepared for and under the guidance of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, it would appear that the United Nations has maintained the principle that the legal status of Jerusalem is that of a corpus separatum.
The United Nations General Assembly does not recognize Israel's proclamation of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, which is, for example, reflected in the wording of General Assembly Resolution 63/30 of 2009 which states that "any actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem are illegal and therefore null and void and have no validity whatsoever, and calls upon Israel to cease all such illegal and unilateral measures."
Although the General Assembly cannot pass legally binding resolutions over international issues, the United Nations Security Council, which has the authority to do so, has passed a total of six Security Council resolutions on Israel on the matter, including UNSC resolution 478 which affirmed that the enactment of the 1980 Basic Jerusalem Law declaring unified Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital, was a violation of international law. The resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city. The Security Council, as well as the UN in general, has consistently affirmed the position that East Jerusalem (but not west Jerusalem) is occupied Palestinian territory subject to the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The International Court of Justice in its 2004 Advisory opinion on the "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" described East Jerusalem as "occupied Palestinian territory".
Many UN member states formally follow the UN position that Jerusalem should have an international status. The European Union has also followed the UN's lead in this regard, declaring Jerusalem's status to be that of a corpus separatum, or an international city to be administered by the UN.
Nevertheless, and inconsistent with the status of corpus separatum, the UN has designated East Jerusalem occupied Palestinian territory. China recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine, and the United States has recognised at least West Jerusalem as Israel's capital. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said on 28 October 2009 that Jerusalem must be the capital of both Israel and Palestine. The UN has never revoked resolutions 181 and 194, and maintains the official position that Jerusalem should be placed under a special international regime.
European Union
The European Union currently views the status of Jerusalem as that of a corpus separatum including both East and West Jerusalem as outlined in United Nations Resolution 181. In the interest of achieving a peaceful solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict, it believes a fair solution should be found regarding the issue of Jerusalem in the context of the two-state solution set out in the Road Map. Taking into account the political and religious concerns of all parties involved, it envisions the city serving as the shared capital of Israel and Palestine.
The EU opposes measures which would prejudge the outcome of permanent status negotiations on Jerusalem, basing its policy on the principles set out in UN Security Council Resolution 242, notably the impossibility of acquisition of territory by force. It will not recognise any changes to pre-1967 borders with regard to Jerusalem, unless agreed between the parties. It has also called for the reopening of Palestinian institutions in East Jerusalem, in accordance with the Road Map, in particular Orient House and the Chamber of Commerce, and has called on the Israeli government to "cease all discriminatory treatment of Palestinians in East Jerusalem, especially concerning work permits, access to education and health services, building permits, house demolitions, taxation and expenditure."
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
On 13 December 2017, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), consisting of 57 primarily Muslim countries, declared East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine and invited "all countries to recognise the State of Palestine and East Jerusalem as its occupied capital." The declaration makes no mention of Jerusalem as corpus separatum, nor makes any reference to West Jerusalem.
Location of foreign embassies
After Israel passed the Jerusalem Law in 1980, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 478, which called upon UN member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from the city. Thirteen countries—Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, the Netherlands, Panama, Uruguay and Venezuela—moved their embassies from Jerusalem primarily to Tel Aviv. Costa Rica and El Salvador moved theirs back to Jerusalem in 1984. Costa Rica moved its embassy back to Tel Aviv in 2006 followed by El Salvador a few weeks later. No international embassy was located in Jerusalem again until 2018, although Bolivia had its embassy in Mevasseret Zion, a suburb west of the city, until relations were severed in 2009.
Various countries recognized Israel as a state in the 1940s and 1950s, without recognizing Israeli sovereignty over West Jerusalem. There is an international sui generis consular corps in Jerusalem. It is commonly referred to as the "Consular Corps of the Corpus Separatum". The states that have maintained consulates in Jerusalem say that it was part of Mandate Palestine, and in a de jure sense has not since become part of any other sovereignty. The Netherlands maintains an office in Jerusalem serving mainly Israeli citizens. Other foreign governments base consulate general offices in Jerusalem, including Greece, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The United States had a consulate general in Jerusalem, which was reclassified as its embassy in 2018. Since the President of Israel resides in Jerusalem and confirms the foreign diplomats, ambassadors need to travel to Jerusalem to submit letters of credentials upon being appointed.
The United States relocated its embassy to Israel to Jerusalem in 2018, as did Guatemala. Honduras followed in 2021. A number of countries have indicated that they could relocate their embassies to Jerusalem, including Brazil, Serbia, the Czech Republic and the Dominican Republic. In December 2020, the Czech Republic indicated that in 2021 it will open a Jerusalem branch office of the Czech Embassy in Tel Aviv. Hungary had previously opened an official diplomatic mission in Jerusalem. Kosovo committed to opening its embassy in Jerusalem when Israel and Kosovo established diplomatic relations in February 2021.
Palestinian officials have consistently condemned each such relocation and diplomatic offices in Jerusalem, saying that they constitute "a flagrant violation of international law and goes against the unified EU position on the legal status of Jerusalem."
Russia
On 6 April 2017 the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying, "We reaffirm our commitment to the UN-approved principles for a Palestinian-Israeli settlement, which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. At the same time, we must state that in this context we view West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel." Some commentators interpreted this as a Russian recognition of Israel's claim to West Jerusalem, while others understood the statement as a Russian intention to recognize West Jerusalem as Israel's in the context of a peace deal with the Palestinians. On 14 June 2018, Russia held, for the first time, its annual Russia Day reception in Jerusalem. Until then, the annual reception has been held in the Tel Aviv area. Although Russia has publicly recognised West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, it continues to locate its embassy in Tel Aviv.
Prior to these events, in 2011 the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated that Russia had recognized the State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital already in 1988, and that it had not changed its view.
Russia has publicly opposed Israeli settlement construction in East Jerusalem. In March 2010, the Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Israeli plans to construct homes for Jewish settlers in East Jerusalem, calling the measure "unacceptable" and in opposition to "internationally acknowledged reconciliation proceedings". In January 2011, reaffirming Russia's recognition of the State of Palestine, President Dmitry Medvedev said Russia "supported and will support the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to an independent state with its capital in East Jerusalem."
United States
When Israel was founded, the position of the United States was that its recognition of Israel did not imply a particular view on the status of Jerusalem. The US voted for the UN Partition Plan in November 1947, which provided for the establishment of an international regime for the city, and Resolution 194 in 1948, following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. But the US voted against Resolution 303 in 1949 which reaffirmed that Jerusalem be established a corpus separatum under a special international regime to be administered by the UN, because the US regarded the plan as no longer feasible after both Israel and Jordan had established a political presence in the city. The US position continues to be that final status of Jerusalem is to be resolved through negotiations. On 8 December 2017, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson clarified that the President's statement "did not indicate any final status for Jerusalem" and "was very clear that the final status, including the borders, would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide."
On 6 December 2017, the United States recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and on 14 May 2018 transferred the United States embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The US reclassified as its embassy its Jerusalem Consulate, which had been a lot in the neighborhood of Talpiot leased in 1989 for 99 years by the Israeli government and relocated there in 2002. From 28 October 2020, for the first time, U.S. citizens born in Jerusalem will be allowed to list "Jerusalem, Israel" as their place of birth on their U.S. passport.
China
China recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine. In a 2016 speech to the Arab League, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping said that "China firmly supports the Middle East peace process and supports the establishment of a State of Palestine enjoying full sovereignty on the basis of the 1967 borders and with East Jerusalem as its capital." China announced that this position remains unchanged in the aftermath of the US recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom position on Jerusalem states that "Jerusalem was supposed to be a ‘corpus separatum’, or international city administered by the UN. But this was never set up: immediately after the UNGA resolution partitioning Palestine, Israel occupied West Jerusalem and Jordan occupied East Jerusalem (including the Old City). We recognised the de facto control of Israel and Jordan, but not sovereignty. In 1967, Israel occupied E Jerusalem, which we continue to consider is under illegal military occupation by Israel. Our Embassy to Israel is in Tel Aviv, not Jerusalem. In E Jerusalem we have a Consulate-General, with a Consul-General who is not accredited to any state: this is an expression of our view that no state has sovereignty over Jerusalem."
The UK believes that the city's status has yet to be determined, and maintains that it should be settled in an overall agreement between the parties concerned, but considers that the city should not again be divided. The Declaration of Principles and the Interim Agreement, signed by Israel and the PLO on 13 September 1993 and 28 September 1995 respectively, left the issue of the status of Jerusalem to be decided in the "permanent status" negotiations between the two parties.
France
The French Government notes that "It is up to the parties to come to a final and overall agreement with regard to the final status, which would put an end to the conflict. France believes that Jerusalem must become the capital of the two States."
Other G20 countries
: On 15 December 2018 Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that Australia recognised West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, while East Jerusalem should be the capital of the State of Palestine. However, Morrison also announced that Australia would not relocate its embassy to West Jerusalem until after the final status of Jerusalem was resolved.
: Brazil recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine, with which it maintains full diplomatic relations, whereas the Brazilian embassy to Israel is based in Tel Aviv; prior to his election, President Jair Bolsonaro publicly stated his intention to shift the Brazilian embassy to Jerusalem, but he later backed down from this statement.
: According to Global Affairs Canada, "Canada considers the status of Jerusalem can be resolved only as part of a general settlement of the Palestinian–Israeli dispute. Canada does not recognize Israel's unilateral annexation of East Jerusalem." In the fact sheet on Israel displayed on the Canadian Foreign Affairs Department's website, the "Capital" field states that "While Israel designates Jerusalem as its capital, Canada believes that the final status of the city needs to be negotiated between the Israelis and Palestinians. At present, Canada maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv." In August 2018 delegates at a policy convention for the Conservative Party of Canada passed a motion to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The Conservative Party is currently the main opposition party in Canada.
: According to Germany's Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel, Germany is committed to a two-state solution and believes that the final status of Jerusalem must be resolved through negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians.
: "Endorsing the stance of the European Union in this regard, Italy does not recognise the legitimacy of any border changes that are not agreed between the parties. The question of Jerusalem is extremely sensitive, being the home to the Holy Places belonging to the three great monotheistic religions. To resolve this issue it will be necessary for the parties to reach a difficult, but possible, agreement to safeguard the special character of the city and meet the expectations of both peoples."
: In a 1980 statement to the United Nations, Japan criticized Israel's proclamation of Jerusalem as its united capital: "Japan cannot recognize such a unilateral change to the legal status of an occupied territory, which is in total violation of the relevant United Nations resolutions". Japan later reiterated its position in a 2001 UN report: "Japan believes that issues relating to Jerusalem should be resolved through the permanent status negotiations between the parties concerned, and until such a solution is achieved both parties should refrain from taking any unilateral action relating to the situation in Jerusalem."
: Saudi Arabia recognizes the State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital. Saudi Arabia does not formally recognize the State of Israel, although it supports a "responsible" two-state solution. The Saudi monarchy has not taken an official position on the fate of West Jerusalem's status. Saudi Arabia expressed disappointment in the United States's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital. The Saudi government called the action "irresponsible and unwarranted" and reaffirmed its support for a negotiated two-state solution.
: South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs introduces Israel's capital as Jerusalem, but mentions that there is controversy over its status. However, the South Korean Embassy in Israel is in Herzliya.
: On 17 December 2017, Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said "the day is close when officially" his nation will open an embassy in East Jerusalem. This statement came several days after Erdoğan had called for worldwide recognition of East Jerusalem as the occupied capital of a Palestinian state at a summit of Muslim countries convened in response to the US recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital.
Other countries
: The Chilean government considers Jerusalem to be a city with special status, whose final sovereignty must be decided by both Israel and Palestine. It also considers Israel's occupation and control over East Jerusalem illegal. Chile maintains its embassy to Israel in Tel Aviv, while its representative office to the State of Palestine is located in Ramallah.
: According to a 7 December 2017 announcement by Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Taiwan considers Jerusalem to be the capital of Israel, but has no plans of moving its representative office to the city in the wake of Donald Trump's formal recognition of it as Israel's capital. Although Jerusalem is listed as the capital of Israel on MOFA's website, the ministry notes that its status as such "has not been widely recognized by the international community" and remains highly controversial.
: In May 2017, the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament rejected a UNESCO resolution that criticized Israel for its excavations in East Jerusalem. The Chamber declared that the Czech government "should advocate a position respecting Jerusalem as the Israeli capital city" and called on the government to withhold its annual funding of UNESCO. On 6 December 2017, following the recognition statement by the United States, the Czech Foreign Ministry acknowledged that Jerusalem is "in practice the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967", but said the Czech government, in line the positions of other EU member states, considers the city to be the future capital of both Israel and Palestine. The Ministry also said it would consider moving the Czech embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem "only based on results of negotiations with key partners in the region and in the world." In May 2018, Czech Republic reopened its honorary consulate in Jerusalem. On 11 March 2021, the Czech Republic opened a branch of its embassy in Jerusalem.
: "Israel has declared Jerusalem to be its capital. Due to the conflict and unclear situation concerning the city's status, foreign embassies are in Tel Aviv."
: The Finnish embassy to Israel is in Tel Aviv; Finland refers to East Jerusalem as part of the "occupied Palestinian territory", and it understands that East Jerusalem "will be the capital" of the Palestinian state.
: On 16 May 2018, Guatemala reopened its embassy in Jerusalem, the second country to do so.
: On 24 June 2021, Honduras opened its embassy in Jerusalem, the third country to do so.
: On 27 December 2017, the Iranian parliament voted in favor of a bill recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine in response to the United States decision to recognize the city as Israel's capital.
: In December 2018, following his state visit to Israel, Moldovan President Igor Dodon said that he and his administration are considering the possibility of moving the Moldovan embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, probably in the hope to win support from the US for his embattled government. In June 2019, Prime Minister Pavel Filip announced that the decision to move of the Moldovan embassy to Jerusalem has now been taken by his government-one that has been described as "lame-duck" due to a constitutional crisis, with a second, counter-government in place that is opposed to the move, and which is recognised by Russia, the US and the EU. For this reason, the announcement was flatly ignored by the Israeli government. The Filip government has also adopted the decision to sell to the US the plot of land needed for the construction of the new American embassy in Jerusalem.
: On 29 August 2019, Nauru officially recognized all of Jerusalem as the state capital of Israel. The island nation does not maintain an embassy in Israel, although it does have an honorary consulate in Rosh HaAyin.
: In 2010, the Norwegian Foreign Ministry stated "Norway considers the Israeli presence in East Jerusalem to be in violation of international law, as does the entire international community."
: Oman does not recognize the State of Israel, and has stated that it will refuse to normalize relations with Israel until a sovereign and independent Palestinian state is established. As such, the country claims united Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine and does not have an embassy in Israel.
: Pakistan has refused to recognize Israel until an "adequate and fair" independent sovereign state for the Palestinians is established, specifically the State of Palestine with its pre-1967 borders and united Jerusalem as its capital.
: Paraguay moved its embassy to Jerusalem in May 2018, but following a change in government, on 6 September 2018, Paraguay announced that its embassy would be relocated to Tel Aviv. This move was due to President-elect Mario Abdo Benítez's disagreement over the embassy relocation.
: On 6 December 2017, following the recognition statement by the United States, President Rodrigo Duterte expressed interest in relocating the embassy of the Philippines from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and reportedly contacted the Foreign Ministry of Israel to discuss the plans. However, the Philippines' Department of Foreign Affairs later mentioned that it does not support Trump's statement to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital and expressed its support for a two-state solution.
: In April 2018, Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă announced that the Government has adopted a memorandum regarding the initiation of procedures to relocate the Romanian embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. President Klaus Iohannis, who had not been informed about this decision, accused the Premier of violating the Constitution, while emphasizing "the need for a just and lasting settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by implementing the two-state solution."
: "St Vincent and the Grenadines strongly urges the United States of America to acknowledge that any unilateral declaration on its part regarding the status of Jerusalem will not in any way advance the cause of a just, peaceful and lasting solution to the dispute between the peoples of Israel and Palestine".
: On 4 September 2020, following a breakthrough U.S.-led agreement with Kosovo (and Israel), Serbia agreed to recognize united Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and relocate its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem by June 2021. On 9 September 2020, The Jerusalem Post quoted an unnamed source from the Serbian President's office who stated that Serbia would not move its embassy to Jerusalem as it pledged to do by signing the White House Agreement if Israel recognizes Kosovo as an independent state.
: In a 7 December 2017 statement, Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs reaffirmed the country's support for a two-state solution where the final status of Jerusalem would be "decided through direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians."
: "Slovakia is on its way to relocating its embassy to Jerusalem," the head of the Slovak National Council Andrej Danko said on 4 July 2018 in a meeting with the President of Israel. A date for the relocation has not been provided, but Slovakia will first open an honorary consulate in the city.
: Surinamese Foreign Minister Albert Ramdin announced in 2022 that Suriname intends to open an embassy in Jerusalem. The status of this decision was shortly after contradicted in parliament by vice president Brunswijk.
: "Sweden, like other states, does not recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital, which is why the embassy is in Tel Aviv."
: The Republic of Vanuatu recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in June 2017. Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale issued the recognition in response to a controversial UNESCO resolution passed in October 2016 that, according to the Israeli government, downplays Jewish connection to the Temple Mount.
: In 2018, the Venezuelan government affirmed the support for Palestinian cause by declaring its stance to recognize Jerusalem as the eternal capital of Palestine after the US embassy move to Jerusalem, which it called as an "extremist decision" that lacks legal validity and violates international law.
Islamic holy sites
The status of Islamic holy sites in Jerusalem, including Haram Al-Sharif/Temple Mount, is also unresolved. In 1924, the Supreme Muslim Council, the highest Muslim body in charge of Muslim community affairs in Mandatory Palestine, accepted Hussein bin Ali (Sharif of Mecca) as custodian of Al-Aqsa Mosque.
In the 1994 peace treaty with Jordan, Israel committed to "respect the present special role of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Muslim Holy shrines in Jerusalem." Israel also pledged that when negotiations on the permanent status will take place, it will give high priority to the Jordanian historical role in these shrines. The Wakf Department that oversees Muslim sites in Jerusalem is controlled by the Jordanian government, which insists on its exclusive custodianship of the holy site. In 2013, the Palestinian Authority also recognized Jordan's role through an agreement signed between PA President Mahmoud Abbas and King Abdullah II.
Position of the Vatican
The Vatican has had a long-held position on Jerusalem and its concern for the protection of the Christian holy places in the Holy Land which predates the Palestinian Mandate. The Vatican's historic claims and interests, as well as those of Italy and France were based on the former Protectorate of the Holy See and the French Protectorate of Jerusalem, which were incorporated in article 95 of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), which besides incorporating the Balfour Declaration also provided: "it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The Balfour Declaration and the proviso were also incorporated in the Palestinian Mandate (1923), but which also provided in articles 13 and 14 for an international commission to resolve competing claims on the holy places. These claimants had officially lost all capitulation rights by article 28 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). However, Britain never gave any effect to Mandate provisions arts 13 & 14.
During the negotiations of proposals that culminated in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (also known as Resolution 181) in 1947, the historic claims of the Vatican, Italy and France were revived, and expressed as the call for the special international regime for the city of Jerusalem. This was also confirmed in UN General Assembly Resolution 194 in 1948, which maintained the position that Jerusalem be made an international city, under United Nations supervision. The Vatican's official position on the status of Jerusalem was in favour of an internationalization of Jerusalem, in order to keep the holy place away from either Israeli or Arab sovereignty.
Pope Pius XII supported this idea in the 1949 encyclical Redemptoris nostri cruciatus. It was proposed again during the papacies of John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Benedict XVI. The Vatican reiterated this position in 2012, recognizing Jerusalem's "identity and sacred character" and calling for freedom of access to the city's holy places to be protected by "an internationally guaranteed special statute". After the US recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital in December 2017, Pope Francis repeated the Vatican's position: "I wish to make a heartfelt appeal to ensure that everyone is committed to respecting the status quo of the city, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations."
French claims in Jerusalem
There are four sites in Jerusalem claimed by France as "Domaine national français", which are based on claimed French acquisitions predating the formation of the State of Israel, and based on the former French Protectorate of Jerusalem (also known as capitulations), which was abolished in 1923. These sites are:
Church of the Pater Noster, also known as the Sanctuary of the Eleona
Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh
Tombs of the Kings
Church of Saint Anne.
French presidents have claimed that the Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem, for example, comes under French protection, is owned by its government, and is French territory. The Israeli government has not made any public statement relating to the French claims.
See also
Foreign relations of Israel
Green Line (Israel)
International recognition of the State of Palestine
Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967
References
International relations
Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Jerusalem
Palestinian nationalism
Zionism |
4024438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Grazing%20Service | United States Grazing Service | The United States Grazing Service was a part of the United States Department of the Interior that managed grazing lands and carried out the Taylor Grazing Act, which leased public land for grazing. It was later merged with the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management.
History
When the Taylor Grazing Act was passed in 1934 by the United States Congress, an office under the Department of the Interior was also created to manage the act. It was first called the Division of Grazing, but later was renamed the U.S. Grazing Service in 1939. Its responsibilities were to enforce the act, which leased public lands to farmers and ranchers for grazing.
The Grazing Service encountered multiple problems, such as very low fees to lease land, which could not be raised due to opposition from farmers, budget reductions enacted by Congress, or unlawful use of the lands. Hoping to better control improper use of the lands, the Grazing Service moved its headquarters from Washington, D.C. to Salt Lake City, Utah.
With so much conflict surrounding the Grazing Service, the Secretary of the Interior combined the Grazing Service and the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in 1946. The BLM was given the responsibilities of the former U.S. Grazing Service and General Land Office.
The BLM retained control of its laws until 1976. In that year, Congress passed the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA). The FLPMA removed the responsibilities of the former General Land Office. It also changed fees and some regulations in the BLM's other set of responsibilities, which had been owned by the Grazing Service, and that are still used today.
Notes
References
Encart Encyclopedia entry on "Public Lands".
"The Bureau of Land Management" at The Thoreau Institute.
United States Department of the Interior
Government agencies established in 1934
1946 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct agencies of the United States government
1934 establishments in the United States |
4024441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteith | Monteith | Monteith or Menteith may refer to:
People
Alex Monteith (born 1977), new media artist
Alexander C. Monteith (1902–1979), senior vice-president of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Andrew Monteith (1823–1896), Canadian businessman and politician
John C. Monteith (1853–1940), Canadian politician and son of Andrew
Joseph Monteith (1865–1934), Canadian politician and son of Andrew
Jay Waldo Monteith (1903–1981), Canadian politician and son of Joseph
Robert Monteith (1812-1884) DL, JP, Scottish politician and philanthropist
Joseph Monteith (Deputy Lieutenant) (1852-1911) DL, JP, son of Robert Monteith of Carstairs
Brian Monteith (born 1958), former Scottish politician
Cory Monteith (1982–2013), Canadian actor
Dermott Monteith (1943–2009), Irish cricketer
Hazel Monteith (1917-2012), Jamaican Senator, social worker and radio personality
Henry Ruthven Monteith (1848-1922), American professor at the University of Connecticut
Jimmie W. Monteith (1917–1944), United States Army officer awarded the Medal of Honor
John Monteith (born 1929), Scottish Royal Society fellow
John Monteith (minister), founder of University of Michigan
Kelly Monteith (born 1943), American comedian
Ken Monteith (born 1938), former Canadian politician
Larry K. Monteith (born 1933), American electrical engineer and academic leader
Ray Monteith (born 1920), Canadian politician
William Monteith (1790–1864), British soldier and historian
Monteith and Rand, 1979 comedy team
Places
Australia
Monteith, Glebe, a heritage-listed house in Sydney, New South Wales
Monteith, South Australia
Canada
McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario, a Canadian municipality
Monteith, community in Iroquois Falls, Ontario
Monteith Correctional Complex, a medium-security prison in Monteith
United Kingdom
Menteith or Monteith, a district of south Perthshire, Scotland
Carstairs House or Monteith House, a country house in South Lanarkshire
Lake of Menteith, Scotland
Monteith, County Down, a village in Northern Ireland
Other uses
Camp Monteith, Kosovo military base
Monteith Hall (disambiguation), multiple places
Monteith's, a brand of beer, brewed in Greymouth, New Zealand on the west coast of the South Island
See also
Thomas and Walter Monteith House, built by the founders of Albany, Oregon |
4024447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Kind%20of%20Punishment | This Kind of Punishment | This Kind of Punishment were a New Zealand post-punk band formed in Stratford in 1983.
History
The band was formed by brothers Peter and Graeme Jefferies, after the breakup of their post-punk outfit Nocturnal Projections. Their first self-titled album was recorded on 4-track recorder borrowed from Chris Knox, and released in an edition of 1000 on the Flying Nun label in 1983. It was reissued on the Roof Bolt label in 1998.
Their second album, A Beard of Bees, was recorded with an extended line-up, and self-released on vinyl in 1984. It was reissued on cassette by the Xpressway label in 1990, and again on CD by the Ajax label in the mid '90s.
In The Same Room, their third album, was released in 1987 by Flying Nun. It was reissued in 1993 by Ajax Records, and contained the tracks from their 5 By Four EP.
Discography
LPs
This Kind of Punishment (1983)
A Beard of Bees (1984)
In The Same Room (1987)
Singles & EPs
5 By Four (1985)
Compilations
In The Same Room/5 By Four (1993)
References
New Zealand post-punk music groups
Flying Nun Records artists |
4024457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha%20Kanji%20Learner%27s%20Dictionary | Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary | The Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary is a kanji dictionary based on the New Japanese-English Character Dictionary by Jack Halpern at the CJK Dictionary Institute and published by Kenkyūsha. Originally published in 1999 (with a minor update in 2001), a Revised and Updated Edition was issued on 2013, reflecting the new changes in the Joyo Kanji mandated in 2010. This Revised and Expanded Edition increases the number of kanji entries from 2,230 to 3,002, as well as changing all pronunciations from romaji to kana. There also exists electronic forms of this dictionary for both iOS and Android. A more extensive version of this dictionary by the CJK Dictionary Institute is also published by Kodansha called the Kodansha Kanji Dictionary.
The dictionary arranges entries according to an original system called SKIP (System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns). The dictionary also has indexing by radical and character readings.
SKIP
The SKIP method used by the Kodansha Learner's Dictionary is an original system for indexing kanji, meant to be accessible to those who have no prior knowledge of them. Instead of organizing kanji based on radicals, they are organized based on pattern. Based on how a kanji can be divided into sections, they are grouped into four main categories: Left-Right (1), Up-Down (2), Enclosure (3), and Solid (4). Users then count the number of strokes in each segment, and use them to determine the kanji's SKIP number. Since December 12, 2014, the SKIP coding system and all established SKIP codes have been released for public use under a Creative Commons licence.
Determining SKIP numbers
1) Left-Right
Left-Right kanji are those which can be broken down into sections segmented vertically such as 明 (bright), which can be broken down into the left segment 日 (sun) and the right segment 月 (moon). Thus, 明 would be in the first main category (Left-Right), would have four strokes in its left segment and four in its right, giving it a SKIP number 1-4-4.
In the above example, the kanji can be broken down into two segments, both of which are actual radicals, but such does not need to be the case. The kanji 測 (measure) can be broken down into three segments 氵 (water), 貝 (shell money), and 刂 (knife). In such cases, the leftmost discrete element is treated as the left segment, and the rest of the kanji as the right segment. Therefore, 測 is split into the left segment of 氵and the right segment of 則 (rule), and the resulting SKIP number is 1-3-9.
2) Up-Down
Up-Down kanji are kanji that can be broken down into sections segmented horizontally such as 男 (male), which can be broken down into the up segment 田 (rice field) and the down segment 力 (power). Thus, 男 would be in the second main category (Up-Down), would have five strokes in its up section and two strokes in its down section, giving it a SKIP number of 2-5-2.
Again, the up and down sections do not necessarily need to be radicals, and can consist of more than two segments. The kanji 薬 (medicine) can be split into three segments. In such cases, the topmost discrete element is the up segment, while the remainder of the kanji (楽) is the down segment. Thus, 薬 has a SKIP number of 2-3-13.
3) Enclosure
Enclosure kanji are those where one element borders or surrounds other elements of the kanji. Such elements can border other elements on two sides (近 and 症), three sides (風 and 区), or completely surround the other elements (囲). In SKIP numbers for enclosure kanji, the bordering element's stroke count comes first, followed by the stroke count of the elements inside the enclosure. Thus, the SKIP number of 風 (wind) is 3-2-7.
4) Solid
Solid kanji are kanji that cannot be easily broken down into elements based on the patterns of the other categories. Often these kanji are formed from a single radical. Solid kanji are broken down into four sub-patterns:
Top line – Kanji which have a prominent horizontal stroke at the top, e.g. 耳 (ear) and 子 (child).
Bottom line – Kanji which have a prominent horizontal stroke at the bottom, e.g. 上 (up) and 丘 (hill).
Through line – Kanji which have a prominent vertical stroke through the middle, e.g. 本 (book) and 中 (middle).
Others – Kanji which cannot be placed in the preceding sub-patterns, e.g. 女 (woman) and 丸 (circle).
SKIP numbers for Solid kanji follow the following pattern:
Main category (in this case, 4 for whole kanji)
Stroke count for whole kanji
Subpattern
Thus, the SKIP number of 子 is 4-3-1 and the SKIP number for 本 is 4-5-3.
The Solid SKIP codes put the stroke count second, and the subpattern third, in order to aid in linear searching (such as in the paper dictionary). Since it is straightforward to count the entire kanji’s strokes, while classifying its subpattern can be subjective, this ordering makes it more likely a Solid kanji will be found, even if the reader misclassifies its subpattern.
Aids in searching
In its index for kanji, pages where a user might erroneously expect a kanji to be located (either because of incorrect classification or incorrect stroke count) are cross-referenced with their correct SKIP number.
For example, 門 is correctly a 1 (Left-Right) kanji split into two 4-stroke parts, making it 1-4-4. But it is also cross-referenced at 3-8-0 as an incorrect classification of an Enclosure (corresponding to radical 169, ⾨), with eight containing strokes and zero contained strokes. Since many kanji sharing this radical (such as 開, 3-8-4, or 閉, 3-8-3) follow this 3-8-… pattern, 門 itself is also cross-referenced there.
See also
Four corner method, a structural encoding for Chinese characters
References
External links
CJKI home page
Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society home page
Database companies
Japanese dictionaries
Kanji books
Lexicography |
4024459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahumyan%20Province | Shahumyan Province | Shahumyan Province (, also spelled Shaumyan and Shahumian) is a claimed province of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The capital of the province was Karvachar. Shahumyan Province had 17 communities of which one is considered urban and 16 are rural. Its bordered Martakert Province to the east, Kashatagh Province to the south, Gegharkunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia to the west and Dashkasan, Goygol and Goranboy districts of Azerbaijan to the north.
The western part of the province, corresponding to the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan, was controlled by Artsakh from 1993 to 2020, while the northern part, originally the Shahumyan District of the Azerbaijani SSR (now part of the Goranboy District), remained under Azerbaijani control from 1992, but was claimed by Artsakh. The Shahumyan District was located outside of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, but prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, its population was mostly Armenian and was expelled during Operation Ring in 1991. While the Shahumyan region was not part of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, representatives from Shahumyan declared independence along with the oblast, and the proclamation of Artsakh includes the Shahumyan region within its borders.
History
In antiquity the territory was a part of the province of Artsakh of Greater Armenia. In the Middle Ages it was part of the principality of Khachen; in the 17th and 18th centuries, the territory formed part of the Melik-Abovian dynasty's melikdom of Gulistan, with its capital in the fortress of that name.
During Soviet times the area was a part of the Azerbaijan SSR and was renamed Shahumyan (Shaumyanovksy raion in Russian) after the Armenian Bolshevik Stepan Shahumyan, its administrative centre (Shahumyan or Shaumyanovsk) taking the same name. The population of the Shahumyan District was mostly ethnic Armenian, although the area was not included within the boundaries of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.
In the spring/summer of 1991, Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev ordered Operation Ring in which the Soviet Red Army and Azerbaijani OMON surrounded some of the area's Armenian villages (as well as Getashen and Martunashen in the neighboring Khanlar District of the Azerbaijan SSR) and deported their inhabitants to Armenia.
Approximately 17,000 Armenians living in Shahumyan's 23 villages were deported from the region. The operation involved ground troops, military, armored vehicles and artillery. The deportations of Armenian civilians were carried out with gross human rights violations documented by international human rights organizations. Armenian forces recaptured most of Shahumyan in fall 1991, and the region was included in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic when it declared its independence in December 1991. However, Armenian forces lost control of Shahumyan in summer 1992 after an Azerbaijani offensive.
The town of Shahumyan was subsequently renamed to Aşağı Ağcakənd by Azerbaijan in 1992 and partially repopulated by Azerbaijanis, mostly representing internally displaced persons deported from Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding districts.
Armenian forces captured the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan in 1993 and administered it as a part of Shahumyan Province.
As part of an agreement that ended the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, the town of Kalbajar (Karvachar) and its surrounding district were returned to Azerbaijani control. The initial deadline of 15 November 2020, but this was extended to 25 November 2020. It was the second region to be returned to Azerbaijan per the ceasefire agreement, after Aghdam.
Artsakh Foreign Ministry said on 12th June 2022 that the "de-occupation Shahumyan remains one of the issues on Artsakh's foreign policy agenda", in a statement issued 30 years after Azerbaijani armed forces established control over the Shahumyan province on June 12, 1992.
Towns in Soviet Shahumyan and Getashen
Armenians constituted 73.2% of the population of the Shahumyan District of the Azerbaijan SSR in 1979, and the majority of the villages within the Shahumyan district and the Getashen village had an Armenian majority prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh war and Operation Ring, with the exception for some Azerbaijani-majority villages (as well as some smaller localities), which are mentioned as such in the following list. The Shahumyan district and Getashen subdistrict are claimed by the Republic of Artsakh as part of the Shahumyan Province.
Shahumyan district
Getashen subdistrict
External links
Armeniapedia - Rediscovering Armenia - Nagorno-Karabakh
References
Regions of the Republic of Artsakh
Shahumyan (province)
States and territories disestablished in 2020 |
4024482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorhawk | Terrorhawk | Terrorhawk is the second and final album by the post-hardcore band Bear vs. Shark, released in 2005 by Equal Vision Records. The Clash, Black Sabbath, and Hüsker Dü were all cited by the group as influences on the album. It was written in a cabin in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
A video for "Catamaran" was released in February 2006, composed of clips taken from a number of live performances in August and September 2005.
Track listing
All tracks written by Bear vs. Shark.
"Catamaran" – 2:55
"5, 6 Kids" – 3:49
"Six Bar Phrase Hey Hey" – 0:28
"The Great Dinosaurs With Fifties Section" – 3:13
"Baraga Embankment" – 3:07
"Entrance of the Elected" – 3:07
"Seven Stop Hold Restart" – 2:43
"What a Horrible Night for a Cause" – 3:51
"Out Loud Hey Hey" – 1:38
"India Foot" – 0:25
"Antwan" – 2:45
"I Fucked Your Dad" – 3:31
"Heard Iron Bug, "They're Coming to Town"" – 2:39
"Song About Old Roller Coaster" – 6:02
"Rich People Say Fuck Yeah Hey Hey" – 3:45
"Start Small, Great Destroyer" (2016 Remastered vinyl LP bonus track) - 5:07
Personnel
Dana Collie – saxophone
John Gaviglio – guitar, bass guitar and vocals
Ashley Horak – drums
Derek Kiesgen – guitar and bass guitar
Mike Muldoon – guitar, bass guitar and keyboards
Marc Paffi – album artwork, vocals, guitar and keyboards
References
Bear vs. Shark albums
2005 albums
Equal Vision Records albums |
4024485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreyee%20%28disambiguation%29 | Atreyee (disambiguation) | Atreyee may refer to any of the following:
Atreyee river
Atreyee D. A. V. Public School (formerly "The Atreyee English Medium School), Balurghat, India
Atreyee B. Ed college, Balurghat |
4024504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearm%20%28firearm%20component%29 | Forearm (firearm component) | In firearms, the forearm (also known as the fore-end/forend, handguard or forestock) is a section of a gunstock between the receiver and the muzzle. It is used as a gripping surface to hold the gun steady, and is usually made out of heat-insulating material such as wood or reinforced plastics. Near the front of the forearm there is often an underside sling swivel stud, and sometimes also a barrel-band to secure the forearm to the barrel (as seen in the photo at right).
Some forearms are equipped with additional heat shields to protect the user from heat radiating from the barrel when the firearm is fired.
Firearm components |
4024506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20House | Wallace House | Wallace House or Wallace Farm may refer to:
Places in the United States
(by state, then city)
J. N. Wallace House, Boise, Idaho, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Ada County, Idaho
Wallace House (University of Chicago), Illinois
Henry C. Wallace House, Winterset, Iowa, listed on the NRHP in Madison County, Iowa
Henry Wallace House, Des Moines, Iowa, NRHP-listed
Charles Wallace House, Hartford, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Ohio County, Kentucky
Michael Wallace House, Kirksville, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Garrard County, Kentucky
Samuel Wallace House, Midway, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Woodford County, Kentucky
Wallace-Alford Farmstead, Midway, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Woodford County, Kentucky
Napoleon Wallace House, Pierce, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Green County, Kentucky
Wallace House (Walton, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Boone County, Kentucky
Everett Wallace House, Milbridge, Maine, listed on the NRHP in Washington County, Maine
Wallace House (Independence, Missouri), a National Historic Site
Wallace House (Lebanon, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Laclede County, Missouri
Wallace Farm (Columbia, New Hampshire), NRHP-listed
Wallace House (Somerville, New Jersey), NRHP-listed
Jonathan Wallace House, Potsdam, New York, NRHP-listed
Timothy Wallace House, Rochester, New York, NRHP-listed
Hambley-Wallace House, Salisbury, North Carolina, listed on the NRHP in Rowan County, North Carolina
Charlton Wallace House, Cincinnati, Ohio, NRHP-listed
Wallace Farm (Northfield Center, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Summit County, Ohio
Wallace House (fur-trade post), a fur trading station located in the French Prairie in what is now Keizer, Oregon
Wallace-McGee House, Columbia, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Gregg-Wallace Farm Tenant House, near Mars Bluff, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Wallace-Hall House, Mansfield, Texas, listed on the NRHP in Tarrant County, Texas
Thomas Wallace House, Petersburg, Virginia, NRHP-listed
Wallace-Jagdfeld Octagon House, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, NRHP-listed
Persons
Wallace House (politician) (1929–1985) was an educator and politician in Newfoundland, Canada
See also
Gen. Lew Wallace Study, Crawfordsville, Indiana
John M. Wallace Fourplex, Portland, Oregon
Wallace-Baily Tavern, Brier Hill, Pennsylvania
Wallace-Cross Mill, Felton, Pennsylvania
Wallace Building (disambiguation)
Wallace (disambiguation) |
4024508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd%20Air%20Refueling%20Wing | 92nd Air Refueling Wing | The 92d Air Refueling Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Mobility Command Eighteenth Air Force. It is stationed at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington. The wing is also the host unit at Fairchild. The wing carries out air refueling, passenger and cargo airlift, and aero-medical evacuation missions.
Its 92d Operations Group is a successor organization to the World War II 92d Bombardment Group. It was the first VIII Bomber Command Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombardment group to bomb strategic targets in Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany from RAF Bovingdon, England in September 1942. From 1948 to 1992, the 92d Bombardment Wing was a part of Strategic Air Command's nuclear deterrent force during the Cold War.
The 92d Air Refueling Wing is commanded by Colonel Cassius T. Bentley III, Its Vice Commander is Colonel Jeffrey M. Marshall and Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant Daniel Guzman.
History
The wing's origins lie with the 92d Bombardment Group, first established during World War II.
On 17 November 1947, the 92d Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy was organized at Spokane Army Air Field, Washington as part of the United States Air Force's wing base reorganization, in which combat groups and all supporting units on a base were assigned to a single wing. The 92d Bombardment Group, flying Boeing B-29 Superfortresses became its operational component. It served as a double-sized B-29 wing until April 1950, and again from May 1950 to April 1951, although one bomb group was generally deployed overseas for training or combat in Korea. It also supervised the 454th Bombardment Group, a Reserve corollary bomb group from June 1949 until February 1951, when the 454th was called to active duty for the Korean War.
Upon return to the United States, the wing reequipped with the Convair B-36 Peacemaker. In August and September 1953, the wing completed the first mass flight of B-36s to the Far East in Operation Big Stick. The 92d visited bases in Japan, Okinawa and Guam. Big Stick followed close on the heels of the end of hostilities in Korea and was intended to show American determination to keep the peace in the Far East. On 15 and 16 October 1954 the wing deployed to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam for 90 days. This was the first deployment of an entire wing of Peacemakers to an overseas base. The wing deployed to Andersen again from 26 April until 6 July 1956.
The wing added air refueling operations to bombardment mission in September 1957. From March to June 1959, the wing participated in Operation Head Start III, a precursor to Operation Chrome Dome. The 92d kept five of its Stratofortresses airborne at all times, with crews flying 24 hour missions with the support of ten KC-135 tankers. In January 1961, SAC disclosed it was maintaining an airborne force for "airborne alert training."
From July 1961 to August 1965, controlled an SM-65E Atlas missile squadron. Supported SAC activities in Southeast Asia from early 1965 to December 1975 through deployment of bomber and tanker aircraft and crews and Air Weather 9thWS Det3. In 1969, supplied aircraft for Operation Giant Lance over Alaska, a secret mission designed to intimidate the Soviet Union into backing away from supporting the North Vietnamese.
From March–September 1968, March–September 1969, and June 1972-October 1973, all wing Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses and many Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, plus aircrews and support personnel, were involved in Southeast Asia operations. After 1975, performed joint USAF/US Navy sea reconnaissance and surveillance missions. In 1983, the Wing's B-52Gs were modified to carry AGM-86B Air-Launched Cruise Missiles (ALCM). In 1985, upgraded to B-52H with improved strategic weapons carriage and offensive electronics capabilities. Earned the Fairchild Trophy in 1953, 1986, and again in 1992 when it won SAC's last competition and retired the trophy. Also won the Saunders Trophy for best air refueling unit in SAC for 1992. Provided KC-135 aircraft to tanker task forces in the US, Europe, and the Pacific through 1992.
Post Cold War era
Ended B-52 alert duties in September 1992, and ended bombardment mission in 1994, with transfer from Air Combat Command to Air Mobility Command upon departure of last B-52H. On 24 June 1994, a B-52H practicing for an airshow crashed on the airfield while making an unauthorized, low altitude, steep turn. The aircraft exceeded 90 degrees of bank, entered a stall and impacted the ground killing all on board, including the squadron commander and chief of standardization-evaluation. The pilot, Lt Col Arthur "Bud" Holland, maneuvered the bomber beyond its operational limits and lost control. The aircraft stalled, fell to the ground and exploded, killing Holland and the other three USAF officers aboard. The crash was captured on video and was shown repeatedly on news broadcasts throughout the world.
As a purely air refueling unit, the group's squadrons routinely augmented AMC's overseas tanker task forces in Panama, Europe, Turkey, and Southwest Asia, providing aerial refueling to attack and transport aircraft.
The wing deployed personnel and aircraft to expeditionary bases in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Spain as part of the Kosovo War (NATO "Operation Allied Force") in 1999. That year, the Wing became the 92d Air Expeditionary Wing at Morón Air Base in Spain, tasked with providing fuel to NATO aircraft involved in the war. In addition to serving as the HQ 92 AEW (serving units in France, Crete, Sicily and Spain), Morón hosted 37 tankers (KC-135 and KC-10) and 800 personnel. The 92 AEW became the largest tanker wing since the Vietnam War and held the distinction of being the largest tanker base during the Kosovo War.
In the mid-2010s, wing staff officially stated that the wing 'operate[d] 34 KC-135 R/T Stratotanker refueling aircraft valued at $1.6 billion and 58 aircrews to support worldwide military missions. Serving as Fairchild Air Force Base host unit, the wing control[led] and 1,248 buildings. The wing employ[ed] over 2,200 active-duty military, as well as over 700 civilian employees.'
Structure in the early 2020s
The 92d Air Refueling Wing is structured under four groups: Operations, maintenance, mission support and medical, as well as 12 staff agencies organized under the Director of Staff.
92d Operations Group
Primarily responsible for the wing's four flying squadrons - the 92d, 93d, 97th and 384th Air Refueling Squadrons, which fly the KC-135R Stratotanker. The 92d Operations Support Squadron manages functions such as intelligence, weather, tactics, aircrew training, life support supervision, airfield management, air traffic control, combat crew communications and current operations. The 92d OSS is also responsible for managing the airfield, weather station, control tower and flight simulators for the wing.
92d Air Refueling Squadron
93d Air Refueling Squadron
97th Air Refueling Squadron
384th Air Refueling Squadron
92d Operations Support Squadron
92d Maintenance Group
Provides field-level maintenance support for 34 KC-135 R/T aircraft and 240 pieces of aerospace ground equipment supporting peace and wartime worldwide aerial refueling and airlift operations. The group also provides services for transient contract and military aircraft. Furthermore, the 92d Maintenance Group maintains a high state of combat readiness for over 650 personnel and equipment supporting worldwide contingency and nuclear deterrence operations, while also maintaining base munitions.
92d Mission Support Group
Provides professional civil engineer, communications, contracting, logistics, mission support, security forces, and combat, community, and family support services. Additionally, through the wing's Air Expeditionary Force Cell, the 92d MSG integrates all wing readiness functions to train, deploy and reintegrate up to 1,300 personnel annually who deploy worldwide.
92d Medical Group
Serves more than 12,640 military beneficiaries, with a staff of 308 and an annual budget of $12.3 million. The medical clinic receives over 53,688 outpatient visits and 12,975 dental visits annually. The group currently manages the 92d Aeromedical Dental Squadron, 92d Medical Operations Squadron and the 92d Medical Support Squadron.
Wing staff agencies consist of a variety of functions. These functions include legal, plans and programs, safety, command and control, chapel, public affairs, military equal opportunity, sexual assault prevention program, protocol, history and the inspector general.
Lineage
Designated as the 92d Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy and organized on 17 November 1947
Discontinued on 12 July 1948
Redesignated 92d Bombardment Wing, Medium and activated on 12 July 1948
Redesignated 92d Bombardment Wing, Heavy on 16 June 1951
Redesignated 92d Strategic Aerospace Wing on 15 February 1962
Redesignated 92d Bombardment Wing, Heavy on 31 March 1972
Redesignated 92d Wing on 1 September 1991
Redesignated 92d Bomb Wing on 1 June 1992
Redesignated 92d Air Refueling Wing on 1 July 1994
Assignments
Fifteenth Air Force, 17 November 1947
57th Air Division, 16 April 1951 (attached to 3rd Air Division, 16 October 1954 – 12 January 1955 and 26 April-6 July 1956)
Fifteenth Air Force, 4 September 1956
18th Air (later, 18th Strategic Aerospace) Division, 1 July 1959 (attached to 14th Strategic Aerospace Division after 15 June 1968)
14th Strategic Aerospace Division, 2 July 1968
4th Strategic Aerospace Division, 31 March 1970
47th Air Division, 30 June 1971
57th Air Division, 23 January 1987
Fifteenth Air Force, 15 June 1988
Twelfth Air Force, 1 June 1992
Fifteenth Air Force, 1 July 1994
Eighteenth Air Force, 1 October 2003 – present
Components
Wings
90th Bombardment Wing: attached 2 January 1951 – 31 January 1951
98th Bombardment Wing: attached 17 November 1947 - 15 April 1950 and 16 May 1950 - 31 March 1951
Groups
92d Bombardment Group (later 92d Operations Group): 17 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 (detached 7 February-19 May 1949 and 9 July-30 October 1950); 1 September 1991–present
98th Bombardment Group: attached 17 November 1947 – 21 August 1948, 10 December 1948 – 16 May 1949 and 18 August 1949 – 15 April 1950; rear echelon (no aircraft or crews) attached 2 August 1950 – 16 April 1951
454th Bombardment Group: attached 27 June 1949 – 16 June 1951
Squadrons
22d Air Refueling Squadron: 15 June 1960 – 1 July 1962
43d Air Refueling Squadron: 2 April 1966 – 1 September 1991 (detached c. 22 March-8 July 1968 and 9 June-14 September 1969)
92d Air Refueling Squadron: 1 July 1957 – 1 September 1991 (detached until 13 September 1957)
325th Bombardment Squadron: attached 16 February 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 1 September 1991
326th Bombardment Squadron: attached 16 February 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 1 April 1961 (detached after 1 March 1961)
327th Bombardment Squadron: attached 16 February 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 1 June 1960
567th Strategic Missile Squadron: 1 April 1960 – 25 June 1965
Stations
Spokane Army Air Field (later Spokane Air Force Base, Fairchild Air Force Base), Washington, 17 November 1947 – present
Aircraft and missiles
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1947–1950, 1950–1952
Boeing KB-29 Superfortress, 1948–1950, 1950–1952
Convair B-36 Peacemaker, 1951–1957
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, 1957–1968, 1968–1969, 1969–1972, 1973–1994
Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, 1958–present
SM-65E Atlas, 1961–1965
Cessna T-37 Tweet, 1991–1994
Bell UH-1 Huey, 1993–present
See also
List of B-52 Units of the United States Air Force
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Fact Sheets at Fairchild Air Force Base web site
0092
Military units and formations in Washington (state)
Military units and formations established in 1994 |
4024517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLSA | FLSA | FLSA may refer to :
Fair Labor Standards Act, a federal statute of the United States
French Language Services Act, a law in the province of Ontario, Canada |
4024520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandzasar%20monastery | Gandzasar monastery | Gandzasar () is a 13th-century Armenian Apostolic cathedral (historically a monastery) near the village of Vank in the Martakert Province of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, de jure in the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan. It has historically been the region's most important church since its foundation. One of the finest pieces of Armenian architecture of the mid-1200s, the building is best known among scholars for its richly decorated dome.
In Azerbaijan, the monastery is called Ganjasar () and the Azerbaijan authorities deny its Armenian heritage, instead referring to it as "Caucasian Albanian".
History
Background
The name Gandzasar, which means "treasure mountain" in Armenian, is believed to have originated from the tradition that the monastery was built on a hill containing ores of silver and other metals.
The site was first mentioned in written records by the tenth century Catholicos Anania of Moks (r. 946-968), who listed Sargis, a monk from Gandzasar, among the participants of a 949 council convened in Khachen to reconcile Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian Armenians. Khachkars dated 1174, 1182, and 1202 have been found around the monastery, which also point to the existence of a church or monastery at the site.
Foundation
The main church was built between 1216 and 1238 by Hasan-Jalal Dawla, the Armenian prince of Inner Khachen and the patriarch of the House of Hasan-Jalalyan. It was consecrated on July 22, 1240, on the Feast of the Transfiguration (Vardavar) in attendance of some 700 priests. The gavit (narthex), to the west of the church, was started in 1240 and completed in 1266 by Atabek, the son of Hasan-Jalal and his wife, Mamkan. Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a contemporary historian, described the construction of the church in his History of Armenia.
14th-16th centuries
Gandzasar became the seat of the Catholicosate of (Caucasian) Albania, a see of the Armenian Apostolic Church, in the late 14th century. Rouben Paul Adalian considers the foundation of the see a result of an ancient bishopric seeking "ecclesiastical autonomy to compensate for the lack of control and communication from a central pontificate" and part of various local strategies in an Armenia dominated by foreign and Islamic rule to "preserve some semblance of religious authority among the people". In the 16th century it became subordinate to the Etchmiadzin catholicosate.
17th-early 20th centuries
According to contemporary sources, in early 1700s the patriarch of Gandzasar had authority over some 900 villages with hundreds of households in each, composed of peasant and merchant Armenians.
In the 17th and 18th centuries Gandzasar became the center in the liberation efforts by Karabakh Armenian meliks, who were united around Catholicos Yesayi Hasan-Jalalyan (d. 1728). He was staunchly pro-Russian and in a 1701 letter signed by Karabakh and Syunik meliks, he asked Peter the Great to protect Armenians from Muslims. However, it was not until the early 1800s that the Russian Empire took control of the region. The Karabakh Khanate eventually came under complete Russian control through the Treaty of Gulistan. Through the 1836 regulation by the Russian authorities, known as Polozhenie, Gandzasar ceased to be the seat of the diocese of Karabakh, which was moved to Shusha. It was gradually abandoned and became dilapidated by the late 19th century.
Soviet period
Gandzasar was closed down by the Soviet authorities no later than 1930. The diocese of Artsakh was reestablished in 1989. Archbishop Pargev Martirosyan was named its primate. Due to his efforts, Gandzasar reopened on October 1, 1989 after six months of renovations. The Soviet government had given permission, while that of Soviet Azerbaijan had not. Gandzasar became the first church to be reopened after decades of suppression. According to Zori Balayan several KGB agents "could [have been] spotted among the crowd attending." Gandzasar served as seat of the bishop before it was moved to Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha (Shushi) in 1998.
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Gandzasar was attacked several times during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. On July 6, 1991 Soviet soldiers and OMON (special police) officers raided Gandzasar allegedly in search of guns. They checked papers and conducted a thorough search, including in the graveyard.
Fierce fighting took place around Gandzasar in 1992, when Azerbaijan besieged the area. The Armenians broke the siege, which saved Gandzasar and enhanced its spiritual status, wrote Thomas de Waal. On August 16, 1992 some of the outlying buildings within the monastery complex were destroyed as a result of Azerbaijani bombardment by helicopters, which intentionally targeted the church. Corley writes that the attempted bombing of Gandzasar was not of any military importance and that its raid "appeared to be a deliberate attempt to attack the Armenian heritage in Karabakh."
On August 31, 1992 Armenia's Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan and Serzh Sargsyan, the head of the self-defense committee of Karabakh Armenians, convened the first meeting of the region's commanders in one of the monastic cells of Gandzasar.
On January 20, 1993 an air strike conducted by two Azerbaijani attack aircraft caused serious damage to the monastery, killed several people nearby and wounded a priest.
Restoration and revival
Following the war, the monastery was completely refurbished through the funding of Russia-based businessman and philanthropist Levon Hayrapetyan, a native of Vank. Restoration works, which lasted from 2000 to 2002, included restoration of the altar, gavit, and tiling of the floor. Hayrapetyan also funded the asphalting of the road leading to the church. Some controversy surrounded the tiling of the wall around the monastery in 2011. It was funded by Hayrapetyan and carried out by a company owned by Vladimir Hayrapetyan, his younger brother. While Archbishop Pargev Martirosyan said the wall was not medieval and did not have much architectural significance, therefore tiling was justified, critics argued it was part of the historic complex.
On October 16, 2008 a mass wedding, sponsored by Levon Hayrapetyan took place in Karabakh. Some 700 couples got married on that day, 500 of whom married at Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shushi and 200 at Gandzasar. On April 13, 2016 Catholicos Karekin II and Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I delivered a prayer for peace and safety of Nagorno-Karabakh. It came days after the clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces, which were the deadliest since the ceasefire of 1994. The monastery's 770th anniversary was commemorated in 2010 and the 777th anniversary in 2017.
Description
The monastery is located atop a hill, at an altitude of , to the south-west of the village of Vank (Azerbaijani: Vəngli) in the province of Martakert. The walled monastery complex includes the church with its narthex (gavit), living quarters, bishop's residence, refectory, and a school building. The living quarters, located on the northern side contain eight cells (), were built in the 17th century. On the eastern side there is a refectory, built circa 1689. The two-floored school building was erected in 1898. To the south of the monastery walls is the old cemetery, where priests, bishops and notable laypeople (such as meliks) of the areas were buried.
Anatoli L. Yakobson called Gandzasar an "encyclopedia" of Armenian architecture, while Bagrat Ulubabyan and M. S. Asatryan described it as a "jewel".
The monastery consists of a narthex (gavit) and the main church, named for John the Baptist.
The narthex or gavit, measured , is a square-plan hall with two columns near the eastern wall that support the roof. It is very similar to the gavit of the Holy Cross church of Haghpat Monastery. The portal on western facade of the gavit is richly decorated.
The church's exterior dimensions are variously given as or .
The main church, named for John the Baptist, has a rectangular, cruciform plan with two-floored sacristies (chambers) on four corners. In its style, it is similar to the plans of the main churches of Geghard, Hovhannavank and Harichavank, also built in the 13th century.
The church is prominent for its richly decorated 16-sided cupola. The bas-reliefs on its exterior depict the Crucifixion of Jesus, Mary with baby Jesus, Adam and Eve, two ktetors (patrons) holding the model of the church, geometrical figures, such as rosettes, head of a bull and an eagle. The bas-reliefs have been compared to the elaborate carvings of Aghtamar.
The interior pendentives under the cylindrical dome in the interior are decorated with geometrical ornaments such as stars, circles and squares, plants such as spiral shoots, palmettes. Each side of the pendentive has high reliefs depicting head of a sheep, heads of a bull and anthropomorphic figures. According to Yakobson, sheep and bulls were considered holy animals in this period and are used as protectors of the structure.
Significance
Ancient cultural center
Since its foundation the monastery was for centuries a center of education and manuscript production. It served as the burial place of Armenian princes of Khachen.
Matenadaran branch
A branch of the Matenadaran, the Yerevan-based museum and research institute of manuscripts, was established at the monastery in 2015. During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, the more than one hundred manuscripts kept there were evacuated to Yerevan and displayed at the Yerevan Matenadaran in March 2021.
Tourism and pilgrimage
Gandzasar is the principal historic tourist attraction in all of Karabakh (Artsakh) and one of the top destinations overall. It is also a center of pilgrimage as the region's main historic cathedral both for Karabakh Armenians and tourists (of Armenian ancestry). Thomas de Waal noted as early as 1997 that Gandzasar, the most famous church in Karabakh, "has acquired a mythical status in Karabakh." Felix Corley wrote that it is, along with Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shushi (Shusha), a powerful symbol of history and identity of Karabakh Armenians regardless their religiosity.
Azerbaijani negationism
In the 1970s, Soviet Azerbaijani historians, particularly Rashid Geyushev and Ziya Bunyadov, asserted a negationist theory that postulated that Gandzasar was a Caucasian Albanian monument. They based their claim on the fact that it was the seat of the Albanian Catholicosate of the Armenian Apostolic Church. This theory was adopted and promoted by other Azerbaijani historians, such as Davud Akhundov, and since been adopted by Azerbaijan's authorities. For instance, in 2017, Hikmet Hajiyev, Spokesman for the Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry, stated that Gandzasar is an "Albanian Christian temple, occupied by the Armenian armed forces in the Kalbajar region, is not Gandzasar, but Ganjasar, and has nothing to do with the Armenian Gregorian Church."
A number of scholars have taken issue with the Azerbaijani state version of the region's local history, including Victor Schnirelmann, who notes that Caucasian Albania disappeared in the 10th century, and that the Armenian Church simply adopted the name for its easternmost diocese out of tradition. Schnirelmann notes that Azerbaijani historians intentionally omit the fact that Gandzasar is a typical example of Armenian architecture of 10th-13th centuries, as well as the numerous Armenian inscriptions on its walls. Thomas de Waal noted that in a 1997 pamphlet titled "The Albanian Monuments of Karabakh" by Igrar Aliyev and Kamil Mamedzade "carefully left out all the Armenian writing" in the depiction of the façade of Gandzasar on its cover. Rouben Galichian notes that Gandzasar, though presented in Azerbaijan as supposedly an "Albanian-Azerbaijani" historic monastery and a part of Azerbaijan's cultural heritage, was left to decay under Azerbaijani control.
Gallery
References
notes
citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Yakobson, Anatoly L. "From the History of Medieval Armenian Architecture: the Monastery of Gandzasar," in: Studies in the History of Culture of the Peoples in the East. Moscow-Leningrad. 1960.
Գանձասարի վանքի նորահայտ արձանագրությունը
Արցախի հոգևոր թեմի պատմությունը վավերագրերում (1813-1933)
External links
Gandzasar.com - Gandzasar Monastery (official site)
Program about Gandzasar Monastery by Vem Radio
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1238
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
Christian monasteries in the Republic of Artsakh
Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 13th century
Christian monasteries in Azerbaijan
Churches in Azerbaijan
Armenian Apostolic monasteries
Armenian Apostolic monasteries in Azerbaijan |
4024529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg%20Polysix | Korg Polysix | The Korg Polysix (PS-6) is a six-voice programmable polyphonic analog synthesizer released by Korg in 1981.
Features
The synthesizer's main features are six-voice polyphony (with unison and chord memory voice assignment modes), 32 memory slots for patches and cassette port for backing up patches, and an arpeggiator.
At the time of its release, the Polysix, along with the contemporary Roland Juno-6, was one of the first affordably priced polyphonic analog synthesizers. It cost about twice as much as the competing Juno-6 but had more features. It also had on-board patch storage and backup which the cheaper Juno lacked until the upgraded Juno-60 model.
Korg developed the Polysix with an eye on the Sequential Circuits Prophet 5, trying to provide some of the features found on the more expensive synth in a compact, reliable and much cheaper design. While not as powerful, it used SSM2044 4-pole voltage-controlled filters, giving the Polysix a warm, rounded, and organic sound.
Although the Polysix only had one oscillator per voice, it also featured built in chorus, phaser, and 'ensemble' effects (using a 'bucket brigade' analog delay line design), to provide a fuller sound.
Oscillators
A typical concern for synthesizers equipped with voltage controlled oscillators (VCO), rather than digitally controlled oscillators, is with tuning, as the analog VCO circuits are temperature sensitive and will drift in pitch as the instrument warms up. Almost all VCO based synthesizers of this era provided an automatic or manually activated auto-tuning function, to start an alignment routine and keep all oscillators in tune with each other. To achieve this, the pitch control circuitry for each voice would be adjusted by the auto-tune routine individually.
The Polysix however does not include an auto-tune feature. Instead, Korg used an alternative method: a single control circuit is demuxed to control all six voices which have been calibrated manually to track in tune together. This allowed them to avoid a complex tuning function that would increase the cost of parts and programming.
Audio path
The Polysix had a straightforward synthesis architecture. Each voice had one oscillator with sawtooth wave, variable pulse wave, or PWM outputs. The PWM section had its own LFO. In addition, there is a sub-oscillator that allows the addition of a square wave either one or two octaves below the main VCO pitch.
The filter has controls for cutoff frequency, resonance, envelope amount and keyboard tracking. The envelope control has a center zero, letting the user select either a normal or an inverted envelope. The envelope is an ADSR type.
The VCA can be operated from either the envelope or a gate signal.
The mixed sound of all the voices can be sent to an effects section, which offers three modulated delay-based effects (Chorus, Phase or Ensemble setting). This acts to fatten the sound considerably, and was a key feature at the time of release.
Modulation
The LFO (known here as a 'modulation generator') is a simple triangle wave that can be routed to the VCO, VCF or VCA. It has a variable delay before it is triggered.
Reliability
Although built into a substantial (and heavy) chipboard case, the Polysix has some reliability problems.
Like other programmable synthesizers of the era, it had a rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery that powered the memory when the unit was switched off. The original batteries are now well past their designed lifespan and thus prone to failure, leaving the instrument unable to recall user designed patches from its memory. More seriously, if the battery is not replaced, it can leak and corrode the circuits. Unfortunately for the Polysix, this battery is mounted on the main processor board and corrosion here can be fatally damaging to the circuitry of the instrument.
Some instruments of its era had begun the move towards digital technology by using DCOs or microprocessor-generated envelopes. The Polysix, however, used a separate analog VCO, VCF and envelope generator for each voice. Whilst this might have benefits for the richness of the sound, the extra complexity also brings greater tuning problems and more possibilities for failure.
The Polysix keyboard used a light plastic keyboard with conductive rubber contacts. These contacts are often the source of 'dead' keys on the keyboard. This is probably the most common problem on old Polysix units, and one shared with some other Korg instruments that used the same keyboard, such as the Poly-61 and Mono/Poly.
The patch recall buttons also have a tendency to fail.
Software
There is a software emulator of the Polysix included in the Korg Legacy Collection called Polysix Legacy Edition. This software is a full digital replica (emulation) of the hardware Polysix. And was also part of the LAC-1 expansion for the Korg OASYS and is one of the Korg Kronos sound engines. More recently, KORG introduced a mobile iOS application for iPad ( iPolysix ), which faithfully reproduces the dynamics of the original.
In July 2013, KORG introduced a PolySix instrument for Propellerhead Reason 7.
Notable users
14 Bis
Alphaville
Astral Projection
Blancmange
China Crisis
Chvrches
Clarence Jey
Clio ("Faces", "Eyes")
Damon Albarn (Blur / Gorillaz)
Eat Static
EOTO
Europe
Eric Prydz
Geoff Downes
Jean-Michel Jarre
Jens Johansson
Jimi Tenor
Keith Emerson
Kerri Chandler (used in "Bar A Thym" with the Brave Arp preset)
Kitaro
P-Model
Uchoten
Polysics (also named after the instrument)
Robert Rich
Roger Powell
Ruja
Tears for Fears
The Kinks
The Sound
Zoot Woman (two Polysixes can be seen in the "Living in a Magazine" video)
Margita Stefanović (Ekatarina Velika)
References
Vintage Synth Explorer
Synth Museum
External links
Polysix mailing list digest page
Analog.no: original factory patches
Polysix owner's manual in PDF
New patches from AnalogAudio1
P
Analog synthesizers
Polyphonic synthesizers
Musical instruments invented in the 1980s |
4024540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Albert%2C%20Duke%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp | Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp | Christian Albert (, Gottorp – , Gottorp) was a duke of Holstein-Gottorp and bishop of Lübeck.
Biography
Christian Albert was a son of Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and his wife Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony. He became duke when his father died in the Castle Tönning, besieged by the King Christian V of Denmark. He was forced to flee at that point, and the remainder of his life was characterized by his fight with Denmark. Later, he was to marry the daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark, a marital alliance arranged in the hope for peace, but it changed nothing.
During Christian Albert's reign, the connection with Sweden, initiated by his father, was strengthened, which provided some protection. However, this also led to the duchy being pulled into all of Sweden's conflicts, including the Great Northern War and several wars with Denmark. From 1675 to 1689, Christian Albert lived in exile in Hamburg. However, with the aid of the Holy Roman Emperor and the European allies, he managed to force the Danish king to sign the so-called Altonaer Vergleich, which allowed him to regain his former position.
Christian Albert made some contribution to culture, education and the arts. On 5 October 1665, he founded the University of Kiel. In 1678, he took part in the founding of the Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt. Both he and his father, Frederick III, extended patronage to the painter Jürgen Ovens, who worked for more than thirty years with them.
Family and children
Christian Albert married, on 24 October 1667, Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg. They had the following children:
Sophie Amalie (19 January 1670 – 27 February 1710), married on 7 July 1695 to Prince Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
Duke Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702), patrilineal ancestor of all Russian emperors after Catherine II.
Duke Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp (11 January 1673 – 24 April 1726), whose eldest-surviving son established a new dynasty in Sweden-Finland.
Marie Elisabeth (21 March 1678 – 17 July 1755), Abbess of Quedlinburg.
Agnatic progeny of his elder son ended up on the throne of Russia, and agnatic progeny of the younger son – on the thrones of Sweden and Oldenburg.
See also
History of Schleswig-Holstein
Ancestors
Lutheran Prince-Bishops of Lübeck
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
University of Kiel
1641 births
1695 deaths |
4024567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20de%20Alwis | Guy de Alwis | Ronald Guy de Alwis (February 15, 1959 - January 12, 2013) was a Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 11 Tests and 31 ODIs from 1983 to 1988.
De Alwis was married to Sri Lankan Women's cricketer Rasanjali Silva.
International awards
One-Day International Cricket
Man of the Match awards
References
1959 births
2013 deaths
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia
Wicket-keepers |
4024572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susil%20Fernando | Susil Fernando | Ellekutige Rufus Nemesion Susil Fernando (born 19 December 1955) is a Sri Lankan Australian former cricketer who played in five Test matches and seven One Day Internationals from 1983 to 1984.
Following the end of his cricketing career, Fernando migrated to Australia.
References
1955 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia |
4024573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Chambers | Sandra Chambers | Sandra Chambers (born 11 April 1967), also known as Sandy Chambers or simply Sandy, is a British dance music vocalist based in Italy.
Career
Chambers moved to Italy in 1992 and her voice has been used in many Italian Electronic dance music productions, mainly Eurodance. In the 2000s Chambers has been frequently used by Italian producers Alle and Benny Benassi who she first met when she did the vocals for a track by the Italian dance act J.K., that the Benassis produced. She also toured with Italian singer Giorgia.
As a songwriter, Chambers contributed to the Corona project. Though never officially confirmed nor denied by the production team, rumours circulated that she also gave her vocals to the project's two first albums and it has later been confirmed that she at least sang "Baby Baby". It was already suspected that Giovanna Bersola, who was known for lending her voice to lip-syncing models, sang Corona's debut single, "The Rhythm of the Night", and the seemingly different voice featured on the other tracks on Corona's debut album was assumed to belong to Chambers, who also had released a single on the same record label (DWA). In 2007, Chambers was credited as “original Corona vocalist Sandy Chambers” on the single "Baby Baby" by Sunblock, a cover version on which she appeared as a featured singer.
Discography
1990s - "Dreamin' Stop"
1992 - "Send Me An Angel"
1993 - "Breakdown"
1994 - "I'm Feeling" with Charles Shaw
1994 - "Everybody's Dancing"
1995 - "Bad Boy"
1995 - "Dancing with an Angel"
1995 - "Wanna Be With You"
1995 - "You Know What I Want"
1996 - "My Radio"
1998 - "Don't tell me Lies"
1999 - "Sing A Song Now Now"
2000 - "Lovin' it"
2002 - "I Miss You"
2003 - "Get Better"
2003 - "Illusion"
2004 - Pumphonia
"Get Better"
"I Feel So Fine"
"Illusion"
"Turn Me Up"
2005 - ...Phobia
"Castaway"
"Light"
"Movin' Up"
2005 - "Give It Time"
2007 - "Play My Music"
2007 - "Get Hot"
2008 - "Foundation"
2008 - "Make the World Go Round"
2008 - "Break the Wall"
2009 - "get out of my mind"
2009 - "this is me"
2009 - "brighter"
References and notes
21st-century Black British women singers
Living people
1967 births
British emigrants to Italy
20th-century Black British women singers |
4024576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohan%20Goonasekera | Yohan Goonasekera | Yohan Goonasekera (born November 8, 1957, Colombo), is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 2 Tests and 3 ODIs in 1983. He is an Old boy of Nalanda College Colombo.
External links
1957 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo |
4024582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle%20Rom%C3%A9e | Isabelle Romée | Isabelle Romée, also known as Isabelle de Vouthon and Isabelle d'Arc (1377–1458) and Ysabeau Romee, was the mother of Joan of Arc. She grew up in Vouthon-Bas and later married Jacques d'Arc. The couple moved to Domrémy, where they owned a farm consisting of about of land. After their daughter's famous exploits in 1429, the family was granted noble status by Charles VII in December of that year. Isabelle moved to Orléans in 1440 after her husband's death and received a pension from the city. She petitioned Pope Nicholas V to reopen the court case that had convicted Joan of heresy, and then, in her seventies, addressed the opening session of the appellate trial at Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. The appeals court overturned Joan's conviction on 7 July 1456. Isabelle died two years later, probably at Sandillon near Orléans.
Biography
Isabelle Romée was a native of Vouthon-Bas, a village near Domrémy where she and her husband Jacques d'Arc settled. Together they owned about of land and a modest house. Isabelle Romée may have earned her surname from a pilgrimage to Rome. Surnames were not universal in the early 15th century and a woman could be known by a different one from her husband.
Isabelle Romée gave her daughter a religious, Catholic upbringing and taught her the craft of spinning wool. She also had three sons, Jacquemin, Jean, and Pierre, and a daughter named Catherine, though little is known about her life. Like the rest of the immediate family, she was ennobled by royal grant on 29 December 1429. She moved to Orléans in 1440 after her husband's death and received a pension from the city.
Isabelle Romée spent the rest of her life restoring her daughter's name. She petitioned Pope Nicholas V to reopen the court case that had convicted Joan of heresy. An inquiry finally opened in 1449. The chief inquisitor of France, Jean Bréhal, took up the case and conducted an initial investigation in May 1452. On 7 November 1455, after the reign of Pope Callixtus III had begun, Isabelle traveled to Paris to visit the delegation from the Holy See. Although she was over seventy years old, she addressed the assembly with a moving speech. It began, "I had a daughter, born in legitimate marriage, whom I fortified worthily with the sacraments of baptism and confirmation and raised in the fear of God and respect for the tradition of the Church," and ended, "…without any aid given to her innocence in a perfidious, violent, and iniquitous trial, without a shadow of right… they condemned her in a damnable and criminal fashion and made her die most cruelly by fire." Isabelle attended most of the appellate trial sessions despite poor health. The appeals court overturned the conviction on 7 July 1456.
Isabelle died on 28 November 1458, likely in the village of Sandillon near Orleans.
Portrayals
Jeanne D'Alcy in the 1900 film Joan of Arc starring Jeanne Calvière.
Selena Royle in the 1948 film Joan of Arc starring Ingrid Bergman.
Tatiana Moukhine in the 1994 film Joan the Maiden starring Sandrine Bonnaire.
Jacqueline Bisset in the 1999 television miniseries Joan of Arc starring Leelee Sobieski.
Regine Delalin in the 2017 musical film Jeannette: The Childhood of Joan of Arc starring Lise Leplat Prudhomme.
Glenn Close in the 2018 theater play The Mother of the Maid at the Public Theater in New York City
Notes
As inscribed on a memorial plaque in Notre-Dame Cathedral dated April 22, 1894.
.
.
.
.
See also
Joan of Arc bibliography
External links
Isabelle Romee page at MaidofHeaven
1377 births
1458 deaths
People from Meuse (department)
French untitled nobility
14th-century French people
14th-century French women
15th-century French people
15th-century French women |
4024586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinothen%20John | Vinothen John | Vinothen Bede John (born 27 May 1960) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in six Test matches and 45 One Day Internationals between 1982 and 1987.
Domestic career
After attending St Peter's College, Colombo, John played for the Nondescripts Cricket Club, Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club, Moratuwa Sports Club, Sinhalese Sports Club and continuously for over two decades in the Nationalised Services Cricket Tournament, representing the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation.
International career
John made his Test debut in Lancaster Park in New Zealand and had the scalps of Glenn Turner and Sir Richard Hadlee. The stocky right-arm seamer opened the bowling for Sri Lanka in the eighties in Tests and ODIs.
John's Test career ended in the famous Lord's Test against England where he captured four wickets for 98 runs. He played six Tests, claiming an impressive 28 wickets (average 21.92), and took 34 ODI wickets (48.67) in 45 matches before retiring after the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
External links
1960 births
Living people
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Moratuwa Sports Club cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Sri Lankan Tamil sportspeople
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo |
4024588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moine | Moine | Moine, French for "monk", may refer to:
A' Mhòine, a peninsula in northern Scotland
Le Moine, a mountain of the Pennine Alps
La Moine River, a tributary of the Illinois River in western Illinois in the United States
Moine Thrust Belt, a major geological feature in the north-west of Scotland
Moine Supergroup, metamorphic rocks that form the dominant outcrop of the Scottish Highlands
People with the surname
Antonin Moine (1796–1849), French sculptor
Claude Moine or Eddy Mitchell (born 1942), French singer and actor
Jean-Jacques Moine (born 1954), French swimmer
Mario Moine (born 1949), Argentine politician
Michel Moine (1920–2005), French journalist and parapsychologist
Roger Moine, an SC Bastia player
See also
Des Moines, Iowa
Tête de Moine a Swiss cheese
Lemoine, a surname
Moina (disambiguation) |
4024590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumesh%20Ratnayake | Rumesh Ratnayake | Rumesh Joseph Ratnayake (born 2 January 1964), is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 23 Test matches and 70 One Day Internationals from 1982 to 1993. He is the current interim head coach of Sri Lanka national cricket team.
Ratnayake was born in Colombo. During a career often blighted by injury, he was a strapping right arm fast-medium bowler who was capable of swinging the new ball and generating considerable pace and bounce. He spearheaded the Sri Lankan fast bowling attack in his heydays although his international career was relatively short due to being injury prone.
He was also a more than useful hard-hitting lower order batsman, as Test match fifties against Pakistan and England testify. He is usually known for his appointments as interim coach of Sri Lanka national cricket teamusually in between permanent appointments. He also works as fast bowling coach being attached to the High Performance Center of Sri Lanka Cricket on a full time basis.
International career
One of Ratnayake's best performances came in the 1985/86 series against India, taking 20 wickets at 22 for the series. In the 2nd Test he managed 9 wickets in the match which gave Sri Lanka a rare Test win, and inaugural series victory. Other good hauls include 6 for 66 against Australia at Hobart in 1990/91 and 5 for 69 against England at Lord's. His bowling spell of 6/66 was instrumental in restricting Australia for 224.
After retirement
In July 2001, Ratnayake became the administrative team manager for the Sri Lankan national cricket team.
In 2003, Ratnayake was a development officer for the Asian Cricket Council and was a coach and selector for the Asian Dream Team, a composite team of lesser Asian cricketing nations that played 6 matches in Sri Lanka that year.
Ratnayake was in May 2007 linked with the Sri Lankan national cricket team assistant coaching job with some saying he had been given the interim coaching job. Ultimately it was the deputy's job that he was offered, and later declined in June 2007.:
He has also advised cricket hopefuls in Canada.
In August 2011, he became the head coach of Sri Lankan national team. On 8 August 2017, after Champaka Ramanayake resigned, Ratnayake was again appointed as the fast bowling coach of the national team.
In January 2022, he was appointed as the interim coach of Sri Lankan side for the home bilateral ODI series against Zimbabwe in the absence of Mickey Arthur whose contract with the national side as head coach had expired on 4 December 2021. He was persisted as the interim coach of Sri Lankan side for the five match T20I series against Australia in February 2021 and for the bilateral series against India in March 2021. It has been revealed that the unprofessionalism and lackluster attitude of Sri Lanka cricket in finding the head coach after the departure of Mickey Arthur resulted in extended coaching gig for Ratnayake.
References
External links
Fiery Paceman Rumesh Ratnayake
1964 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Sri Lankan cricket coaches
Coaches of the Sri Lanka national cricket team
Coaches of the Oman national cricket team |
4024599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sridharan%20Jeganathan | Sridharan Jeganathan | Sridharan Jeganathan (11 July 1951 – 14 May 1996) was a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in two Test matches and five One Day Internationals from 1983 to 1988.
1951 births
1996 deaths
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan Tamil sportspeople
Sri Lankan Hindus
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers |
4024605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithra%20Wettimuny | Mithra Wettimuny | Mithra de Silva Wettimuny (11 June 1951 – 20 January 2019) was a Sri Lankan cricketer who played in two Test matches and one One Day International (ODI) in 1983.
Family
Mithra Wettimuny was one of three brothers to represent Sri Lanka (all opening batsmen). His elder brother Sunil played in the 1975 and 1979 Cricket World Cups while his youngest brother Sidath scored Sri Lanka's first Test match hundred.
International career
Wettimuny originally came to prominence as captain of the successful Ceylon Schools team which toured India in 1969/70, a team which included future Test captains Bandula Warnapura and Duleep Mendis. Sri Lanka gained Test status in 1982, and by then in his early thirties, Wettimuny's entire first-class cricket career incorporated nine matches in four countries in 127 days. His highest score was 55 on debut against Zimbabwe at Bulawayo in November 1982.
References
External links
1951 births
2019 deaths
Alumni of Ananda College
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers |
4024606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal%20Silva | Amal Silva | Sampathwaduge Amal Rohitha Silva (born December 12, 1960, in Moratuwa) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 9 Tests and 20 ODIs from 1983 to 1988. He was a left-handed wicketkeeper batsman and opened the batting for Sri Lanka.
School times
Amal Silva is a past student of Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa and St Peter's College, Colombo
International career
From when he made his Test debut against New Zealand, Silva was in a battle with Guy de Alwis for first choice gloveman. Due to an injury to de Alwis in 1984, Silva toured England with Sri Lanka aiming to cement his spot in the side. In the 1st Test and Lord's he opened the batting and made an unbeaten 102 in the second innings. He was rewarded by being included in their next Test series, against India. After taking 9 catches in the 1st Test he took another 8 in the 2nd, as well as making a career best 111. He finished the series with 22 dismissals, a Sri Lankan record.
International centuries
Test centuries
References
External links
Cricinfo Profile
1960 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Moratuwa Sports Club cricketers
Sportspeople from Moratuwa
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo
Alumni of Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa
Wicket-keepers |
4024608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure-four%20%28grappling%20hold%29 | Figure-four (grappling hold) | A figure-four is a catch wrestling term for a joint-lock that resembles the number "4". A keylock or toe hold can be referred to as a figure-four hold, when it involves a figure-four formation with the legs or arms. If the figure-four involves grabbing the wrists with both hands, it is called a double wrist lock; known as kimura in MMA circles. A figure-four hold done with the legs around the neck and (usually) arm of an opponent is called figure-four (leg-)choke, better known as a triangle choke these days, and is a common submission in modern mixed martial arts, Submission wrestling and Brazilian jiu jitsu, and of course Catch wrestling. In addition to Lancashire, or catch-as-catch-can wrestling, the move was also found in jujutsu, and was thereafter incorporated into Judo. The leg figure-four choke is also part of Japanese martial arts, where it is known as Sankaku-Jime.
References
External links
The Double Wrist Lock. Shows extensive use of the figure-four hold.
Grappling hold
Wrestling |
4024618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%A1zs%20Tar%C3%B3czy | Balázs Taróczy | Balázs Taróczy (; born 9 May 1954) is a retired tennis player from Hungary. The right-hander won 13 singles titles in his career, and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 12 in April 1982.
Tennis career
Taróczy was six times a Hungarian national champion.
One of the game's premier doubles players, Balazs and partner Heinz Günthardt won the 1985 Wimbledon doubles title. Though never especially proficient on the grass, the duo defeated Pat Cash/John Fitzgerald in four sets.
He became the Hungarian No. 1 player in 1973 and was a member of the Hungary Davis Cup team from 1973 to 1985.
Despite playing part-time, still managed to finish top 50 in the doubles world rankings at No. 45 in 1989
From September 1989 to the end of 1990, he was the coach of Goran Ivanišević.
Career finals
Singles: 20 (13 wins, 7 losses)
Doubles: 59 (26 wins, 33 losses)
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
Hungarian male tennis players
Hungarian tennis coaches
Tennis players from Budapest
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Universiade medalists in tennis
Universiade silver medalists for Hungary
Universiade bronze medalists for Hungary
French Open champions
Wimbledon champions
Medalists at the 1973 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1977 Summer Universiade |
4024619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan%20Guneratne | Roshan Guneratne | Roshan Punyajith Wijesinghe Guneratne (26 January 1962, Colombo – 21 July 2005, California) was a Sri Lankan cricketer who played in one Test in 1983.
School times
He is an old boy of Nalanda College Colombo and captained the college's cricket team in 1982.
International career
Roshan is the 24th Sri Lanka Test Cap (Sri Lanka Vs Australia at Kandy 1982/3).
Death
He died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 43 in California.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
External links
Roshan Guneratne dies at 43
1962 births
2005 deaths
Basnahira North cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo |
4024620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Jefferies | Peter Jefferies | Peter Jefferies is a musician from New Zealand. He is known for his involvement with Nocturnal Projections and This Kind Of Punishment as well as his extensive solo and collaborative work.
History
In 1981 Peter and his brother Graeme Jefferies formed the post-punk band Nocturnal Projections. The band released a few records, and performed around their hometown of New Plymouth, as well as Auckland. After Nocturnal Projections disbanded in 1983, the brothers formed This Kind Of Punishment, and released three full-length albums and an EP. In 1985 Jefferies released the Randolph's Going Home 7" and the "fish out of water" 12" with Shayne Carter. This was followed in 1986 with the At Swim 2 Birds LP, recorded with Jono Lonie, on the Flying Nun label. This was reissued on Xpressway and later on Drunken Fish. The Catapult 7", a collaboration with Robbie Muir, was released on Xpressway in 1989, reissued by the Chicago-based Ajax label in 1991. Further recordings by Jefferies and Muir were released by Ajax in 1992 as the double 7" Swerve. The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World album was released on cassette by the Xpressway label in 1990. Another collaboration with Shayne Carter, the Knocked Out or Thereabout 7", was released on Flying Nun in 1992. The Electricity LP was released on Ajax in 1994, followed by Elevator Madness on Emperor Jones in 1996, then Substatic on Trance Syndicate in 1998, and Closed Circuit in 2001 (also on Trance Syndicate). Jefferies formed 2 Foot Flame with Jean Smith of Mecca Normal. The band released two LPs on Matador Records, 1995's self titled LP, and 1997's Ultra Drowning.
The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World was re-issued in 2013 on vinyl by de Stijl records. At Swim 2 Birds was reissued by Flying Nun records in 2017.
Jefferies lives in New Plymouth, New Zealand and is employed three days per week at Spotswood College. He is a key member of the Music Department overseeing drum tuition, songwriting, mentoring students and he manages the recording studio every Friday with students enrolled in the school's Gateway Programme. He also runs a weekly session of music at the school's Special Needs Unit.
In addition, Jefferies is employed by two other high schools in Taranaki where he teaches drums and songwriting and records students' compositions: Stratford High School and Coastal Taranaki School.
Jefferies is a part of the New Zealand Music Commission's "Music Mentoring In Schools Program", going into schools and fostering the development of songwriting and composition skills in primary, intermediate and secondary school students.
Musician Amanda Palmer described Jeffries as her "teenage idol". In 2012, Palmer said she had toured New Zealand for the past five years and always hoped to find a link that would lead her to Jefferies. The pair performed solo songs at Vinyl Countdown store in New Plymouth to a crowd of 40, before combining on a number of covers including Oasis's Wonderwall and Wild Thing.
Discography
Solo albums:
At Swim 2 Birds (1987)
The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World (1990)
Electricity (1994)
Elevator Madness (1996)
Substatic (1998)
Closed Circuit (2001)
Compilation albums:
Chorus of Interludes (1996)
With Nocturnal Projections:
Nerve Ends in Power Lines (1995)
With This Kind of Punishment:
This Kind of Punishment (1983)
A Beard of Bees (1984)
In the Same Room (1987)
With Cyclops:
Goat Volume (1994)
With 2 Foot Flame:
2 Foot Flame (1995)
Ultra Drowning (1997)
References
External links
AudioCulture profile
New Zealand Music Commission
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Jefferies, Peter
People from New Plymouth |
Subsets and Splits
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