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4022308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Centro%20Integrado%20de%20Technologia%20Appropriada | El Centro Integrado de Technologia Appropriada | El Centro Integrado de Tecnología Apropiada (CITA) is a Cuban appropriate technology organization. It is the equivalent of the UK's Centre for Alternative Technology. It is stationed at Camagüey (Circunvalación Norte).
In 2005 a representative of CITA participated in the "Public Seminar Series" of the International Institute for Resource Industries and Sustainability Studies (IRIS), on the topic Renewable Energy in Cuba: Sustainable Solutions for the Future (April, 2005).
Sources
Centro Integrado de Tecnología Apropiada (CITA)
International Institute for Resource Industries & Sustainability Studies (IRIS)
References
Appropriate technology organizations
Organizations based in Cuba |
4022313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Mindanao%20State%20University | Western Mindanao State University | The Western Mindanao State University (WMSU; ) is a state university located in Zamboanga City, Philippines. It has two campuses: the main campus of 79,000 square metres and 9,147 square metres in the city proper, and the satellite campus of 200,000 square metres in San Ramon about 20 kilometers from the city. Campuses comprising the external studies units are in the provinces of Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga Sibugay. It has a student population of over 32,000, regular faculty members of over 600 and over 200 administrative personnel.
It has 15 colleges, one institute and two autonomous campuses offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses specializing in accounting, education, engineering, nursing, arts and humanities, social work, science and mathematics. Along with these major fields of concentration, WMSU also offers courses in agriculture, architecture, forestry, home economics, nutrition and dietetics, computer science, criminology, Asian and Islamic Studies and special degree courses for foreign students. It also offers external studies and non-formal education courses.
WMSU ranked sixth among 68 universities all over the country, according to a survey on the Top Academic Institutions in the Philippines conducted by the Commission on Higher Education. The university's College of Teacher Education is a Center for Development; the College of Architecture is a Center of Development; and the College of Social Work and Community Development was awarded the Best School for Social Work in the Philippines.
History
With the cessation of the hostilities that marked the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Filipino and American educators agreed that the best way to rebuild a devastated nation was through the establishment of a sound education system. Eight Normal schools were then established in the Philippines by the Americans. One of them was the Zamboanga Normal School established in 1904. As a secondary school, the ZNS offered a general academic curriculum under the Department of Mindanao and Sulu primarily designed to cater to the needs of cultural minorities in the provinces of Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Sulu, and Zamboanga.
In June 1921, the secondary normal curriculum of the Zamboanga Normal School had to be phased out for lack of enrollees. It was re-opened the following year and produced its first batch of graduates in 1926. Until the end of school year 1939–40, the general secondary academic and normal curricula continued to be simultaneously offered. As a result of the opening of the Zamboanga City High School in 1939, the general secondary academic curriculum was discontinued but was offered at the college level. It was briefly disrupted with the outbreak of the Second World War.
After the war, the school resumed operations enabling those who started first year in the two-year collegiate normal curriculum before the war to continue as sophomore students. In April 1946 they were awarded the Elementary Teacher's Certificate (E.T.C.). The secondary normal curriculum was offered only during the summer term until 1952.
Upon its conversion to the Zamboanga Normal College on June 17, 1961 by virtue of Republic Act (RA) No. 3272, the ZNC was placed under the direct supervision of the Bureau of Public Schools (BPS) until its autonomy in 1963. Gradually, it started to offer new degree programs.
Zamboanga del Norte Agricultural College' was the former name of the Tampilisan campus of Western Mindanao State University. The passage of Republic Act No. 3889 on June 18, 1964, caused the conversion of Zamboanga del Norte National Agricultural School in Liloy, Zamboanga del Norte to become a college known as Zamboanga del Norte Agricultural College.
The amendment of RA 3272 on June 26, 1969 by RA 5492 resulted in the conversion of the Zamboanga Normal School into the Zamboanga State College (ZSC). Considering the demands of a growing population in a rapidly changing society and upon the initiative of Western Mindanao Regional Commissioner Rear Admiral Romulo Espaldon, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 1427 on June 10, 1978, elevating ZSC into the Western Mindanao State University.
Since its conversion into a state university, the following university presidents have taken its leadership: Dr. Juanito A. Bruno, as Acting President (1978–1986); Dr. Bernabela L. Ko, as first full-fledged president (1986–1991); Dr. Erdulfo B. Fernando (1991–1997); Dr. Eldigario D. Gonzales, DPA, CSEE (1997–2007); Dr. Grace Rebollos, the university's first summa cum laude graduate (2007–2012); Dr. Milabel Enriquez-Ho (2012–2020); Dr. Ma. Carla Ochotorena (2020–Present). Today, WMSU has a total of 1,000 teaching and administrative support staff catering to over 20,000 students.
The university's College of Teacher Education and College of Forestry have been designated as a Centers of Development by the Commission on Higher Education.
Campuses
Main campuses
Main Campus, Normal Road, Baliwasan, Zamboanga City
Campus B, San Jose Road, Baliwasan, Zamboanga City
Satellite campuses
San Ramon Campus, San Ramon, Zamboanga City
Malangas Campus, Malangas, Zamboanga Sibugay
Curuan Campus, Curuan, Zamboanga City
Former campuses
Tampilisan Campus, Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte
now Jose Rizal Memorial State University
Dumingag Campus, Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur
now Josefina H. Cerilles State College
External Studies Unit (ESU)
Alicia, Zamboanga Sibugay
Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay
Imelda, Zamboanga Sibugay
Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
Mabuhay, Zamboanga Sibugay
Molave, Zamboanga del Sur
Naga, Zamboanga Sibugay
Olutanga, Zamboanga Sibugay
Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur
Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay
Tungawan, Zamboanga Sibugay
Autonomous campuses
Curuan Campus, Zamboanga City
Malangas Campus, Zamboanga Sibugay
Notable faculty and alumni
Evangelina Macaraeg Macapagal, the former First Lady of the Republic of the Philippines and mother of the former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Macapagal is an alumna of the College of Teacher Education of the University.
Rear Admiral Romulo Espaldon, first Regional Commissioner of Region IX and first Minister of Muslim Affairs. Espaldon was awarded a Doctorate of Humanities honoris causa for his role in elevating Zamboanga State College into Western Mindanao State University.
See also
Zamboanga del Sur Agricultural College
Zamboanga del Norte Agricultural College
References
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1965
State universities and colleges in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in Zamboanga City
Mindanao Association State Colleges and Universities Foundation
Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges
1965 establishments in the Philippines |
4022319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitz%20un%20knepp | Schnitz un knepp | Schnitz un knepp, often spelled Schnitz un Gnepp, is a popular main dish item in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch and rural families. It is basically a dish of ham or pork shoulder with dried apples and dumplings. Apple schnitz are dried slices of apples, and knepp (from German "Knöpfe" for "buttons") are rivels (dumplings).
Although the Amish arrived in the early 18th century, this food was not common until the early 19th century, when Johnny Appleseed planted many orchards on the frontier of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. At the time, home canning was not yet practical, so the apple crop was preserved in liquid form (most commonly as hard cider) or sliced and dried, the finished slices being called snitz.
Apples other than named varieties grafted from a parent tree, were usually small, misshapen and rather tart - because of Johnny Appleseed's Swedenborgian faith, he sold only ungrafted trees - but drying the snitz concentrates the fruit sugars, making them a bright spot in an otherwise dreary diet.
Today, commercial producers of apple snitz use named-variety apples that cannot be sold as fresh because of blemishes, and they peel the apples. The peelings do not go to waste; they are pressed for cider. Some home orchards may have a tree that produces tart apples, prized for the flavorful snitz they make. They may also choose to only core and slice their apples, not peeling them.
The dish uses rivels made from flour, milk, baking powder, butter, salt, and eggs, and the dish is flavored with ham, traditionally salt-cured "country ham", although honey ham, pork butt, or other pork may be used. Onions, potatoes, cloves, cinnamon and brown sugar are optional ingredients. An alternative knepp is a yeast dumpling made without sugar.
This recipe calls for long cooking, and is thus a winter dish.
The pronunciation is "snitz-en-nep".
See also
List of ham dishes
References
Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine
Apple dishes
Ham dishes |
4022356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack%20%28billiards%29 | Rack (billiards) | A rack (sometimes called a triangle) is a piece of equipment that is used to place billiard balls in their starting positions at the beginning of a pocket billiards game. Rack may also be used as a verb to describe the act of setting billiard balls in their starting positions (e.g. "to rack the balls"), or as a noun to describe a set of balls that are in their starting positions (e.g. "a rack of balls", more often called a pack or a pyramid in British English).
Traditional racks are in the form of triangular frames, usually made from wood, plastic or metal. A modern variation, called a template rack, is made from a thin material (usually 0.14 mm or less) that contains precision cut-outs to hold the balls in place. Purported benefits of template racks include a more consistent racking, and their popularity has warranted specific inclusion in profession rules. Unlike traditional racks, template racks are left on the table during the break shot and removed at the players' earliest convenience. For this reason, template racks are almost never used for games where it is common to slow-break (i.e. not create a large spread of balls) since it is significantly more likely that the rack will interfere with slow-rolling balls.
The most common shape of a rack is that of an equilateral triangle. Triangular racks are used for eight-ball, straight pool, one-pocket, bank pool, snooker and many other games. Diamond-shaped frames are sometimes used for the game of nine-ball (although a triangular rack can also be used) and template racks come in a variety of shapes.
Racking in specific billiards games
Eight-ball
In eight-ball, 15 object balls are used. Under the world standardized rules, it is prescribed that:
The 8 ball must be in the center of the rack (the second ball in the three-balls-wide row).
The first ball must be placed at the apex position (front of the rack and so the center of that ball is directly over the table's ).
The two corner balls must be a stripe and a solid.
All balls other than the 8 ball are placed at random, but in conformance with the preceding corner ball rule.
The balls should be pressed tightly together without gaps, as this allows the best break possible.
Nine-ball
In nine-ball, the basic principles are the same as detailed in the eight-ball section above, but only balls 1 through 9 are used; the 1 ball is always placed at the rack's apex (because in nine-ball every legal shot, including the break, must strike the lowest numbered ball first) over the table's foot spot, and the 9 ball is placed in the center of the rack.
Some players (most often amateurs) place the balls in numeric order but for the 9 ball; from the top of the triangle down and from left to right, i.e., the 1 on the foot spot, followed by the 2 then 3 in the second row, and so on. However, all balls other than the 1 and 9 may be randomly placed.
In nine-ball games where a is given by one player being , some tournament venues enforce a rule that the spotted ball must be racked as one of the two balls in the row directly behind the 1 ball.
Straight pool (14.1 continuous)
In the initial rack in straight pool, fifteen balls are racked in a triangular rack, with the center of the apex ball placed over the foot spot Traditionally, the 1 ball is placed on the rack’s right corner, and the 5 ball on left corner from the racker's vantage point to maximize contrast between the corner balls and the background, as the 1 and 5 are the brightest colored balls, however the world standardized rules do not require this. All other balls are placed at random.
Straight pool is played to a specific number of points agreed on prior to the match's start, with each pocketed ball being worth one point to the shooter. Because the game is played to a number of points normally far in excess of the fifteen points total available in the initial rack (in tournament play, one-hundred fifty points), multiple intragame racks are necessary. Intragame racking employs a separate set of rules from those in place at the game's start.
After the initial rack, the balls are played until only the cue ball and one object ball remain on the table's surface. At that time, the fourteen pocketed balls are racked with no apex ball, and the rack is so placed so that if the apex ball were in the rack, its center would rest directly over the table's foot spot. Play then continues with the cue ball shot from where it rested and the fifteenth ball from where it rested prior to racking.
A number of rules have developed which detail what must be done when one or both of the cue ball and fifteenth object ball are either in the rack area at the time an intragame rack is necessary, or are in such close proximity to the intragame racking area, that the physical rack cannot be used without moving the one or the other. The rules also vary depending on whether the cue ball or fifteenth ball are resting on the table's head spot. Such rules are detailed on the following chart (note therein that the refers to the area behind the table's ).
One-pocket and bank pool
In both one-pocket and bank pool all fifteen object balls are racked entirely at random, with the center of the apex ball placed directly over the foot spot.
Snooker
Snooker is played on a large table (full, pro tournament size is 12 × 6 ft). It is played using a cue stick, one white ball (the cue ball), fifteen red balls and six colours: a yellow (worth two points), green (three points), brown (four points), blue (five points), pink (six points) and black ball (seven points). At one end of the table (the "baulk end" ) is the so-called , which is 29 inches from the baulk end cushion. A semicircle of radius 11.5 inches, called , is drawn behind this line, centred on the middle of the line.
On the baulk line, looking up the table from the 'baulk end', the yellow ball is located where the "D" meets the line on the right, the green ball where the "D" meets the line on the left, and the brown ball in the middle of the line. An easy way to remember these positions is with the mnemonic, 'God Bless You', with the first letter of each word being the first letter of the three colours as they are racked from left to right on the baulk line. At the exact middle of the table sits the blue ball. Further up the table is the pink ball, which sits midway between the blue spot and the top cushion, followed by the red balls (one each), placed in a tightly-packed triangle behind the pink. The apex must be as close as possible to the pink ball without touching it. Finally, the black ball is placed on a spot 12.75 inches from the top cushion on a full-size table.
Coloured ball racking positions must be remembered with care, as each time a coloured ball is potted, it is immediately replaced to its starting position, which occurs multiple times per frame, whereas reds are not returned to the table's surface after being potted.
If the starting position spot for a coloured ball is covered by another ball, the ball is placed on the highest available spot. If there is no available spot, it is placed as close to its own spot as possible in a direct line between that spot and the top (black end) cushion, without touching another ball. If there is no room this side of the spot, it will be placed as close to the spot as possible in a straight line towards the bottom cushion, without touching another ball.
References
Rack |
4022358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Sapone | Mike Sapone | Mike Sapone is an American record producer, composer, audio engineer, and mixer, whose credits include producing records for bands such as Brand New, Taking Back Sunday, Boston Manor, The Front Bottoms, Mayday Parade, Grouplove, Sorority Noise, An Horse, Oso Oso, O'Brother, Cymbals Eat Guitars and Public Enemy.
May 2020 Kerrang Magazine calls GLUE "Sleek yet somber, visceral yet vulnerable, confident yet cathartic. Boston Manor explore modern life on an exceptional third album."
Rating GLUE 5 of 5 K's.
August 2019 Pitchfork awards Oso Oso's "Basking in the Glow" with its prestigious "Best New Music" honor, Produced and Mixed by Mike Sapone.
2018 Boston Manor's genre defying "Welcome to the Neighbourhood" slots #3 on Rock Sound Magazines Top 50 Albums of 2018. The album's lead single "Halo" climbs into the top ten Countdown on SiriusXM's Octane.
2017 brought Sapone his first No. 1 Album and third top 10 on the Billboard 200 chart with Brand New's "Science Fiction" .
Pitchfork awarded the album with its "Best New Music" merit, the site also awarded the song "Same Logic/Teeth" with the "Best New Track" honor.
In August 2016, Brand New's "I Am A Nightmare" tops the UK Official Vinyl Singles Chart at Number 1 while Brand New's "Mene" sits beneath it at the Number 2 slot.
2015 ushered Sapone his first No. 1 on Billboard's Top Rock Albums and Alternative Albums chart simultaneously with Mayday Parade's "Black Lines".
Other Top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 Include Taking Back Sunday's "Happiness Is" and In 2009 Brand New's "Daisy" debuted at number 6 on the Billboard 200 and was featured on the Best Albums Of 2009 lists from SPIN, Kerrang! and Rock Sound magazines.
Sapone also produced Brand New's critically acclaimed "The Devil And God Are Raging Inside Me," which was included in NME's Top 100 Greatest Albums Of The Decade and received a 5 out of 5-star review entitled "America finally gets their own Radiohead" from Alternative Press magazine.
Sapone's combined discography has logged over 400 million streams on Spotify alone.
Discography
This Is This by Grouplove (2021)
In Sickness & In Flames by The Front Bottoms (2020)
GLUE by Boston Manor (2020)
Basking in the Glow by Oso Oso (2019)
Modern Air by An Horse (2019)
Welcome To The Neighbourhood by Boston Manor (2018)
Yarn by McCafferty (2018)
Science Fiction by Brand New (2017)
Ritual by Envy on the Coast (2017)
You're Not As As You Think by Sorority Noise (2017)
Tidal Wave by Taking Back Sunday (2016)
Aerobed by Cymbals Eat Guitars (2015)
Panic Stations by Motion City Soundtrack (2015)
Black Lines by Mayday Parade (2015)
Sad Strange Beautiful Dream by John Nolan (2015)
Happiness Is by Taking Back Sunday (2014)
Headswell by Sainthood Reps (2013)
Disillusion by O'Brother (2013)
Nothing To Be Gained Here by NK (2013)
Heat Thing by Shone (2013)
Twelve Years by Daytrader (2012)
Invicta by Hit the Lights (2012)
Garden Window by O'Brother (2011)
Feel You're Different by Lights Resolve (2011)
Lars Attacks! by MC Lars (2011)
Monoculture by Sainthood Reps (2011)
Scatterbrain by The Xcerts (2010)
The Narrative by The Narrative (2010)
Lowcountry by Envy on the Coast (2010)
Punk Goes Classic Rock by Various artists (2010)
I Was Trying To Describe You To Someone by Crime in Stereo (2010)
Height by John Nolan (2009)
Daisy by Brand New (2009)
Flesh by Robbers (2009)
New Best Friends by Mansions (2009)
This Gigantic Robot Kills by MC Lars (2009)
Selective Wreckage by Crime In Stereo (2008)
Ultra Hot Volcano by Men, Women & Children (2008)
The Digital Gangster LP by MC Lars and YTCracker (2008)
Mansions EP by Mansions (2008)
(Fork and Knife) by Brand New (2007)
This is a Landslide by Intramural (2007)
Crime In Stereo Is Dead by Crime In Stereo (2007)
The Needles The Space by Straylight Run (2007)
The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me by Brand New (2006)
Men, Women & Children by Men, Women & Children (2006)
The Troubled Stateside by Crime In Stereo (2006)
The Graduate by MC Lars (2006)
Split Cd by I Am the Avalanche (2005)
Prepare to Be Wrong EP by Straylight Run (2005)
Elektra The Album Soundtrack by Various Artists (2005)
Tony Hawk's American Wasteland by Various Artists (2005)
The Early November/I Am the Avalanche Split EP (2005)
Nightmare of You by Nightmare of You (2005)
Spider-Man 2 Soundtrack by Various Artists (2004)
Straylight Run by Straylight Run (2004)
The Laptop EP by MC Lars (2004)
Warped Tour 2004 by Various Artists (2004)
Where You Want to Be by Taking Back Sunday (2004)
Deja Entendu by Brand New (2003)
Warped Tour 2003 by Various Artists (2003)
Taste The X by Ultra X (2003)
Revolverlution by Public Enemy (2002)
MTV Road Rules, Volume I by Various Artists(2002)
Your Favorite Weapon by Brand New (2001)
The "Tell All Your Friends" Demo by Taking Back Sunday (2001)
Lightweight Revolution by The Lightweights (1998)
Jamaican Bonghits EP by The Lightweights (1997)
Little Bit Of Life EP by The Lightweights (1996)
Stuttering John by Stuttering John (1994)
Productions
Other productions include:
TV show soundtracks: Lethal Weapon, The Blacklist, Smallville, Sons Of Anarchy, Stargate Universe, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Friday night lights, Access Hollywood, Wife Swap, Girls Behaving Badly, E! True Hollywood Story, and The ESPN ESPY awards.
Video Games: Guitar Hero 5, Burnout Paradise, Burnout Dominator, Tony Hawk's American Wasteland, 2006 FIFA World Cup and NHL 2004.
Sapone has also worked, produced, engineered and mixed for the following artists, among others:
Bad Books Boston Manor Brand New Crime In Stereo Cubic Zirconia Daryl Palumbo (Glassjaw)
David 'Skully' Sullivan Kaplan (Razorlight)
Denver Dalley (Statistics, Desaparecidos)
Envy On The Coast Every Avenue Good Old War Intramural I Am The Avalanche Jaret Reddick (Bowling For Soup)
Jeff DaRosa (The Exit, Dropkick Murphys)
John Nolan Kevin Devine KRS-One Lights Resolve Mansions Matt Morris MC Lars Men Women & Children Mike Kennedy (Vision Of Disorder)
Moving Mountains Nightmare Of You O'BROTHER Ocean Is Theory Public Enemy Robbers Robyn Sainthood Reps Silent Majority Straylight Run The Dear Hunter The Movielife The Narrative Taking Back Sunday The Xcerts''
References
External links
Brand New on Purevolume
Mike Sapone Homepage
Public Enemy Homepage
Record producers from New York (state)
Mixing engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4022388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Henry%20%28disambiguation%29 | Patrick Henry (disambiguation) | Patrick Henry (1736–1799) was a Founding Father of the United States and of American Revolutionary War and governor of Virginia.
Patrick Henry may also refer to:
People
Patrick Henry (U.S. Congressman) (1843-1930), American politician from Mississippi
Patrick Henry (murderer) (1953–2017), French convicted child murderer
Patrick T. Henry, U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Army (1998–2001)
Patrick Henry (Florida politician) (born 1954)
Ships
CSS Patrick Henry, a brigantine-rigged side-wheel steamer converted into a Confederate gunboat during the American Civil War
SS Patrick Henry, the first World War II Liberty ship launched
USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599), a ballistic missile submarine of the United States Navy
Patrick Henry (packet), a sailing ship between 1839 and 1864
Schools
Patrick Henry College, a private Christian college in Purcellville, Virginia
Patrick Henry High School (disambiguation)
Patrick Henry Middle School (disambiguation)
Other uses
Fort Patrick Henry, Vincennes, Indiana, an 18th-century fort
Patrick Henry, one of the neighborhoods of Tulsa, Oklahoma
Patrick Henry County, Virginia, a former county
Camp Patrick Henry, Warwick County, Virginia, a decommissioned United States Army base
Patrick Henry Building, Richmond, Virginia, on the National Register of Historic Places
Patrick Henry Hotel, Roanoake, Virginia, a former hotel on the National Register of Historic Places
Patrick Henry Mall, Newport News, Virginia, a shopping mall
See also
Patrick Henry Village, a United States Army family housing area in the vicinity of Heidelberg, Germany
Pat Henry (disambiguation)
Patrick McHenry
Henry, Patrick |
4022389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1%20Fatra | Malá Fatra | Malá Fatra (; also Little Fatra or Lesser Fatra, , ) is a mountain range in the Western Carpathians in the north-west of Central Slovakia. In the geomorphological system, it is a part of the Fatra-Tatra Area.
It is situated approximately between the cities of Nitrianske Pravno, Strečno, Martin and Zázrivá. Turčianska kotlina (Turiec Basin) and the Oravská vrchovina Mts. are situated to the west of the range, and Žilinská kotlina (Žilina Basin) and the Kysucká vrchovina Mts. is located to the east.
Malá Fatra consists of two subdivisions separated by the Váh river near Strečno: Lúčanská Malá Fatra and Krivánska Malá Fatra.
The highest peak is Veľký Kriváň at 1,709 m AMSL in Krivánska Malá Fatra.
Malá Fatra is basically one large karst feature. It is made up of crystalline rocks and complexes of Mesozoic strongly folded rocks.
The main peaks of Lúčanská Malá Fatra are Veľká Lúka (1,475 m), Kľak (1,351 m) and Minčol (1,364). The main peaks of the Krivánska Malá Fatra are Veľký Rozsutec (1,610 m), Malý Rozsutec (1,343 m), Veľký Kriváň (1,709 m) and Malý Kriváň (1,671 m).
The 12 km long pass between Krivánska Malá Fatra and Lúčanská Malá Fatra separated by the Váh is called Strečnianska tiesňava (Strečno Pass), located below the ruins of Strečno Castle. The Dierový potok stream created a complex of canyons, waterfalls and cascades in that area. Šútovo Waterfall (Šútovský vodopád ) is the highest waterfall in Malá Fatra and has a vertical drop of 38 m.
Popular centres for winter sports are Vrátna dolina and Štefanová. Other tourism centres are the villages of Terchová, where the Slovak national hero Juraj Jánošík was born and Zázrivá, where the traditional Slovak sheep cheese delicacy known as korbáčiky is made. One of the most popular ski areas in Slovakia outside the Tatras is the Martinské hole resort situated between the Veľká lúka Mountain and the town of Martin.
Krivánska Malá Fatra is protected by the Malá Fatra National Park.
In addition, Malá Fatra includes the following small-scale protection areas:
national nature reserves: Chleb, Minčol, Krivé, Šútovská dolina, Sokolec, Suchý, Starý hrad, Prípor, Šíp, Šrámková, Rozsutec, Tiesňavy, Veľká Bránica, Kľačianska Magura
nature reserves: Dubovské lúky, Goľove mláky, Hajasová, Hrabinka, Hrádok, Kraľoviansky meander, Močiar, Paráč, Pod Rígľom, Veľká Lučivná
natural monuments: Bôrická mláka, Domašínsky meander, Krasniansky luh, Šútovská epigenéza
protected site: Hate
Gallery
See also
Mountain Rescue Service (Slovakia)
References
External links
Malá Fatra at SpectacularSlovakia.sk
Typical Flowers of Malá Fatra
Hiking map of Krivánska Malá Fatra and Lúčanská Malá Fatra by Military Cartographic Institute (VKÚ Harmanec)
Another hiking map with hike planner
Mountain ranges of Slovakia
Mountain ranges of the Western Carpathians |
4022392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesto%20Rocchi | Sesto Rocchi | Sesto Rocchi (1909–1991) was a violin maker from Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Biography
Sesto Rocchi was born in Reggio Emilia, Italy. He started his violin making studies at the School of Violin Making at the Conservatory of Music in Parma under Gaetano Scarabotto. After approximately 6 years of study, he moved to Milan to further his learning with Leandro Bisiach. Between 1956 and 1988 Sesto served on every prestigious violin making body including an appointment (1980) as the custodian of the Niccolò Paganini Guaneri del Gesu “Canon”.
He acquired over 17 international competition awards for his violins from 1952 to 1966.
Sesto Rocchi made as many as ten quartets and a few antiqued instruments following in the steps of his masters, Sgarabotto and Bisiach. His experience in the Leandro Bisiach workshop where he made many instruments and where he could observe and copy antique instruments was extremely useful to his own career.
Rocchi honored
To mark the 50th anniversary of the foundation of their club, the members of the Rotary of Reggio Emilia in Italy organized a tribute (in the spring of 1999) to noteworthy personalities of their town, including violin maker Sesto Rocchi. Rocchi’s work contributed to the rebirth of violin making in the region after the difficult times of World War II.
Quotes
"Sesto Rocchi’s inborn capacities, his personal involvement, the passion that inhabited him, but mostly the teachings that he received from Gaetano Sgarabotto in Parma and Leandro Bisiach in Milan helped him become one of the best Italian contemporary makers. His curious mind was always on alert, and his receptive attitude toward young people interested in violin making was remarkable."
—Gualtiero Nicolini, president of ALI (Associazione Liutaria Italiana), a teacher at the Cremona School of Violin Making, and an author of books on lutherie.
"I feel proud to have had him as a colleague and then as a friend. The legacy left by Rocchi demonstrates that even in the 20th century, it is possible to conduct the activities of a violin maker with nobility."
—Gianfranco Boretti, author of a book on Rocchi "Life for Violin Making".
-"In forma d'istrumento", Reggio Emilia 1985
Instruments
"His work is very precise and the varnish varies from a warm orange to brownish red. He was constantly occupied with varnish experiments and research. He used Stradivarian "Amatise" and Guarneri models. The sonority is always excellent". - 'Liuteria Italiana vol. 1' - Eric Blot 1994
"Rocchi is considered one of the finest modern Italian makers and many of his instruments are now being copied by shops and makers" - Life for Violin Making by Gianfranco Boretti
Viewed below, is a very fine example of this master's work. Sesto Rocchi violin 1975 made for his daughter.
References
Sesto Rocchi photo
Liuteria Parmense
Italian & French Makers - Jost Thoene vol. 3
Dictionary of 20th Century Italian Violin Makers - Marlin Brinser 1978
Stings, August/September 1999
Italian luthiers
People from Reggio Emilia
1909 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Italian musicians
Italian musical instrument makers |
4022408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsburg%2C%20Minnesota | Johnsburg, Minnesota | Johnsburg is an unincorporated community in Adams Township, Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Krait | MV Krait | The MV Krait is a wooden-hulled vessel famous for its use during World War II by the Z Special Unit (Z Force) of Australia during the raid against Japanese ships anchored in Singapore Harbour. The raid was known as Operation Jaywick.
The MV Krait is on display at the Australian National Maritime Museum (ANMM) in Sydney.
History
Krait was originally a Japanese fishing vessel based in Singapore named Kofuku Maru. Following the outbreak of war, the ship was taken over by the American destroyer USS Edsall and used to evacuate over 1,100 people from ships sunk along the east coast of Sumatra. The ship eventually reached Australia via Ceylon and India in 1942, and was handed over to the Australian military. In Australian service, she was renamed Krait after the small but deadly snake.
In September 1943, Krait transported members of Z Special Unit to Singapore, where they successfully raided the city's harbour, sinking seven ships, in what became known as Operation Jaywick. She returned to Australia in October. Krait was used by the Australian military throughout the war, and was present at the surrender of the Japanese forces on Ambon in September 1945.
Krait was later used as transport for intelligence-gathering missions to islands in the area, including Buru, Aru, Ceram, Banda, and Saparua. During this period, she carried several Japanese prisoners, army survey teams, and a naval intelligence officer.
At Ambon, the boat acquired a monkey as a mascot. He was named Peter and had lost his tail. Peter remained with the crew until Krait finished her service and was towed to Morotai. She was then sailed to Labuan, where she was sold and handed over to the British Borneo Company and where Able Seaman Robert Harry Easom of Perth kept its ensign as a souvenir. That ensign is now on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.
After its sale, Krait was operated off Borneo until she was purchased for use as an Australian Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol vessel in 1964. On Anzac Day 1964, Krait was formally dedicated as a war memorial by the governor of NSW. A plaque was affixed to the wheelhouse and is shown below. She was then acquired by the Australian War Memorial in 1985 and was lent to the Australian National Maritime Museum, where she has been displayed to the public since 1988.
From 2015, plans for restoration had been made, and as of 2017, this work has begun.
Since the success of Krait at Singapore, Australian Commando Unit vessels have traditionally used the names of venomous snakes. This tradition continues with Red Viper and Coral Snake as current examples.
Affiliations
TS Krait, Australian Navy Cadets
See also
Australian commandos
References
Australian Department of Veteran's Affairs OP Jaywick website, background and photos
Includes map of route taken and detail of raid
Australian War Memorial
Post war service with Volunteer Coastal Patrol
HNSA Web Page: Commando Boat Krait
External links
Krait – vessel page at the Australian National Maritime Museum
Military history of Australia during World War II
Museum ships in Australia
Special forces of Australia
Ships of Australia
Australian National Maritime Museum
Naval trawlers
Captured ships
World War II raids |
4022415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renova%2C%20Minnesota | Renova, Minnesota | Renova is an unincorporated community in Dexter Township, Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
Renova was platted in 1900. The Renova post office closed in 1934.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning%2C%20Minnesota | Corning, Minnesota | Corning is an unincorporated community in Freeborn and Mower Counties, Minnesota, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Freeborn County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andyville%2C%20Minnesota | Andyville, Minnesota | Andyville is an unincorporated community in Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20City%20in%20History | The City in History | The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects is a 1961 National Book Award winner by American historian Lewis Mumford.
It was first published by Harcourt, Brace & World (New York).
Synopsis
Mumford argues for a world not in which technology rules, but rather in which it achieves a balance with nature. His ideal vision is what can be described as an "organic city," where culture is not usurped by technological innovation but rather thrives with it. Mumford contrasts these cities with those constructed around wars, tyrants, poverty, etc. However, the book is not an attack on the city, but rather an evaluation of its growth, how it came to be, and where it is heading, as evidenced by the final chapter "Retrospect and Prospect."
Mumford notes apologetically in his preface that his "method demands personal experience and observation," and that therefore he has "confined [him]self as far as possible to cities and regions [he is] acquainted with at first hand."
Style
Mumford's florid writing style is also "organic" compared to the cold, mechanical style of many history texts. Stylistically, his works are full of metaphors and similes, as well as quotations from famous novelists, giving his prose shades of poetry. He refers to such texts as Great Expectations and Hard Times, sometimes using citations to illustrate to the reader what life was like during the industrial era and the city in which Dickens lived.
Articles have been written on Mumford's use of metaphors and how his works can often be read as "fiction," in the sense that they have narrative flow. That is evident in this book, in which, instead of a human protagonist on which the story centers, we have the city and its growth in a quasi-bildungsroman fashion.
Editions
Hardcover, MJF Books (August 1997)
Paperback, Harvest Books (October 1968)
References
1961 non-fiction books
Books about urbanism
Books by Lewis Mumford |
4022435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varco%2C%20Minnesota | Varco, Minnesota | Varco is an unincorporated community in Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
History
Varco was platted in 1875, and named for Thomas Varco, the original owner of the town site. Varco was born in England and immigrated to Canada when he was four. He married Emaline Eddy, and in 1850 the two moved to Wisconsin. In 1856, they moved to Austin Township, Mower County, Minnesota, where Thomas lived on the same farm at Varco Station until his death. A post office was established at Varco in 1875, and remained in operation until 1882.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolville%2C%20Minnesota | Nicolville, Minnesota | Nicolville is an unincorporated community in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The community is on a side road, approximately one quarter mile north of I-90 and approximately three miles east of Austin.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun%20%282006%20board%20game%29 | Shogun (2006 board game) | Shogun is a strategy board game designed by Dirk Henn and published by Queen Games in 2006. It is based on his earlier game Wallenstein, but it is set in the Sengoku period, which ends with the inception of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Background
The game is set in Japan during the Sengoku or "Warring States" period. Each player assumes the role of a great Daimyo with troops. Each Daimyo has the same ten possible actions to develop a kingdom and secure points. To do so, the Daimyo must deploy armies with great skill. Each round, the players decide which of the actions are to be played out and in which of their provinces. If battle ensues between opposing armies, the unique Cubetower plays the leading role. The troops from both sides are thrown in together and the cubes that fall out at the bottom show who has won immediately. Owning provinces, temples, theaters and castles means points when scores are tallied. Whichever Daimyo accumulates the greatest number of points after the second tally becomes shogun and wins the game.
Equipment
Main game board
The main game board is printed on both sides, one being printed with a sun symbol and the other with a moon symbol. Each side displays five regions. These five regions each contain nine internal provinces. These configurations differ on either side of the board.
Cards
Shogun contains six different types of cards:
Province Cards: For each province on the main game board there is a corresponding province card. If the province is shown on both sides, there will be two province cards; One with a sun symbol and one with a moon symbol indicating which side of the game board it corresponds to.
War Chest Cards: Displaying war chests with values (0–4).
Special Cards: This card grants the owner a unique ability. Every player receives one and only one.
Action Cards: Determine the order in which game events take place.
Event Cards: Display random events that affect all players.
Daimyo Cards: Used to show player turn order.
Others
Cubes: Shogun uses colored cubes to represent armies. There are 310 cubes in five colors (black, red, yellow, purple and blue), so that each color has 62 cubes. There are also plus 20 green cubes to represent neutral farmer armies.
War Chests: 35 wood-colored chest with a value of 1, and 20 orange-colored chests with a value of 5.
Building Tiles: 28 castles, 26 temples, and 26 theatres. Players may build these buildings in their provinces to earn victory points.
Battle Tower: Used to conduct battles. Both the attacking and defending player resolve the battle by throwing their cubes in Battle Tower.
Honors and awards
Jogo do Ano Nominee (2006)
Golden Geek Best Board Game Artwork/Presentation Nominee (2007)
Golden Geek Best Gamer's Board Game Nominee (2007)
Golden Geek Best Gamer's Board Game Winner (2007)
Golden Geek Best Wargame Nominee (2007)
Golden Geek Board Game of the Year Winner (2007)
Nederlandse Spellenprijs Nominee (2007)
Tric Trac d'Argent (2007)
Tric Trac Nominee (2007)
JoTa Best Wargame Nominee (2008)
Reviews
Pyramid
References
External links
Shogun webpage at Queen Games
Board games about history
Board games introduced in 2006
Board wargames set in Modern history
Board wargames set in the Middle Ages
Dirk Henn games
Queen Games games |
4022448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Johnson%20%28defensive%20end%29 | Joe Johnson (defensive end) | Joseph T. Johnson (born July 11, 1972) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League for the New Orleans Saints and the Green Bay Packers. In the 1994 NFL draft, he was selected by the Saints in the first round (13th overall). He was elected to the Pro Bowl after the 1998 season, missed the entire 1999 season with a severe knee injury that left his career in doubt, but came back in 2000 to once again be named to the Pro Bowl and also named the NFL Comeback Player of the Year. In 2002 Green Bay picked him up in free agency and ESPN named him the biggest free agency bust in Green Bay's history. The Packers gave the former Saints defender a six-year, $33 million contract that included a $6.5 million signing bonus. What they got in return was two sacks in 11 games over two injury-filled seasons, before they cut him. He was a standout at the University of Louisville.
References
External links
http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JohnJo04.htm
1972 births
Living people
Players of American football from Cleveland
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Louisville Cardinals football players
New Orleans Saints players
Green Bay Packers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Missouri
Ed Block Courage Award recipients |
4022449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle%20sling | Bottle sling | The bottle sling (also called a jug sling, a Hackamore knot, or a Scoutcraft knot) is a knot which can be used to create a handle for a glass or ceramic container with a slippery narrow neck, as long as the neck widens slightly near the top.
While classed with binding knots, such as the reef knot and miller's knot, the bottle sling is able to perform a function for which most other binding knots are unsuited. The bottle sling's specific form allows it to grip a cylinder, assuming it has even a slight flare or collar, and lift it along its axis when the knot is loaded by all four strands. With appropriate size cord, most wine bottles can be reliably suspended with this knot.
History
The bottle sling was described in detail by the Greek physician Heraklas in his first century monograph on surgical knots and slings. It was included under the name diplous karkhesios brokhos ("double jug-sling noose"). Clearly familiar with the knot, Heraklas provided three distinct tying methods. Knot expert Cyrus L. Day believed the bottle sling was not described again in print until Craigin's 1884 A Boy's Workshop, although Clifford Ashley noted it was illustrated in Johann Röding's 1795 Allgemeines Wörterbuch der Marine ("General Dictionary of the Navy"). More recently, the bottle sling has been nationally recognized by the Boy Scouts of America as the symbol of Outdoor Skills by scout camps throughout the country.
Usage
As the name suggests, the primary use for this knot is to suspend bottles, jugs, and other items with similar shapes. The space at the center of the knot is dropped over the top of a bottle or similar object. Firmly pulling on all four ends emerging from the knot tightens it against the neck of the bottle. Looping the running ends through the bight and tying them together will make a sling that grips and can be used to lift the bottle. This provides a convenient method of lowering a beverage bottle from a boat into the water to chill.
As mentioned above, the knot is believed to have been used medically in ancient Greece for applying traction in the reduction of fractures and dislocations. However it is not known to have any current medical application.
The knot is also said to have been used as an improvised emergency horse bridle when rope was the only material at hand. Its use is described with the central parts of the knot acting as a bit, one of the knot's outer bights passing over the top of the animal's muzzle, and the other passing under the jaw to form the noseband. The closed loop end of the knot would be placed over the animal's head and behind the ears, as a crownpiece, and the two free ends coming off under the chin used as reins. It was intended only for temporary use. However, at least one author has disputed this as "nonsense" and suggests its only proper equestrian use is in a doubled form, in this context known as a hackamore knot, to secure the fiador to the bosal in some hackamore designs.
Tying
Perhaps not surprisingly—given three were already known to the ancient Greeks—there are many methods to tie the bottle sling. Swedish physiologist and knot researcher Hjalmar Öhrvall listed eight in his 1916 book Om Knutar ("About Knots").
One method for tying the bottle sling is similar to the loop-and-weave method used to tie the jury mast knot and the trumpet knot. The knot is begun by making a bight in a piece of rope and folding the bight back on itself to make two separated loops that are mirror images of each other. Lay one loop on top of the other so that they overlap slightly and create a cat's-eye-shaped hole above a triangular hole between the two loops. Make a bird's beak with your index and thumb and weave them down through the loop, up through the cat's eye and down through the bottom loop, bunching the coils of rope against your fingers. Pinch the section of rope that was the bottom of the triangle and flip the coils over the pinched section. The flip may take a little practice, but the pinched section should become a short bight hanging off a circular knot.
See also
Bottle cage
List of binding knots
List of knots
References
External links
Brief video of one tying method
Bottle sling discussed in relation to an alternative knot |
4022453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudafjord | Saudafjord | Saudafjord or Saudafjorden is a fjord in Rogaland county, Norway. The fjord stretches from the town of Sauda in the municipality of Sauda in the north to the village of Sand in the municipality of Suldal where the Saudafjorden and Hylsfjorden join together to form the Sandsfjorden.
The Saudafjorden is the northernmost branch of the main Boknafjord which dominates Rogaland county. The long Saudafjorden is an open, wide fjord with a depth approaching .
The fjord was carved by the action of glaciers in the ice ages and was flooded by the sea when the later glaciers retreated. The fjord has no marked threshold as the glacial ice flow joined that from the Hylsfjord and flowed into the Sandsfjord.
See also
List of Norwegian fjords
References
Fjords of Rogaland
Sauda
Suldal |
4022459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey%2C%20Mower%20County%2C%20Minnesota | Ramsey, Mower County, Minnesota | Ramsey is an unincorporated community in Lansing Township, Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
A post office called Ramsey was established in 1874, and closed in 1875. The community was named for Alexander Ramsey, 1st Governor of Minnesota Territory.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayville%2C%20Minnesota | Mayville, Minnesota | Mayville is an unincorporated community in Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lord%20of%20the%20Rings%3A%20Tactics | The Lord of the Rings: Tactics | The Lord of the Rings: Tactics is a tactical role-playing game for the Sony PlayStation Portable. It features characters from The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. However, it is a direct adaptation of Peter Jackson's film adaptations, and has characters that resemble the films' depictions of them. Tactics was published by Electronic Arts. The game was released for the PlayStation Store on September 30, 2009.
Gameplay
The gameplay takes place on a grid. The game's characters move at the same time, rather than manipulating each entity individually.
Another feature of the game is called the Zone of Control. The Zone of Control means that if the player's character is next to his opponent's square on the grid, they must stop and fight. By using the Zone of Control, combined with simultaneous movement, the player can trap an enemy unit.
The player eventually gets to control a handful of heroes who progressively get more powerful. These are combined with a number of warriors. The user may play as the Fellowship or the minions of Sauron.
Reception
The Lord of the Rings: Tactics has received scores of 6.5 from GameSpot and 7.7 from IGN.
References
External links
The Lord of the Rings: Tactics official website
Electronic Arts games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
2005 video games
Tactical role-playing video games
Tactics
Video games based on adaptations
Video games developed in the United States |
4022467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumboot%20chiton | Gumboot chiton | The gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), also known as the giant western fiery chiton or giant Pacific chiton, is the largest of the chitons, growing to and capable of reaching a weight of more than . It is found along the shores of the northern Pacific Ocean from Central California to Alaska, across the Aleutian Islands to the Kamchatka Peninsula and south to Japan. It inhabits the lower intertidal and subtidal zones of rocky coastlines. The gumboot chiton's appearance has led some tidepoolers to refer to it, fondly, as the "wandering meatloaf". The name "gumboot chiton" seems to derive from a resemblance to part of a rubber Wellington boot or "gum rubber" boot.
Chitons are molluscs that have eight armored plates (called valves) running in a flexible line down their back. Unlike most chitons, the gumboot's valves are completely hidden by its leathery upper skin or girdle that usually is reddish-brown or brown, but occasionally is orange in color.
Chitons have long arrays of fine teeth that are partially made of magnetite, making its teeth hard enough to scrape algae off rocks. The styli enclosing their teeth contain the mineral santabarbaraite, making the gumboot the first organism known to use this material that was discovered during 2000 in Italy.
Taxonomy
The Latin name Cryptochiton stelleri means Steller's hidden chiton. "Steller" is in honor of the eighteenth-century German zoologist Georg Wilhelm Steller, who first described many species of the northern Pacific seashore. "Hidden" or "concealed" refers to the fact that the eight shelly plates characteristic of chitons are not visible, atypically being totally internal in this genus of chiton. Many taxonomic names for chitons are based on the appearance of their plates or valves, so it is most likely that the "hidden" portion of the name refers to the valves being completely obscured by the gumboot's girdle.
Life
The gumboot chiton's underside is orange or yellow and consists mostly of a large foot similar to that of other molluscs such as snails or slugs, with gills found in grooves running along the outer edge of the foot. The gumboot chiton is found clinging to rocks, moving slowly in search of its primary diet of algae that is scraped off rocks with its rasp-like retractable radula, which are covered with rows of magnetite-tipped teeth. It also eats other marine vegetation such as sea lettuce and giant kelp. A nocturnal creature, the gumboot generally feeds at night and often remains in a hiding place during the day—although on foggy days it may be found exposed in tide pools or on rocks.
The gumboot may live for more than 40 years. Several other animal species have been observed living within the gumboot's gills; the relationship is thought to be commensal: neither harmful nor helpful to the chiton. One researcher found that more than a quarter of gumboots hosted an Arctonoe vittata, a pale yellow scale worm that can grow up to length. Sometimes Opisthopus transversus, a small crab, may be found within the gills of the gumboot.
The gumboot chiton's bony armoring plates, called "butterfly shells" due to their shape, sometimes are found washed up on beaches, as may whole chitons. The gumboot keeps a weaker grip on the rocks that make up its home than most chitons do and therefore, it is not unusual for them to be knocked loose by heavy waves.
Predators
It has few natural predators, the most common being the lurid rocksnail, Paciocinebrina lurida—although the small snail's efforts to consume the chiton generally are limited to the outer mantle only. Sometimes it is reported that the lurid rocksnail is the gumboot chiton's only predator, but others list such animals as the sea star Pisaster ochraceus, some octopus species, and the sea otter as predators upon the gumbooot.
Human use as food
Its flesh is edible and has been used as food by Native Americans, as well as by Russian settlers in Southeast Alaska. However, it generally is not considered palatable, having a texture described as extremely tough and rubbery.
The writers of Between Pacific Tides detailed their culinary assessment of the gumboot: "After one experiment the writers decided to reserve the animals for times of famine; one tough, paper-thin steak was all that could be obtained from a large cryptochiton, and it radiated such a penetrating fishy odor that it was discarded before it reached the frying pan."
References
p. 92
Gumboot chiton, From the Monterey Bay Aquarium Online Field Guide.
Taxonomic data from ITIS, the Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
Notes
References
External links
Acanthochitonidae
Chitons described in 1847
Taxa named by Alexander von Middendorff
Edible molluscs
Seafood in Native American cuisine |
4022490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Borgia | Alexandra Borgia | Alexandra Borgia is a fictional character, played by Annie Parisse, who appeared on the long-running NBC drama series Law & Order from 2005 to 2006. Appearing in a total of 33 episodes, she is the shortest serving Assistant District Attorney (ADA) in the show's history.
Fictional character biography
Borgia first appears in the episode "Fluency", having been appointed by DA Arthur Branch (Fred Thompson) as a replacement for Serena Southerlyn (Elisabeth Röhm). She principally assists Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston), but she also conducts detailed investigations, arraignments and hearings independent of McCoy and Branch. Prior to her last appointment, Borgia was engaged in trying drug cases. She is respected among her colleagues for her intelligence and adroit manner in preparing a case for prosecution. When asked by Detective Joe Fontana (Dennis Farina) if her name is Italian, she replies that it is from Italy, France and Spain and that she has relatives in Venice. She is a Christian and regularly goes to church.
Unlike her predecessor, Borgia often agrees with the decisions of her superiors and follows their directions regardless of her own views. She shares many parallels with Abbie Carmichael (Angie Harmon), including the latter's conservatism and cooperation with the police in developing cases. Borgia also has a penchant for investigative work, a trait shared by Paul Robinette (Richard Brooks), whom she opposes in a case in the Season 16 episode "Birthright".
Borgia has a professional manner, balancing compassion for victims with adherence to legal rules and procedure. This is evident in her dealings with the mother of a victim of faulty influenza vaccine during her first case. The prosecution decides to drop the case among the numerous charges against the defendant, as it is too weak to use. Borgia impulsively promises the mother that the defendant will be severely punished. Although McCoy fulfills that promise by arranging multiple consecutive manslaughter sentences (adding up to 240 years in prison), he orders Borgia to never again make similar promises. Her compassion also helps her to get close to victims' families, as demonstrated when she bonds with a murder victim's son over their shared love of fishing. She is also respectful and polite in her dealings with colleagues. Simultaneously, she is never afraid to engage in heated byplay with defendants and convicts alike to ensure a successful prosecution. Borgia indicates her devout Catholicism as a factor in her belief in the religious transformation of a defendant and in arguing with her superiors, she also highlights her belief in a Christian ideal of forgiveness. Her Catholic background also influences her opposition to torture.
Borgia was the shortest-appearing Assistant District Attorney in the history of the Law & Order franchise, seen only in 33 episodes. In her final episode, while investigating a family's murder, the DA's office focuses on the husband, Frank Andreas (Bruce MacVittie), who is supplying killers with fake DEA badges which they use to commit home invasion robberies. Borgia presses Andreas to give up his accomplices, and is later kidnapped from her own apartment. Her body is subsequently found in the trunk of an abandoned car, bound, brutally beaten and dead of asphyxiation after choking on her own vomit. Outraged, McCoy arranges a sham prosecution to make sure her murderers go to prison for life, skirting legal ethics to the point that he almost faces disbarment and is replaced by a special prosecutor. Borgia's position is filled by Connie Rubirosa (Alana de la Garza) beginning in season 17.
Credits
Parisse is credited in a total of 33 episodes of the Law & Order as Alexandra Borgia.
References
Fictional assistant district attorneys
Fictional lawyers
Law & Order characters
Television characters introduced in 2005
American female characters in television
Fictional murdered people
ja:アレクサンドラ・ボルジア
pt:Alexandra Borgia |
4022495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranji%20H.%20Nagaswami | Ranji H. Nagaswami | Ranji H. Nagaswami was Chief Executive Officer of Hirtle, Callaghan & Co. She has nearly 30 years of distinguished investment and executive management experience in the industry in both the private and public sector. In recent years she served as Operating Partner and Senior Advisor at Corsair Capital, a leading global private equity firm focused on investing in the financial services industry and prior to that worked at Bridgewater Associates, the $130 billion global macro hedge fund and risk-parity strategy pioneer.
Education
Nagaswami earned a Bachelor of Commerce from Bombay University in India, an MBA from the Yale School of Management and is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Charterholder.
Career
From 2010 through to 2012, Nagaswami served as Chief Investment Advisor to Mayor Michael Bloomberg, City of New York for the City's $150 billion Employee Retirement Systems. Prior to joining the public sector, Nagaswami was previously Chief Investment Officer within the Blend Strategies team of AllianceBernstein L.P. She served from 2004 - 2008 as Chief Investment Officer and a member of the Executive Board of AllianceBernstein Investments, the group's retail division. From 2001 until 2004, Nagaswami was a senior portfolio manager of the Bernstein U.S. Value Equities team and a member of the U.S. Value Equities Investment Policy Group. Nagaswami joined Sanford C. Bernstein in 1999. From 1986 to 1999, she was at UBS Asset Management and its predecessor organizations where her last role was Managing Director and Co-Head of U.S. Fixed Income.
Boards
Nagaswami has worked to promote sound investment policy and pension governance reform through public speaking engagements and advisor consultations with institutional investors. Nagaswami is a Visiting Executive Fellow at the Yale School of Management's International Center for Finance and is working to launch the Finance Fellows program within the Aspen Institute's Global Leadership Network.
Nagaswami is a Member of the CFA Institute's Ethics and Standards Advisory Council, the UAW VEBA Medical Benefits Trust Investment Advisory Council, and a Henry Crown Fellow at the Aspen Institute. She was previously a member of the Yale University Investments Committee, the Yale School of Management Advisory Board, Trustee of Greenwich Academy and on the North American Council of Ashoka, a global fellowship of social entrepreneurs.
References
Yale School of Management alumni
American money managers
American businesswomen of Indian descent
American Hindus
University of Mumbai alumni
Living people
CFA charterholders
Henry Crown Fellows
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women |
4022528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andretti%20Autosport | Andretti Autosport | Andretti Autosport is an auto racing team that competes in the IndyCar Series, Indy Lights, Indy Pro 2000, and Formula E. The team also has a 37.5% ownership stake in the Australian Supercars Championship touring car team, Walkinshaw Andretti United and a stake in the Extreme E team, Andretti United. It is headed and owned up by former CART series champion Michael Andretti.
Andretti Autosport has won the Indianapolis 500 five times (2005, 2007, 2014, 2016, 2017) and the IndyCar Series championship four times (2004, 2005, 2007, 2012). The team has won the Indy Lights championship in 2008, 2009, 2018 and 2019 . Additionally the team has won the Global rallycross Championship with Scott Speed in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Scott Speed also won the 2018 Americas Rallycross Championship. In 2019 Tanner Foust won the Americas Rallycross title making it five rallycross titles in five years for the Volkswagen Andretti rallycross team. During the team's early formative years as Team Green, they won both the Indianapolis 500 and CART Championship in 1995.
Andretti Autosport competes in Formula E in Season 8.
CART
The team was founded in 1993 by Barry Green and Gerald Forsythe as Forsythe Green Racing. Forsythe had previously competed in the CART series during the early 1980s under the Forsythe Racing banner and had achieved moderate success.
The new team fielded two Atlantics entries for Claude Bourbonnais and Jacques Villeneuve during the 1993 season. In 1994, the team moved up to the CART series with Villeneuve as the driver. The team scored second place at the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and Villeneuve won one race as a rookie later in the season at Road America.
In 1995, Green and Forsythe parted ways, and Barry Green renamed the outfit Team Green, with his brother Kim Green joining as team manager. The team won the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and 1995 CART championship with driver Jacques Villeneuve. In 1996, the team became known as the Brahma Sports Team for a season, with driver Raul Boesel. In 1997, Parker Johnstone took over the seat, and KOOL cigarettes came on board as the major sponsor. The team became known as Team KOOL Green, and expanded to a two-car effort in 1998 with Paul Tracy and rising star Dario Franchitti. The two stayed on as teammates for five seasons.
In 2001, Michael Andretti joined the organization as a satellite team headed by Kim Green, known as Team Motorola. In addition to running the CART schedule, Andretti entered the 2001 Indianapolis 500. Andretti and Green competed at Indy for the first time after a five-year absence, due to the ongoing open-wheel "split." Andretti won his last race as a driver at the 2002 Grand Prix of Long Beach. During the 2002 season, the team switched from Reynard to Lola chassis due to the former's financial troubles, producing a striking new livery for Franchitti's car to coincide with the change.
In 2002, both Tracy and Franchitti joined Andretti to race at the Indianapolis 500. Due to the MSA, however, primary sponsor KOOL could not appear on the cars, and associate sponsor 7-Eleven was on the sidepods instead. Tracy placed second in a highly controversial finish. The team protested the results, and a lengthy and contentious appeals process dragged on into the summer. Ultimately, Green lost the appeal, to considerable disappointment and at considerable expense.
IndyCar Series
Andretti Green Racing
After major problems in CART surfaced, Andretti, who had purchased a majority interest in the team, switched the newly renamed Andretti Green Racing in 2003 to the rival IndyCar Series. Tracy left the team to stay in the Champ Car World Series, with Tony Kanaan joining Franchitti and Andretti. Andretti retired after the 2003 Indianapolis 500, and Dan Wheldon took his place.
AGR ran four cars since the beginning of 2004, with Bryan Herta behind the wheel of the additional car. At the 2005 Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, AGR had all 4 drivers finishing 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th; Wheldon led home Kanaan, Franchitti, and Herta to round out the top 4. Kanaan and Wheldon won consecutive IndyCar Series Championships in 2004 and 2005, with Wheldon winning the 2005 Indianapolis 500. Andretti referred to the win as his very own, as good as if he had won it as a driver, because of the nuances of car ownership and building his team.
Wheldon's championship was his only one before free agency, and joining Target Chip Ganassi Racing in 2006. He was replaced by Michael's son, Marco Andretti. Michael Andretti came out of retirement to qualify for the 2006 Indianapolis 500 to race with his son. The Andrettis finished second and third in "the 500" with Marco being passed just before the finish by Sam Hornish, Jr. in the second-closest finish in race history. From 2001 to 2010, the team had seen at least one of their drivers finish within the top three at the race.
It was announced on July 25, 2006, that Danica Patrick would join the team for the 2007 IndyCar Series season to replace Herta, who was being transferred to AGR's new American Le Mans Series Acura LMP2 effort.
In October 2007, after winning the 2007 Indianapolis 500 and 2007 Indy Racing League championship, Franchitti announced his departure from the team to pursue a full-time career in the NASCAR Sprint Cup with Chip Ganassi Racing. Later that month, Hideki Mutoh was announced as his replacement in the 27 car. Mutoh was the runner-up in the 2007 Indy Pro Series season.
The 2008 IndyCar driver lineup returned to the team in 2009. However, for the first time since 2003, the team failed to win a race. Danica Patrick was the team's leading driver finishing 5th in points. Kanaan finished 6th with three podium finishes. The team repeated their Indy Lights championship, this time with American driver J. R. Hildebrand.
On September 25, 2009, the Indianapolis Star reported that Danica Patrick had signed a contract to stay with Andretti Green and the IndyCar Series through 2012.
Andretti Autosport
On November 24, 2009, Andretti Green Racing announced that the team restructuring was complete, and the team would be renamed Andretti Autosport with Michael Andretti as the sole owner.
2010
It was announced on January 4, 2010, that Ryan Hunter-Reay would join the team, replacing Hideki Mutoh. Hunter-Reay earned the team its first victory since 2008 by winning the Grand Prix of Long Beach. Kanaan picked up the team's second win of the season at Iowa. Kanaan and Hunter-Reay led the team in the points standings, finishing 6th and 7th.
Following the 2010 season, veteran driver Tony Kanaan was released from the team due to the lack of sponsorship. Kanaan later signed with KV Racing Technology. It was announced that the team's other three drivers – Hunter-Reay, Andretti, and Patrick – would return for the 2011 season. Hunter-Reay was signed to a two-year contract through 2012.
2011
The 2011 season marked a return to the victory circle for Andretti Autosport, with Mike Conway winning at Long Beach, Marco Andretti ending a personal 79 race winless drought with his second career win at Iowa, and Ryan Hunter-Reay winning at New Hampshire. Disaster struck at Indianapolis when Mike Conway failed to qualify and Marco Andretti was forced to bump teammate Ryan Hunter-Reay from the final spot in the field, forcing Michael Andretti to purchase the already qualified spot of A. J. Foyt Enterprises driver Bruno Junqueira to meet Hunter-Reay's sponsorship commitments.
In August 2011, Danica Patrick announced her departure from the IndyCar Series to move to NASCAR for the 2012 season; Patrick ran a full-schedule of Nationwide Series events and a limited schedule in the Sprint Cup Series.
At the completion of the 2011 season, Dan Wheldon was due to sign a contract to return to the team in 2012 in the car vacated by Patrick. He was killed in an accident during the season-ending 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship, leaving the future of the #7 GoDaddy team uncertain. In January it was announced that 2011 IndyCar rookie of the year James Hinchcliffe would drive the GoDaddy car renumbered to #27.
2012
In 2012, rumors started that Andretti Autosport would expand to NASCAR's Sprint Cup Series competition in 2013. Jayski's Silly Season Site stated that Andretti Autosport would field a single-car team in the Cup Series in 2013 with Dodge as the manufacturer. Two days later, Dodge reported that there was no deal with Andretti or any team for the 2013 Season. In addition to Patrick being replaced by Hinchcliffe, Mike Conway was not brought back for the 2012 season, leaving the team with three full-time cars. Two additional drivers, Sebastián Saavedra and Ana Beatriz were signed for three and two races respectively, including the Indy 500. With Honda no longer the sole engine supplier for the series, a deal was reached with Chevrolet to provide engines for the team. The team's three drivers qualified second, third, and fourth for the 500, however, the race itself proved a disappointment with only Hinchcliffe completing the full 200 laps, finishing sixth. The eighth race of the season at the Milwaukee Mile would be won by Hunter-Reay, his third podium finish of the year. Hunter-Reay would go on to win three races in a row, adding victories at Iowa and Toronto. A fourth victory in the penultimate race of the season at Baltimore left Hunter-Reay as the only challenger to Will Power for the series championship. Power, whose title had seemed inevitable after dominating the road and street courses early in the season, still had a 17-point lead. On lap 66 of the final race of the season at Fontana, with Power and Hunter-Reay racing side by side, Power spun, narrowly missing Hunter-Reay's car, and went hard into the outer wall. Hunter-Reay would finish in fourth to win the championship.
2013
The three main drivers for the team, Andretti, Hunter-Reay, and Hinchcliffe, all returned for 2013. In addition, E. J. Viso was added as a fourth car for the season, in conjunction with HVM Racing. Rookie driver Carlos Muñoz would also drive an entry for the team in the Indy 500. Muñoz and Zach Veach would be the team's drivers in the lower level Indy Lights series. Andretti would also have entries in the Pro Mazda Championship and the U.S. F2000 National Championship, the feeder series to IndyCar (the "Road to Indy"). The season started strong as Hinchcliffe won the season's first race, the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, his first IndyCar Series victory. In the second race, the Grand Prix of Alabama, Hinchcliffe suffered a breakdown and would be stuck on the side for most of the race watching teammate Hunter-Reay go on to victory to make the team two for two. The streak broke in week three, with both Hinchcliffe and Hunter-Reay exiting the race early. High and low would go on to be a theme for the team that season. Hinchcliffe would go on to win two more races, but a variety of mechanical problems would see him finish the year eighth. Hunter-Reay would have a similar season, winning two races but finishing the season a disappointing seventh following his 2012 championship. Conversely, Andretti would stay near the top of the standings for most of the season after starting by finishing no worse than 7th in seven of his first eight races, but after two early third-place finishes, he would not see the podium the remainder of the year and finished the season in 5th place. Viso, meanwhile who came into the team with a reputation for being involved in collisions, showed flashes of success, including a fourth-place finish at Milwaukee, but had only two top-ten finishes, a fifth and a ninth, in his final eight races, before dropping out of the season finale stating he had food poisoning. He was replaced for the race by Carlos Muñoz. Muñoz provided a thrill for the team in the Indy 500, taking second place in his first-ever start in the IndyCar series.
2014
Andretti, Hunter-Reay, and Hinchcliffe were once again signed as primary drivers and the team once again began running with full-works Honda power, although GoDaddy dropped their IndyCar sponsorship program and was replaced on the Hinchcliffe car by United Fiber & Data. Viso was not brought back, with Muñoz taking over as the driver of the fourth full-time car. In the 2014 Indianapolis 500, the team fielded a fifth car for NASCAR driver Kurt Busch, who attempted Double Duty. Busch and three of the four full-time Andretti Autosport drivers finished the Indianapolis 500 in the top six, including Hunter-Reay, who won the race. (The only exception was Hinchcliffe, who crashed with 25 laps to go while fighting for 2nd position.). However, Busch, who finished in 6th on the lead-lap, fell short of completing all 1,100 miles for Double Duty when his engine expired on lap 274 of the 2014 Coca-Cola 600.
2015
Andretti fielded a three-car full season effort in 2015 with Marco Andretti, Ryan Hunter-Reay, and Carlos Muñoz. Additionally, Simona de Silvestro, Justin Wilson, and Oriol Servia each joined for races throughout the season. Andretti moved from the 25 team to the 27 team, in light of James Hinchcliffe's departure after 2014. Muñoz's team was renumbered from 34 to 26, while the 25 team fielded de Silvestro, Wilson, and Servia. 2015 saw the debut of the 29 team, where it was the 5th Andretti entry at Indianapolis - de Silvestro was the driver. Andretti claimed two podiums, en route to a 9th place finish in the standings. Hunter-Reay saw a tepid start to 2015, with only 3 top-10 finishes and a best finish of 5th through the first 11 races. However, the 28 team was able to rebound to 6th in the standings after two wins in the final four races. Muñoz claimed his first and only win in IndyCar at Race 1 of the Detroit double-header. However, his worst finish to date at Indianapolis saw him finish 13th in the final standings.
IndyCar champions
Indianapolis 500 victories
Formula One
On 18 February 2022, Mario Andretti announced that his son, Michael, had filed an application with the FIA, Formula One’s governing body, to enter Andretti Global in 2024. A week later Mario Andretti confirmed that they have a principle agreement with Renault to become an engine supplier of the team.
American Le Mans Series
In 2006, it was announced that AGR was selected by Honda Performance Development to be one of the official works teams for the new Acura LMP program in the American Le Mans Series. The team worked with Highcroft Racing on the development of the Courage LC75 chassis. The team debuted the newly renamed Acura ARX-01 at the 2007 12 Hours of Sebring. The AGR team finished second overall, and took the maiden LMP2 win for Acura with drivers Dario Franchitti, Marino Franchitti, Bryan Herta, and Tony Kanaan. However, during the remainder of the season, the Porsche RS Spyders of Penske Racing regularly outpaced the Acuras. The team finished the season 5th in the LMP2 Teams' Championship.
For the 2008 season, the car was driven full-time by Herta and Christian Fittipaldi and occasionally driven by Kanaan at select longer distance events. the 2008 season saw fierce battles between the newly updated Acura ARX-01b, Porsche RS Spyders and the LMP1 Audi R10s. AGR claimed an overall victory at the Detroit race and finished the season with a class victory in the final race at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. The team finished the season 4th in the Teams' Championship.
Acura discontinued its relationship with the team for the 2009 season due to mixed results. The team did not compete in 2009.
U.S. F2000 National Championship
Andretti Autosport announced on March 4, 2010, that they would begin competing in the U.S. F2000 National Championship when they signed Sage Karam. The team was looking for a teammate for Karam and announced on March 26, 2010, that they had signed Zach Veach to join him. The two have been very active on and off the racetrack. Karam won the 2010 points championship, Veach had 10 top-five finishes despite missing two events and the team secured the team championship for the 2010 season. Off the track, Karam has spoken at Operation Smile and Veach is working with Oprah Winfrey's No Phone Zone and FocusDriven as a spokesKID for both.
Supercars Championship
In 2018, Andretti Autosport entered the Australian Supercars Championship after purchasing a 37.5% shareholding in Walkinshaw Andretti United.
Drivers
CART (1994–2002)
Jacques Villeneuve (1994–1995)
Raul Boesel (1996)
Parker Johnstone (1997)
Dario Franchitti (1998–2002)
Paul Tracy (1998–2002)
Michael Andretti (2001–2002)
IndyCar Series (2001–present)
Michael Andretti (2001–2003, 2006–07)
Dario Franchitti (2002–2007)
Paul Tracy (2002)
Tony Kanaan (2003–2010)
Robby Gordon (2003)
Bryan Herta (2003–2006)
Dan Wheldon (2003–2005)
A. J. Foyt IV (2006)
Marco Andretti (2006–present)
Danica Patrick (2007–2011)
Hideki Mutoh (2008–2009)
Franck Montagny (2009)
Ryan Hunter-Reay (2010–2021)
Adam Carroll (2010)
John Andretti (2010-2011)
Mike Conway (2011)
James Hinchcliffe (2012–2014, 2020–2021)
E. J. Viso (2013)
Carlos Muñoz (2013–2016)
Kurt Busch (2014)
Simona de Silvestro (2015)
Justin Wilson (2015)
Alexander Rossi (2016–present)
Takuma Sato (2017)
Fernando Alonso (2017)
Jack Harvey (2017)
Zach Veach (2018–2020)
Colton Herta (2020–present)
Romain Grosjean (2022)
Devlin DeFrancesco (2022)
ALMS (2007–2008)
Dario Franchitti (2007)
Marino Franchitti (2007)
Bryan Herta (2007–2008)
Tony Kanaan (2007–2008)
Christian Fittipaldi (2008)
Marco Andretti (2008)
Franck Montagny (2008)
James Rossiter (2008)
Raphael Matos (2008)
A1GP (2008–2009)
Charlie Kimball (2008)
Marco Andretti (2008–2009)
Adam Carroll (2008–2009)
J. R. Hildebrand (2008–2009)
Indy Lights (2008–present)
Arie Luyendyk, Jr. (2008)
Raphael Matos (2008)
J. R. Hildebrand (2009)
Charlie Kimball (2010)
Martin Plowman (2010)
Stefan Wilson (2011)
James Winslow (2011)
Peter Dempsey (2011)
Sebastián Saavedra (2009, 2012)
Carlos Muñoz (2012–2013)
Sage Karam (2013)
Zach Veach (2013–2014)
Matthew Brabham (2014–2015)
Shelby Blackstock (2015–2016)
Dalton Kellett (2016–2018)
Dean Stoneman (2016)
Colton Herta (2017—2018)
Ryan Norman (2017—2019)
Nico Jamin (2017)
Patricio O'Ward (2018)
Jarett Andretti (2019)
Oliver Askew (2019)
Robert Megennis (2019—present)
Devlin DeFrancesco (2021)
Danial Frost (2021—present)
Kyle Kirkwood (2021—present)
Star Mazda Championship / Pro Mazda Championship / Indy Pro 2000 Championship (2011–2015, 2020—present)
Sage Karam (2011–2012)
Zach Veach (2011–2012)
Shelby Blackstock (2013–2014)
Matthew Brabham (2013)
Garett Grist (2014)
Weiron Tan (2015)
Dalton Kellett (2015)
Devlin DeFrancesco (2020)
Enzo Fittipaldi (2021—present)
USF2000 (2010–2013)
Sage Karam (2010)
Zach Veach (2010–2011)
Spencer Pigot (2011)
Thomas McGregor (2012)
Shelby Blackstock (2012)
Austin Cindric (2013)
Luca Forgeois (2013)
Garett Grist (2013)
Red Bull Global Rallycross (2014–2018)
Tanner Foust (2014–2018)
Scott Speed (2014–2018)
Formula E (2014–present)
Franck Montagny (2014)
Charles Pic (2014)
Matthew Brabham (2014)
Jean-Éric Vergne (2014–2015)
Marco Andretti (2015)
Scott Speed (2015)
Justin Wilson (2015)
Simona de Silvestro (2015–2016)
Robin Frijns (2015–2017)
António Félix da Costa (2016–2019)
Alexander Sims (2017–2020)
Kamui Kobayashi (2017)
Tom Blomqvist (2018)
Maximilian Günther (2019–2021)
Jake Dennis (2020–present)
Oliver Askew (2021–present)
Americas Rallycross (2018–2019)
Scott Speed (2018)
Cabot Bigham (2019)
Tanner Foust (2018–2019)
Formula Regional Americas (2020)
Danial Frost (2020)
Extreme E (2021–present)
Catie Munnings
Timmy Hansen
Racing results
Indy Car World Series/CART
(key)
The Firestone Firehawk 600 was canceled after qualifying due to excessive g-forces on the drivers.
Indy Racing League/IndyCar Series
(key)
* Season still in progress
Non-points-paying, exhibition race.
The final race at Las Vegas was canceled due to Dan Wheldon's death.
In conjunction with AFS Racing.
In conjunction with Conquest Racing.
In conjunction with Bryan Herta Autosport and Curb-Agajanian.
In conjunction with McLaren-Honda.
In conjunction with Michael Shank Racing.
In conjunction with Bryan Herta Autosport with Marco Andretti and Curb-Agajanian
IndyCar wins
Infiniti Pro Series/Indy Pro Series/Indy Lights
(key)
In conjunction with Steinbrenner Racing.
Star Mazda/Pro Mazda Championship
(key)
U.S. F2000 National Championship
(key)
Formula E
(key)
Notes
– In the inaugural season, all teams were supplied with a spec powertrain by McLaren.
– The team opted to revert to the previous McLaren motor used in the inaugural season.
– Kobayashi, a Japanese driver, raced under a Monégasque license.
† – Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
Global RallyCross Championship
(key)
Complete Extreme E results
(key)
References
External links
Andretti purchases majority interest of Team Green
IndyCar Team Profile
IndyCar Series teams
American auto racing teams
American Le Mans Series teams
Champ Car teams
A1 Grand Prix racing teams
Indy Lights teams
Formula E teams
Global RallyCross Championship teams
Auto racing teams established in 1993 |
4022530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20N.%20Parsley%20Jr. | Henry N. Parsley Jr. | Henry Nutt Parsley, Jr. (born October 29, 1948) is an American prelate of the Episcopal Church and the retired tenth Bishop of Alabama, and the former Provisional Bishop of the Diocese of Easton. Parsley is also a former Chancellor of the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. He now resides in Wilmington, North Carolina and attends St. James Parish in Wilmington.
In January 2006, Parsley was nominated for Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, and came in second in balloting to Katharine Jefferts Schori during voting at the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in Columbus, Ohio.
Early life and education
Henry Nutt Parsley, Jr. was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1948, son of Henry Nutt Parsley, Sr., an Episcopal priest, and his wife Barbara. He is the grandnephew of Eliza Hall Nutt Parsley. Parsley attended the Porter-Gaud School, an Episcopal college preparatory school in Charleston, South Carolina. He received his undergraduate education in English literature at the University of the South (magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, 1970), and his Master of Divinity from The General Theological Seminary (1973). He has studied at Oxford University in the areas of spirituality and soteriology, and received honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees from both the University of the South (1998) and The General Theological Seminary (1998).
Ministry
Parsley served in a number of parish churches in South Carolina and North Carolina and was for five years headmaster of a parochial school. Parsley served as President of the Standing Committee and on the Board of Porter-Gaud School. His last parochial assignment was as rector of Christ Church, Charlotte, North Carolina (1986-1996). While rector of Christ Church he chaired the AIDS Committee of the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina, served on the diocesan Council, and on the Program Committee of Kanuga Conferences.
Parsley served as Bishop Coadjutor of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama for two years (1996-1998), before becoming diocesan bishop in 1999. He served as the tenth Bishop of Alabama from 1999 to 2012, during which time he oversaw a diocese, encompassing the northern two-thirds of the state, comprising 92 parishes, eight campus ministries, and several institutions, that serves over 35,000 Episcopalians. During his episcopate, the Alabama diocese was unusual in that it continued to grow in membership, unlike most of the rest of the Episcopal Church, and maintained a strong cohesiveness, with some exceptions, in the face of mounting controversies roiling the denomination over human sexuality and differing interpretations of the Christian faith. Parsley was a member of the international board of the Colleges and Universities of the Anglican Communion from 2004 to 2014.
In January 2006, he was nominated for Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, coming in second to Katharine Jefferts-Shori, then Bishop of Nevada, during the General Convention of the Episcopal Church held that summer in Columbus, Ohio. On February 12, 2010, during his address at the 179th annual convention of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama, Parsley announced his plan to retire as diocesan bishop. John McKee Sloan, eleventh Bishop of Alabama, who was elected as Bishop Suffragan of Alabama in the summer of 2007 and consecrated in 2008, was installed as the current diocesan bishop on January 7, 2012.
Parsley served his undergraduate alma mater as Chancellor of the University of the South (the titular head of the institution), as well as on the board of trustees and on the Board of Regents. He has preached on the Protestant Hour (now Day 1) and was active in many outreach ministries of the Episcopal Church, including serving on the Board of the Presiding Bishops Fund for World Relief (now Episcopal Relief & Development). He served as a clerical deputy to the General Convention in 1982, 1985, 1994, and thereafter in the House of Bishops from 1997 forward. Parsley attended two Lambeth Conferences, in 1998 and 2008, serving on the section that addressed human sexuality in 2008 and preaching at St Paul's Cathedral, London during the conference.
Known as a moderate in the wider Church, Parsley was highly respected among his peers in the House of Bishops, where he served as Chair of the Theology Committee, and was a member of the Planning Committee. He chaired the Standing Commission on Stewardship and Development from 1998 and the Church Pension Fund's Abundance Committee from 2001.
In May 2014, a convention of the Episcopal Diocese of Easton elected Parsley as Provisional Bishop to succeed their retiring bishop, James Shand. A special convention to formally elect him as Bishop Provisional for the Episcopal Diocese of Easton was held on June 16, 2014, and he was formally installed a month later. He served until a new Bishop of Easton was elected in 2016.
Parsley currently serves on the Board of The Ayres Center for Spiritual Development at St. Mary's, Sewanee.
Parsley is the 923rd bishop in the American Succession of the Episcopal Church.
In January 2020 he became a visiting bishop for the Diocese of South Carolina serving until the election of a new bishop for the diocese in 2021.
Personal and Family Life
He has been married to the former Rebecca Knox Allison (Becky) since 1970 and they reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. They are the parents of Henry Nutt Parsley III. The younger Parsley and his wife work in management for the Broadway theatre, currently with the show Hamilton on tour.
References
External links
The Episcopal Diocese of Alabama official website
Henry Parsley at BhamWiki.com
1948 births
Living people
People from Memphis, Tennessee
Religious leaders from Birmingham, Alabama
Episcopal bishops of Alabama
Sewanee: The University of the South alumni
General Theological Seminary alumni
Sewanee: The University of the South faculty
Religious leaders from Tennessee
21st-century Anglican bishops in the United States
Episcopal bishops of Easton
Henry |
4022545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Kr%C3%BCger | Bernhard Krüger |
Bernhard Krüger (; 26 November 1904 – 3 January 1989) was a member of the NSDAP, SS Sturmbannführer (Major) during World War II, and leader of the Department VI F 4a, part of the SD-foreign branch in the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA).
This office of the Nazi Party Security Service (SD) was responsible for, among other things, falsifying passports and documents. Within the setting of Operation Bernhard, the SD forged pound notes in great numbers, funding Nazi Germany with £600 million in high-quality counterfeit currency (worth approx. $6 billion 2009). This counterfeiting operation was named after Krüger, who led the operation from a segregated factory built at Sachsenhausen concentration camp, manned by 142 Jewish inmates.
The pound counterfeiting operation ended in 1944. However Krüger succeeded in establishing a new operation to forge American dollar notes. In May 1945 his team of prisoners were transferred to Ebensee concentration camp in Austria where they were liberated.
One of the forgers, Adolf Burger survived the war and stated that "Major Krüger was in no way like Oskar Schindler. He was a murderer just like everyone else, six weeks before the war ended he had six people shot just because they were sick. He couldn't send them to hospital in case they said something about the operation, so he killed them."
After the war, Major Krüger was detained by the British for two years, then turned over to the French for a year forging documents for them. He was released in 1948 without any charges being pressed, and returned to Germany. In the 1950s, he went before a denazification court, where inmates under his charge at Sachsenhausen provided statements that resulted in his acquittal. He eventually worked for the company that had produced the special paper for the Operation Bernhard forgeries. He died in 1989.
In popular culture
German actor Devid Striesow portrays the character Sturmbannführer Herzog in the movie Die Fälscher ("The Counterfeiters", 2007). Sturmbannführer Herzog is based on the real Bernhard Krüger.
References
Notes
Further reading
Bloom, Murray Teigh (1983) The Brotherhood of Money. Port Clinton, Ohio: BNR Press.
External links
Bernhard Krüger's photo. Axis History Forum.
1904 births
1989 deaths
SS-Sturmbannführer
German counterfeiters
Reich Security Main Office personnel |
4022565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras%20Atomic%20Power%20Station | Madras Atomic Power Station | Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) located at Kalpakkam about south of Chennai, India, is a comprehensive nuclear power production, fuel reprocessing, and waste treatment facility that includes plutonium fuel fabrication for fast breeder reactors (FBRs). It is also India's first fully indigenously constructed nuclear power station, with two units each generating 220 MW of electricity. The first and second units of the station went critical in 1983 and 1985, respectively. The station has reactors housed in a reactor building with double shell containment improving protection also in the case of a loss-of-coolant accident. An Interim Storage Facility (ISF) is also located in Kalpakkam.
The facility is also home to India's first large scale fast breeder reactor of 500 MWe called the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor operated by BHAVINI and will also be the site of first two FBR-600 commercial fast breeder reactors.
History
During its construction, a total of 3.8 lakh (380,000) railway sleeper (logs) were brought from all over India to lift the 180 ton critical equipment in the first unit, due to lack of proper infrastructure and handling equipment.
the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) was in its final construction stage, and was expected to reach criticality in March 2017 with 500 MW of electricity production.
The following month the loading of the 1750 ton liquid sodium coolant were expected to happen in four to five months, with sources in the Department of Atomic Energy reporting that criticality would likely be reached only around May 2017.
Reactors
The facility houses two indigenously built Pressurised Heavy-Water Reactors (PHWRs), MAPS-1 and MAPS-2 designed to produce 235 MW of electricity each. MAPS-1 was completed in 1981, but start-up was delayed due to a shortage of heavy water. After procuring the necessary heavy water, MAPS-1 went critical in 1983 and began operating at full power on 27 January 1984. MAPS-2 obtained criticality in 1985 and began full power operations on 21 March 1986.
With India not being a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons the reactors have since 1985 been delivering their spent fuel to the nuclear reprocessing plant at Tarapur, providing the country with unsafeguarded plutonium.
A beachhead at Kalpakkam also hosts India's first indigenous Pressurised (light) water reactor (PWR). The 80 MW reactor was developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) as the land-based prototype of the nuclear power unit for India's nuclear submarines. This unit does not come under MAPS.
Units
Incidents
The reactors' coolant pipes have been plagued by vibrations and cracking with substantial cracking in the reactor coolant system. This cracking has led to the discovery of Zircaloy pieces in a moderator pump, requiring the power generation to be lowered to 170 MW.
On 26 March 1999 large amounts of heavy water spilled at MAPS-2, exposing seven technicians to heavy doses of radiation.
See also
List of power stations in India
Nuclear power in India
References
External links
Nuclear power Corporation of India Ltd
Plants Under Operation: Madras Atomic Power Station
NTI India Profile
Nuclear reprocessing sites
Nuclear power stations in Tamil Nadu
Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction
Buildings and structures in Kanchipuram district
Power plants in Chennai
Civilian nuclear power accidents
1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu |
4022566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Tower%20Hamburgers | White Tower Hamburgers | White Tower Hamburgers was a fast food restaurant chain that was founded in 1926 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. With its similar white fortress-like buildings and menu it is considered to be an imitator of White Castle chain that was founded in 1921. The chain was successful and expanded to other cities, including Chicago, Indianapolis, Cleveland, Dayton, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, New York City, Albany, Boston, Richmond, Virginia, and as far south as Sarasota, Florida. During the Great Depression, White Tower sold hamburgers for five cents. The whiteness of the restaurant was meant among other things to evoke the notion of hygienic conditions, and the chain had staff dressed as nurses, dubbed the "Towerettes," to help make this argument.
At its peak in the 1950s there were 230 White Tower locations. The chain began a slow decline. The last location, in Toledo, Ohio, is still open and operational.
History
John E. Saxe and Thomas E. Saxe started White Tower Hamburgers after investigating various White Castle locations, observing operations and hiring a White Castle operator. The first location opened near Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. By the end of 1927, there were six locations in Milwaukee and Racine, Wisconsin. In 1929, White Tower put 30 locations in Detroit alone. Despite the Depression, White Tower expanded to 130 locations. White Tower placed many of its restaurants near train and trolley stops.
Lawsuit
In 1929, White Castle sued White Tower in Minnesota for unfair competition and White Tower counter-sued in Michigan as White Tower had arrived in Michigan first. The Minnesota case ended in 1930 in favor of White Castle, forcing White Tower to end its use of similar building designs, slogans and name along with a $82,000 judgment. The Michigan case dragged on until 1934, revealing the hiring away of a White Castle location operator and photographing of the latest White Castle to keep up on design. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit later affirmed the lower court's rulings that they had copied White Castle deliberately. White Castle refrained from forcing a name change for White Tower but did require new locations to pay a royalty fee, and to send photos of the locations. Having to change its look, White Tower first used an art deco, then modernistic designs. Territorially, White Tower and White Castle stayed away from each other from then on.
Peak and decline
In 1941, White Tower Management Corporation moved its headquarters to Six Suburban Ave., Stamford, Connecticut. At its peak in the mid-1950s, the chain had 230 stores in several states. It tested the "Tower-O-Matic" automated restaurant in the 1950s and 60s with little success. It also attempted a sit-down restaurant called Marbett's. Many later suburban White Tower restaurants featured curb service with car hops.
Brock Saxe took over as president of White Tower Management Corporation in 1970 from his father, T. E. Saxe, when he retired. Brock changed the name of White Tower Corporation to Tombrock Corporation on the corporation's 50th anniversary as it also owns a chain of steakhouses called Brock's. With the migration of people to the suburbs and most of the White Tower locations in the city, by 1979 only 80 Tombrock Corporation-owned locations remained. Tombrock Corporation branched out into franchising Burger Kings and Golden Skillet Chicken. Today, Tombrock Corporation, having exited the restaurant business as an operator, is a real estate investment and management company based in New Canaan, Connecticut. The company's trademark expired in 2005.
See also
White Castle
Fast food
References
Stamford, Ct-True facts-1977 Stamford
External links
Model of a White Tower restaurant
White Tower and Marbetts
Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1926
Restaurants in Wisconsin
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Defunct restaurant chains in the United States
1926 establishments in Wisconsin
Defunct companies based in Milwaukee |
4022572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Jerusalem | One Jerusalem | One Jerusalem is an organisation with the stated mission of "maintaining a united Jerusalem as the undivided capital of Israel". It was founded as a response to the Oslo Peace Process, specifically, out of a concern that the settlement might lead to Palestinian sovereignty over Jerusalem's Temple Mount or Noble Sanctuary.
Chaired by former Deputy Prime Minister Natan Sharansky, the organisation is entirely publicly funded. One Jerusalem's website describes its activities as follows: "One Jerusalem organizes, educates and rallies supporters in Israel and all democratic countries, so that we can educate elected government officials".
An inaugural rally organised by One Jerusalem in January 2001 to protest the proposal of Palestinian sovereignty over the Temple Mount attracted a crowd variously described as thousands (CNN Report 2001-01-08), 100,000 (Israeli TV reports via CNN) and 400,000 (One Jerusalem).
One Jerusalem has over 100,000 members from across the globe.
Founding Members
David Bar-Illan, Rabbi Chaskel Besser, The Baroness Cox, Dore Gold, Emil L. Fackenheim, Douglas Feith, David Horowitz, Jean Kahn, Yechiel Leiter, Jackie Mason, Nancy Montgomery, Libby Pataki, Eli Pollack, Tom Rose, Natan Sharansky, Michael Siegal, Ron Silver, David P. Steinmann
References
External links
One Jerusalem Official Homepage
One Jerusalem in Hebrew
Organizations based in Jerusalem
Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Jewish political organizations
Political organizations based in Israel |
4022582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20L.%20Simon | John L. Simon | John L. Simon, better known as Jack Simon, is an American national swimming coach and former president of the American Swimming Coaches Association (ASCA). Now semi-retired, Simon is coaching swimming in Malaysia.
Swimmers coached by Simon
Joe Hudepohl, U.S. Olympian
Paul Hartloff, U.S. Olympian
Bruce Stahl, World Record Holder
Anne Tweedy, American Record Holder, National Champion
Patty Gavin, American Record Holder, National Champion
Libby Kinkead, U.S. Olympian, National Champion
Lauren Costella, National Champion
Blaise Mathews, Junior National Champion
Chris Craft, Junior National Champion
Justin Barber, Junior National Champion
US Teams Coached by Simon
Santa Barbara Swim Club
Cincnnati Marlins
Foxcatcher
Carson Tiger Sharks
Simon led two teams (West Chester and Cincinnati Marlins) to top-three finishes at U.S nationals while accumulating numerous other national championships at West Chester and Foxcatcher and age group levels.
References
Chow, Tan Sin. "Coach wants Penang to regain past glory", Malaysia Sport, February 6, 2006.
"So Who is Jack Simon", 2005 Pacific Swim Coaches Clinic, ASCA, January 6–9, 2005.
Mitchel Stott. "Lessons with Legends, Jack Simon, "Swimming World", June 2018.
External links
"Coach Jack Simon's Spine Surgery is a Success", Swimming World Magazine, January 15, 2006.
American Swimming Coaches Association
American swimming coaches
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4022586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita%20Recordings | Wichita Recordings | Wichita Recordings is an independent record label located in London, founded in 2000 by Mark Bowen and Dick Green. Its most notable signees include Bloc Party, The Cribs, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Bright Eyes, My Morning Jacket, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Best Coast, Los Campesinos! and Peter Bjorn and John. The label signed Clap Your Hands Say Yeah for a UK distribution deal for the group's debut album. They also signed the UK producers Simian Mobile Disco for the UK.
The label's first release was the Bright Eyes album Fevers and Mirrors, released in 2000.
Wichita Management runs alongside the label, and currently represents Gold Panda, Brolin, Shannon And The Clams, Open Mike Eagle, Cloud Nothings, Dan Tombs, Luke Abbott, Frankie & The Heartstrings, Peggy Sue, Star Slinger, Dam Mantle and Theo Verney.
2015 saw Wichita Recordings celebrate 15 years as a label, and have released new music from FIDLAR, Cheatahs, Meg Baird, Frankie & The Heartstrings, Girlpool, Waxahatchee and Total Babes.
2016 releases included Globelamp's debut LP The Orange Glow, Mothers' debut LP When You Walk A Long Distance You Are Tired, and the debut from Oscar, Cut and Paste.
Current artists
Cheatahs
Cloud Nothings
Espers
Euros Childs
FIDLAR
Frankie & The Heartstrings
Girlpool
Gold Panda
Greg Weeks
Indoor Pets
Los Campesinos!
Lovvers
Meg Baird
Mothers
Oscar
Peggy Sue
Ride
Slow Club
Swearin'
Total Babes
Waxahatchee
Young Legionnaire
Former artists
Best Coast
Bloc Party
The Blood Brothers
Bright Eyes
The Bumblebeez
The Bronx
Canyon
Cate Le Bon
Conor Oberst
Brave Captain
Clap Your Hands Say Yeah
The Cribs
Desaparecidos
The Dodos
The Drips
Elastica
First Aid Kit
Giant Drag
Globelamp
Her Space Holiday
Kele
Kid606
Les Savy Fav
Lissy Trullie
My Morning Jacket
Northern State
The Pattern
Penfold Plum
Peter Bjorn and John
Peter Morén
Ruby
Saul Williams
Simian Mobile Disco
Sky Larkin
Spectrals
Those Dancing Days
Times New Viking
Wauvenfold
Weevil
Wild Flag
Yeah Yeah Yeahs
See also
:Category:Wichita Recordings albums
List of record labels
List of independent UK record labels
References
External links
Interview with founder Mark Bowen, HitQuarters September 2006
Smooth operators. The Guardian.
Wichita Recordings. Remix.
Declarations of independents. Music Week.
British independent record labels
Alternative rock record labels |
4022587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85fjorden | Åfjorden | The Åfjorden (or sometimes just Åfjord) is a fjord in Trøndelag county, Norway. The long fjord lies inside the municipality of Åfjord. The municipal center of Åfjord, Årnes, lies at the head of the fjord. The Åfjorden flows into the Lauvøyfjorden between the village of Lysøysundet and the island of Lauvøya, and then it flows out into the ocean.
References
Åfjord
Fjords of Trøndelag |
4022590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Chain%20of%20Rocks%20Bridge | New Chain of Rocks Bridge | The New Chain of Rocks Bridge is a pair of bridges across the Mississippi River on the north edge of St. Louis, Missouri. It was constructed in 1966 to bypass the Chain of Rocks Bridge immediately to the south. It originally carried traffic for Bypass US 66 and currently carries traffic for Interstate 270. The bridge opened to traffic on September 2, 1966.
The original Chain of Rocks Bridge was a narrow bridge with a 22 degree bend midway over the river. Reportedly, two tractor-trailers could not pass each other on that bridge. The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) marks Historic Route 66 over the New Chain of Rocks Bridge (with a "Spur historic route" to the original), but it is only considered a way to make the route continuous.
History
In 1959, proposals first surfaced of a new bridge just to the north of the existing bridge at Chain of Rocks. One of the major opponents to the proposal was Madison mayor Stephen Maeras, as his city owned the existing Chain of Rocks Bridge that was a toll bridge. The proposed 21 feet above the 1844 high-water mark also brought opponents asking the Corps of Engineers to reject the application.
The construction was riddled by various labor and political problems. A death threat to kill a construction supervisor surfaced in July 1965, and by November 1965 the contractor stopped work on the bridge due to the "many troubles". Meanwhile, as the rest of I-270 was open by then, the City of Madison continued to collect toll revenue from the old bridge, averaging $50,000 to $60,000 per month.
The state of Missouri, which was overseeing the construction project, would soon start an investigation as the project was several months behind schedule. The state decided on legal action against the City of Madison in regards to tolls on the old bridge by July 1966, and Madison suspended the tolls on August 2, 1966.
On September 2, 1966 at 1:45 PM (13:45), the bridge was opened to traffic. This moment marked the completion of I-270 in St. Louis (not counting the section that was still marked I-244), and was the first of three interstate highway bridges opened in the St. Louis area.
This opening could not come at a better time for the people in the nearby Alton area, as they were dealing a narrow bridge of their own at the time that had numerous problems and was facing another major closure due to repairs. As a result, any construction work or major accident on either bridge almost always made the Alton Telegraph (with the biggest stories making front page). In 1975, the Clark Bridge closed for major repairs for a six-month period, and traffic was detoured onto this bridge. Many locals refer to it as the I-270 Bridge, to differentiate it from the original Chain of Rocks Bridge, which still stands but is closed to vehicle traffic.
As the truck traffic from the I-70 corridor increased (I-70 thru truckers preferred the I-270 routing through St. Louis due to lower congestion and shorter distances), the Alton area used the 1975 detour as a rallying point in getting the Clark Bridge replaced. Although planning work was being done, there was no funding for that replacement. Meanwhile, the truck traffic was taking a toll on the Chain of Rocks Bridge over both the Mississippi River and Chain of Rocks Canal. Lane restrictions for expansion joint and pavement repairs on both structures was common during the 1980s and 1990s. The river bridge would soon be rated structurally deficient by 1991.
In 1993, the Mississippi River experienced major flooding during the Great Flood of 1993. North of St. Louis, all bridges from the McKinley Bridge up to the Keokuk Bridge were shut down due to flooding at one point or another. The I-270 bridge, despite having lower than normal clearance over the Mississippi River, remained open. The majority of the other bridges that were closed had flooded approaches, however, all of the approaches on I-270 were built on high ground and remained above water. This led to some of the worst traffic delays on the bridge during this time, especially during peak periods at the height of the floods.
On January 4, 1994, the Clark Bridge opened to traffic, giving the Chain of Rocks Bridge much needed relief. During the night of August 10, 1994, two pins supporting an expansion joint failed and caused a section on the Illinois end of the bridge to sink nearly 4 inches, causing 3 of the 4 lanes to close for emergency repairs. For the remainder of that month, various lanes would close due to emergency repairs and inspections and news regarding the emergency repairs frequently made headlines in the Alton Telegraph.
From June 1996 through December 1998, IDOT conducted a major bridge resurfacing project on both the river and canal bridges, with various expansion joints being replaced during this time. IDOT put an 8-6 width and legal weight restriction on the bridge, which forced the majority of trucks to take alternate routes during this time. Traffic would often clog during Friday afternoons while the construction went on. The weight and width restrictions would be lifted after the project concluded.
As traffic demands continue to increase, the lack of shoulders on both the canal and river bridges is starting to prove a safety hazard. The canal bridge would receive a functionally obsolete rating. In addition, with the bridge still being at 4 lanes of traffic, any issue that occurs can cause big problems. On December 8, 2010, a major tractor-trailer accident would close the bridge for 10 hours and paralyze traffic in the Metro-East during the morning peak periods.
Notes
Until 1994, locals heavily used this crossing due to the constant problems of the Old Clark Bridge.
On August 10, 1994, a broken beam caused the closure of 3 of the 4 lanes on the bridge for a few days. The lanes were reopened on August 14, 1994.
In the near future, IDOT wants to replace this span as a part of widening I-270 from 4 lanes to 6 lanes from I-255 to Lilac.
The nearby Canal Bridges were replaced in the middle of 2014 after a nearly three-year-long construction project. The green truss bridges were imploded in phases on January 20, February 3, and February 19, 2015.
The I-70 Corridor of the Future by FHWA is favoring the I-270 corridor in St. Louis, which includes this bridge.
See also
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River
References
External links
1965 Construction Picture
John Weeks site
I-270 Chain of Rocks Complex
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Road bridges in Illinois
Bridges completed in 1966
Bridges in Greater St. Louis
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Bridges on U.S. Route 66
Metro East
Bridges in St. Louis
Road bridges in Missouri
Interstate 70
Girder bridges in the United States
Bridges in Madison County, Illinois
1966 establishments in Missouri
1966 establishments in Illinois
Interstate vehicle bridges in the United States |
4022593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20Picture%20Funnies%20Weekly | Motion Picture Funnies Weekly | Motion Picture Funnies Weekly is a 36-page American comic book created in 1939, and designed to be a promotional giveaway in movie theaters. While the idea proved unsuccessful, and only a handful of sample copies of issue #1 were printed, the periodical is historically important for introducing the enduring Marvel Comics character Namor the Sub-Mariner, created by writer-artist Bill Everett.
Production history
Motion Picture Funnies Weekly was produced by First Funnies, Inc., one of the 1930s–1940s Golden Age of comic books "packagers" that would create outsourced comics on demand for publishers. The company, founded by Centaur Publications art director Lloyd Jacquet and later named Funnies Inc., planned to be a publisher itself, with Motion Picture Funnies Weekly as its initial product. While the postal indicia gives the publisher as First Funnies, Inc., the back cover, a house ad, directs interested parties to contact Funnies, Inc.
The comic, with black-and-white pages and a color cover and designed to be distributed to children in movie theaters, was never published, although samples were printed to show theater-owners. Either eight or nine samples exist (sources differ). All but one were discovered at the late Jacquet's estate sale in 1974. One sample, dubbed the "Pay Copy", contains written payment information for the various creators who contributed to the comic. Additionally, proof sheets were found there for the covers of issues #2–4.
The discovery of the hitherto forgotten Motion Picture Funnies Weekly rewrote an early part of the history of comics, and caused a sensation at the time. Marvel Comics, in 1978, describing the creation of its superhero the Sub-Mariner, wrote:
The "Comic Books on Microfiche" collection of the University of Tulsa's McFarlin Library lists Centaur Publications' Amazing Man Comics #5 (Sept. 1939), the premiere issue, as continuing the numbering of Motion Picture Funnies Weekly, but this is unconfirmed.
No copy was filed with the Library of Congress.
Contents
The first issue included Bill Everett's original eight-page Sub-Mariner origin story, which was expanded by four pages when it eventually saw print in Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939) – the first publication of Marvel Comics' Golden Age predecessor, Timely Comics, the contents for which were supplied by Funnies, Inc. The final panel on page 8 contained a box reading "Continued Next Week", as well as a notation indicating an April 1939 date for the art. The box remained, sans words and colored in, when reprinted as part of the 12-page story in Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), and reprinted as the original eight-page story in Marvel's The Invaders #20 (Sept. 1977). As historian Les Daniels writes,
Another Timely character that debuted in Motion Picture Funnies Weekly was writer-artist Paul J. Lauretta's aviator hero the American Ace, whose origin eventually appeared in two six-page stories in Marvel Mystery Comics #2–3 (Dec. 1939 – Jan. 1940), following the renaming of Marvel Comics after issue #1.
Additional features in Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1 were "Spy Ring", starring a masked, non-costumed crimefighter, the Wasp, drawn and likely written by Arthur Pinajian under the pseudonym Jay Fletcher and reprinted as the feature "The Wasp" and the story titled "The Spy Ring Case" in Silver Streak Comics #1 (Dec. 1939); "Kar Toon and his Copy Cat" by Martin Filchok, and an activity page, "Fun-o-graphs," by Vernon Miller, both reprinted in Pelican Publications' Green Giant Comics #1 (1940); and "Jolly the Newsie" by George Peter.
Cartoonist Fred Schwab drew the cover. Another cartoonist, Martin Filchock, drew the covers of #2 and #4, and Max Neill the cover of #3, with each of these latter covers signed by the artist.
Notes
References
External links
Martin Filchock (Phil Chalk, Martin Chock, Frank Filchock) at the Lambiek Comiclopedia. Archived from the original November 8, 2011
Comics magazines published in the United States
1939 comics debuts
1939 comics endings
Humor comics
Golden Age comics titles |
4022594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme%20Allied%20Commander%20Atlantic | Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic | The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) was one of two supreme commanders of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the other being the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). The SACLANT led Allied Command Atlantic was based at Norfolk, Virginia. The entire command was routinely referred to as 'SACLANT'.
In 1981 SACLANT's wartime task was listed as being to provide for the security of the area by guarding sea lanes to deny their use to an enemy and to safeguard them for the reinforcement and resupply of NATO Europe with personnel and materiel.
The command's area of responsibility extended from the North Pole to the Tropic of Cancer as well as extending from the east coast of North America to the west coast of Africa and Europe, including Portugal but not the English Channel, the British Isles, and the Canary Islands.
History
Soon after its formation, ACLANT together with Allied Command Europe carried out the large exercise Exercise Mainbrace. Throughout the Cold War years, SACLANT carried out many other exercises, such as Operation Mariner in 1953 and Operation Strikeback in 1957, as well as the Northern Wedding and Ocean Safari series of naval exercises during the 1970s and 1980s. The command also played a critical role in the annual Exercise REFORGER from the 1970s onwards. Following the end of the Cold War, the Command was reduced in status and size, with many of its subordinate headquarters spread across the Atlantic area losing their NATO status and funding. However, the basic structure remained in place until the Prague Summit in the Czech Republic in 2002.
Carrier-based air strike operations in the Norwegian Sea pioneered by Operation Strikeback foreshadowed planning such as the NATO Concept of Maritime Operations of 1980 (CONMAROPS). The purpose of the Atlantic lifelines campaign was to protect the transportation of allied reinforcement and resupply across the Atlantic, practiced via Exercise Ocean Safari. The shallow-seas campaign was designed to prevent the exit of the Soviet Baltic Fleet into the North Sea and to protect allied convoys in the North Sea and the English Channel; it was exercised in Exercise Northern Wedding series. The Norwegian Sea campaign was meant to prevent the exit of the Soviet Northern Fleet into the Norwegian Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and to provide sea-based support to allied air and ground operations in Norway. Its associated series of exercises was Exercise Teamwork. The U.S. Maritime Strategy promulgated in the mid 1980s dovetailed with the CONMAROPS and went further in some cases, such as in the operation of Carrier Battle Groups far forward, in Norwegian coastal waters sheltered by the mountains surrounding the northern Norwegian fjords.
In January 1968, the Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT) was established. This was a permanent peacetime multinational naval squadron composed of various NATO navies' destroyers, cruisers and frigates. Since 1967, STANAVFORLANT operated, trained, and exercised as a group. It also participated in NATO and national naval exercises designed to promote readiness and interoperability.
The Maritime Strategy was published in 1984, championed by Secretary of the Navy John Lehman and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral James D. Watkins, USN, during the Reagan Administration, and practiced in NATO naval exercises such as Ocean Safari '85 and Northern Wedding '86.
In a 2008 article, retired General Bernard E. Trainor, USMC, noted the success of this maritime strategy:
The U.S. Navy's Forward Maritime Strategy provided the strategic rationale for the "600-ship Navy".
Allied Command Atlantic was redesignated as Allied Command Transformation (ACT) on 19 June 2003. ACT was to be headed by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT), up to 2009 an American four-star admiral or general who was dual-hatted as commander, United States Joint Forces Command (COMUSJFCOM). SACLANT's former military missions were folded into NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO).
Structure
The high command of ACLANT comprised the following positions:
Supreme Allied Commander (SACLANT) – SACLANT was responsible for all Alliance military missions within the ACLANT area of responsibility. SACLANT was a United States admiral who also serves as the Commander-in-Chief U.S. Atlantic Command, one of the Department of Defense unified combatant commands. After the end of the Cold War, Army generals began to be assigned to the position.
Deputy Supreme Allied Commander (DSACLANT) – The principal deputy to SACLANT held by a British vice-admiral. DSACLANT was originally the commander of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station.
Chief of Staff (COFS) – Directs the SACLANT headquarters staff
SACLANT headquarters was located in Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, adjacent to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet headquarters.
Eastern Atlantic Area (EASTLANT)
Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic Area (CINCEASTLANT) was a British admiral based at the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London, who also served as Commander in Chief, Home Fleet (subsequently CINC Western Fleet, and later Commander-in-Chief Fleet). In 1953 his primary task was described as the 'integrated defence and the control and protection of sea and air lines of communications within' the Eastern Atlantic Area. On 12 December 1952, an EASTLANT integrated submarine headquarters was established. Rear Admiral G.W.G. Simpson, CB, CBE, RN, Flag Officer Submarines, was appointed Commander Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (COMSUBEASTLANT) and assumed his command with its headquarters at Gosport, Hants, in the United Kingdom.
On 2 February 1953, the planning staff of CINCEASTLANT, which had been temporarily established at Portsmouth, England, moved
into interim facilities adjacent to the established Headquarters of CINCAIREASTLANT at Northwood, England. This, SACLANT wrote, would greatly facilitate the effective exercise of command in the Eastern Atlantic Area.
In 1953, initial NATO documents instructing Admiral George Creasy wrote that the following Sub-Area commanders had been appointed within EASTLANT:
Commander Bay of Biscay Sub-Area: Vice Admiral A. Robert, French Navy
Commander North-East Atlantic Sub-Area: Vice Admiral Sir Maurice Mansergh, KCB, CBE, Royal Navy (UK national appointment of Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth)
Air Commander North Sea: Air Vice Marshal Harold Lydford, CB, CBE, Royal Air Force (AOC No. 18 Group RAF)
Air Commander North-East Atlantic Sub-Area : Air Vice Marshal Thomas Traill, CB, OBE, DFC, Royal Air Force (AOC No. 19 Group RAF)
Commander Northern European Sub-Area : Rear Admiral J.H.F. Crombie, CB, DSO, Royal Navy (Flag Officer Scotland and Northern Ireland, Pitreavie Castle, Scotland)
Circa 1962, Central Sub-Area was led by the Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, and Northern Sub-Area by Flag Officer Scotland and Northern Ireland.
After 1966, CINCEASTLANT was responsible for the administration and operation of the Standing Naval Force Atlantic, on behalf of SACLANT. In 1982, EASTLANT was organised as follows:
Eastern Atlantic Area (EASTLANT)
Northern Sub-Area (NORLANT)
Central Sub-Area (CENTLANT)
Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (SUBEASTLANT)
Maritime Air Eastern Atlantic (AIREASTLANT)
Maritime Air Northern Sub-Area (AIRNORLANT)
Maritime Air Central Sub-Area (AIRCENTLANT)
Island Commander Iceland (ISCOMICE)
Island Commander Faeroes (ISCOMFAROES)
Western Atlantic Area
Commander-in-Chief Western Atlantic (CINCWESTLANT) was an American Admiral based at Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia who also served as the Commander-in-Chief U.S. Atlantic Fleet.
In 1953, sub-area commanders were listed as follows:
Commander United States Atlantic Sub-Area, Vice Admiral Oscar Badger, U.S. Navy (seemingly Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier)
Commander Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area, Rear Admiral R.E.S. Bidwell, CBS, CD, Royal Canadian Navy (Commander, Canadian Coastal Defence Atlantic)
Air Commander Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area, Air Commodore A.D. Ross, GC, CBE, CD, Royal Canadian Air Force
In 1981, the Western Atlantic Area included six subordinate headquarters:
Submarine Force Western Atlantic Area
Ocean Sub-Area
Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area
Island Commander Bermuda
Island Commander Azores Lajes Field, in the Portuguese islands of the Azores, was an important transatlantic staging post.
Island Commander Greenland
In the last few years of the post, CINCWESTLANT was responsible for:
The safe transit of critical reinforcement and re-supply from North America to Europe, in support of the full spectrum of NATO forces operating anywhere in or beyond NATO's area of responsibility
The sponsorship of peacetime joint multinational exercises and Partnership for Peace (PfP) activities, as well as maintaining operational control and providing support for NATO forces assigned to the headquarters
From 1994 through 2003, WESTLANT was organized as follows:
SubWestLant
Ocean Sub-Area
Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area
Greenland Island Commander
Iberian Atlantic Area
In 1950, the command structure and organization of Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT) was approved except that the North Atlantic Ocean Regional Group was requested to reconsider the command arrangements for the Iberian Atlantic Area (IBERLANT). IBERLANT was an integral part of this ACLANT command structure. In MC 58(Revised) (Final), it was stated that the question of subdividing IBERLANT was still under study. However, because arrangement regarding the establishment of IBERLANT, could not be agreed, CINCEASTLANT and CINCAIREASTLANT were assigned, as an interim emergency measure, the temporary responsibility for the IBERLANT area. NATO exercises, however, demonstrated that these interim arrangements proved unsatisfactory.
Commander Iberian Atlantic Area was eventually established in 1967 as a Principal Subordinate Commander (PSC), reporting to CINCWESTLANT. The commander was a U.S. Navy rear admiral who also served as chief of the Military Assistance and Advisory Group in Lisbon. In 1975 IBERLANT was described as 'probably of greater symbolic value to Portugal than of military value to NATO' in internal cables of the U.S. Department of State. In 1981 the command included the Island Command Madeira. In 1982 NATO agreed to the upgrading of IBERLANT into a Major Subordinate Command (MSC), becoming Commander-in-Chief Iberian Atlantic Area (CINCIBERLANT). A Portuguese Navy Vice Admiral, dual-hatted as the fleet commander, took over the position. It was planned that Commander, Portuguese Air (COMPOAIR), a sub-PSC, would eventually take responsibility for the air defence of Portugal, reporting through CINCIBERLANT to SACEUR. Thus the Portuguese mainland would be 'associated' with Allied Command Europe.
In 1999 CINCIBERLANT became Commander-in-Chief Southern Atlantic (CINCSOUTHLANT). He was made responsible for military movements and maritime operations across the southeast boundary between Allied Command Europe and Allied Command Atlantic. The command became Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon before being deactivated in 2012.
Striking Fleet Atlantic
Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic (COMSTRIKFLTLANT) was SACLANT's major subordinate seagoing commander. The primary mission of Striking Fleet Atlantic was to deter aggression by maintaining maritime superiority in the Atlantic AOR and ensuring the integrity of NATO's sea lines of communications. The Striking Fleet's Commander was a U.S. Navy Vice Admiral based at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia who also served as the Commander U.S. Second Fleet. In 1981 the American Forces Information Service listed its components as the Carrier Striking Force consisting of Carrier Striking Groups One and Two. The Carrier Striking Force appears to have been Task Force 401. The Carrier Striking Force appears to have had an American nucleus, built around Carrier Group Four, and Carrier Striking Group Two appears to have had a British nucleus, later, it seems, becoming Anti-Submarine Group Two. When HMS Ark Royal took part in Exercise Royal Knight circa 1972, she formed the centrepiece of Striking Group Two and led Task Group 401.2.
When Vice Admiral Hank Mustin became COMSTRIKFLTLANT he reorganised the Fleet by adding amphibious and landing force (seemingly UK/NL Amphibious Force) components. In 1998, Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic directed three Principal Subordinate Commanders and three Sub-Principle Subordinate Commanders:
Commander Carrier Striking Force (also U.S. Navy Commander Carrier Strike Group 4)
Commander Anti-Submarine Warfare Striking Force (also Royal Navy Commander UK Task Group; previously held in the 1980s by Flag Officer, Third Flotilla)
Commander Amphibious Striking Force (also U.S. Navy Commander Amphibious Group 2)
The three Sub-PSCs were:
Commander Marine Striking Force (also USMC Commanding General, II Marine Expeditionary Force)
Commander UK/NL Amphibious Force (also Royal Navy Commodore, Amphibious Task Group)
Commander UK/NL Landing Force (also Royal Marine Brigadier, Commander 3 Commando Brigade)
STRIKFLTLANT was deactivated in a ceremony held on on June 24, 2005, being replaced by the Combined Joint Operations from the Sea Center of Excellence located at the Second Fleet headquarters.
Submarine Allied Command Atlantic (SUBACLANT)
The Commander Submarine Allied Command Atlantic (COMSUBACLANT) was the principal adviser to the SACLANT on submarine matters and undersea warfare. COMSUBACLANT was an American three-star admiral based in Norfolk, Virginia, who also served as the Commander Submarine Force Atlantic Fleet (COMSUBLANT). Under SUBACLANT were Commander, Submarines, Western Atlantic Area (COMSUBWESTLANT) and Commander, Submarines, Eastern Atlantic Area (COMSUBEASTLANT). COMSUBEASTLANT's national appointment was the Royal Navy post of Flag Officer Submarines. Flag Officer Submarines moved in 1978 from HMS Dolphin at Gosport to the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London.
Structure in 1989
Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT), led by Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic Area (EASTLANT), in Northwood, United Kingdom
Northern Sub-Area (NORLANT), in Rosyth, United Kingdom
Central Sub-Area (CENTLANT), in Plymouth, United Kingdom
Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (SUBEASTLANT), in Northwood, United Kingdom
Maritime Air Eastern Atlantic (MAIREASTLANT), in Northwood, United Kingdom
Maritime Air Northern Sub-Area (MAIRNORLANT), Pitreavie Castle, United Kingdom
Maritime Air Central Sub-Area (MAIRCENTLANT), in Plymouth, United Kingdom
Island Command Iceland (ISCOMICELAND), in Keflavík, Iceland
Island Command Faroes (ISCOMFAROES), in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
Commander-in-Chief, Western Atlantic Area (WESTLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Ocean Sub-Area (OCEANLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area (CANLANT), in Halifax, Canada
Island Command Bermuda (ISCOMBERMUDA), in Hamilton, Bermuda
Island Command Greenland (ISCOMGREENLAND), in Grønnedal, Greenland
Submarine Force Western Atlantic (SUBWESTLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Iberian Atlantic Area (IBERLANT), in Lisbon, Portugal
Island Command Madeira (ISCOMADEIRA), in Funchal, Madeira
Island Command Azores (ISCOMAZORES), in Ponta Delgada, Azores, transferred from WESTLANT to IBERLANT in 1989
Striking Fleet Atlantic (STRIKFLTLANT), afloat
Carrier Striking Force (CARSTRIKFOR), afloat
Carrier Striking Group (CARSTRIKGRU), afloat
Amphibious Force (AMPHIBSTRIKFOR), afloat
Anti-Submarine Warfare Group, afloat
Submarines Allied Command Atlantic (SUBACLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT), afloat
The organisation of Striking Fleet Atlantic shifted over time. Initially Carrier Striking Groups One (US) and Two (RN) were subordinate to the Striking Fleet, as depicted in NATO Facts and Figures, 1989. When the last Royal Navy fixed-wing carriers were retired in the late 1970s Carrier Striking Group Two became the Anti-Submarine Warfare Striking Force. NATO Facts and Figures 1989 misses the removal of Carrier Striking Group Two which had occurred around ten years earlier.
Commanders
List of Supreme Allied Commanders Atlantic
List of Deputy Supreme Allied Commanders Atlantic
His Second-in-Command was the Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic:
See also
SACLANT ASW Research Centre
Joint Force Command Norfolk
References
Further reading
Maloney, Sean M. Securing Command of the Sea: NATO Naval Planning, 1948–1954. Naval Institute Press, 1995. 276 pp.
Jane's NATO Handbook Edited by Bruce George, 1990, Jane's Information Group
Jane's NATO Handbook Edited by Bruce George, 1991, Jane's Information Group
External links
NATO Handbook
NATO military appointments |
4022596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial%20abbey | Territorial abbey | A territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy) is a particular church of the Catholic Church comprising defined territory which is not part of a diocese but surrounds an abbey or monastery whose abbot or superior functions as ordinary for all Catholics and parishes in the territory. Such an abbot is called a territorial abbot or abbot nullius diœceseos (abbreviated abbot nullius and Latin for "abbot of no diocese"). A territorial abbot thus differs from an ordinary abbot, who exercises authority only within the monastery's walls or to monks or canons who have taken their vows there. A territorial abbot is equivalent to a diocesan bishop in Catholic canon law.
While most belong to the Latin Church, and usually to the Benedictine or Cistercian Orders, there are Eastern Catholic territorial abbeys — most notably the Italo-Greek Abbey of Grottaferrata.
History
Though territorial (like other) abbots are elected by the monks of their abbey, a territorial abbot can only receive the abbatial blessing and be installed under mandate from the pope, just as a bishop cannot be ordained and installed as ordinary of a diocese without such a mandate.
After the Second Vatican Council, more emphasis has been placed on the unique nature of the episcopacy and on the traditional organization of the church into dioceses under bishops. As such, abbeys nullius have been phased out in favor of the erection of new dioceses or the absorption of the territory into an existing diocese. A few ancient abbeys nullius still exist in Europe, and one in Korea.
Present territorial abbeys
There are eleven remaining territorial abbeys, as listed by the Vatican in the Annuario Pontificio:
Hungary
Pannonhalma
Italy
Monte Oliveto Maggiore
Montevergine
Santa Maria di Grottaferrata
Santissima Trinità di Cava de’ Tirreni
Subiaco
Wettingen-Mehrerau
Monte Cassino (lost most territory to the Diocese of Sora-Aquino-Pontecorvo)
Korea
Tŏkwon (덕원), North Korea
Tŏkwon (currently the only territorial abbey outside Europe) has been vacant for many years. The Abbot of Waegwan is its present apostolic administrator. It has not been united with any Korean diocese on account of the effective vacancy of the dioceses of North Korea and the lack of effective jurisdiction applied by the Church in South Korea.
Switzerland
Saint-Maurice d’Agaune
Maria Einsiedeln
Other historical territorial abbeys
Historically there have been more, such as:
Americas
in North America :
Belmont Abbey – Mary, Help of Christians, which was the juriasdiction governing half of North Carolina from 1910 until 1960, when it lost its last piece of territory. The jurisdiction as a territorial abbey was formally suppressed in 1977, and the house is now a normal monastery located within the Diocese of Charlotte.
St. Peter-Muenster, which from 1921 until 1998 served a remote area of Saskatchewan, Canada. The abbey still exists as a normal monastery, but its territorial jurisdiction was absorbed by the Diocese of Saskatoon
Asia
in Southeast Asia:
Abbacy Nullius of Cebu (1565-1578) - an abbacy vere nullius dioecesis [Eng. "of no diocese"], which is a kind of abbacy where the religious superior has jurisdiction over the clergy and laity of a district or territory which forms no part whatever of any diocese, was established in 1565 by the Augustinian missionaries to the Philippines who came with the Legazpi expedition to evangelize the natives of the islands. The Augustinians were led by their superior, Andrés de Urdaneta, who consequently became the first prelate of Cebu. The territory of the abbacy covered the entirety of the Spanish East Indies which included the Philippine Islands and other Pacific Islands. The abbacy ceased to exist with the establishment of the Diocese of Manila in 1578 which took over the same territory.
References
External links
GCatholic.org - List of Current Territorial Abbacies
Attribution
passim
Catholic ecclesiastical titles
Organisation of Catholic religious orders
Catholic Church legal terminology |
4022621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushpanjali | Pushpanjali | Pushpanjali (Sanskrit:पुष्पाञ्जलि, literally folded hands full of flowers) is an offering of flowers to Hindu deities.
Pushpanjali is the first dance in a Bharatnatyam performance. It is the salutation to the lord of dance Nataraja, the Guru, the musicians and the audience.
It is made up of 2 words.
Pushpa - flower
Anjali - folded hands to show respect.
The dancer holds flower to offer prayers to the Trinity of Gods, goddesses, ashta dikpalakas, and scholars in dance.
Puja (Hinduism)
Elements of a Bharatanatyam performance |
4022623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Frelinghuysen%20%28minister%29 | John Frelinghuysen (minister) | John Frelinghuysen (1727 – September 5, 1754) also known as Johannes Frelinghuysen was a minister in colonial New Jersey whose work in education laid the groundwork for the establishment Rutgers University (as Queen's College in 1766) and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary (in 1784).
Biography
John Frelinghuysen was the second son of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen (1691–1749), a German who had lived for a short time in Holland before emigrating in 1720. John married Dinah Van Bergh (1725–1807), and they had two children: Eva Frelinghuysen (1751 – c. 1826), Frederick Frelinghuysen (1753–1804), who became a major general in the American Revolution.
John preached in the revivalistic style of Calvinism that his father was known for as part of the First Great Awakening. He continued to serve the parishes in New Jersey that his father had served at Raritan, Millstone, and North Branch. John lived in the Old Dutch Parsonage in Somerville where he served the three local congregations until his death. He took in students and a room in the house served as a Dutch Reformed religious seminary. This center of education was a forerunner of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary and Queen's College, which later developed into Rutgers University. John died on September 5, 1754 and was buried at the Somerville Cemetery, Somerville.
Children
John married Dinah VanBerg and had the following children:
Eva Frelinghuysen (1751 – c. 1826), who married Casparus Van Nostrand
Frederick Frelinghuysen (1753–1804), major general who was buried in Weston, New Jersey.
References
External links
1727 births
1754 deaths
18th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers
John
People from Somerville, New Jersey
American people of Dutch descent
Reformed Church in America ministers
People of colonial New Jersey
American people of German descent
18th-century American clergy |
4022624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1995 French Open – Men's singles | Thomas Muster defeated Michael Chang in the final, 7–5, 6–2, 6–4, to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1995 French Open. He became the first Austrian to win a major title.
Sergi Bruguera was the two-time defending champion, but lost to Chang in the semifinals.
During the tournament, Mats Wilander and Karel Novacek tested positive for cocaine, which eventually resulted in a three-month suspension from the ATP Tour issued in May 1997. In addition, both players had to return prize money and forfeit ranking points.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1995 French Open Men's Singles draw
1995 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1995 ATP Tour |
4022627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20D.%20O%27Sullivan | Eugene D. O'Sullivan | Eugene Daniel O'Sullivan (May 31, 1883 – February 7, 1968) was an American Democratic Party politician from Nebraska.
He was born in on a cattle ranch near Kent, Kansas to John E. O'Sullivan and Josephine Kluh O'Sullivan on May 31, 1883. He was married to Ellen Katherine Lovely. He graduated from Christian Brothers College, in St. Joseph, Missouri, attended St. Benedict’s College, in Atchison, Kansas in 1904 and 1905 and graduated from Creighton University School of Law in Omaha, Nebraska in 1910. He was admitted to the bar in 1910 and set up practice in Omaha.
He ran for governor of Nebraska in 1934 but was unsuccessful in getting the Democratic nomination and was also unsuccessful as a write-in candidate in 1934 for the United States Senate. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1924, 1928, 1932, 1940, and 1944. He was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first United States Congress when he defeated incumbent Republican Rep. Howard Buffett, the father of Warren Buffett. He served from January 3, 1949 to January 3, 1951. He unsuccessfully ran for reelection in 1950 to the Eighty-second United States Congress when Buffet defeated him to reclaim his old seat. He resumed the practice of law and died in Omaha on February 7, 1968. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery, in Omaha.
O'Sullivan was a Catholic, an Elk and a member of the Knights of Columbus and the Fraternal Order of Eagles.
References
1883 births
1968 deaths
People from Reno County, Kansas
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
Nebraska lawyers
Nebraska Democrats
Creighton University School of Law alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers |
4022630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Darnell | Erik Darnell | Erik Darnell (born December 2, 1982) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He is the grandson of former USAC and NASCAR driver Bay Darnell, who also started three NASCAR races (including one for Holman Moody). Darnell formerly drove for Roush Fenway Racing, joining the team in 2005 after being a co-winner on the Discovery Channel program Roush Racing: Driver X, along with David Ragan.
Racing career
Early career
Darnell began racing at the age of 12 in the River Valley Kart Club. He won the championship in the purple plate class in his second year of competition, later racing Allison Legacy Series cars after go karts. His first year of super late models was at Illiana Motor Speedway, with Erik finishing 3rd in the final standings with 1 win. Erik beat the best Wisconsin super late model drivers to win the 2003 Wisconsin Challenge Series championship. At that time his five wins were the most in the series' history. He set the super late model track record at Lake Geneva Raceway in 2004.
2004–2012: NASCAR and ARCA
Darnell drove in his first NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race at Milwaukee in 2004, finishing 26th. He also raced in numerous NASCAR touring series races.
Darnell drove in several NASCAR touring series and six ARCA races in 2005.
Darnell raced full-time in the Truck Series in 2006. He had twelve top-10 finishes in 25 events, and he was the series' Rookie of the Year. He continued to drive for the team in 2007, as well as testing the team's Busch Series cars. On April 28, 2007, Darnell won the O'Reilly Auto Parts 250 at Kansas Speedway for his first Truck Series win.
Darnell started the 2008 season by capturing the pole position at the Daytona International Speedway. He won his second career CTS race in June 2008 at Michigan International Speedway by .005 of a second over Johnny Benson.
For 2009, Darnell planned to compete in 15 NASCAR Nationwide Series races, sharing the car with Cup Series driver David Ragan, and would also run for Rookie of the Year. The first race on his schedule was at Richmond International Raceway where he finished 12th. Also, Darnell competed in seven of the final 11 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series races. He ran the car at Atlanta, Loudon, Kansas, Talladega, Texas, Phoenix, and Homestead. Darnell competed in the No. 96 Academy Sports + Outdoors Ford for the Atlanta, Talladega, and Texas races. He alternated the ride with Bobby Labonte.
In 2010, Darnell found himself without a ride for most of the season due to the lack of sponsorship. He continued to stay on at Roush Fenway Racing as a practice-qualifying driver for Carl Edwards at the standalone Nationwide Series races. Darnell did a 3 race deal to drive Roush's No. 16 Ford in the Nationwide Series. His best finish was 14th at Dover and Texas.
In 2011, Darnell returned to the Cup Series, driving for Whitney Motorsports in several races. In 2012, he competed for The Motorsports Group (formerly Key Motorsports) in the Nationwide Series.
2013–present: Post-NASCAR career
Darnell didn't race in NASCAR during 2013. He won the Dick Trickle 99 Super Late Model Oktoberfest race at LaCrosse Fairgrounds Speedway in October 2013. He has made occasional starts in various Midwest series since. Darnell led much of the second half of the 2019 Oktoberfest ARCA Midwest Tour race at La Crosse Fairgrounds Speedway before finishing third behind Ty Majeski.
2021: Return to NASCAR
On May 3, 2021, it was revealed through the release of the entry list for the Truck Series race at Darlington that Darnell would drive the No. 45 for Niece Motorsports in that race with sponsorship from his former sponsor at Roush, Northern Tool + Equipment. This would be his first start in NASCAR since 2012 and first in the Truck Series since 2008.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics - Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Sprint Cup Series
Nationwide Series
Camping World Truck Series
ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
Living people
1982 births
People from Lake County, Illinois
Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area
Racing drivers from Illinois
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
American Speed Association drivers
ARCA Midwest Tour drivers
RFK Racing drivers |
4022638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20O%27Sullivan | Eugene O'Sullivan | Eugene O'Sullivan may refer to:
Eugene D. O'Sullivan (1883–1968), American Democratic Party politician from Nebraska
Eugene O'Sullivan (Irish politician) (1879–1942), Irish nationalist politician and farmer
Eugene O'Sullivan (1892–1971), English music hall performer, stage and screen actor, and director, better known as Gene Gerrard. |
4022653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20Central%20Railway | Argentine Central Railway | The Argentine Central Railway was a narrow gauge railroad in the United States built from the Colorado and Southern Railway at Silver Plume, Colorado, to Waldorf, Colorado, (now a ghost town) and onward to the summit of Mount McClellan. Construction began on August 1, 1905, and the line was opened to Waldorf a year later on August 1, 1906, a distance of about 6 miles. It was financed and organised by Edward J. Wilcox, owner of 65 mining properties in the Argentine region that were consolidated into the Waldorf Mining and Milling Company in 1902. His headquarters at Waldorf was accessible only by pack mule for much of the year.
As well as serving the silver mining operations of the region, the railroad was also intended for the tourist trade, ascending Mount McClellan and intending to reach the summit of 14,270 ft (4,350 m) Grays Peak nearby. It was believed at the time that Mount McClellan was high, but this was later disproved. It remains the highest altitude reached by a regular adhesion railway (as opposed to a rack railway) in the United States.
The line was steeply graded and sharply curved, with a standard of 6% grade maximum and 32° minimum curvature ( radius); even so, it required six switchbacks on the ascent. Due to these grades, geared steam locomotives were used exclusively, the railroad rostering a total of seven two-truck Shay locomotives.
As well as ascending to Argentine Pass and Grays Peak, Wilcox purchased the Vidler Tunnel, a project begun in 1902 to expand an existing silver mine into a railroad tunnel under the pass. The line would have extended onward to Keystone, Colorado, and a junction with the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad. Work on the project stopped in 1911, by which time the tunnel was three-quarters completed. The tunnel project was revived as a highway tunnel in 1952, and the 1.4 mile tunnel was completed as a water diversion tunnel in 1969.
The fall of silver prices after the Panic of 1907 ruined Wilcox, causing him to sell the railroad in 1908 for only $44,000, taking an estimated loss of $256,000 on the line. The buyer, David W. Brown of Colorado, planned an expansion in the tourist traffic and revitalised the concept of reaching Grays Peak, but the money was never there. The line went bankrupt and a receiver was appointed on August 3, 1911; it did not operate during 1911 and 1912.
The assets of the bankrupt Argentine Central were offered for auction in a Sheriff's sale on May 29, 1912. The sale netted just $5,000, a price so low that the district court ordered a resale. The second sale, on June 2, raised $20,000, but this too was set aside; the final sale, to William Rogers on Aug. 19, was for $20,002. Arguments about whether the rolling stock of the railroad was properly included in the sale led to a lawsuit that was resolved in the Colorado Supreme Court in 1915.
A consortium of local business interests led by William Rogers reorganized it as the Georgetown and Gray's Peak Railway leased to and operated by the Argentine and Gray's Peak Railway Company. At this point, the line had 3 locomotives and 16 freight cars. While the new owners were mostly interested in freight traffic, the tourist business brought in sufficient money that it was resumed for the 1913 summer season. Rogers transferred the controlling interest in the line for the next season to his associate, egg producer Fred W. Blankenbuhler.
Blankenbuhler replaced the Shay locomotives and most of the freight cars with 40-passenger gasoline-powered railcars for the 1916 season. Some of the last freight hauled over the 9-miles from Silver Plume to Waldorf was 100,000 pounds (50 tons) of telephone poles, wire, insulators and supplies for Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph in the summer of 1917. This was for the Argentine Pass segment of a long-distance telephone line from Denver to Leadville. Because the railroad was exclusively a tourist line at this time, all freight had to be hauled at night or early in the morning. The freight charge for this load of telephone supplies was $500, or $1.11 per ton-mile. In contrast, the average freight rate in the United States in 1915 was under $0.008 per ton-mile.
Despite the costs saved by the switch to self-propelled railcars, the railroad was not profitable without the regular freight traffic it had previously carried. Notice to abandon was posted on October 24, 1918, and approved on November 9; the tracks were removed in the summer of 1919.
References
External links
Denver Public Library Digital Collections
Locomotive (Argentine Central) Shay No. 1 (undated photo)
Argentine Pass and Waldorf Mine, Argentine Central Ry. (undated photo)
Argentine Pass, Waldorf and Vidler mine district (pre-1908 photo)
Waldorf mine and road to Argentine pass and Vidler Tunnel (June 21, 1908, photo)
Waldorf Mine on the Argentine Central Ry. (pre-1908 photo)
Buildings at Waldorf mine from the west (June 21, 1908, photo)
Waldorf, near Argentine (undated photo)
The Vidler and Waldorf Mines, Argentine Central Ry. (pre-1908 photo)
Mts. Evans and Rosalie from of the Argentine Central Ry. (undated photo)
Detroit Public Library Digital Collections
H.W. Ford on mountain road, train in background at Waldorf (June, 1909 photo)
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Defunct Colorado railroads
Narrow gauge railroads in Colorado
1906 establishments in Colorado
1918 disestablishments in Colorado
Closed railway lines in the United States |
4022657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20Bell | Shannon Bell | Shannon Bell (born 5 July 1955) is a Canadian performance philosopher who lives and writes philosophy-in-action, experimental philosophy. Bell is also professor and graduate programme director in the York University Political Science Department, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She teaches postmodern theory, fast feminism, sexual politics, cyber politics, identity politics and violent philosophy.
Research
Bell is researching extreme science and art for her book entitled Fast Bodies; this research is funded by Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). Bell's most recent on-going research project Shooting Theory (2007–20) brings together digital video technology and print textual philosophy/theory through imaging philosophical/theoretical concepts. Bell's research also includes:
applying continental and post-structural theory to bio, techno and performance artists' artwork and thinkers' body of work; aspects of sexuality; and, General Semantics.
Bibliography
Books
Gad Horowitz and Shannon Bell, eds (2016). The Book of Radical General Semantics (Delhi: Pencraft International) .
Co-authored Book
Brenda Cossman, Shannon Bell, Lise Gotell, Becki Ross (2017) Bad Attitude\s on Trial: Pornography, Feminism and the Butler Decision (Toronto: University of Toronto Press)
[Republished in The Canadian 150 Collection].
Brenda Cossman, Shannon Bell, Lise Gotell, Becki Ross (1997) Bad Attitude\s on Trial: Pornography, Feminism and the Butler Decision (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
See also
Posthumanism
External links
York University page
1955 births
Canadian feminists
Postmodern feminists
Posthumanists
Canadian socialists
Canadian socialist feminists
York University faculty
Living people
Canadian women philosophers
20th-century Canadian philosophers
21st-century Canadian philosophers |
4022658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Reyes%20Baeza%20Terrazas | José Reyes Baeza Terrazas | José Reyes Baeza Terrazas (born 20 September 1961) is a Mexican politician and lawyer. In 2004, he was elected Governor of Chihuahua as a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party for the term ending in 2010. Prior to that, he was Chair of Law at the University of Chihuahua in Chihuahua. He then served as mayor (Municipal President) of the city of Chihuahua from 1998 to 2001 and as a congressman in the federal Chamber of Deputies (Congress).
Personal life and education
José Reyes Baeza Terrazas was born in the city of Delicias, Chihuahua on 20 September 1961, and became a lawyer by studying law at the Autonomous University of Chihuahua, graduating with a special mention.
His wife is Claudia Garza.
Career
Reyes Baeza Terrazas was elected mayor of Chihuahua City in 1988. He served as general director of State Civil Pensions, with the task of providing security and social services to state government workers under Governor Patricio Martínez García from 2001 to 2003.
In 2003 he was elected to the LVIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress, but stepped down in 2004 to run for governor, being elected in July of that year. He became Governor of Chihuahua on 4 October 2004.
In 2010, after Mexican drug cartels agents murdered Jesús Manuel Lara Rodríguez, the governor ordered government troops to guard the state capitol while a closed door session was held on safety.
After his term as governor, on 6 December 2012 President Enrique Peña Nieto appointed him as the head of FOVISSSTE, the social service fund responsible for proving housing support for federal employees. On 15 September 2020, the Financial Intelligence Unit (UIF) freezes the accounts of Baeza Terrazas for embezzlement of MXN $129 million (US$6.14 million) related to the Estafa Maestra ("Master Scam") while Reyes Baeza was the director of FOVISSSTE.
See also
Creel-Terrazas Family
References
1961 births
Living people
Governors of Chihuahua (state)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican lawyers
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Municipal presidents of Chihuahua
People from Delicias, Chihuahua
Autonomous University of Chihuahua alumni
20th-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Politicians from Chihuahua (state) |
4022664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chinese%20administrative%20divisions%20by%20life%20expectancy | List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy | This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), including all provinces, autonomous regions, special administrative regions and municipalities, in order of their life expectancy in 2019.
See also
List of Chinese cities by life expectancy
References
National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China
The World FactBook
List of Chinese cities by life expectancy
Life expectancy
Life expectancy
Life expectancy
China, life expectancy
Life expectancy |
4022673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20American%20University | Central American University | José Simeón Cañas Central American University (), also known as UCA El Salvador, is a private university with nonprofit purposes in San Salvador, El Salvador, run by the Society of Jesus. It was founded on September 15, 1965, at the request of a group of Roman Catholic families who appealed to the Salvadoran government and the Society of Jesus in order to create another university as an alternative to the University of El Salvador, becoming the first private institution of higher education in the country. The Jesuits also run Central American University in Nicaragua (UCA Managua), opened in 1960.
History
UCA has since evolved to be one of the best institutions of higher learning in Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama). This is the case, despite the university's focus on playing a decisive role in the transformation of the unjust Salvadoran society. Such a focus within the Salvadoran context has driven the university to give priority to undergraduate degrees, research within the social sciences, and popular presentation of research results ("social projectionl") in local peer-reviewed journals.
In the 1970s and 1980s, during the Civil War in El Salvador, UCA was known as the home of several internationally recognized Jesuit scholars and intellectuals, including Jon Sobrino, Ignacio Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín-Baró, and Segundo Montes. They were outspoken against the abuses of the Salvadoran military and government, and carried out research to demonstrate the effects of the war and poverty in the country. The extreme social conditions in El Salvador provided a very rich empirical basis for innovative research within sociology, social anthropology, philosophy, social psychology, and theology. These scholars made important and lasting contributions within these fields. Ellacuría, Martín-Baró and Segundo Montes, along with three other Jesuit professors, their housekeeper, and her daughter, were murdered by the Salvadoran Armed forces on November 16, 1989, in one of the most notorious episodes from the Civil War (see Murder of UCA scholars).
Campus
The university is located at Antiguo Cuscatlán. The university campus has 38 acres (16 ha) with 33 buildings, a professional soccer field, basketball and volleyball courts, as well as three auditoriums and four cafeterias. The campus also includes a minimarket, a museum, three clinics, a book shop, a main library, several smaller thematic libraries, and a documentation center.
Faculties
Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences
Faculty of Human and Social Sciences
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
Academic departments
Department of Mathematics
Department of Business Administration
Department of Judicial Sciences
Department of Sociology and Political Science
Department of Economics
Department of Accounting and Finance
Department of Psychology
Department of Philosophy
Department of Theology
Department of Educational Sciences
Department of Communications and Culture
Department of Public Health
Department of Operations and Systems
Department of Electronics and Informatics
Department of Energy and Fluid Sciences
Department of Structural Mechanics
Department of Spatial Organization
Department of Engineering Process and Environmental Science
Social projection
UCA Audiovisuals
YSUCA 91.7 FM Radio
Monseñor Romero Center
University's Public Opinion Institute - IUDOP
University's Human Rights Institute - IDHUCA
Academics
Undergraduate programs
Architecture
Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Food Engineering
Energetic Engineering
Computing Engineering
Technician in Marketing
Technician in Accounting
Licenciate in Philosophy
Licenciate in Theology
Licenciate in Psychology
Licenciate in Economics
Licenciate in Marketing
Licenciate in Public Accounting
Licenciate in Business Administration
Licenciate in Agribusiness Administration
Licenciate in Judicial Sciences
Licenciate in Social Communications
Professorate of Theology
Professorate of Special Education
Professorate of Preschool Education
Professorate of Basic Education (1st & 2nd Cycles)
Professorate of English Language (3rd Cycle Basic and Middle Education)
Postgraduate programs
Master in Iberoamerican Philosophy
Master in Social Sciences
Master in Political Sciences
Master in Latin American Theology
Master in Local Development
Master in Criminal Constitutional Law
Master in Applied Statistics to Investigation
Master in Environmental Management
Master in Industrial Maintenance Management
Master in Public Health
Master in Communitarian Psychology
Master in Educational Evaluation and Politics
Master in Communications
Master in Finance
Master in Financial Audit
Master in Business Law
Master in Business Administration
Doctorate in Iberoamerican Philosophy
Doctorate in Social Sciences
See also
Education in El Salvador
List of Jesuit sites
List of universities in El Salvador
José Simeón Cañas
References
Official website
Universities in El Salvador
Jesuit universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in 1965
San Salvador
1965 establishments in El Salvador |
4022674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Musgrave%20%28bush%20tracker%29 | George Musgrave (bush tracker) | Dr George Musgrave (1921 – 9 February 2006) was an elder of the Kuku Thaypan clan and a famous Australian bush tracker. He was an Agu Alaya speaker.
.
He was born in his own country, near Lakefield National Park. As children, he and Tommy George Senior were hidden in mailbags by the station owner, Fredrick Sheppard, to avoid removal by police and welfare officers.
As a result, they were able to grow up with their own people, and learn traditional law and language, management practices of their country and how to live off the land. Recently, they were able to successfully claim continuous ownership of traditional lands, and retain custody of some land at Gno-Coom (Saxby Waterhole).
George's senses were so sharp he could follow a week-old trail through dense scrub at night. He could identify tracks that were up to two months old. In August 2005 he was asked to track an off duty policeman who had become lost while pig hunting. Despite being 84 years old, he found the man in less than a day.
He also worked as a community policeman and musterer.
Together with Tommy George Senior, he founded the Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation at Laura, Queensland, the biennial Laura Festival of Traditional Dance and Culture, the Traditional Knowledge Recording Project and the Cape York Land Council.
They campaigned to protect the world-renowned Quinkan rock art near Laura, where they carried out custodial duties for special places, including the rock art galleries.
They shared their knowledge of the bush, their language and their customs with researchers and visitors. It would be difficult to find a piece of scholarly work on traditional language, culture or country in Cape York Peninsula that does not credit their expertise.
In 2005 he and Tommy George were each awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by James Cook University for their knowledge of traditional Aboriginal Law.
Publications
George, T., & G. Musgrave (1995). Our country, our art, our Quinkans. Laura, Queensland: Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation.
External links
Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation at Laura
Traditional Knowledge Recording Project
Cape York Land Council
Last Trackers of the Outback film on YouTube
References
JCU honours Cape York elders
Australian Aboriginals: Tracking master leaves a trail for others
Interpretation and Personalisation: Enriching Individual Experience by Annotating On-line Materials
1921 births
2006 deaths
Australian Aboriginal elders |
4022675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai%20Marathon | Chennai Marathon | The Chennai Marathon is an annual marathon held in Chennai, India. The event is organised by the Chennai Runners, and is one of the few events in the state to be endorsed by the Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT).
Starting at the Napier Bridge in Marina Beach and terminating at the Annai Velankanni Church on Elliot's Beach, it is considered South India's largest city marathon, in which over 1,000 athletes and more than 20,000 amateurs participate. The event has three categories: full Marathon, half marathon, and the most popular, the 10 km race.
The 5th edition was held on 31 January 2016.
Results
Full Marathon: Men
Full Marathon: Women
Half Marathon: Men
Half Marathon: Women
Victories by nationality
References
External links
Running Races in India
Official website
Snapshots from the Chennai Marathon 2005
Marathons in India
Marathon
Recurring sporting events established in 2012
2012 establishments in Tamil Nadu |
4022676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt%20Tkaczuk | Walt Tkaczuk | Walter Robert Bogdan Tkaczuk (born September 29, 1947) is a Canadian former ice hockey centre who played fourteen seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers between 1967 and 1981. Tkaczuk's family, originally from Ukraine, moved to Timmins, Ontario from West Germany when he was two years old. He was the first player born in Germany to appear in an NHL game.
NHL career
Tkaczuk centred the "Bulldog Line" with Bill Fairbairn and Dave Balon, who was later replaced by Steve Vickers. He could score his fair share of goals, however he was much better at producing assists. Tkaczuk's finest contribution to the game was that of the defensive forward, being among the NHL's elite shadows and faceoff men. This complemented the Rangers' high-scoring GAG line of Jean Ratelle, Rod Gilbert, Vic Hadfield. During his first 2 seasons with the Rangers, the club and media pronounced his name, "Taychuk" because Rangers' Director of Player Personnel felt it was easier to say than the correct pronunciation, "Ka-Chook." Prior to the 1969-70 season, the club announced he would henceforth be called by the correct pronunciation.
In the 1972 playoffs, with Ratelle sidelined with a broken ankle and Gilbert hampered by injuries, Tkaczuk played a key role as the Rangers defeated the defending champions Montreal Canadiens, and the previous season's finalists Chicago Black Hawks, to reach the Stanley Cup Finals. While the Rangers lost to the Boston Bruins in six games, Tkaczuk earned much respect for holding the Bruins' Phil Esposito without a goal in the series.
Walt Tkaczuk was asked to play for Team Canada in the 1972 Summit Series but declined the invitation due to his obligation to his summer hockey school. He was replaced by Philadelphia Flyers' centre Bobby Clarke.
In the 1979 playoffs, Tkaczuk was a key contributor as the Rangers upset the first place New York Islanders to reach the Stanley Cup Finals, where they fell to Montreal in five games.
Towards the end of a game on February 2, 1981, Tkaczuk suffered an eye injury when hit by a puck. He never played again.
Over his career, Tkaczuk played in 945 NHL games, scoring 227 goals and 451 assists for 678 points. Despite his physical presence, he only accumulated 556 minutes in penalties.
In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Tkaczuk at No. 14 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.
Post-hockey career
Tkaczuk is co-owner of River Valley Golf Course and Tube Slide in St. Marys, Ontario.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
German emigrants to Canada
Kitchener Rangers players
New York Rangers players
Omaha Knights (CHL) players
People from Emsdetten |
4022684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Act | First Act | First Act is a manufacturer of musical instruments and musical learning toys, which has produced guitars, bass guitars, guitar and bass accessories, drum sets, percussion instruments, and amplifiers. Mark Izen founded the company in 1995; its online presence first appeared early in 2000.
Based officially in Boston, Massachusetts, at its peak First Act maintained offices in Bentonville, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen, and a "custom shop" luthiery in Somerville, Massachusetts.
In 2016, First Act was acquired by toy manufacturer Jazwares.
Founding management team
First Act was largely an unrelated result of the successful sale of Duracraft (a supplier of "home-comfort appliances" such as fans, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, and air conditioners to large discount retail chains) to the Consumer Products division of Honeywell in 1996. This lineage is clear in the resulting First Act leadership, where rather than having any dedicated musicians among them, they would rely on their experience with generic commodity-level small appliances.
Bernard Chiu, Chairman of the Board — previously co-founder (with Tim Chen and Ronald Izen) and CEO of Duracraft, as well as President and Chairman
Ronald Izen, Vice Chairman of the Board — previously Executive Vice President of Sales for Duracraft, from its founding in 1989 through 1998
Mark Izen, President and CEO — "Prior to starting First Act Inc. in 1995, Mark founded CMI Enterprises, Inc., a manufacturer’s representative firm that sold multiple, high-profile consumer products lines to national and regional retailers."
Mary Hassan, Vice President, Human Resources — former Vice President of Human Resources for Duracraft and then Honeywell Consumer Products, and Director of Staffing and Employee Relations for Reebok International.
Tony Natale, Vice President, Finance and Operations — eleven years at Duracraft then Honeywell in various financial and operational positions, including Director of Materials Management and Assistant Controller.
Kelly Butler, Chief Luthier, Custom Shop Manager and Designer - seven years at Gibson Guitars Custom Shop as a custom builder and designer. Currently produces instruments under the K. Butler Guitars brand name.
Product lines
The company's products are divided into two lines, with very similar entries but sold toward different audiences. They are marketed through large retail chains, particularly Toys "R" Us and Target, as well as Amazon.com.
First Act proper is shaped toward inexpensive "beginner" instruments intended for children and adults. The small range is primarily a basic three-piece drum kit, a soprano ukulele, three dynamic-type microphones, and five guitars, both full-size (acoustic and electric) and short-scale (marketed both as "sized for kids" and as a travel guitar).
Paralleling this line is First Act Discovery (sometimes just Discovery), musical products for children ages 3 to 9, which has seen acoustic guitars, ukuleles, drums, electronic percussion pads, tambourines, recorders, keyboards, and electronic button-controlled "guitars." The line also had a series of plastic microphone-like products, largely with sounds and graphics licensed from Disney, including Nickelodeon, DreamWorks, and Marvel properties. More recently, to maximize the ukulele fad, a series of Disney-graphic instruments (albeit marketed as "mini guitars") has been released, such as the AV285 Avengers uke.
An ambitious series of projects and products has been eliminated since First Act's 2012 peak.
First Act Instruments — the original retail line of entry-level instruments for teens and adults, including guitars, drums, hand percussion, and accessories.
Mark II — intended in First Act's early years to become the quality line. The name isn't mentioned after 2003.
Concert Series — a range of inexpensive band instruments marketed to grade-school students.
222 — in 2008, First Act partnered with Adam Levine (lead vocalist and guitarist of Maroon 5) to produce 222 by First Act, a line of 22 music products, including an acoustic guitar and a "signature" model of electric guitar designed by Levine, branded "222" (his lucky number). The line was sold through Target stores.
Fuel — successor to First Act Instruments, intended to distance this chain store presence (largely Walmart and Target) from the company's expanding quality lines.
Studio For Artists (SFA) — designed and built custom guitars and violins for professional musicians. Each instrument was handcrafted, and finished in First Act's Boston studio.
SFA Edition Guitars — standard First Act guitars with added custom appointments, such as premium pickups, upgraded machine heads, and unique pickguards.
Limited Edition Guitars — three Limited Edition models were created in the SFA facility: the "Lola", "Sheena", and "Delia." Guitar Player magazine praised the instruments for their stylistic innovation, unique appearance and excellent workmanship.
Related facilities
First Act Guitar Studio was a real-world storefront at 745 Boylston Street, Boston, offering various First Act Custom, Limited Edition, SFA Edition, and First Act series electric and acoustic guitars, and accessories. Customers could play the guitars, watch a luthier crafting custom guitars, see a live show, or have their guitar serviced.
Endorsers and users
In 2011, the First Act website claimed endorsements from 136 guitar players, including Brad Whitford (Aerosmith), Rusty Anderson (Paul McCartney), Matt Pike (High on Fire), Lyn-Z (Mindless Self Indulgence), Brent Hinds and Bill Kelliher (Mastodon), Nick Zinner (Yeah Yeah Yeahs), Al Berry (Avril Lavigne), Nick McCarthy (Franz Ferdinand), Lee Malia (Bring Me The Horizon), Dave Knudson (Minus the Bear), Anders Björler (At The Gates), Adam Gardner (Guster), Tim McTague and James Smith (Underoath), and Serj Tankian (System of a Down). Most of them played variations on the three top-line First Act models, the "Lola", "Sheena", and "Delia." As well, there were the models designed in collaboration with Paul Westerberg and Adam Levine, respectively the PW580 and the 222.
Partnerships and promotions
First Act distributed branded calendars to Guitar Player subscribers in 2006 and 2007. The 2006 edition highlighted Studio for Artists guitars, including custom and limited-edition models.
First Act collaborated with two Red Sox players as a charity fund-raiser. Guitars were designed for pitchers Curt Schilling and Jonathan Papelbon after the players sketched their rough ideas, and First Act's design and custom shop teams brought the guitars to life. The customized guitars were auctioned off at a "Hot Stove Cool Music" concert fund-raiser at Fenway Park. The two guitars raised a total of $12,000 for Theo Epstein's charity.
First Act introduced a Paul Westerberg signature guitar, the PW58, featuring a plaid pickguard and a custom body shape designed in the Studio for Artists facility.
First Act partnered with automaker Volkswagen for a 2006 promotional campaign to distribute "GarageMaster" guitars with selected vehicle models through the end of the year. The campaign ran from October 3 through December 31. GarageMaster guitars were available in white, red, and blue to those who purchased a VW. The stereos in these Volkswagens could be used as an amplifier for the guitar. Accompanying advertisements featured guitarists Slash, John Mayer, and Nigel Tufnel of Spinal Tap playing First Act guitars through the sound systems of Volkswagens. The GarageMaster model featured a battery-powered on-board preamp, knobs decorated with the "VW" logo, pickguards matching the vehicle's color, a metal plate inscribed with the corresponding vehicle's VIN, and could be plugged directly into the vehicles' audio systems using a minijack cable.
Consumer electronics
In 2010, a video game division of First Act, Seven45 Studios, released Power Gig: Rise of the SixString. Peripherals included a functional electric guitar with controller buttons, a microphone, and a motion sensor system to simulate drums. Seven45 subsequently produced a number of music-based iOS apps.
In 2011 First Act released an iOS app for iPad and iPhone for karaoke under the Disney license called "Disney Spotlight Karaoke." It includes sing-a-longs with songs from Disney Channel stars and the ability to record and upload a video. First Act also released a line of Disney-themed microphones designed to work with the app.
In 2012 First Act released an iOS app for iPhone and iPad called "Notes to Grow On" which is a companion educational app for the Discovery line of instruments.
In October 2012, First Act launched a line of consumer electronics including charging, music, and audio interfaces for iPods, iPads, and iPhones, under the name BlueFlame Technologies.
Criticism
The company received criticism from music educators who claimed that First Act band instruments, targeted at beginning students, were of low quality, often irreparable, and that replacement parts were difficult to acquire.
In 2003, First Act sued the music retailer Brook Mays for false advertising after the retailer distributed marketing materials to school band directors that criticized First Act's products as "instrument-shaped objects", which induced returns of First Act products. First Act was awarded $16.7 million to compensate for lost profits, a judgment that effectively bankrupted Brook Mays.
References
External links
Official website
Guitar manufacturing companies of the United States
Privately held companies based in Massachusetts
Musical instrument manufacturing companies based in Boston |
4022686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott%20Creek | Ellicott Creek | Ellicott Creek is a stream in Western New York, United States. It is a tributary of Tonawanda Creek, which in turn flows into the Niagara River.
Course
Ellicott Creek originates in southwest corner of Genesee County, just northeast of Darien Lakes State Park, in the Town of Darien. It flows generally west, crossing into Erie County and the Town of Alden. It crosses the northern edge of the Town of Lancaster, flowing through the community of Bowmansville in the northwest part of Lancaster.
Continuing west, Ellicott Creek enters the Town of Cheektowaga. There it passes by the toxic Pfohl Brothers Landfill and the Buffalo Niagara International Airport. The creek turns to the northwest at the airport. It flows under one of the runways via a tunnel. It then turns more directly north and enters the Village of Williamsville and the Town of Amherst.
At Williamsville's Island Park Ellicott Creek splits briefly into two channels, one of which contains floodgates. The other channel was historically used to divert water into flumes for powering mills just downstream. Below the floodgates the creek flows rapidly north, passing under State Route 5 and falling over the Onondaga Escarpment at Glen Falls in Amherst State Park.
After Glen Falls, Ellicott Creek continues flowing generally north and northwest through Amherst. It passes by several golf courses and then through the northern edge of the campus of the University at Buffalo, after which the creek turns to the west and crosses under Interstate 990 (Lockport Expressway).
Just west of I-990 the creek splits into two channels for about . The northern channel is deeper, has been more thoroughly channelized and is bordered by commercial land use, while the southern channel is fairly sinuous and contains more trees in the riparian zone.
After these channels rejoin, Ellicott Creek it enters the Town of Tonawanda and passes through Ellicott Creek Park. Ellicott Creek continues west for approximately before emptying into Tonawanda Creek in the City of Tonawanda. This portion of Tonawanda Creek is also part of the Erie Canal. Tonawanda Creek then empties into the Niagara River. The distance from the mouth of Ellicott Creek to the Niagara River is about .
History
Ellicott Creek is named after Joseph Ellicott, an important agent of the Holland Land Company. Ellicott played a significant role in opening Western New York up for settlement after the Iroquois ceded their claims in the 1780s, more significantly in the Big Tree Treaty with the Seneca nation. Elicott surveyed most of Holland Purchase into townships and saleable land parcels.
Natural history
Niagara River surface fluctuations influence creek water level up to upstream of the mouth of Ellicott Creek.
Recreation
Ellicott Creek Bike Path
A bike path, known as the Ellicott Creek Bike Path, follows the creek in the Town of Amherst, near the University at Buffalo and flows under Interstate 990 before leaving Amherst by crossing U.S. Route 62 (Niagara Falls Boulevard) to enter the Town of Tonawanda at Ellicott Creek Park.
In 1990, the Ellicott Creek Bike Path was the last known location where University at Buffalo (UB) Sophomore Linda Yalem was alive. Yalem studied communications at UB and was training to run in the New York City Marathon when she was raped and killed by Altemio Sanchez while on a run on the Ellicott Creek Bike Path near UB.
See also
List of New York rivers
References
Rivers of New York (state)
Rivers of Erie County, New York
Rivers of Genesee County, New York |
4022689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%20Highway%20Patrol | Kansas Highway Patrol | The Kansas Highway Patrol (KHP) is the highway patrol agency for the U.S. state of Kansas. While the patrol's primary focus is maintaining the safety of State, Federal and Interstate highways, it also is charged with providing support for rural and small municipal police departments when tactical, aerial or other specialized services are needed. The Kansas Highway Patrol has statewide jurisdiction, and frequently assists other agencies with emergency calls for service ranging from accidents to fights in progress.
History
In 1933, the Kansas Legislature, Governor Alfred Landon, and Highway Department Attorney Wint Smith acted to halt the rampant bank robberies and crime sprees of the 1920s and 1930s. They created a force of ten Motor Vehicle Inspectors, forerunners of Kansas Troopers, under the control of the State Highway Commission.
The Legislature officially organized the Kansas Highway Patrol in 1937. A superintendent, assistant superintendent, and 45 troopers were hired to reduce crashes by enforcing traffic, vehicle, and license laws. Kansas City Police Department veteran Jack B. Jenkins was the first superintendent.
The Governor appointed a Superintendent, and the Superintendent appointed the remainder of the Patrol. All appointees had to pass a physical exam and be U.S. citizens, at least 24 years old, of good health and moral character, and without a criminal record. The 1941 Kansas Civil Service Law affected appointment procedures, but as late as 1945, half the appointees had to belong to the governor's political party, and the other half had to be members of the political party that garnered the second highest number of votes in the gubernatorial election.
In the 1950s, the patrol was contracted to patrol the Kansas Turnpike Authority, and Protective Services began with one Trooper providing ground transportation for the Governor. The recruit school moved from the State Reformatory in Hutchinson to the University of Kansas (KU) in Lawrence. Increasingly, troopers patrolled alone. Before, they always rode in pairs.
In the 1960s, each trooper was assigned a patrol car to improve roadway coverage, and access to the Law Enforcement Teletype System and National Crime Information Center improved the patrol's communications. The first promotional examinations were given, and the former ready-alert facility of the deactivated Schilling Air Force Base in Salina became the patrol's Training Center. Also, the Motor Vehicle Department began examining license applicants, releasing Trooper-Examiners to law enforcement duties.
In 1976, the patrol gained authority over the Capitol Area Security Patrol, which now commonly referred to as the Kansas Capitol Police, or Troop K. In 1988, the responsibility to enforce motor carrier laws was passed from the Department of Revenue to the patrol. As a result, the Patrol inherited Motor Carrier Inspectors and began operation of Motor Carrier Weigh Stations across the state.
In the 1990s, the Patrol had outgrown its training center. The state took over the former Marymount College campus in Salina, to house the training academy, statewide communications center and central region offices.
The first female troopers joined the patrol in 1981. Today, the agency actively recruits women and men to be troopers and to fill other uniformed and civilian positions. Besides Troopers, the agency employs Capitol Police Officers, Capitol Area Guards, Motor Carrier Inspectors, Communications Specialists, Vehicle Identification Number Inspectors, Motorist Assistance Technicians, and civilians in a variety of other support positions.
Morale controversy
In 2014, amidst many allegations of abuse of power and inconsistent work practices resulting in overall low morale, the University of Kansas School of Business proctored a thorough survey of all KHP Employees that were willing to participate. The results of the survey revealed that the majority held great loyalty to the agency, but believed upper-level command staff needlessly doled out disciplinary actions to those they personally disliked, showed favoritism during promotional processes, and were generally incompetent when it came to making important decisions regarding the overall direction of the patrol. Colonel Ernest Garcia and Lieutenant Colonel Alan Stoecklein were both mentioned by name multiple times in an open-ended section at the end of the survey where employees could comment freely. Kansas State Troopers Association President Mitch Mellick said that the survey revealed concerns that had long been held by troopers across the state regarding labor practices and benefits. Lieutenant Colonel Stoecklein soon thereafter announced his retirement, effective September 15, 2014 and Colonel Ernest Garcia announced he was leaving the agency on January 5, 2015.
Organization
The Kansas Highway Patrol is under the direction of the superintendent, who holds the rank of colonel. The superintendent is appointed by the Governor of Kansas. The superintendent appoints an assistant superintendent who holds the rank of lieutenant colonel to assist them. Under the assistant superintendent are five executive commanders who hold the rank of major. These officers comprise the executive command staff of the Patrol.
The Patrol is organized into several divisions, and each are overseen by an executive commander. Each division or region is further divided by its geographical area of responsibility (known as a "troop") or its function. Each troop or functional group is overseen by a commander who holds the rank of captain. Administrative groups are overseen by a civilian director. Each troop is further divided into "zones" of one or several counties. Each zone is overseen by a field supervisor who holds the rank of lieutenant.
Rank structure
Pay and pensions
Officers of the Kansas Highway Patrol begin their career as trooper trainees in the training academy at a base hourly rate. Upon graduation, a pay increase occurs, followed by another the beginning of their fourth year. Upon their fifth year, troopers are eligible for promotion to Master or Technical Trooper with an accompanying increase in pay. Additional years of service and experience qualify troopers for promotion to lieutenant (pay grade 36), captain (pay grade 38), and major (pay grade 38).
Troopers' retirement is administered by the Kansas Public Employees Retirement System (KPERS) which provides a defined benefit plan, the Kansas Police and Firemen's Retirement System (KP&F). Contributions are made on a pre-tax basis each pay period, with 7.15% of gross earnings withdrawn automatically. Tier I retirees (those employees who were enrolled in KP&F before July 1, 1989 and did not choose Tier II coverage) and Tier II retirees (all employees hired on or before July 1, 1989 or those who were hired earlier and chose Tier II coverage) may retire and are vested at different times.
In addition to the provided pension, employees are eligible to enroll in the Kansas Public Employees Retirement System (KPERS) 457(b) deferred compensation plan, known as KPERS 457.
Officers of the agency
State Troopers
State troopers are certified law enforcement officers who enforce Kansas laws. Troopers have law enforcement jurisdiction throughout the state. Daily responsibilities include performing traffic stops, providing emergency medical assistance, assisting motorists, investigating crashes, detecting and deterring criminal activity, and assisting other law enforcement agencies. State troopers assist during civil disturbances and natural disasters, provide law enforcement at the Kansas State Fair, inspect school buses and motor vehicles, testify in court, and educate the public about traffic safety.
Capitol Police Officers
The Kansas Capitol Police, as they are known today, are members of a specialty troop of the Kansas Highway Patrol (Troop K). The Capitol Police originally became part of the Kansas Highway Patrol in 1976, under the designation of Kansas Capitol Area Security Patrol, or C.A.S.P.
In the early days of C.A.S.P., the police officers of this special unit were statutorily only allowed to enforce laws on or about state property; leaving them powerless to act on a violation of the law when traveling from one property to another.
In 1995 The Kansas Legislature gave county wide law enforcement jurisdiction to the Capitol Police, and several years thereafter full statewide jurisdiction. With this added jurisdiction and the expanding role of C.A.S.P. legislation was also passed to officially change the name of the unit from C.A.S.P. to the Kansas Capitol Police.
Capitol Police Officers carry the same types of weapons and are issued the same types of equipment and vehicles as Kansas State Troopers. Although they are members of the Kansas Highway Patrol, they are considered “officers” not troopers, and wear slightly different uniforms. Most attended other police academies, not the trooper academy. In 2018, five Capitol Police officers attended the entire trooper academy but still graduated as Capitol police. In 2019, two more attended the trooper academy. Those who attended the full trooper academy are allowed to transfer out of Troop K and become a trooper have a specified amount of time in the Capitol.
Troop K is one of only two Kansas Highway Patrol Troops that provide 24-hour, 7-day-a-week police coverage. This coverage currently entails answering calls for service/patrolling over 100 state properties in Shawnee County Kansas, assisting other law enforcement agencies, investigation traffic accidents, intervening in crimes in progress, and traffic enforcement. The Capitol Police are also charged with providing uniformed police protection at the governor's mansion, the statehouse, the insurance regulation building, and the judicial center.
Motor Carrier Inspectors (Troop I)
Motor carrier inspectors perform thousands of roadside inspections each year, and enforce state laws and federal regulations that promote the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles. MCIs enforce state statutes governing size and weight of vehicles, assist stranded motorists, promote voluntary compliance with the law through educational programs, testify in court, and assist during civil disturbances, natural disasters, and crash scenes. MCIs also train outside agencies in commercial motor vehicle weight and safety regulations. However, most training is conducted by the technical troopers within Troop I (MCSAP troopers).
Motor carrier inspectors work at established scale houses throughout the state, and MCI Law Enforcement Officers conduct mobile inspections. The MCI Law Enforcement Officers are certified law enforcement officers, (but are not troopers), who in addition to inspecting commercial motor vehicles, detect and deter criminal activity, and apprehend criminal offenders.
Around approximately 2015, it was decided the mobile motor carrier inspector position would be eliminated through attrition. The MCIs were allowed to remain employed but had no opportunity for advancement. When they retire, their positions are replaced by technical troopers who perform the MCI duties of size and weight enforcement as well as typical trooper duties.
Communications Specialists (Troop M)
Communications specialists support field personnel 24 hours a day, seven days a week by rapidly and efficiently broadcasting information from the Highway Patrol's Central Communications Center in Salina, Kansas. Daily responsibilities include operating a data entry terminal and radio communication system to send, relay, and receive information. Communications Specialists maintain continuous contact among Highway Patrol personnel and other emergency response agencies, and they disseminate information for officers to apprehend offenders, develop investigative leads, track criminal activity, identify stolen property, and locate missing persons.
Communications specialists also coordinate emergency medical relays across the state using aircraft and ground units, and monitor alarms and warning systems, such as those issued by the National Weather Service and local emergency managers.
Equipment
Previous firearms
The last revolver issued was the Smith & Wesson Model 586 .357 Magnum revolver. In 1991, the SIG Sauer P220 .45 ACP was the first semi-automatic pistol carried by the agency until it was replaced in 1998 by the Glock 21 .45 ACP pistol. In 2009, the agency was one of the first in the United States to adopt the Glock 21SF (Short Frame) series sidearms (the other state agency to adopt the Glock 21SF shortly after would be the Nebraska State Patrol who still uses them). The Glock 21SF was first issued with a standard Level 1 or Level 2 high gloss leather holster, but the agency would later adopt the Safariland 6360 Level 3 holsters in around 2013–2014. In late 2018, the Patrol transitioned to 9mm with the Glock 17 Gen 5 carried in a Safariland 6360 Level 3 holster. The transition to 9mm was based upon Federal Bureau of Investigation testing which demonstrated a marked ballistic improvement upon earlier technology.
Vehicle issuance and retirement
Each trooper is issued their own patrol vehicle. Patrol vehicles are retired before reaching 50,000 miles and are subsequently resold to other governmental agencies at a reduced price.
Fallen officers
Since the establishment of the Kansas Highway Patrol, 10 officers have died in the line of duty.
See also
List of law enforcement agencies in Kansas
State police
Highway patrol
Kansas Bureau of Investigation
References
External links
Kansas Highway Patrol publications at KGI Online Library
State law enforcement agencies of Kansas
Government agencies established in 1937
1937 establishments in Kansas |
4022691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1996 French Open – Men's singles | Yevgeny Kafelnikov defeated Michael Stich in the final, 7–6(7–4), 7–5, 7–6(7–4) to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1996 French Open. Kafelnikov remains the most recent man to have won singles and men's doubles titles in the same major.
Thomas Muster was the defending champion, but lost in the fourth round to Stich.
Pete Sampras reached the semifinals, his best ever result at the French Open.
Future three-time champion and world No. 1 Gustavo Kuerten made his first appearance in the main draw of a major, losing to Wayne Ferreira in the first round. Three-time champion Mats Wilander made his final major appearance, losing to Todd Martin in the second round.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Yevgeny Kafelnikov is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (semifinals)
Thomas Muster (fourth round)
Andre Agassi (second round)
Michael Chang (third round)
Goran Ivanišević (fourth round)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (champion)
Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
Thomas Enqvist (first round)
Marcelo Ríos (fourth round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Arnaud Boetsch (second round)
Albert Costa (second round)
Richard Krajicek (quarterfinals)
Marc Rosset (semifinals)
Michael Stich (finalist)
MaliVai Washington (first round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
1996 French Open Men's Singles draw Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)
1996 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
1996 |
4022711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20historical%20equipment%20of%20the%20Canadian%20military | List of historical equipment of the Canadian military | This is a list of Infantry weapons used by the Canadian Military throughout its history and military arms used by militaries in pre-Confederation conflicts in Canada.
Colonial Era to Confederation (1604 - 1867)
Black powder rifles, carbines and pistols
Service rifles and carbines
Confederation to First World War (1867 - 1914)
Service Pistols
Service Rifles
First World War to Second World War (1914 - 1939)
Service pistols
Rifles
Machine Guns
Armoured Fighting Vehicles
Second World War to Cold War (1939 - 1946)
Infantry Weapons
Utility Vehicles
Scout Vehicles
Armoured Carriers and Armoured Tractors
Tanks
Combat Tanks
Training Tanks
Self-Propelled Artillery and Anti-Aircraft
Engineering Vehicles
Artillery
Field artillery
Anti-tank guns
Anti-aircraft guns
Cold War to Modern (Cold War and peace keeping weapons until 2003)
Infantry Weapons
Utility Vehicles
Armoured Fighting Vehicles
Unsorted
Approved private purchase and secondary side-arms
Grenades, mines and other explosives
Infantry mortars
Bayonets and Knives
Ammunition
Swords
1897 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword
1908 and 1912 Pattern British Army Cavalry Swords
1857 Artillery Officer Sword
1827 Navy Officer Sword
1926 Air Force Officer Sword
Uniforms, Load Bearing and Protective Equipment
Uniforms
Foreign Service Dress 1900-1903
Service Dress 1903-1939
Canadian Pattern and British Pattern
Khaki Drill
Battle Dress 1939-1967
Denison smock Used by the Airborne
Canadian Para Smock
Bush Dress
Combat Dress -1968-2002
CADPAT camouflage Combat Dress 2002–present
Load bearing equipment
Oliver Pattern Equipment 1898-19??
1903 Pattern Bandolier Equipment
1937 Pattern Web Equipment
1942 Battle Jerkin
1951 Pattern Web Equipment
1964 Pattern Web Equipment
1982 Pattern Web Equipment
Tactical Vest (or just known as Tac Vest). 2003–Present
Head dress
Canadian military fur wedge cap
Glengarry
Tam o'shanter
Field Service Cap
Beret
Balmoral bonnet
Brodie helmet
Mk II helmet
Mk III helmet
M1 Helmet
CG634
Protective equipment
Fragmentation Protection Vest
Present day
List of equipment of the Canadian Army
References
External links
canadiansoldier.com
weapons
Weapons of Canada
Canada |
4022723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20Island%2C%20Grenadines | Palm Island, Grenadines | Palm Island in the Grenadines is a small island one mile from Union Island, only accessible by boat. It has an area of and has five beaches.
Originally known as Prune Island, Palm Island got its current name when the former owners, the late John Caldwell ("Johnny Coconut") and his wife Mary, planted hundreds of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera), transforming the deserted, swampy, and mosquito infested island into a palm covered one. Its grass airstrip was sacrificed to the planting of more palms following the construction of a concrete airstrip on Union Island. The circular air traffic control building remains although it is now used as a nursery for young palms.
Nature
The island is a haven for wildlife and during 2015, 125 land turtles were introduced to replace the small population that was washed away by Hurricane Ivan in 2004. Although not indigenous, the vegetation is akin to Union Island where the turtles were sourced and they are released from nursery cages as soon as they grow past the size where they would be prey to the native land iguanas.
Other wildlife easily seen are house geckos (Gekkonidae), ground and tree lizards, hermit crabs, land crabs (Coenobitidae). sea turtles are reputed to come ashore to lay eggs but rare tracks are usually the only indication that they have visited. The island also provides habitation for pigeons and doves (Columbidae), common blackbird, tropical mockingbird, sandpipers, bananaquit, blue and crowned herons (Botaurus) and hummingbirds. The skies above are populated by osprey, laughing gull and frigatebird. Sand flies or "noseeums" (no-see-em, no-see-ums) as they are known colloquially combined with the ubiquitous mosquito occasionally annoy the hotel guests but blanket spraying by the hotel ground staff keeps their effect to a minimum.
See also
Martinique Channel
Tourism
Palm Island is the home of Palm Island Resort and Spa, with 40 rooms and suites and several private villas. There are two restaurants (the Royal Palm Restaurant and the Sunset Grill) and two bars, a spa, swimming pool, gym, library, tennis court, table tennis room and TV/Internet Room plus other facilities for guests. Typically the resort caters for 100 guests with 92 staff.
The island golf course has been reclaimed by the natural habitat with just the flagsticks remaining although a driving range parallel to the Casuarina Beach is usable but rarely used.
References
Caribbean Wildlife
Birds of the Caribbean
External links
Official Palm Island Hotel web site
Islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Resorts in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
4022735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo%20degli%20Organi | Bartolomeo degli Organi | Bartolomeo degli Organi (24 December 1474 – 12 December 1539) was an Italian composer, singer and organist of the Renaissance. Living in Florence, he was closely associated with Lorenzo de' Medici, and was music teacher both to the Florentine composer Francesco de Layolle and Guido Machiavelli, the son of the famous writer.
Life
He was born in Florence, and seems to have spent most of his life there. He was a singer in the cathedral of Santissima Annunziata from 1488, and was appointed as a singer in the baptistry chapel by Lorenzo de' Medici himself. In addition he worked as an organist at several locations in Florence, finally obtaining the position of organist at the cathedral in 1509, a position he retained for the rest of his life.
Bartolomeo was well-connected with the artistic and cultural life in Florence. In addition to being part of the circle of Lorenzo de' Medici, his friends included the poet Lorenzo Strozzi, and he was the music teacher of the son of Niccolò Machiavelli. He also may have been one of the teachers of Francesco Corteccia, the most prominent Florentine musician of the middle of the 16th century.
Some of Bartolomeo's children and grandchildren also became well-known musicians in Florence, including his sons Antonio, Lorenzo, and Piero, and his grandson Baccio degli Organi, a Florentine music teacher in the 16th century.
Music and influence
Relatively little of Bartolomeo's music has survived. Only fifteen pieces are found in sources of the period: ten secular songs, a lauda, and four instrumental compositions. The songs are in the characteristic style of the popular music of the period, with simple rhythms, homophonic texture, clear phrasing, and they are in strophic form. Eight are ballatas. In spite of his close association with Ss Annunziata, only a single sacred composition has survived, the lauda Sguardate il Salvatore, and that is probably an adaptation of a secular song.
Some influence of the Netherlands school is evident in his music: he used the tune of the famous chanson De tous biens plaine by Hayne van Ghizeghem in one of his instrumental pieces, and he also used motivic material by Alexander Agricola (who also worked in Florence in the early 1490s, and was possibly his teacher) in his instrumental music.
References
Frank A. D'Accone. "Bartolomeo degli Organi", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 10 February 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
Renaissance composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian classical organists
Male organists
People from the Province of Florence
1474 births
1539 deaths |
4022741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coactivator%20%28genetics%29 | Coactivator (genetics) | A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes. The activator contains a DNA binding domain that binds either to a DNA promoter site or a specific DNA regulatory sequence called an enhancer. Binding of the activator-coactivator complex increases the speed of transcription by recruiting general transcription machinery to the promoter, therefore increasing gene expression. The use of activators and coactivators allows for highly specific expression of certain genes depending on cell type and developmental stage.
Some coactivators also have histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. HATs form large multiprotein complexes that weaken the association of histones to DNA by acetylating the N-terminal histone tail. This provides more space for the transcription machinery to bind to the promoter, therefore increasing gene expression.
Activators are found in all living organisms, but coactivator proteins are typically only found in eukaryotes because they are more complex and require a more intricate mechanism for gene regulation. In eukaryotes, coactivators are usually proteins that are localized in the nucleus.
Mechanism
Some coactivators indirectly regulate gene expression by binding to an activator and inducing a conformational change that then allows the activator to bind to the DNA enhancer or promoter sequence. Once the activator-coactivator complex binds to the enhancer, RNA polymerase II and other general transcription machinery are recruited to the DNA and transcription begins.
Histone acetyltransferase
Nuclear DNA is normally wrapped tightly around histones, making it hard or impossible for the transcription machinery to access the DNA. This association is due primarily to the electrostatic attraction between the DNA and histones as the DNA phosphate backbone is negatively charged and histones are rich in lysine residues, which are positively charged. The tight DNA-histone association prevents the transcription of DNA into RNA.
Many coactivators have histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity meaning that they can acetylate specific lysine residues on the N-terminal tails of histones. In this method, an activator binds to an enhancer site and recruits a HAT complex that then acetylates nucleosomal promoter-bound histones by neutralizing the positively charged lysine residues. This charge neutralization causes the histones to have a weaker bond to the negatively charged DNA, which relaxes the chromatin structure, allowing other transcription factors or transcription machinery to bind to the promoter (transcription initiation). Acetylation by HAT complexes may also help keep chromatin open throughout the process of elongation, increasing the speed of transcription.
Acetylation of the N-terminal histone tail is one of the most common protein modifications found in eukaryotes, with about 85% of all human proteins being acetylated. Acetylation is crucial for synthesis, stability, function, regulation and localization of proteins and RNA transcripts.
HATs function similarly to N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) but their acetylation is reversible unlike in NATs. HAT mediated histone acetylation is reversed using histone deactetylase (HDAC), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysine residues, removing the acetyl group from the histones. This causes the chromatin to close back up from their relaxed state, making it difficult for the transcription machinery to bind to the promoter, thus repressing gene expression.
Examples of coactivators that display HAT activity include CARM1, CBP and EP300.
Corepression
Many coactivators also function as corepressors under certain circumstances. Cofactors such as TAF1 and BTAF1 can initiate transcription in the presence of an activator (act as a coactivator) and repress basal transcription in the absence of an activator (act as a corepressor).
Significance
Biological significance
Transcriptional regulation is one of the most common ways for an organism to alter gene expression. The use of activation and coactivation allows for greater control over when, where and how much of a protein is produced. This enables each cell to be able to quickly respond to environmental or physiological changes and helps to mitigate any damage that may occur if it were otherwise unregulated.
Associated disorders
Mutations to coactivator genes leading to loss or gain of protein function have been linked to diseases and disorders such as birth defects, cancer (especially hormone dependent cancers), neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disability (ID), among many others. Dysregulation leading to the over- or under-expression of coactivators can detrimentally interact with many drugs (especially anti-hormone drugs) and has been implicated in cancer, fertility issues and neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. For a specific example, dysregulation of CREB-binding protein (CBP)—which acts as a coactivator for numerous transcription factors within the central nervous system (CNS), reproductive system, thymus and kidneys—has been linked to Huntington's disease, leukaemia, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, neurodevelopmental disorders and deficits of the immune system, hematopoiesis and skeletal muscle function.
As drug targets
Coactivators are promising targets for drug therapies in the treatment of cancer, metabolic disorder, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, along with many other disorders. For example, the steroid receptor coactivator (SCR) NCOA3 is often overexpressed in breast cancer, so the development of an inhibitor molecule that targets this coactivator and decreases its expression could be used as a potential treatment for breast cancer.
Because transcription factors control many different biological processes, they are ideal targets for drug therapy. The coactivators that regulate them can be easily replaced with a synthetic ligand that allows for control over an increase or decrease in gene expression.
Further technological advances will provide new insights into the function and regulation of coactivators at a whole-organism level and elucidate their role in human disease, which will hopefully provide better targets for future drug therapies.
Known coactivators
To date there are more than 300 known coregulators. Some examples of these coactivators include:
ARA54 targets androgen receptors
ATXN7L3 targets several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily
BCL3 targets 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR)
CBP targets many transcription factors
CDC25B targets steroid receptors
COPS5 targets several nuclear receptors
DDC targets androgen receptors
EP300 targets many transcription factors
KAT5 targets many nuclear receptors
KDM1A targets androgen receptors
Steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family
NCOA1 targets several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily
NCOA2 targets several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily
NCOA3 targets several nuclear receptors and transcription factors
See also
Repressor
Regulation of gene expression
Transcription coregulator
Translation
TcoF-DB
References
External links
Nuclear Receptor Signalling Atlas (NIH-funded research consortium and database; includes open-access PubMed-indexed journal, Nuclear Receptor Signaling)
TcoF - Dragon database of transcription co-factors and transcription factor interacting proteins
Gene expression
Molecular genetics
Proteins
Transcription coregulators |
4022742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chinese%20administrative%20divisions%20by%20natural%20growth%20rate | List of Chinese administrative divisions by natural growth rate | This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), including all provinces, autonomous regions, special administrative regions and municipalities, in order of their natural growth rate in 2014. Here, natural growth rate refers to the birth rate minus the death rate, i.e. the effects of migration are not considered. The unit is per thousand.
The figures are from the China Statistical Yearbook 2015 published by the Bureau of Statistics of the PRC.
References
National Bureau of Statistics
Natural growth rate
Natural growth rate
China, natural growth rate |
4022743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Weapons%20Complex | Air Weapons Complex | The Air Weapons Complex (AWC) () is a scientific research and development military complex engage in explosive engineering, specifically in airborne system. The AWC is operated and controlled by the Pakistan Air Force as its military unit that is dedicated towards developing and integrating the aerospace warfighting technologies and providing warfighting capabilities to the Pakistan Air Force.
Since its establishment in 1992, the AWC has designed and developed the air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) for the Air Force and participated in technical demonstrations in conjunction with nation's major defense contractors such as NESCOM, DESTO, and the Ministry of Defence (MoD).
Products
Airborne systems
Airborne Video Tape Recorder (AVTR) system
Airborne Digital Data Recorder system
Infra-red search and track (IRST) system
GPS navigation system
Mechanical gyro and iFOG-based inertial navigation system (INS)
MOHAFIZ counter-measures dispensing system
Laser guidance system for Mk.80 series bombs (license-manufactured design from the US)
Air-launched weaponry
Practice bombs (6 kg, 11 kg)
250 kg Pre-fragmented bomb
250 kg Mk.82 general-purpose bomb
500 kg Mk.83 bomb
1000 kg Mk.84 bomb
Mk.80 series general-purpose bomb tail units (low drag or high drag speed-retarding devices)
HAFR-1, HAFR-2 and RPB-1 anti-runway weapons
H-2 SOW
H-4 SOW
Ra'ad ALCM
Ra'ad-II ALCM
Electronics
Air Defence Automation System (C4I system) - given to Bangladesh, installed by AWC engineers circa 2005.
Electronic fuses for air-launched weapons (impact and proximity fuses)
Real-time ACMI system
Voice/Fax/Data encryption system
Other
Multi-Spectral Camouflage Net - camouflages against night-vision, infra-red, radar and millimeter wave sensors as well as visual detection. Stated to reduce an object's radar cross-section (RCS) by 86% on average and reduce average detection range by 43.8%.
Technical Expertise
Software Development for Mission Critical Systems
Nondestructive Testing Software and Mechanical Support
Electronic System Design and Production
Prototyping and Production of Specialized Mechanical Assemblies
Mechanical Components Precision Manufacturing
TQM Practices
Mil-Spec Qualifications
CAD/CAM Support
UAV project
The Air Weapons Complex embarked on a project for the indigenous development of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) in mid-1998. The Sky Tracker and Sky Navigator software suites were developed for the ground-based tracking of UAVs. The software retrieves the GPS position data from the UAV via a radio data-link17 and uses it to show the position of the UAV as a 2D plot along with other essential data such as, speed, altitude, heading, etc. This plot can be overlaid onto area maps as well. This information is used by the pilot for flying the UAV from the ground-based command station.
References
A
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Defence companies of Pakistan
Weapon development
Military research installations of Pakistan
1992 establishments in Pakistan
Guided missile manufacturers |
4022747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1998 French Open – Men's singles | Carlos Moyá defeated Àlex Corretja in the final, 6–3, 7–5, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1998 French Open.
Gustavo Kuerten was the defending champion, but he lost in the second round to Marat Safin, who was appearing in the main draw of a major for the first time.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
1998 French Open Men's Singles draw – Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)
1998 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1998 ATP Tour |
4022748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Bureau | Le Bureau | Le Bureau is a 2006 French television show written and directed by Nicolas & Bruno. It is a French adaptation of the popular British television series The Office. Le Bureau adapted the scripts of the original British series, changing character names and many cultural references.
Cast
François Berléand: Gilles Triquet, Regional Director of the Cogirep Villepinte branch. He is based on David Brent.
Xavier Robic: Félix Pradier, trainee.
Benoît Carré: Joel Liotard, Assistant to the Regional Director.
Jérémie Elkaïm: Paul Delorme, Sales Representative.
Alka-Laure Balbir: Laetitia Kadiri, Receptionist.
Frédéric Merlo: Daniel Gabarda, Chief Accountant.
Jean-Pierre Loustau: Didier Leguélec, Representative.
Astrid Bas: Juliette Lebrac, Manager of Cogirep France.
Solène Bouton: Jennifer Langlois.
Jacques-Yves Dorges as Giraud Bernard, Sales Representative.
Summary
It takes place in Villepinte, a business park in the northeast suburbs of Paris.
The series stars François Berléand as Gilles Triquet, France's version of David Brent. Another notable actor, Jérémie Elkaïm of Presque rien fame, also stars in the series playing the French version of Tim Canterbury.
Filming with the French cast was completed in early February; the series began airing on 25 May 2006.
It is the first foreign-language remake of the show, although the German series Stromberg used The Office as a basis for its show format. A dubbed version of the first UK series that ran on cable in France in 2004 fared poorly.
Season schedule
Home release
The DVD was released on 28 August 2006.
See also
The Office
List of French adaptations of television series from other countries
References
External links
Canal Plus - Le Bureau
Pravda - 'The Office' becomes 'Le Bureau'
Guardian Unlimited - From Slough to Villepinte: it's Le Bureau
Guardian Unlimited - 'Vulgar, bigoted, cynical': France warms to Le Bureau
Cogirep
FT.com Je vous presente... le David Brent francais
Times Online - The Office, version française
The Office
French television sitcoms
Mockumentary television series
Television shows set in France
French television series based on British television series
2000s French comedy television series
2006 French television series debuts
2006 French television series endings
Television shows set in Paris
Canal+ original programming |
4022752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Higgins%20Park | O'Higgins Park | O'Higgins Park (, formerly known as Parque Cousiño), with an area of around , is Santiago, Chile's second largest public park after Metropolitan Park. It is located in the center of the capital, in the Santiago Commune.
The park, named after Bernardo O'Higgins (one of Chile's founding fathers), is a popular place for families to visit during weekends and holidays, especially during the national holiday on September 18, when a number of fondas and ramadas —traditional places for dancing, eating and drinking— are open to the public for a few days.
Between 2011 to 2019, O’Higgins Park hosted the annual music festival Lollapalooza Chile.
History
The present-day O’Higgins Park is the result of gradual evolution over its history. The site, originally called Pampilla or El Llano, was a flat open space between the modern-day Santa Rosa and San Ignacio streets, where people gathered to celebrate Fiestas Patrias, Chile's national day.
The government bought the land in 1845 and used the southern portion for state buildings, including a jail. In 1870, it gave the northern portion of the terrain to Chilean politician, entrepreneur and philanthropist Luis Cousiño. Inspired by the parks he saw in Europe, he decided to create one in his own city and contracted French landscaper Guillermo Renner to shape it into parkland. The park was inaugurated by his widow Isidora Goyenechea in 1873 and was named Parque Cousiño in his honor.
Movistar Arena
In 1956, work began on an indoor stadium inside O’Higgins Park which would eventually become the largest covered arena in Chile. Construction started but then stalled, leaving only the bare structure of the stadium complete until 1999, when the roof was finally completed. After further delays, the stadium at last opened to the public in 2006 as the Arena Santiago. In 2008, Telefonica’s cellphone division Movistar bought the naming rights and the stadium became the Movistar Arena.
Religious events
On 19 December 1926, the Church in Chile used Cousiño Park for a ceremony to crown an image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Chile’s patron saint, led by Benedetto Aloisi Masella, the papal nuncio to the country. The painting used in the ceremony is preserved in Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral and is carried through the streets of Santiago on the last Sunday of September each year.
In 1987, Pope John Paul II visited Chile and led a beatification ceremony in O’Higgins Park for Saint Teresa of Los Andes. The ceremony had to be suspended when violence broke out between the Carabineros de Chile (Chilean police force and gendarmerie) and crowds protesting Augusto Pinochet’s military dictatorship. The situation calmed and the pope, believed to be a supporter of Chile’s return to democracy, concluded his address with the words “love is stronger”.
Davis Cup controversy
In 2000 the Arena Santiago in O’Higgins Park played host to a tie tennis match between Chile and Argentina as part of the Davis Cup. During the second singles match between Nicolás Massú and Mariano Zabaleta, the crowd reacted violently, throwing objects on the court and forcing Argentina to withdraw.
Lollapalooza Chile
In November 2010, musician and Lollapalooza founder Perry Farrell announced that the first overseas version of the rock festival would take place in O’Higgins Park, Santiago. The inaugural Lollapalooza Chile took place on 2–3 April 2011 and drew a crowd of about 100,000, with venues including the park's Movistar Arena, La Elipse, and La Cupula Theater. Lollapalooza Chile has returned annually since then, most recently on 16–18 March 2018.
Infrastructure
The park is located next to Parque O’Higgins metro station and near Santiago's Autopista Central highway.
Key structures and facilities include:
The Movistar Arena, one of the largest multi-use stadia in South America.
Campo de Marte, also known as La Elipse (), where a military parade takes place every September 19 for the Day of the Glories of the Army.
El Pueblito (), where visitors can find shops, craft stalls and museums, including the Museum of the Huaso and the Insect and Snail Museum.
Fantasilandia, the biggest amusement park in Chile, located in the park's northwestern corner.
Olympic pool
There is also a public pool, a roller skating field, a skate park, tennis courts, a soccer field, a theater and an artificial lake, with walking trails crossing the length of the park.
References
External links
360-degree aerial view of O'Higgins Park
Parks in Santiago, Chile
Urban public parks |
4022767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity%20priority%20dispute | Relativity priority dispute | Albert Einstein presented the theories of special relativity and general relativity in publications that either contained no formal references to previous literature, or referred only to a small number of his predecessors for fundamental results on which he based his theories, most notably to the work of Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz for special relativity, and to the work of David Hilbert, Carl F. Gauss, Bernhard Riemann, and Ernst Mach for general relativity. Subsequently, claims have been put forward about both theories, asserting that they were formulated, either wholly or in part, by others before Einstein. At issue is the extent to which Einstein and various other individuals should be credited for the formulation of these theories, based on priority considerations.
Various scholars have questioned aspects of the work of Einstein, Henri Poincaré, and Lorentz leading up to the theories’ publication in 1905. Questions raised by these scholars include asking to what degree Einstein was familiar with Poincaré's work, whether Einstein was familiar with Lorentz's 1904 paper or a review of it, and how closely Einstein followed other physicists at the time. It is known that Einstein was familiar with Poincaré's 1902 paper [Poi02], but it is not known to what extent he was familiar with other work of Poincaré in 1905. However, it is known that he knew [Poi00] in 1906, because he quoted it in [Ein06]. Lorentz's 1904 paper [Lor04] contained the transformations bearing his name that appeared in the Annalen der Physik. Some authors claim that Einstein worked in relative isolation and with restricted access to the physics literature in 1905. Others, however, disagree; a personal friend of Einstein, Maurice Solovine, acknowledged that he and Einstein pored over Poincaré's 1902 book, keeping them "breathless for weeks on end" [Rot06]. The question of whether Einstein's wife Mileva Marić contributed to Einstein's work has also been raised, but most scholars on the topic say that there is no substantive evidence that she made significant contributions.
Background
In the history of special relativity, the most important names that are mentioned in discussions about the distribution of credit are Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré, and Hermann Minkowski. Consideration is also given to numerous other scientists for either anticipations of some aspects of the theory, or else for contributions to the development or elaboration of the theory. These include Woldemar Voigt, August Föppl, Joseph Larmor, Emil Cohn, Friedrich Hasenöhrl, Max Planck, Max von Laue, Gilbert Newton Lewis and Richard Chase Tolman, and others. In addition, polemics exist about alleged contributions of others such as Olinto De Pretto who according to some mathematical scholars did not create relativity but was the first to use the equation. Also Einstein's first wife Mileva Marić, although her contribution is not considered to have any foundation according to serious scholars.
In his History of the theories of ether and electricity from 1953, E. T. Whittaker claimed that relativity is the creation of Poincaré and Lorentz and attributed to Einstein's papers only little importance. However, most historians of science, like Gerald Holton, Arthur I. Miller, Abraham Pais, John Stachel, or Olivier Darrigol have other points of view. They admit that Lorentz and Poincaré developed the mathematics of special relativity, and many scientists originally spoke about the "Lorentz–Einstein theory". But they argue that it was Einstein who completely eliminated the classical ether and demonstrated the relativity of space and time. They also argue that Poincaré demonstrated the relativity of space and time only in his philosophical writings, but in his physical papers he maintained the ether as a privileged frame of reference that is perfectly undetectable, and continued (like Lorentz) to distinguish between "real" lengths and times measured by observers at rest within the aether, and "apparent" lengths and times measured by observers in motion within the aether. Darrigol summarizes:
Most of the components of Einstein's paper appeared in others' anterior works on the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Poincaré and Alfred Bucherer had the relativity principle. Lorentz and Larmor had most of the Lorentz transformations, Poincaré had them all. Cohn and Bucherer rejected the ether. Poincaré, Cohn, and Abraham had a physical interpretation of Lorentz's local time. Larmor and Cohn alluded to the dilation of time. Lorentz and Poincaré had the relativistic dynamics of the electron. None of these authors, however, dared to reform the concepts of space and time. None of them imagined a new kinematics based on two postulates. None of them derived the Lorentz transformations on this basis. None of them fully understood the physical implications of these transformations. It all was Einstein's unique feat.
Undisputed facts
The following facts are well established and referable:
In 1889, ([Poi89]), Henri Poincaré argued that the ether might be unobservable, in which case the existence of the ether is a metaphysical question, and he suggested that some day the ether concept would be thrown aside as useless. However, in the same book (Ch. 10) he considered the ether a "convenient hypothesis" and continued to use the concept also in later books in 1908 ([Poi08], Book 3) and 1912 ([Poi13], Ch. 6).
In 1895, Poincaré argued that results like those obtained by Michelson and Morley (Michelson–Morley experiment) show that it seems to be impossible to detect the absolute motion of matter or the relative motion of matter in relation to the ether. In 1900 [Poi00] he called this the Principle of Relative Motion, i.e., that the laws of movement should be the same in all inertial frames. Alternative terms used by Poincaré were "relativity of space" and "principle of relativity". In 1904 he expanded that principle by saying: "The principle of relativity, according to which the laws of physical phenomena must be the same for a stationary observer as for one carried along in a uniform motion of translation, so that we have no means, and can have none, of determining whether or not we are being carried along in such a motion." However, he also stated that we do not know if this principle will turn out to be true, but that it is interesting to determine what the principle implies.
In 1900([Poi00]), Poincaré published a paper in which he said that radiation could be considered as a fictitious fluid with an equivalent mass of . He derived this interpretation from Lorentz's 'theory of electrons' which incorporated Maxwell's radiation pressure.
Poincaré had described a synchronization procedure for clocks at rest relative to each other in [Poi00] and again in [Poi04]. So two events, which are simultaneous in one frame of reference, are not simultaneous in another frame. It is very similar to the one later proposed by Einstein. However, Poincaré distinguished between "local" or "apparent" time of moving clocks, and the "true" time of resting clocks in the ether. In [Poi02] he argued that "some day, no doubt, the ether will be thrown aside as useless".
Lorentz' paper [Lor04] containing the transformations bearing his name appeared in 1904.
Albert Einstein in [Ein05c] derived the Lorentz equations by using the principle of constancy of velocity of light and the relativity principle. He was the first to argue that those principles (along with certain other basic assumptions about the homogeneity and isotropy of space, usually taken for granted by theorists) are sufficient to derive the theory—see Postulates of special relativity. He said: "The introduction of a luminiferous ether will prove to be superfluous inasmuch as the view here to be developed will not require an absolutely stationary space provided with special properties, nor assign a velocity vector to a point of the empty space in which electromagnetic processes take place." * Einstein's Elektrodynamik paper [Ein05c] contains no formal references to other literature. It does mention, in §9, part II, that the results of the paper are in agreement with Lorentz's electrodynamics. Poincaré is not mentioned in this paper, although he is cited formally in a paper on special relativity written by Einstein the following year.
In 1905 Einstein was the first to suggest that when a material body lost energy (either radiation or heat) of amount , its mass decreased by the amount .
Hermann Minkowski showed in 1907 that the theory of special relativity could be elegantly described using a four-dimensional spacetime, which combines the dimension of time with the three dimensions of space.
Einstein in 1920 returned to a concept of aether having no state of motion.
Comments by Lorentz, Poincaré, and Einstein
Lorentz
In a paper that was written in 1914 and published in 1921, Lorentz expressed appreciation for Poincaré's Palermo paper (1906) on relativity. Lorentz stated:
However, a 1916 reprint of his main work "The theory of electrons" contains notes (written in 1909 and 1915) in which Lorentz sketched the differences between his results and that of Einstein as follows:
Regarding the fact, that in this book Lorentz only mentioned Einstein and not Poincaré in connection with a) the synchronisation by light signals, b) the reciprocity of the Lorentz transformation, and c) the relativistic transformation law for charge density, Janssen comments:
And at a conference on the Michelson–Morley experiment in 1927 at which Lorentz and Michelson were present, Michelson suggested that Lorentz was the initiator of the theory of relativity. Lorentz then replied:
Poincaré
Poincaré attributed the development of the new mechanics almost entirely to Lorentz. He only mentioned Einstein in connection with the photoelectric effect, but not in connection with special relativity. For example, in 1912 Poincaré raises the question whether "the mechanics of Lorentz" will still exist after the development of the quantum theory. He wrote:
Einstein
It is now known that Einstein was well aware of the scientific research of his time. The well known historian of science, Jürgen Renn, Director of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, wrote on Einstein's contributions to the Annalen der Physik:
Einstein wrote in 1907 that one needed only to realize that an auxiliary quantity that was introduced by Lorentz and that he called "local time" can simply be defined as "time". In 1909 and 1912
Einstein explained:
But Einstein and his supporters took the position that this "light postulate" together with the principle of relativity renders the ether superfluous and leads directly to Einstein's version of relativity. It is also known that Einstein had been reading and studying Poincaré's 1902 book Science and hypothesis well before 1905, which included:
detailed philosophical assessments on the relativity of space, time, and simultaneity
discussion of the reliance on conventions regarding the use of light signals for the synchronization of clocks
the definition of the principle of relativity and the conjecture that a violation of that principle can never be detected empirically
the possible redundancy of the ether hypothesis
detailed remarks on the physical status of non-Euclidean geometry.
Einstein refers to Poincaré in connection with the inertia of energy in 1906 and the non-Euclidean geometry in 1921, but not in connection with the Lorentz transformation, the relativity principle or the synchronization procedure by light signals. However, in the last years before his death Einstein acknowledged some of Poincaré's contributions (according to Darrigol, maybe because his biographer Pais in 1950 sent Einstein a copy of Poincarè's Palermo paper, which he said that he had not read before). Einstein wrote in 1953:
Timeline
This section cites notable publications where people have expressed a view on the issues outlined above.
Sir Edmund Whittaker (1954)
In 1954, Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker, an English mathematician and historian of science, credited Henri Poincaré with the equation , and he included a chapter entitled The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz in his book A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. He credited Poincaré and Lorentz, and especially alluded to Lorentz's 1904 paper (dated by Whittaker as 1903), Poincaré's St. Louis speech (The Principles of Mathematical Physics) of September 1904, and Poincaré's June 1905 paper. Whittaker attributed to Einstein's relativity paper only little importance, i.e., the formulation of the Doppler and aberration formulas. Max Born spent three years trying to dissuade Whittaker, but Whittaker insisted that everything of importance had already been said by Poincaré, and that Lorentz quite plainly had the physical interpretation.
Gerald Holton (1960)
Whittaker's claims were criticized by Gerald Holton (1960, 1973). He argued that there are fundamental differences between the theories of Einstein on one hand, and Poincaré and Lorentz on the other hand. Einstein radically reformulated the concepts of space and time, and by that removed "absolute space" and thus the stationary luminiferous aether from physics. On the other hand, Holton argued that Poincaré and Lorentz still adhered to the stationary aether concept, and tried only to modify Newtonian dynamics, not to replace it. Holton argued, that "Poincaré's silence" (i.e., why Poincaré never mentioned Einstein's contributions to relativity) was due to their fundamentally different conceptual viewpoints. Einstein's views on space and time and the abandonment of the aether were, according to Holton, not acceptable to Poincaré, therefore the latter only referred to Lorentz as the creator of the "new mechanics". Holton also pointed out that although Poincaré's 1904 St. Louis speech was "acute and penetrating" and contained a "principle of relativity" that is confirmed by experience and needs new development, it did not "enunciate a new relativity principle". He also alluded to mistakes of Whittaker, like predating Lorentz's 1904 paper (published April 1904) to 1903.
Views similar to Holton's were later (1967, 1970) expressed by his former student, Stanley Goldberg.
G. H. Keswani (1965)
In a 1965 series of articles tracing the history of relativity, Keswani claimed that Poincaré and Lorentz should have the main credit for special relativity – claiming that Poincaré pointedly credited Lorentz multiple times, while Lorentz credited Poincaré and Einstein, refusing to take credit for himself. He also downplayed the theory of general relativity, saying "Einstein's general theory of relativity is only a theory of gravitation and of modifications in the laws of physics in gravitational fields". This would leave the special theory of relativity as the unique theory of relativity. Keswani cited also Vladimir Fock for this same opinion.
This series of articles prompted responses, among others from Herbert Dingle and Karl Popper.
Dingle said, among other things, ".. the 'principle of relativity' had various meanings, and the theories associated with it were quite distinct; they were not different forms of the same theory. Each of the three protagonists.... was very well aware of the others .... but each preferred his own views"
Karl Popper says "Though Einstein appears to have known Poincaré's Science and Hypothesis prior to 1905, there is no theory like Einstein's in this great book."
Keswani did not accept the criticism, and replied in two letters also published in the same journal ( and – in his reply to Dingle, he argues that the three relativity theories were at heart the same: ".. they meant much that was common. And that much mattered the most."
Dingle commented the year after on the history of crediting: "Until the first World War, Lorentz's and Einstein's theories were regarded as different forms of the same idea, but Lorentz, having priority and being a more established figure speaking a more familiar language, was credited with it." (Dingle 1967, Nature 216 p. 119–122).
Arthur I. Miller (1973)
Miller (1973, 1981) agreed with the analysis of Holton and Goldberg, and further argued that although the terminology (like the principle of relativity) used by Poincaré and Einstein were very similar, their content differs sharply. According to Miller, Poincaré used this principle to complete the aether based "electromagnetic world view" of Lorentz and Abraham. He also argued that Poincaré distinguished (in his July 1905 paper) between "ideal" and "real" systems and electrons. That is, Lorentz's and Poincaré's usage of reference frames lacks an unambiguous physical interpretation, because in many cases they are only mathematical tools, while in Einstein's theory the processes in inertial frames are not only mathematically, but also physically equivalent. Miller wrote in 1981:
p. 172: "Although Poincaré's principle of relativity is stated in a manner similar to Einstein's, the difference in content is sharp. The critical difference is that Poincaré's principle admits the existence of the ether, and so considers the velocity of light to be exactly c only when it is measured in coordinate systems at rest in the ether. In inertial reference systems, the velocity of light is c and is independent of the emitter's motion as a result of certain compensatory effects such as the mathematical local time and the hypothesis of an unobservable contraction. Consequently, Poincaré's extension of the relativity principle of relative motion into the dynamics of the electron resided in electromagnetic theory, and not in mechanics...Poincaré came closest to rendering electrodynamics consistent, but not to a relativity theory." p. 217: "Poincaré related the imaginary system Σ' to the ether fixed system S'".
Miller (1996) argues that Poincaré was guided by empiricism, and was willing to admit that experiments might prove relativity wrong, and so Einstein is more deserving of credit, even though he might have been substantially influenced by Poincaré's papers. Miller also argues that "Emphasis on conventionalism ... led Poincaré and Lorentz to continue to believe in the mathematical and observational equivalence of special relativity and Lorentz's electron theory. This is incorrect." [p. 96] Instead, Miller claims that the theories are mathematically equivalent but not physically equivalent. [p. 91–92]
Abraham Pais (1982)
In his 1982 Einstein biography Subtle is the Lord, Abraham Pais argued that Poincaré "comes near" to discovering special relativity (in his St. Louis lecture of September 1904, and the June 1905 paper), but eventually he failed, because in 1904 and also later in 1909, Poincaré treated length contraction as a third independent hypothesis besides the relativity principle and the constancy of the speed of light. According to Pais, Poincaré thus never understood (or at least he never accepted) special relativity, in which the whole theory including length contraction can simply be derived from two postulates. Consequently, he sharply criticized Whittaker's chapter on the "Relativity theory of Poincaré and Lorentz", saying "how well the author's lack of physical insight matches his ignorance of the literature", although Pais admitted that both he and his colleagues hold the original version of Whittaker's History as a masterpiece. Although he was apparently trying to make a point concerning Whittaker's treatment of the origin of special relativity, Pais' phrasing of that statement was rebuked by at least one notable reviewer of his 1982 book as being "scurrilous" and "lamentable". Also in contrast to Pais' overgeneralized claim, notable scientists such as Max Born refer to parts of Whittaker's second volume, especially the history of quantum mechanics, as "the most amazing feats of learning, insight, and discriminations" while Freeman Dyson says of the two volumes of Whittaker's second edition: "it is likely that this is the most scholarly and generally authoritative history of its period that we shall ever get."
Pais goes on to argue that Lorentz never abandoned the stationary aether concept, either before or after 1905:
p. 118: "Throughout the paper of 1895, the Fresnel aether is postulated explicitly"; p. 125: "Like Voigt before him, Lorentz regarded the transformation ... only as a convenient mathematical tool for proving a physical theorem ... he proposed to call t the general time and t' the local time. Although he didn't say it explicitly, it is evident that to him there was, so to speak, only one true time t."; p. 166: "8.3. Lorentz and the Aether... For example, Lorentz still opines that the contraction of the rods has a dynamic origin. There is no doubt that he had read and understood Einstein's papers by then. However, neither then nor later was he prepared to accept their conclusions as the definitive answer to the problems of the aether."
Elie Zahar (1983)
In several papers, Elie Zahar (1983, 2000) argued that both Einstein (in his June paper) and Poincaré (in his July paper) independently discovered special relativity. He said that "though Whittaker was unjust towards Einstein, his positive account of Poincaré's actual achievement contains much more than a simple grain of truth". According to him, it was Poincaré's unsystematic and sometimes erroneous statements regarding his philosophical papers (often connected with conventionalism), which hindered many to give him due credit. In his opinion, Poincaré was rather a "structural realist" and from that he concludes, that Poincaré actually adhered to the relativity of time and space, while his allusions to the aether are of secondary importance. He continues, that due to his treatment of gravitation and four-dimensional space, Poincaré's 1905/6 paper was superior to Einstein's 1905 paper. Yet Zahar gives also credit to Einstein, who introduced Mass–Energy equivalence, and also transcended special relativity by taking a path leading to the development of general relativity.
John Stachel (1995)
John Stachel (1995) argued that there is a debate over the respective contributions of Lorentz, Poincaré and Einstein to relativity. These questions depend on the definition of relativity, and Stachel argued that kinematics and the new view of space and time is the core of special relativity, and dynamical theories must be formulated in accordance with this scheme. Based on this definition, Einstein is the main originator of the modern understanding of special relativity. In his opinion, Lorentz interpreted the Lorentz transformation only as a mathematical device, while Poincaré's thinking was much nearer to the modern understanding of relativity. Yet Poincaré still believed in the dynamical effects of the aether and distinguished between observers being at rest or in motion with respect to it. Stachel wrote: "He never organized his many brilliant insights into a coherent theory that resolutely discarded the aether and the absolute time or transcended its electrodynamic origins to derive a new kinematics of space and time on a formulation of the relativity principle that makes no reference to the ether".
Peter Galison (2002)
In his book Einstein's clocks, Poincaré's maps (2002), Peter Galison compared the approaches of both Poincaré and Einstein to reformulate the concepts of space and time. He wrote: "Did Einstein really discover relativity? Did Poincaré already have it? These old questions have grown as tedious as they are fruitless." This is because it depends on the question, which parts of relativity one considers as essential: the rejection of the aether, the Lorentz transformation, the connection with the nature of space and time, predictions of experimental results, or other parts. For Galison, it is more important to acknowledge that both thinkers were concerned with clock synchronization problems, and thus both developed the new operational meaning of simultaneity. However, while Poincaré followed a constructive approach and still adhered to the concepts of Lorentz's stationary aether and the distinction between "apparent" and "true" times, Einstein abandoned the aether and therefore all times in different inertial frames are equally valid. Galison argued that this does not mean that Poincaré was conservative, since Poincaré often alluded to the revolutionary character of the "new mechanics" of Lorentz.
Olivier Darrigol (2004)
"In his 2004 article, "The Mystery of the Einstein–Poincaré Connection", Darrigol wrote:
Anatoly Alexeevich Logunov on special relativity (2004)
In Anatoly Logunov's book about Poincaré's relativity theory, there is an English translation (on p. 113, using modern notations) of the part of Poincaré's 1900 article containing E=mc2. Logunov states that Poincaré's two 1905 papers are superior to Einstein's 1905 paper. According to Logunov, Poincaré was the first scientist to recognize the importance of invariance under the Poincaré group as a guideline for developing new theories in physics. In chapter 9 of this book, Logunov points out that Poincaré's second paper was the first one to formulate a complete theory of relativistic dynamics, containing the correct relativistic analogue of Newton's F=ma.
On p. 142, Logunov points out that Einstein wrote reviews for the Beiblätter Annalen der Physik, writing 21 reviews in 1905. In his view, this contradicts the claims that Einstein worked in relative isolation and with limited access to the scientific literature. Among the papers reviewed in the Beiblätter in the fourth (of 24) issue of 1905, there is a review of Lorentz' 1904 paper by Richard Gans, which contains the Lorentz transformations. In Logunov's view, this supports the view that Einstein was familiar with the Lorentz' paper containing the correct relativistic transformation in early 1905, while his June 1905 paper does not mention Lorentz in connection with this result.
Harvey R. Brown (2005)
Harvey R. Brown (2005) (who favors a dynamical view of relativistic effects similar to Lorentz, but "without a hidden aether frame") wrote about the road to special relativity from Michelson to Einstein in section 4:
p. 40: "The cradle of special theory of relativity was the combination of Maxwellian electromagnetism and the electron theory of Lorentz (and to a lesser extent of Larmor) based on Fresnel's notion of the stationary aether....It is well known that Einstein's special relativity was partially motivated by this failure [to find the aether wind], but in order to understand the originality of Einstein's 1905 work it is incumbent on us to review the work of the trailblazers, and in particular Michelson, FitzGerald, Lorentz, Larmor, and Poincaré. After all they were jointly responsible for the discovery of relativistic kinematics, in form if not in content, as well as a significant portion of relativistic dynamics as well."
Regarding Lorentz's work before 1905, Brown wrote about the development of Lorentz's "theorem of corresponding states" and then continued:
p. 54: "Lorentz's interpretation of these transformations is not the one Einstein would give them and which is standardly embraced today. Indeed, until Lorentz came to terms with Einstein's 1905 work, and somehow despite Poincaré's warning, he continued to believe that the true coordinate transformations were the Galilean ones, and that the 'Lorentz' transformations ... were merely a useful formal device..." p. 56. "Lorentz consistently failed to understand the operational significance of his notions of 'local' time...He did however have an intimation of time dilation in 1899, but inevitably there are caveats...The hypotheses of Lorentz's system were starting to pile up, and the spectre of ad hocness was increasingly hard to ignore."
Then the contribution of Poincaré's to relativity:
p. 62: "Indeed, the claim that this giant of pure and applied mathematics co-discovered special relativity is not uncommon, and it is not hard to see why. Poincaré was the first to extend the relativity principle to optics and electrodynamics exactly. Whereas Lorentz, in his theorem of corresponding states, had from 1899 effectively assumed this extension of the relativity principle up to second-order effects, Poincaré took it to hold for all orders. Poincaré was the first to show that Maxwell's equations with source terms are strictly Lorentz covariant. … Poincaré was the first to use the generalized relativity principle as a constraint on the form of the coordinate transformations. He recognized that the relativity principle implies that the transformations form a group, and in further appealing to spatial isotropy. … Poincaré was the first to see the connection between Lorentz's ‘local time’, and the issue of clock synchrony. … It is fair to say that Poincaré was the first to understand the relativity of simultaneity, and the conventionality of distant simultaneity. Poincaré anticipated Minkowski's interpretation of the Lorentz transformations as a passive, rigid rotation within a four-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean spacetime. He was also aware that the electromagnetic potentials transform in the manner of what is now called a Minkowski 4-vector. He anticipated the major results of relativistic dynamics (and in particular the relativistic relations between force, momentum and velocity), but not E=mc² in its full generality."
However, Brown continued with the reasons which speak against Poincaré's co-discovery:
p. 63–64: "What are the grounds for denying Poincaré the title of co-discoverer of special relativity? ... Although Poincaré understood independently of Einstein how the Lorentz transformations give rise to non-Galilean transformation rules for velocities (indeed Poincaré derived the correct relativistic rules), it is not clear that he had a full appreciation of the modern operational significance attached to coordinate transformations.... he did not seem to understand the role played by the second-order terms in the transformation. Compared with the cases of Lorentz and Larmor, it is even less clear that Poincaré understood either length contraction or time dilation to be a consequence of the coordinate transformation.... What Poincaré was holding out for was no less than a new theory of ether and matter – something far more ambitions than what appeared in Einstein's 1905 relativity paper...p. 65. Like Einstein half a decade later, Poincaré wanted new physics, not a reinterpretations or reorganization of existing notions."
Brown denies the idea of other authors and historians, that the major difference between Einstein and his predecessors is Einstein's rejection of the aether, because, it is always possible to add for whatever reason the notion of a privileged frame to special relativity, as long as one accepts that it will remain unobservable, and also Poincaré argued that "some day, no doubt, the aether will thrown aside as useless". However, Brown gave some examples, what in his opinion were the new features in Einstein's work:
p. 66: "The full meaning of relativistic kinematics was simply not properly understood before Einstein. Nor was the 'theory of relativity' as Einstein articulated it in 1905 anticipated even in its programmatic form." p. 69. "How did Albert Einstein...arrive at his special theory of relativity?...I want only to stress that it is impossible to understand Einstein's discovery (if that is the right word) of special relativity without taking on board the impacts of the quantum in physics." p. 81. "In this respect [Brown refers to the conventional nature of distant simultaneity] Einstein was doing little more than expanding on a theme that Poincaré had already introduced. Where Einstein goes well beyond the great mathematician is in his treatment of the coordinate transformations... In particular, the extraction of the phenomena of length contraction and time dilation directly from the Lorentz transformations in section 4 of the 1905 paper is completely original."
After that, Brown develops his own dynamical interpretation of special relativity as opposed to the kinematical approach of Einstein's 1905 paper (although he says that this dynamical view is already contained in Einstein's 1905 paper, "masqueraded in the language of kinematics", p. 82), and the modern understanding of spacetime.
Roger Cerf (2006)
Roger Cerf (2006) gave priority to Einstein for developing special relativity, and criticized the assertions of Leveugle and others concerning the priority of Poincaré. While Cerf agreed that Poincaré made important contributions to relativity, he argued (following Pais) that Poincaré "stopped short before the crucial step" because he handled length contraction as a "third hypothesis", therefore Poincaré lacked a complete understanding of the basic principles of relativity. "Einstein's crucial step was that he abandoned the mechanistic ether in favor of a new kinematics." He also denies the idea, that Poincaré invented E=mc² in its modern relativistic sense, because he did not realize the implications of this relationship. Cerf considers Leveugle's Hilbert–Planck–Einstein connection an implausible conspiracy theory.
Shaul Katzir (2005)
Katzir (2005) argued that "Poincaré's work should not be seen as an attempt to formulate special relativity, but as an independent attempt to resolve questions in electrodynamics." Contrary to Miller and others, Katzir thinks that Poincaré's development of electrodynamics led him to the rejection of the pure electromagnetic world view (due to the non-electromagnetic Poincaré stresses introduced in 1905), and Poincaré's theory represents a "relativistic physics" which is guided by the relativity principle. In this physics, however, "Lorentz's theory and Newton's theory remained as the fundamental bases of electrodynamics and gravitation."
Scott Walter (2005, 2007)
Walter (2005) argues that both Poincaré and Einstein put forward the theory of relativity in 1905. And in 2007 he wrote, that although Poincaré formally introduced four-dimensional spacetime in 1905/6, he was still clinging to the idea of "Galilei spacetime". That is, Poincaré preferred Lorentz covariance over Galilei covariance when it is about phenomena accessible to experimental tests; yet in terms of space and time, Poincaré preferred Galilei spacetime over Minkowski spacetime, and length contraction and time dilation "are merely apparent phenomena due to motion with respect to the ether". This is the fundamental difference in the two principal approaches to relativity theory, namely that of "Lorentz and Poincaré" on one side, and "Einstein and Minkowski" on the other side.
See also
History of Lorentz transformations
History of special relativity
Criticism of relativity theory#Accusations of plagiarism and priority discussions
List of scientific priority disputes
General relativity priority dispute
Multiple discovery
Notes
Citations
References
Works of physics (primary sources)
[Ein05c] : Albert Einstein: Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, Annalen der Physik 17(1905), 891–921. Received June 30, published September 26, 1905. Reprinted with comments in [Sta89], p. 276–306 English translation, with footnotes not present in the 1905 paper, available on the net
[Ein05d] : Albert Einstein: Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energiegehalt abhängig?, Annalen der Physik 18(1905), 639–641, Reprinted with comments in [Sta89], Document 24 English translation available on the net
[Ein06] : Albert Einstein: Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie Annalen der Physik 20(1906):627–633, Reprinted with comments in [Sta89], Document 35
[Ein15a]: Einstein, A. (1915) "Die Feldgleichungun der Gravitation". Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 844–847.
[Ein15b]: Einstein, A. (1915) "Zur allgemeinen Relativatstheorie", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 778–786
[Ein15c]: Einstein, A. (1915) "Erklarung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relatvitatstheorie", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 799–801
[Ein15d]: Einstein, A. (1915) "Zur allgemeinen Relativatstheorie", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 831–839
[Ein16]: Einstein, A. (1916) "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie", Annalen der Physik, 49
[Hil24]: Hilbert, D., Die Grundlagen der Physik – Mathematische Annalen, 92, 1924 – "meiner theorie" quote on page 2 – online at Uni Göttingen – index of journal
[Lan05]:Langevin, P. (1905) "Sur l'origine des radiations et l'inertie électromagnétique", Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée, 4, pp. 165–183.
[Lan14]:Langevin, P. (1914) "Le Physicien" in Henri Poincaré Librairie (Felix Alcan 1914) pp. 115–202.
[Lor99]:Lorentz, H. A. (1899) "Simplified Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Systems", Proc. Acad. Science Amsterdam, I, 427–43.
[Lor04]: Lorentz, H. A. (1904) "Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with Any Velocity Less Than That of Light", Proc. Acad. Science Amsterdam, IV, 669–78.
[Lor11]:Lorentz, H. A. (1911) Amsterdam Versl. XX, 87
[Lor14]:.
[Pla07]:Planck, M. (1907) Berlin Sitz., 542
[Pla08]:Planck, M. (1908) Verh. d. Deutsch. Phys. Ges. X, p218, and Phys. ZS, IX, 828
[Poi89]:Poincaré, H. (1889) Théorie mathématique de la lumière, Carré & C. Naud, Paris. Partly reprinted in [Poi02], Ch. 12.
[Poi97]:Poincaré, H. (1897) "The Relativity of Space", article in English translation
[Poi00] : . See also the English translation
[Poi02] :
[Poi04] : English translation as The Principles of Mathematical Physics, in "The value of science" (1905a), Ch. 7–9.
[Poi05] :
[Poi06] :
[Poi08] :
[Poi13] :
[Ein20]: Albert Einstein: "Ether and the Theory of Relativity", An Address delivered on May 5, 1920, in the University of Leyden.
[Sta89] : John Stachel (Ed.), The collected papers of Albert Einstein, volume 2, Princeton University Press, 1989
Further reading
Nándor Balázs (1972) "The acceptability of physical theories: Poincaré versus Einstein", pages 21–34 in General Relativity: Papers in Honour of J.L. Synge, L. O'Raifeartaigh editor, Clarendon Press.
External links
Discovery and invention controversies
Albert Einstein
Hendrik Lorentz
Henri Poincaré
Theory of relativity
E. T. Whittaker |
4022769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayalaya%20Chola | Vijayalaya Chola | Vijayalaya Chola was a king of South India () who founded the imperial Chola Empire. He ruled over the region to the north of the river Kaveri.
Dark age of Cholas
The ancient Chola kingdom once famous in Tamil literature and in the writings of Greek merchants and geographers faded into darkness after c. 300 CE. Cholas during this period almost completely disappeared from their native land. They seem to have held on to their old capital city of Urayur. This "dark" age of Tamil history came to an end with the ascendancy of the Pandyas and the Pallavas. The Cholas had to wait for another three centuries until the accession of Vijayalaya in the second quarter of the ninth century to re-establish their dynasty.
Cholas under Pandyas and Pallavas
We know very little of the fate of the Cholas in this long interval. What is certain however is that when the power of Cholas fell to the lowest ebb and that of the Pandyas and Pallavas rose to the north and south of them, this ancient dynasty was compelled to seek refuge and patronage under their more successful rivals. The Cholas, though not prominent or powerful as they were earlier were not completely in danger of extinction and continued to hold sway over a limited area consisting of what are the districts of Mayiladuturai, Chidambaram, Thanjavur, Tiruchy and Pudukkottai in modern Tamil Nadu.
Rise of Vijayalaya Chola
Making use of the opportunity during a war between Pandyas and Pallavas, Vijayalaya rose out of obscurity and captured Thanjavur. However, there is no substantiate proof to verify the claim regarding his obscure beginnings. For a very long time, historians could not trace the ancestry of Vijayalaya Chola, who is considered to be the founder of Medieval Chola dynasty. However, in recent times, historians and epigraphists in the wake of Eastern Chalukyan king's Copper plate grants, Anbil plates of Parantaka Chola II and Velanjeri plates of Parantaka I believe that Vijayalaya chola might well belong to the Cholas lineage, who themselves trace their ancestry to the ancient Tamil King, Karikala Cholan. At this time there was a great struggle going on between the Pallavas and the Pandyas for the political supremacy of South India. In this disturbed state of affairs, Vijayalaya seems to have found a good opportunity to defeat the Pandyas, and make himself the ruler of Thanjavur and the surrounding Chola country. He also defeated the Pallavas.
Vijayalaya Chola conquered Thanjavur from Elango Mutharaiyar who was the final ruler of Mutharaiyar dynasty. It is said that in the year 852 CE Vijayalaya Chola waged war with Pandya's and defeated the latter. Making use of the opportunity during a war between Pandyas and Pallavas, Vijayalaya rose and established the Chola kingdom at Thanjavur with help of Muttaraiyar king Sattan Paliyilli (826–852 CE). Cholas became so powerful that the Pallavas were also wiped out from the Thanjavur region at a later stage.
Pandyan invasion
After Vijayalaya’s capture of Thanjavur, the Pandyan king Varagunavarman II (c. 862 – 885 CE) became a subordinate ally of the Pallava Nandivarman III (c. 846 – 869 CE). Nandhivarman wished to curtail the growing influence of Chola power under Vijayalaya and called upon the Varagunavarman to help suppress Vijayalaya. Varaguna led an expedition into the Chola country. The Pandyan army reached the north bank of the Kaveri near Thanjavur and for a while the Chola revival looked short lived. Vijayalaya, by this time a veteran of many battles, was aging and was an invalid. The crown prince Aditya I took control of the army in the defence of the Chola kingdom. Vijayalaya was succeeded after his death c. 871 CE by his son Aditya I.
Inscriptions of Vijayalaya
The Tiruvalangadu plates state that Vijayalaya captured the city of Tanjavur and made it his capital and that he also built in it a temple to the goddess Nisumbhasudani (Durga). The Kanyakumari inscription states that he renovated the city of Tanjore.
Vijayalaya took the title of Parakesarivarman. Chola kings succeeding him took the titles of Parakesari and Rajakesari in turns. This is probably to acknowledge their supposed ancestors Parakesari and Rajakesari.
Narttamalai, Pudukkottai has a solesvara temple attributed to Vijayalaya.
Notes
References
Tamil And Sanskrit Inscriptions Chiefly Collected In 1886 - 87, E. Hultzsch, Ph.D., Published by Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
Chola kings
870s deaths
Year of birth unknown
9th-century Indian monarchs |
4022784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa%20River%20%28Minnesota%29 | Chippewa River (Minnesota) | The Chippewa River () is a tributary of the Minnesota River in western and southwestern Minnesota in the United States. Via the Minnesota River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The river was named after the Chippewa Indians.
Course
The Chippewa River issues from Stowe Lake in Douglas County, northwest of Brandon, at the west end of a series of lakes that extends northward to lakes Aaron and Moses and eastward to Chippewa Lake. The Chippewa River passes through several more lakes in its upper course. It initially flows westwardly into Grant County, where it turns generally southward for the remainder of its course through Pope, Stevens, Swift and Chippewa counties. The river passes the towns of Hoffman, Cyrus and Benson; it joins the Minnesota River in Montevideo. Some sections of the river, especially along its middle course in Pope and Swift Counties, have been straightened and channelized.
In Pope County, the river collects the Little Chippewa River, long, which flows generally southwestwardly through Douglas and Pope counties. At Benson it collects the East Branch Chippewa River, about long, which rises in southeastern Douglas County and flows initially southward through Pope County, passing through several lakes, into Swift County, where it turns westward.
At Watson, Minnesota, the river has an average flow of 236 cubic feet per second.
See also
List of rivers of Minnesota
List of longest streams of Minnesota
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (1994). Minnesota Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Geographic Names Information System entries for , ,
External links
Rivers of Minnesota
Rivers of Chippewa County, Minnesota
Rivers of Douglas County, Minnesota
Rivers of Pope County, Minnesota
Rivers of Stevens County, Minnesota
Rivers of Swift County, Minnesota
Tributaries of the Minnesota River |
4022785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20George | Tommy George | Tommy George Sr. ( – 29 July 2016) was an elder of the Kuku Thaypan clan on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. He was the last fluent Awu Laya (Kuku Thaypan language) speaker.
Biography
He was born in his own country, near Lakefield National Park. As children, he and his elder brother, George Musgrave, were hidden in mailbags by the station owner, Fredrick Sheppard, to avoid removal by police and welfare officers.
As a result, they were able to grow up with their own people, and learn traditional law and language, management practices of their country and how to live off the land. Recently, they were able to successfully claim continuous ownership of traditional lands, and retain custody of some land at Gno-Coom (Saxby Waterhole).
Together they founded the Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation at Laura, Queensland, the biennial Laura Festival of Traditional Dance and Culture, the Traditional Knowledge Recording Project (Mulong, with Victor Steffensen) and the Cape York Land Council.
They campaigned to protect the world-renowned Quinkan rock art near Laura, where they carried out custodial duties for special places, including the rock art galleries. They shared their knowledge of the bush, their language and their customs with researchers and visitors. An example of the strength of their sharing was the work they did to share ways of recording traditional knowledge with Sámi communities in Northern Finland. It would be difficult to find a piece of scholarly work on traditional language, culture or country in Cape York Peninsula that does not credit their expertise.
He spent many years working as a stockman on cattle properties on Cape York Peninsula which he loved but was only rarely paid for. He married Laura Gordon (née Banjo) in Laura and they had six children together. He later became a ranger and worked for many years caring for the rock art in the Laura region which was on his wife's country battling to protect it and helping to record and interpret the many stories and traditions about it and his own Kuku Thaypan country.
In 2005 he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by James Cook University for his ecological expertise along with his elder brother Dr. George Musgrave.
George died in the Cooktown, Queensland Hospital on 29 July 2016.
Publications
George, T., & G. Musgrave (1995). Our country, our art, our Quinkans. Laura, Queensland: Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation.
George, T., & M. Tresize (1995). Quinkan rock art - Images on rock from the Laura area: Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation.
Films
Tommy George is in the documentary The Last Trackers of the Outback which features his brother, George Musgrave.
He is also in the short film, "The Sugar Bag Project".
External links
Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation at Laura
Traditional Knowledge Recording Project
Cape York Land Council
Last Trackers of the Outback film on YouTube
JCU honours Cape York elders
Australian Aboriginals: Tracking master leaves a trail for others
Interpretation and Personalisation: Enriching Individual Experience by Annotating On-line Materials
A "legend", Indigenous Australian Leader, Knowledge Holder Tommy George Passes On.
"Tommy George" video
Footnotes
1928 births
2016 deaths
Australian Aboriginal elders
Last known speakers of an Australian Aboriginal language |
4022792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC%20Cowslip%20%28WLB-277%29 | USCGC Cowslip (WLB-277) | USCGC Cowslip (WLB-277) is a sea going buoy tender (WLB). A Cactus-class vessel, she was built by Marine Ironworks and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth, Minnesota. Cowslips preliminary design was completed by the United States Lighthouse Service and the final design was produced by Marine Iron and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth. On 16 September 1941 the keel was laid. She was launched on 11 April 1942 and commissioned on 17 October 1942. The original cost for the hull and machinery was $918,873.
Cowslip is one of 39 original seagoing buoy tenders built between 1942–1944. All but one of the original tenders, the , were built in Duluth.
After commissioning, Cowslip was assigned to Boston, Massachusetts, where she served until 1944. From 1944 until 1973, it was assigned to Portland, Maine. Cowslip was decommissioned in 1973 and later sold to a civilian firm in 1977. After the loss of in 1980, the Coast Guard reacquired Cowslip and recommissioned her as a replacement.
After recommissioning, Cowslip was assigned to Governor's Island, New York from 1981–1983. From 1983–1984, she was moved to the Coast Guard yard in Curtis Bay, Maryland to take part in the Coast Guard's Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) that eventually provided major upgrades for 14 of the 39 180-class ships. The work done to Cowslip, which cost $8.9 million, was completed in 1984 and required 16 months. The upgrades included new main engines, a Marine Sanitation Device system, upgraded electronics and navigation equipment, a propulsion control computer, and a central fluid power system. In addition, the ships's berthing spaces were renovated, the ship's office and radio room were expanded, additional storeroom space was added and the boom control booth was relocated. After renovation, Cowslip was assigned to Portsmouth, Virginia, where she stayed until 1995. In 1995 Cowslip moved to the west coast and called Astoria, Oregon home port until her retirement.
One notable incident in Cowslip's career is a collision with the container ship Ever Grade that occurred in the Columbia River in 1997. Although sustaining significant damage, Cowslip was repaired and sent back into service.
Cowslip was decommissioned for a second time in November 2002 and sold to the Nigerian Navy for use as a general purpose vessel.
References
External links
Cactus-class seagoing buoy tenders
1942 ships
Ships built in Duluth, Minnesota
Ships of the Nigerian Navy
Ships transferred from the United States Coast Guard to the Nigerian Navy |
4022808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chinese%20administrative%20divisions%20by%20illiteracy%20rate | List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate | According to the sixth population census in 2010 the overall literacy rate in the People's Republic of China was 95.92 per cent. In the different regions the illiteracy rate varies considerably, though. The following is a list of the first-level administrative divisions covered in the population census, including all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, in order of their officially reported illiteracy rate for people aged 15 and above in 2010. The figures are from the 2010 census published by the Bureau of Statistics of the PRC.
Figures from a different source, the CIA World Factbook, are given for the special administrative regions Hong Kong (2002) and Macau (2001); these are not directly comparable as the methodologies used may differ.
Mainland China
Hong Kong and Macau
External links
National Bureau of Statistics
Illiteracy
Illiteracy rate
Illiteracy rate
Literacy
China, illiteracy rate |
4022822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane%20Toads%3A%20An%20Unnatural%20History | Cane Toads: An Unnatural History | Cane Toads: An Unnatural History is a 1988 documentary film about the introduction of cane toads to Australia. Cane toads were introduced to Australia with the aim of controlling a sugar cane pest, the cane beetle, but they over-multiplied and became a serious problem in the Australian ecosystem. It is often humorous, and is used in high schools and colleges as a complement to curricula in biology, ecology, environmental science, anthropology, geography, and communication. It was filmed in Cairns and Gordonvale in Queensland.
The film was nominated for a BAFTA Film Award for Best Short Film. It is distributed in the United States by Radio Pictures.
Unusual for a film considered a cult classic, Cane Toads performed very well during its theatrical release. Released in March 1988, the film grossed $613,910 Australian dollars (not adjusted for inflation) as of 2012 and has been one of the top grossing Australian documentaries of all time.
Production elements
One of the film's aesthetic and storytelling "innovations" was to try and tell much of the story from the cane toads' point of view. This was achieved by a number of extremely low angle shots. Lewis' goal was to give a voice to the toads who were at the center of so much controversy, and "create some sympathy for this animal that was so widely reviled".
Lewis worked with director of photography Jim Frazier on Cane Toads because Frazier had constructed a set of lenses that were ideal for the project. Eventually, Panavision picked up the lenses and they became known as the Frazier lenses. For his interviews, Lewis used a mirror box to give the impression that the subjects were staring down the lens of the camera.
Lewis avoided harming toads and other wildlife during the production of the film. During a scene in which a man talks about intentionally running over toads with his car, footage appears to show a car swerving to hit toads. To simulate this, Lewis used potatoes which when shot at a distance appeared like toads on the road.
Funding and distribution
The film was funded by Film Australia. It was initially released theatrically in Australia by Ronin Films and premiered at the Sydney Opera House on 29 February 1988, where it ran for two weeks before transferring to the Mandolin Cinema in central Sydney where it ran until 16 November. It ran in many other cinemas around Australia and currently still ranks high in Australian box office records for documentaries. The film was subsequently released on VHS later DVD in Australia, the US, and the UK (IMDb, 2011a). Excerpts of the film are also available online as teaching aids. Based on Internet comments, the film is still shown in middle school, high school, and college classrooms and is well received.
Production Company: Film Australia. Distributors: Ronin Films (theatrical only from 1988) (Australia); First Run Features (1999) (USA) (VHS); First Run Features (2001) (USA) (DVD); Umbrella Entertainment (2003) (Australia) (DVD); Unique Films (UK) (VHS) (IMDb, 2011a).
Sequel
A sequel called Cane Toads: The Conquest premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. A completely new feature, almost twice as long as the first film, it is said to be the first Australian 3D digital film. In the years since the first film, the cane toad "multiplied alarmingly" to become a "seemingly unstoppable menace." The sequel/remake was released in Sydney in June 2011. Both films were written and directed by Mark Lewis. Their cultural impact and moral complexity were explored in an essay by Elizabeth Farrelly.
References
Bibliography
Lewis, M. (2010). The making—and the meaning—of Cane Toads: The Conquest. Cane toads and other rogue species (pp. 19–32). New York: PublicAffairs.
Mitman, G. (1999). Epilogue. Reel nature: America's romance with wildlife on films (pp. 203–208). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Morris, E. Eye Contact: Interrotron. Errol Morris. Retrieved 20 November 2011
Murray, R. L., & Heumann, J. K. (2009). Ecology and popular film: Cinema on the edge. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.
Petterson, P. B. (2011). Cameras into the wild: a history of early wildlife and expedition filmmaking, 1895–1928. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
Weber, K. (2010). Cane toads and other rogue species. New York: PublicAffairs.
SEWPaC. Invasive species in Australia – Fact sheet. Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPaC). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
West, Jackson. (2007). Top Ten Online Filmmaking Techniques. Gigaom.
External links
Cane Toads at Oz Movies
1988 in the environment
Australian films
Australian documentary films
Toads
Documentary films about nature
1988 documentary films
Films directed by Mark Lewis (filmmaker) |
4022831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessouat | Tessouat | Tessouat (Anishinaabe: Tesswehas) (c. ??? – 1636–1654) was an Algonquin chief from the Kitchesipirini nation ("Kitche"=Great, "sipi"=river, "rini"=people: the people from the great river, the Ottawa River). His nation lived in an area extending from Lake of Two Mountains to modern-day Pembroke, Ontario.
Tessouat lived in L'Isle-aux-Allumettes, in a neck of the Ottawa River. He was described by the French settlers as having a strong character. He was also blind in one eye (in French, borgne) and was dubbed "le Borgne de l'isle". His position was highly strategic, as the Ottawa River was the safest way to go from the St. Lawrence River to Hudson Bay and to Huronia, near Georgian Bay. Tessouat took advantage of his position to impose some sort of customs duties on the French fur traders navigating on the Ottawa River, as well as to impose some of his authority. For example, in 1633, he refused to let the Jesuits go to Huronia, fearing he would lose authority in the region. To maintain the economic supremacy of the Kitchisipirini, he made great efforts to keep his French, Wendat (Huron), and Odawa allies from trading with each other directly, preferring that they trade through Algonquin middlemen.
At that time, the Algonquins, Wendats, and several other Great Lakes First Nations were at war with the Iroquois Confederacy. Yet, Tessouat initiated peace talks with the Mohawk nation and, in 1634, they agreed to a peace treaty. The alleged motive behind this political move was to gain access to the Dutch settlers in what is now known the New York State, perhaps in order to be in a better negotiating position with the French traders. Peace with the Mohawks only lasted two years and Tessouat died a few months after bloody fights against the Mohawks.
In 1641, after Tessouat's death, in the fashion of an Algonquian custom, a new Tessouat was reborn. The custom consisted of bringing back to life an important dead chief in a highly spectacular ritual. The new Tessouat was brought to life to save the Kitchesipirini nation, which was by then afflicted by death, caused by the European diseases, and isolated after several losses to the Iroquian confederation. Strangely enough, the new Tessouat was also blind in one eye. This fact probably contributed to muddle the French, who sometimes did not distinguish the new Tessouat from the old one. To save his nation, the new Tessouat decided to move from the Ottawa River area to a place nearby the French. After going to Sillery (nearby Quebec), where the Wendats refused their hospitality, Tessouat decides to bring his nation to Montreal island, where he agrees to receive the Christian baptism. In 1647, fearing an attack from the Iroquois and suspecting that the French would not defend them, Tessouat and his nation moved again. The new Tessouat finally died at Trois-Rivières, in 1654.
References
Remi Savard, L'Algonquin Tessouat et la fondation de Montréal (Gallimard, 1996), .
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20050909032232/http://www.wilkesweb.us/algonquin/cac-nations.htm
http://radio-canada.ca/radio/profondeur/RemarquablesOublies/Tessouat.htm
Indigenous leaders in Ontario
Indigenous leaders in Quebec
Algonquin people
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
17th-century Native Americans |
4022844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1994 French Open – Men's singles | Defending champion Sergi Bruguera successfully defended his title, defeating Alberto Berasategui in the final, 6–3, 7–5, 2–6, 6–1 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1994 French Open. It was the first ever all-Spanish men's singles final at the French Open.
Pete Sampras had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four major titles at once, having won the previous year's Wimbledon, U.S. Open and this year's Australian Open titles. He lost to Jim Courier in the quarterfinals.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1994 French Open Men's Singles draw
1994 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1994 ATP Tour |
4022853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Canadian%20Establishment | The Canadian Establishment | The Canadian Establishment is a series of books published in Canada by economic journalist Peter C. Newman to catalogue the richest families and individuals in the country. The first book was published in 1975 and introduced Canadian and world readers to little-known figures who defined the Canadian economic community of the last quarter of the 20th century.
References
Canadian Establishment, The
Canadian Establishment, The
Canadian Establishment, The
Books by Peter C. Newman
McClelland & Stewart books
Business books |
4022877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Engineering%20%26%20Scientific%20Commission | National Engineering & Scientific Commission | The National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM) () is a Pakistani missile manufacturer and civilian research organization of Pakistan, under the administrative control of the Strategic Plans Division of Pakistan's National Command Authority and is headquartered in Islamabad, Pakistan.
In 2007, it was reported that NESCOM had exported military equipment worth approximately $40 million annually to various countries in the Middle East, South East Asia, and Africa. According to then-Chairman Samar Mubarakmand, NESCOM had developed various communication systems and electronic counter-measures systems for the Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Navy.
History
National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM) was formed in 2000 by amalgamating the National Development Complex, Air Weapons Complex, Maritime Technologies Complex and the Project Management Organization.
In the early 2000s, NESCOM rapidly achieved several firsts. Among them, was the development of the Shaheen family of missiles, the Babur ground-launched cruise missile and the Ra'ad air-launched cruise missile.
Organization
In 2004, it was revealed by then-Director Samar Mubarakmand that NESCOM was organized into divisions, with each division being headed by a top scientist of international repute having around 600-1000 engineers and technicians under his supervision.
The following organizations are grouped together under NESCOM:
National Development Complex - responsible for the development of Pakistan's ground-based, solid-fueled ballistic missiles and cruise missile systems
Air Weapons Complex - responsible for the development of air-launched cruise missiles and other air-to-air and air-to-surface ammunition
Maritime Technologies Complex - responsible for the development of maritime defense systems including ship design, radars, sonar equipment, weapon launch systems.
Research Divisions
Aerospace
Missiles & Rockets
Electronics & Electro-optics
C4ISR & Navigation
Ammunition
Land systems
Naval systems
Materials & Chemical systems
Cyber securities
Notable Products & Projects
Ballistic Missile Systems
Nasr - solid-fueled hypersonic Tactical ballistic missile system with a range of 70-90 kilometres (km).
Abdali - solid-fueled short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) system with a range of 200 km.
Ghaznavi - short-range ballistic missile system with a range of 320 km.
Shaheen-I - solid-fueled ballistic missile system with a reported range of 900 km. The Shaheen was Pakistan's first solid-fueled missile. The missile project began in 1995 and the development and design was carried out by NESCOM's predecessor, the National Development Complex (NDC).
Shaheen-IA - an upgraded version of the Shaheen-I with a range of 1000 km. The upgrade was supposedly carried out by NESCOM in the early 2000s and supposedly included a terminal guidance system, improved radar-avoidance capability and stealth features.
Ababeel - solid-fueled multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV)-capable ballistic missile system with a reported range of 2,200 km.
Shaheen-II - solid-fueled medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) system with a reported range of 2,500 km.
Shaheen-III - solid-fueled ballistic missile system with a reported range of 2,750 km.
Surface-to-Surface Guided Missile Systems
Babur - ground-launched cruise missile with a reported range of 700 km
Babur-II - an upgraded ground-launched cruise missile version of Babur with a reported range of 750 km
Submarine-Launched Guided Missile Systems
Babur-III - an upgraded submarine-launched cruise missile version of Babur-II with a reported range of 450 km
Anti-Ship Guided Missile Systems
Harbah - ground/ship-launched anti ship and land attack cruise missile derived from Babur cruise missile with an estimated range of 750 km
Air-to-Surface Guided Missile Systems
Barq - air-launched laser-guided missile carried on the Burraq UCAV, reported range of 8 to 12 km
Ra'ad - air-launched cruise missile with an original range of 350 km
Ra'ad-II - an upgraded air-launched cruise missile version of Ra'ad reported range of 600 km
Air-to-Air Missiles
Air-to-air missile research – It was reported in November 2001 that the Aerospace Division of NDC was doing "preliminary studies" for developing a new medium range air-to-air missile. According to the report no full scale hardware had yet been built but investigations by NDC engineers into various design approaches were ongoing. The report stated that suggested that the missile may use active radar homing.
Guided Bombs
H-2 SOW – precision-guided munition
H-4 SOW – precision-guided munition
Unguided Bombs
250 kg – Pre-fragmented bomb
250 kg Mk.82 – General-purpose bomb
500 kg Mk.83 – General-purpose bomb
1000 kg Mk.84 – General-purpose bomb
HAFR-1, HAFR-2 and RPB-1 – Anti-runway Bombs (possibly variants of the Matra Durandal)
6 kg, 11 kg Practice bombs
Depleted Uranium Ammunition
105 mm anti-tank round – a DU APFSDS anti-tank round developed to be fired by Type 59 tanks (upgraded with 105 mm guns) in service with the Pakistan Army. Reported to have a muzzle velocity of 1,450 m/s and be capable of penetrating 450 mm of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) at an unspecified range.
Naiza (125 mm anti-tank round) – a DU APFSDS anti-tank round developed to be fired by T-80UD tanks in service with the Pakistan Army. A model of the round was put on display at the IDEX 2001 exhibition in the United Arab Emirates and it was stated to have a DU long rod penetrator, performance 25% greater than NDC's 105 mm DU round and a saddle-type sabot with re-arranged forward bore-rider for more accurate alignment with the T-80UD's autoloader. Displayed at IDEAS 2002 alongside DU rounds produced by other Pakistani organisations. Reportedly named "Naiza", made compatible with the T-80UD tank and stated to be capable of penetrating 550 mm of RHA.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Anka - unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) - (Jointly produce with Turkish aerospace company Turkish Aerospace Industries)
Burraq - unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV)
Naval Systems
Starfish Naval Mine – a naval mine that targets submarines and ships, details on the mine were first released in 2001. Can be deployed by aircraft, ships and submarines. Makes use of solid state electronics. The mine's attack modes are controlled by a microprocessor which uses magnetic, acoustic and pressure sensors to analyse a potential target's signature. Sensors are mounted flush to both ends of the mine's cylindrical (barrel) shape. It is unknown if the mine has a self-destruct mechanism. Weight: 767 kg, warhead: 500 kg HE (PBX charge), storage life: 20 years.
MSL Advanced Towed Array Sonar (ATAS) - a towed array sonar developed by Maritime Systems Ltd. (MSL) and MTC to replace old systems in service with the Pakistan Navy and for export. Project started during the 1990s, Commodore Sarfraz appointed as program chief. System was designed to cope with Arabian Sea environment and is stated to be superior to foreign systems being offered for export. Expected to be installed on Agosta 70 and Agosta 90B class submarines currently in service with the Pakistan Navy, also being integrated with the Agosta 90B's SUBTICS combat management system, as well as future vessels to be acquired by the Pakistan Navy such as new submarines and corvettes.
Naval Training Simulator - programmable training system. Simulates maritime sensors and weapon systems of aircraft, warships and submarines under any weather or sea conditions. Installed on the Jalalat II class fast attack craft of the Pakistan Navy.
Shore-based/ship-based electronic warfare system
Ship-borne display consoles
References
Military research installations of Pakistan
Research institutes in Pakistan
Pakistani engineering organisations
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
2000 establishments in Pakistan
Guided missile manufacturers
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers of Pakistan
Defence companies of Pakistan |
4022903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Ridge%20Canyons%20Wilderness | Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness | The Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness (BRCW) is located in western Colorado with a small portion extending into eastern Utah, USA, within the arid Colorado Plateau region approximately west of Grand Junction, Colorado. The wilderness lies on the northwest flank of the Uncompahgre Plateau. It is characterized by the high, east-west trending Black Ridge dissected by seven major canyon systems, draining into the Colorado River in Ruby Canyon. Elevations range from above sea level along the river to . Canyons vary in length from several miles to twelve miles in length and may contain interesting side canyons. Geological features in these canyons include spires, windows, giant alcoves and desert varnish. Canyons may reach a depth of almost , forming spectacular red rock cliffs. Spring runoff and summer thunderstorms create glistening waterfalls and plunge pools. Rattlesnake Canyon contains the second largest concentration of natural arches in the country. Mee Canyon is even more remote, and contains Arch Tower.
Vegetation in the meandering canyon bottoms includes grasses, pinyon, juniper, cottonwood, willow and box elder. The upland mesas contain dense stands of pinyon and juniper with some sagebrush parks. Cryptobiotic soils are well developed in the upland areas. Wildlife viewing may include deer, mountain lion, desert bighorn sheep, along with golden and bald eagles. The wilderness area is of which are in Colorado and are in Utah. It was designated by the U.S. Congress in 2000 and is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. The Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness forms the core of the McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area.
Access
There are three main access points for the Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness: the front country (Fruita urban-interface), the high country (Black Ridge via Glade Park) and via the Colorado River. Visitors have easy access the front country area year round while the high country and Colorado River access remain accessible only to the most dedicated visitors.
Front Country
The front country area of the BRCW is located a few minutes from the town of Fruita, Colorado via State Highway 340. This area, known as the "wilderness-urban interface," is a popular destination for local residents and their dogs looking for daily exercise. The Bureau of Land Management maintains three trailheads in this area - Devils Canyon, Fruita Paleontological Area and Pollock Bench.
High Country
The high country of the BRCW is accessible from the community of Glade Park, Colorado. Visitors to this area are treated to a true wilderness experience in a rough, remote land that provides outstanding opportunities for solitude. The Rattlesnake Canyon area is home to the world's second-largest concentration of natural arches (after Arches National Park).
Mee Canyon contains a deep alcove that is accessible only by way of a difficult hiking trail which requires and scrambling over many exposed ledges. Knowles and Jones Canyons offer visitors a true wilderness experience, with outstanding opportunities for solitude and a primitive and unconfined type of recreation.
Colorado River
The Colorado River bisects the McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area and forms the northern boundary of the Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness as it winds its way through Horsethief and Ruby canyons. The river itself is not a part of the wilderness, however floaters are able to hike up many of the main canyons of the area including Rattlesnake Canyon, Moore Canyon, Mee Canyon, and Knowles Canyon. The most popular put in to float this section of the river is the Loma boat launch in Loma, Colorado. Most river users take out in Westwater, Utah, although some continue on through the Class III and IV rapids of Westwater Canyon (permit required).
See also
Wilderness Act
Rattlesnake Canyon
Ruby Canyon
Wilderness
National Wilderness Preservation System
List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
Mee Canyon
Arch Tower
References
External links
BLM Colorado: Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness website
Wilderness.net: Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness
BLM Colorado: McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area
Google Maps satellite view
Wilderness areas of Colorado
Wilderness areas of Utah
Natural arches of Colorado
Natural arches of Utah
Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado
Bureau of Land Management areas in Utah
Protected areas of Mesa County, Colorado
Protected areas of Grand County, Utah
Protected areas established in 2000
Landforms of Mesa County, Colorado
Natural arches of Grand County, Utah |
4022904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1993 French Open – Men's singles | Sergi Bruguera defeated the two-time defending champion Jim Courier in the final, 6–4, 2–6, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1993 French Open.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Sergi Bruguera is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (quarterfinals)
Jim Courier (finals)
Stefan Edberg (quarterfinals)
Boris Becker (second round)
Goran Ivanišević (third round)
Petr Korda (second round)
Ivan Lendl (first round)
Michael Chang (second round)
Michael Stich (fourth round)
Sergi Bruguera (champion)
Andrei Medvedev (semifinals)
Richard Krajicek (semifinals)
Karel Nováček (quarterfinals)
Wayne Ferreira (second round)
Thomas Muster (fourth round)
MaliVai Washington (fourth round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1993 French Open Men's Singles draw
1993 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1993 ATP Tour |
4022912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldstadion | Waldstadion | Waldstadion () is the name of several stadia or football grounds in Germany and Austria:
Germany
ALNO-Arena at Pfullendorf, previously known as Waldstadion an der Kasernenstraße
Deutsche Bank Park (formerly "Commerzbank Arena") at Frankfurt am Main, home of Eintracht Frankfurt, more known as Waldstadion
Städtisches Waldstadion at Aalen, home of VfR Aalen
Waldstadion Feucht at Feucht, home of 1. SC Feucht
Waldstadion Hasborn at Hasborn, home of Rot-Weiss Hasborn-Dautweiler
Waldstadion Heeslingen at Heeslingen, home of TuS Heeslingen
Waldstadion Homburg at Homburg (Saar), home of FC Homburg
Waldstadion an der Kaiserlinde at Spiesen-Elversberg, home of SV Elversberg
Waldstadion Ludwigsfelde at Ludwigsfelde, home of Ludwigsfelder FC
Waldstadion Osterholz-Scharmbeck at Osterholz-Scharmbeck, home of VSK Osterholz-Scharmbeck
Waldstadion Weismain, home of former Regionalliga club SC Weismain-Obermain
Willi-Schillig-Stadion at Ebersdorf bei Coburg, previously known as Waldstadion and home of VfL Frohnlach
Waldstadion am Erbsenberg at Kaiserslautern, home of VfR Kaiserslautern
Waldstadion (Giessen) at Giessen, home of VfB Gießen
Austria
Waldstadion (Austria) at Pasching, home of FC Juniors OÖ
Waldstadion Schönau near Frankenfels, home of FCU Frankenfels |
4022916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens%20Linear%20Park | Torrens Linear Park | The Torrens Linear Park was completed in 1997 as the first of its kind developed in Australia where it is the largest hills-to-coast park. It began as a flood mitigation scheme along the River Torrens running westward from the Adelaide Hills, through the Adelaide metropolitan area, to the sea. Cyclists and walkers can use a trail that runs the length of the park, from Gorge Road, in Athelstone in the north-east, through the Northern Parklands of the City of Adelaide, to the river mouth at Henley Beach in the west. In the Parklands section, the river runs past many notable landmarks including the Adelaide Zoo, the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, the Festival Theatre and Elder Park.
There are shared-use pedestrian and cycling paths along both sides of the river for most of the length of the park, and along one side of the O-Bahn Busway.
History
The valley of the River Torrens, particularly its lower reaches, had become badly polluted following European settlement in 1836. Land clearance lead to increased runoff and erosion, with major flood events occurring in 1917 and 1933. An artificial channel, Breakout Creek, was completed in 1937, diverting floodwaters directly to the sea, and opening up areas of the western suburbs to housing development, particularly after World War II. Rapid expansion of housing in the eastern suburbs also took place at this time. Awareness of the risk of increased runoff leading to further flooding events lead to various proposals for flood mitigation in the 1950s and 1960s, including converting the river to a concrete-lined channel, or an underground storm-water pipe below a major highway.
The Torrens Linear Park concept, using the river valley for combined use as urban open space with flood mitigation, was initially set out in the River Torrens Study (1979) and the River Torrens Flood Mitigation Study (1980). The River Torrens Linear Park and Flood Mitigation Scheme was approved by State Parliament in 1981. A further elaboration, the River Torrens Linear Park Study, included a transport option for a section of the park east of the CBD, which became the O-Bahn guided busway.
The scheme required the cooperation of the state government, responsible for land acquisition and flood mitigation works, and the then 12 (now 8) metropolitan councils bordering the river, responsible for landscaping and construction of cycling/walking trails. Construction works began in January 1982, and were completed in September 1997.
The Linear Park became protected against further development with the passing of the River Torrens Linear Park Act on 21 June 2006.
Between 2007 and 2008 a new aqueduct, an underground water pipe from Gorge Weir to the Hope Valley Reservoir, was constructed along an eastern section of the Linear Park, while the land formerly occupied by the open channel of the old Highbury Aqueduct was added to the Linear Park in 2012.
References
Parks in Adelaide
Cycling in South Australia |
4022923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazones | Corazones | Corazones is the fourth studio album by the Chilean rock band Los Prisioneros, released in 1990. Produced by the Argentine Gustavo Santaolalla, in conjunction with Aníbal Kerpel on the EMI Odeón Chilena label, it was recorded, mixed and mastered in Los Angeles, California. What's more, the album was distributed overseas by the Capitol label, and it was the first album by Los Prisioneros recorded outside of Chile,
Background
Before the production of the album, Corazones, between July and August 1989, the group Los Prisioneros recorded at the Konstantinopla Studios owned by Carlos Cabezas Rocuant, "Beaucheff 1435". Whose name is due to the musician's home address Jorge González, where the songs on the album that would welcome 1990s were composed the vast majority. A part of these themes were known in 1996 with the album compilation Ni Por La Razon, Ni Por La Fuerza, and the other remain in public knowledge with Internet.
Some of these songs went a different way than the band was used to. Melancholic melodies, more intimate lyrics and a couple of dance tunes, all led by synthesizers and programmed drums, highlighting pieces like "En forma de pez", "Ella espera" and "Las sierras electricas". The sound of the album is a kind of continuation of the sound search for "La cultura de la basura", with elements of house. In addition, González's acute social vision has its space in "Las sierras electricas", with the romantic counterpart of "En forma de pez": an impressive 7-minute suite and a kind of cross between Emmanuel and Martin Gore (Depeche Mode). González left for Los Angeles, California in October 1989 with only the company of the band's manager, Carlos Fonseca, since Tapia was unable to obtain a visa to enter the United States. Narea had distanced herself after seeing his role as guitarist and occasional songwriter increasingly diminished.
The production of the album began without the collaboration of Claudio Narea, who left the group in the middle of the work process, in the midst of love problems that were finally reflected in the lyrics distributed on the album. Narea's departure was marked by the hidden relationship between his wife and Gonzalez, but he also had a musical artist: He did not agree with the sound that the group's leader wanted to give the trio, influenced by synthesizers and electropop that unfolded in the '80. Finally "Corazones" was dominated under the production of the illustrious Argentine Gustavo Santaolalla, who made a name for himself with his band Arco Iris and collaborating on popular records for Wet Picnic and León Gieco. Santaolalla brought an astonishing new level of polish to Los Prisioneros, where all previous albums had been produced by González, infusing jagged electronic melodies with breakneck pop production and regional instruments like the charango to solidify a sonorous identity that was original and unquestionably Latin American.
Release and critical reception
Los Prisioneros fourth album, "Corazones" in his release on May 20, 1990, it was certified with four platinum records for selling about 180,000 copies and in that same year Jorge was chosen as the composer of the year by the Chilean Copyright Society. In 2006 was chosen in the 54 position from the list (The 250 best Latin American rock albums) by American magazine Al Borde, and in 2008 it ranked ninth in the list of (The 50 Best Chilean albums), by the Chilean edition of the American magazine Rolling Stone.
Artwork
The album cover was photographed by Alejandro Barruel and designed by Vicente Vargas, author of La voz de los '80 cover and star of the video clip of "El nuevo baile" by Emociones Clandestinas. "We just knew that Claudio had left. It was very strange to take photos without him", recalled manager Fonseca, the shirt was bought especially for the occasion by Fonseca in the Paris stores on Lyon avenue.
Legacy and influence
Some of the album tracks were covered by some singers like: "Amiga mía", covered by Javiera Mena for the 2012 movie Joven y Alocada, Fakuta, covered the song "Cuentame una historia original". Produced by Vicente Sanfuentes and Lego Mustache, the song "Estrechez de corazón" was covered by Carlos Cabezas, Francisca Valenzuela, and the group Villa Cariño. Being recorded in Triana studios by the famous engineer Gonzalo González, with a music video directed by Felipe Foncea. In the tribute album to Jorge González, "Nada es para Siempre", the musicians Gepe and Javiera Mena, accompanied by Cecilia Aguayo, Uwe Schmidt, Felipe Carbone, and Gonzalo Yáñez performed a version of "Cuentame una historia original". In 2020 David Eidelstein, the bassist of Los Tetas known as "Rulo", covered the song "Estrechez de corazón".
Track listing
Side A
Side B
References
1990 albums
Los Prisioneros albums
Spanish-language albums |
4022930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Horne | Phil Horne | Philip Andrew Horne (born 21 January 1960) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in 4 Tests and 4 ODIs from 1987 to 1990. He also represented New Zealand in badminton at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.
Horne was born in Upper Hutt, Wellington. His younger brother Matt also played international cricket for New Zealand.
References
1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Upper Hutt
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
New Zealand male badminton players
Badminton players at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand |
4022937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfork | Northfork | Northfork is a 2003 film directed by Michael Polish and written by Michael and Mark Polish. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2003 and later received a limited release in the United States on July 11, 2003. The film stars Duel Farnes, James Woods, Nick Nolte, Michele Hicks, Daryl Hannah, Anthony Edwards, Robin Sachs, Ben Foster, Claire Forlani, Clark Gregg, Kyle MacLachlan and Peter Coyote. This is the brothers' third film collaboration, after Twin Falls Idaho (1999) and Jackpot (2001).
Plot
The film's narrative consists of several interwoven subplots taking place in the town of Northfork, Montana circa 1955. A new dam is being built which will flood the valley of Northfork, and the town is in the midst of an evacuation. The narratives focus on several individuals who, for one reason or another, have yet to evacuate. Walter O'Brien (James Woods) and his son (Mark Polish) are on the evacuation team, helping to evacuate the last few inhabitants of Northfork. In return, the government will give them acres of lakeside property if they meet their evacuee quota. Father Harlan (Nick Nolte) is one such individual, who has stayed behind to care for Irwin (Duel Farnes), a dying orphan too weak to leave town. While the O'Briens and their co-workers encounter an array of unusual characters, Irwin discovers that he is the "unknown angel" through a suitcase with his angel wings in it and a bible with an angels feather telling his family 'story', and finds himself a family of angels (Daryl Hannah, Anthony Edwards, Ben Foster, and Robin Sachs) in his dreams, who he makes a deal with to take him 'a thousand miles'.
Cast
Duel Farnes as Irwin
James Woods as Walter O'Brien
Nick Nolte as Father Harlan
Peter Coyote as Eddie
Claire Forlani as Mrs. Hadfield
Clark Gregg as Mr. Hadfield (uncredited)
Mark Polish as Willis O'Brien
Kyle MacLachlan as Mr. Hope
Michele Hicks as Mrs. Hope
Ben Foster as Cod
Daryl Hannah as Flower Hercules
Robin Sachs as Cup of Tea
Anthony Edwards as Happy
Jon Gries as Arnold
Rick Overton as Rudolph
Douglas Sebern as Mayor
Reception
Northfork received mixed to positive reviews from critics and has a rating of 56% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 101 reviews with an average rating of 6 out of 10. The consensus states "Visually poetic, but may be too dramatically inert for some." The film also has a score of 64 on Metacritic based on 31 reviews.
References
External links
Northfork on Rotten Tomatoes.com
Northfork
2003 films
2000s fantasy drama films
Films set in 1955
Films set in Montana
Films shot in Montana
Paramount Vantage films
American fantasy drama films
American films
Films directed by Michael Polish
2003 drama films |
4022947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20Fire%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20Voyager%29 | Cold Fire (Star Trek: Voyager) | "Cold Fire" is the 26th episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the tenth episode in the second season. The episode aired on UPN on November 13, 1995. It is a direct sequel to the series premiere "Caretaker" and explores the existence of another entity belonging to the Caretaker alien's species. This is also the first episode since "Caretaker" to depict the species known as the Ocampa.
Plot
Kes and the Doctor notice a peculiar change in the remains of the Caretaker, the alien who trapped Voyager in the Delta Quadrant. They seem to be resonating in response to an unusual energy source. Remembering that the dying Caretaker had mentioned a female of his kind, Janeway wonders if she could be nearby. If so, a meeting with her could be their ticket home. As a precaution, Tuvok develops a toxin that could debilitate the female lifeform if she poses a threat. Following the energy trail, the crew comes upon a space-station inhabited by Ocampa, who fire on the ship.
Kes agrees to act as the crew's liaison to her people, and when the Ocampa leader, Tanis, boards Voyager, she assures him that the crew comes in peace. In a private meeting, Tanis tells Kes that the female Nacene, Suspiria, is nearby. She has taken care of this group of Ocampa for 300 years, and has taught them to develop their psychokinetic skills. He shows Kes a sample of the powerful abilities she has yet to tap. Later, Tanis communicates with Suspiria, who demands that he deliver Voyager to her.
As Tanis leads the crew to Suspiria, he tutors Kes on her telepathic skills. The lessons nearly end in disaster when Kes tries to boil water with her mind and, to her horror, inadvertently boils Tuvok's blood instead. He collapses, writhing in agony.
Tuvok recovers from the near-fatal incident. Kes realizes the full potential of her mental powers when her mind causes the plants in the aeroponics bay to burn up. Tanis urges Kes to leave Voyager and live on the Ocampa space-station, where he says she will be embraced by Suspiria and surrounded by her own people.
Suspiria, who believes the lies spread by the Kazon and others about Voyager, comes aboard. She tells Janeway that she will destroy them in retaliation for the crew's having killed the Caretaker. By the time Kes becomes aware of her monstrous plot, Suspiria has already attacked several officers. Kes, in turn, attacks Tanis with her expanded psychic abilities, and Tanis's pain temporarily incapacitates Suspiria. Janeway is then able to fire the toxin, subduing her. Janeway allows Suspiria and Tanis to leave the ship, while Kes remains with her friends on Voyager.
Production
"Cold Fire" was developed under the working title "Untitled Kes Firebug". While writing the episode, Anthony Williams worked as the assistant manager of advertising at Paramount Pictures. The script's final draft was completed and submitted on August 30, 1995. The teleplay was handled by Brannon Braga. "Cold Fire" was set in stardate 49164.8; it was not stated during the episode, but it was included in the shooting script. According to executive producer Rick Berman, Suspiria had been developed in response to the studio's concerns that the show's focus on a crew separated from their home would be too depressing. Berman referred to the character as a "cover your ass" measure, as it allowed for a "fundamental shift" in the show's premise in case of a negative response from viewers.
Director Cliff Bole reunited with guest star Gary Graham during the filming of the episode; the pair had worked together on the show M.A.N.T.I.S. Graham did not enjoy his time on Star Trek: Voyager, comparing it to "taking a midterm when you really, really have to make a good grade". While requesting "two words" be changed, he said it had "t[aken] thirty minutes to get script approval on that back from the Ivory Tower". He negatively compared Voyager to his time on the show Alien Nation, which he described as having a "very relaxed and joyously creative set", and his performance as Soval on Star Trek: Enterprise, which he felt had a more relaxed filming process.
Reception
"Cold Fire" is rated 7.4 out of 10 on TV.com as of 2018. It had 6.1 Nielsen points rating in 1995, and it first aired on November 13, 1995 on UPN.
References
Citations
Book sources
External links
Star Trek: Voyager (season 2) episodes
1995 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Cliff Bole
Television episodes written by Brannon Braga |
4022950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Brooks | Phil Brooks | Phil Brooks may refer to:
Sports
Phil Brooks (American football) (born 1937), American football coach
Phil Brooks (footballer) (1901–1963), Australian rules footballer
Phil Brooks or CM Punk (born 1978), American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
Philip Brooks (basketball) (born 1984), American basketball player
Others
Philip C. Brooks (1906–1977), American archivist
Philip John Brooks, British folk and rock musician
See also
Phillips Brooks (1835–1893), Bishop of Massachusetts in the Episcopal Church during the early 1890s |
4022952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1992 French Open – Men's singles | Defending champion Jim Courier successfully defended his title, defeating Petr Korda in the final, 7–5, 6–2, 6–1 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1992 French Open.
Stefan Edberg was attempting to complete the career Grand Slam, but lost to Andrei Cherkasov in the third round.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Jim Courier is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Jim Courier (champion)
Stefan Edberg (third round)
Pete Sampras (quarterfinals)
Michael Stich (third round)
Michael Chang (third round)
Guy Forget (second round)
Petr Korda (finalist)
Goran Ivanišević (quarterfinals)
Carlos Costa (fourth round)
Ivan Lendl (second round)
Andre Agassi (semifinals)
Richard Krajicek (third round)
Aaron Krickstein (third round)
Alexander Volkov (third round)
Brad Gilbert (first round)
Jakob Hlasek (first round)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1992 French Open Men's Singles draw
1992 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1992 ATP Tour |
4022955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20crescent | Turkish crescent | A Turkish crescent, (a smaller version is called a çevgen or çağana (Tr.), Turkish jingle, Jingling Johnny, (Ger.), or pavillon chinois (Fr.)), is a percussion instrument traditionally used by military bands internationally. In some contexts it also serves as a battle trophy or object of veneration.
Description
The instrument, usually long, consists of an upright wooden pole topped with a conical brass ornament and having crescent shaped crosspieces, also of brass. Numerous bells are attached to the crosspieces and elsewhere on the instrument. Often two horsetail plumes of different colors are suspended from one of the crescents; occasionally they are red-tipped, symbolic of the battlefield. There is no standard configuration for the instrument, and of the many preserved in museums, hardly two are alike.
The instrument is held vertically and when played is either shaken up and down or twisted. Sometimes there is a geared crank mechanism for rotating it.
Today the instrument is prominent in the marching bands of the German Bundeswehr, the French Foreign Legion, the Russian Armed Forces, the Armed Forces of Chile, the Armed Forces of Bolivia and in Ottoman military bands. Some folk music features similar instruments based on a wooden staff with jingling attachments. A notable folk example is the Australian "lagerphone", made by nailing crown-seal bottle-caps, from beer bottles, onto a wooden broomstick handle, and used to provide a percussive beat for a folk song or bush dance.
During its existence, the Soviet Union produced variant forms of the instrument for military bands, with red artificial plumes and the red star finial.
Non-musical aspects
Turkish crescents had symbolic value for the military units that used them. The 88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers) famously captured one at the Battle of Salamanca in 1812. It became an object of pride and veneration at the regiment's ceremonial parades.
In the early 20th century, Turkish crescents were used in processions honoring important dignitaries. They were skillfully twirled by dignified performers, much as batons are handled today by drum majors. This aspect survives today in the use of Turkish crescents as mostly symbolic objects in military marching bands. This can be clearly seen in the videos in the External links section at the end of this article.
History
The instrument possibly has antecedents in Central Asian tengrist staffs. Similar instruments occur in ancient Chinese music, perhaps diffused from the same Central Asian (Turkic) sources.
Europeans knew of it in the 16th century. In the 18th century, it was part of the Turkish Janissary bands that were the source of much interest in Europe, and in the 19th century, it was widely used in European military bands. It was abandoned by the British in the mid-19th century but survives today, in an altered form, in Germany and in the Netherlands, plus in two military bands in France (the French Foreign Legion and the 1st Spahi Regiment). It is also found in the military bands of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil (examples are in the Brazilian Marine Pipes, Drum and Bugle Corps and the Band of the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment "Independence Dragoons"). Its presence in the bands of Chile, Brazil and Bolivia is due to the Prussian military influences which arrived in these countries during the late 19th to early 20th centuries.
Its heyday in Europe was from the mid-18th to mid-19th century, when it was commonly played by elaborately dressed black Africans, who made all manner of contortions while playing. Some of these gestures survive today, in the stick twirling by bass and tenor drummers. An aspect of the elaborate costumes survives in the leopard skin apron worn by bass drummers in British military bands; however the use of the "Jingling Johnny" was discontinued in the British Army in 1837.
In 1881, the German Emperor William I presented a Turkish crescent to King David Kalākaua on the occasion of the King's visit to Berlin during his trip around the world bearing the inscription "no ka hoomanao ana ia Berlin" (to commemorate Berlin), which was then used by the Royal Hawaiian Band.
In the mid-19th century this instrument was replaced in most bands by the glockenspiel, which was carried similarly but could be played musically.
Argentina
Known as the "Chinesco", the instrument was used by Afro-Argentinians in the 19th century. Descriptions of the instrument describe the masacalla, an ethnic instrument. A painting by Martin Boneo and a news clipping from 1899 show an instrument held on a long pole, with horsetails, and either a pointed top like a Chinese hat, or a crescent.
Java and Bali
The instrument has also been known in Java under the names genta (Hindu-Javanese), klinting, byong or Kembang delima (pomegranate blossom), and in Bali as gentorag. The Javanese instruments lack the crescent or hat, but have "a central wooden spindle" with the bells suspended at different levels on crosses of wood or metal. Bells can also be suspended on wheels stacked above each other, largest on the bottom to tallest on the top. The wheel is mounted to that its rim is not up and down like a car rim, but horizontal to the ground.
Use in specific musical works
The Turkish crescent figures prominently in the Marche pour la Cérémonie des Turcs, part of Jean-Baptiste Lully's music for Molière's comédie-ballet Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670).
It was used by the composer Joseph Haydn in his Symphony No. 100 (1794).
Beethoven is said to have made use of the Jingling Johnny or Turkish crescent in the finale to his Ninth Symphony, though it is not specified in the score.
Hector Berlioz used it in his massive piece for military wind band with optional choir and organ Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale (1840). His "dream ensemble" of 467 instrumentalists included four among its 53 percussion instruments. He said about the instrument: "The , with its numerous little bells, serves to give brilliancy to lively pieces, and pompous marches in military music. It can only shake its sonorous locks, at somewhat lengthened intervals; that is to say, about twice in a bar, in a movement of moderate time".
John Philip Sousa's Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (1923) also called for the use of the Turkish crescent.
Gareth Gilkeson of the Rend Collective folk rock band can be seen playing a Turkish crescent in the video for the band's song "Build Your Kingdom Here" (2013), and Rend Collective has been known to sell "Jingling Johnnys" on its website and on another site called TheJinglingJohnny.com (since deprecated).
See also
Aquila (Roman)
Khakkhara
Monkey stick
Masacalla
Pogo cello
Signifer
Sistrum
Tug/Tugh (Bunchuk)
Sources
Chappell, Mike. Wellington's Peninsula Regiments. Osprey Publishing, 2003.
External links
Short video clip (0:25) of French Foreign Legion music with a clear shot of chapeau chinois at 0:12
WWII (1940) video (5:13) of Legion troops departing for combat. See chapeau chinois at 0:55, 1:45, and 3:45.
Long video (12:00) of French Foreign Legion music. Chapeau chinois is featured as an honored object from 1:06-1:30 and especially from 7:30-10:25.
Video (2:18) of a German marching band, showing Schellenbaum as an honored object and glockenspiel as a musical instrument from 0:10-1:35.
Video (2:31) of another German band, showing a ceremonial Schellenbaum and musical glockenspiel at 0:40 and a smaller whirling musical Schellenbaum from 0:55-1:05.
Video (14:34) of a Chilean military parade, showing a glimpse of a ceremonial Schellenbaum from 0:50-1:00.
History of Turkish Crescent from ancient times until the 18th century; in German: Janissary instruments and Europe
Alla turca: Ottoman Band Influences on European Music.
Video (3:16) of the Bundeswehr Staff Music Corps, showing Schellenbaum being assembled, used in a parade, and disassembled thereafter.
Bells (percussion)
Idiophones
Military music
Turkish inventions
Janissaries |
4022980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore%20Stock%20Exchange | Bangalore Stock Exchange | Bangalore Stock Exchange (BgSE), was a public stock exchange based in Bangalore, India fully owned by Government of India. It was founded in 1963 and had 595 regional and non-regional companies listed. In September 2005, the BgSE announced plans to go public by divesting at least 51% of its ownership. The stock exchange was managed by a Council of Management, consisting of members appointed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India. It was the first stock exchange in South India to start electronic trading of securities in 1996.
To keep pace with the fast changing technology and financial system, the Exchange went online in 1996. The Exchange had came a long way since the launch of BEST (Bangalore Electronic Securities Trading), its online trading system on 29 July 1996.
The Exchange had 241 members serving the diverse needs of investors. The corporate members constitute more than 25% of the total membership of the Exchange. Members operate within the overall framework of policies and practices developed over a period of time by the Exchange. As on 7 Jan 2014, 330 companies were listed on the Exchange.
In December 2008, SEBI had issued guidelines and laid down the framework for exit by stock exchanges. As per SEBI norms, a stock exchange, whose annual trading turnover on its platform was less than Rs 1,000 crore, can apply for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit, while a bourse which fails to achieve a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore, would be subject to compulsory exit process.
The shareholders of BgSE in its annual general body meeting held on 21 September 2013 passed the resolution to apply to SEBI for exiting as a stock exchange through voluntary surrender of recognition. Following this, BgSE had made a request to SEBI for its exit as stock exchange on 8 October 2013.
SEBI on 26 December 2014 permitted BgSE to exit from the bourse business.
See also
List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations
References
External links
Economy of Bangalore
Former stock exchanges in India
1963 establishments in Mysore State
Financial services companies established in 1963 |
4022987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basics%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20Voyager%29 | Basics (Star Trek: Voyager) | "Basics" comprises the 42nd and 43rd episodes of the American science fiction television Star Trek: Voyager, the cliffhanger between the second season and the third season.
In this episode, the Federation starship Voyager, alone in the Delta Quadrant, is lured into a trap which leads to the ship being commandeered by the hostile Kazon, who forcibly remove the ship's crew to an inhospitable planet.
This was a two-part episode, but in two different seasons; Part I aired on May 20, 1996 as the finale of Season 2 and Part II aired on September 4, 1996 as the opener of Season 3. The show was originally broadcast on the UPN network.
Parts I & II were written by Michael Pillar and directed by Winrich Kolbe.
The episodes were also later released on VHS, LaserDisc, and DVD.
Plot
Part I
Ensign Lon Suder, having been confined to his quarters for life as punishment for his murder of Crewman Darwin, has attempted to make amends by making several agricultural advancements. His homicidal tendencies seem to be well under control through the use of Vulcan mental disciplines learned from Tuvok. Seska calls Voyager stating that Commander Chakotay must rescue her and her newborn baby, since Culluh saw that the child was not his. Captain Janeway and Chakotay argue on whether or not to save his son, whether it is a trap or a real plea for help. In the ready-room, everyone thinks up ideas to fight the Kazon in the event of a trap.
An apparent defector of the Kazon is soon found on a stranded ship and taken on board to Sickbay, and explains his predicament, although Chakotay remains suspicious — especially when he mentions Seska's death. As Voyager travels further into Kazon space, facing heavier attacks that seem focused at the same general area of the ship, the man commits suicide in a violent explosion, which severely damages Suder's quarters and disables several of Voyager's systems. As Voyager is overwhelmed by the Kazon, Lt. Paris takes a shuttle to find a Talaxian colony for aid. Voyager is boarded and taken over by Kazon forces. Captain Janeway attempts to activate the ship's self-destruct sequence to prevent the Kazon from taking the ship, but the system that controls this ability was damaged in earlier Kazon skirmishes, revealing the true strategy of the Kazon.
Part II
The crew is marooned on a barren planet inhabited by primitive, hostile natives. Only two crew members are left on board Voyager, the Doctor and Suder, who was presumed dead in the explosion. It is revealed by the Doctor that Culluh, not Chakotay, is the father of Seska's baby. Suder hides in the vents and Jefferies tubes of the ship, having a crisis of conscience after he is forced to kill a Kazon soldier.
Meanwhile, on the planet, crewman Hogan is devoured by a gigantic worm creature. The natives of the planet kidnap Kes and Neelix. Chakotay attempts to negotiate for their return, but this fails and he, Kes and Neelix are forced to hide in one of the caverns that the giant worm lives in. The natives attempt to smoke them out with a fire.
Back at camp, Ensign Wildman's baby Naomi falls ill and Chakotay's team is still missing. Janeway gathers her own crew to search for Chakotay. Inside the caverns, a mis-step leads to a crew member being eaten by the worm. Janeway has Lt. Torres and two others distract the natives. The diversion works, allowing them to extinguish the fire and save the rest of the crew. The worm ends up buried under tons of rock dislodged by Tuvok and others as they escape.
Suder and the Doctor risk their lives to repel the Kazon. Suder, under orders from Paris, attacks the engineering section of Voyager. He succeeds in sabotaging the ship's phasers, but is shot in the back by a dying Kazon and dies moments after. The Kazon then attempt to destroy Paris' shuttle but the sabotaged phasers overload, killing most of the Kazon and forcing them to abandon Voyager. Seska herself is mortally wounded; she stumbles into Janeway's ready room and dies next to her child, who survived. Maje Culluh takes the baby and leaves.
Volcanic eruptions on the planet have forced the Voyager crew and the natives to migrate together. Chakotay gains the respect of the natives when he rescues one of their children from a lava flow. The leader of the tribe gathers together plants that heal Naomi. The crew and the natives both watch in bewilderment as Voyager descends to the planet to pick them up. Tom Paris greets Janeway and the crew on the bridge and tells of Suder's bravery. In Sickbay, Tuvok wishes that Suder may find the peace he could not in life. The natives wave farewell as Voyager departs.
Notes
Martha Hackett, whose character Seska is killed off this episode, received two copies of the script; the first where Seska survived, but her baby died and the second as was aired. She was only told that Seska was to die less than a day before filming. She would return to play the character twice more in the series.
The first part of this episode contains a muffed line from Mulgrew (Janeway) that seemingly went unnoticed during production. When the character was supposed to say "work with The Doctor on it, B'Elanna" during a staff meeting, she instead said "work on The Doctor with it, B'Elanna".
Reception
In 2017, ScreenRant rated "Basics" as the 6th most hopeful episode of Star Trek. They point out how the crew works together to survive despite the bleak situation they are placed in.
This episode was noted for Captain Janeway wearing her hair in a pony-tail style.
This marked the exit of Seska, a character that SyFy rated as among the top 21 most interesting supporting characters of Star Trek, and CBR ranked Seska the 18th best recurring character of Star Trek shows. CBR elaborate, "Martha Hackett was fantastic in the part, showcasing Seska’s transformation from supposedly loyal fighter to a scheming vixen."
In 2020, Gizmodo listed "Basics" as one of the "must watch" episodes from the show.
In 2021, The Digital Fix praised the episode overall but was critical of the elimination of Suder and Seska. For example, they were pleased with the on-stage dynamic between actors Robert Picardo (The Doctor) and Dourif (Suder), and Suder's "redemptive" character arc, but lamented the exit of Suder. Likewise, they were happy with Seska, who they called the "most interesting reoccurring" character on the show and said her death was unnecessary.
Releases
This episode was released on the United Kingdom on LaserDisc in April 1995. The 12 inch optical disc used both sides for 88 minutes of runtime in PAL format, and it retailed for £19.99.
Both parts of Basics were released in the U.K. paired with "Future's End" as "feature length adventures" on VHS (VHR 5071).
"Basics, Part I" was also released on VHS in the U.K. paired with "Resolutions". "Basics, Part II" was released with "Flashback" on VHS in the United Kingdom, on one cassette, Star Trek: Voyager 3.1 - Basics, Part II/Flashback.
"Basics, Part II" was released on DVD on July 6, 2004 as part of Star Trek Voyager: Complete Third Season, with a Dolby 5.1 surround.
In 2017, the complete Star Trek: Voyager television series was released in a DVD box set, this included "Basics, Part I" on Disc 7 with special features of that season at the end of season 2, and "Basics, Part II" as part of season 3.
References
External links
Star Trek: Voyager (season 2) episodes
Star Trek: Voyager (season 3) episodes
1996 American television episodes
Star Trek: Voyager episodes in multiple parts |
4022994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Marie%20Moning | Karen Marie Moning | Karen Marie Moning is an American author. Many of her novels have appeared on the New York Times Bestseller List with Shadowfever reaching the number one position on multiple national best sellers lists. She is a winner of the prestigious Romance Writers of America RITA award for Best Paranormal Romance and is a multiple RITA nominee.
Biography
Karen Marie Moning was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Anthony R. Moning and Janet L. Moning. Moning graduated from Purdue University with a Bachelor's degree in Society and Law. Before becoming a full-time writer, she worked as a bartender, a computer consultant, and an insurance specialist.
Moning began her career writing paranormal romance set in Scotland. Beyond the Highland Mist was published in 1999 and nominated for two RITA awards. She then published six more novels in her award-winning HIGHLANDER series, and received the RITA Award in 2001 for The Highlander’s Touch.
But as she became increasingly fascinated with Celtic mythology, she switched genres to Urban Fantasy and location to Dublin, Ireland, so she could focus on the Tuatha Dé Danann, or Fae—an ancient race of immortal beings who have lived secretly among humans for millennia.
Bibliography
Highlander Series
Beyond the Highland Mist (1999/Mar)
To Tame a Highland Warrior (1999/Dec)
The Highlander's Touch (2000/Nov)
Kiss of the Highlander (2001/Sep)
The Dark Highlander (2002/Oct)
The Immortal Highlander (2004/Aug)
Spell of the Highlander (2005/Aug)
Into The Dreaming (2006/Aug)
Fever Series
Darkfever (2006/Oct)
Bloodfever (2007/Oct)
Faefever (2008/Sep)
Dreamfever (2009/Aug)
Shadowfever (2011/Jan)
Iced (2012/Oct)
Burned (2015/Jan)
Feverborn (2016/Jan)
Feversong (2017/Jan)
High Voltage (2018/Mar)
Kingdom of Shadow and Light (2021/Feb)
Fever Moon
Fever Moon is an original story from Karen Marie Moning, which has been adapted into a graphic novel by David Lawrence and illustrated by Al Rio. In this installment of the series, Mac and Barrons work together to defeat the Fear Dorcha. When it becomes clear that this epic evil is hunting Mac, slowly killing those closest to her, Mac’s only weapons are her lover, Barrons and the Spear of Destiny.
References or sources
External links
Facebook Page
Official blog
Living people
American women novelists
Writers from Cincinnati
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Novelists from Florida
American romantic fiction writers
Purdue University alumni
RITA Award winners
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
1964 births
Women romantic fiction writers
Novelists from Ohio
Dark fantasy writers
Urban fantasy writers |
4022996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Jackson | Philip Jackson | Phil, Phillip, or Philip Jackson may refer to:
Sportsmen
Phil Jackson (rugby league, born 1932), British rugby league back during 1950s
Phil Jackson (born 1945), American basketball player and coach in NBA
Phil Jackson (rugby league 1970s), British rugby league forward during 1970s
Phil Jackson (boxer) (born 1964), American heavyweight boxer
Others
Philip Jackson (surveyor) (1802–1879), British Royal Navy lieutenant and mapmaker during 1820s
Philip L. Jackson (1893–1953), publisher of Portland newspaper The Oregon Journal
Philip Jackson (sculptor) (born 1944), Scottish sculptor
Philip Jackson (actor) (born 1948), English actor
See also
Phil Jackson Ibargüen (born 1985), Colombian footballer
Jackson (surname) |
4023005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1991 French Open – Men's singles | Jim Courier defeated Andre Agassi in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 2–6, 6–1, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1991 French Open.
Andres Gomez was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.
Boris Becker was attempting to complete the career Grand Slam, but lost to Agassi in the semifinals.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Jim Courier is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Stefan Edberg (quarterfinals)
Boris Becker (semifinals)
Ivan Lendl (withdrew due to wrist injury)
Andre Agassi (finals)
Sergi Bruguera (second round)
Pete Sampras (second round)
Guy Forget (fourth round)
Goran Ivanišević (second round)
Jim Courier (champion)
Michael Chang (quarterfinals)
Emilio Sánchez (second round)
Michael Stich (semifinals)
Jonas Svensson (withdrew due to injury)
Karel Nováček (first round)
John McEnroe (first round)
Brad Gilbert (first round)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1991 French Open Men's Singles draw
1991 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1991 ATP Tour |
4023008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus%20pubescens | Crataegus pubescens | Crataegus pubescens may refer to:
Crataegus pubescens C.Presl. a Sicilian hawthorn, sometimes considered to be a synonym of Crataegus orientalis
Crataegus pubescens Steud. an illegitimate name for Crataegus mexicana |
4023013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeo%20Cheow%20Tong | Yeo Cheow Tong | Yeo Cheow Tong (; born 22 June 1947) is a former Singaporean politician. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he served in the Cabinet from 1990 to 2006, and was a Member of Parliament (MP) of Hong Kah SMC from 12 December 1984 to 17 August 1988 and MP of Hong Kah GRC from 24 August 1988 to 19 April 2011 for almost 27 years.
Early life
Yeo was educated at Anglo-Chinese School, before receiving a Colombo Plan Scholarship in 1967 to study at the University of Western Australia, where he received a Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) degree.
Career
He worked for Singapore's Economic Development Board (EDB) from 1972 to 1975, before entering the private sector. He entered politics in 1984. At the 1984 general election, Yeo was elected a Member of Parliament for Hong Kah constituency. In 1985, he was appointed a Minister of State at the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 1988, Yeo became the Acting Minister for Health, before becoming a full member of the Cabinet in 1990. He went on to hold a number of different Cabinet positions including Minister of Health (1990–94, 1997–99), Minister for Community Development (1991–94), Minister for Trade and Industry (1994–97), Minister for the Environment (1997–99), Minister for Communications and Information Technology (1999–2001), and Minister for Transport (2001–06).
In June 2006, Yeo resigned from the Cabinet to return to the private sector. He continued to serve as a Member of Parliament for the Hong Kah Group Representation Constituency until 2011, when he retired from politics. He was succeeded by Alex Yam in the 2011 Singaporean general election.
Personal life
Yeo is married to lawyer Helen Yeo-Tan Cheng Hoong. The couple have three children and 6 grandchildren.
References
External links
Appointments of the Cabinet of Singapore
CV of Yeo Cheow Tong
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
1947 births
Living people
Ministers for Transport of Singapore
Ministers for Health of Singapore
Communications ministers of Singapore
Ministers for Trade and Industry of Singapore
University of Western Australia alumni |
4023029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Place%2C%20Dallas | Bryan Place, Dallas | Bryan Place is a neighborhood in Old East Dallas, Texas (USA). It is east of the Arts District of downtown and the State Thomas neighborhood, north of Deep Ellum, south of Cityplace and west of Munger Place. Its boundaries are generally considered to be US-75 North Central Expressway on the west, Ross Avenue on the (north)west, N. Washington Street on the (north)east, and Live Oak Avenue on the (south)east.
History
The neighborhood is named for John Neely Bryan, the founder of Dallas. The current structures in the neighborhood were built in the 1980s by developer Fox and Jacobs.
Parks
The major outdoor community space is Exall Park, located on the south edge of the neighborhood next to Live Oak Street.
Community facilities
The Exall Park Recreation Center is located in Exall Park. The Bryan Place Swimming Pool Association operates a members-only outdoor swimming pool and a meeting room which is available to the community. Adjacent to Bryan Place is the Latino Cultural Center which has an auditorium for larger presentations and meetings.
Architecture
Bryan place contains an eclectic blend of architecture, old and new, large and small, residential and commercial. Older buildings include commercial buildings and houses from the first half of the 20th century, including the Macedonia Baptist Church and 1935 Dallas ISD Headquarters. Lots sizes are small, with many houses built to "zero lot line" setback on at least one side. Later developments have tended to be multi-family townhouses, low-rise condominiums and apartment buildings since the 1980s, and many single-family homes from the 1980s onwards.
Nearby and visible from much of the neighborhood are Baylor University Medical Center to the south and the former Southwestern Bell tower to the east.
Transportation
Highways
North Central Expressway (US 75)
Trains
DART
Deep Ellum Station (in adjacent neighborhood: Deep Ellum)
DART and
Cityplace Station (in adjacent neighborhood: Cityplace)
Education
Bryan Place is served by the Dallas Independent School District. Residents of Bryan Place are zoned to J.W. Ray Elementary School, Alex W. Spence Middle School and North Dallas High School.
Holy Trinity Catholic School, a private school, located approximately 2 miles northwest of Bryan Place in the Oak Lawn neighborhood, provides education for three-year-olds through eighth grade.
References
External links
Bryan Place Homeowner's Association
Neighborhoods in Old East Dallas |
4023041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar%20Smith%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lamar Smith (disambiguation) | Lamar Smith may refer to:
Anthony Lamar Smith, an American man who was killed by a police officer in 2011
Lamar Smith, American politician from Texas
Lamar Smith (activist), American civil rights activist murdered in Brookhaven, Mississippi for attempting to bring African-American ballots to the courthouse
Lamar Smith (American football), American football running back |
4023043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher%20rockfish | Gopher rockfish | The gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus), also known as the gopher sea perch, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Sebastinae, the rockfishes, part of the family Scorpaenidae. It is found in the eastern Pacific, primarily off California.
Taxonomy
The gopher rockfish was originally described in 1880 as Sebastichthys carnatus by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert with the type locality given as the Monterey Bay, California. Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Pteropodus. The specific name carnatus means "fleshy" or "flesh-colored", alluding to the background color of this fish.
Description
The gopher rockfish is a deep, stout bodied fish with a steep dorsal profile. The body is as deep as 34% to 38% of its standard length. They have many spines on the head and body. The overall color is dark brown, black, and greenish fading to reddish brown on the belly. There is a row of flesh-colored or whitish spotting and blotches on their back reaching up to and onto the dorsal fin and irregular pale patches on their flanks. There is a dark stripe running rearwards from the eye and another on the upper jaw. The head is of average length for this genus and has a short snout with a small terminal mouth and large eyes which bulge over the dorsal profile of the head. The caudal fin is truncate. The dorsal fin has 13 spines and 12 to 14 rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 5 to 7 soft rays. This species grows to a maximum total length of .
Distribution and habitat
Gopher rockfish are found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean off the Western coast of North America. They are known from as far north as Cape Blanco in Oregon, down to Punta San Roque in southern Baja California. They are commonest between northern Baja California and Northern California. It is a demersal species that is encountered as solitary and highly territorial individuals with nearby shelters on rock structures or within kelp forests at depths from .
Biology
The gopher rockfish is a territorial species which defends a home territory on the seabed excluding other rockfish. It is a nocturnal fish, spending the day sheltering in cavities and crevices. They leave their shelter ar dusk to forage. The juveniles feed on planktonic crustaceans while the adults prey on cephalopods, gastropods, brittle stars, crabs, shrimp and polychaetes. They also eat smaller fish such as juvenile rockfish, particularly blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus), sculpins, juvenile surfperch, kelpfishes, and plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus). This is an oviparous species in which a female can lay 175,000 to 425,000 pelagic eggs. They are known to live for up to 30 years.
Genetics
A PCR-RFLP genetic sex marker has been identified for gopher rockfish, which can successfully distinguish males and females. The marker potentially also works in the closely related black-and-yellow rockfish, but it does not seem to successfully distinguish males and females in various other rockfish species.
References
Milton S. Love, Mary Yoklavich, Lyman K. Thorsteinson, (2002), The Rockfishes of the Northeast Pacific, University of California Press, pp. 140–143
Shawn Narum, Vincent Buonaccorsi, Carol Kimbrell, and Russell Vetter. (2004). Genetic Divergence between Gopher Rockfish (Sebastes carnatus) and Black and Yellow Rockfish (Sebastes chrysomelas). Copeia, 4, pp. 926–931.
gopher rockfish
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert
Fauna of California
Western North American coastal fauna
gopher rockfish |
4023044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20accent | Foreign accent | Foreign accent may refer to:
accent (sociolinguistics)
diacritic, an accent mark in writing
non-native pronunciations of English
Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages
foreign accent syndrome |
4023048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Bentley | Little Bentley | Little Bentley is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England. It sits on rising ground just to the west of the Holland Brook.
In the Second World War troops and Commandoes sometimes encamped locally, and there was a control post for the anti-aircraft guns around the nearby Gt Bromley radar station. A number of Allied aircraft force-landed in the large field south of the Church, including an American B17 bomber. Several V1 flying bombs also hit the parish.
The Hall, south west of the Church, was once a larger building. It has a large game wood, made up mainly of coppiced chestnut trees. The Hall is nowadays noted for its annual garden show, making use of water features fed by streams from the wood.
In the hamlet of Ravens' Green, 2 miles from the village centre, is a large house formerly known as "the Gamekeepers", for many decades a pub.
Little Bentley is also the home of the Little Bentley Park Polo Club.
St Mary the Virgin church
The church is dedicated to Saint Mary. The living is in the gift of Balliol College. The Church is mainly 13th century on the north side, and 17th on the south. It has a 60-foot medieval tower with ancient bells.
The nave roof is original medieval timber, and features rows of beams carved into angels, but with heads cut off during the Civil War by Puritan iconoclasts led by William Dowsing. The east end has three stained glass lancet windows, and between chancel and nave a small door and features in the walls indicate the position of a pre-Reformation rood screen. A large royal arms, painted on a diamond-shape timber board, and a 16th-century helmet, are among contents which were stolen – or removed because of the risk of theft – in the 1970s.
References
External links
Village History, Little Bentley Hall
Church of St Mary, Church Road, Little Bentley, Images of England
Great and Little Bentley entry, Post Office Directory of Essex, Herts, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey and Sussex, London: Kelly, 1855
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring |
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