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4023051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1990 French Open – Men's singles | Andrés Gómez defeated Andre Agassi in the final, 6–3, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1990 French Open. He became the first Ecuadorian, male or female, to win a major, and this was his only major title in singles. Agassi later alleged in his 2009 autobiography that his defeat in the final was partly due to issues with his wig.
Michael Chang was the defending champion, but he was defeated by Agassi in the quarterfinals. For the first time since the 1977 Australian Open, none of the semifinalists had previously won a major title.
Until the 2002 Australian Open, this would be the last time that the top two seeds would lose in the first round of a major, with Stefan Edberg and Boris Becker losing to Sergi Bruguera and Goran Ivanišević respectively.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1990 French Open Men's Singles draw
1990 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles |
4023052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishq%20%281997%20film%29 | Ishq (1997 film) | Ishq ( Love) is an Indian 1997 Hindi-language romantic action comedy film directed by Indra Kumar. It stars Aamir Khan, Ajay Devgn, Juhi Chawla and Kajol along with Dalip Tahil, Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Johnny Lever and Mohan Joshi in supporting roles.
The film theatrically opened on 28 November 1997, to mixed reviews, but became the third-highest grossing film of 1997, grossing more than worldwide.
Plot
Ranjit and Harbans Lal are wealthy businessmen who despise the poor. However, Ranjit's son Ajay is friends with poor mechanic Raja since childhood, and Harbans's daughter Madhu is friends with a poor Kajal. They fix up Ajay and Madhu's marriage. But instead Ajay falls in love with Kajal, and Raja and Madhu fall in love. Ranjit and Harbans plan to separate them. They pretend to accept Raja and Kajal. On the way to Raja and Madhu's engagement, Ranjit gets Kajal kidnapped by rapists. Raja saves and comforts her. Meanwhile their photos are taken, unaware to them. When they arrive at the party, Ranjit shows the same photos to play like they're intimate, which finally leads Ajay and Madhu to leave Kajal and Raja. The latter two move to Raja's house.
The situation worsens further when Ajay and Madhu think Kajal is pregnant with Raja's child. They decide to marry to their fathers' will. To prove his innocence, Raja joins hands with Ajay's uncle Lambodar by attacking Ajay and Madhu and pretending that he is about to rape Madhu but Ajay saves and comforts her. Lambodar takes same photos as like was previously for Raja and Kajal. Ranjit and Harbans make Kajal and Raja to agree to leave India. Ajay and Madhu's wedding is about to begin when Lambodar shows the photos he clicked of them after Raja almost raped her. This proves Raja had attacked them to recreate the situation he and Kajal were in, which proved Raja and Kajal are innocent and the fathers are real masterminds. Kajal's uncle Madan also confesses, Ranjit paid him 2 lakh rupees to hide the truth.
Angry and heartbroken, Ajay tries to kill Ranjit and then himself but Madhu and Lambodar stop him. They go to find Raja and Kajal and rush to the shipyard, stopping them. They apologize and get back together. It is revealed that Ranjit and Harbans, both having realised his mistakes, delayed the ship's departure. The lovers forgive the fathers and everyone is reunited.
Cast
Aamir Khan as Raja Ahlawat
Ajay Devgan as Ajay Rai
Juhi Chawla as Madhu Saxena
Kajol as Kajal Jindal
Johnny Lever as Lambodar Upadhyay
Sadashiv Amrapurkar as Ranjit Rai
Dalip Tahil as Harbans Lal Saxena
Mohan Joshi as Madan Jindal
Razzak Khan as Nawaab naadin Dhinna Change
Shwetha Menon as Jia, dancer in song "Humko Tumse Pyar Hai" (special appearance)
Ghanashyam Nayak as ACP Ghanshyam Gulati
Achyut Potdar as Barrister Chandrakant Gokhale
Deepak Shirke as Damliya
Tiku Talsania as Pankaj Gaitonde
Deven Verma as Behram
Anant Mahadevan as Brijesh Lal Saxena
Production
Development
Director Indra Kumar had initially planned to make Ishq in 1991 with Aamir Khan and Pooja Bhatt as two of the four leads, but due to their personal problems at the time, they opted out of the film. Later, Boney Kapoor asked Kumar to make the film with Sanjay Kapoor and Vivek Mushran playing the roles of Ajay and Raja, respectively. However, Kumar had no happiness to cast the two, and he then made the film Raja (1995) with Sanjay Kapoor, which released in 1995. He again came with the idea of making Ishq in 1996 and selected Ajay Devgn, Aamir Khan, Kajol and Juhi Chawla to play the leads.
Casting
Karisma Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit were offered the roles of Kajol and Juhi Chawla, respectively, but the former declined to work opposite Devgan and the latter had date issues. Along with this, Amitabh Bachchan was signed to play the role of a man who after completing an intermission tries to unite the four lovers, but due to some problems with Kumar, he left the film, and Kumar later removed that character from the film. Ishq was Kumar's first film to not star Madhuri Dixit as a female lead and the second movie with Aamir Khan after 1990's Dil. The film also marked the first collaboration between Kumar and Devgn.
Filming
During the shooting of the film, Aamir Khan threw a prank on Juhi Chawla, after which she got irritated.
Box office
The movie was a blockbuster at the box office. It earned , against a budget of . Its gross is equivalent to adjusted for inflation in 2019. It became the third-highest grossing film of 1997, behind Dil To Pagal Hai and Border.
Music
The music was composed by Anu Malik. The Ishq soundtrack album sold 3million units, making it the year's sixth best-selling Bollywood soundtrack album. The tune of the hit track '"Neend Churai Meri" was copied from the Linear song "Sending All My Love". It was subsequently remade as Maine Tujhko Dekha by Malik's nephew Amaal Malik for the 2017 film Golmaal Again.
Awards
References
External links
1997 films
1990s Hindi-language films
1990s buddy comedy films
Indian films
Films shot in Ooty
Indian buddy comedy films
Films directed by Indra Kumar
Films scored by Anu Malik
Hindi films remade in other languages
Indian romantic comedy-drama films
Films shot in Mumbai
Films set in Mumbai
1990s romantic comedy-drama films
Films shot in Switzerland
Films scored by Surinder Sodhi
1997 comedy films
1997 drama films |
4023053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Tiberton | SS Tiberton | SS Tiberton was a British steam cargo ship that was sunk during World War II by the German submarine U-23.
Service
Registered to owners R. Chapman & Son, Newcastle upon Tyne, Great Britain, the SS Tiberton was launched in 1920 and served in Great Britain's Merchant Navy through the 1920s and 1930s. Operating from her homeport of Newcastle, she sailed to numerous countries including Chile, Australia and Norway.
On 14 June 1928, Tiberton ran aground at Bahía Blanca, Argentina. She was refloated on 17 June 1928.
Sinking
At 04.05 hours on 19 February 1940, whilst transporting iron ore to Middlesbrough (or Immingham, Lincolnshire) Great Britain from Narvik, Norway, the unescorted Tiberton was hit by one G7e torpedo from U-23 (on her eighth sailing and active patrol in the North Sea) under the command of Otto Kretschmer. The Tiberton broke in two and sank in 30 seconds about 33 miles east of Kirkwall, Orkney. All 34 of her crew were killed.
On 10 April 1940 the SS Tiberton was officially registered with Lloyd's as Missing / Untraced and a Joint Arbitration Committee considered her a "war loss".
Memorials
The 33 British crew members are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial in London (Panel 108). The 34th crew member, Canadian Edward Oliver May (Third Engineer), is commemorated on the Halifax Memorial in Point Pleasant Park on the southern tip of the Halifax Peninsula, Canada. Her Majesty's Canadian Ships and visiting warships when entering or leaving Halifax Harbour and passing the Halifax Memorial between Colours (0800 hours and sunset) pipe the Still to render honours.
.
Location of Sinking
There are several estimations of the location of her sinking in the North Sea.
1.
2.
3.
4. German Naval Grid Reference AN 1634
References
External links
SS Tiberton Details (and many other ship details)
SS Tiberton Photographs (and many other ship photographs)
SS Tiberton details from German perspective
SS Tiberton photos and details
Notice announcing SS Tibertons presumed sinking
UK Shipbuilding Yards
U Boat Histories
U23 Details
1920 ships
Ships built on the River Tees
Standard World War I ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1928
World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in February 1940 |
4023054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Gerhard%20K%C3%B6nig | Johann Gerhard König | Johann Gerhard König (29 November 1728 – 26 June 1785) was a Baltic German botanist and physician who served in the Tranquebar Mission, India before joining service under the Nawab of Arcot, and then the English East India Company. He collected natural history specimens including plants, particularly those of medical interest, from the region and several species are named after him including the curry tree (Murraya koenigii).
Biography
König was born near Kreutzburg in Polish Livonia, which is now Krustpils in Latvia. He was a private pupil of Carl Linnaeus in 1757, and lived in Denmark from 1759 to 1767 during which time he examined the plants of Iceland. In 1767 he joined as a medical officer to the Tranquebar Mission and on his voyage to India, he passed through Cape Town where he met Governor Rijk Tulbagh with an introduction from Linnaeus, collecting plants in the Table Mountain region from 1 to 28 April 1768. König replaced the position made available following the death of Halle-educated physician Samuel Benjamin Cnoll (1705–67). In 1774 he took up a better paying position as naturalist for the Nawab of Arcot, serving in that position until 1778. In 1773, he received the Doctor's degree in absentia from the University of Copenhagen possibly for his studies on indigenous remedies published as De remediorum indigenorum ad morbes cuivis regioni endemicos expuguandos efficacia. He became naturalist to the Nawab of Arcot in 1774 and embarked on a trip to the mountains north of Madras and to Ceylon, a description of which was later published in a Danish scientific journal. On 17 July 1778, König was appointed Naturalist at Madras with the British East India Company where he remained until his death, undertaking several scientific journeys and working with notable scientists like William Roxburgh, Johan Christian Fabricius and Sir Joseph Banks.
König followed the example of the Moravian South-Asian Mission in Tranquebar in collecting and trading natural history objects on a large scale. His engagement in natural history encouraged missionaries like Christoph Samuel John, Johan Peter Rottler and the mission doctor Johann Gottfried Klein of the Tranquebar Mission to follow this path. The mission doctor of the Moravian South-Asian Mission, Benjamin Heyne, also followed the example of König and was appointed Naturalist of the British East India Company in 1793. Most plants of König and his successors were sent back to Europe and described by A.J. Retzius, Roth, Schrader, Willdenow, Martin Vahl and James Edward Smith. Only Rottler published his own descriptions.
König made several visits around the region and perhaps the most notable of his journeys was to Siam and the Malacca Straits in 1778–80, in this period he spent several months studying the flora and fauna in Phuket. He met Patrick Russell who arrived in India in 1782 at Tranquebar and the two remained in constant communication. He made trips to the hills near Vellore and Ambur and in 1776 a trip to the Nagori hills with George Campbell. In 1784, he visited Russell at Vizagapatnam on his way to Calcutta. On the way he suffered from dysentery and Roxburgh who was at Samalkota oversaw his treatment. He however did not recover and died at Jagannadhapuram, Kakinada in 1785. He bequeathed his papers to Sir Joseph Banks.
He described many plants used in Indian Medicine and kept notes on other aspects of natural history including the termites of southern India and the collection and use of their alates as food. Koenig's collections of insects from southern India may have been used in descriptions by Fabricius.
The plant genus Koenigia was named for him by Linnaeus, as was a species of curry-leaf tree Murraya koenigii.
References
Further reading
External links
Linnean herbarium
Tranquebar and its History
Biographies at Kew, the Dutch Herbarium and Biographical Database of Southern African Science
Botanists with author abbreviations
1728 births
1785 deaths
Botanists active in India
Baltic-German people |
4023059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy | Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. Types of 2D NMR include correlation spectroscopy (COSY), J-spectroscopy, exchange spectroscopy (EXSY), and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). Two-dimensional NMR spectra provide more information about a molecule than one-dimensional NMR spectra and are especially useful in determining the structure of a molecule, particularly for molecules that are too complicated to work with using one-dimensional NMR.
The first two-dimensional experiment, COSY, was proposed by Jean Jeener, a professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, in 1971. This experiment was later implemented by Walter P. Aue, Enrico Bartholdi and Richard R. Ernst, who published their work in 1976.
Fundamental concepts
Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency (RF) pulses with delay periods in between them. The timing, frequencies, and intensities of these pulses distinguish different NMR experiments from one another. Almost all two-dimensional experiments have four stages: the preparation period, where a magnetization coherence is created through a set of RF pulses; the evolution period, a determined length of time during which no pulses are delivered and the nuclear spins are allowed to freely precess (rotate); the mixing period, where the coherence is manipulated by another series of pulses into a state which will give an observable signal; and the detection period, in which the free induction decay signal from the sample is observed as a function of time, in a manner identical to one-dimensional FT-NMR.
The two dimensions of a two-dimensional NMR experiment are two frequency axes representing a chemical shift. Each frequency axis is associated with one of the two time variables, which are the length of the evolution period (the evolution time) and the time elapsed during the detection period (the detection time). They are each converted from a time series to a frequency series through a two-dimensional Fourier transform. A single two-dimensional experiment is generated as a series of one-dimensional experiments, with a different specific evolution time in successive experiments, with the entire duration of the detection period recorded in each experiment.
The end result is a plot showing an intensity value for each pair of frequency variables. The intensities of the peaks in the spectrum can be represented using a third dimension. More commonly, intensity is indicated using contour lines or different colors.
Homonuclear through-bond correlation methods
In these methods, magnetization transfer occurs between nuclei of the same type, through J-coupling of nuclei connected by up to a few bonds.
Correlation spectroscopy (COSY)
The first and most popular two-dimension NMR experiment is the homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) sequence, which is used to identify spins which are coupled to each other. It consists of a single RF pulse (p1) followed by the specific evolution time (t1) followed by a second pulse (p2) followed by a measurement period (t2).
The two-dimensional spectrum that results from the COSY experiment shows the frequencies for a single isotope, most commonly hydrogen (1H) along both axes. (Techniques have also been devised for generating heteronuclear correlation spectra, in which the two axes correspond to different isotopes, such as 13C and 1H.) Diagonal peaks correspond to the peaks in a 1D-NMR experiment, while the cross peaks indicate couplings between pairs of nuclei (much as multiplet splitting indicates couplings in 1D-NMR).
Cross peaks result from a phenomenon called magnetization transfer, and their presence indicates that two nuclei are coupled which have the two different chemical shifts that make up the cross peak's coordinates. Each coupling gives two symmetrical cross peaks above and below the diagonal. That is, a cross-peak occurs when there is a correlation between the signals of the spectrum along each of the two axes at these values.
An easy visual way to determine which couplings a cross peak represents is to find the diagonal peak which is directly above or below the cross peak, and the other diagonal peak which is directly to the left or right of the cross peak. The nuclei represented by those two diagonal peaks are coupled.
COSY-90 is the most common COSY experiment. In COSY-90, the p1 pulse tilts the nuclear spin by 90°. Another member of the COSY family is COSY-45. In COSY-45 a 45° pulse is used instead of a 90° pulse for the second pulse, p2. The advantage of a COSY-45 is that the diagonal-peaks are less pronounced, making it simpler to match cross-peaks near the diagonal in a large molecule. Additionally, the relative signs of the coupling constants (see J-coupling#Magnitude of J-coupling) can be elucidated from a COSY-45 spectrum. This is not possible using COSY-90. Overall, the COSY-45 offers a cleaner spectrum while the COSY-90 is more sensitive.
Another related COSY technique is double quantum filtered (DQF) COSY. DQF COSY uses a coherence selection method such as phase cycling or pulsed field gradients, which cause only signals from double-quantum coherences to give an observable signal. This has the effect of decreasing the intensity of the diagonal peaks and changing their lineshape from a broad "dispersion" lineshape to a sharper "absorption" lineshape. It also eliminates diagonal peaks from uncoupled nuclei. These all have the advantage that they give a cleaner spectrum in which the diagonal peaks are prevented from obscuring the cross peaks, which are weaker in a regular COSY spectrum.
Exclusive correlation spectroscopy (ECOSY)
Total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY)
The TOCSY experiment is similar to the COSY experiment, in that cross peaks of coupled protons are observed. However, cross peaks are observed not only for nuclei which are directly coupled, but also between nuclei which are connected by a chain of couplings. This makes it useful for identifying the larger interconnected networks of spin couplings. This ability is achieved by inserting a repetitive series of pulses which cause isotropic mixing during the mixing period. Longer isotropic mixing times cause the polarization to spread out through an increasing number of bonds.
In the case of oligosaccharides, each sugar residue is an isolated spin system, so it is possible to differentiate all the protons of a specific sugar residue. A 1D version of TOCSY is also available, and by irradiating a single proton the rest of the spin system can be revealed. Recent advances in this technique include the 1D-CSSF (chemical shift selective filter) TOCSY experiment, which produces higher quality spectra and allows coupling constants to be reliably extracted and used to help determine stereochemistry.
TOCSY is sometimes called "homonuclear Hartmann–Hahn spectroscopy" (HOHAHA).
Incredible natural-abundance double-quantum transfer experiment (INADEQUATE)
INADEQUATE is a method often used to find 13C couplings between adjacent carbon atoms. Because the natural abundance of 13C is only about 1%, only about 0.01% of molecules being studied will have the two nearby 13C atoms needed for a signal in this experiment. However, correlation selection methods are used (similarly to DQF COSY) to prevent signals from single 13C atoms, so that the double 13C signals can be easily resolved. Each coupled pair of nuclei gives a pair of peaks on the INADEQUATE spectrum which both have the same vertical coordinate, which is the sum of the chemical shifts of the nuclei; the horizontal coordinate of each peak is the chemical shift for each of the nuclei separately.
Heteronuclear through-bond correlation methods
Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy gives signal based upon coupling between nuclei of two different types. Often the two nuclei are protons and another nucleus (called a "heteronucleus"). For historical reasons, experiments which record the proton rather than the heteronucleus spectrum during the detection period are called "inverse" experiments. This is because the low natural abundance of most heteronuclei would result in the proton spectrum being overwhelmed with signals from molecules with no active heteronuclei, making it useless for observing the desired, coupled signals. With the advent of techniques for suppressing these undesired signals, inverse correlation experiments such as HSQC, HMQC, and HMBC are actually much more common today. "Normal" heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy, in which the hetronucleus spectrum is recorded, is known as HETCOR.
Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC)
HSQC detects correlations between nuclei of two different types which are separated by one bond. This method gives one peak per pair of coupled nuclei, whose two coordinates are the chemical shifts of the two coupled atoms.
HSQC works by transferring magnetization from the I nucleus (usually the proton) to the S nucleus (usually the heteroatom) using the INEPT pulse sequence; this first step is done because the proton has a greater equilibrium magnetization and thus this step creates a stronger signal. The magnetization then evolves and then is transferred back to the I nucleus for observation. An extra spin echo step can then optionally be used to decouple the signal, simplifying the spectrum by collapsing multiplets to a single peak. The undesired uncoupled signals are removed by running the experiment twice with the phase of one specific pulse reversed; this reverses the signs of the desired but not the undesired peaks, so subtracting the two spectra will give only the desired peaks.
Heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HMQC) gives an identical spectrum as HSQC, but using a different method. The two methods give similar quality results for small to medium-sized molecules, but HSQC is considered to be superior for larger molecules.
Heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC)
HMBC detects heteronuclear correlations over longer ranges of about 2–4 bonds. The difficulty of detecting multiple-bond correlations is that the HSQC and HMQC sequences contain a specific delay time between pulses which allows detection only of a range around a specific coupling constant. This is not a problem for the single-bond methods since the coupling constants tend to lie in a narrow range, but multiple-bond coupling constants cover a much wider range and cannot all be captured in a single HSQC or HMQC experiment.
In HMBC, this difficulty is overcome by omitting one of these delays from an HMQC sequence. This increases the range of coupling constants that can be detected, and also reduces signal loss from relaxation. The cost is that this eliminates the possibility of decoupling the spectrum, and introduces phase distortions into the signal. There is a modification of the HMBC method which suppresses one-bond signals, leaving only the multiple-bond signals.
Through-space correlation methods
These methods establish correlations between nuclei which are physically close to each other regardless of whether there is a bond between them. They use the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) by which nearby atoms (within about 5 Å) undergo cross relaxation by a mechanism related to spin–lattice relaxation.
Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY)
In NOESY, the nuclear Overhauser cross relaxation between nuclear spins during the mixing period is used to establish the correlations. The spectrum obtained is similar to COSY, with diagonal peaks and cross peaks, however the cross peaks connect resonances from nuclei that are spatially close rather than those that are through-bond coupled to each other. NOESY spectra also contain extra axial peaks which do not provide extra information and can be eliminated through a different experiment by reversing the phase of the first pulse.
One application of NOESY is in the study of large biomolecules, such as in protein NMR, in which relationships can often be assigned using sequential walking.
The NOESY experiment can also be performed in a one-dimensional fashion by pre-selecting individual resonances. The spectra are read with the pre-selected nuclei giving a large, negative signal while neighboring nuclei are identified by weaker, positive signals. This only reveals which peaks have measurable NOEs to the resonance of interest but takes much less time than the full 2D experiment. In addition, if a pre-selected nucleus changes environment within the time scale of the experiment, multiple negative signals may be observed. This offers exchange information similar to the EXSY (exchange spectroscopy) NMR method.
NOESY experiments are important tool to identify stereochemistry of a molecule in solvent whereas single crystal XRD used to identify stereochemistry of a molecule in solid form.
Rotating-frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY)
ROESY is similar to NOESY, except that the initial state is different. Instead of observing cross relaxation from an initial state of z-magnetization, the equilibrium magnetization is rotated onto the x axis and then spin-locked by an external magnetic field so that it cannot precess. This method is useful for certain molecules whose rotational correlation time falls in a range where the nuclear Overhauser effect is too weak to be detectable, usually molecules with a molecular weight around 1000 daltons, because ROESY has a different dependence between the correlation time and the cross-relaxation rate constant. In NOESY the cross-relaxation rate constant goes from positive to negative as the correlation time increases, giving a range where it is near zero, whereas in ROESY the cross-relaxation rate constant is always positive.
ROESY is sometimes called "cross relaxation appropriate for minimolecules emulated by locked spins" (CAMELSPIN).
Resolved-spectrum methods
Unlike correlated spectra, resolved spectra spread the peaks in a 1D-NMR experiment into two dimensions without adding any extra peaks. These methods are usually called J-resolved spectroscopy, but are sometimes also known as chemical shift resolved spectroscopy or δ-resolved spectroscopy. They are useful for analysing molecules for which the 1D-NMR spectra contain overlapping multiplets as the J-resolved spectrum vertically displaces the multiplet from each nucleus by a different amount. Each peak in the 2D spectrum will have the same horizontal coordinate that it has in a non-decoupled 1D spectrum, but its vertical coordinate will be the chemical shift of the single peak that the nucleus has in a decoupled 1D spectrum.
For the heteronuclear version, the simplest pulse sequence used is called a Müller–Kumar–Ernst (MKE) experiment, which has a single 90° pulse for the heteronucleus for the preparation period, no mixing period, and applies a decoupling signal to the proton during the detection period. There are several variants on this pulse sequence which are more sensitive and more accurate, which fall under the categories of gated decoupler methods and spin-flip methods. Homonuclear J-resolved spectroscopy uses the spin echo pulse sequence.
Higher-dimensional methods
3D and 4D experiments can also be done, sometimes by running the pulse sequences from two or three 2D experiments in series. Many of the commonly used 3D experiments, however, are triple resonance experiments; examples include the HNCA and HNCOCA experiments, which are often used in protein NMR.
See also
Two-dimensional correlation analysis
References
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
4023061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeongo%20High%20School | Opeongo High School | Opeongo High School is a secondary school in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada, that serves the townships of Whitewater Region, Laurentian Valley, Admaston Bromley, Sebastapol, Bonnechere Valley, and North Algona-Wilberforce. It was built in 1968, at a cost of $3.6 million, to accommodate a growing population of students and a change in educational trends. It has a student population of between 400 and 500 students. Its colours are green and gold, and its mascot is the Wildcat.
Notable alumni
Kevin Gillis (creator of cartoon series The Raccoons)
Jesse Hutch (actor with roles in Freddy vs. Jason and in television series including American Dreams and About a Girl).
Melissa Bishop (Olympic athlete 800m track)
See also
List of high schools in Ontario
Sources
Cobden Then and Now By: George A. Wallace
External links
Opeongo High School
High schools in Renfrew County
1968 establishments in Ontario
Educational institutions established in 1968 |
4023073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Priest | Mark Priest | Mark Wellings Priest (born 12 August 1961) is a former New Zealand international cricketer who played in three Test matches and 18 One Day Internationals (ODIs) between 1990 and 1998. He was the leading wicket-taker for Canterbury, with 290 dismissals, until Todd Astle went past his total in February 2019.
Priest was born at Greymouth, West Coast.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
Cricketers from Greymouth
South Island cricketers |
4023084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20White%20%28New%20Zealand%20cricketer%29 | David White (New Zealand cricketer) | David John White (born 26 June 1961) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in two Test matches and three One Day Internationals in 1990.
Domestically, White played 99 first-class matches for Northern Districts. White also played for Poverty Bay and the Bay of Plenty in the Hawke Cup.
A former leading rugby administrator, David White has also served as chief executive of New Zealand Cricket.
References
1961 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Gisborne, New Zealand |
4023085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrut%20Province | Hadrut Province | Hadrut Province () was a province of the Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
It consisted of most of the Jabrayil District, the western part of the Fuzuli District as well as the southwestern part of the Khojavend District.
History
More than 340 people of Hadrut Region fell victim during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, heavy fighting took place in and around the city of Hadrut. Independent sources confirmed that the Azerbaijani army took control of the city of Hadrut on either 14 or 15 October 2020. After the Aras Valley campaign, Battle of Hadrut and Battle of Shusha, all of Hadrut Province was conquered by the Azerbaijan Army by 9 November 2020. A peacekeeping contingent of the Russian Federation was placed along the frontline.
Geography
Hadrut Province formed the self proclaimed Republic of Artsakh's southern border and is one of its most mountainous parts. Villages were primarily found along two river valleys and scattered in lower elevations on the very southern fringe. Excavations of the Azokh Cave showed that humans have inhabited this area for tens of thousands of years, and the region has a rich history.
Hadrut province had 30 communities of which one was considered urban and 29 were rural. The most important problems were drinking and irrigation water, and internal communication roads. Some villages were lacking a telephone network and some had difficulties with watching Armenian TV channels. Nearly 30% of its area has been ruined and burnt several times.
Settlements
Aknaghbyur
Arajamugh
Arakel
Arpagetik
Arevshat
Aygestan
Azykh
Banadzor
Jrakus
Drakhtik
Dzoragyugh
Hadrut (capital)
Hakaku
Hartashen
Hin Tagher
Hogher
Ijevanatun
Jraberd
Jrakan
Karaglukh
Karmrakuch
Khalynbulakh
Khandzadzor
Khtsaberd
Kovshat
Kyuratagh
Mariamadzor
Melikashen
Mets Tagher
Mokhrenes
Norashen
Petrosashen
Pletants
Saralanj
Sarinshen
Spitakashen
Taghaser
Taghut
Togh
Tumi
Tsaghkavank
Tsakuri
Tsamdzor
Tsor
Tyak
Ukhtadzor
Vank
Varanda
Vardashat
Sites of interest
Monastery of Spitak Khatch (Սպիտակ Խաչ; White Cross), 14th century
Gtichavank monastery (Գտիչի վանք), 1241–1248
Anapat Church (Անապատ եկեղեցի), 13th century, near the village of Togh (Տող)
Khodaafarin Bridges
See also
Dizak
Arajamugh
References
External links
Armeniapedia – Rediscovering Armenia – Hadrut Region
Regions of the Republic of Artsakh
Hadrut (province)
States and territories disestablished in 2020 |
4023089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAEC | PAEC | PAEC may refer to:
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
Pão de Açúcar Esporte Clube, Brazilian football club
Potential Alpha Energy Concentration |
4023092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Atomic%20Energy%20Commission | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Urdu: ) is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful usage of nuclear technology.
Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has overseen the extensive development of nuclear infrastructure to support the economical uplift of Pakistan by founding institutions that focus on development on food irradiation and on nuclear medicine radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The PAEC organizes conferences and directs research at the country's leading universities.
Since the 1960s, the PAEC is also a scientific research partner and sponsor of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), where Pakistani scientists have contributed to developing particle accelerators and research on high-energy physics. PAEC scientists regularly pay visits to CERN while taking part in projects led by CERN.
Until 2001, the PAEC was the civilian federal oversight agency that manifested the control of atomic radiation, development of nuclear weapons, and their testing. These functions were eventually taken over by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA), and the National Command Authority under the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Overview
Early history
Following the partition of the British Indian Empire by the United Kingdom in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated state. The turbulent nature of its emergence critically influenced the scientific development of Pakistan.
The establishment of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) in 1951 began Pakistan's research on physical sciences. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announced the Atoms for Peace program, of which Pakistan became its earliest partner. Research at PAEC initially followed a strict non-weapon policy issued by then-Foreign Minister Sir Zafarullah Khan. In 1955, the Government of Pakistan established a committee of scientists to prepare nuclear energy plans and build an industrial nuclear infrastructure throughout the country. As the Energy Council Act went into full effect, Prime Minister Huseyn Suhrawardy established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in March 1956. Its first chair was Nazir Ahmad – an experimental physicist. Other members of the PAEC included Technical member Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, an organic chemist at the University of Karachi, and Raziuddin Siddiqui, a mathematical physicist at the same university. Together, they both took charge of the research and development directorates of the commission. In 1958, Abdus Salam of the University of the Punjab also joined the commission, along with Munir Ahmad Khan who initially lobbied for acquiring an open pool reactor from the United States.
In 1958, PAEC Chairman Nazir Ahmad proposed to the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation the building of a heavy water production facility with the capacity to produce 50 kg of heavy water per day at Multan, but this proposal was not acted on. In 1960, I. H. Usmani was elevated as PAEC's second chair with the transfer of Nazir Ahmad at the Federal Bureau of Statistics. The Multan Heavy Water Production Facility reactor was built in 1962, financed by local fertilizer companies. In 1964, PAEC established its first research institute, the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), at Nilore, and began negotiation for Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant to be built in Karachi. In 1965, the PAEC reached an agreement with Canadian General Electric to build a CANDU reactor in Karachi. Financial investment for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was provided by the Economic Coordination Committee, and Edward Durell Stone was commissioned to oversee the architectural design of PINSTECH. From 1965–71, the PAEC sent 600 scientists abroad for training in nuclear sciences. in 1969, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, agreed to supply a small scale nuclear reprocessing plant, with the capacity to extract 360 grams of plutonium per year. In 1973, the PAEC announced the discovery of large uranium deposits in Punjab.
After India's decisive victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Pakistan retracted its non-weapon policy and the research and development of nuclear weapons began in 1972. PAEC's senior nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan, was named as PAEC's third chair by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Work began on development of the nuclear fuel cycle infrastructure, and nuclear weapons research in the 1970s. Key research took place at PINSTECH, where scientists worked on weapon designs and eventual nuclear weapons testing. The PAEC expanded the crash program with various laboratories, facilities, and directorates researching on developing and testing materials and components for bomb designs, whilst it engineered plants and funded facilities for production of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium. In 1976, possible test sites were decided by the PAEC and construction on the sites was completed in 1979. In 1983, PAEC's efforts reached a milestone when it conducted its first subcritical test on a weapon design; such testing continued until the early 1990s under codename: Kirana-I.
Following nuclear tests by India earlier in the month, on 28 May 1998, PAEC led the final preparations and conducted Pakistan's first nuclear tests (Codename: Chagai-I), which was followed by Chagai-II in Kharan Desert on 30 May 1998. In 2001, the PAEC's research was focused back onto civilian and peaceful research with the establishment of the National Command Authority and the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority.
Research and education
Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has provided a conspicuous example of the benefits of atomic age technologies for the advancement of agriculture, engineering, biology, and medicine. In 1960, the PAEC established its first nuclear medicine centre for cancer treatment at the Jinnah Medical College of the University of Karachi; the second Medical Isotope Institute was established at the Mayo Hospital of the King Edward Medical University, Lahore. Physicians and medical researchers were provided with facilities for cancer diagnosis and treatment by the PAEC's funding.
In 1960, the PAEC established its regional atomic research centre in Lahore, and a metallurgy centre in Karachi in 1963. Another energy centre was located in Dhaka where many scientists were educated. In 1967, the PAEC founded the Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences which became one of the primary technical universities of the country. Many of the PAEC's scientists and engineers served in its faculty. The PAEC supports its university-level physics program at the Government College University, Lahore where it awards fellowships to the students. The PAEC continues to promotes its program as "peaceful uses of atomic energy commenced for the benefit the scientific community as well as public."
About its promotion of education, senior scientist, Ishfaq Ahmad quoted: "the PAEC was responsible to send more than 600 scientists to the abroad. As of present, PAEC maintains its prestigious image, and is now noted as one of the largest science and technology institution of the country. The PAEC supports research activities and learning programs at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), of which PAEC is also its organizer. Since 1974, the PAEC has been a key organizer and sponsor of the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs conference each year where scientists from all over the world are delegated to the country. The Summer College disseminates the knowledge of advancements in physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, mathematics, computer science, logic, and philosophy.
As the emphasis shifted towards concerns for national security interests, the PAEC's important projects were also initiated in this area. Many notable scientists with international prestige have worked and affiliated with the PAEC.
Studies on expansion of nuclear power
PAEC is held responsible for design preparation and proper operational function of Pakistan's commercial nuclear power plants. The PAEC provides lobbying at the governmental level for the safe usage of nuclear power sources; though the nuclear safety regulations, Protection of the nuclear power facilities is managed by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). Providing policy guidance to the government, PAEC's studies envision setting up power plants with a capacity of approximately 8800 Megawatts by 2030.
Under this policy, the KANUPP power plants and CHASHNUPP power plants are expanding and under construction as of 2013.
Constituent institutions
Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
National Agricultural Research Centre
Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy
National Centre for Physics
National Institute of Lasers and Optronics (NILOP)
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS)
Center for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR)
Nuclear Medicine, Oncology,and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI)
PAEC partnership with CERN
Pakistan has a long history of participating in experiments and research undertakings with CERN, and has a long tradition of physicists who are working around the world. Since the 1960s, Pakistan has been contributing and regularly participating in CERN's projects, theoretical and nuclear experiments. A prime example would be Abdus Salam; Salam was the first man to be accredited with all the collaboration with CERN which when he convinced them to give Pakistan stacks of nuclear emulsions exposed for further study of pions, kaons and antiprotons in the 1960s. Some theoretical physicists from Pakistan had the opportunity to work at CERN through short visits. During the 1980s, some of the experimental physicists from Pakistan, specialising in the technique of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), also benefited from CERN by exposing the stacks in the beam at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS).
In 2005, CERN awarded PAEC with the ATLAS Supplier Award in 2005, in connection with manufacturing and fabrication of various equipment for CERN.
On 27 June 2011, PAEC and CERN reached an agreement for extending the technical cooperation with CERN's upcoming programmes. CERN's Director-General Rolf-Dieter Heuer personally paid a visit to Pakistan where he spoke of the importance of science in Pakistan, and the importance of Germany's strategic alliance with Pakistan. The agreement was signed in order to extend an earlier agreement, which came into operation in 2003 between CERN and Pakistan for the supply of manufactured equipment for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, along with placement of scientists and engineers from Pakistan to assist in the scientific programme at CERN.
With the efforts led by the PAEC, CERN made Pakistan an associate member, on 22 June 2014— the first Asian country and the second Muslim country after Turkey.
PAEC contribution to Compact Muon Solenoid
In 1997 PAEC chairman Ishfaq Ahmad reached out to CERN to sign a contract between them after elaborate discussions an in-kind contribution worth one million Swiss francs for the construction of eight magnet supports for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector.
For the CMS, the PAEC built magnetic feet and installed 320 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), as well as contributing to CMS computing. Several other mechanical components for ATLAS and for the LHC were also built by the PAEC. It was PAEC's efforts that led the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) with CERN's direct cooperation in the area of radioprotection.
PAEC support to Large Hadron Collider
In 2000, CERN signed another agreement which doubled the Pakistani contribution from one to two million Swiss francs. And with this new agreement Pakistan started construction of the resistive plate chambers required for the CMS muon system. While more recently, a protocol has been signed enhancing Pakistan's total contribution to the LHC programme to $10 million. Pakistan with all these efforts is already hoping to become an observer state at CERN. In 2006 PAEC and CERN agreed on expanded cooperation, including contributions by PAEC valued at 5 million Swiss francs.
World's largest particle accelerator at CERN
The PAEC, partnered with Pakistan's leading universities, sent a large team of scientists and engineers to CERN to participate in the Large Hadron Collider on 10 September 2008. According to the news sources, the team of Pakistani scientists were keenly involved in the development of the Large Hadron Collider— the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator.
The data of the experiment was available for the Pakistani scientists who would examine the data and results would be accumulated afterwards by them.
PAEC chairs
Awards
On June 26, 2021, 4 scientists of the PAEC were awarded the Team Achievement Award and another scientist was awarded the Young Scientist Award for work in plant mutation breeding and related technologies. These awards were bestowed in recognition of Pakistan's advancements in the application of nuclear technology for achieving the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals. The awards were jointly awarded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization.
Corporate management
The PAEC is chaired by the person appointed by the Government of Pakistan as the governmental notification is released. The PAEC's corporate management is organized by the Government of Pakistan who awarded contracts to the potential candidates. Its full-time members consist of the appointed Chair; a finance member; and two technical members. Its part-time members are composed of the senior scientists and a chief scientific adviser to the government.
Full Time Ex-officios
Chairman— Chair (or CEO) of the PAEC.
Finance Member— A civil servant from the Ministry of Finance (MoF).
Technical members— one from Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) and one from Pakistan Administrative Service.
Disaster Recovery members— one from PMS and one from Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences.
Part-Time Ex-officios
Senior scientist— A scientist in the services of the Ministry of Science (MoST).
Senior Engineer—An engineer in the services of the Government of Pakistan.
Science Adviser to the Government of Pakistan.
The PAEC's corporate team are constitutionally bound to meet not less than four times every year for the execution of development projects involving nuclear power stations and the generation of electric power. Muhammad Naeem is the current chairman of the PAEC, appointed to the office since 2015. The PAEC retains its autonomous corporate management and comes under the structure of the National Command Authority. The amendments carried out in 2010, the National Command Authority is now placed again under the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The Chairman directly reports to the Prime Minister's Secretariat for its policy making and confirmation issues.
See also
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Science and technology in Pakistan
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH)
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)
References
External links
Official website
Pakistan's contribution to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Nuclear power in Pakistan
Nuclear technology in Pakistan
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Science and technology in Pakistan
Project-706
Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan
Nuclear organizations
Governmental nuclear organizations
1956 establishments in Pakistan
Government agencies established in 1956
Institutes associated with CERN |
4023099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Dutch%20Parsonage | Old Dutch Parsonage | The Old Dutch Parsonage is a historical house built in 1751, moved about 1913 and now located at 65 Washington Place, Somerville, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 25, 1971, and noted as "an excellent example of mid-18th-century Flemish Bond brick structure".
History
The -story brick house was the home of the first ministers of the first Dutch Reformed Churches in the area, built by the combined efforts of the congregations in Somerville, New Jersey, and Raritan, New Jersey, in 1751.
The first occupant was Reverend John Frelinghuysen who taught seminarians in the house. His son Frederick Frelinghuysen was a Captain in the Continental Army.
Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, one of the seminarians who occupied the house after Frelinghuysen's death along with the former reverend's widow and her children, succeeded Frelinghuysen as minister, occupant of the house, and, in 1756, as husband to the former Mrs. Frelinghuysen.
Hardenbergh helped establish Queen's College, now known as Rutgers University in 1766 and in 1785 became its first President. He moved from the house in 1781 but it continued in use as a parsonage until 1810.
Dr. Peter Stryker bought the house in 1810 and sold it to the Doughty family in 1836. They owned it until 1907 when they sold it to the Central Railroad of New Jersey.
In 1913, the house was set to be knocked down by the railroad, but instead it was moved adjacent to the Wallace House, which was built in 1775.
Notable burials
The Old Dutch Parsonage Burial Ground located behind the house contains early-18th-century graves.
Harmanus Barkeloo II (1745–1788) and John Waldron (1737–1790) are buried in the cemetery.
See also
List of museums in New Jersey
References
External links
Virtual tour
Dutch Reformed Church
Houses completed in 1751
Reformed Church in America
Cemeteries in Somerset County, New Jersey
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Museums in Somerset County, New Jersey
Clergy houses in the United States
Houses in Somerset County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Somerville, New Jersey
1751 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies |
4023100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reideen | Reideen | Reideen (stylized as REIDEEN) is a Japanese animated television series remake of the 1975 Super Robot anime Brave Raideen. It was produced by Production I.G and directed by Mitsuru Hongo. Which was originally broadcast on the satellite network Wowow in 2007. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the anime for North American release.
The anime series has a two-volume manga counterpart, running in Kadokawa Shoten's Monthly Shōnen Ace from November 25, 2006 to July 26, 2007.
The show is the only entry of the Reideen series to not be animated by Sunrise who previously animated the original 1975 Brave Reideen and the 1996 re-imagining Reideen the Superior''.
Overview
Junki Saiga is a normal high school student with a gift in mathematics. His daily routine is disrupted when his family gets news that his father's remains have been discovered- a noted archaeologist and researcher who had gone missing while exploring a site many years before. Among his remains were notes and artifacts that needed to be identified by the family near a notable triangular mountain in Japan known as "Japan's pyramid", a place suspected by some to be man-made.
A meteor containing a strange robotic life-form falls from the sky and begins to cause destruction, putting Junki in danger and causing a mysterious bracelet from his father's research to activate and merge him with an ancient robot buried within the pyramid- a robot the runes describe as Reideen. It is now up to Junki and guardian Reideen to fight against this unknown alien threat from the sky.
As the story progresses attacks come from multiple directions: the main aliens, who only want Reideen's power, and will then raze the Earth and move on; a faction within the Vigilance Corps (similar to Japan's Self Defense Force) that wishes to discredit and remove Reideen in favor of Human-built remote-controlled mecha; and Roxell, an alien with horns on his head who used a similar giant named Gadion on his homeworld, only to be defeated by the overseer aliens, and his planet destroyed. Some of these enemies want Reideen with or without Junki as its pilot/power source, while others just want Junki/Reideen out of the way.
Junki grows continually torn between doing what only he can do, in piloting Reideen against the giant beast machines sent to destroy cities and the landscape, and his enemies' attacks toward him while he does not receive any help from the Vigilance Corps nor his friends.
Characters
Voiced by: Masataka Azuma
The protagonist of the story. Junki is tall for his age, and more mature than his classmates, but still has a hard time adjusting to the responsibility of being Reideen's pilot in his dual identity.
Voiced by: Shinichiro Miki
A Lieutenant in the Vigilance Corps (aka JSDF), he is fascinated by Out of Place Artifacts, which leads him to Reideen and Junki. Maedasaki monitors and tracks Junki on behalf of the VC, but is genuinely concerned about the boy, and treats him as a person, not a tool. Maedasaki is also an audiophile, and employs Junki part-time after school in their undercover vacuum tube business, the better to keep Junki nearby.
Voiced by: Yuka Okada
Junki's childhood friend at school who wants to become more, only to be upstaged by Midorino.
Voiced by: Saeko Chiba
A mysterious girl with green eyes. Her home was destroyed in Reideen's first battle, so she moved to Tokyo and just happened to join Junki's and Shiori's class.
Voiced by: Keiji Fujiwara
A no-nonsense soldier of the Vigilance Corps, with high marks in both hand-to-hand and marksmanship. Terasaki and Hoshikawa are both assigned with Maedasaki to watch over Junki as Reideen's pilot.
Voiced by: Takako Honda
Extremely tall for her gender, Hoshikawa is an esper, but not able to completely control her powers of telekinesis, teleportation (of small objects), object reading, and advanced intuition. She relies more on her combat expertise than her powers.
Reideen's Weapons/Equipment
The giant Reideen appears as a warrior with a hooded head and feather motif. In reality the giant can transform large pieces of itself into other objects to suit his purpose. The following is a list of weapons/equipment wielded by Reideen:
God Arrow - Reideen can materialize a bow and arrow to shoot enemies.
God Wand - A magical staff used to find camouflaged colossal beast machines, or split the God Arrow into multiple blasts at target(s).
God Sword - Used with Junki's boku sword training to destroy the colossal beast machines.
God Bird - Allows Reideen the ability to fly. A bird head unfolds from Reideen's back, while the arms and legs change to expose ramjet-like engines and streamline the rest of the body. Its bird form can be hardened with a silver coating to pierce through a colossal beast machine's armour. The bird form can fly underwater, but not maneuver well.
God Marine - A vehicle which allows Reideen to move swiftly underwater, as well as fly.
God Voice - A pulse of rings which go in every direction; capable of destroying and capturing targets. Also capable of creating a defensive barrier whilst underwater.
God Wind - An attack which Reideen's front armor glows fiery red; pierces through targets.
Flash Drive - Allows Reideen to move at a lightning quick speed that gives the illusion of teleportation.
God Blade - The ultimate sword, a gigantic blade around the size of the moon itself.
Anime
Sentai Filmworks licensed the series in 2014 and released a subtitled DVD set with the first thirteen episodes on December 16, 2014.
Music
Opening theme"manacles" by Tomiko Van
Ending theme by Ataru Nakamura
Trivia
In episode 7 at time 16:30, a scene from the opening sequence of the anime Cromartie High School is recreated with a waist-high view of Junki and the Analysis Section gang strutting in formation down a hallway.
References
External links
Official Reideen website/ Official trailer
Production I.G Official website
Reideen Review (Spanish)
Action anime and manga
Kadokawa Shoten manga
Sentai Filmworks
Production I.G
Super robot anime and manga
Wowow original programming |
4023110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip%20Carpenter | Kip Carpenter | "Kip Carpenter" was also a nickname of Richard Carpenter (screenwriter)
Kip Carpenter (born April 30, 1979) is an American speedskater who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics, as well as the 2006 Winter Olympics, winning a bronze medal in the 500 meter race at the 2002 games, while also skating the fastest lap in Olympic history in the 500 meter race with a time of 24.87 for a 400 meter. He was a member of the USA National Sprint Team, as well as the DSB Corporate Sprint Team, being coached by Ryan Shimabukuro and Jeroen Otter. At the end of the 2007-2008 season Kip retired from professional speed skating to coach an elite speed skating team Swift Speedskating in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Currently, he is the assistant coach for the Dutch National Team.
Background
Kip was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He later moved to Brookfield, Wisconsin to train at the U.S Olympic Training Facility, the Pettit National Ice Center, in Milwaukee.
A former short-track speed skater, Carpenter made the transition to long track in 1998. Three years later, he placed among the top dozen in the 500m at the 2001 World Single Distance Championships. He is best known for his flawless form on the turns from his years skating short track which gives him a distinct advantage over most skaters. Since Salt Lake Kip continues to be one of the best American sprinters, finishing second in the overall U.S. Sprint Championships standings in 2004. He's also been a force on the international scene, finishing in the top 10 in the 500m, 1000m and overall standings at both the 2003 and 2004 World Sprints Championships. Carpenter also tallied two top 10 finishes in the 500m (eight and seventh) at the 2003 and 2004 World Single Distance Championships, and was sixth in the 1000m in 2004. Carpenter finished eighth in the 500m at the 2005 World Single Distance Championships and ranked 11th in the 500m and 12th in the 1000m in the 2006/2007 World Cup standings, as well as finishing 15th in the 500m and 12th in the 1000m in the 2007/2008 World Cup standings.
Started skating in 1983...father skated for fun and passed the sport on to Kip and his brother Cory...first ice rink was in his backyard and during the winter his father would line the backyard with plastic and flood it with a hose...Kip and Cory would push chairs around the ice to learn how to balance...considers his greatest accomplishment as being an Olympic bronze medalist from the Salt Lake Games because "it's something an athlete dreams and works towards for their entire career. It was a dream come true"...cites his strongest influences to be his mother's struggle through surviving breast cancer, and Coach Mike Crowe teaching him "incredible skating technique and the ability to think outside the box"...also cites a "fire inside that burns to represent my country well and do 'right' for America and American athletics"...owns an Italian greyhound named "Swift"...plans to get a degree in business...enjoys listening to techno, electronic, dance and industrial music...favorite foods are pizza and olives...favorite movies are "Fight Club", "Interview With The Vampire", Minority Report" and "The Matrix".
References
External links
PB's Kip and a link to results International Champioships
Photos of Kip Carpenter
Kip's U.S. Olympic Team bio
1979 births
Living people
American male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in speed skating
People from Brookfield, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from the Milwaukee metropolitan area
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Speed skating coaches |
4023113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20walking | Sequential walking | Sequential walking is a technique that can be used to solve various 2D NMR spectra. In a 2D experiment, cross peaks must be correlated to the correct nuclei. Using sequential walking, the correct nuclei can be assigned to their crosspeaks. The assigned crosspeaks can give valuable information such as spatial interactions between nuclei.
In a NOESY of DNA, for example, each nucleotide has a different chemical shift associated with it. In general, A's are more downstream, T's are more upstream, and C's and G's are intermediate. Each nucleotide has protons on the deoxyribose sugar, which can be assigned using sequential walking. To do this, the first nucleotide in the sequence must be detected. Knowing the DNA sequence helps, but in general the first nucleotide can be determined using the following rules.
1. 2' and 2" protons of a nucleotide will show up in its column, as well as in the column of the next nucleotide in the sequence. For example, in the sequence CATG, in the column for C, its own 2' and 2" protons will be seen, but none of the other nucleotides. For A, its own 2' and 2" protons will be seen, as well as those from C.
2. Methyl groups on the nucleotide are seen in the column for the nucleotide containing a methyl group, as well as for the nucleotide preceding it. For example, in CATG, the A and T will contain the methyl peak corresponding to the methyl group on T, but G will not.
Once the first nucleotide has been found, you determine which nucleotide is next to it because it should contain the 2' and 2" protons from the previous nucleotide. This is done by "walking" across the spectrum. This process is then repeated sequentially until all nucleotides have been assigned.
Nuclear magnetic resonance |
4023114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger%20Force%20%28air%29 | Tiger Force (air) | Tiger Force, also known as the Very Long Range Bomber Force, was the name given to a World War II British Commonwealth long-range heavy bomber force, formed in 1945, from squadrons serving with RAF Bomber Command in Europe, for proposed use against targets in Japan. The unit was scheduled to be deployed to Okinawa in the Pacific theatre in the lead-up to the Allies' proposed invasion of Japan. The unit was disbanded after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria ended the war.
History
At the Quebec Conference of September 1944, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill proposed to transfer a large part of Bomber Command to the Pacific, once Nazi Germany was defeated, comprising from 500 to 1,000 heavy bombers. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted the offer, stating that a "long and costly struggle" still lay ahead of the Allies.
The offer made at the Second Quebec Conference (Octagon) in September 1944 was for forty squadrons of long-range bombers, of which 20 would act as tankers in flight; to operate against the inner zone and Japan. The Air Ministry prepared a provisional plan for three Groups, each of 12 squadrons of heavy bombers and 6 squadrons of long-range fighters (including one Canadian fighter and two Canadian bomber squadrons). Air Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd was designated commander in November 1944. It was expected that American bases would be used, but they said their resources were stretched and asked that the British provide their own bases. In March 1945 the only area for bases was (undeveloped) northern Luzon in the Philippines. Estimates were that a base in the Calgayan Valley for 20 squadrons of heavy bombers and three squadrons of support aircraft would require 56,000 men to build and develop it, with 19,000 retained thereafter (being in American territory fighter squadrons would not be needed for its defence). But the Americans had more facilities on Okinawa than expected, and on 30 May offered bases there for ten British squadrons immediately. This was accepted by the British Chiefs of Staff on 4 June, and on the 11th their advisors said that the new base would require 37,400 men, 15,000 for operations and the rest for construction and administration (the Army could supply 12,400, and the air force 7,500 engineers) On 14 June the Chiefs of Staff decided to send ships without waiting for the Americans to supply the Pacific routing. A cargo ship left Liverpool on the 20th with vehicles and stores, and a faster ship left on 7 July with 3000 men.
The proposed force was soon scaled back to 22 squadrons in three groups: one British Royal Air Force (RAF), one Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and one from various air forces. By late 1945 this had been scaled back to 10 squadrons in two composite groups, made up of RAF, RCAF, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) squadrons. Tiger Force was to have been based on Okinawa and would have used Avro Lancasters, Avro Lincolns (the latest development of the Lancaster) and Consolidated Liberators.
RCAF Lancasters planned for inclusion in Tiger Force departed RAF Middleton St George on 31 May 1945 for modification in Canada prior to deployment in the Pacific Theatre. Before VJ Day, 141 RCAF Lancasters made the trip to RCAF Station Moncton for modification to Tiger Force requirements.
Two RAF fighter squadrons had begun converting to the new Hawker Tempest II at RAF Chilbolton, in order to perform escort duties, when the war ended. Escorts would also have been available from the fighter units of the U.S. Far East Air Force, the Australian First Tactical Air Force and/or other Commonwealth units.
The colour scheme for Tiger Force aircraft was white upper-surfaces with black undersides; this scheme, developed to reflect sunlight and thus lower the internal temperatures in the tropical heat, despite the cancellation of operations against Japan, was apparent on many post-war Lancasters and Lincolns. To enable the aircraft to operate at the long distances involved, flight refuelling using Liberator tankers was to have been employed, using equipment developed by Flight Refuelling Ltd.
Tiger Force was officially disbanded on 31 October 1945, by which stage it included only British units.
Order of battle
Notes
References
Department of National Defence (Canada), 2007, "Tiger Force - NO. 6614 Wing Greenwood"
External links
A photograph of a Lancaster VII (FE) in Tiger Force colour scheme
"Payload and Long Range" a 1945 Flight article on the flight refuelling system that was to have been used by Tiger Force
Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Royal Canadian Air Force
Royal Australian Air Force |
4023115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTPmail | FTPmail | FTPmail is the term used for the practice of using an FTPmail server to gain access to various files over the Internet. An FTPmail server is a proxy server which (asynchronously) connects to remote FTP servers in response to email requests, returning the downloaded files as an email attachment. This service might be useful to users who cannot themselves initiate an FTP session—for example, because they are constrained by restrictions on their Internet access.
History
During the early years of the Internet, Internet access was limited to a few locations. High speed links were not available for most users, and online connectivity was rare and expensive. Download of large files (then considered to be over a few megabytes) was nearly impossible due to bandwidth limitations, as well as frequent errors and lost connections. The original FTP specification did not allow for a session to be resumed, and the transmission had to restart from the beginning.
FTPmail gateways allowed people to retrieve such files. The file was broken into smaller pieces and encoded using a popular format such as uuencode. The receiver of the email messages would later reassemble the original file and decode it. As the file was broken into smaller pieces, the chances of losing the transmission was much smaller. In case of loss of connectivity, the transmission could be restarted from that part. The process was slower but much more reliable. It also allowed people who accessed the Internet only through email using dial-up lines to download files that were located remotely. Unlike FTP, files could be transferred through FTPmail even if the user did not have an online Internet connection (for example, using BBSes or other specialized e-mail software).
Servers located at universities, such as and , were popular. Some of these servers hosted software archives containing early versions of Linux and other GNU software. Access to these repositories via FTPmail was instrumental in allowing people from foreign countries to access these tools at a time where online connectivity was impossible from their location.
FTPmail services were common in the early 1990s, but dwindled in importance as more users gained direct internet access through SLIP, PPP and other Dial-up access internet protocols. FTP also has lost popularity in favor of other methods for file transfer, notably HTTP which is available to virtually all Internet users.
Procedure
An email is sent to a FTPmail server with the command to be performed, inserted as the body of the message. The server then processes the request by logging on to the remote site, retrieving the file, encoding it, and returning the result via email.
Basic commands used
References
See also
File Transfer Protocol
Servers (computing)
File Transfer Protocol |
4023124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Haslam | Mark Haslam | Mark James Haslam (born 26 September 1972, Bury, England) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in 4 Tests and one ODI from 1992 to 1995.
Mark Haslam was a slow left-arm orthodox spin bowler who played domestic cricket for Auckland from 1992 to 2001. His best first-class figures were 5 for 25 for Northern Conference against the touring Bangladeshis in 1997-98.
He is now the Assistant Middle School Principal of Kristin School, a private school on the North Shore of Auckland, New Zealand.
See also
List of Auckland representative cricketers
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Auckland cricketers
Cricketers from Bury, Greater Manchester
New Zealand cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand Test cricketers
North Island cricketers
New Zealand schoolteachers |
4023125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20House%20%28Somerville%2C%20New%20Jersey%29 | Wallace House (Somerville, New Jersey) | The Wallace House is a Georgian style historic house, which served as the headquarters of General George Washington during the second Middlebrook encampment (1778–79), located at 38 Washington Place, Somerville, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1970.
History
Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, a Dutch Reformed minister who lived in the nearby Old Dutch Parsonage, sold a small farmhouse and of land to John Wallace, who was a merchant and fabric importer in Philadelphia.
In 1775 and 1776, Wallace bought more land, and in 1776 built an eight-room Georgian mansion next to the farmhouse.
Wallace named the estate "Hope Farm," and planned to retire there.
The Continental Army camped in the Watchung Mountains at Middlebrook, from Hope Farm during the winter of 1778–79.
The Wallace House became George Washington's headquarters, though he only stayed there for 11 days before leaving to attend the Continental Congress in Philadelphia for 6 weeks. Washington returned in February 1779 bringing his wife Martha. The Washingtons were given use of half the house. He then used the house to host foreign dignitaries and official dinners, and to plan military strategy.
In particular, he planned the 1779 campaign against the Iroquois League known as the Sullivan Expedition. Guests at the parties included Benedict Arnold, Nathanael Greene, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Baron Steuben.
Washington left on June 3, 1779, and paid Wallace $1,000.
The Wallace family and their slaves then returned to their normal lives in the house.
John Wallace, his wife, and his mother-in-law all died in 1783–84, and his youngest son William inherited Hope Farm.
William lived there until he died at age 33 in 1796, leaving three orphan children.
William's brother Joshua took care of the children and sold Hope Farm to Dickinson Miller in 1801.
The Revolutionary Memorial Society bought the house in 1896, and gave it to the State of New Jersey in 1947.
See also
List of museums in New Jersey
List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War
Other houses used as headquarters during the second Middlebrook encampment (1778–79):
Van Veghten House – General Nathanael Greene
Van Horne House – General William Alexander, Lord Stirling
Staats House – General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Jacobus Vanderveer House – General Henry Knox
References
External links
The Wallace House and Old Dutch Parsonage Association – official website
Virtual Tour Wallace House and Old Dutch Parsonage, New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
Houses completed in 1776
Georgian architecture in New Jersey
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Museums in Somerset County, New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Houses in Somerset County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Somerville, New Jersey
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
New Jersey in the American Revolution |
4023133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1989 French Open – Men's singles | Michael Chang defeated Stefan Edberg in the final, 6–1, 3–6, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2, to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1989 French Open. Chang became (and remains) the youngest-ever major men's singles champion, winning the final at the age of . En route to the title, he defeated the world No. 1 and three-time champion Ivan Lendl, which is remembered as one of the most significant matches in French Open history.
Mats Wilander was the defending champion, but he lost in the quarterfinals to Andrei Chesnokov.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1989 French Open Men's Singles draw
1989 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1989 Grand Prix (tennis) |
4023137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20J.%20Bonann | Gregory J. Bonann | Gregory J. Bonann (born June 28, 1952) is an American lifeguard, television producer, director, writer, and showrunner. He is best known for co-creating the internationally syndicated television series, Baywatch, which ran for eleven seasons (242 episodes), and was listed in the 2001 Guinness Book of World Records as the most widely viewed TV series in the world. His later work includes the syndicated action drama, SAF3, and A Chance For Children, a charitable foundation that benefits homeless and at-risk youth.
Early life
Bonann was born in Santa Monica, California, to Catholic parents Regina (née Caput), a bank teller, and Louis John Bonann, a physician and veteran of World War II. He was raised in West Los Angeles with two sisters, Kathleen and Deborah.
As a child, Bonann suffered from severe asthma and allergies. He was born with club feet and severe visual impairment, and was close to death twice before the age of two.
Bonann attended Palisades High School from 1967 through 1970, and since his allergies ruled out any outdoor sports, he joined the swim team. Contact lenses corrected his vision, but swimming with them proved difficult, so Bonann needed special visual aids to see the walls of the pool. He ultimately specialized in the backstroke so that he could use the overhead flags to better gauge his turns. He was voted most-improved swimmer in his second year, but he didn't win a competitive race until two years later. In his senior year, Bonann was voted most-valuable.
In the fall of 1970, Bonann attended Washington State University as a freshman on a partial athletic scholarship. He was recruited by the U.S. Olympic Committee and trained to compete in the modern pentathlon. Although he didn't qualify for the event, Bonann travelled to Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics as a non-competitor.
When WSU dropped the men's swimming program, Bonann transferred to California State University in Long Beach, California. He continued to swim with the CSULB team, alongside Olympic athletes Gunnar Larsson, Klaus Barth, and Hans Fassnacht, until 1974 when he graduated with a BA degree in journalism.
Lifeguarding
In 1970, Bonann began his lifeguard career as an LA City Ocean Lifeguard. After the completion of rookie academy, he was given his choice of post, and served in lifeguard tower #18 on Will Rogers State Beach, a short distance from his family home in West Los Angeles.
Bonann became a Los Angeles County Lifeguard in 1975, when the city and county services merged. He served on the beaches of the Central Section, including Topanga, Will Rogers, Santa Monica, Venice, and Del Rey.
In the summer of 1977, while working Will Rogers State Beach, Bonann performed a routine rescue of some children who were caught in a riptide. The children's father was Stu Erwin, Jr., who worked for MTM Enterprises, a television production company run by Grant Tinker, the future chairman and CEO of NBC. Bonann would go on to pitch his idea for a television show about lifeguards to Erwin and Tinker, who eventually helped him sell the show to NBC.
In 1989, while scouting locations in Venice Beach, California with the Baywatch producers and writing staff, Bonann was approached by a teenager who had lost his friend in the water. Bonann swam out and made three surface dives before finding the boy, who had been submerged for several minutes, and revived him using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation while treading water. The boy was taken to UCLA Medical Center where he recovered. Bonann received the Medal of Valor from Los Angeles County for performing that rescue.
In 1994 the L.A. County Lifeguard services merged into the Los Angeles County Fire Department, making Bonann an L.A. County Firefighter within its Lifeguard Division.
In 2001, Bonann became an Ocean Lifeguard for Honolulu City and County, Oahu, Hawaii.
Bonann transferred to the Northern Section of Los Angeles County in 2013, including Malibu and Zuma beaches,. He has been a Junior Lifeguard Instructor at Zuma Beach for eight years. In 2021 he began his 52nd year on active status as a Los Angeles County Lifeguard.
Bonann has been recognized by both the Belgian Life Saving Federation, and the International Life Saving Federation for his dedication to the field, and in 2000 he was awarded the Gold Medallion from the International Swimming Hall of Fame for his achievements and contributions.
In 2021 the Professional Lifeguard Foundation honored Bonann with a Lifetime Achievement Award for his 52 years of service and dedication in fostering the professional and personal growth of the Los Angeles County Lifeguards through teaching and mentoring relationships.
Early film career
Bonann began his career in film and television in 1978 when he was hired by John J. (Jack) Hennessy, of JJH Productions. Hennessy had been producing films for the U.S. Olympic Committee, and Bonann had connections to that world.
Hennessy took Bonann under his wing, teaching him to produce and direct documentary films. His first major project was a film called Fire and Ice, the USOC's official film for the 1980 Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York, which told the story of the U.S. Men's National Ice Hockey Team victory over the U.S.S.R. and Eric Heiden's historic five gold medals in speed skating. The documentary won several awards, including the CINE Golden Eagle and the 37th International Di Cinema Citta Di Torino for best sports film of the year.
When Hennessy died in 1983, Bonann continued to run JJH Productions, producing over twenty films, including two more official films for the USOC. Frozen in Time featured the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, and Elements of Gold highlighted the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles. Both films were recognized with numerous awards including the CINE Golden Eagle.
In 1987, Bonann formed his own production company called Tower 18 Productions, named for his original lifeguard tower on Will Rogers State Beach. The first project under his new banner was another documentary for the USOC called City of Gold about the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
All of Bonann's Olympic films used slow motion photography and music to accentuate the athlete's performances. This would become his signature style. In fact, many of the camera operators, production crew, and the editor that Bonann used for these early productions would form the core of the Baywatch production company.
Baywatch
During the mid 1970s, Bonann imagined a television series that featured the heroic stories of his lifeguard friends. After meeting Stu Erwin Jr. of Grant Tinker's MTM Enterprises in 1977, he pitched the idea, which at that time was called A.C.E.S., for Aquatic Corps for Emergency Service. Erwin declined, but he encouraged Bonann to continue to develop the concept.
In 1981, while working at JJH Productions, Bonann began pitching the idea again. At his mother's suggestion, he renamed the show Baywatch, but he continued his attempts to sell the series with no success for the next six years.
Bonann met the writing team of Douglas Schwartz and Michael Berk through his sister, Deborah, who was engaged to Schwartz. They agreed to help Bonann develop the project. The three of them took Baywatch back to Stu Erwin, Jr., who was still working for Grant Tinker at his new production company, GTG Entertainment. In 1988, Tinker and Erwin added Baywatch to their projects in development.
Due to the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, GTG was unable to use a written script to pitch the show, so Tinker asked Bonann to produce a video sales presentation. Bonann used his documentary crew to shoot and edit footage of the March 1988 lifeguard tryouts, along with slow motion action shots of several of his lifeguard friends. On the strength of that presentation, Brandon Tartikoff purchased a two-hour movie pilot for NBC, after which Baywatch was picked up for series.
After one season on NBC, Baywatch was canceled. Tinker sold the rights to the program back to Bonann for ten dollars, and along with Schwartz, Berk, and the show's lead actor, David Hasselhoff, Bonann launched the series in first-run syndication, resulting in ten more seasons, including two in Hawaii, and even a short-lived spinoff series called Baywatch Nights.
Bonann's relationship with the L.A. County Lifeguards allowed him to build a functioning interior and exterior set above the actual lifeguard headquarters on Will Rogers State Beach, where Bonann began his lifeguard career nearly twenty years earlier.
Baywatch was seen in 145 countries and was translated into over 42 languages. It was listed in the 2001 Guinness Book of World Records as the most widely viewed TV series in the world with a weekly audience of over 1.1 billion.
By its end, Bonann had executive produced 289 episodes of Baywatch, Baywatch Nights, and Baywatch Hawaii. He directed a total of 75 episodes and 400 of his signature music montages. From the beginning of the pilot movie in 1988 to the wrap of the final episode in 2001, Baywatch had dominated 14 years of Bonann's life.
Bonann shared in his BAYWATCH journey on the podcast Setbacks and Success.
Later career
In addition to his work on Baywatch, Bonann produced several TV pilots, series and TV movies, including Steel Chariots for Fox, Thunder in Paradise starring Hulk Hogan, and a pilot movie for UPN called Avalon: Beyond the Abyss.
In 2002, NBC and MGM Television launched a new series called She Spies starring Natasha Henstridge. After four episodes, the production shut down due to budget overages and creative discord. The network and studio turned to Bonann to solve the problems, and production resumed. The series went on to complete two seasons and forty episodes.
In 2008, Bonann and wife Tai Collins, a writer on Baywatch, began developing an action drama series called Rescue 3. After partnering with Emmet-Furla Films, financing was raised. The series was renamed SAF3, and Dolph Lundgren and J.R. Martinez were cast as leads.
Bonann began filming SAF3 in Cape Town, South Africa in 2013, and twenty episodes were produced independently for first-run syndication. It became the first independently financed one-hour drama to air in the U.S. on prime time. To date the series has been sold in sixty-six countries.
Philanthropy
In 1992, Bonann and his wife, Collins, launched a non-profit organization called The Camp Baywatch Foundation to benefit homeless and at-risk youth.
The foundation began by teaching inner city children about water safety through a week-long summer camp at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California. Bonann called in favors from Baywatch cast members, Olympic athletes, and other celebrities who volunteered at the camp. The children were not only taught to swim in both a pool and the ocean, but each received individual instruction in water safety from LA County Lifeguard, U.S. Coast Guard, and L.A. County Fire personnel. Since then, the charity has grown into a year-round program, partnering with Los Angeles Unified School District, Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks, the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles, and the Los Angeles Police Department. In addition to the Summer Camp the foundation offers a variety of after-school, summer, and sports programs, as well as educational trips, and college scholarships.
When the Baywatch television series ended in 2001, the foundation name was changed to "A Chance For Children Foundation".
NBC's The Today show honored Bonann in 2009 by choosing A Chance For Children as one of their charities of the year.
In 2013, while working on SAF3, Bonann and Collins established a new branch of A Chance for Children in Cape Town, South Africa. This international extension of the foundation focuses on the education of the children of the townships of Langa, Gugulethu, and Khayelitsha.
Awards and recognition
Medal of Valor(1989) Los Angeles County
Knight in the Order of Lifesaving(1996) International Life Saving Federation
Commander in the Order of Lifesaving(1997) The Belgian Life Saving Federation.
Gold Medallion(2000) International Swimming Hall of Fame
Lifetime Achievement Award(2021) Professional Lifeguard Foundation
References
External links
Gregory Bonann – Tower 18 Productions website
A Chance For Children Foundation website
Gregory Bonann Profile – International Swimming Hall of Fame
Greg Bonann's Fairy Tale Life and Work – Open Water Swimming website
1952 births
Television producers from California
People from Santa Monica, California
Living people |
4023171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynan%20Robinson | Kynan Robinson | Kynan Robinson is an Australian trombonist and composer. He is most commonly associated with jazz but also performs and composes in many other styles.
Career
Robinson was born in Australia but spent his childhood in Bangladesh as a child of Christian missionary parents. They lived there for fifteen years and were the only white people in the village. He returned to Australia to complete high school. His career and accomplishments are remarkable in their own right but take on extra significance when one considers the breadth of fields he has excelled in. He is a composer and musician with a formidable record and reputation. His extensive, diverse and very well regarded and reviewed body of work, place him in a position of status and reputation with the Australian art scene. He received a bachelor's degree in music from the Victorian College of the Arts which he built on completing a Masters In Composition in 2010.
Robinson formed a contemporary improvisation quintet named En Rusk performing his open original compositions. The band toured Australia a number of times. They recorded their debut self-titled CD in 2001 and in 2004 finished their second recording, 1000 Wide. In 2005 he formed The Escalators, which released an album entitled Wrapped in Plastic, compositions and concepts inspired by the films of David Lynch. He also established a reputation in electronic/techno/sample-based music. Continuing his recording and touring career mainly with the iconic and iconoclastic dance/performance act, Des Peres (originally known as Old Des Peres) and second with Hard Hat, a group that brings together electronic and acoustic musicians. Both acts toured Australia and internationally regularly performing at the largest summer festivals around Australia and internationally. Des Peres completed their debut album in 2004. The album was released through Flict/Shock. Their second album Ace Doubt was released in 2006 through Flit/MGM. Des Peres combines a theatrical stage approach with a sample-heavy sound. While playing with the band, Robinson adopts the name Old Des and works very with Luva DJ (Michelle Robinson) and Mr. Ection (visual artist and brother Kiron Robinson) as well as guitarist Tom Bass and Kelsey James. Their third album was entitled The Adventures of Cowboy and Miniman.
His musical output and vast creativity is reflected in his ability to genre hop with seeming ease. In 2010 he formed co-led the groundbreaking Australian Jazz band Collider, a band he co-leads with Melbourne saxophonist Adam Simmons. Combining a traditional jazz ensemble with orchestral and improvising string players the uniqueness of the ensembles sound couple with their outstandingly high-performance ability created the space Robinson needed to write and perform his most courageous and what many in the Australian media consider his most personal works. "Solo in Red" was a large form composition composed by Robinson, performed by Collider and commissioned by the Melbourne Writers Festival. Its thematic material was drawn from the writings of American novelist Cormac McCarthy. In particular his epic novel Blood Meridian. Beyond music the completed work also involved a highly technical and moving video work, a lighting design and narration with excerpts from the book narrated on stage. Solo in Red was released as an Audi recording at the same time then and also rebased a second album titled Words. With the majority of the music inspired by authors Robinson and Simmons had personal affinity to it was appropriately titled "Words".
Over a 30-year career Robinson has toured and recorded with many of Melbourne and Australia's leading, musical innovators including C.W. Stoneking, Brian Brown, and the Melbourne Ska Orchestra, The Adam Simmons Toy Band, BucketRider, and countless more. He has composed music for jazz ensembles, dance productions, musical theatre, contemporary classical ensembles, and electronic dance acts and has had his compositions performed in festivals around the world. In 2001 he was a collaborative composer for Double Venturi, a collaborative piece involving musicians and funded by Arts Victoria. In 2004 he received funding through the Australia Council to compose a concert-length work for prepared piano and small ensemble that was premiered at the Wangaratta Festival of Jazz. He also has scored the music to six short films and has collaborated in numerous cross arts projects with visual artists including Kiron Robinson, Narinda Reevers, and Dave Macleod. Robinson has won three ARIA awards, considered Australis's top musical prize.
Contribution to the Field of Education
Research - Complexity, Creativity, Identity
Beyond music he is considered one of Australia's leading voices in the field of systemic educational change. His doctoral thesis, titled Enabling Collective Creativity in Schools using Minecraft: Serious Play framed learning and education within complexity thinking and is considered an important addition to contemporary Western Education. The unique approach Robinson took to every aspect of the research including the findings have been used as guideposts for how education might consider its move forward. Dr. Dennis Sumara a leading researcher and writer in the fields of complexity thinking and education wrote of Robinson's work "Kynan Robinson has written an exceptional dissertation, one that challenges not only genre and form of the dissertation but also the very methods used by educational researchers. By combining expository, narrative and explicitly fictional text Robinson as author performs the very theories he is exploring. In so doing, both the written forms and the theoretical positions both undermine and exceed one another. It is a wholly unique presentation of both the process and products...I consider this work by Robinson to be an important contribution to the field of education. The work is unique, creative and, in important ways disruptive."
Situated in complexity theory the thesis covered the broad area of creativity re-conceptualise creativity within Australian mainstream education, as being something that continually emerges from collective process. In doing so, many of the key characteristics of the Australian education system, were analysed for the role they played in enabling or hindering creativity within a school. Minecraft was a key pedagogical tool used to filter this aspects through to reimagine them.
The research was situated within a larger Australian Research Council funded linkage project, LP110200309, Serious play: Using digital games in school to promote literacy and learning in the twenty-first century (Beavis et al. 2011-2014).
The data for Robinson's research were generated from the narratives of 136 students, five teachers and a primary school situated in the inner suburbs of Melbourne. Their story revolves around a 10-week unit of work which saw the 136 students experientially leave this earth and inhabit another planet, Aurora 56Z. Aurora 56Z was located within the game Minecraft.
Creativity was central to the work. Robinson re-conceptualised creativity within Australian mainstream education, shifting its definition away from an individual-centred perspective to a complexity-framed definition; something that is socially constructed and evident as emergent phenomenon rising from adaptive complex systems. In doing so, many of the key characteristics of the Australian education system, such as its complexity, its hierarchical systemic structure and also the minutiae that make up a school environment including curriculum, architecture, reflection practice and tools, and teaching and pedagogy, were analysed for the role they played in enabling or hindering creativity within a school.
Complexity theory was fundamental to all aspects of this research project. It framed and shaped the design of both the thesis and the 10 week unit of work being studied. It was the binding lens through which data was extracted and analysed.
Non-conventional methods of data collection included the Minecraft server and the student-produced Wiki. Both of these digital platforms became data repositories, holding and mapping the majority of the learning and teaching that happened before, during and after the 10 weeks allocated to this unit of work.
In Robinson's words - "I immersed myself in the world of the students, teachers and school as I wrote this thesis, leading to the development of my exploratory and practice led approach to the data analysis. In the process of analysing the server data I wrote a novel, set on Aurora 56Z, casting the young people as the characters and the ‘ruins’ of the server as the setting.
This immersion in the world, and reinterpretation of the stagnant server into a lively text based upon what I found on the server and the students’ Wiki pages, helped me to understand more deeply the creative learning process of the curriculum unit."
While the type and scale were unique, this method of data generation and analysis does build upon the limited literature on post-qualitative method. In doing so, it offers a different way to think about methodology.
The findings of this study included:
1. Situating pedagogies framed in complexity have limited scope in the current discourse around mainstream Australian education.
2. There is a role for pedagogies that arise out of new and conflicting discourses (e.g., complexity theory). Its place and role are one of continual ‘deterritorialization and reterritorialization’ (Deleuze & Guattari 1987; Roy 2003). Despite existing only on the edge of the discourse, their mere existence is evidence of the potential for change.
3. Digital games based on complexity, such as the MMO game Minecraft, have a place in education and are enablers of systemic creativity.
4. The students in the study were developing new and previously unnamed multithreaded identities through their complex game design and play. Robinson labelled this new form of identity Vellooming.
The conclusions revealed throughout have enriched future theorisation about the use of new pedagogies framed in complexity, the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of education, and the use of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) games such as Minecraft.
The research also added to the small but growing knowledge base of research methodologies framed in complexity, providing a viable and visible account of how to work with key concepts of postmodern emergence.
A Velloming Identity
"Robinson described a Vellooming Identity as one that that is in a state of constant shifting, never still, and constantly emerging. Vellooming is a fictional word used to describe the experience many children have when they join the online world. It is a form of transportation, movement, and exploration. It can be free of the bounds of time, space, and gravity, and instead is multidimensional. This research argues for a new form of identity made possible by the digital world. I have named it a Vellooming identity."
"A rudimentary understanding and simplistic description of Vellooming would be to describe it as the ability to...or the act of...travelling across, to, and from multiple Structures—to change Looms."
The frame to understand a Vellooming identity is poststructuralism. A vellooming identity might be seen as conceptually similar to Deleuze's ideas of identities of 'nomadic thought' and his use of the rhizome. There are also commonalities in Foucault's Theory of Discourse in that when describing a Vellooming identity Robinson rejects the idea of the self as an absolute, rather viewing it as a controlling agent of power created by Reductionism. Where Robinson's Vellooming Identity moves forward from Deleuze's and Foucault's positions is where he finds links to the connected web. A Vellooming identity is not linked to time but rather other, and in the idea of continually becoming other.
His doctoral thesis and publications since have also demanded for a new understanding of what learning is and offered a redefining of creativity. Robinson redefines creativity as a continual, collective experience. In this he shifts significantly from the standard reductionist and modernist definitions. In their framing identity is intrinsically tied to the idea of the individual and it is measurable e.g. he or she is creative, he.. less so. In these framings it is also often presented as a trait that one might process. The reductionist definition embraces the identity of the creative genius as the measure of creativity. Comparatively, in Robinson's understanding phrases such as emergence and continual becoming as metaphors for this new definition. By doing so he links it to the Vellooming identity. The Vellooming Identity and Collective Creativity as emergence have strong parallels to similar emerging identities he speaks of often in his work, identities of Continually Becoming Other.
His redefining of creativity linked to the naming of a new form of identity has opened up new possibilities in the space of learning, knowledge and formal education.
Business
In 2020 Robinson founded the Global Consultancy firm EnRusk. It was with this organisation that Robinson began to enact the theoretical ideas alongside the processes and tools he had developed over a lifetime of study and creation. The firm's focus was always complete, systemic, global educational reform. Robinson believed the change went beyond education to what he referred to as a global mindset. He is committed to help shift the global mindset away from the dominant reductionist mindset to a connected one nested in Complexity. Robinson company was formed to enact this change and in that the resultant ways of being and doing. Increased connectivity, collective learning and collective creativity are at the heart of both the theoretical frame and the work that results.
At its heart his work rejects Reductionism and replaces it with a world view that embraces ambiguity continual change and continual creativity. Again, the idea of the self is non existent in this theoretical space replaced with an identity of continual becoming other. His achievements and creations across every field he works is be that music, education, commerce and technology have always displayed this mindset and have been tools of communication for Robinson.
In 2010 he was recognised and awarded with the ICTEV Educational Leader of the Year Award.
He is considered a leader in the field of Complexity Thinking as it relates to Education and the Arts.
Discography
As leader
En Rusk (Newmarket Music) 2001
En Rusk – 1000 Wide (Newmarket Music) 2003
Old Des Peres – Preserved (Flict/Shock) 2004
Des Peres – Ace Doubt (Flict/MGM)2006
Des Peres – The Adventures of Cowboy and Miniman (House of Pow/Amphead)2008
The Escalators – Wrapped in Plastic (Jazz Head)
Collider – Words (House of Pow)
Collider – Solo In Red (House of Pow)
As sideman
Adam Simmons Toy Band – Happy Jacket
Melbourne Acid Techno (Dark Matter Records)
Sample Synthesis 4 and 5 (Clan Analogue Records)
Paul Colman Trio – Turn (Control Records)
Matt Fagan
Malone – This is it (Cavalier Music)
The Mavis's – Throwing Little Stones (FMR)
City City City (Remote Control Records)
Skazz of Melbourne
5+2 Ensemble – Invisible Cities and other Works (Rufus)
C.W. Stoneking – Jungle Blues
Melbourne Ska Orchestra
Remixes
Machine Translations (Spunk)
Film scores
The Only Person in the World – Ben Chessell
3 Weeks in Koh Samui - Alistair Reid
From The Top – Alistair Reid
Is God a DJ – Ben Chessell
Installations
Double Venturi – Collaborative composition with Garth Paine 2001
The Slow Burn – Collaborative composition with Erik Griswold 2004
Grants and awards
Australia Council Promotion and Presentation (En Rusk Recording) 2004
Australia Council New Works 2005
Arts Victoria Music for the Future Recording (Des Peres) 2005
Arts Victoria Music For The Future Touring (Des Peres) 2005
D.C.I.T.A. Touring (Des Peres) 2005
References
7. O'Mara, J. and Robinson, K., 2017. Mining the Cli-Fi world: renegotiating the curriculum using Minecraft. Serious play: literacy, learning and digital games, pp. 114–131.
8. Robinson, K., 2014. Games, Problem Based Learning and Minecraft. The Journal of Digital Learning and Teaching Victoria, 1(1), pp. 32–45.
Robinson, K., 2014. Games, Problem Based Learning and Minecraft. The Journal of Digital Learning and Teaching Victoria, 1(1), pp. 32–45.
External links
Official website
Living people
Australian jazz trombonists
21st-century trombonists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4023176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20tesseract | Truncated tesseract | In geometry, a truncated tesseract is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the truncation of the regular tesseract.
There are three truncations, including a bitruncation, and a tritruncation, which creates the truncated 16-cell.
Truncated tesseract
The truncated tesseract is bounded by 24 cells: 8 truncated cubes, and 16 tetrahedra.
Alternate names
Truncated tesseract (Norman W. Johnson)
Truncated tesseract (Acronym tat) (George Olshevsky, and Jonathan Bowers)
Construction
The truncated tesseract may be constructed by truncating the vertices of the tesseract at of the edge length. A regular tetrahedron is formed at each truncated vertex.
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated tesseract having edge length 2 is given by all permutations of:
Projections
In the truncated cube first parallel projection of the truncated tesseract into 3-dimensional space, the image is laid out as follows:
The projection envelope is a cube.
Two of the truncated cube cells project onto a truncated cube inscribed in the cubical envelope.
The other 6 truncated cubes project onto the square faces of the envelope.
The 8 tetrahedral volumes between the envelope and the triangular faces of the central truncated cube are the images of the 16 tetrahedra, a pair of cells to each image.
Images
Related polytopes
The truncated tesseract, is third in a sequence of truncated hypercubes:
Bitruncated tesseract
The bitruncated tesseract, bitruncated 16-cell, or tesseractihexadecachoron is constructed by a bitruncation operation applied to the tesseract. It can also be called a runcicantic tesseract with half the vertices of a runcicantellated tesseract with a construction.
Alternate names
Bitruncated tesseract/Runcicantic tesseract (Norman W. Johnson)
Tesseractihexadecachoron (Acronym tah) (George Olshevsky, and Jonathan Bowers)
Construction
A tesseract is bitruncated by truncating its cells beyond their midpoints, turning the eight cubes into eight truncated octahedra. These still share their square faces, but the hexagonal faces form truncated tetrahedra which share their triangular faces with each other.
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a bitruncated tesseract having edge length 2 is given by all permutations of:
Structure
The truncated octahedra are connected to each other via their square faces, and to the truncated tetrahedra via their hexagonal faces. The truncated tetrahedra are connected to each other via their triangular faces.
Projections
Stereographic projections
The truncated-octahedron-first projection of the bitruncated tesseract into 3D space has a truncated cubical envelope. Two of the truncated octahedral cells project onto a truncated octahedron inscribed in this envelope, with the square faces touching the centers of the octahedral faces. The 6 octahedral faces are the images of the remaining 6 truncated octahedral cells. The remaining gap between the inscribed truncated octahedron and the envelope are filled by 8 flattened truncated tetrahedra, each of which is the image of a pair of truncated tetrahedral cells.
Related polytopes
The bitruncated tesseract is second in a sequence of bitruncated hypercubes:
Truncated 16-cell
The truncated 16-cell, truncated hexadecachoron, cantic tesseract which is bounded by 24 cells: 8 regular octahedra, and 16 truncated tetrahedra. It has half the vertices of a cantellated tesseract with construction .
It is related to, but not to be confused with, the 24-cell, which is a regular 4-polytope bounded by 24 regular octahedra.
Alternate names
Truncated 16-cell/Cantic tesseract (Norman W. Johnson)
Truncated hexadecachoron (Acronym thex) (George Olshevsky, and Jonathan Bowers)
Construction
The truncated 16-cell may be constructed from the 16-cell by truncating its vertices at 1/3 of the edge length. This results in the 16 truncated tetrahedral cells, and introduces the 8 octahedra (vertex figures).
(Truncating a 16-cell at 1/2 of the edge length results in the 24-cell, which has a greater degree of symmetry because the truncated cells become identical with the vertex figures.)
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated 16-cell having edge length √2 are given by all permutations, and sign combinations of
(0,0,1,2)
An alternate construction begins with a demitesseract with vertex coordinates (±3,±3,±3,±3), having an even number of each sign, and truncates it to obtain the permutations of
(1,1,3,3), with an even number of each sign.
Structure
The truncated tetrahedra are joined to each other via their hexagonal faces. The octahedra are joined to the truncated tetrahedra via their triangular faces.
Projections
Centered on octahedron
The octahedron-first parallel projection of the truncated 16-cell into 3-dimensional space has the following structure:
The projection envelope is a truncated octahedron.
The 6 square faces of the envelope are the images of 6 of the octahedral cells.
An octahedron lies at the center of the envelope, joined to the center of the 6 square faces by 6 edges. This is the image of the other 2 octahedral cells.
The remaining space between the envelope and the central octahedron is filled by 8 truncated tetrahedra (distorted by projection). These are the images of the 16 truncated tetrahedral cells, a pair of cells to each image.
This layout of cells in projection is analogous to the layout of faces in the projection of the truncated octahedron into 2-dimensional space. Hence, the truncated 16-cell may be thought of as the 4-dimensional analogue of the truncated octahedron.
Centered on truncated tetrahedron
The truncated tetrahedron first parallel projection of the truncated 16-cell into 3-dimensional space has the following structure:
The projection envelope is a truncated cube.
The nearest truncated tetrahedron to the 4D viewpoint projects to the center of the envelope, with its triangular faces joined to 4 octahedral volumes that connect it to 4 of the triangular faces of the envelope.
The remaining space in the envelope is filled by 4 other truncated tetrahedra.
These volumes are the images of the cells lying on the near side of the truncated 16-cell; the other cells project onto the same layout except in the dual configuration.
The six octagonal faces of the projection envelope are the images of the remaining 6 truncated tetrahedral cells.
Images
Related polytopes
A truncated 16-cell, as a cantic 4-cube, is related to the dimensional family of cantic n-cubes:
Related uniform polytopes
Related uniform polytopes in demitesseract symmetry
Related uniform polytopes in tesseract symmetry
Notes
References
T. Gosset: On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900
H.S.M. Coxeter:
Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, , p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n-dimensions (n≥5)
H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973, p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n-dimensions (n≥5)
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995,
(Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
(Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, The Symmetries of Things 2008, (Chapter 26. pp. 409: Hemicubes: 1n1)
Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. (1966)
o3o3o4o - tat, o3x3x4o - tah, x3x3o4o - thex
External links
Paper model of truncated tesseract created using nets generated by Stella4D software
4-polytopes |
4023177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-related%20optical%20signal | Event-related optical signal | Event-related optical signal (EROS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses infrared light through optical fibers to measure changes in optical properties of active areas of the cerebral cortex. The fast optical signal (EROS) measures changes in infrared light scattering that occur with neural activity. Whereas techniques such as diffuse optical imaging (DOI) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measure optical absorption of hemoglobin, and thus are based on cerebral blood flow, EROS takes advantage of the scattering properties of the neurons themselves, and thus provide a much more direct measure of cellular activity.
Characteristics
EROS can pinpoint activity in the brain within millimeters and milliseconds, providing good spatial and temporal resolution at the same time. Currently, its biggest limitation is the inability to detect activity more than a few centimeters deep, which thus limits this fast optical imaging to the cerebral cortex.
EROS can be measured using photon delay or as an intensity signal. EROS can also be measured concurrently with other neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, fNIRS, or EEG.
History
EROS is a relatively new and inexpensive technique that is non-invasive to the test subject. It was developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory of Drs. Gabriele Gratton and Monica Fabiani. EROS was first demonstrated in the visual cortex in 1995, and later in the motor cortex that same year.
See also
Optical imaging
References
External links
Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Neuroimaging
Optical imaging |
4023200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Hart | Matthew Hart | Matthew Norman Hart (born 16 May 1972) is a former New Zealand cricketer. Hart, a left-arm orthodox spinner, played in 14 Tests between 1994 and 1996, claiming 29 wickets including one five-wicket haul against South Africa.
He also appeared in 13 ODIs, claiming 13 wickets, including a then-record haul by a New Zealander in One Day Internationals, claiming 5/22 against the West Indies in 1994. His international career lasted from 1994 to 2002, eventually losing his place in the team to Daniel Vettori. Hart retired from cricket in 2005 at the age of 33, citing a loss of enthusiasm for the game.
His brother, Robbie, also played cricket as a wicket-keeper for Northern Districts Knights and New Zealand.
References
Doping cases in cricket
1972 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
New Zealand cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Hamilton, New Zealand
North Island cricketers |
4023206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSTN%20%28AM%29 | KSTN (AM) | KSTN (1420 kHz is a commercial AM radio station in Stockton, California, owned by Robert LaRue, and licensed by KSTN, LLC. It airs a country music radio format, known as "105.9 The Bull."
KSTN broadcasts at 5,000 watts by day. But to reduce interference at night to other stations on AM 1420, it reduces power to 3,500 watts. KSTN uses a directional antenna at all times. The transmitter is off Ralph Avenue in Stockton, along with the studios and offices. Programming is also heard on 250 watt FM translator K290AG at 105.9 MHz.
History
On November 27, 1949 at 6 AM, KSTN signed on the air. KSTN's first General Manager was Dave Greene and the original power was 1,000 watts. It was owned by Knox LaRue until his death on December 22, 2004. An FM station, originally 107.3 KSTN-FM (now KLVS) went on the air in 1962.
The LaRue Family planned to sell KSTN-AM-FM to Independence Media Holdings of Dallas, Texas, for $24,250,000 in 2008. Due to the bad economy, the deal fell through.
At its inception, KSTN's programming was Big Band/Swing, with some Country western Music in the afternoons with Dusty Duncan as the host. Other early KSTN on-air personalities included Bud Hobbs, Bill Elliott and Paula Stone.
The station switched to a Top 40 format in 1957. In 1962, station owner Knox LaRue contracted with noted Top 40 radio programmer Bill Drake to program KSTN. Upon leaving San Francisco's KYA in 1962, Bill Drake was hired to split time as program director of both KYNO in Fresno, and KSTN in Stockton, California.
KSTN owner Knox LaRue (December 18, 1922 – December 22, 2004) was a business partner with KYNO owner Gene Chenault in various ventures. They co-hired Drake upon the recommendation of Jane Swain, LaRue's general manager at KSTN, who had worked with Drake at WAKE in Atlanta. While the classic KMAK–KYNO battle of Fresno has been well documented, KSTN and LaRue are certainly owed their debt as well.
A pioneer of the Top 40 genre, LaRue built KSTN in 1949, and began playing the popular music of the day. As the rock era began, KSTN just stayed with it, providing a training ground for numerous talents. Among the audio exhibits on the ReelRadio.com site are the original deejay jingles from Drake's tenure at KSTN. These rare artifacts from his Stockton days are precursors to the Johnny Mann acapellas and Bill Drake-voiced jock intros and station IDs of the "Boss Radio" era. Other elements of the famed Drake format were also initiated and honed during his stint at KSTN in the early 1960s.
KSTN hired John Hampton for weekends on September 24, 1980, the airshift previously held by Jay Richard (aka Tom Richard). John was promoted to full-time in 1981 and was made program director in September 1981. In 1981, KSTN switched from Rhythmic Top 40 to Pop Top 40. In 1984, KSTN switched back to Rhythmic Top 40. In the late 1980s and the 1990s, while many other radio stations on the AM dial changed to news/talk formats, KSTN continued its music broadcasts. In 1995, John Hampton was moved to mornings.
In 1999, KSTN changed its format to a Variety Hits Oldies format it called "Power Oldies 1420." KSTN played may types of music including Doo Wop Oldies of the '50s, Top 40 of the '60s and '70s, '70s Disco, Classic rock of the '70s and '80s, punk, Alternative Music of the '80s and '90s and an occasional touch of Country. In 2005, KSTN fine-tuned its format to Classic Hits, which is a format more common for the FM dial; KSTN no longer branded itself as "Power Oldies 1420." KSTN also added local sports play-by-play to its schedule, including Oakland A's baseball, Stockton Ports baseball, Stockton Thunder ECHL hockey, and University of the Pacific Tigers athletics.
On February 13, 2006, KSTN replaced John Hampton's Morning Show with the syndicated "Mancow's Morning Madhouse" from Chicago via satellite. This marked the first time KSTN had placed a syndicated show in its daily lineup.
On February 19, 2010, after over 60 years on the air, KSTN went silent. The station played "Another One Bites the Dust" by Queen followed by the theme from WKRP in Cincinnati before signing off the air for the final time at 6:15 pm.
As of January 2012, the station is on the air again with a syndicated country format.
On February 13, 2013 KSTN changed their format to classic country.
After a weekend of stunting, on March 17, 2014 KSTN changed their format to country, branded as "105.9 The Bull" (the frequency in the branding is for FM translator K290AG 105.9 FM Stockton).
References
External links
KSTN (1420 AM) in the Central Valley Radio Museum
KSTN Power Oldies 1420 Tribute (Streaming Digital Radio)
KSTN airchecks with slideshows
STN
Radio stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in California |
4023213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Jewish%20political%20milestones%20in%20the%20United%20States | List of Jewish political milestones in the United States | The following is a list of Jewish political milestones in the United States.
First Jewish member of a colonial legislature (South Carolina): Francis Salvador (1775)
First Jewish soldier killed in the American Revolutionary War: Francis Salvador (1776)
First Jewish member of the U.S. Congress (U.S. House of Representatives): Lewis Charles Levin (1845)
First Jewish member of the United States Senate: David Levy Yulee (1845)
First Jewish mayor of a major American city (Portland, Oregon): Bernard Goldsmith (1869)
Two years later, Philip Wasserman became a mayor of Portland (1871)
First elected Jewish governor of a U.S. state (California): Washington Bartlett (1887)
First Jewish U.S. Cabinet member (Secretary of Commerce and Labor): Oscar Straus (1906)
Not including Judah P. Benjamin, who served in the Confederate Cabinet as Secretary of State and Secretary of War
First Jewish Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court: Louis Brandeis (1916)
President Millard Fillmore offered to appoint Judah P. Benjamin to the Supreme Court in 1853, but Benjamin declined.
First Jewish female member of the U.S. Congress (U.S. House of Representatives): Florence Prag Kahn (1925)
First Jewish Secretary of the Treasury: Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1934)
First person of Jewish ancestry to run for President of the United States on a major party ticket: Barry Goldwater (1964) (Goldwater's father was Jewish; Goldwater was raised Episcopalian)
First person of Sephardic Jewish ancestry to run for President of the United States: Louis Abolafia (1968)
First Jewish candidate to receive an electoral vote for Vice President: Tonie Nathan of the Libertarian Party, from a faithless elector (1972)
First Jewish Secretary of Defense: James R. Schlesinger (1973)
First Jewish Secretary of State: Henry Kissinger (1973)
First Jewish Attorney General: Edward H. Levi (1975)
First Jewish female mayor of a major American city (Dallas): Adlene Harrison (1976)
First elected Jewish female governor of a U.S. state (Vermont): Madeleine M. Kunin (1985)
First Jewish openly gay member of the U.S. Congress (U.S. House of Representatives): Barney Frank (took office 1981, disclosed homosexuality 1989)
Jared Polis was the first Jewish Congressman to be openly gay upon first election: (2009)
First senate election in which both major party candidates were Jewish. (1990 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election, in which Paul Wellstone defeated Rudy Boschwitz) (1990)
First independent Jewish member of the U.S. Congress (U.S. House of Representatives): Bernie Sanders (1991)
First Jewish female members of the United States Senate: Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein (1993)
First Jewish female Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court: Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1993)
First Jewish woman with U.S. Cabinet-rank United States Trade Representative: Charlene Barshefsky (1996)
First Jewish woman U.S. Cabinet member (Secretary of State): Madeleine Albright (1997) (also first woman Secretary of State)
First Jewish nominee for Vice President of the United States on a major party ticket, and first Jewish candidate to receive an electoral vote excluding faithless electors: Joe Lieberman (2000)
First Jewish whip in the U.S. House of Representatives: Eric Cantor (2009) (also first Jewish party whip in either house)
First Jewish floor leader in the U.S. House of Representatives: Eric Cantor (2011) (also first Jewish floor leader and Majority Leader in either house)
First Jewish American to win a presidential primary: Bernie Sanders, New Hampshire primary, (2016) (Barry Goldwater, the 1964 Republican presidential nominee, was the first winner of Jewish heritage, but was a Christian).
First Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for President: Bernie Sanders (2016, from a faithless elector) (Barry Goldwater was the first of Jewish heritage, in 1964, but was not Jewish)
First Jewish floor leader in the U.S. Senate: Chuck Schumer (2017)
First Jewish member of the first family: Ivanka Trump (2017)
First Jewish Second Spouse: Douglas Emhoff (2021)
First Jewish Senate Majority Leader: Chuck Schumer (2021)
First Jewish female (and the first woman) Secretary of the Treasury: Janet Yellen (2021)
See also
List of Jewish American politicians
References
Political milestones
Political history of the United States
United States politics-related lists
United States
United States Jewish
Political milestones in the United States
he:יהדות ארצות הברית#ציוני דרך |
4023218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood%20College%2C%20Victoria | Collingwood College, Victoria | Collingwood College is a government school located in the inner-city suburb of Collingwood, close to the Melbourne CBD.
Established in 1882, it is one of Melbourne's oldest inner city schools.
The school has two modern campuses: its main campus is near Hoddle Street, on the corner of Cromwell Street and McCutcheon Way. As of 2022, it shares a senior campus for VCE students with Fitzroy High School.
History
In 1882, the Vere Street National School No 2462 was established. Cromwell Street State School joined Vere Street National School in 1912. In 1915, Collingwood Domestic Arts School was established. In 1975, the Collingwood Education Centre was established. It was renamed Collingwood College in 1990. A history of Collingwood College entitled The School on the Flat: Collingwood College 1882-2007 was published to mark the 125th anniversary of the school's opening.
Academics
VCE studies offered by the school:Biology, Business Management, Chinese First Language, Chinese Second Language, English, English (EAL), Further Mathematics, General Mathematics, Literature, Mathematical Methods (CAS), Media, Product Design and Technology, Psychology, Specialist Mathematics, Studio Arts, Visual Communication Design.
See also
Education in Australia
References
External links
Collingwood College website
Public high schools in Melbourne
Public primary schools in Melbourne
Educational institutions established in 1882
1882 establishments in Australia |
4023236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Atwater%20%28curator%29 | William Atwater (curator) | William Felix "Jack" Atwater (born November 12, 1945) is an author and former Director of the United States Army Ordnance Museum in Aberdeen, Maryland, United States. Atwater is also a frequent guest contributor to a variety of television programs that draw on his expertise in military weaponry.
Early life
Atwater graduated from Berea College in Berea, Kentucky, in 1968 and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and political science. Following a decade of service in the U.S. military, he attended Duke University where he was awarded a Master of Arts in Military History in 1984 and a Ph.D in military history in 1985.
Career
Upon graduation from Berea College, Atwater was commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Marines. He commanded a rifle platoon and later a company in the 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, during the Vietnam War where he received the Purple Heart, a Navy Commendation Medal, and a Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry. In a 2007 interview with the television documentary Weaponology, he recounted how his company were trapped in a "hot" LZ until rescued by a flight of AH-1 Cobra gunships. Promoted to Captain, he served all over the world in various assignments and attended numerous military schools during a ten-year career in the Marine Corps. In 1985, after earning his Doctorate from Duke, William Atwater assumed the directorship of the 101st Airborne/Air Assault Divisional Museum at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, a position he held until 1989. From 1989 to November, 2007, he served as Director of the United States Army Ordnance Museum, then located at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. While Director at the Ordnance Museum he was instrumental in the refurbishment and rebuilding of large artifacts like tanks and artillery to meet EPA standards, and the construction of a climate-controlled warehouse to store the museum's collection of small arms. In addition to his work for the museum, William Atwater was often called upon as a guest lecturer and speaker at West Point Military Academy, the Defense Intelligence College, National Security Agency, and the Central Intelligence Agency.
Atwater has served as a contributor to several books, including the Oxford Companion to American Military History (2000) on the topic of grenades, mortars, and land mines. He also served as a technical advisor for the book Black Hawk Down. Atwater has appeared as a firearms and ordnance expert in many documentaries regarding military history on such television channels as The History Channel, TLC, Discovery Channel, and The Military Channel. One of Atwater's recent projects is preserving some of the last remaining historic military assets in the world. Atwater said of the Ordnance Museum Foundation that "It is our moral and legal responsibility to preserve military assets".
Awards
In addition to his previously noted military honors, Atwater’s civilian awards include:
The Excellence in Federal Service Award
Outstanding Civilian Service Award
Commander's Award for Public Service
The Order of Samuel Sharpe
Member, Hall of Fame, Ordnance Corps Association
References
Holzimmer, Kevin C. Joint Operations in the Southwest Pacific, 1943–1945 (PDF), DTIC.
1945 births
Living people
Military personnel from Dallas
Berea College alumni
Duke University alumni
American curators
Directors of museums in the United States
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers |
4023239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20rockfish | Blue rockfish | The blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) or blue seaperch, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Sebastinae, the rockfishes, part of the family Scorpaenidae. It is found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from northern Baja California to central Oregon.
Taxonomy
Sebastes mystinus was first formally described in 1881 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert with the type locality given as San Francisco, California. Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Sebastosomus. The specific name mystinus means "initiated one" or "priest", the reason for choosing this name was not explained but it is thought that it derives from the Portuguese speaking fishers' local name for this species in the Monterey Bay area, Pesce Pretre, i.e. the "Priest-fish" an allusion to the dark color of this species compared to its congeners.
Description
Blue rockfish have a relatively smooth and oval appearance compared to other members of Sebastes, with very few head spines. Color is a bluish black to gray, with some darker mottling, including a pair of stripes angling down and back from the eye. The terminal mouths are small for rockfish. Length ranges up to 55 to 60 cm, and weights up to 3.8 kg.
Ecology
Blue rockfish seem to be adapted to diurnal hunting on small, transparent plankton. Juveniles consume tiny crustacea such as copepods and barnacle larvae (in some cases having a significant effect on the population), while adults shift to larger types, such as free-swimming tunicates, jellyfish, gastropods, squids, young rockfish, and drifting plant fragments.
Distribution
Blue rockfish occur from northern Baja California to central Oregon. Previous records further north are due to confusion with the deacon rockfish (S. diaconus), which was described as a separate species genetically and scientifically in 2009 and 2015, respectively.
While they have been caught at depths of over 500 m, most live near to the surface, down to 90 m.
Genetics
A potential PCR-RFLP genetic sex marker developed for gopher rockfish does not successfully distinguish male and female blue rockfish.
Fishing and management
Blue rockfish were once an important part of the California fishery; they were the most common rockfish marketed in San Francisco and San Diego during the 19th century, but have since declined in popularity. They continue to be of interest as game fish, and are among the most common types landed by boat anglers; in fact, there is evidence of overfishing in Monterey Bay and southern California.
References
Further reading
Milton S. Love, Mary Yoklavich, Lyman K. Thorsteinson, (2002), The Rockfishes of the Northeast Pacific, University of California Press, pp. 215–218
Sebastes
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert
Western North American coastal fauna
Fish described in 1881 |
4023241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope%20Maddy | Penelope Maddy | Penelope Maddy (born 4 July 1950) is an American philosopher. Maddy is a UCI Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and of Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine. She is well known for her influential work in the philosophy of mathematics, where she has worked on mathematical realism (especially set-theoretic realism) and mathematical naturalism.
Education
Maddy received her Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1979. Her dissertation, Set Theoretical Realism, was supervised by John P. Burgess.
Philosophical work
Maddy's early work, culminating in Realism in Mathematics, defended Kurt Gödel's position that mathematics is a true description of a mind-independent realm that we can access through our intuition. However, she suggested that some mathematical entities are in fact concrete, unlike, notably, Gödel, who assumed all mathematical objects are abstract. She suggested that sets can be causally efficacious, and in fact share all the causal and spatiotemporal properties of their elements. Thus, when one sees three cups on a table, one also sees the set. She used contemporary work in cognitive science and psychology to support this position, pointing out that just as at a certain age we begin to see objects rather than mere sense perceptions, there is also a certain age at which we begin to see sets rather than just objects.
In the 1990s, she moved away from this position, towards a position described in Naturalism in Mathematics. Her "naturalist" position, like Quine's, suggests that since science is our most successful project so far for knowing about the world, philosophers should adopt the methods of science in their own discipline, and especially when discussing science. As Maddy stated in an interview, "If you're a 'naturalist', you think that science shouldn't be held to extra-scientific standards, that it doesn't require extra-scientific ratification." However, rather than a unified picture of the sciences like Quine's, her picture has mathematics as separate. That is, mathematics is neither supported nor undermined by the needs and goals of science but is allowed to obey its own criteria. This means that traditional metaphysical and epistemological concerns of the philosophy of mathematics are misplaced. Like Wittgenstein, she suggests that many of these puzzles arise merely because of the application of language outside its proper domain of significance.
She has been dedicated to understanding and explaining the methods that set theorists use in agreeing on axioms, especially those that go beyond ZFC.
Awards
Maddy has been a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1998.
The German Mathematical Society awarded her a Gauss Lectureship in 2006.
Selected publications
(a copy with corrections is available at the author's web page)
Realism in Mathematics, Oxford University Press, 1990.
Naturalism in Mathematics, Oxford University Press, 1997.
Second Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2007.
Defending the Axioms, Oxford University Press, 2011.
What do Philosophers Do? Skepticism and the Practice of Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2017.
See also
Cabal (set theory)
References
External links
Penelope Maddy's faculty page
Penelope Maddy: a philosopher you can count on – Portrait in Scientific American by Laura Vanderkam, 13 January 2009
Interview at 3AM Magazine
1950 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of mathematics
American logicians
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Irvine faculty
American women philosophers
Women mathematicians
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Lakatos Award winners
20th-century American women
21st-century American women |
4023243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapaha%20River | Alapaha River | The Alapaha River is a river in southern Georgia and northern Florida in the United States. It is a tributary of the Suwannee River, which flows to the Gulf of Mexico.
History
The Hernando de Soto expedition narrative records mention a "Yupaha" village they encountered after they left Apalachee, "the sound of which is suggestive of the Alapaha, a tributary of the Suwanee." Another reference to a village of "Atapaha" "so closely resembles Alapaha that it is reasonable to suppose they are the same, and that the town was on the river of that name." John Reed Swanton's landmark Indian Tribes of North America places the Indian village of Alapaha near where the Alapaha River met the Suwanee, and also noted that an Indian village of "Arapaja" was 70 leagues from St. Augustine, Florida, probably on the Alapaha River.
In the 1840s a German travel writer, Friedrich Gerstäcker wrote a dime novel called Alapaha, or the Renegades of the Border, giving the name to a noble Cherokee "squaw." A translation of this novel was published in the 1870s as #67 in a series of American narratives published by Beadle.
During the American Civil War, the swamps along the Alapaha River in Berrien, Irwin, and Echols counties became a refuge for a number of gangs of Confederate deserters.
Course
The Alapaha River rises in southeastern Dooly County, Georgia, and flows generally southeastwardly through or along the boundaries of Crisp, Wilcox, Turner, Ben Hill, Irwin, Tift, Berrien, Atkinson, Lanier, Lowndes and Echols Counties in Georgia, and Hamilton County in Florida, where it flows into the Suwannee River 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Jasper. Along its course it passes the Georgia towns of Rebecca, Alapaha, Willacoochee, Lakeland, and Statenville.
Near Willacoochee, Georgia, the Alapaha collects the Willacoochee River. In Florida, it collects the Alapahoochee River and the short Little Alapaha River, which rises in Echols County, Georgia, and flows southwestward.
Intermittent river
The Alapaha River is an intermittent river for part of its course. During periods of low volume, the river disappears underground and becomes a subterranean river. At approximately downstream from Jennings, Florida the Dead River enters the Alapaha River. It is a usually dry river bed with a number of sinkholes, including the Dead River Sink. During periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River downstream from the confluence of the Dead River and the Alapaha River flows upstream into the Dead River.
A few more miles downstream is a second sinkhole variously known as the Alapaha River Sink, Suck Hole, or the Devil's Den on the western bank of the river. At the latter point during the periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River disappears underground leaving a dry bank for much of the remainder of its course. The Alapaha River later reappears at the Alapaha River Rise, which is about a half mile upstream from the confluence of the Alapaha River and the Suwanee River (). During a period of low rainfall over of the riverbed can be dry as the river goes underground.
Variant names
The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on "Alapaha River" as the stream's name in 1891. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known as:
Crossings
References
External links
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (2003). Georgia Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Underground: The Alapaha River as an Intermittent River
Rivers of Florida
Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)
Rivers of Dooly County, Georgia
Rivers of Crisp County, Georgia
Rivers of Wilcox County, Georgia
Rivers of Turner County, Georgia
Rivers of Ben Hill County, Georgia
Rivers of Irwin County, Georgia
Rivers of Tift County, Georgia
Rivers of Berrien County, Georgia
Rivers of Atkinson County, Georgia
Rivers of Lanier County, Georgia
Rivers of Lowndes County, Georgia
Rivers of Echols County, Georgia
Bodies of water of Hamilton County, Florida
Tributaries of the Suwannee River
Subterranean rivers of the United States |
4023246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Plendl | Johannes Plendl | Johannes "Hans" Plendl (6 December 1900 – 10 May 1991), German radar pioneer, was the scientist whose airplane navigation inventions made possible the early German bombing successes in World War II.
Early life
Plendl was born in 1900 in Munich, German Empire to parents from Northern Bavaria. His surname is most likely a truncated Bavarian dialect form of "Plendlein."
Plendl served briefly in the Imperial German Navy during World War I. Shortly thereafter, Plendl began his career as a radio and beam engineer for Telefunken corporation.
His early research into meter-wave propagation and radar beams necessitated additional names for newly discovered levels of the Earth's atmosphere, and Plendl is generally credited with coining the term ionosphere. In the early 1930s, he worked on developing the radio communications used in flights by civilian aircraft and the Hindenburg Zeppelin. His research and developments with the Lorenz beam landing system gave birth to what is now known as ILS, Instrument Landing System.
X-System
As Nazi Germany rearmed, Plendl and others saw the possibilities of using radio beams to guide bombers to their target, and they began to develop a system under the code name "X-System" (X-Verfahren). Using technology previously used for his Lorenz beam landing system, Plendl developed a system that would guide planes to their target, and which improved the accuracy of bombing at night or in poor weather conditions. This work was conducted for the German Airforce (Luftwaffe) at the Airforce Experimental Station (Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe) at Rechlin, Germany, and also at Peenemünde. At the same time the system code named "Knickebein" was coined by the Telefunken electronics firm. Although it could use the Lorenz landing system for guidance, it was less accurate and more prone to jamming. Both systems employed transmitter towers on the English channel and the North Sea to transmit radar beams over targets in England. German bombers carried basic radar detectors and complex timing devices, also invented by Dr. Plendl, to lead them on the correct path and to guide the timing of the release of their bombs.
When Germany invaded Poland, the X-System was used effectively against military targets, but on a limited basis, due to the few planes equipped with the X-Device (X-Gerät, the electronic component of the system carried in the plane.) and the short duration of the campaign. During the air war over the England and Scotland known as The Battle of Britain the Knickebein, X-System and Y-System were all used extensively, but their effectiveness was diminished by countermeasures developed by Reginald Victor Jones and other British scientists, who were able use electronic countermeasures to redirect or jam the radio signals of the navigation systems in what has become known as the Battle of the Beams.
Dr. Plendl was given the title of state plenipotentiary and privy councillor (Staatsrat) by Hermann Göring for his work. He was named National Director of High Frequency Research (Bevollmächtigten der Hochfrequenzforschung).
Plendl was dismissed by the German High Command after holding the post for about a year and was replaced by Abraham Esau in December 1943. Sources differ as to why he was dismissed, including that it was after a heavy raid upon Hamburg where the British used a special counterradar technique called Window or chaff, or was due to his saving several people from death in concentration camps, by claiming he needed their (non-existent) "expertise" to help his beam program. Plendl's own account was that it was after he had a heated argument with Generaloberst Weise, the Chief of Flak over areas of responsibility after Plendl developed a new type of Flak shell.
Move to America
At the end of the war, Plendl surrendered to the Americans. Like other German scientists, he was invited to come to the United States to aid in American weapons development, as part of "Operation Paperclip." U.S. government records noted that he had regularly voiced opposition to the Nazi regime.
Particularly noteworthy was the fact that Plendl had saved a number of people, including many Jews, from the Dachau concentration camp, under the guise of needing them to work on his projects Many of these individuals had no scientific background. In this manner, Plendl differed from other German scientists, who voiced no opposition to the regime.
The most notable figure who Plendl saved was Hans Mayer, the author of the Oslo Report. In sending this report to the British Government in November 1939 just after the beginning of the war, Mayer performed perhaps the most serious breach of German security in World War II, although this was not known to his colleagues (or the Gestapo) at that time. Mayer had been the Director of the Siemens Research Laboratory in Berlin, up to his arrest in 1943 for listening to the BBC and criticising the Nazi regime. Plendl appointed Mayer to head a radio laboratory even though Mayer's expertise was in telephony, and not in radio.
Plendl finished his military career in the United States Air Force, at their Cambridge Research Laboratory. He specialized in the field of solid-state physics.
Later life
Plendl helped Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer establish a Europe-wide network of stations observing the solar activity in order to predict disturbances of the Ionosphere that interrupted the military radio connections. Plendl and Kiepenheuer may so be seen as the fathers of the science now called space weather, A considerable part of their network prevailed after the war in one or another organisation.
In 1970, Plendl retired to Europe, taking residence in Italy. R.V. Jones, the British scientist who had worked on the other end of the channel to jam Plendl's beams, became a good friend, and the two corresponded regularly and collaborated on several books.
Further reading
Brown, Louis. A Radar History of World War II.
Jones, R.V. Most Secret War.
Niehaus, Werner. Die Radarschlacht. William Kimber and Co.
Maier, Helmut Forschung als Waffe. Rüstungsforschung in der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft und das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Metallforschung 1900–1945/48. Bd. 2. Wallstein-Verlag, 2007, p. 776 p. 1012.
Price, Alfred. Instruments of Darkness. William Kimber and Co.
Ray, John The Night Blitz.
Seiler, Michael P. 2006; Kommandosache "Sonnengott". Geschichte der deutschen Sonnenforschung im Dritten Reich und unter alliierter Besatzung. Frankfurt: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Harri Deutsch
Trenkle, Fritz. Zum 90. Geburtstag von Hans Plendl, Funkgeschichte, 78: 3–5, 1991.
Wakefield, Ken. Pfadfinder: Luftwaffe Pathfinder Operations Over Britain, 1940–44.
Notes
1900 births
1991 deaths
German people of World War II
Scientists from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Radio pioneers
Operation Paperclip
German emigrants to the United States |
4023261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwetsang%20Rinpoche | Kwetsang Rinpoche | Kwetsang Rinpoche was a lama of Sera who participated in the search for Tenzin Gyatso four years after Thubten Gyatso died.
See also
Keutsang Hermitage
Lamas
Rinpoches
Tibetan Buddhists from Tibet |
4023269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick%20River%20%28Virginia%29 | Warwick River (Virginia) | The Warwick River is a tidal estuary which empties into the James River a few miles from Hampton Roads at the southern end of Chesapeake Bay in southeast Virginia in the United States. Originating in York County near the northern side a few miles west of Yorktown, it flows south across the Virginia Peninsula and is almost entirely located in the independent city of Newport News.
The Warwick River took its name from Robert Rich, second Earl of Warwick and a prominent member of the Virginia Company of London who was proprietor of Richneck Plantation in Warwick River Shire, one of the eight original shires of Virginia created in 1634. The shire became Warwick County in 1643, and became part of the independent city of Newport News in 1958 through a municipal consolidation.
In 1862, during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War, the Warwick Line, a defensive works across the peninsula, was maintained along the river by Confederate General John B. Magruder against much larger Union forces under General George B. McClellan. Through the use of elaborate ruse tactics, "Prince John" Magruder, who was also an actor, provided valuable time for the ultimately successful defense of Richmond led by General Robert E. Lee which culminated in the Seven Days Battles.
The Warwick River adjoins Fort Eustis, a U.S. Army base, on its western shore, which also occupies historic Mulberry Island. During the 20th century, upper reaches of the river were dammed to create fresh water reservoirs for Newport News Waterworks which serves several local communities.
See also
List of Virginia rivers
References
Rivers of Virginia
Tributaries of the James River
Bodies of water of Newport News, Virginia
Rivers of York County, Virginia |
4023286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectified%20tesseract | Rectified tesseract | In geometry, the rectified tesseract, rectified 8-cell is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional polytope) bounded by 24 cells: 8 cuboctahedra, and 16 tetrahedra. It has half the vertices of a runcinated tesseract, with its construction, called a runcic tesseract.
It has two uniform constructions, as a rectified 8-cell r{4,3,3} and a cantellated demitesseract, rr{3,31,1}, the second alternating with two types of tetrahedral cells.
E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as tC8.
Construction
The rectified tesseract may be constructed from the tesseract by truncating its vertices at the midpoints of its edges.
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the rectified tesseract with edge length 2 is given by all permutations of:
Images
Projections
In the cuboctahedron-first parallel projection of the rectified tesseract into 3-dimensional space, the image has the following layout:
The projection envelope is a cube.
A cuboctahedron is inscribed in this cube, with its vertices lying at the midpoint of the cube's edges. The cuboctahedron is the image of two of the cuboctahedral cells.
The remaining 6 cuboctahedral cells are projected to the square faces of the cube.
The 8 tetrahedral volumes lying at the triangular faces of the central cuboctahedron are the images of the 16 tetrahedral cells, two cells to each image.
Alternative names
Rit (Jonathan Bowers: for rectified tesseract)
Ambotesseract (Neil Sloane & John Horton Conway)
Rectified tesseract/Runcic tesseract (Norman W. Johnson)
Runcic 4-hypercube/8-cell/octachoron/4-measure polytope/4-regular orthotope
Rectified 4-hypercube/8-cell/octachoron/4-measure polytope/4-regular orthotope
Related uniform polytopes
Runcic cubic polytopes
Tesseract polytopes
References
H.S.M. Coxeter:
H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995,
(Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
(Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. (1966)
4-polytopes |
4023291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Strachey | William Strachey | William Strachey (4 April 1572 – buried 21 June 1621) was an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonisation of North America. He is best remembered today as the eye-witness reporter of the 1609 shipwreck on the uninhabited island of Bermuda of the colonial ship Sea Venture, which was caught in a hurricane while sailing to Virginia. The survivors eventually reached Virginia after building two small ships during the ten months they spent on the island. His account of the incident and of the Virginia colony is thought by most Shakespearean scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
Family
William Strachey, born 4 April 1572 in Saffron Walden, Essex, was the grandson of William Strachey (died 1587), and the eldest son of William Strachey (died 1598) and Mary Cooke (died 1587), the daughter of Henry Cooke, Merchant Taylor of London, by Anne Goodere, the daughter of Henry Goodere and Jane Greene. Strachey's maternal grandfather, Henry Cooke (died 1551), held Lesnes Abbey in Kent; he was succeeded by his son, Edmund Cooke (died 1619), while his younger son, Richard Cooke, has been identified as the author of Description de Tous les Provinces de France.
By his father's first marriage Strachey had three brothers and three sisters. Strachey's mother died in 1587, and in August of that year Strachey's father married Elizabeth Brocket of Hertfordshire, by whom he had five daughters.
Strachey was brought up on an estate purchased by his grandfather in the 1560s. In 1588, at the age of sixteen, he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, but did not take a degree. In 1605 he was at Gray's Inn, but there is no evidence that he made the law his profession. In 1602 he inherited his father's estate following a legal dispute with Elizabeth Brocket, his stepmother.
Career
Strachey wrote a sonnet, Upon Sejanus, which was published in the 1605 edition of the 1603 play Sejanus His Fall by Ben Jonson.
Strachey also kept a residence in London, where he regularly attended plays. He was a shareholder in the Children of the Revels, a troupe of boy actors who performed 'in a converted room in the former Blackfriars monastery', as evidenced by his deposition in a lawsuit in 1606. According to Sisson:
In 1600 Richard Burbage leased to [Henry] Evans his Blackfriars property, and the Children of the Revels under Nathaniel Giles, with Evans as landlord and partner, occupied the theatre for some years. Evans assigned his rights in the property and the company in two stages, first one-half in sixths to [Edward] Kirkham, [Thomas] Kendall and [William] Rastell, and subsequently the second half in sixths to John Marston, William Strachey, and his own wife. There were later complications. But in 1606 William Strachey had a one-sixth share in the Blackfriars Theatre. Strachey, there is no manner of doubt on the evidence and from the signature of his deposition, was the well-known voyager and writer whose account of the Bermuda voyage left its marks on Shakespeare’s Tempest. He gave evidence in the suit as ‘William Strachey, of Crowhurst, Surrey, gentleman, aged 34’ on 4 July 1606.
Strachey became friends with the city's poets and playwrights, including Thomas Campion, John Donne, Ben Jonson, Hugh Holland, John Marston, George Chapman, and Matthew Roydon, many of them members of the "Fraternity of Sireniacal Gentlemen" who met at the Mermaid Tavern.
By 1605 Strachey was in precarious financial circumstances from which he spent the rest of his life trying to recover. In 1606 he used a family connection to obtain the position of secretary to Thomas Glover, the English ambassador to Turkey. He travelled to Constantinople, but quarrelled with the ambassador and was dismissed in March 1607 and returned to England in June 1608. He then decided to mend his fortunes in the New World, and in 1609 purchased two shares in the Virginia Company and sailed to Virginia on the Sea Venture with Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers in the summer of that year.
Shipwreck of the Sea Venture
Strachey was a passenger aboard the flagship Sea Venture with the leaders of the expedition when the ship was blown off course by a hurricane. Leaking, and with its foundering imminent, the ship was run aground off the coast of Bermuda, accidentally beginning England's colonisation of that Atlantic archipelago. The group was stranded on the island for almost a year, during which they constructed two small boats in which they eventually completed the voyage to Virginia.
Strachey wrote an eloquent letter dated 15 July 1610, to an unnamed "Excellent Lady" in England about the Sea Venture disaster, including an account of the precarious state of the Jamestown colony. Being critical of the management of the colony, it was suppressed by the Virginia Company. After the dissolution of the company it was published in 1625 by Samuel Purchas as "A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir THOMAS GATES Knight". It is generally thought to be one of the sources for Shakespeare's The Tempest because of certain verbal, plot and thematic similarities.
Strachey's writings are among the few first-hand descriptions of Virginia in the period. His glossary of words of the Powhatan is one of only two records of the language (the other being Captain John Smith's).
Later life and death
Strachey remained at Jamestown for less than a year, but during that time he became the Secretary of the Colony after the drowning death of Matthew Scrivener in 1609. He returned to England probably in late 1611 and published a compilation of the colonial laws put in place by the governors.
He then produced an extended manuscript about the Virginia colony, The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia, dedicating the first version to Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, in 1612. The manuscript included his eyewitness account of life in early Virginia, but borrowed heavily from the earlier work of Richard Willes, James Rosier, John Smith, and others. Strachey produced two more versions during the next six years, dedicating one to Francis Bacon and the other to Sir Allen Apsley. It too was critical of the Virginia Company management of the colony, and Strachey failed to find a patron to publish his work, which was finally first published in 1849 by the Hakluyt Society.
Strachey died of unknown causes in June 1621. The parish register of St Giles' Church, Camberwell, in Southwark records his burial on 21 June 1621. He died in poverty, leaving this verse:
In 1996, Strachey's signet ring was discovered in the ruins of Jamestown, identified by the family seal, an eagle.
Marriages and issue
On 9 June 1595 Strachey married Frances Forster, 'the daughter of a prosperous Surrey family with political connections'. Frances Forster was the daughter of William Forster and Elizabeth Draper (died 22 April 1605), widow of John Bowyer (died 10 October 1570) of Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset, and daughter of Robert Draper of Camberwell, Surrey, Page of the Jewels to King Henry VIII, by Elizabeth Fyfield. Strachey lived in London while Frances remained at her father's estate in Crowhurst, Surrey. They had two children, William Strachey (died 1635), born nine months after the marriage in 1596, and Edmund Strachey, born in 1604. Frances died before 1615, and at some time before that date Strachey married a widow whose first name was Dorothy, by whom he does not appear to have had any issue.
Strachey's son, William, married three times, and died in 1635.
Works
A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir THOMAS GATES Knight and at Virtual Jamestown.
For The Colony in Virginea Britannia. Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall, &c. original-spelling version and modern-spelling version at Virtual Jamestown.
The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia at Google Books.
"A Dictionary of Powhatan" at Google Books.
Notes
References
External links
Zacek, Natalie, William Strachey (1572–1621), Encyclopedia Virginia Retrieved 27 March 2013
Will of William Strachey of Walden, National Archives Retrieved 27 March 2013
Will of Henry Cooke, Merchant Taylor of London, National Archives Retrieved 27 March 2013
Will of Robert Draper, gentleman, of Camberwell, Surrey, National Archives Retrieved 29 March 2013
Will of Matthew Draper, gentleman, of Camberwell, Surrey, National Archives Retrieved 29 March 2013
Will of William Strachey, gentleman, of Saint Giles in the Fields, National Archives Retrieved 29 March 2013
'Elizabeth Draper (d. April 27, 1605)', A Who’s Who of Tudor Women: D Retrieved 29 March 2013
1572 births
1621 deaths
People from Saffron Walden
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century American writers
17th-century English male writers
17th-century English writers
Castaways
Shipwreck survivors
William |
4023295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level%20sensor | Level sensor | Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low.
There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the physical: phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric constant of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the application constraints: price, accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease of calibration or programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control of continuous or discrete (point) levels.
In short, level sensors are one of the very important sensors and play very important role in a variety of consumer/ industrial applications. As with other types of sensors, level sensors are available or can be designed using a variety of sensing principles. Selection of an appropriate type of sensor suiting to the application requirement is very important.
Point and continuous level detection for solids
A variety of sensors are available for point level detection of solids. These include vibrating, rotating paddle, mechanical (diaphragm), microwave (radar), capacitance, optical, pulsed-ultrasonic and ultrasonic level sensors.
Vibrating point
These detect levels of very fine powders (bulk density: ), fine powders (bulk density: ), and granular solids (bulk density: or greater). With proper selection of vibration frequency and suitable sensitivity adjustments, they can also sense the level of highly fluidized powders and electrostatic materials.
Single-probe vibrating level sensors are ideal for bulk powder level. Since only one sensing element contacts the powder, bridging between two probe elements is eliminated and media build-up is minimized. The vibration of the probe tends to eliminate build-up of material on the probe element. Vibrating level sensors are not affected by dust, static charge build-up from dielectric powders, or changes in conductivity, temperature, pressure, humidity or moisture content. Tuning-fork style vibration sensors are another alternative. They tend to be less costly, but are prone to material buildup between the tines,
Rotating paddle
Rotating paddle level sensors are a very old and established technique for bulk solid point level indication. The technique uses a low-speed gear motor that rotates a paddle wheel. When the paddle is stalled by solid materials, the motor is rotated on its shaft by its own torque until a flange mounted on the motor contacts a mechanical switch. The paddle can be constructed from a variety of materials, but tacky material must not be allowed to build up on the paddle. Build-up may occur if the process material becomes tacky because of high moisture levels or high ambient humidity in the hopper. For materials with very low weight per unit volume such as Perlite, Bentonite or fly ash, special paddle designs and low-torque motors are used. Fine particles or dust must be prevented from penetrating the shaft bearings and motor by proper placement of the paddle in the hopper or bin and using appropriate seals.
Admittance-type
An RF admittance level sensor uses a rod probe and RF source to measure the change in admittance. The probe is driven through a shielded coaxial cable to eliminate the effects of changing cable capacitance to ground. When the level changes around the probe, a corresponding change in the dielectric is observed. This changes the admittance of this imperfect capacitor and this change is measured to detect change of level.
Point level detection of liquids
Typical systems for point level detection in liquids include magnetic and mechanical floats, pressure sensors, electroconductive sensing or electrostatic (capacitance or inductance) detectors—and by measurement of a signal's time-of-flight to the fluid surface, through electromagnetic (such as magnetostrictive), ultrasonic, radar or optical sensors.
Magnetic and mechanical float
The principle behind magnetic, mechanical, cable, and other float level sensors often involves the opening or closing of a mechanical switch, either through direct contact with the switch, or magnetic operation of a reed. In other instances, such as magnetostrictive sensors, continuous monitoring is possible using a float principle.
With magnetically actuated float sensors, switching occurs when a permanent magnet sealed inside a float rises or falls to the actuation level. With a mechanically actuated float, switching occurs as a result of the movement of a float against a miniature (micro) switch. For both magnetic and mechanical float level sensors, chemical compatibility, temperature, specific gravity (density), buoyancy, and viscosity affect the selection of the stem and the float. For example, larger floats may be used with liquids with specific gravities as low as 0.5 while still maintaining buoyancy. The choice of float material is also influenced by temperature-induced changes in specific gravity and viscosity – changes that directly affect buoyancy.
Float-type sensors can be designed so that a shield protects the float itself from turbulence and wave motion. Float sensors operate well in a wide variety of liquids, including corrosives. When used for organic solvents, however, one will need to verify that these liquids are chemically compatible with the materials used to construct the sensor. Float-style sensors should not be used with high viscosity (thick) liquids, sludge or liquids that adhere to the stem or floats, or materials that contain contaminants such as metal chips; other sensing technologies are better suited for these applications.
A special application of float-type sensors is the determination of interface level in oil-water separation systems. Two floats can be used with each float sized to match the specific gravity of the oil on one hand, and the water on the other. Another special application of a stem type float switch is the installation of temperature or pressure sensors to create a multi-parameter sensor. Magnetic float switches are popular for simplicity, dependability and low cost.
A variation of magnetic sensing is the "Hall effect" sensor which utilizes the magnetic sensing of a mechanical gauge's indications. In a typical application, a magnetism-sensitive "Hall effect sensor" is affixed to a mechanical tank gauge that has a magnetized indicator needle, so as to detect the indicating position of the gauge's needle. The magnetic sensor translates the indicator needle position into an electrical signal, allowing other (usually remote) indication or signalling.
Pneumatic
Pneumatic level sensors are used where hazardous conditions exist, where there is no electric power or its use is restricted, or in applications involving heavy sludge or slurry. As the compression of a column of air against a diaphragm is used to actuate a switch, no process liquid contacts the sensor's moving parts. These sensors are suitable for use with highly viscous liquids such as grease, as well as water-based and corrosive liquids. This has the additional benefit of being a relatively low cost technique for point level monitoring. A variation of this technique is the "bubbler", which compresses air into a tube to the bottom of the tank, until the pressure increase halts as the air pressure gets high enough to expel air bubbles from the bottom of the tube, overcoming the pressure there. The measurement of the stabilized air pressure indicates the pressure at the bottom of the tank, and, hence, the mass of fluid above.
Conductive
Conductive level sensors are ideal for the point level detection of a wide range of conductive liquids such as water, and is especially well suited for highly corrosive liquids such as caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, ferric chloride, and similar liquids. For those conductive liquids that are corrosive, the sensor's electrodes need to be constructed from titanium, Hastelloy B or C, or 316 stainless steel and insulated with spacers, separators or holders of ceramic, polyethylene and Teflon-based materials. Depending on their design, multiple electrodes of differing lengths can be used with one holder. Since corrosive liquids become more aggressive as temperature and pressure increase, these extreme conditions need to be considered when specifying these sensors.
Conductive level sensors use a low-voltage, current-limited power source applied across separate electrodes. The power supply is matched to the conductivity of the liquid, with higher voltage versions designed to operate in less conductive (higher resistance) mediums. The power source frequently incorporates some aspect of control, such as high-low or alternating pump control. A conductive liquid contacting both the longest probe (common) and a shorter probe (return) completes a conductive circuit. Conductive sensors are extremely safe because they use low voltages and currents. Since the current and voltage used is inherently small, for personal safety reasons, the technique is also capable of being made "Intrinsically Safe" to meet international standards for hazardous locations. Conductive probes have the additional benefit of being solid-state devices and are very simple to install and use. In some liquids and applications, maintenance can be an issue. The probe must continue to be conductive. If buildup insulates the probe from the medium, it will stop working properly. A simple inspection of the probe will require an ohmmeter connected across the suspect probe and the ground reference.
Typically, in most water and wastewater wells, the well itself with its ladders, pumps and other metal installations, provides a ground return. However, in chemical tanks, and other non-grounded wells, the installer must supply a ground return, typically an earth rod.
State dependent frequency monitor
A microprocessor controlled frequency state change detection method uses a low amplitude signal generated on multiple sensor probes of differing lengths. Each probe has a frequency separate from all other probes in the array and independently changes state when touched by water. The state change of the frequency on each probe is monitored by a microprocessor which can perform multiple water level control functions.
A strength of state dependent frequency monitoring is long term stability of the sensing probes. The signal strength is not sufficient to cause fouling, degradation, or deterioration of the sensors due to electrolysis in contaminated water. Sensor cleaning requirements are minimal or eliminated. Use of multiple sensing rods of different length allows the user to intuitively set up control switches at various water heights.
The microprocessor in a state dependent frequency monitor can actuate valves and/or large pumps with very low power consumption. Multiple switch controls can be built in to small package while providing complex, application specific functionality using the microprocessor. Low power consumption of the controls is consistent across large and small field applications. This universal technology is used in applications with wide-ranging liquid quality.
Sensors for both point level detection or continuous monitoring
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic level sensors are used for non-contact level sensing of highly viscous liquids, as well as bulk solids. They are also widely used in water treatment applications for pump control and open channel flow measurement. The sensors emit high frequency (20 kHz to 200 kHz) acoustic waves that are reflected back to and detected by the emitting transducer.
Ultrasonic level sensors are also affected by the changing speed of sound due to moisture, temperature, and pressures. Correction factors can be applied to the level measurement to improve the accuracy of measurement.
Turbulence, foam, steam, chemical mists (vapors), and changes in the concentration of the process material also affect the ultrasonic sensor's response. Turbulence and foam prevent the sound wave from being properly reflected to the sensor; steam and chemical mists and vapors distort or absorb the sound wave; and variations in concentration cause changes in the amount of energy in the sound wave that is reflected back to the sensor. Stilling wells and waveguides are used to prevent errors caused by these factors.
Proper mounting of the transducer is required to ensure the best response to reflected sound. In addition, the hopper, bin, or tank should be relatively free of obstacles such as weldments, brackets, or ladders to minimise false returns and the resulting erroneous response, although most modern systems have sufficiently "intelligent" echo processing to make engineering changes largely unnecessary except where an intrusion blocks the "line of sight" of the transducer to the target. Since the ultrasonic transducer is used both for transmitting and receiving the acoustic energy, it is subject to a period of mechanical vibration known as "ringing". This vibration must attenuate (stop) before the echoed signal can be processed. The net result is a distance from the face of the transducer that is blind and cannot detect an object. It is known as the "blanking zone", typically 150 mm to 1 m, depending on the range of the transducer.
The requirement for electronic signal processing circuitry can be used to make the ultrasonic sensor an intelligent device. Ultrasonic sensors can be designed to provide point level control, continuous monitoring or both. Due to the presence of a microprocessor and relatively low power consumption, there is also the capability for serial communication from to other computing devices making this a good technique for adjusting calibration and filtering of the sensor signal, remote wireless monitoring or plant network communications. The ultrasonic sensor enjoys wide popularity due to the powerful mix of low price and high functionality.
Capacitance
Capacitance level sensors excel in sensing the presence of a wide variety of solids, aqueous and organic liquids, and slurries. The technique is frequently referred to as RF for the radio frequency signals applied to the capacitance circuit. The sensors can be designed to sense material with dielectric constants as low as 1.1 (coke and fly ash) and as high as 88 (water) or more. Sludges and slurries such as dehydrated cake and sewage slurry (dielectric constant approx. 50) and liquid chemicals such as quicklime (dielectric constant approx. 90) can also be sensed. Dual-probe capacitance level sensors can also be used to sense the interface between two immiscible liquids with substantially different dielectric constants, providing a solid state alternative to the aforementioned magnetic float switch for the "oil-water interface" application.
Since capacitance level sensors are electronic devices, phase modulation and the use of higher frequencies makes the sensor suitable for applications in which dielectric constants are similar. The sensor contains no moving parts, is rugged, simple to use, and easy to clean, and can be designed for high temperature and pressure applications. A danger exists from build-up and discharge of a high-voltage static charge that results from the rubbing and movement of low dielectric materials, but this danger can be eliminated with proper design and grounding.
Appropriate choice of probe materials reduces or eliminates problems caused by abrasion and corrosion. Point level sensing of adhesives and high-viscosity materials such as oil and grease can result in the build-up of material on the probe; however, this can be minimized by using a self-tuning sensor. For liquids prone to foaming and applications prone to splashing or turbulence, capacitance level sensors can be designed with splashguards or stilling wells, among other devices.
A significant limitation for capacitance probes is in tall bins used for storing bulk solids. The requirement for a conductive probe that extends to the bottom of the measured range is problematic. Long conductive cable probes (20 to 50 meters long), suspended into the bin or silo, are subject to tremendous mechanical tension due to the weight of the bulk powder in the silo and the friction applied to the cable. Such installations will frequently result in a cable breakage.
Optical interface
Optical sensors are used for point level sensing of sediments, liquids with suspended solids, and liquid-liquid interfaces. These sensors sense the decrease or change in transmission of infrared light emitted from an infrared diode (LED). With the proper choice of construction materials and mounting location, these sensors can be used with aqueous, organic, and corrosive liquids.
A common application of economical infrared-based optical interface point level sensors is detecting the sludge/water interface in settling ponds. By using pulse modulation techniques and a high power infrared diode, one can eliminate interference from ambient light, operate the LED at a higher gain, and lessen the effects of build-up on the probe.
An alternate approach for continuous optical level sensing involves the use of a laser. Laser light is more concentrated and therefore is more capable of penetrating dusty or steamy environments. Laser light will reflect off most solid, liquid surfaces. The time of flight can be measured with precise timing circuitry, to determine the range or distance of the surface from the sensor. Lasers remain limited in use in industrial applications due to cost, and concern for maintenance. The optics must be frequently cleaned to maintain performance.
Microwave
Microwave sensors are ideal for use in moist, vaporous, and dusty environments as well as in applications in which temperatures and pressures vary. Microwaves (also frequently described as RADAR), will penetrate temperature and vapor layers that may cause problems for other techniques, such as ultrasonic. Microwaves are electromagnetic energy and therefore do not require air molecules to transmit the energy making them useful in vacuums. Microwaves, as electromagnetic energy, are reflected by objects with high conductive properties, like metal and conductive water. Alternately, they are absorbed in various degrees by 'low dielectric' or insulating mediums such as plastics, glass, paper, many powders and food stuffs and other solids.
Microwave sensors are executed in a wide variety of techniques. Two basic signal processing techniques are applied, each offering its own advantages: Pulsed or Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) which is a measurement of time of flight divided by the speed of electromagnetic waves in the medium (speed of light divided by the square root of the dielectric constant of the medium ), similar to ultrasonic level sensors, and Doppler systems employing FMCW techniques. Just as with ultrasonic level sensors, microwave sensors are executed at various frequencies, from 1 GHz to 60 GHz. Generally, the higher the frequency, the more accurate, and the more costly. Microwave is executed non-contact technique or guided. The first is done by monitoring a microwave signal that is transmitted through free space (including vacuum) and reflected back, or can be executed as a "radar on a wire" technique, generally known as Guided Wave Radar or Guided Microwave Radar. In the latter technique, performance generally improves in powders and low dielectric media that are not good reflectors of electromagnetic energy transmitted through a void (as in non-contact microwave sensors). This technique can use application specific waveguides to get more accurate results or additional information required for sensor application (e.g. some sensors can use tank parts or other equipment as a waveguide or its part). It's common practice to use remote waveguides, when waveguide is distanced from electronic part (commonly for reservoirs with harsh conditions, radiation, or boiling under high pressure liquids/gases, etc.). But with the guided technique the same mechanical constraints exist that cause problems for the capacitance (RF) techniques mentioned previously by having a probe in the vessel.
Non contact microwave-based radar sensors are able to see through low conductivity 'microwave-transparent' (non-conductive) glass/plastic windows or vessel walls through which the microwave beam can be passed and measure a 'microwave reflective' (conductive) liquid inside (in the same way as to use a plastic bowl in a microwave oven). They are also largely unaffected by high temperature, pressure, vacuum or vibration. As these sensors do not require physical contact with the process material, so the transmitter /receiver can be mounted a safe distance above/from the process, even with an antenna extension of several meters to reduce temperature, yet still respond to the changes in level or distance changes e.g. they are ideal for measurement of molten metal products at over 1200 °C. Microwave transmitters also offer the same key advantage of ultrasonics: the presence of a microprocessor to process the signal, provide numerous monitoring, controls, communications, setup and diagnostic capabilities and are independent of changing density, viscosity and electrical properties. Additionally, they solve some of the application limitations of ultrasonics: operation in high pressure and vacuum, high temperatures, dust, temperature and vapor layers.
Guided Wave Radars can measure in narrow confined spaces very successfully, as the guide element ensures correct transmission to and from the measured liquid. Applications such as inside stilling tubes or external bridles or cages, offer an excellent alternative to float or displacement devices, as they remove any moving parts or linkages and are unaffected by density changes or build up. They are also excellent with very low microwave reflectivity products like liquid gasses (LNG, LPG, Ammonia) which are stored at low temperatures/high pressures, although care needs to be taken on sealing arrangements and hazardous area approvals. On bulk solids and powders, GWR offers a great alternative to radar or ultrasonic sensors, but some care needs to be taken over cable wear and roof loading by the product movement.
One perceived major disadvantage of microwave or radar techniques for level monitoring is the relatively high price of such sensors and complex set up. However, price has reduced significantly over the last few years, to match those of longer range ultrasonics, with simplified set up of both techniques also improving ease of use.
Continuous level measurement of liquids
Magnetostrictive
Magnetostrictive level sensors are similar to float type sensors in that a permanent magnet sealed inside a float travels up and down a stem in which a magnetostrictive wire is sealed. Ideal for high-accuracy, continuous level measurement of a wide variety of liquids in storage and shipping containers, these sensors require the proper choice of float based on the specific gravity of the liquid. When choosing float and stem materials for magnetostrictive level sensors, the same guidelines described for magnetic and mechanical float level sensors apply.
Magnetostrictive level and position devices charge the magnetostrictive wire with electric current, when the field intersects the floats' magnetic field a mechanical twist or pulse is generated, this travels back down the wire at the speed of sound, like ultrasound or radar the distance is measured
by time of flight from pulse to return pulse registry. the time of flight corresponds to the distance from the sensor detecting the return pulse.
Because of the accuracy possible with the magnetostrictive technique, it is popular for "custody-transfer" applications. It can be permitted by an agency of weights and measures for conducting commercial transactions. It is also frequently applied on magnetic sight gages. In this variation, the magnet is installed in a float that travels inside a gage glass or tube. The magnet operates on the sensor which is mounted externally on the gage. Boilers and other high temperature or pressure applications take advantage of this performance quality
Resistive chain
Resistive chain level sensors are similar to magnetic float level sensors in that a permanent magnet sealed inside a float moves up and down a stem in which closely spaced switches and resistors are sealed. When the switches are closed, the resistance is summed and converted to current or voltage signals that are proportional to the level of the liquid.
The choice of float and stem materials depends on the liquid in terms of chemical compatibility as well as specific gravity and other factors that affect buoyancy. These sensors work well for liquid level measurements in marine, chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, food processing, waste treatment, and other applications. With the proper choice of two floats, resistive chain level sensors can also be used to monitor for the presence of an interface between two immiscible liquids whose specific gravities are more than 0.6, but differ by as little as 0.1 unit.
Magnetoresistive
Magnetoresistance float level sensors are similar to float level sensors however a permanent magnet pair is sealed inside the float arm pivot. As the float moves up the motion and location are transmitted as the angular position of the magnetic field. This detection system is highly accurate down to 0.02° of motion. The field compass location provides a physical location of the float position. The choice of float and stem materials depends on the liquid in terms of chemical compatibility as well as specific gravity and other factors that affect buoyancy of the float. The electronic monitoring system does not come in contact with the fluid and is considered Intrinsic safety: or explosion proof. These sensors work well for liquid level measurements in marine, vehicle, aviation, chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, food processing, waste treatment, and other applications.
Due to the presence of a microprocessor and low power consumption, there is also capability for serial communication from to other computing devices making this a good technique for adjusting calibration and filtering of the sensor signal.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure level sensors are submersible or externally mounted pressure sensors suitable for measuring the level of corrosive liquids in deep tanks or water in reservoirs. Typically, fluid level is determined by the pressure at the bottom of the fluid containment (tank or reservoir); the pressure at the bottom, adjusted for the density / specific gravity of the fluid, indicates the depth of the fluid. For these sensors, using chemically compatible materials is important to assure proper performance. Sensors are commercially available from 10 mbar to 1000 bar.
Since these sensors sense increasing pressure with depth and because the specific gravities of liquids are different, the sensor must be properly calibrated for each application. In addition, large variations in temperature cause changes in specific gravity that should be accounted for when the pressure is converted to level. These sensors can be designed to keep the diaphragm free of contamination or build-up, thus ensuring proper operation and accurate hydrostatic pressure level measurements.
For use in open air applications, where the sensor cannot be mounted to the bottom of the tank or pipe thereof, a special version of the hydrostatic pressure level sensor, a level probe, can be suspended from a cable into the tank to the bottom point that is to be measured. The sensor must be specially designed to seal the electronics from the liquid environment. In tanks with a small head pressure (less than 100 INWC), it is very important to vent the back of the sensor gauge to atmospheric pressure. Otherwise, normal changes in barometric pressure will introduce large error in the sensor output signal. In addition, most sensors need to be compensated for temperature changes in the fluid.
Air bubbler
An air bubbler system uses a tube with an opening below the surface of the liquid level. A fixed flow of air is passed through the tube. Pressure in the tube is proportional to the depth (and density) of the liquid over the outlet of the tube.
Air bubbler systems contain no moving parts, making them suitable for measuring the level of sewage, drainage water, sewage sludge, night soil, or water with large quantities of suspended solids. The only part of the sensor that contacts the liquid is a bubble tube which is chemically compatible with the material whose level is to be measured. Since the point of measurement has no electrical components, the technique is a good choice for classified "Hazardous Areas". The control portion of the system can be located safely away, with the pneumatic plumbing isolating the hazardous from the safe area.
Air bubbler systems are a good choice for open tanks at atmospheric pressure and can be built so that high-pressure air is routed through a bypass valve to dislodge solids that may clog the bubble tube. The technique is inherently "self-cleaning". It is highly recommended for liquid level measurement applications where ultrasonic, float or microwave techniques have proved undependable. The system will require constant supply of air during measurement. The end of the tube should be above certain height to avoid sludge from clogging the tube.
Gamma ray
A nuclear level gauge or gamma ray gauge measures level by the attenuation of gamma rays passing through a process vessel. The technique is used to regulate the level of molten steel in a continuous casting process of steelmaking. The water-cooled mold is arranged with a source of radiation, such as cobalt-60 or caesium-137, on one side and a sensitive detector such as a scintillation counter on the other. As the level of molten steel rises in the mold, less of the gamma radiation is detected by the sensor. The technique allows non-contact measurement where the heat of the molten metal makes contact techniques and even many non-contact techniques impractical.
See also
Fuel gauge
Level (instrument)
List of sensors
Sight glass
Tide gauge
References
Sensors |
4023299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segerstrom%20Center%20for%20the%20Arts | Segerstrom Center for the Arts | The Segerstrom Center for the Arts (originally called Orange County Performing Arts Center) is a performing arts complex located in Costa Mesa, California, United States, which opened in 1986. The Center's Segerstrom Hall and Judy Morr Theater were designed by Charles Lawrence and opened in 1986. The Renée and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall, Samueli Theater, and the Lawrence and Kristina Dodge Education Center opened in 2006, and were designed by Cesar Pelli, an architect who has received numerous awards and other honors for his work including the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1995.
It is the artistic home to three resident companies: Pacific Symphony, the Philharmonic Society of Orange County, and Pacific Chorale.
Facilities
Venues
Segerstrom Hall is a 2,994-seat opera house-style theater that serves as the largest facility on the campus and is often utilized for Broadway musicals, ballet, and other large productions. Renée and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall is a 1,704-seat theater-in-the-round adjacent to Segestrom Hall, whilst hosting the William J. Gillespie Concert Organ (C.B. Fisk Opus 130). It has 4,322 pipes and 75 stops, including 57 individual voices, 4 manual keyboards with 61 notes each., 1 pedal keyboard with 32 notes.
Samueli Theater is a 375-seat multi-functional facility within the same building as the Renée and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall. The theater, named in honor of Henry Samueli due to his donation to the Segerstrom complex, is suitable for jazz, cabaret, theater, and special events. The Judy Morr Theater, located in the Center for Dance and Innovation, is a 250-seat hall primarily used for rehearsal space by ballet companies and is the primary studio for the ABT Gillespie School.
In addition, the Education Center includes the Studio Performance Space and Boeing Education Lab. The Segerstrom complex is also home to the American Ballet Theatre William J. Gillespie School, the School of Dance and Music for Children with Disabilities, Leatherby's Café Rouge, George's Café, Plaza Cafe, and two private donor rooms.
Julianne and George Argyros Plaza is a area with restaurants, a permanent stage, public seating, and picnic areas.
Orange County Museum of Art
The Orange County Museum of Art broke ground on a new primary facility at the Segerstrom Center for the Arts campus on September 20, 2019. The structure was designed by Morphosis Architects and was topped off on October 6, 2020 with a virtual ceremony held.
South Coast Repertory
The Tony Award-winning South Coast Repertory is also located on the Segerstrom Center for the Arts campus. It is widely regarded as one of America's foremost producers of new plays.
See also
List of concert halls
References
External links
Segerstrom Center for the Arts website
Music venues in California
Performing arts centers in California
Buildings and structures in Costa Mesa, California
Orange County, California culture
Event venues established in 1986
1986 establishments in California
Tourist attractions in Orange County, California |
4023308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Finniss | Electoral district of Finniss | Finniss is a single-member electoral district for the South Australian House of Assembly. It is named after B. T. Finniss, the first Premier of South Australia. It covers a regional area which includes the localities of Back Valley, Currency Creek, Encounter Bay, Finniss, Goolwa, Goolwa Beach, Goolwa North, Goolwa South, Hayborough, Hindmarsh Island, Hindmarsh Tiers, Hindmarsh Valley, Lower Inman Valley, McCracken, Middleton, Mosquito Hill, Mount Compass, Mount Observation, Mundoo Island, Nangkita, Port Elliot, Tooperang, and Victor Harbor; as well as parts of Inman Valley and Waitpinga.
Finniss has been a very safe seat for the Liberal Party since its creation at the 1991 electoral redistribution as a replacement for the equally safe Alexandra. Dating to its time as part of Alexandra, the area now in Finniss has been held by Liberals or their predecessor, the Liberal and Country League, without interruption since 1941. For most of that time, it has been a comfortably safe LCL/Liberal seat.
It was contested for the first time at the 1993 election by newly elected Liberal leader Dean Brown, who had returned to parliament after a seven-year absence by winning the 1992 Alexandra state by-election. Brown had little difficulty winning Finniss, and subsequently became Premier after the election. Brown was later toppled as Premier by Liberal rival John Olsen in 1996, and was initially expected to retire, but remained in parliament as a senior member of consecutive Liberal ministries and shadow ministries, and served as deputy leader of the Liberal Party from 2001 to 2005—the first six months of that tenure as Deputy Premier. Brown retired at the 2006 election, and was succeeded by Liberal candidate Michael Pengilly, who held off a concerted attempt by the SA Nationals to take the seat.
Pengilly held the seat easily until retiring at the 2018 election. David Basham retained the seat for the Liberals, despite a spirited challenge from SA-BEST. Indeed, SA-BEST's showing in Finniss was strong enough to make the seat marginal for the first time in its current configuration. However, Finniss remains a comfortably safe Liberal seat in a "traditional" two-party matchup with Labor; Basham only suffered a small swing against Labor.
Most of Finniss is located within the Centre Alliance-held federal Division of Mayo.
Members for Finniss
Election results
Notes
References
ECSA profile for Finniss: 2018
ABC profile for Finniss: 2018
Poll Bludger profile for Finniss: 2018
Electoral districts of South Australia
1993 establishments in Australia |
4023309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie%20Smith%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lonnie Smith (disambiguation) | Lonnie Smith (born 1955) is a retired Major League Baseball player.
Lonnie Smith may also refer to:
Lonnie Smith (jazz musician) (1942–2021), American organist
Lonnie Liston Smith (born 1940), American jazz, soul, and funk pianist
Lonnie Smith (boxer) (born 1962), American boxer
The plaintiff of Smith v. Allwright, landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court regarding voting rights and racial desegregation |
4023314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Pedal%20Sport%20Association | National Pedal Sport Association | The National Pedal Sport Association (NPSA) was a South Eastern USA regional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sanctioning body originally based in Palm Harbor, Florida. It then soon after moved to Dunedin, Florida, for most of its existence. Then in its last years Pinellas Park, Florida, was its headquarters. For the first six years of its existence it focused mostly on amateur racing since they were stressing the family experience nature of the sport and putting on the fairest and most inclusive races possible, fitting their motto "Ride For Fun". The NPSA ceased operations as an independent sanctioning body after it was bought by the American Bicycle Association (ABA) in 1988. The first joint NSPA-ABA sanctioned race was held on March 19, 1988, at the NSPA track in Ocoee, Florida.
History
The last president of NPSA was Gail Goudey. I served as president from 1985 until the sale of it to ABA in 1988.The last home base of NPSA was in West Palm Beach, FL.ˈˈ
Vital statistics
Proficiency and division class labels and advancement method
Operations
Like the National Bicycle League (NBL) it did not award a year end overall national #1 male or female amateur. Amateur national number ones were awarded within age divisions. The NPSA did have year end overall National No.1 Pro 20" and Cruiser classes. The NPSA did have features particular to it. The NPSA season was really divided up into three: District, State and the three-month-long National season. The District level racing focused the racers on racing on the local level for local laurels without having to travel within the state and between states. The State season was reserved for touring the various NPSA tracks within a state for the State Championship title. The national season was reserved for touring the circuit between the four states the NPSA had tracks in for the National number one titles culminating in a Grand National.
This was not its only unique method of holding races. Another was the "scramble system". The NPSA like the NBL and the now defunct National Bicycle Association (NBA) they used the moto system a.k.a. the Olympic system to determine which riders graduate from the qualifying heats called Motos. In these motos points are awarded to the racers proportional to the position in which they finish. Each moto is run three times, that is the group of racers must race three times with the points awarded during each race to each individual racer being added. For instance say a 10 Expert racer had a class of 8 racers and he came in first in all three runs of his class. He would have a total of three points, 1+1+1 making him a certainty to qualify for the main (or if a large race the semi finals) save for a disqualification for a rule infraction. on the other hand if a racer came in last three times in that class of eight racers then he would have a total of 24 points 8+8+8 making it almost impossible for him to make the main save for someone(s) else being disqualified. The racers with the four lowest points would qualify for the main. However, unlike the conventional Olympic system, in the NPSA added a unique "Scramble system" that would shuffle the racers randomly or scrambled. The racers after each moto, if there were more than eight racers in a class (eight being the maximum number of racers the starting gate can hold at any one time) would be split into two heats, say in a class of 11 15 novices the first group would be six racers the second group would be the remaining 5 racers. Again, nothing unusual. What was unique to the NPSA was after each round, instead of the racers racing the same people they raced against the first time around as was standard practice in BMX, they would very likely race some racers that were in their class but not in the original first moto but the second. The race would be run in the second go round the points added to the previous total as before. Then the riders would be scrambled again and the race would be run for the last qualifying heat. The NPSA's position was that this was fairer since all of the racers had a chance to compete against the eventual winner with the winner not racing either the same easy competition he can beat with little effort with the racers that he have trouble with in other motos. Conversely he also will not constantly going against people he finds hard to beat while others having easy opponents. Of course either scenario could happen with the luck of the draw.
Another unique aspect to NPSA racing was that you moved down a proficiency class when one's birthday occurred. For instance say that on June 30 you were an 11 expert. You have a birthday on July 1, making you 12. Instead of going to the 12 expert class, you were demoted down in terms of skill class back to 12 junior and was required to make expert again.
Until mid 1984, the NPSA had very strict, and to a few outside observers, too strict rules against contact between racers during races. The slightest bumping during a race could result in disqualification. You couldn't block pass, you had to stay in your lane at the beginning of the start (the International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) had a similar rule). At one time the NPSA complained to the Orlando, Florida, Parks Department about the National Bicycle League (NBL) making the jumps, in its view, too large at a track they shared with the NBL. Some outsiders went as far as to call it "racing for wimps" in regards to the NPSA. However, these restrictions were greatly relaxed by the time of the July 1984 Supercross nationals. Ironically, this was also the time when Ronnie Anderson, a new top professional in the major sanctioning bodies of the NBL and American Bicycle Association (ABA) was just being noted for his rough, all or nothing desire to win, resulting in numerous wrecks, to the members of the pro class displeasure.
While stressing family and amateur racing, the NPSA did have a pro class with events called "Supercross" held during the year to qualify the pros for the Grand National like the on held in 1982 at Daytona Beach, Florida.
NPSA National number ones by year
Note: Dates reflect the year the racers *won* their plates, not the year they actually *raced* their No.1 plates. In other words, Roy Reboucas won his No.1 plate in 1982 entitling him to race with #1 on his plate for the 1983 season. Roland Veicht then won the No.1 plate in 1983 and raced with #1 on his plate during the 1984 racing season.
CDNE=Class Did Not Exist.
See also
American Bicycle Association
National Bicycle Association
National Bicycle League
United Bicycle Racers Association
United States Bicycle Motocross Association
References
External links
The American Bicycle Association (ABA) Website.
The National Bicycle League (NBL) Website.
Cycle racing organizations |
4023325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMITV | RMITV | RMITV is a not-for-profit, community access television production facility based at RMIT University City Campus in Melbourne, Australia. It is a full member of the Melbourne Community Television Consortium, a not-for-profit consortium that operates the community access channel C31 which broadcasts throughout Melbourne and Geelong.
About
RMITV is a student run media production house based within RMIT University, with the majority of its funding granted by RMIT University Student Union (RUSU). RMITV is dedicated to providing hands on television experience to students. RMITV also produces content to be broadcast, most commonly on C31 Melbourne and have helped many students find their way to careers in the television industry. Although based at RMIT University in Melbourne, they also work to provide opportunities to members of the local community wanting to get involved in television production.
Logo
Designed by RMITV member Nic Mason in the early 2000s, the "R" and "M" in RMITV's logo are based on the series of classification marks from the OFLC used to designate "Restricted" and "Mature" broadcast content and the "I" and "TV" are based on the 'General' (G) and 'Parental Guidance' (PG) classification marks but making use of different letters and antennas on the TV to signify television
History
RMITV is one of the oldest community television organisations in Australia, having been involved in lobbying the government for community access to the television spectrum. It transmitted its first test broadcast in 1987.
Early on RMITV struggled with licences for television spectrum. After originally lobbying for a public licence, similar to those seen in the American public television sector, RMITV was knocked back as public licences are not available in Australia. They were then granted a licence to broadcast to private audiences in a 10 km radius of the RMIT City Campus. The license was granted on the 09/08/1987. A week after a Channel 10 news report by Mal Walden about RMITV's upcoming open day 1987 broadcast the licence was cancelled.
The first licence was a General Licence Class D (Section 24). The Licence number was 211744/2. The callsign was VH3BVK.
RMITV was also responsible for broadcasting ETV, a closed-circuit television system operated at the RMIT Campus in previous years.
The government encouraged Melbourne's many aspirant community television broadcasters to form an umbrella organisation to apply for a broadcasting license, and so RMITV became a founding member of the Melbourne Community Television Consortium; the license holder for Melbourne's Channel 31.
RMITV has a long history of successful producers and practitioners moving into professional employment within the Australian television industry. Most notable alumni include: Waleed Aly (The Project), Rove McManus (Roving Enterprises), Hamish and Andy (Fox FM), Shona Devlin (JTV – Triple J), Tommy Little (This Week Live), Dave Thornton (This Week Live), Peter Helliar and many more. RMITV has also had many crew members go on to work at the ABC, Network 10, Videoworks and Staging Connections.
RMITV's Productions are not only limited to C31, many of RMITV's productions air on community stations all around Australia. For example, Live on Bowen (2012–2015) which were broadcast on C31, Face Television - Sky Channel 083 (New Zealand), WTV (Perth) and 31 Digital (South East Queensland), The Inquiry (2009-2010), In Pit Lane (1998–present) and 31 Questions (2012–2014).
Throughout its time RMITV has produced some of the most well known programs on Australian community television, including: The Loft Live, Under Melbourne Tonight, Chartbusting 80's, Raucous, Dawns Crack, PLUCK, Studio A, The Leak and countless outside broadcasts.
Mid-2015 spawned a webseries collaboration between RMITV and Catalyst, RMIT's Student Magazine, entitled "Politics at the Belleville". Based on the podcast "Politics on the Couch" the program was hosted by the same talent and was released every Friday afternoon.
Internal structure
RMITV is an RMIT Student Union department, with close ties to the not-for-profit incorporated organisation, Student Community Television Inc.. For most operational purposes, both RMITV and Student Community Television Inc. share a common Board of Directors, and management team.
The group employs five part-time staff members to look after the organisation and membership- a General Manager, Marketing Manager, Content Manager, Technical Manager and Training Manager. A large number of others look after the management of the organisation in volunteer roles.
Additionally, Student Community Television Inc. is a paid full member of the MCTC which provides them with free airtime on C31 Melbourne and representation on the MCTC assembly.
See also
Television broadcasting in Australia
References
External links
RMIT University
Organisations based in Melbourne
Australian community television
Student television stations in Australia
Television stations in Melbourne
Television channels and stations established in 1987 |
4023327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch%20the%20Ten | Catch the Ten | Catch the Ten is a point trick-taking card game which first appeared in The American Hoyle of 1868 and is alternatively called Scotch Whist, although evidence shows that it is in fact of German origin. Unlike standard whist, it is played with a deck of only 36 cards, with Six (low) up to the Ace (high) of each suit. The order of trumps has the Jack high.
Game
Any number from two to eight people may play. If an even number, partners are cut for; if odd, each plays for himself. An odd number of players sit as they like; four players sit as at whist; six playing in two sides sit so that no two partners shall be next each other; six playing three sides sit so that two opponents shall divide each pair; eight are arranged in alternate pairs.
When five or seven play, the six of spades is usually omitted; when eight play, the four sixes are thrown out.
Object
The aim of the game is to win tricks, specially those containing any of the top five trumps. The rank of the cards and point value goes as follows:
Trump J = 11
Ace = 4
King = 3
Queen = 2
Ten = 10
Play
After cutting, the cards are dealt according to the number of players. The last card is turned up for the trump. The eldest hand leads any card he chooses and all must follow suit if able, the penalty for a revoke being the loss of the game.
The tricks are not kept separate but gathered in by one player for his side. At the end Of the deal there are six hands of six cards on the table. The players first play out the first two hands, next the second two and finally the last two, the trump card remaining on the table until the first four hands are played out.
The game is 41 points, the object of play being to win the cards which have a special value. These are, with their values: jack of trumps 11, ace of trumps 4, king of trumps 3, queen of trumps 2, ten of trumps 10. All other cards have no counting value. As the ten can be taken by any other honor the object is to catch the ten.
Variants
French Whist
"French Whist" is similar to Catch the Ten, but played with 52 cards instead. 10 extra points are scored for capturing the 10 , nothing for non-counting cards. The game is played up to 40 points, the maximum available.
See also
Beggar-My-Neighbour
One Card (card game)
Notes
Card games introduced in the 1860s
Point-trick games |
4023330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Tate | Frank Tate | Frank Tate may refer to:
Frank Tate (boxer) (born 1964), American boxer
Frank Tate (musician) (born 1943), American jazz bassist
Frank Tate (educator) (1864–1939), public figure in education in Australia
Frank Tate, founder of the record label 5 Minute Walk
Frank Tate (Emmerdale), fictional character on the British soap opera Emmerdale |
4023347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1998 Australian Open – Men's singles | Petr Korda defeated Marcelo Ríos in the final, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1998 Australian Open. It was Korda's only major title, and Ríos' only major final.
Pete Sampras was the defending champion, but lost to Karol Kučera in the quarterfinals.
No American men made the semifinals for the first time since 1990.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1998 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1998 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles |
4023359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%20Peres | Des Peres | Des Peres may refer to:
Des Peres, Missouri, a city in St. Louis County, Missouri
Des Peres (band), a band from Australia |
4023363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Horne | Matt Horne | Matthew Jeffery Horne (born 5 December 1970) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in 35 Tests and 50 ODIs from 1997 to 2003. Horne was an attacking right-handed opening batsman who possessed an unusually high backlift. His older brother Phil also played international cricket for New Zealand.
Domestic career
In the 1995–96 Shell Trophy final he made 190 to hand Auckland the championship. The following season he moved to Otago and after a prolific season he was welcomed into the New Zealand side.
During the 2003–04 he and Aaron Barnes added a record 347* for the fifth wicket against Northern Districts at Eden Park.
International career
He made his Test debut in February 1997 and made his maiden Test hundred soon after, against Australia at Hobart in summer of 1997–98. He made 3 more hundreds in his international career, two against Zimbabwe and a vital one at Lord's in 1999 to help give them a rare away series win. After nine Tests without a half century he lost his place in the side and only played occasionally from there on in.
Horne, along with Nathan Astle, currently holds the record for a 4th wicket partnership for New Zealand totalling 243 runs against Zimbabwe in Auckland during the 1997–1998 season.
After cricket
He retired from all forms of competitive cricket in May 2006. He is currently a high performance coach with Auckland cricket.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Otago cricketers
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
New Zealand cricket coaches
Commonwealth Games medallists in cricket |
4023368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Are%20the%20Streets | We Are the Streets | We Are the Streets is the second studio album by hip hop group The Lox. The album was released on January 25, 2000, by Ruff Ryders Entertainment and Interscope Records. It was their second album as a group, and is mainly produced by Swizz Beatz. Its commercial success was driven primarily by the hit singles "Wild Out," produced by Swizz Beatz, and "Ryde or Die, Bitch", produced by Timbaland.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
D-Block Records albums
2000 albums
Albums produced by DJ Premier
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by Timbaland
The Lox albums
Ruff Ryders Entertainment albums
Gangsta rap albums by American artists |
4023392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1997 Australian Open – Men's singles | Pete Sampras defeated Carlos Moyá in the final, 6–2, 6–3, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1997 Australian Open.
Boris Becker was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Moyá.
This tournament was notable for being the first major in which Lleyton Hewitt competed in the main draw. He would compete in the Australian Open for a record twenty consecutive years.
Seeds
Pete Sampras (champion)
Michael Chang (semifinals)
Goran Ivanišević (quarterfinals)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (withdrew)
Thomas Muster (semifinals)
Boris Becker (first round)
Thomas Enqvist (fourth round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Marcelo Ríos (quarterfinals)
Albert Costa (quarterfinals)
Jim Courier (fourth round)
Magnus Gustafsson (second round)
Jan Siemerink (first round)
Félix Mantilla (quarterfinals)
Michael Stich (second round)
Alberto Berasategui (third round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1997 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1997 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles |
4023399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20of%20the%20West | Queen of the West | Queen of the West may refer to:
Queen Mother of the West, goddess in Chinese mythology
USS Queen of the West (1854), sidewheel steamer
Queen of the West (ship), 1995 sternwheeler |
4023400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Stead | Gary Stead | Gary Raymond Stead (born 9 January 1972) is a New Zealand cricket coach and former cricketer who is the head coach of the New Zealand cricket team, having been appointed in August 2018.
A top-order batsman, Stead played five Tests in nine months in 1999, averaging 34.75 and never being dismissed in single figures. Against South Africa he showed his great character at Wellington, digging in and scoring 68 and 33, but after two mediocre performances against West Indies he was dropped. His Test call-up had come after eight years of first-class cricket with Canterbury, and he led them for five seasons from 1998–99 in a period when they struggled.
After he finished playing, he took up coaching and became coach of the successful New Zealand women's team. In August 2018, New Zealand Cricket appointed Stead coach of the New Zealand men's team, succeeding Mike Hesson.
After New Zealand's loss in a Super over against England in the 2019 World Cup, Stead criticised the decision of the ICC to go to a tie break and raised the idea of sharing the World Cup Trophy, a new system that was in place for the 2015 World Cup.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
Cricketers from Christchurch
New Zealand cricket coaches |
4023415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricochet%20Rabbit%20%26%20Droop-a-Long | Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long | Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long was a segment of Hanna-Barbera's 1964–1966 cartoon The Magilla Gorilla Show, and later appeared on The Peter Potamus Show.
Background
Taking place in a Wild West setting, Ricochet Rabbit (voiced by Don Messick) worked as a sheriff in the town of Hoop 'n' Holler. Ricochet would bounce off stationary objects yelling "Bing-bing-bing!" His deputy and foil Droop-a-Long Coyote (voiced by Mel Blanc impersonating Ken Curtis) was not as fast and was very clumsy.
In addition to his speed, which enabled him to outrun bullets, Ricochet used trick bullets against his opponents, including a bullet that would stop in mid-flight and strike the target with an impossibly oversized mallet, and another which would draw a target on his nose and punch it.
Episode list
Cast
Don Messick as Ricochet Rabbit
Mel Blanc as Droop-a-Long Coyote
Other appearances
An early incarnation of Ricochet Rabbit appears in Touché Turtle and Dum Dum episode 26 "Rapid Rabbit".
Ricochet Rabbit and Droop-a-Long were seen in Yogi's Ark Lark.
Ricochet Rabbit and Droop-a-Long were seen in the opening title of Yogi's Gang.
Ricochet Rabbit made some appearances in Yogi's Treasure Hunt.
Ricochet Rabbit makes a portrait cameo in the "Agent Penny" episode of the "Super Secret Secret Squirrel" segment of 2 Stupid Dogs.
Ricochet Rabbit appears in the Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode "X Gets the Crest", voiced by Mark Hamill. Droop-a-Long also makes a non-speaking cameo.
Ricochet Rabbit appears in the Wacky Races episode "Slow and Steady", voiced by Tom Kenny.
Ricochet Rabbit and Droop-a-Long will both appear in Jellystone!.
In other languages
Italian: Tornado Kid e Sonnacchia
Français: Ricochet-Va-Vite et Lambinousse
Dutch: Sheriff Altijd Raak Hebbes
See also
List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions
List of Hanna-Barbera characters
References
External links
Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long episode guide on BCDB
Ricochet Rabbit at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017.
Hanna-Barbera characters
Animated television series about rabbits and hares
Fictional coyotes
1960s American animated television series
1964 American television series debuts
1966 American television series endings
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
Western (genre) peace officers
American children's animated comedy television series
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Television series by Screen Gems
Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds |
4023420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantagallo | Cantagallo | Cantagallo may refer to:
Cantagallo, Bolívar, Colombia
Cantagallo, Tuscany, Italy
Cantagallo, Spain, Spain
See also
Cantagalo (disambiguation) |
4023423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20of%20Chinese%20armoured%20forces%20%281927%E2%80%931945%29 | Development of Chinese armoured forces (1927–1945) | This article deals with the chronology and development of Chinese armoured forces from 1927 to 1945.
Introduction
The Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin introduced tanks to China. Surprised during the Northern Expedition by Chiang Kai-shek's National Revolutionary Army, he bought several Renault FT tanks armed with 37 mm guns from France in 1927. It is uncertain how these tanks were used in combat, but they were eventually captured by the Japanese and the Chinese Nationalists. The tanks captured by the Japanese army were deployed in the Kwantung Army and later used during the Mukden Incident. The Nationalists in the meantime also bought 36 FTs. However, they saw no action but were used mainly for training. Also about 6 or 10 Renault UE light armoured carriers armed with Browning MG were bought in France.
Additions
At the beginning of the war in 1937 the armour were organized in three armoured battalions, equipped with tanks and armoured cars from various countries. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in earnest, the 1st and 2nd Armored Battalions participated in the Second Battle of Shanghai and the Battle of Nanking and were more or less completely destroyed by the Japanese forces. Many of the tanks were captured by the Japanese. By 1938 nearly half of China's armor was either captured or destroyed as out of the 96 tanks they started with, only 48 remained. China, at that time, had German advisors, but these were withdrawn as German relations with Japan warmed. In early 1938, the Japanese government had demanded that the German government withdraw all German advisers from China. Given the closer relations between the two nations, Hitler agreed and soon after they left China.
After the Germans left, the Soviet Union started to support the Nationalists. The National Revolutionary Army facing Japanese forces had only the small number of armoured vehicles and mechanised troops formed into the three armoured battalions to defend a large front. In August 1937, Chiang Kai-shek's government negotiated with the Soviet government for military aid for the War of China's Resistance Against Japan (1937–1945) during a signing of a Treaty of Non-Aggression between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union. The Soviets came in and began to provide Soviet advisers and Soviet tanks arrived in China for the first time in March 1938. After these battalions were mostly destroyed in the Battle of Shanghai and Battle of Nanjing, new tanks, armoured cars and trucks from the Soviet Union and Italy made it possible to create the only mechanized division in the army. The Soviet advisers organized the new mechanised unit in China, the 200th Division, which consisted of one tank regiment and one motorised infantry regiment.
The USSR sold 82 T-26 mod. 1933 tanks to China as Russia was wary of having Japan on its back door. These tanks were shipped to Guangzhou harbour in the spring of 1938, and used to set up the first tank regiment of the 200th Infantry Division of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army, the only motorized infantry formation in the Chinese Army at that time. The 200th Infantry Division was a mechanized division consisting of four regiments, including a tank regiment equipped with the T-26s, an armoured car regiment, a mechanized infantry regiment, and an artillery regiment.
Chinese tank crews were trained under the supervision of Soviet specialists. The 200th Division was set up as the first mechanised division in the National Revolutionary Army by General Du Yuming, who was also its first commander. The tank regiments had 70 T-26, 4 BT-5, 20 ( 92? ) CV-35 tanks. The armoured car regiment had around 50 BA armoured cars and 12 ( 18? ) Leichter Panzerspähwagen (Sd.Kfz. 221) armoured cars. The tank regiment consisted of four tank battalions. Each tank battalion had three tank companies. The tank regiments had approximately 200 armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs). The Nationalist government bought 88 T-26 tanks and BA-10 and BA-20 armoured cars. These AFVs and remaining German AFVs were deployed in the 200th Division and the division finally saw action in late 1938. Its first action was against the 14th Division in the Battle of Lanfeng. Following the division's combat in the Battle of Lanfeng and in operations afterward until September 1938 the division's original subordinate mechanized units were placed under direct command of the 11th Army, and the division was reorganized. It inflicted the devastating defeat upon the Japanese army at the Battle of Kunlun Pass. It suffered heavy losses after the battle at Kunlun Pass in an offensive against Batang, losing nearly two thirds of its strength and was rebuilt and reorganized. With the Soviet and Japanese non-aggression pact signing, this help from the Soviets went out the window and China started searching for allies. After signing the nonaggression pact with Germany and defeating the Kwangtung Army at Khalkin Gol, Russia started to withdraw its help from China.
Soon relations were made with the USA who only slowly began to (officially) provide help and even more when America entered the war. More than 600 of the T16 CTMS tanks were supposed to be delivered to China under Lend-Lease after Pearl Harbor, the logistical difficulty and its obsolete design compelled the Chinese to reject the offer. Later 233 U.S. M2A4 light tanks were acquired by the Nationalists along with some 48 M3A3, M5A1 Stuart tanks in Lend/Lease from the US in 1943, and 35 M4A4 Sherman tanks were acquired under the United States Military Assistance Program between 1943 and 1944.
Upon the American entry into the war in 1941, it began to supply China with AFVs which the Soviets were unable to provide. M3 Stuarts and M4 Shermans trickled in through Burma and formed part of the several well-equipped, well-trained armies that the Nationalists could deploy. These units were responsible for stopping numerous Japanese attacks during the later phases of the war.
The 200th Division also saw action in the Burma Theatre under Joseph Stilwell; it participated in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road in 1942 in the Burma campaign. The 200th Division distinguished itself in fighting in the Battle of Toungoo, and Battle of Hopong - Taunggyi but then suffered a disastrous defeat in the Battle of Hsipaw-Mogok Highway near the end of the campaign as it was attempting to retreat to China. After World War II, the remaining Chinese T-26 tanks equipped the First Armoured Regiment of the Army of the Chinese Kuomintang government, which saw service in East China during the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950) where several T-26 tanks were destroyed or captured by the People's Liberation Army during the Huaihai Campaign in 1949.
See also
Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937-1945)
Tanks in China
Notess
References
National Revolutionary Army
World War II military equipment of China
World War II tanks of China
20th century in China
Armoured fighting vehicles of China |
4023428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Community%20College | Metropolitan Community College | Metropolitan Community College may refer to
Metropolitan Community College (Nebraska), a three-campus public community college in Omaha, Nebraska
Metropolitan Community College (Missouri), a network of five community colleges in Kansas City, Missouri
Metropolitan Community College (Illinois), a community college in East St. Louis, Illinois from 1996 to 1998 |
4023446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropljanin | Evropljanin | Evropljanin (The European) was a bi-weekly newsmagazine published in Serbia during the late 1990s. Launched in April 1998, it was visually modeled after the German newsmagazine Focus.
Owned by Slavko Ćuruvija and published under the "Moderni srpski nedeljnik" mantra, the magazine had a strongly independent editorial policy when it came to reporting on current events in FR Yugoslavia. At times, the magazine took a clear and direct anti-Milošević stance meaning it often found itself at odds with the highest echelons of government. That eventually led to fines and Ćuruvija's brutal murder. Notable Serbian journalists such as Aleksandar Tijanić, Ljiljana Smajlović, Goranka Matić, Dragan Babić, Bogdan Tirnanić, Voja Žanetić, Jelena Kosanić, and Dragan Bujošević (who was also editor-in-chief) wrote for Evropljanin.
What turned out to be the magazine's last issue came out on 19 March 1999.
References
1998 establishments in Serbia
1999 disestablishments in Serbia
Biweekly magazines
Defunct magazines published in Serbia
Magazines established in 1998
Magazines disestablished in 1999
News magazines published in Europe
Serbian-language magazines |
4023458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan%20Gommendy | Tristan Gommendy | Tristan Gommendy (born 4 January 1979) is a French professional racing driver who currently competes in the European Le Mans Series with Duqueine Engineering.
Racing career
Early career
Born in Le Chesnay, Yvelines, Gommendy began his professional career in French Formula Three in 2000. He won the prestigious Macau Grand Prix in 2002 and also won the French F3 Championship that year. In 2003 he drove in Eurocup Formula Renault V6 and finished third. He moved to its successor the World Series by Nissan in 2004 and finished 5th and another season in 2005 he finished fourth.
GP2, Champ Car, and Superleague Formula
In 2006 Gommendy drove in the first five rounds GP2 Series for the iSport International team and was on front row for his first race in front of Lewis Hamilton. He finished 20th in points, scoring a pair of fifth places at Circuit de Catalunya
On 8 March 2007 it was announced that Gommendy had been signed to drive for PKV Racing in the 2007 Champ Car season as a teammate to Neel Jani. At Houston and Long Beach, he led several laps before breaking down with few laps to go. Later at Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Gommendy won the pole and track record. He participated in twelve of the first thirteen races and finished 12th in points with a best finish of fourth in his final start at TT Circuit Assen.
With Champ Car merging with IndyCar the following year, resulting in fewer available race seats, Gommendy joined Superleague Formula driving for F.C. Porto, winning a race at ACI Vallelunga Circuit in 2008 and Donington Park in 2009. Gommendy continued in Superleague Formula with other teams and little success until the series shut down mid-way through the 2011 season.
Sports cars
Gommendy made his first 24 Hours of Le Mans start in 2003. His team finished the race for the first time in 2010, driving a Welter Racing LMP2 entry to 8th in class. He competed in the LMP2 class of the 2009 Le Mans Series with Welter Racing.
In 2011 following the dissolution of Superleague Formula, Gommendy was largely out of racing until he appeared in the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans for Signatech in their LMP2 Alpine A450. The team finished 14th overall and 8th in class. He raced at the LMP2 class 2014 European Le Mans Series for Thiriet by TDS Racing, winning at Silverstone. The Frenchman remained at the team for the 2015 European Le Mans Series, claiming a win at Imola and a second place at Red Bull Ring. For the 2016 European Le Mans Series, the driver switched to Eurasia Motorsport, finishing second at Red Bull Ring.
Jackie Chan DC Racing hired Gommendy to compete at the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship, again in the LMP2 class. He finished third overall at the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Return to IndyCar
On September 11, 2017, it was announced that Gommendy would return to American open-wheel racing, making his Indianapolis 500 debut at the 2018 Indianapolis 500, driving for Schmidt Peterson Motorsports in a partnership with former Larrousse F1 team boss Didier Calmels. However, that deal has since fallen through.
Racing record
Career summary
† Ineligible for points.
Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
American Open-Wheel
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Champ Car
Superleague Formula
2008-2009
(Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
2009 Super Final Results
Super Final results in 2009 did not count for points towards the main championship.
2010-2011
Complete European Le Mans Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
People from Le Chesnay
French racing drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Formula Renault V6 Eurocup drivers
Champ Car drivers
French Formula Three Championship drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Superleague Formula drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
Asian Le Mans Series drivers
Sportspeople from Yvelines
ART Grand Prix drivers |
4023461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Drum | Chris Drum | Christopher James Drum (born 10 July 1974) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in 5 Tests and 5 ODIs from 1999 to 2002. Drum attended Rosmini College in Auckland.
Domestic career
Drum played for the Auckland cricket team between 1996 and 2002 and was one of the most consistent performers. He ended his career with 199 first class wickets and 74 limited overs wickets in the domestic competitions.
International career
Drum made his debut for New Zealand against Pakistan in the March 2001, in the second test match. The match was played at Jade stadium. He became the third bowler to take a wicket with his first legitimate ball in Test cricket at this ground when he had Ijaz Ahmed stepping on his wicket before completing his shot. On January 14 1999, he made his ODI debut against India and taking his first One Day International wicket by dismissing Sachin Tendulkar .
Drum was also a member of the New Zealand squad that won a Bronze medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, which was the only time cricket was included in Commonwealth games. He played his last Test match in April 2002, and retired from all forms of cricket soon afterwards at the relatively young age of 28.
See also
List of Auckland representative cricketers
References
1974 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
People educated at Rosmini College
Commonwealth Games medallists in cricket |
4023465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20of%20Death%20%28Jadakiss%20album%29 | Kiss of Death (Jadakiss album) | Kiss of Death is the second album by American rapper Jadakiss. It is the follow-up to his 2001 Platinum-RIAA selling debut album Kiss tha Game Goodbye. The album was released in the US on the June 22, 2004 and debuted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts.
Singles
The album's singles charted successfully. The singles include "Why" featuring Anthony Hamilton) which peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and "U Make Me Wanna" featuring Mariah Carey) which peaked at number 21 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 8 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
Commercial performance
The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 selling 246,000 copies in its first week. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States a week later. In the UK, the album debuted at number 65 on the UK Albums Chart.
Track listing
Notes
signifies an additional producer.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
2004 albums
Jadakiss albums
Interscope Records albums
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by DJ Green Lantern
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by Havoc (musician)
Albums produced by Kanye West
Albums produced by Eminem
Albums produced by JellyRoll
Ruff Ryders Entertainment albums
Albums produced by Neo da Matrix |
4023474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulphan | Bulphan | Bulphan (pronounced 'Bul-fen') is a village and former civil parish in the borough of Thurrock in the East of England and one of the traditional (Church of England) parishes in Thurrock. In 2019 it had an estimated population of 1028. In 1931 the parish had a population of 455.
Bulphan forms part of the Orsett ward of Thurrock Council, and is part of the South Basildon and East Thurrock parliamentary constituency. It is located 21 miles (34 km) east north-east of Charing Cross in London. The Upminster post town forms a long, thin protrusion eastwards over the M25 motorway and the Greater London boundary in order to include the village. On 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished to form Thurrock.
The main features of Bulphan are the Bulphan Village Hall and Park, St Mary The Virgin Church, and Bulphan Church Of England Academy Primary School. The church is a grade I listed building.
Bulphan's original village shop closed down in 2012. However, a new community-run shop and post office opened in early 2020, in a side extension of the village hall.
Bulphan has two bus services: the 265, which runs on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays between Grays and West Horndon and the 565 to Brentwood Station via West Horndon (6 times per day, Monday to Saturday). School buses run to Shenfield School and Sockets Heath. The nearest railway station is three miles away.
Nearest places are Laindon, North Ockendon, Orsett and West Horndon.
Education
Primary education has been provided by the Bulphan Church of England Voluntary Controlled Primary School since 1853. Located on Fen lane, it educates around 84 pupils.
Notable people
Charles Littlehales (1871-1945), cricketer and clergyman
Jim Davidson (1953-), comedian
Tony Cottee (1965-), footballer and commentator
Mick Norcross (1963-2021) reality TV performer
References
External links
St Mary The Virgin Church
Villages in Essex
Former civil parishes in Essex
Thurrock |
4023485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomer | Macomer | Macomer () is a town and comune of Sardinia (Italy) in the province of Nuoro. It is situated on the southern ascent to the central plateau (the Campeda) of this part of Sardinia, at the junction of narrow-gauge lines branching from the main railroad line running east to Nuoro and west to Bosa.
The district, especially the Campeda, is well suited for grazing and horse and cattle breeding, which is carried on to a considerable extent.
History
Macomer, known to the Greek geographer Ptolemy as "Macopsissa," has been inhabited since antiquity.
In 1478 was the scene of the historical battle between the Sardinians and the Aragonese, which ended the independence of Sardinia.
In 1767, under the Kingdom of Sardinia, it became the capital of the Marquisate of Marghine. The Marquisate included the nearby villages of Birori, Bolotana, Borore, Bortigali, Dualchi, Lei, Mulargia, Noragugume and Silanus.
In 1949, a statue called The Venus of Macomer was discovered in a cave located in "Marras" area, in a gorge of the river S'Adde.
The artifact depicts a Goddess Mother dating back to the Palaeolithic period. It is about high and was built with local basalt. It is currently kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Cagliari.
Nowadays, Macomer is a destination for tourists who want to admire the beautiful landscape around the city.
Main sights
The region is richer in the bronze-age towers known as nuraghi than any other part of Sardinia.
The old parish church of San Pantaleone has three Roman mile-stones in front of it, belonging to the Roman high-road from Carales to Turris Libisonis. A modern road now follows the ancient one.
Recently an ethnographic museum called "Le Arti Antiche" (The ancient Arts) has been opened, where it is possible to see tools traditionally used for agriculture and livestock, folk costumes, and photographs. The Monte di Sant'Antonio (St. Anthony's Mountain) has a great historical and naturalistic importance; on 13 June of every year the anniversary of the Saint of Padua is celebrated there.
References
Cities and towns in Sardinia |
4023489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1996 Australian Open – Men's singles | Boris Becker defeated Michael Chang in the final, 6–2, 6–4, 2–6, 6–2 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1996 Australian Open.
Andre Agassi was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Chang.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Boris Becker is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (third round)
Andre Agassi (semifinals)
Thomas Muster (fourth round)
Boris Becker (champion)
Michael Chang (finalist)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (quarterfinals)
Thomas Enqvist (quarterfinals)
Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
Wayne Ferreira (second round)
Goran Ivanišević (third round)
Richard Krajicek (third round)
Arnaud Boetsch (second round)
Marc Rosset (withdrew)
Andriy Medvedev (second round)
Todd Martin (third round)
Paul Haarhuis (first round)
Qualifying
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1996 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1996 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles |
4023492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie%20Xuan | Xie Xuan | Xie Xuan (謝玄) (343–388), courtesy name Youdu (幼度), formally Duke Xianwu of Kangle (康樂獻武公), was a Jin Dynasty (266–420) general who is best known for repelling the Former Qin army at the Battle of Fei River, preventing the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān from destroying Jin and uniting China.
Early career
Xie Xuan was a scion of the influential Xie clan of Chen. His father Xie Yi (謝奕) ,was the elder brother of the Jin prime minister Xie An. Xie Xuan's sister Xie Daoyun (謝道韞) was known for her literary talent and quick wit. Early in his career, both Xie Xuan and his uncle Xie An served on staff of the paramount general Huan Wen. Huan Wen greatly prized Xie Xuan's ability, and once commented, with regard to him and his colleague Wang Xun (王珣), both of whom served as his secretaries:
By age 40, Mr. Xie will possess a great general's banner and staff, and Mr. Wang will be a prime minister even while his hair is black. Both are uncommon talents.
After Huan Wen's death in 373, Xie Xuan initially served on the staff of Huan Wen's brother Huan Huo. In 377, when the imperial government was looking for a general capable of defending the northeastern border (modern Jiangsu) against Former Qin, Xie An, against the usual custom of not recommending one's own clan members, recommended him. The official Chi Chao, who ordinarily feuded with Xie An on nearly all matters, immediately remarked, "Xie An, in his good judgment, made an uncommonly good move against public sentiment, and Xie Xuan would surely not fail his expectations." Chi made these remarks based on the time when he also served on Huan Wen's staff and saw Xie Xuan's abilities.
Xie Xuan recruited elite soldiers, and among the ones that joined him was Liu Laozhi (劉牢之), who in later campaigns served as his assistant and forward commander. Eventually, Xie put together an army that was the most elite of the Jin forces, known as the Beifu Forces (北府兵). His army first distinguished itself in 378, when Former Qin forces made simultaneous attacks on the important Jin cities Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), Weixing (魏興, in modern Ankang, Shaanxi), and Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Xiangyang and Weixing fell to Former Qin, as did Pengcheng, but Xie, charged with relieving Pengcheng, made a fierce counterattack in 379, defeating the Former Qin generals Ju Nan (俱難) and Peng Chao (彭超) and recapturing Pengcheng. This was the first major victory that Jin had over Former Qin in decades, and it was a major morale booster.
The Battle of Fei River
In 383, as Former Qin launched a major assault with intent to destroy Jin once and for all, Xie Xuan and his Beifu Force was sent to the frontline, reporting to the command of his uncle Xie Shi (謝石). Xie Shi, initially intimidated by the much larger Former Qin force, considered merely trying to block Former Qin progress without major engagement, but after he was advised otherwise by the Former Qin ambassador Zhu Xu—a Jin general who was captured by Former Qin in 379 but who secretly remained loyal to Jin—and chose to engage Former Qin forward troops that arrived first. Xie Xuan, charged with engaging Former Qin forces, along with Liu Laozhi, dealt them minor defeats, reducing their morale. When Former Qin troops gradually arrived, the Former Qin and Jin forces became stalemated across the Fei River (which no longer exists but probably flowed through Lu'an, Anhui, near the Huai River).
Xie Xuan sent a message to the Former Qin commanding general Fu Rong (Fu Jiān's brother) with a proposal—to have Fu Rong order his troops to retreat slightly to allow the Jin forces across, so the armies could engage. Fu Rong, after discussing with Fu Jiān, agreed, and ordered a retreat. However, once the Former Qin troops went into retreat, it panicked, and as Fu Rong tried to calm his troops down, his horse suddenly fell, and he was killed by Jin soldiers. Once that happened, Xie Xuan and other generals, Xie Yan (謝琰) and Huan Yi fiercely attacked Former Qin troops, which then completely collapsed. Former Qin would face major rebellions starting in 384 that eventually led to its disintegration and would not again pose a threat to Jin.
After the Battle of Fei River
Due to his achievements at the Battle of Fei River, Xie Xuan was created the Duke of Kangle. When the major general Huan Chong died in 384, initially Xie Xuan was to succeed him, but Xie An thought the Huan clan might be unhappy about yielding Huan Chong's command to others, so divided Huan Chong's domain into three and distributed them to members of the Huan clan. Later that year, however, Xie Xuan was put in charge of a force targeting the recovery of central China, along with Huan Shiqian. He quickly recovered most of the territory south of the Yellow River on Jin's behalf, and, in an odd case of enemies quickly turning allies, briefly relieved Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi, who was defending Yecheng against rebels led by Murong Chui, who had just founded Later Yan.
Xie apparently considered further operations to try to seize territory north of the Yellow River, but as Murong Chui quickly entrenched himself north of the Yellow River, it became clear it would be difficult to do so. In 386, after the generals Zhai Liao and Zhang Yuan (張願) rebelled, in light of popular opinion that believed that the troops were being worn out, Xie abandoned the plans entirely, and indeed moved his headquarters from Pengcheng south to Huaiyin (淮陰, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu), although Jin continued to hold most of the territory south of the Yellow River.
After that point, it appeared that Xie suffered a series of illnesses that made it impossible for him to conduct any further campaigns and which also made him to repeatedly try to resign his command. Eventually, he was made the governor of Kuaiji Commandery along the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay. The post was important, but almost entirely civilian. He died in 388 while still serving as the governor of Kuaiji.
References
Book of Jin, vol. 79.
Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
343 births
388 deaths |
4023501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myaungmya | Myaungmya | Myaungmya ( ) is a town in Myaungmya Township, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar.
The town is home to the Myanmar Union Adventist Seminary, a Seventh-day Adventist seminary and Myaungmya Education College. As of 2014 the population was 58,698.
Myaungmya is where Daw Khin Kyi, the wife of national leader General Aung San was born. It was also one of the towns where anti-colonial nationalistic education was implemented, with U Nu serving as district education officer.Also Dee Doke U Ba Cho, Burma Leader was born.Myaungmya city is the main exporter of rice in Myanmar.
George Orwell served as assistant superintendent of police in Myaungmya in 1924.
Climate
References
Populated places in Ayeyarwady Region
Township capitals of Myanmar |
4023507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Aboriginal%20artefacts | Australian Aboriginal artefacts | Australian Aboriginal artefacts include a variety of cultural artefacts used by Aboriginal Australians. Most Aboriginal artefacts were multi-purpose and could be used for a variety of different occupations. Spears, clubs, boomerangs and shields were used generally as weapons for hunting and in warfare. Watercraft technology artefacts in the form of dugout and bark canoes were used for transport and for fishing. Stone artefacts include cutting tools and grinding stones to hunt and make food. Coolamons and carriers such as dillybags, allowed Aboriginal peoples to carry water, food and cradle babies. Message sticks were used for communication, and ornamental artefacts for decorative and ceremonial purposes. Aboriginal children’s toys were used to both entertain and educate.
Weapons
Aboriginal peoples used several different types of weapons including shields (also known as hielaman), spears, spear-throwers, boomerangs and clubs. Peoples from different regions used different weapons. Some peoples, for example, would fight with boomerangs and shields, whereas in another region they would fight with clubs. Weapons could be used both for hunting game and in warfare.
Weapons were of different styles in different areas. For example, a shield from Central Australia is very different from a shield from North Queensland.
Spears
Aboriginal peoples used spears for a variety of purposes including hunting, fishing, gathering fruit, fighting, retribution, punishment, in ceremony, as commodities for trade, and as symbolic markers of masculinity. Spears were historically used by skilful hand-throwing, but with changes in Aboriginal spear technologies during the mid-Holocene, they could be thrown further and with more accuracy with the aid of spear-thrower projectiles. Spears could be made from a variety of materials including softwoods, bamboo (Bambusa arnhemica), cane and reed. Projectile points could also be made from many different materials including flaked stone, shell, wood, kangaroo or wallaby bone, lobster claws, stingray spines, fish teeth, and more recently iron, glass and ceramics. These spear points could be bound to the spear using mastics, glues, gum, string, plant fibre and sinews.
Clubs
An Aboriginal club, otherwise known as a waddy or nulla-nulla, could be used for a variety of purposes such as for hunting, fishing, digging, for grooving tools, warfare and in ceremonies. A fighting club, called a ‘Lil-lil’, could, with a heavy blow, break a leg, rib or skull. Clubs which could create severe trauma were made from extremely hard woods such as acacias including ironwood and mitji. Many clubs were fire hardened and others had sharpened stone quartz attached to the handle with spinifex resin.
Boomerangs
The boomerang is recognised by many as a significant cultural symbol of Australia. The term 'returning boomerang' is used to distinguish between ordinary boomerangs and the small percentage which, when thrown, will return to its thrower. The oldest wooden boomerang artefact known, excavated from the Wyrie Swamp, South Australia in 1973, is estimated to be 9,500 years old.
Boomerangs could be used:
as hunting or fighting weapons;
for digging;
as cutting knives;
for making fire by friction; and
as percussion instruments for making music.
Shields
Shields were mainly used by Aboriginal warriors to defend themselves in dispute battles, often for commodities such as territory. A shield which had not lost a battle was thought to be inherently powerful and was a prized possession. Shields were made from wood or bark and usually had carved markings or painted designs. They could also be used in ceremonies such as in corroborees.
The Elemong shield is made from bark and is oval in shape. A handle is attached to the back and the shield was often painted with red and white patterns. Arragong and Tawarrang shields were carved of wood often with an outer layer of bark. Tawarrang shields were notably narrow and long and had patterns carved into the sides. This particular category of shield could also be used as a musical instrument when struck with a club, in addition to its use as a weapon.
Shields originating from the North Queensland rainforest region are highly sought after by collectors due to their lavish decorative painting designs. These shields were made from buttress roots of rainforest fig trees (Ficus sp.) They were painted with red, yellow, white and black using natural materials including ochre, clay, charcoal and human blood. Shields from the post-contact period can, in some instances, include the colour blue. A piece of lawyer cane (Calamus australis) would be pushed up the shield owner's nose to cause bleeding. Blood would be put onto the shield, signifying their life being shared with the object. Designs on each shield were original and would represent the owners’ totemic affiliations and their country. This could be done through symbolism, composition and other means of visual representation. On the final day of a young Aboriginal man's initiation ceremony, he is given a blank shield for which he can create his own design. It was believed that the shield harnessed the power and protection of the owners totem and ancestral spirits.
Findings
Watercraft
Types of watercraft differed among Aboriginal communities, the most notable including bark canoes and dugout canoes which were built and used in different ways. Methods of constructing canoes were passed down through word of mouth in Aboriginal communities, not written or drawn. Canoes were used for fishing, hunting and as transport.
Dugout canoes
Dugout canoes were a major development in watercraft technology and were suited for the open sea and in rougher conditions. They could be used for hunting dugongs and sea turtles.
Bark canoes
Bark canoes were most commonly made from Eucalypt species including the bark of swamp she-oak Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus botryoides, stringybark Eucalyptus agglomerata and Eucalyptus acmenoides. Bark could only be successfully extracted at the right time of a wet season in order to limit the damage to the tree's growth and so that it was flexible enough to use. The bark would be cut with axes and peeled from the tree. More than one piece of bark was sometimes used. "Canoe trees" can be distinguished today due to their distinctive scars. The shaping was done by a combination of heating with fire and soaking with water. The ends of the bark canoe would be fastened with plant-fibre string with the bow (front of canoe) fastened to a point. Branches could be used to reinforce joints; and clay, mud or other resin could be used to seal them. Due to the small draft and lightness of bark canoes, they were used in calmer waters such as billabongs, rivers, lakes, estuaries and bays. Aboriginal men would throw spears to catch fish from the canoe, whereas women would use hooks and lines. Bark paddles could be used to propel the canoe and thick leafy branches were held to catch the wind.
Stone artefacts
Cutting tools made of stone and grinding or pounding stones were also used as everyday items by Aboriginal peoples. Cutting tools were made by hammering a core stone into flakes. Grinding stones can include millstones and mullers. Quartzite is one of the main materials Aboriginal people used to create flakes but slate and other hard stone materials were also used. Flakes can be used to create spear points and blades or knives. Grindstones were used against grass seeds to make flour for bread, and to produce marrow from bones.
Stone artefacts not only were used for a range of necessary activities such as hunting, but they also hold a special spiritual meaning. Indigenous Australians describe a stone artefact as holding the spirit of an ancestor who once owned it. 30,000-year-old grinding stones have been found at Cuddie Springs, NSW.
Leilira blades from Arnhem Land were collected between 1931 and 1948 and are held at the Australian Museum.
Coolamons and carriers
Coolamons are Aboriginal vessels, generally used to carry water, food, and to cradle babies. Coolamons could be made from a variety of materials including wood, bark, animal skin, stems, seed stalks, stolons, leaves and hair. When travelling long distances, coolamons were carried on the head. Akartne was placed underneath the coolamon to support its weight. They could be made from possum hair, feathers, or twisted grass.
Findings
Message sticks
Message sticks, also known as "talking-sticks", were used in Aboriginal communities to communicate invitations, declarations of war, news of death and so forth. They were made of wood and were usually flat with motifs engraved on all sides to express a message. The type of wood and shape of a message stick could be a part of the message. Special messengers would carry message sticks over long distances and were able to travel through tribal borders without harm. After the message had been received, generally the message stick would be burned.
Findings
Ornamental artefacts
Some Aboriginal peoples used materials such as teeth and bone to make ornamental objects such as necklaces and headbands.
Teeth ornaments
The most common teeth ornaments consisted of lower incisors of macropods such as kangaroos or wallabies. One of the most fascinating discoveries was a necklace made from 178 Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) teeth recovered from Lake Nitchie in New South Wales in 1969. Forehead ornaments have also been found to use porpoise and dolphin teeth from the Gulf of Carpentaria. Crocodile teeth were used mainly in Arnhem Land.
Bone ornaments
Bones were often used for ornamental purposes, especially necklaces and pendants. These were usually worn in association with ritual or age status but could also be worn casually. Bone ornaments found from Boulia in central western Queensland were made from the phalanges of kangaroos and dingoes. Branchiostegal rays of eels from the Tully River were used as pendant units by the Gulngay people. In western Victoria, echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) quills were threaded as necklaces. A pendant made from goose down, shells, a duck beak and the upper beak of a black swan was discovered from the Murray River in South Australia. Talons of eagles were incorporated into ornaments among the Arrernte of Central Australia. Wombat (Vombatus ursinus) claw necklaces are known from Victoria. Painted requiem shark vertebrae necklaces have been found in western Arnhem Land.
Clothing
Kopis
The Kopi mourning cap is an item of headware made from clay, worn by mostly womenfolk of some Aboriginal peoples, for up to six months after the death of a loved one. After cutting off their hair, they would weave a net using sinews from emu, place this on their head, and cover it with layers of gypsum, a type of white clay obtained from rivers. They could be heavy (up to ), and were sometimes worn by men. When the mourning period was over, the Kopi would be placed on the grave of the deceased person.
Other names for the Kopi were widow's cap, korno, mulya, mung-warro, pa-ta, and yúgarda.
Children's toys
Children's toys made by Aboriginal peoples were not only to entertain but also to educate. Toys were made from different materials depending on location and materials available.
Dolls
"Dolls" could be made from cassia nemophila, with its branches assembled with string and grass. Features were often painted with clay to represent a baby. Dolls made from Xanthorrhoea are called Kamma dolls and are from Keppel Island. Shell dolls could also be made from conical shells and were often wrapped in fabric to distinguish age or status.
Rattles
Rattles could be made out of a variety of different materials which would depend on geographical accessibility. For example, they could be made out of land snail shells, sea snail shells (Haliotis asinina), valves of scallop (Annachlamys flabellata), walnut seeds or olive shells which were strung together with string or hair and were often painted.
Bags and baskets
In Arnhem Land, the Gulf region of Queensland and Cape York, children’s bags and baskets were made from fibre twine.
Toy spears
Play spears, which were often blunt wooden spears, were used by boys in mock battles and throwing games.
Collections
Sacred items
Artefacts sometimes regarded as sacred items and/or used in ceremonies include bullroarers, didgeridoos and carved boards called churinga.
Art
Most Aboriginal art is not considered artefact, but often the designs in Aboriginal art are similar designs to those originally on sacred artefacts.
Keeping Places
A Keeping Place (usually capitalised) is an Aboriginal community-managed places for the safekeeping of repatriated cultural material or local cultural heritage items, cultural artefacts, art and/or knowledge. Krowathunkooloong Keeping Place in Gippsland, Victoria is one example of a Keeping Place. In Western Australia there is a collaboratively developed and managed online system for managing cultural heritage known as The Keeping Place Project.
See also
Australian Aboriginal culture
Indigenous Collection (Miles District Historical Village)
References
External links
Aboriginal art
Didgeridoo art
Aboriginal artifacts.
Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
Individual sports
Recreational weapons
Sports equipment
Throwing clubs
Australian inventions
Sports originating in Australia
Physical activity and dexterity toys
Australian English
Hunting equipment
National symbols of Australia
Primitive weapons
Weapons of Australia |
4023515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Johnson%20%28drummer%29 | Michael Johnson (drummer) | Michael Wayne Johnson (born July 30, 1982, in Orlando, Florida) is an American pop singer and drummer, formerly of the boyband "Natural". He performed with various projects until joining Marc Terenzi in a new band Terenzi in 2008.
Early life
Michael Johnson began dancing at the age of 4. He eventually began to dance professionally, winning many awards and scholarships. He also danced for many Disney and television specials growing up. At the age of 8, he began to study voice and performing in musical theatre. At the age of 13, he won the titles "Mr. Dance of Florida" and "Teen Dancer of the year".
Natural
Many publicity stories exist as to how Natural was started, but the most likely one is that in 1999, Marc Terenzi met a man named Patrick King at a party. Michael was friends with Patrick King, and Marc was friends with a man named Ben Bledsoe. After many lineup changes, the men added Michael 'J' Horn to their lineup and decided to call themselves Natural
The boys tried to get signed with many major labels but were turned down despite a huge local following in Orlando, FL. One day as they rehearsed at Transcontinental Studios, boyband king Lou Pearlman noticed them and liked their act. Soon after, they were signed with Transcontinental Records.
Lou Pearlman had a new twist for his old boyband vision: not only would they dance, sing, and look cute, but they would also play instruments. Many of the other members already played various instruments but Michael had not. It was through this arrangement that he started learning percussion. By the time the first single was out, Michael was officially the drummer of the group and played well enough to be recorded on the first album 'Keep it Natural'.
Lou Pearlman spared no expense and promoted the guys' first single with Claire's and a tour with the Monkees. However, American fame came slowly, and the band soon traveled to Germany, where they produced songs targeted to young women. to conquer little girl's hearts. They had much success with such hits as "Put Your Arms Around Me", "Will It Ever", and "Runaway".
In the summer of 2002 Marc Terenzi met German pop star Sarah Connor at a music festival, and the two soon began dating. Their relationship continued despite Lou Pearlman's strict prohibitions of facial hair, of piercings or tattoos, and of girlfriends.
Meanwhile Michael was having his own trouble with Lou's rules. He was dubbed the 'bad boy' in the image of the group but wasn't allowed to do anything remotely 'unwholesome'. Although he had his lip piercing, Lou caused him to remove the jewelry. On top of this he had to constantly have his hair in blue spikes – an image he kept until the group dismembered.
In the summer of 2003 Sarah Connor, became pregnant and the couple became engaged. Around this time, Natural was coming back from a hiatus and releasing a single 'What if' from their 2nd album It's Only Natural. Lou Pearlman wasn't happy with the news and wanted Marc kicked out of Natural and replaced with someone new. The other members (except Patrick King) were not thrilled with this and decided to break Natural up. They finished the tour and Michael was left to a new phase in life.
Life after Natural
Once Natural disbanded Michael wished to remain close to his now former band members. He was asked to stay with the 'New Natural', which also would be run by Pearlman under the same format as the previous edition. Although Patrick King had already agreed to this, Michael decided against the arrangement after a period of time.
After turning down the idea of staying in the 'New Natural' Michael got word that Marc Terenzi and Mike Castonguay (former producer and musical director for Natural) were forming a band named Jaded Rose with a third man named Paul Rippee. But soon musical disagreements led to the band's dismemberment: Marc Terenzi wanted to continue to make pop rock songs, while the other members wanted to do something more pure rock.
From this situation Jaded Rose disbanded despite the offers of a reality TV show in Germany and a record deal. Marc Terenzi kept with the pop rock style and the rest of the members went off to form Lukewarm Freeda.
Mike Castonguay and Michael wrote for the next four months and wrote songs such as Little Miss Get Around (which was featured on Veronica Mars) and Downtown Love which was featured in the movie I'm Through With White Girls.
Lukewarm Freeda was a more hard edged punk blues band. The band did some shows in Los Angeles, Nashville and Orlando with the addition of Paul Rippee as a touring bassist. Soon, Michael and Mike relocated to Los Angeles, where they worked together with several bands in the area.
Work with other bands
Michael continues to drum with Lukewarm Freeda as well as other bands including 'In for the Kill' and Capra. In 2005 he formed his own label 'Blue Suede Records'.
2008: Terenzi
On May 7, 2008, it was announced on Marc Terenzi's official Myspace that he and Johnson had formed a new band alongside Benny Richter, " It is true that I am forming a new band. A project that is more edgy and modern. We plan on taking the new music to a whole new level. music that both my old fans and new fans will like, that is why I will form a new band. We don't know what the name of the project should be but if you have any Ideas let us know. you never know maybe we pick a name you give us. The members that will always be a part of this new band are Myself, Benny Richter and Michael Johnson (Natural). We are bringing a whole lot more edge to our music and are busy working in the studio right now.
we have really big plans for this year so get ready for a crazy journey."
The new band is featured in the reality show, "Sarah and Marc: Crazy in Love" which will air on ProSieben in Germany.
In June 2008 it was announced the new group had been formed under the name 'Terenzi'. 'Terenzi' consisted of Johnson, Marc Terenzi, Benny Richter, Kai Stuffel and Christian Adameit. For their first single the group covered Michael Jackson's Billie Jean in a much slower arrangement. "Billie Jean" was scheduled to be released on August 8, 2008. An album titled "Black Roses" is set to be released August 28, 2008.
2011: New Beat Fund
Presently, Johnson plays in New Beat Fund as a drummer. The band was formed in 2011 in Los Angeles and features guitarist/lead-vocalist Jeff Laliberte, bassist Paul Laliberte, guitarist Shelby Archer, and drummer Michael Johnson.
References
External links
Official Michael Johnson Drummer Myspace Page
1982 births
Living people
Natural (band) members
American drummers
Lake Brantley High School alumni
21st-century American singers
21st-century American drummers
21st-century American male singers |
4023528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20tha%20Game%20Goodbye | Kiss tha Game Goodbye | Kiss tha Game Goodbye is the debut studio album by American rapper Jadakiss. The album was released on August 7, 2001, by Ruff Ryders Entertainment and Interscope Records. The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 and number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
Commercial performance
The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 selling 204,000 copies in its first week. It was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States. As of June 2004, the album has sold 877,000 copies.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
(co.) Co-producer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2001 debut albums
Jadakiss albums
Interscope Records albums
Albums produced by Timbaland
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by Just Blaze
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by DJ Premier
Ruff Ryders Entertainment albums |
4023545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1995 Australian Open – Men's singles | Andre Agassi defeated the defending champion Pete Sampras in the final, 4–6, 6–1, 7–6(8–6), 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1995 Australian Open. Agassi was making his Australian Open debut. He would go on to win three more editions of the tournament in 2000, 2001, and 2003.
A memorable moment occurred in the quarterfinal match between Sampras and Jim Courier. Sampras had fought from a two-set deficit to level the match at 2–2. Shortly after winning the first game of the fifth set, Sampras was overcome with grief over his then-coach, Tim Gullikson. (Gullikson had suffered several seizures while touring with Sampras in Europe in late 1994. Shortly before Sampras' match against Courier, Gullikson had collapsed during a practice session after suffering another seizure, with tests proving inconclusive at Epworth Hospital and being flown home to Chicago for further tests.) During the fifth set of the match, Sampras retired to his chair and broke down in tears. When he returned, Courier offered to finish the match the next day. Sampras declined and then won the match. Gullikson was later diagnosed with inoperable brain cancer and died in May 1996.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Andre Agassi is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (final)
Andre Agassi (champion)
Boris Becker (first round)
Goran Ivanišević (first round)
Michael Chang (semifinals)
Stefan Edberg (fourth round)
Michael Stich (third round)
Todd Martin (fourth round)
Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (quarterfinals)
Wayne Ferreira (second round)
Marc Rosset (first round)
Andriy Medvedev (quarterfinals)
Thomas Muster (third round)
Magnus Larsson (fourth round)
Richard Krajicek (second round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1995 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1995 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles |
4023550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording%20Industry%20Association%20of%20Japan | Recording Industry Association of Japan | The is an industry trade group composed of Japanese corporations involved in the music industry. It was founded in 1942 as the Japan Phonogram Record Cultural Association, and adopted its current name in 1969.
The RIAJ's activities include promotion of music sales, enforcement of copyright law, and research related to the Japanese music industry. It publishes the annual RIAJ Year Book, a statistical summary of each year's music sales, as well as distributing a variety of other data.
Headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, the RIAJ has twenty member companies and a smaller number of associate and supporting members; some member companies are the Japanese branches of multinational corporations headquartered elsewhere.
The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in Japan.
RIAJ Certification
In 1989, the Recording Industry Association of Japan introduced the music recording certification systems. It is awarded based on shipment figures of compact disc or cassette tape which was reported by record labels. In principle, the criteria are limitedly applied to the materials released after January 21, 1989.
Certification awards
Currently, all music sales including singles, albums, digital download singles are on the same criteria. Unlike many countries, the highest certification is called "Million".
Old criteria (until June 2003)
Before the unification of criteria and introduction of music videos category in July 2003, a separate scale had been used for certification awards.
Digital certifications
Certifications for songs and albums released digitally began on September 20, 2006, using download data collected since the early 2000s. From 2006 until 2013, there were three categories for certifications: , (i.e. a download to a cellphone) and for songs purchased on services such as iTunes. On February 28, 2014, the Chaku-uta Full and PC categories were merged to create the category.
While digital album certifications are possible, only a few albums have received this certification since the RIAJ began awarding it, including the 2011 Songs for Japan charity album, and Hikaru Utada's sixth studio album Fantôme. In 2021, Ayumi Hamasaki's A Complete: All Singles (2008) became the first album released in the 2000s to receive digital certification.
Streaming only
As of April 2020, RIAJ has begun to certify songs for streaming, just how it does for physical shipments and digital download sales.
Unlike physical shipments and digital download sales, the streaming certifications have their own levels, due to the higher amount of streams compared to the other formats.
Members
Main members
Avex Group¹
Avex Entertainment
Avex Digital (supporting member)
Being Inc.
Dreamusic Incorporated
For Life Music
Geneon Universal Entertainment¹
King Records¹
Bellwood Records (supporting member)
King Records International (supporting member)
Nippon Columbia
Columbia Marketing (supporting member)
Nippon Crown¹
Pony Canyon¹
Exit Tunes (associate member)
Sony Music Entertainment Japan¹
Ariola Japan (supporting member)
DefStar Records (supporting member)
Epic Records Japan (supporting member)
Ki/oon Records (supporting member)
SME Records (supporting member)
Sony Music Artists (supporting member)
Sony Music Associated Records (supporting member)
Sony Music Direct (supporting member)
Sony Music Distribution (supporting member)
Sony Music Japan International (supporting member)
Sony Music Records (supporting member)
Teichiku Entertainment¹
Tokuma Japan Communications¹
Universal Music Group¹
EMI Music Japan¹
VAP Inc.¹
Victor Entertainment¹
Warner Music Group¹
Yamaha Music Communications
Yoshimoto R&C
Associate members
Amuse Soft Entertainment
HATS Unlimited
Johnny and Associates
J Storm
Johnny's Entertainment
Konami Digital Entertainment
Bandai Visual
Lantis (main member)
LD&K Records
Naxos Records
Pryaid Records¹
Stardust Records
Space Shower Networks
Spiritual Beast
Venus Records
Village Again Association
NBC Universal Entertainment Japan
KISS Entertainment
Rambling Records
Gambit
Croix
Supporting members
Aniplex (subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan)
Crown-Tokuma Music (joint venture of Nippon Crown and Tokuma Japan Communications)
Free Board
Holiday Japan
Jei One
NPPDevelop
T-Toc Records
TV Asahi Music
Ward Records
Toys Factory
Aceforce Entertainment
Kino Music
¹Member, International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.
See also
List of best-selling albums in Japan
List of best-selling singles in Japan
List of best-selling music artists in Japan
Recording Industry Association of America
Australian Recording Industry Association
List of music recording sales certifications
RIAJ Digital Track Chart
Global music industry market share data
References
External links
Recording Industry Association of Japan - in English |
4023555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varallo%20Sesia | Varallo Sesia | Varallo Sesia (Piedmontese: Varal), pronouciation (Vhuh-rahl-loh) commonly known as Varallo, is a comune and town in the province of Vercelli in the Piedmont region of Italy. It is situated in Valsesia, at above sea level and some north-northeast of Vercelli and northwest of Novara.
Once called Varade, it is divided in two boroughs (Varallo Vecchia and Varallo Nuova) by the Mastallone stream.
In 1971, Varallo was awarded the Golden Medal for Military Valor for the deeds of its population against the German occupation in the late stages of World War II.
Geography
The valley of the Sesia is very narrow at this point as it nears its source. Varallo lies on the left bank where the Mastallone flows into the Sesia.
The town is surrounded by the foothills of the Alps and is not far from the Monte Rosa, which is visible from the surrounding hills.
Main sights
The churches of San Gaudenzio, Santa Maria delle Grazie, and Santa Maria di Loreto, all contain works by Gaudenzio Ferrari, who was born in the neighboring Valduggia.
Museums and galleries include the Pinacoteca Civica (the David and Goliath pictured is by Tanzio da Varallo who was born in the frazione Riale), the Museo Comola in the frazione Camasco, the Museo Scaglia and the Museo di Storia Naturale Calderini.
About above the town the Sacro Monte di Varallo is one of the most famous Piedmontese pilgrimage sites, and the oldest of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy which were inscribed by UNESCO in the World Heritage List in 2003. The environs are composed of winding paths leading past 45 chapel-like enclosures containing groups of life-size painted terra-cotta figures with backgrounds in fresco (by Gaudenzio Ferrari and others). The tableaux represent scenes mainly from the life of Jesus. The array was initiated by a Franciscan, Bernardino Caimi, who aimed to reproduce locally images of the passion as a goal of pilgrims. The main pilgrimage church was built by Pellegrino Tibaldi after 1578. In the works mentioned Ferrari's whole development may be traced.
In the frazione of Arboerio are the old church of Saints Quirico and Giulitta, with a 17th-century polyptych and an altar of the Madonna del Rosario, and the Villa Eremo.
Twin towns — sister cities
Varallo Sesia is twinned with:
Die, France
See also
Varallo Sesia railway station
Varallo Pombia, a commune in the Province of Novara
References
External links
Official web site for European Sacred Mountains
Cities and towns in Piedmont |
4023567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejer%20de%20la%20Frontera | Vejer de la Frontera | Vejer de la Frontera is a Spanish hilltop town and municipality in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia, on the right bank of the river Barbate. The town of Vejer de la Frontera occupies a low hill overlooking the Straits of Gibraltar and surrounded by orchards and orange groves. It contains several ancient churches and convents, and the architecture of many of its houses recalls the period of Moorish rule, which lasted from 711 until the town was captured by Saint Ferdinand of Castile in 1248. Agriculture and fruit-farming are the chief industries; fighting bulls are also bred in the neighborhood and a running of the bulls is held annually.
Demographics
Festivities
Vejer Rally: It is the most important sporting event in the town, it is a test of the Andalusian Mountain Championship with more than 35 editions.
Carnaval: Traditional Cadiz-style carnival with chirigotas and comparsas and a wider range of costumes. It is held one week after the Carnival of Cádiz.
Holy Week: A sober and intimate Holy Week held in the alleys of Vejer. There are three brotherhoods: The Brotherhood of the Cristo de la Oliva which performs procession on Holy Wednesday, the Brotherhood of Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno, which parades on Holy Thursdays and the Brotherhood of the Soledad which performs its procession on Holy Friday. The latter two are accompanied by Saetas.
Spring Carnival: Main festivity of the town with various casetas and attractions.
Verbena de San Juan: The strawmen Juanillos and Juanillos are burned, taking the shape of important personalities during the year. The festivity also includes the fire bull.
Velada de Nuestra Señora de la Oliva: Romeria where the patron saint of the town is taken to her sanctuary.
Sister cities
Ostuni, Italy
Chefchaouen, Morocco
Amboise, France
Gallery
References
External links
Visitor information about the town and area, multilingual
Tourist information site
Information for English speaking visitors
Costa de la Luz
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz |
4023585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinner%20Man | Sinner Man | "Sinner Man" or "Sinnerman" is an African American traditional spiritual song that has been recorded by a number of performers and has been incorporated in many other media and arts. The lyrics describe a sinner attempting to hide from divine justice on Judgment Day. It was recorded in the 1950s by Les Baxter, the Swan Silvertones, the Weavers and others, before Nina Simone recorded an extended version in 1965.
1950s recordings
The earliest recording of the song to bear the title "Sinner Man" was by the Les Baxter Orchestra in 1956, as the B-side of the Capitol Records single "Tango of the Drums". The lead vocal was by folk singer Will Holt, who shared the credit for writing the song with Baxter. However, the song clearly bears a close resemblance, in both melody and lyrics, to "On the Judgement Day", which was recorded by gospel group The Sensational Nightingales in 1954 and released the following year on the Peacock label. The writing of The Sensational Nightingales' song was credited to two of the group's singers, Julius Cheeks and Ernest James. Some of the lyrics in "Sinner Man", including "The rock cried out, 'No hiding place'", appear to derive from those in the spiritual, "No Hiding Place Down Here", recorded in 1928 by the Old South Quartette.
A version of "Sinner Man" released in 1956, by Swedish-American folk singer William Clauson, credited Baxter, Holt, Cheeks and James as co-writers. Another gospel group, the Swan Silvertones, released their version of the song in 1957 on the Vee-Jay label, and folk singer Guy Carawan issued a version in 1958. Carawan wrote that he had learned the song in 1956 from Bob Gibson. Most modern recorded versions derive from the 1956 recording by Les Baxter. Further changes and additions were codified in 1959 by the folk music group the Weavers. The Weavers' performance of the song appears on their compilation albums Gospel and Reunion at Carnegie Hall Part 2.
Nina Simone recording
"Sinnerman" (spelled as one word) is one of Nina Simone's most famous songs. She recorded her definitive 10-minute-plus version on her 1965 album Pastel Blues, on which the credit is simply given as "Arranged by Nina Simone" . Simone learned the lyrics of the song in her childhood when it was used at revival meetings by her mother, a Methodist minister, to help people confess their sins. In the early days of her career during the early sixties, when she was heavily involved in the Greenwich Village scene, Simone often used the long piece to end her live performances. An earlier version of the song exists, recorded live at The Village Gate, but was not used on the 1962 Colpix album Nina at the Village Gate. It was added as a bonus track to the 2005 CD release.
Simone's version of "Sinnerman" has been sampled by Kanye West for the Talib Kweli song "Get By" (2003), by Timbaland for the song "Oh Timbaland" (2007), and by Felix da Housecat for Verve Record's "Verve Remixed" series (Verve Remixed 2 (2003), Verve Remixed Plus (2005)). French rapper Abd al-Malik sampled Simone's version for the title track of his 2006 album Gibraltar. The 2018 Hozier track "Nina Cried Power" and the 2020 Celeste track "Stop This Flame" also sample the song.
Nina Simone's version was used as a soundtrack to the art gallery theft scene in the 1999 film The Thomas Crown Affair. It was also featured in Marc Ecko's Getting Up.
Peter Tosh and the Wailers versions
"Sinner Man" has also been recorded as ska and reggae versions several times by the Wailers.
It was first recorded by the group at Studio One in Kingston, Jamaica in early 1966; Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer shared lead vocals.
A different version entitled "Downpressor" was recorded by Peter Tosh & The Wailers in 1970 ("downpressor" meaning "oppressor" in Rastafarian vocabulary). The song featured Tosh on lead vocals and Bunny Wailer on background. An instrumental version was also released. Songwriting credit for this version is sometimes given to Peter Tosh.
Another version was recorded in 1971 as "Oppressor Man". This version was billed as a Peter Tosh solo single, and the B Side of the single featured an instrumental version. It was one of the rarer songs from the period before being included, along with its version, on JAD's Black Dignity compilation in 2004.
Tosh recorded the song again as "Downpresser Man" for his 1977 solo album Equal Rights and released a live recording of the song in a medley with "Equal Rights" on his 1983 album Captured Live.
Other versions
The band His Name Is Alive released a version of the song on their 1997 EP Nice Day (as "Oh Sinner Man").
A cover of the song was the title track of the 1996 debut album, Sinnerman, by Atlantic Records recording artists Extra Fancy, led by openly gay singer Brian Grillo. The homoerotic music video made for the track featured Alexis Arquette as a closeted street preacher.
The song has also been covered by 16 Horsepower on their album Folklore (2002); by Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor on her 2005 album Throw Down Your Arms; and by the ska-punk band Goldfinger.
In 2020, Vika and Linda covered the song for their album, Sunday (The Gospel According to Iso).
On the Netflix show, Lucifer, Lucifer (played by Tom Ellis) plays the piano and sings the song for the crowd at his nightclub in the sixth episode of the first season.
In the HBO show, Lovecraft Country, a cover by Alice Smith of "Sinnerman" is played over the closing credits for each episode.
In the HBO show The Righteous Gemstones, a cover of "Sinnerman" by The Travelers Three (1962) is played over the closing credits of season 2 episode 3.
References
External links
"Sinnerman" information including lyrics at the Nina Simone Database. — meaning, given to online learning guide
"Sinner Man" page at The 60's Jamaican Music Reference
American folk songs
Peter, Paul and Mary songs
Nina Simone songs
Trini Lopez songs
Peter Tosh songs
Three Dog Night songs |
4023588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy%20Susan | Lazy Susan | A Lazy Susan is a turntable (rotating tray) placed on a table or countertop to aid in distributing food. Lazy Susans may be made from a variety of materials but are usually glass, wood, or plastic. They are circular and placed in the centre of a table to share dishes easily among diners. Although they are common in Chinese restaurants, the Lazy Susan is a Western invention. Owing to the nature of Chinese cuisine, especially dim sum, they are common at formal Chinese restaurants both in mainland China and abroad. In Chinese, they are known as (t. 餐桌轉盤) (p cānzhuō zhuànpán) or "dinner-table turntables".
History
It is likely that the explanation of the term Lazy Susan has been lost to history. Folk etymologies claim it as an American invention. According to lore, Thomas Jefferson invented the device, which was known as a "dumbwaiter", for his daughter Susan. Regardless of the origins of the name, by 1917 it was advertised in Vanity Fair as "Ovington's $8.50 mahogany 'Revolving Server or Lazy Susan'", but the term's use predates both the advertisement and, probably, the country.
Part of the mystery arises from the variety of devices that were grouped under the term "dumb waiter" (today written dumbwaiter). An early 18th-century British article in The Gentleman's Magazine describes how silent machines had replaced garrulous servants at some tables and, by the 1750s, Christopher Smart was praising the "foreign" but discreet devices in verse. It is, however, almost certain that the devices under discussion were wheeled serving trays similar to those introduced by Thomas Jefferson to the United States from France, where they were known as étagères. At some point during or before the third quarter of the 18th century, the name dumb waiter also began to be applied to rotating trays. (Jefferson never had a Lazy Susan at Monticello, but he did construct a box-shaped rotating book stand and, as part of serving "in the French style", employed a revolving dining-room door whose reverse side supported a number of shelves.). By the 1840s, Americans were applying the term to small lifts carrying food between floors as well. The success of George W. Cannon's 1887 mechanical dumbwaiter popularised this usage, replacing the previous meanings of "dumbwaiter".
The Lazy Susan was initially uncommon enough in the United States for the utopianist Oneida Community to be credited with its invention. They employed the devices as part of their practice of communal living, making food easily and equally available to residents and visitors at meals. An American patent was issued in 1891 to Elizabeth Howell for "certain new and useful Improvements in Self-Waiting Tables". Howell's device ran more smoothly and did not permit bread crumbs to fall into the space between the Lazy Susan and the table.
Despite various folk etymologies linking the name to Jefferson and Edison's daughters, the earliest use of these "serviettes" or "butler's assistants" being called a Lazy Susan dates to the 1903 Boston Journal:
John B. Laurie, as the resuscitator of "Lazy Susan", seems destined to leap into fortune as an individual worker. "Lazy Susan" is a step toward solving the ever-vexing servant problem. She can be seen, but not heard, nor can she hear, she simply minds her business and carries out your orders in a jiffy.
Laurie was a Scottish carpenter who made his "Lazy Susan" to the personal specifications of a Hingham-area woman. Unfortunately he presented this gift to her too late, which caused her to unleash an abusive tirade upon Laurie. When she finally asked him for the price, he "told her it wasn't for sale, though of course it is". The name was repeated in a 1911 Idaho Statesman article which describes it as "a cousin to the 'curate's assistant', as the English muffin stand is called" and again in the 1912 Christian Science Monitor, which calls the "silver" lazy Susan "the characteristic feature of the self-serving dinner table". By the next year, the Lima Daily News described an Ohioan "inaugurat[ing] ... the 'Lazy Susan' method of serving". Henry Ford used an enormous one on his camping trips in the 1920s to avoid bringing a full contingent of servants along with his guests. In 1933, the term was added to the Webster's Dictionary.
Unusually, the 1916 American Cookery describes the device as a German invention:
There is a table arrangement used much in Germany, which has now found its way to America, though it is still by no means common. The German frau calls it "Lazy Susan", but it is entirely different from our product used for salt and pepper shakers. Its only point of similarity is the swivel upon which it turns. The one which joys my heart is of mahogany, and it turns automatically at the slightest touch. It contains seven china dishes, six of which are trapezoids, the center one being octagonal. The trapezoids fit about the center octagon, forming a perfect whole.
By 1918, Century Magazine was already describing the Lazy Susan as out of fashion, but beginning in the 1950s its popularity soared once again after the redesign and reintroduction of the Lazy Susan by George Hall, an engineer, soy sauce manufacturer, and partner in popular San Francisco-area Chinese restaurants (Johnny Kan's and Ming's of Palo Alto), and the rotating tray became ubiquitous in Chinese restaurants and was used in homes around the globe. The decline in America's domestic service sector after World War I and its collapse following World War II, combined with the post-war Baby Boom, led to a great demand for them in US households across the country in the 1950s and 1960s. This popularity has had the effect, however, of making them seem kitsch in subsequent decades.
Other uses
The term is infrequently used for the much older turntables employed in pottery wheels and related tasks like sculpture, modeling, repair work, etc.
See also
Round table (furniture)
Serving cart
References
External links
Cabinets (furniture)
Serving and dining |
4023591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20power | Perfect power | In mathematics, a perfect power is a natural number that is a product of equal natural factors, or, in other words, an integer that can be expressed as a square or a higher integer power of another integer greater than one. More formally, n is a perfect power if there exist natural numbers m > 1, and k > 1 such that mk = n. In this case, n may be called a perfect kth power. If k = 2 or k = 3, then n is called a perfect square or perfect cube, respectively. Sometimes 0 and 1 are also considered perfect powers (0k = 0 for any k > 0, 1k = 1 for any k).
Examples and sums
A sequence of perfect powers can be generated by iterating through the possible values for m and k. The first few ascending perfect powers in numerical order (showing duplicate powers) are :
The sum of the reciprocals of the perfect powers (including duplicates such as 34 and 92, both of which equal 81) is 1:
which can be proved as follows:
The first perfect powers without duplicates are:
(sometimes 0 and 1), 4, 8, 9, 16, 25, 27, 32, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 125, 128, 144, 169, 196, 216, 225, 243, 256, 289, 324, 343, 361, 400, 441, 484, 512, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1000, 1024, ...
The sum of the reciprocals of the perfect powers p without duplicates is:
where μ(k) is the Möbius function and ζ(k) is the Riemann zeta function.
According to Euler, Goldbach showed (in a now-lost letter) that the sum of over the set of perfect powers p, excluding 1 and excluding duplicates, is 1:
This is sometimes known as the Goldbach–Euler theorem.
Detecting perfect powers
Detecting whether or not a given natural number n is a perfect power may be accomplished in many different ways, with varying levels of complexity. One of the simplest such methods is to consider all possible values for k across each of the divisors of n, up to . So if the divisors of are then one of the values must be equal to n if n is indeed a perfect power.
This method can immediately be simplified by instead considering only prime values of k. This is because if for a composite where p is prime, then this can simply be rewritten as . Because of this result, the minimal value of k must necessarily be prime.
If the full factorization of n is known, say where the are distinct primes, then n is a perfect power if and only if where gcd denotes the greatest common divisor. As an example, consider n = 296·360·724. Since gcd(96, 60, 24) = 12, n is a perfect 12th power (and a perfect 6th power, 4th power, cube and square, since 6, 4, 3 and 2 divide 12).
Gaps between perfect powers
In 2002 Romanian mathematician Preda Mihăilescu proved that the only pair of consecutive perfect powers is 23 = 8 and 32 = 9, thus proving Catalan's conjecture.
Pillai's conjecture states that for any given positive integer k there are only a finite number of pairs of perfect powers whose difference is k. This is an unsolved problem.
See also
Prime power
References
External links
Lluís Bibiloni, Pelegrí Viader, and Jaume Paradís, On a Series of Goldbach and Euler, 2004 (Pdf)
Number theory
Integer sequences |
4023594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubie%21 | Eubie! | Eubie! Is a revue featuring the music of jazz/swing composer Eubie Blake, with lyrics by Noble Sissle, Andy Razaf, Johnny Brandon, F. E. Miller, and Jim Europe. As with most revues, the show features no book, but instead showcases 23 of Eubie Blake's best songs. The idea of the show was conceived by Julianne Boyd. It opened in 1978, receiving positive reviews from Time, Newsweek, Variety, Backstage, and The Today Show.
Production
After seven previews, the Broadway production, opened on September 20, 1978, at the Ambassador Theatre, where it ran for 439 performances. The show was conceived and directed by Julianne Boyd, choreographed by Billy Wilson and Henry LeTang, and costumed by Bernard Johnston. Vicki Carter was the musical director, pianist, and conductor. Lou Gonzalez was the sound designer. Eubie Blake was nearly 100 years of age when the show opened. An original cast recording was produced by Warner Brothers and released on vinyl in 1979, and was later released on CD.
The theater setting was designed to be reminiscent of the 1920s, with "curlicued settings, dancers diving down a staircase in a pie-shaped wedge, a girl in a mantilla with a Spanish rose in her teeth". Many of the songs were from the Blake-Sissle 1921 show Shuffle Along, which follows the story of two friends who are both running for mayor. Among the songs were "Charleston Rag", "Daddy", "My Handyman Ain't Handy No More", "Gee, I Wish I Had Someone to Rock Me in the Cradle of Love", and "There's a Million Little Cupids in the Sky" (from the 1924 Blake-Sissle show The Chocolate Dandies).
A few months after the show's opening on Broadway, the tour of Eubie! opened on February 7, 1979, in Baltimore.
Songs
Act I
1. "Good Night, Angeline" (1917), Europe and Sissle; Shuffle Along
2. "Charleston Rag" (1899)
3. "Shuffle Along" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
4. "In Honeysuckle Time" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
5. "I'm Just Wild About Harry" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
6. "Baltimore Buzz" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
7. "Daddy" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
8. "There's a Million Little Cupids in the Sky" (1924), Sissle; The Chocolate Dandies
9. "I'm a Great Big Baby" (1940), Razaf; Tan Manhattan
10. "My Handy Man Ain't Handy No More" (1930), Razaf; Blackbirds of 1930
11. "Low Down Blues" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
12. "Gee, I Wish I Had Someone to Rock Me in the Cradle of Love" (1919), Sissle
13. "I'm Just Simply Full of Jazz" (1919), Sissle; Shuffle Along
Act II
14. "High Steppin' Days" (1921)
15. "Dixie Moon" (1924), Sissle; The Chocolate Dandies
16. "Weary" (1940), Razaf; Tan Manhattan
17. "Roll, Jordan" (1930), Razaf
18. "Memories of You" (1930), Razaf; Blackbirds of 1930
19. "If You've Never Been Vamped by a Brownskin, You've Never Been Vamped at All" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
20. "You Got to Git the Gittin While the Gittin's Good" (1956), Miller
21. "Oriental Blues" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
22. "I'm Craving for That Kind of Love" (1921) Sissle; Shuffle Along
23. "Hot Feet" (1958), Sissle
24. "Good Night, Angeline" (1917), Europe and Sissle; Shuffle Along
Cast
The original cast of Eubie! included an all-black cast consisting of 12 performers and nine musicians. The performers were Ethel Beatty, Terry Burrell, Leslie Dockery, Lynnie Godfrey, Gregory Hines, Maurice Hines, Mel Johnson Jr., Lonnie McNeil, Janet Powell, Marion Ramsey, Alaina Reed, Jeffery V. Thompson. Of these performers Gregory Hines and Lynnie Godfrey were nominated for awards for their performances in Eubie!
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
References
External links
Eubie! at the Music Theatre International website
1978 musicals
Broadway musicals
Revues |
4023602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1994 Australian Open – Men's singles | Pete Sampras defeated Todd Martin in the final, 7–6(7–4), 6–4, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1994 Australian Open.
Jim Courier was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Sampras.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Pete Sampras is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (champion)
Michael Stich (first round)
Jim Courier (semifinals)
Stefan Edberg (semifinals)
Goran Ivanišević (quarterfinals)
Thomas Muster (quarterfinals)
Cédric Pioline (first round)
Petr Korda (first round)
Todd Martin (finalist)
Magnus Gustafsson (quarterfinals)
Marc Rosset (third round)
Alexander Volkov (fourth round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Karel Nováček (third round)
Ivan Lendl (fourth round)
Arnaud Boetsch (second round)
Qualifying
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1994 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1994 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles |
4023604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional%20limitation | Conditional limitation | Conditional Limitation, in law, a phrase used in two senses.
(1) The qualification annexed to the grant of an estate or interest in land, providing for the determination of that grant or interest upon a particular contingency happening. An estate with such a limitation can endure only until the particular contingency happens; it is a present interest, to be divested on a future contingency. The grant of an estate to a man so long as he is parson of Dale, or while he continues unmarried, are instances of conditional limitations of estates for life.
(2) A use or interest in land limited to take effect upon a given contingency. For instance, a grant to X. and his heirs to the use of A., provided that when C. returns from Rome the land shall go to the use of B. in fee simple. B. is said to take under a conditional limitation, operating by executory devise or springing or shifting use.
In American law, this creates a fee simple on condition subsequent.
References
Real property law |
4023625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20jurisprudence | Medical jurisprudence | Medical jurisprudence or legal medicine is the branch of science and medicine involving the study and application of scientific and medical knowledge to legal problems, such as inquests, and in the field of law. As modern medicine is a legal creation, regulated by the state, and medicolegal cases involving death, rape, paternity, etc. require a medical practitioner to produce evidence and appear as an expert witness, these two fields have traditionally been interdependent.
Forensic medicine, which includes forensic pathology, is a narrower frontline field which involves the collection, documentation, analysis and presentation of objective information (medical evidence) for use in the legal system.
History
Song Ci (1186–1249) was probably the first forensic scientist. He recorded all the known forensic techniques at the time in his book known as the Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified.
Paul Zacchias was also one of the earliest figures of medical jurisprudence, with association with the Papal States and Catholic church. Zacchias was the personal physician to Pope Innocentius X and Pope Alexander VII, as well as legal adviser to the Rota Romana. His most well known book, Quaestiones medico-legales (1621-1651) established legal medicine as a topic of study. Zacchias work contains superstitious views on magic, witches, and demons which were widely held at the time.
Medical jurisprudence had a chair founded at the University of Edinburgh in 1807, first occupied by Andrew Duncan, the younger. It was imposed on the university by the administration of Charles James Fox, and in particular Henry Erskine working with Andrew Duncan, the elder.
Scope
Medical jurisprudence is concerned with a broad range of medical, legal, and ethical issues, as well as human rights and rights of individuals.
Physicians have a duty to act in their patients best interest and can be charged in a court of law if they fail to do so. On the other hand, a physician may be required to act in the interest of third parties if his patient is a danger to others. Failure to do so may lead to legal action against the physician.
Medical jurisprudence includes:
questions of the legal and ethical duties of physicians;
questions affecting the civil
Under the second heading, there are many aspects, including:
questions of competence or sanity in civil or criminal proceedings;
questions of competence of minors in matters affecting their own health; and,
questions of lawful fitness or safety to drive a motor vehicle, pilot an aeroplane, use scuba gear, play certain sports, or to join certain occupations.
Under the third heading, there are also many aspects, including:
assessment of illness or injuries that may be work-related (see workers' compensation or occupational safety and health) or otherwise compensable;
assessment of injuries of minors that may relate to neglect or abuse; and,
certification of death or else the assessment of possible causes of death. This, however, is the more commonly understood, albeit narrow, meaning of forensic medicine.
See also
Criminal investigation
Criminal psychology
Nerio Rojas, Argentine physician and forensic medicine author
Bibliography
Ferllini, R. "Silent witness". Grange 2007.
Saukko, P.; Knight, B. "Knight’s forensic pathology". CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group 2016.
References
External links |
4023638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde%20Park%20Gate | Hyde Park Gate | Hyde Park Gate is a street in Central London, England, which applies to two parallel roads in Kensington on the southern boundary of Kensington Gardens. These two roads run south, perpendicular to Kensington Road, but the name Hyde Park Gate also applies to the houses on the south side of that road between Queen's Gate and De Vere Gardens.
It is known for being a former residence and the death place of Sir Winston Churchill.
The numbering system was changed in 1884, e.g. Number 11 became 20.
Notable residents
Number 6
The Consular Section of the Embassy of Algeria
Number 9
Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, founder of the scouting movement
Number 14
Margaret Kennedy, novelist
Number 16
The Embassy of Estonia
Number 17
Victoria Claflin Woodhull Martin, first woman to run for the US presidency
Number 18
Sir Jacob Epstein, sculptor and painter
Number 19
Arthur Stockdale Cope, artist member of the Royal Academy
Number 22
Vanessa Bell, painter
Virginia Woolf, writer
Sir Leslie Stephen, scholar and writer (previously at 20, born at 42)
Julia Stephen, philanthropist, writer, artist's model
Number 24
Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby, politician and Chancellor of The Exchequer (1983–1989)
Nigella Lawson, food writer, journalist and broadcaster
Number 28
Sir Winston Churchill, former prime minister, who died there
Number 29
Sir Roderick Jones, director of Reuters, and Enid Bagnold, novelist and playwright
Number 34
The High Commission of Fiji
Number 38
The Embassy of the Netherlands
References
Bibliography
Streets in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea |
4023645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Pettit | Philip Pettit | Philip Noel Pettit (born 1945) is an Irish philosopher and political theorist. He is the Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University and also Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy at the Australian National University.
Education and career
Pettit was educated at Garbally College, the National University of Ireland, Maynooth (BA, LPh, MA) and Queen's University, Belfast (PhD).
He has been a lecturer at University College, Dublin, a research fellow at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and professor at the University of Bradford. He was for many years professorial fellow in social and political theory at the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University before becoming a Visiting Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University for five years, then moving to Princeton.
He is the recipient of numerous honours, including an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland.
He was keynote speaker at Graduate Conference, University of Toronto.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 2013. He has also been a Guggenheim Fellow.
Philosophical work
Pettit defends a version of civic republicanism in political philosophy. His book Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government provided the underlying justification for political reforms in Spain under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. Pettit detailed his relationship with Zapatero in his A Political Philosophy in Public Life: Civic Republicanism in Zapatero's Spain, co-authored with José Luis Martí.
Pettit holds that the lessons learned when thinking about problems in one area of philosophy often constitute ready-made solutions to problems faced in completely different areas. Views he defends in philosophy of mind give rise to the solutions he offers to problems in metaphysics about the nature of free will, and to problems in the philosophy of the social sciences, and these in turn give rise to the solutions he provides to problems in moral philosophy and political philosophy. His corpus as a whole was the subject of a series of critical essays published in Common Minds: Themes from the Philosophy of Philip Pettit (Oxford University Press, 2007).
Affiliations and honours
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2009)
Honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy (2010)
Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2013)
Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (1987)
Member of the scientific committee of the Fundacion IDEAS
Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
Selected bibliography
Books
The Concept of Structuralism: a Critical Analysis (1975)
Judging justice: an introduction to contemporary political philosophy (1980)
Rawls: 'A Theory of Justice' and its critics (1990) with Chandran Kukathas
The Common Mind; an essay on psychology, society and politics (1993)
Not Just Deserts. A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice () with John Braithwaite
Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government (1997)
Three Methods of Ethics: a debate (1997) with Marcia Baron and Michael Slote
A Theory of Freedom: from psychology to the politics of agency (2001)
Rules, Reasons and Norms: selected essays (2002)
The Economy of Esteem: an essay on civil and political society (2004) with Geoffrey Brennan
Mind, Morality, and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (with Frank Jackson and Michael Smith) (Oxford University Press, 2004)
Made with Words: Hobbes on Language, Mind, and Politics (2007)
"Joining the Dots" in Common Minds: Themes from the Philosophy of Philip Pettit (2007) edited by Geoffrey Brennan, Robert E. Goodin, Frank Jackson and Michael Smith
A Political Philosophy in Public Life: Civic Republicanism in Zapatero's Spain (2010) with José Luis Martí
Group Agency: The Possibility, Design, and Status of Corporate Agents. (2011) with Christian List
On The People's Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. (2012)
Just Freedom: A Moral Compass for a Complex World. (2015)
The Robust Demands of the Good: Ethics with Attachment, Virtue, and Respect. (2015)
Chapters in books
References
Further reading
External links
Profile: Philip Pettit, princeton.edu; accessed 13 March 2015.
Pettit: Republican reflections on the 15-M movement, in Books and Ideas; accessed 13 March 2015.
Eye to Eye: an interview with Pettit by Petri Koikkalainen and Sami Syrjämäki, academia.edu; accessed 13 March 2015.
1945 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Irish philosophers
21st-century Irish philosophers
Australian ethicists
Australian philosophers
Australian political philosophers
Australian republicans
Consequentialists
Irish ethicists
Irish political philosophers
Irish republicans
Living people
People from County Galway
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Political philosophers
Princeton University faculty
Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Recipients of the Centenary Medal
Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
Companions of the Order of Australia
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
People educated at Garbally College |
4023651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Pieters | Kim Pieters | Kim Pieters (born 1959) is a New Zealand painter, musician and digital filmmaker.
Background
Born in Rotorua, New Zealand, she was the eldest of six children and grew up on the Bombay Hills,. In the early 1980s, she led a peripatetic life, traveling to Australia and around New Zealand. She moved to Christchurch in the late 1980s and, without any significant formal training, "devoted herself to her art practice". She held her first exhibition of photographs and drawings in Wellington in 1981, and her first painting exhibition at the Canterbury Society of Arts Gallery in 1989. In 1993, along with others such as the musician Peter Stapleton, she relocated to Dunedin where she participated in the city's "‘free noise’ scene", and was instrumental in establishing the Metonymic record label (1996) and the experimental film and music festival Lines of Flight (2000). She took up residence in her current studio near the Dunedin waterfront in 2007, which initiated "an especially concentrated period of painting".
Work
Involved in a number of different media, and a long-standing fixture on the experimental music scene, she, nonetheless, describes painting as her "ultimate life choice". The origins of this choice date back to when, as a child of ten, she was encouraged by her aunt to make images as an afternoon project. Pieters recalls this moment as a "numinous" experience. "Making a picture" creates a state of mind, in her words, in which "everything falls away." She explains that "[p]ainting is where my attention is completely absorbed....I am happiest when I am painting." She elaborates: "When I paint I am looking to hold the unsayable....For me, abstraction is intimately tied to ideas of experience and language. The most curious, the most wonderful thing – but perhaps also the most terrifying – is that which we can’t name. This is where everything begins for me."
Critical reception
Pieters won the Waikato Museum’s National Contemporary Art Award in 2017 for her painting "The Meaning of Ethics" (2017, mixed media on board). Elizabeth Caldwell, director of the City Gallery in Wellington and judge for the award commented: "The work draws on a tradition of stylistic abstract painting. As a judge, one of the things I look for is originality and a signature style. Kim Pieters is an artist who uses her own vocabulary of gestures in her art-making. She has got complete mastery of her craft."
Pieters' work has been widely exhibited in New Zealand in galleries such as: Artspace NZ (2012), the Adam Art Gallery (2014), Inge Doesburg Gallery (2016), the Dunedin Public Art Gallery (2018), Bowerbank Ninow (2016, 2018) and RDS Gallery (2019).
References
External links
Official website
1959 births
Living people
People from Rotorua
New Zealand painters
New Zealand women painters |
4023658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacism | Betacism | In historical linguistics, betacism (, ) is a sound change in which (the voiced bilabial plosive, as in bane) and (the voiced labiodental fricative , as in vane) are confused. The final result of the process can be either /b/ → [v] or /v/ → [b]. Betacism is a fairly common phenomenon; it has taken place in Greek, Hebrew and several Romance languages.
Greek
In Classical Greek, the letter beta ⟨β⟩ denoted . As a result of betacism, it has come to denote in Modern Greek, a process which probably began during the Koine Greek period, approximately in the 1st century CE, along with the spirantization of the sounds represented by the letters . Modern (and earlier Medieval) Greek uses the digraph ⟨μπ⟩ to represent . Indeed, this is the origin of the word betacism.
Romance languages
Perhaps the best known example of betacism is in the Romance languages. The first traces of betacism in Latin can be found in the third century CE. The results of the shift are most widespread in the Western Romance languages, especially in Spanish, where the letters ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ are now both pronounced (the voiced bilabial fricative) except phrase-initially and after a nasal consonant, when they are pronounced ; the two sounds ( and ) are now allophones. Betacism is one of the main features in which Galician and northern Portuguese diverge from central and southern Portuguese; in Catalan betacism features in many dialects, though not in central and southern Valencian or in the Balearic dialect. Other Iberian languages with betacism are Astur-Leonese and Aragonese (in fact, for the latter there is a pronunciation-based orthography changing all v's into b's).
Another example of betacism is in Neapolitan, or in Central Italian (particularly in Macerata) which uses ⟨v⟩ to denote betacism-produced , such that Latin bucca corresponds to Neapolitan vocca and to Maceratese "vocca", Latin arborem to arvero or arvulo, and barba to Neapolitan varva and Maceratese "varba".
Betacism in Latin
A famous medieval Latin saying states:
The saying is a pun referring to the fact that the Iberians would generally pronounce the letter v the same as b (which uses the sound [b] or [β]) instead of [w] or [v]. In Latin, the words vivere ("to live") and bibere ("to drink") are distinguished only by the use of the letters v and b, thus creating a point of confusion in the Iberian pronunciation.
Hebrew
Betacism occurred in Ancient Hebrew; the sound (denoted ⟨ב⟩) changed to and eventually to except when geminated or when following a consonant or pause. As a result, the two sounds became allophones; but, due to later sound changes, including the loss of gemination, the distinction became phonemic again in Modern Hebrew.
See also
Lenition
Iotacism
Phonological merger
Sound change
Notes
References
Sound changes
Spanish language
Greek language
Hebrew language
Galician language
Catalan language
Portuguese language
Occitan language
Sardinian language
Italian language
Romanian language |
4023675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money%2C%20Power%20%26%20Respect | Money, Power & Respect | Money, Power & Respect is the debut album by hip hop group The Lox. It was released on January 13, 1998, through Bad Boy Records and featured production from the Hitmen, Dame Grease and Swizz Beatz. The album found huge success, peaking at number three on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and spawned two charting singles, "Money, Power & Respect" and "If You Think I'm Jiggy". In 2008, the title track was ranked number 53 on Vh1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
(co.) Co-producer
Sample credits
"If You Think I'm Jiggy" contains samples from "A Real Mutha for Ya", "Nothing Left to be Desired" by Johnny "Guitar" Watson, and interpolates "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" by Rod Stewart.
"Money, Power & Respect" contains a sample from "New Beginning" by Dexter Wansel
"Get This $" contains samples from "It’s Your Thing" by Lou Donaldson, "The What" by the Notorious B.I.G., and "It's Your Thing" by the Isley Brothers.
"Let's Start Rap Over" contains a sample from "Let’s Start Love Over" by Miles Jaye. Written by Michael Claxton
"I Wanna Thank You" contains samples from "Yesterday Princess" by Stanley Clarke, "Heavenly Father" by Fu-Schnickens, and "I Want to Thank You" by Alicia Myers
"Goin' Be Some Shit" contains samples from "Shut the Eff Up Hoe" by MC Lyte, and "Cardova" by the Meters.
"The Heist, Pt. 1" contains samples from "T.L.C." by Average White Band, and "Long Red" by Mountain.
"Bitches From Eastwick" contains samples from "Ike’s Mood I/You’ve Lost that Lovin’ Feelin’" by Isaac Hayes, and "Mean Women" by Dap Sugar Willie.
"Can't Stop, Won't Stop" contains samples from "Spoonin’ Rap" by Spoonie Gee, and "You Can't Stop the Reign" by Shaquille O'Neal.
"So Right" contains samples from "Encore" by Cheryl Lynn.
Personnel
Credits for Money, Power & Respect adapted from AllMusic.
Charles "Prince Charles" Alexander - Mixing
Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie - Audio Production, Composer, Executive Producer
Camilo Argumedes - Assistant Engineer
Carlos "6 July" Broady - Composer, Producer
Bob Brockman - Mixing
Rob Carter - Producer
Sean "Puffy" Combs - Audio Production, Composer, Executive Producer
Lane Craven - Mixing
Dame Grease - Audio Production, Keyboards, Producer
Stephen Dent - Engineer, Mixing
DMX - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Rap
John Eaton - Engineer
Jay Garfield - Producer
Rasheed Goodlowe - Engineer
Terri Haskins - Art Direction
Daniel Hastings - Photography
Cheryl Jacobsen - Group Member
Jadakiss - Member of Attributed Artist, Rap
Steve Jones - Assistant Engineer, Engineer
S. Jordan - Composer
Ron Lawrence - Producer
Jimmie Lee - Engineer
Lil' Kim - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Rap
The Lox - Primary Artist, Producer
Gregg Mann - Engineer
Tony Maserati - Engineer, Mixing
Damaris Mercado - Design
John Meredith - Engineer, Unknown Contributor Role
Lynn Montrose - Assistant Engineer
Nasheim Myrick - Audio Production, Composer, Producer
Michael Patterson - Engineer, Mixing
Pent P.K. - Producer
Jayson Phillips - Composer, Group Member
Herb Powers - Mastering
Kelly Price - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Vocals
Puff Daddy - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Rap
Sheek Louch - Member of Attributed Artist, Rap
Styles P - Member of Attributed Artist, Rap
David Styles -Composer, Group Member
Swizz Beatz - Audio Production
Carl Thomas - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Rap
Chucky Thompson - Producer, Vocals (Background)
Barry White - Grooming
Rob Williams - Engineer
Doug Wilson - Engineer
Young Lord - Producer
Micheal Claxton - Writer "Let's Start Rap Over"
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1998 (U.S.)
References
D-Block Records albums
1998 debut albums
Bad Boy Records albums
Albums produced by Sean Combs
Albums produced by Dame Grease
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
The Lox albums |
4023678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Carter | Joseph Carter | Joseph or Joe Carter may refer to:
Military
Joseph Carter Abbott (1825–1881), Union general
Joseph E. Carter (1875–1950), American Medal of Honor recipient
Joseph F. Carter (1842–1922), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Music
Joe Carter (guitarist) (1927–2001), slide guitarist
Joseph Dougherty Carter (1927–2005), member of the Carter Family
Politics
Joseph Carter (socialist) (1910–1970), American socialist activist
Joseph C. Carter (born 1956), first African-American National Guard Adjutant General in Massachusetts
Joseph N. Carter (1843–1913), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois
Joseph O. Carter (1835–1909), Hawaiian politician
Sports
Joe Carter (end) (1909–1991), National Football League player, 1933–1945
Joe Carter (running back) (born 1962), National Football League player, 1984–1986
Joe Carter (English footballer) (1899–1977), English football inside-forward
Joe Carter (born 1960), Major League Baseball player, 1983–1998
Joe Carter (cricketer) (born 1992), New Zealand cricketer
Other
Joe Carter (reporter), American reporter
Joseph Coleman Carter (born 1941), American historian
Joseph Henry Carter (1857–1930), British veterinarian
Joe Carter, pseudonym for Superman creator Jerry Siegel
Joe Carter (Coronation Street), a character on the UK television series Coronation Street played by Jonathan Wrather |
4023686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPFW | WPFW | WPFW (89.3 FM) is a talk and jazz music community radio station serving the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. It is owned by the Pacifica Foundation, and its studios are located on K Street Northwest.
History
WPFW launched at 8 p.m. on February 28, 1977, with Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn's "Take the 'A' Train." The fifth station in the San Francisco-based Pacific Network, WPFW was different from the other Pacific stations in that it was established as a Black-staffed and -formatted station with a mission to serve as a community radio station for the largely African-American population of Washington, D.C.
The Pacifica Foundation began seeking an FM license in Washington, D.C., as early as 1968, but it was not until 1977 that WPFW won a temporary license. From its launch, WPFW was aggressive in promoting progressive voices and opinions. The station was accused of violating the Fairness Doctrine, which required broadcasters to provide time to opposing opinions, and the conservative American Legal Foundation (ALF) worked to block the station's license renewal in 1981. After a two-year delay, the Federal Communications Commission rejected the ALF's request and renewed the station's license in 1983.
Soon after it launched, the station began building out a studio facility in D.C.'s Chinatown neighborhood, which served as its home until 1996 when the station moved to Adams Morgan. In 2013, the building the station shared with the Washington City Paper was slated for demolition, necessitating another move. After a controversial attempt to relocate the station to Silver Spring, Maryland, WPFW relocated to a temporary facility on L Street NW before establishing new studios on K Street NW.
Programming
Aside from syndicated Pacifica programs such as Democracy Now!, much of its programming is locally produced and dedicated to jazz, blues, classic soul music and international or world music.
As a public station, WPFW is commercial-free and listener-sponsored.
References
External links
WPFW website (web broadcast included)
PFW
Pacifica Foundation stations
Jazz radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1977 |
4023692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoindentation | Nanoindentation | Nanoindentation, also called instrumented indentation testing, is a variety of indentation hardness tests applied to small volumes. Indentation is perhaps the most commonly applied means of testing the mechanical properties of materials. The nanoindentation technique was developed in the mid-1970s to measure the hardness of small volumes of material.
Background
In a traditional indentation test (macro or micro indentation), a hard tip whose mechanical properties are known (frequently made of a very hard material like diamond) is pressed into a sample whose properties are unknown. The load placed on the indenter tip is increased as the tip penetrates further into the specimen and soon reaches a user-defined value. At this point, the load may be held constant for a period or removed. The area of the residual indentation in the sample is measured and the hardness, , is defined as the maximum load, , divided by the residual indentation area, :
For most techniques, the projected area may be measured directly using light microscopy. As can be seen from this equation, a given load will make a smaller indent in a "hard" material than a "soft" one.
This technique is limited due to large and varied tip shapes, with indenter rigs which do not have very good spatial resolution (the location of the area to be indented is very hard to specify accurately). Comparison across experiments, typically done in different laboratories, is difficult and often meaningless. Nanoindentation improves on these macro- and micro-indentation tests by indenting on the nanoscale with a very precise tip shape, high spatial resolutions to place the indents, and by providing real-time load-displacement (into the surface) data while the indentation is in progress.
In nanoindentation small loads and tip sizes are used, so the indentation area may only be a few square micrometres or even nanometres. This presents problems in determining the hardness, as the contact area is not easily found. Atomic force microscopy or scanning electron microscopy techniques may be utilized to image the indentation, but can be quite cumbersome. Instead, an indenter with a geometry known to high precision (usually a Berkovich tip, which has a three-sided pyramid geometry) is employed. During the course of the instrumented indentation process, a record of the depth of penetration is made, and then the area of the indent is determined using the known geometry of the indentation tip. While indenting, various parameters such as load and depth of penetration can be measured. A record of these values can be plotted on a graph to create a load-displacement curve (such as the one shown in Figure 1). These curves can be used to extract mechanical properties of the material.
Young's modulus
The slope of the curve, , upon unloading is indicative of the stiffness of the contact. This value generally includes a contribution from both the material being tested and the response of the test device itself. The stiffness of the contact can be used to calculate the reduced Young's modulus :
Where is the projected area of the indentation at the contact depth , and is a geometrical constant on the order of unity. is often approximated by a fitting polynomial as shown below for a Berkovich tip:
Where for a Berkovich tip is 24.5 while for a cube corner (90°) tip is 2.598. The reduced modulus is related to Young's modulus of the test specimen through the following relationship from contact mechanics:
Here, the subscript indicates a property of the indenter material and is Poisson's ratio. For a diamond indenter tip, is 1140 GPa and is 0.07. Poisson’s ratio of the specimen, , generally varies between 0 and 0.5 for most materials (though it can be negative) and is typically around 0.3.
There are two different types of hardness that can be obtained from a nano indenter: one is as in traditional macroindentation tests where one attains a single hardness value per experiment; the other is based on the hardness as the material is being indented resulting in hardness as a function of depth.
Hardness
The hardness is given by the equation above, relating the maximum load to the indentation area. The area can be measured after the indentation by in-situ atomic force microscopy, or by 'after-the event' optical (or electron) microscopy. An example indentation image, from which the area may be determined, is shown at right.
Some nanoindenters use an area function based on the geometry of the tip, compensating for elastic load during the test. Use of this area function provides a method of gaining real-time nanohardness values from a load-displacement graph. However, there is some controversy over the use of area functions to estimate the residual areas versus direct measurement. An area function typically describes the projected area of an indent as a 2nd-order polynomial function of the indenter depth . When too many coefficients are used, the function will begin to fit to the noise in the data, and inflection points will develop. If the curve can fit well with only two coefficients, this is the best. However, if many data points are used, sometimes all 6 coefficients will need to be used to get a good area function. Typically, 3 or 4 coefficients works well. Service Document Probe Calibration; CSV-T-003 v3.0; Exclusive application of an area function in the absence of adequate knowledge of material response can lead to misinterpretation of resulting data. Cross-checking of areas microscopically is to be encouraged.
Strain-rate sensitivity
The strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress is defined as
where is the flow stress and is the strain rate produced under the indenter. For nanoindentation experiments which include a holding period at constant load (i.e. the flat, top area of the load-displacement curve), can be determined from
The subscripts indicate these values are to be determined from the plastic components only.
Activation volume
Interpreted loosely as the volume swept out by dislocations during thermal activation, the activation volume is
where is the temperature and kB is Boltzmann's constant. From the definition of , it is easy to see that .
Hardware
Sensors
The construction of a depth-sensing indentation system is made possible by the inclusion of very sensitive displacement and load sensing systems. Load transducers must be capable of measuring forces in the micronewton range and displacement sensors are very frequently capable of sub-nanometer resolution. Environmental isolation is crucial to the operation of the instrument. Vibrations transmitted to the device, fluctuations in atmospheric temperature and pressure, and thermal fluctuations of the components during the course of an experiment can cause significant errors.
Continuous stiffness measurement (CSM)
Dynamic nanoindentation or continuous stiffness measurement (CSM, also offered commercially as CMX, dynamics...), introduced in 1989, is a significant improvement over the quasi-static mode described above. It consists into overlapping a very small, fast (> 40 Hz) oscillation onto the main loading signal and evaluate the magnitude of the resulting partial unloadings by a lock-in amplifier, so as to quasi-continuously determine the contact stiffness. This allows for the continuous evaluation of the hardness and Young's modulus of the material over the depth of the indentation, which is of great advantage with coatings and graded materials. The CSM method is also pivotal for the experimental determination of the local creep and strain-rate dependent mechanical properties of materials, as well as the local damping of visco-elastic materials. The harmonic amplitude of the oscillations is usually chosen around 2 nm (RMS), which is a trade-off value avoiding an underestimation of the stiffness due to the "dynamic unloading error" or the "plasticity error" during measurements on materials with unusually high elastic-to-plastic ratio (E/H > 150), such as soft metals.
Atomic Force Microscopy
The ability to conduct nanoindentation studies with nanometer depth, and sub-nanonewton force resolution is also possible using a standard AFM setup. The AFM allows for nanomechanical studies to be conducted alongside topographic analyses, without the use of dedicated instruments. Load-displacement curves can be collected similarly for a variety of materials - provided that they are softer than the AFM tip - and mechanical properties can be directly calculated from these curves. Conversely, some commercial nanoindentation systems offer the possibility to use a piezo-driven stage to image the topography of residual indents with the nanoindenter tip.
Software
Experimental software
The indentation curves have often at least thousands of data points. The hardness and elastic modulus can quickly be calculated by using a programming language or a spreadsheet. Instrumented indentation testing machines come with the software specifically designed to analyze the indentation data from their own machine. The Indentation Grapher (Dureza) software is able to import text data from several commercial machines or custom made equipment. Spreadsheet programs such as MS-Excel or OpenOffice Calculate do not have the ability to fit to the non-linear power law equation from indentation data. A linear fit can be done by offset displacement so that the data passes through the origin. Then select the power law equation from the graphing options.
The Martens hardness, , is a simple software for any programmer having minimal background to develop. The software starts by searching for the maximum displacement, , point and maximum load, .
The displacement is used to calculate the contact surface area, , based on the indenter geometry. For a perfect Berkovich indenter the relationship is .
The indentation hardness, is defined slightly different.
Here, the hardness is related to the projected contact area .
As the indent size decreases the error caused by tip rounding increases. The tip wear can be accounted for within the software by using a simple polynomial function. As the indenter tip wears the value will increase. The user enters the values for and based on direct measurements such as SEM or AFM images of the indenter tip or indirectly by using a material of known elastic modulus or an atomic force microscope (AFM) image of an indentation.
Calculating the elastic modulus with software involves using software filtering techniques to separate the critical unloading data from the rest of the load-displacement data. The start and end points are usually found by using user defined percentages. This user input increases the variability because of possible human error. It would be best if the entire calculation process was automatically done for more consistent results. A good nanoindentation machine prints out the load unload curve data with labels to each of the segments such as loading, top hold, unload, bottom hold, and reloading. If multiple cycles are used then each one should be labeled. However mores nanoindenters only give the raw data for the load-unload curves. An automatic software technique finds the sharp change from the top hold time to the beginning of the unloading. This can be found by doing a linear fit to the top hold time data. The unload data starts when the load is 1.5 times standard deviation less than the hold time load. The minimum data point is the end of the unloading data. The computer calculates the elastic modulus with this data according to the Oliver—Pharr (nonlinear). The Doerner-Nix method is less complicated to program because it is a linear curve fit of the selected minimum to maximum data. However, it is limited because the calculated elastic modulus will decrease as more data points are used along the unloading curve. The Oliver-Pharr nonlinear curve fit method to the unloading curve data where is the depth variable, is the final depth and and are constants and coefficients. The software must use a nonlinear convergence method to solve for , and that best fits the unloading data. The slope is calculated by differentiating at the maximum displacement.
An image of the indent can also be measured using software. The atomic force microscope (AFM) scans the indent. First the lowest point of the indentation is found. Make an array of lines around the using linear lines from indent center along the indent surface. Where the section line is more than several standard deviations (>3 ) from the surface noise the outline point is created. Then connect all of the outline points to build the entire indent outline. This outline will automatically include the pile-up contact area.
For nanoindentation experiments performed with a conical indenter on a thin film deposited on a substrate or on a multilayer sample, the NIMS Matlab toolbox is useful for load-displacement curves analysis and calculations of Young's modulus and hardness of the coating. In the case of pop-in, the PopIn Matlab toolbox is a solution to analyze statistically pop-in distribution and to extract critical load or critical indentation depth, just before pop-in. Finally, for indentation maps obtained following the grid indentation technique, the TriDiMap Matlab toolbox offers the possibility to plot 2D or 3D maps and to analyze statistically mechanical properties distribution of each constituent, in case of a heterogeneous material by doing deconvolution of probability density function.
Computational software
Molecular dynamics (MD) has been a very powerful technique to investigate the nanoindentation at atomic scale. For instance, Alexey et al employed MD to simulate the nanoindentation process of a titanium crystal, dependence of deformation of the crystalline structure on the type of the indenter is observed, which is very hard to harvest in experiment. Tao et al performed MD simulations of nanoindentation on Cu/Ni nanotwinned multilayers films using a spherical indenter and investigated the effects of hetero-twin interface and twin thickness on hardness. Recently, a review paper by Carlos et al is published upon the atomistic studies of nanoindentation. This review covers different nanoindentation mechanisms and effects of surface orientation, crystallography (fcc, bcc, hcp, etc), surface and bulk damage on plasticity. All of the MD-obtained results are very difficult to be achieved in experiment due to the resolution limitation of structural characterization techniques. Among various MD simulation software, such as GROMACS, Xenoview, Amber, etc., LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator), which is developed by Sandia National Laboratories, is the most widely used for simulation. An interaction potential and an input file including information of atom ID, coordinates, charges, ensemble, time step, etc are fed to the simulator, and then running could be executed. After specified running timesteps, information such as energy, atomic trajectories, and structural information (such as coordination number) could be output for further analysis, which makes it possible to investigate the nanoindentation mechanism at atomic-scale. Another interesting Matlab toolbox called STABiX has been developed to quantify slip transmission at grain boundaries by analyzing indentation experiments in bicrystal.
Applications
Nanoindentation is a robust technique for determination of mechanical properties. By combining the application of low loads, measuring the resulting displacement, and determining the contact area between the tip of the indenter and the sample a wide range of mechanical properties are able to be measured. The application that drove the innovation of the technique is testing thin film properties for which conventional testing are not feasible. Conventional mechanical testing such as tensile testing or dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) can only return the average property without any indication of variability across the sample. However, nanoindentation can be used for determination of local properties of homogeneous as well as heterogeneous materials. The reduction in sample size requirements has allowed the technique to become broadly applied to products where the manufactured state does not present enough material for microhardness testing. Applications in this area include medical implants, consumer goods, and packaging. Alternative uses of the technique are used to test MEMs devices by utilizing the low-loads and small scale displacements the nanoindenter is capable of.
Limitations
Conventional nanoindentation methods for calculation of Modulus of elasticity (based on the unloading curve) are limited to linear, isotropic materials.
Pile up and sink in
Problems associated with the "pile-up" or "sink-in" of the material on the edges of the indent during the indentation process remain a problem that is still under investigation.
It is possible to measure the pile-up contact area using computerized image analysis of atomic force microscope (AFM) images of the indentations. This process also depends on the linear isotropic elastic recovery for the indent reconstruction.
Nanoindentation on soft materials
Nanoindentation of soft material has intrinsic challenges due to adhesion, surface detection and tip dependency of results. There is an ongoing research to overcome such problems.
Two critical issues need to be considered when attempting nanoindentation measurements on soft materials: stiffness and viscoelasticity.
The first is the requirement that in any force-displacement measurement platform the stiffness of the machine () must approximately match the stiffness of the sample (), at least in order of magnitude. If is too high, then the indenter probe will simply run through the sample without being able to measure the force. On the other hand, if is too low, then the probe simply will not indent into the sample, and no reading of the probe displacement can be made. For samples that are very soft, the first of these two possibilities is likely.
The stiffness of a sample is given by
≈×
where is the size of the contact region between the indenter and the sample, and is the sample’s elastic modulus. Typical atomic-force microscopy (AFM) cantilevers have in the range 0.05 to 50 N/m, and probe size in the range ~10 nm to 1 μm. Commercial nanoindenters are also similar. Therefore, if ≈, then a typical AFM cantilever-tip or a commercial nanoindenter can only measure in the ~kPa to GPa range. This range is wide enough to cover most synthetic materials including polymers, metals and ceramics, as well as a large variety of biological materials including tissues and adherent cells. However, there may be softer materials with moduli in the Pa range, such as floating cells, and these cannot be measured by an AFM or a commercial nanoindenter.
To measure in the Pa range, “pico-indentation” using an optical tweezers system is suitable. Here, a laser beam is used to trap a translucent bead which is then brought into contact with the soft sample so as to indent it. The trap stiffness () depends on the laser power and bead material, and a typical value is ~50 pN/μm. The probe size can be a micron or so. Then the optical trap can measure (≈/)in the Pa range.
The second issue concerning soft samples is their viscoelasticity. Methods to handle viscoelasticity include the following.
In the classical treatment of viscoelasticity, the load-displacement (P-h) response measured from the sample is fitted to predictions from an assumed constitutive model (e.g. the Maxwell model) of the material comprising spring and dashpot elements. Such an approach can be very time consuming, and cannot in general prove the assumed constitutive law in an unambiguous manner.
Dynamic indentation with an oscillatory load can be performed, and the viscoelastic behavior of the sample is presented in terms of the resultant storage and loss moduli, often as variations over the load frequency. However, the storage and loss moduli obtained this way are not intrinsic material constants, but depend on the oscillation frequency and the indenter probe geometry.
A rate-jump method can be used to return an intrinsic elastic modulus of the sample that is independent of the test conditions. In this method, a constitutive law comprising any network of (in general) non-linear dashpots and linear elastic springs is assumed to hold within a very short time window about the time instant tc at which a sudden step change in the loading rate is applied on the sample. Since the dashpots are described by relations of the form ij=ij(kl) but stress kl is continuous across the step change ∆ij in the stress rate field kl at tc, there will not be any corresponding change in the strain rate field ij across the dashpots. However, because the linear elastic springs are described by relations of the form ij=Sikjlkl where Sikjl are elastic compliances, a step change ∆ij across the springs will result according to
∆ij=Sikjl∆kl
The last equation indicates that the fields ∆kl and ∆ij can be solved as a linear elastic problem with the elastic spring elements in the original viscoelastic network model while the dashpot elements are ignored. The solution for a given test geometry is a linear relation between the step changes in the load and displacement rates at tc, and the linking proportionality constant is a lumped value of the elastic constants in the original viscoelastic model. Fitting such a relation to experimental results allows this lumped value to be measured as an intrinsic elastic modulus of the material.
Specific equations from this rate-jump method have been developed for specific test platforms. For example, in depth-sensing nanoindentation, the elastic modulus and hardness are evaluated at the onset of an unloading stage following a load-hold stage. Such an onset point for unloading is a rate-jump point, and solving the equation ij=Sikjlkl across this leads to the Tang-Ngan method of viscoelastic correction
===-
where S = dP/dh is the apparent tip-sample contact stiffness at the onset of unload, is the displacement rate just before the unload, is the unloading rate, and is the true (i.e. viscosity-corrected) tip-sample contact stiffness which is related to the reduced modulus and the tip-sample contact size by the Sneddon relation . The contact size a can be estimated from a pre-calibrated shape function = of the tip, where the contact depth is obtainable using the Oliver—Pharr relation with the apparent contact stiffness replaced by the true stiffness :
= - = -
where is a factor depending on the tip (say, 0.72 for Berkovich tip).
Tip dependence
While nanoindentation testing can be relatively simple, the interpretation of results is challenging. One of the main challenges is the use of proper tip depending on the application and proper interpretation of the results. For instance, it has been shown that the elastic modulus can be tip dependent.
References
Further reading
Hardness tests |
4023715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Edgeworth, New South Wales | Edgeworth is a suburb of Greater Newcastle, City of Lake Macquarie local government area in New South Wales, Australia, located west of Newcastle's central business district.
History
Aboriginal
This area was traditionally occupied by the Awabakal people.
1870s – 1890s
Edgeworth was originally known as Cocked Hat Creek in the 1870s and early 1880s. It was renamed to Young Wallsend in 1885. The Young Wallsend Coal Company opened a colliery in 1890. The colliery ceased operations in the early 1900s, and the site was bulldozed in 1992 to build a housing estate.
The Traveller's Rest Hotel (now Edgeworth Tavern) opened in the 1890s.
The first post office opened in February 1891.
Young Wallsend School (now Edgeworth Public School) opened in April 1891. The schoolteacher's residence is heritage listed.
1900s – 1940s
St Ann's Church was erected in 1910. It was situated on Main Road, but was relocated or demolished some time after April 1991.
The first tram line was opened in 1910, connecting Glendale to West Wallsend via Main Road. The line was closed in 1930. A tramway from Brush Creek to Speers Point was opened in 1912. The Speers Point Service was closed in the 1920s, but a shuttle service continued to run between Cockle Creek Station and Speers Point during holidays. The lines were never electrified, and the tram rails were removed in 1935.
Salty Creek, also known as Sandy Bottom, was home to the Salty Creek Recreational Area in the early 1900s. It held the headquarters of the West Wallsend Swimming Club, who hosted swimming carnivals attended by local clubs. The area lost popularity in the 1940s, partly due to pollution.
1950s – present
The former Salty Creek Recreational Area became the Salty Creek Speedway in 1958. The site closed in the 1970s.
Salty Creek Public School (now Edgeworth Heights Public School) opened in January 1958.
Piped sewage was connected in 1959.
In December 1960, Young Wallsend adopted its present name in honour of the geologist Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David who, arriving in New South Wales in 1882, pioneered geological surveying of the coal seams in the Hunter Valley.
The Hawkins Masonic Village was opened in 1972.
Education
Edgeworth has three schools: Edgeworth Public School, Edgeworth Heights Public School, and St. Benedict's Primary School.
Sport and leisure
Edgeworth is home to the Edgeworth Eagles soccer club and the Sugar Valley Netball Club. The Edgeworth Sport and Rec Club provides bowls.
The Lake Macquarie Live Steam Locomotive Society has been running model steam trains in Edgeworth since 1969.
References
External links
History of Edgeworth (Lake Macquarie City Library)
Suburbs of Lake Macquarie |
4023724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1993 Australian Open – Men's singles | Defending champion Jim Courier defeated Stefan Edberg in a rematch of the previous year's final, 6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1993 Australian Open.
Seeds
Andre Agassi (No. 9), because of bronchitis, withdrew from the tournament prior to the seedings.
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
General
Specific
External links
1993 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles |
4023729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6V | 6V | 6V or 6-V may refer to:
6V, IATA code for Mars RK airlines
6v, abbreviations for 6 volts
6V, abbreviation for 6-valve engine
6V-71, engine used in Detroit Diesel Series 71
6V-92, engine used in Detroit Diesel Series 92
6V, the production code for the 1985 Doctor Who serial Vengeance on Varos
See also
V6 (disambiguation)
VVVVVV |
4023732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadamah | Dadamah | Dadamah were a band from New Zealand, active during the early 1990s. The band consisted of Kim Pieters, Peter Stapleton, Roy Montgomery, and Janine Stagg. They released their sole album This Is Not a Dream in 1992. After the band broke up, the members went on to numerous other music projects, including Flies Inside The Sun, Doramaar, Dissolve, and Rain.
Discography
Studio albums
This Is Not a Dream (1992)
Singles
Nicotine/High Time (1991)
Scratch Sun/Radio Brain (1991)
References
External links
Dadamah page at Kranky website
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
New Zealand indie rock groups |
4023741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel%2C%20Kent | Capel, Kent | Capel is a hamlet and civil parish in the borough of Tunbridge Wells in Kent, England. The parish is located on the north of the Weald, to the east of Tonbridge. The southern part of the parish lies within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, whilst most of the land also falls within the Metropolitan Green Belt. As well as Capel itself, the parish includes the communities of Castle Hill, Colts Hill, Five Oak Green, Postern, Tudeley and Whetsted.
History
The name Capel may have derived from its church being a chapel of the nearby church at Tudeley.
The parish Church of St Thomas à Becket is now redundant, and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. Services are held there four times a year, and the church is open to visitors daily. It contains some lovely 12th century wall paintings depicting Cain and Abel, and Christ's entry to Jerusalem, originally there to help those who could not read learn the stories of the Bible. Outside is a yew tree under which Thomas Becket himself is supposed to have preached. The church tower was partly rebuilt following a fire in 1639.
The ecclesiastical parish is now known as Tudeley-cum-Capel with Five Oak Green.
Government
Capel falls within the jurisdiction of Tunbridge Wells Borough Council. Capel ward is currently represented by a Liberal Democrat councillor, Hugh Patterson.
Geography
Capel hamlet is west of the nearest town, Paddock Wood, where there is a railway station, and north-east of Tunbridge Wells. There are two main clusters of buildings, one around the church, Church Farm and Tanners Farm, at the junction of Alders Road and Church lane; and another around the Dovecot Inn, on Alders Road.
Hasted described Capel in the late 18th-century as being in:
It has changed little since.
Culture and Community
Capel also sports the Dovecote Inn, a fine traditional Kentish pub which received an award from CAMRA, The Campaign For Real Ale on 14 February 2009, marking the pub's inclusion in every edition of the Good Beer Guide for the previous 10 years.
References
External links
Capel Parish Council Website
Capel parish church
CAMRA award
Tudeley-cum-Capel with Five Oak Green
Capel History Group website
Villages in Kent
Civil parishes in Kent |
4023745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6Z | 6Z | 6Z or 6-Z may refer to:
6Z, IATA code for South African airline Panavia
6Z, IATA code for Ukrainian Cargo Airways
6Z, the production code for the 1985 Doctor Who serial Revelation of the Daleks
Class 6Z locomotive; see South African Class 6A 4-6-0
Asus ZenFone 6, known as the Asus 6Z in the Indian market
See also
Z6 (disambiguation) |
4023761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Mobile%20Suit%20Gundam%20Wing%20characters | List of Mobile Suit Gundam Wing characters | This is a list of characters from the Japanese anime television series Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, known in Japan as , and subsequent spin-offs. The codes after the characters' names indicate which series and manga the characters appear in:
EZ – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Episode Zero
W – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing
GU – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing Dual Story: G-Unit
TI – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Tiel's Impulse
SY – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing Sidestory: A Scythe in My Right Hand, You in My Left
BT – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Blind Target
BP – New Report Gundam Wing: Battlefield of Pacifists
EW – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz
FT – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Frozen Teardrop
Gundam Pilots / Colony Liberation Organization
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW, FT]
Ascendancy: Japanese
The protagonist of Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, and the pilot of the XXXG-01W Wing Gundam and (later) the XXXG-00W0 Wing Gundam Zero. During the series, very little of his past is revealed, although the prequel manga Episode Zero revealed that he was once a nameless protégé of the assassin Odin Lowe until the assassin's death during a failed mission. Shortly thereafter, the nameless boy was taken in by Doctor J and trained as a Gundam pilot. At the onset of Operation Meteor, Doctor J gave him the code name "Heero Yuy" after the martyred leader of the space colonies whom Odin assassinated years prior. Although Heero often acts very cold, reckless, emotionless and anti-social, he sympathizes with the oppressed colony citizens and forms strong bonds with his fellow Gundam pilots, Relena and other allies over time. Though his true feelings for Relena are never fully explained in the series, he has vowed to protect her from any danger (even though, ironically enough, he originally threatened to kill her when she learned of his mission). At the end of the sequel novel series Frozen Teardrop, Heero asks Relena to marry him, and she accepts his proposal. In the epilogue, which takes place 5 months after the events of the final chapter, Heero is now living a happy and peaceful life with Relena on Mars, with the two discussing their plans on marriage and starting a family of their own. Heero Yuy was voiced by Hikaru Midorikawa in the Japanese version and Mark Hildreth in the English dub.
[EZ, W, SY, BT, BP, EW, FT]
Ascendancy: Native American
The pilot of the XXXG-01D Gundam Deathscythe and the XXXG-01D2 Gundam Deathscythe Hell. He is cheerful, amicable and goofy, but this is a front to cover up his tragic past. In "Episode Zero", it was revealed that he chose his name to commemorate a boy he admired named Solo; they had been part of a street gang together. Solo had told the young Duo that they would always be together, but Solo later died from a disease that swept the colony. Duo took his last name from the Maxwell Church, a home for war orphans run by Father Maxwell and Sister Helen, a Catholic priest and nun. He lived in the church until it was destroyed during an Alliance attack, in what became known as "the Maxwell Church Massacre". Duo was the only survivor because he was not there during the attack; he had gone to steal a mobile suit from a nearby military base to drive out a group of Colony rebels hiding in the church. Mementos of Duo's lost loved ones are his distinctive 3-foot braid (a reminder of Sister Helen, who carefully braided his long hair as a child) and the priest's clothes that he usually wears. He refers to himself as Shinigami (the "God of Death" in the original Japanese version or the "Great Destroyer" in the edited English dub), because anyone who gets close to him eventually dies. Duo later became a member of the Sweeper Group, an engineer, a hacker of great skill, and finally a Gundam pilot after meeting Professor G. Duo Maxwell was voiced by Toshihiko Seki in the Japanese version and by Scott McNeil in the English dub.
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW]
Ascendancy: Russian
The pilot of the XXXG-01H Gundam Heavyarms; he is also known as . Trowa is a stoic young man who has spent almost his entire life on the battlefield. Reserved by nature, he can be seen to be as emotionless like Heero, but is in fact a warm-hearted person who is very protective of those he cares about. Nanashi took the name "Trowa Barton" after the real one (the son of Dekim Barton) was shot and killed by the assistant of Doktor S, the creator of Gundam Heavyarms, when they were unwilling to proceed with Operation Meteor. Besides being a Gundam pilot, Trowa is also an accomplished acrobat, which serves him well in his cover identity as a clown in a travelling circus. Trowa is assumed to be Triton Bloom, Catherine Bloom's long-lost brother that was believed to have died years ago as an infant. There is only a little evidence of this: in the Episode Zero manga, the baby shown being thrown from the cart's wreckage in the bombing that killed Catherine's family has Trowa's trademark bangs, and according to official sources, Trowa has "a burn scar on his back that he didn't get in battle", but if the names of the pilots do relate to numbers, it would seem more likely that this was true. Trowa Barton was voiced by Shigeru Nakahara in the Japanese version and Kirby Morrow in English.
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW]
Ascendancy: Arab
The pilot of the XXXG-01SR Gundam Sandrock, as well as the heir to a major space mining company known as the Winner Corporation. Quatre is a very kind young man who loves animals, and is the greatest believer in pacifism of the five Gundam pilots. He has twenty-nine older sisters that were all test tube babies (according to the Episode Zero manga) due to the numerous problems experienced in natural pregnancy during the colonists' first arrival in space created the need for test-tube babies until a cure was developed. Everyone was then able to produce children naturally sans the Winner family due to their living in space since the colonies' creation. Quatre's mother desperately wanted to bear at least one child naturally and so she did though it cost her life. Quatre was never informed that he was the only child who was born naturally, and thus had a cold, angry demeanor for a long time (due to feeling that he and his sisters were just pawns created by his father to benefit the Corporation and that they could all be replaced at any time). Quatre is a natural leader as he leads a group of middle-eastern fighters known as the Maganac Corps (who are all test-tube babies themselves). The Maganacs have accepted Quatre as their leader as (in Episode Zero) Quatre saved their leader Rashid's life when Quatre flushed out a traitor within the Maganac ranks. Quatre was then given his goggles by Rashid as a symbol of the leader of the Maganacs. The Maganacs also taught Quatre to have pride in himself, no matter where he came from, and the young man's kind, gentle nature arose from that understanding. Despite being a pacifist, Quatre sees the Gundams as a necessary evil, which has strained his relationship with his father, who followed the path of absolute pacifism prior to his death. Toward the end of the series, Heero turns leadership of the Gundam Team over to Quatre. Although Newtypes are not referenced in the Gundam Wing universe, Quatre seems to sense the "Heart of Space" (or "Soul of Outer Space") like Amuro Ray was able to. Quatre Winner was voiced by Ai Orikasa in the Japanese version and Brad Swaile (Amuro Ray's voice actor in Mobile Suit Gundam) in the English dub.
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW, FT]
Ascendancy: Chinese
The pilot of the XXXG-01S Shenlong Gundam and the XXXG-01S2 Altron Gundam, he constantly refers to both incarnations as the deity "Nataku" of whom his late wife Meilan modelled herself after. Wufei is a fierce warrior descended from a long, proud line of Chinese warriors and thus despises weakness in character and body. As evidenced in Episode Zero, when he was younger he was calmer and much more cerebral, but his unwillingness to fight resulted in the death of his wife Meilan, a strong girl who took the responsibility of protecting the colony (as well as Shenlong Gundam) onto herself and was killed in battle. Wufei then chose to carry out her path of justice in honor of her sacrifice. Wufei looks down on those who he deems weak and cowardly. Although Wufei preferred to fight alone, he eventually realized that he needed to team up with the other Gundam pilots to accomplish his goals. Chang Wufei was voiced by Ryuzou Ishino in the Japanese version and Ted Cole in the English dub.
[EZ, W, EW] His full name being Jack Null, he is an engineer and beam weapon expert who played a role in developing the Mobile Suits of the AC era. His distinguishing features include mechanical-looking goggles, a cybernetic right arm (the fingers of which he has an aggravating tendency to clack together), and metal braces on his lower legs. While J and his colleagues developed the OZ-00MS Tallgeese prototype mobile suit for the Alliance, they accepted Dekim Barton's request to construct the Gundams in retaliation for their colonies being oppressed. J would develop Wing Gundam based on his earlier mobile suit design known as the Wyvern. After taking the youth he appropriately named "Heero Yui" into his care, J shared his colleagues disagreed with Operation Meteor and encouraged Heero to deviate from Dekim's plan. J also saves Relena from OZ's hit squad and tells her about Heero's past, later presumed dead along with the other scientists when they re-activated Peacemillion's engines to propel Libra away from Earth. Doctor J was voiced by Minoru Inaba in Japanese and Dave Ward in English.
[EZ, W, EW] The engineer and creator of the Gundam Deathscythe, as well as co-creator of the spaceship Peacemillion, and Duo Maxwell's mentor. He is distinguished by his long nose, mushroom-shaped hair, and a long scar on his cheek. Sardonic and rather eccentric, he tends to describe Deathscythe as "the ultimate work of art" (perhaps due to his specialization in stealth systems) and claims that the other Gundams are "a fluke". When Duo refused to go along with Dekim Barton's original Operation Meteor, G told him to "steal" Deathscythe and fight the Alliance on his own terms. G was the first to be captured by Lady Une. A member of the Sweeper Group, he was impressed by Duo cracking his security codes, and offered to train him as a Gundam pilot. G was presumed dead along with his fellow scientists in the re-activation of Peacemillion's engines.
[EW, W, EW] The engineer and creator of the Gundam Heavyarms, he is distinguished by his prosthetic nose and spiked gray hair. His specialty is ballistic weaponry. S was opposed to Operation Meteor but the original Trowa Barton (Heavyarms' assigned pilot) was prepared to rat him out to his father Dekim. The Doktor's assistant then shot and killed Trowa and a nameless young engineer who had been working on Heavyarms offered to take the dead man's name and Gundam with no interest in carrying out Operation Meteor. S was presumed dead along with the other Gundam scientists on Peacemillion.
[EZ, W, EW] The engineer and creator of the Gundam Sandrock, and Quatre Winner's mentor. He is rather fat, with a receding hairline that curls up in the back, and a long, thin, dark mustache that stands straight out at each end. A worker at MO-III, he originally met Quatre when the young heir's shuttle was hijacked by the Maganac Corps (as detailed in the Episode Zero manga). After learning of the youth's strength and resolve, he ended up taking a job as Quatre's tutor while borrowing Winner family resources to build Sandrock. Realizing that he couldn't take away Quatre's kind nature, H rejected Operation Meteor and sent the boy to Earth to join the Maganacs. He appears to be the most reluctant of the engineers to reveal information on the Gundams. He is responsible for leaving the blueprints of the Wing Zero behind in his facility. H was presumed dead along with the other scientists on Peacemillion.
[EZ, W, EW] The engineer and creator of the Shenlong Gundam, and Wufei Chang's mentor. Of imposing stature and spear-bald, O was a powerful and athletic expert in many forms of martial arts, a skill he brings to the mobile suits he creates. Unlike the other engineers, he wanted his young ward to follow Operation Meteor, disregarding Wufei's wife's death; this led to a rift between mentor and protege. O was presumed dead along with the other Gundam scientists on Peacemillion.
[EZ, W, BP] One of the original engineers who designed the OZ-00MS Tallgeese prototype mobile suit along with the five men who would become the Gundam engineers. But unlike them, Howard chose to live a relatively calm life, operating a salvage boat on Earth as part of the Sweeper Group. Howard repairs both Duo Maxwell's and Zechs Merquise's mobile suits, the latter after he found Zechs washed up on the beach with his Tallgeese. During Operation Meteor, he helped Duo and Heero; later in the conflict, he retrieved Peacemillion, which he co-created and became the flagship for all five of the Gundams. Howard survived the Eve Wars and stayed at the former Lunar Base as custodian of the Gundams. His Hawaiian shirts and wraparound shades make him the most colorfully dressed character in the series.
Maganac Corps
[EZ, W, EW] The leader of the Maganac Corps, he is a large, bearded man is one of Quatre's best friends and allies. Above all else, he values his teammates' lives and treats each of them as family (Maganac is derived from 'mag-anak', the Tagalog word for blood relative or clan). His customized mobile suit has a distinctive commander's fin and flared shoulder armor, which would inspire the design of the Gundam Sandrock.
Organization of the Zodiac (OZ)/OZ Prize
[EZ, W, BT, EW] OZ's ace mobile suit pilot, he is also known as the "Lightning Count" or "Lightning Baron" (due to the fact that he "fights like lightning" to strike his enemies fast and without warning). While he wears a mask supposedly to hide a facial deformity, the truth is he uses it to hide his true identity , the lost son of the pacifist Peacecraft family. After the United Earth Sphere Alliance destroyed the Peacecrafts as King Peacecraft was considered a threat to their totalitary rule of Earth and the colonies, Zechs became an OZ soldier to seek revenge on the Alliance for the murder of his family by working his way through the inside. After acquiring the Tallgeese prototype mobile suit, Zechs succeeded in freeing the Sanc Kingdom (his homeland) from the Alliance's control. Considering himself too tainted to revive the Kingdom, Zechs instead pushed his younger sister Relena Peacecraft to take up their parents' legacy. After witnessing the Sanc Kingdom fall a second time and becoming disillusioned, Zechs accepts the rebel organization White Fang's offer to become its leader. During this time, he pilots OZ-13MS Gundam Epyon. Disgusted by the state of human affairs, he sought to destroy the planet and leave civilization to the "innocent" colonies (though this attitude is simply a ruse to help end the war). He vanished in a final duel with Heero Yuy, apparently sacrificing himself to destroy Libra's main reactor. But he reappeared one year later, piloting the OZ-00MS2B Tallgeese III. Joining the Preventer organization under the codename "Wind", he allied himself with the Gundam pilots to stop Dekim Barton's plan to carry out the original Operation Meteor. Zech's character is also very similar to Char Aznable from the original Mobile Suit Gundam series. Zechs Merquise / Milliardo Peacecraft was voiced by Takehito Koyasu in the Japanese version and Brian Drummond in the English dub.
[EZ, W] The leader of the Specials (aka OZ) and the primary Anti-Hero of Gundam Wing. Treize was born into privilege as a nephew of the Dermail family. He is a charismatic leader with a strong sense of ideals and an understanding of human nature that give him a devoted following among the men who serve him. According to the Episode Zero manga, he was originally a piloting instructor that was injured in a battle on colony X-18999 and met nurse Leia Barton at her father Dekim's hospital. They formed a bond based on mutual respect which is believed to have produced a daughter (Mariemaia). After General Catalonia's death, Treize was promoted to the leader of the Specials. He was close friends with Zechs Merquise and one of the few people to know Zechs' true identity. Treize's traditional views on combat and honor led to his opposition of the Romefeller Foundation, which was beginning to develop the automated mobile dolls weapons. He opposed this because he was a firm believer in tradition and honor, and felt that mobile dolls would make humans unnecessary in battle and therefore making warfare meaningless. His departure from the Foundation caused a similarly minded part of OZ to split into what was known as the Treize Faction. Though placed under house arrest, Treize was eventually freed by loyalists and took over the leadership of the World Nation. He piloted the OZ-00MS2 Tallgeese II during this time. He met his end in battle against Chang Wufei, apparently of his own volition. Treize was also an accomplished mobile suit designer as he created both the OZ-13MS Gundam Epyon and the OZ-00MS2B Tallgeese III. Treize Khushrenada was voiced by Ryoutarou Okiayu in Japanese and David Kaye in English.
[EZ, W, BP, EW] A woman descended from Italian nobility, Noin (who goes only by her surname, telling her instructor Treize in the Episode Zero manga that "there's no gender among soldiers in the battlefield") was the instructor at the Alliance's Lake Victoria Academy, which trained soldiers in the use of mobile suits. It was mentioned in the series that she got the second-highest grade in the history of Lake Victoria Academy (Zechs received the highest grade, although he claims it was only because Noin intentionally sought second place, in order to make him look better). She tended to take a motherly attitude towards her charges, and was predictably crushed when one of her graduating classes was killed in a nighttime ambush on the base by Chang Wufei. After being defeated and humiliated by Wufei, she left the Academy and followed Zechs in his mission of defeating the Gundams. She piloted a green OZ-07AMS Aries mobile suit during her time in OZ, which stood out among the standard blue/black Aries fleet. Noin was one of the few who knew that Zechs' true identity was Milliardo Peacecraft, and obeyed his wishes in discreetly looking after his little sister, Relena. Noin ended up leaving OZ to act as Relena's royal guard, secretly founding a defense team for the Sanc Kingdom; from here until the end of the series (including Endless Waltz), she piloted a white OZ-12SMS Taurus suit (as opposed to the standard black Taurus). After the Kingdom fell, Noin went to space with the Gundam pilots, and participated in the final battles with White Fang. She then joined the Preventer organization with the codename "Fire". After the end of the Mariemaia Rebellion, she went to Mars with Zechs to help with the terraforming project. Noin has been deeply in love with Zechs for many years. Lucrezia Noin was voiced by Chisa Yokoyama in Japanese and Saffron Henderson in English.
[EZ, W, GU, BP, EW] Treize's right-hand woman, Lady Une had a reputation as a fierce commander. Under his orders, she assassinated Vice Foreign Minister Darlian for knowing the truth about OZ, and ordered the assassination of his daughter Relena when Relena witnessed the murder. Her methods are brutal and ruthless, but effective; during a battle with the Gundams, she forced their surrender by threatening to destroy a colony with the Alliance's missile satellites if they did not hand over their Gundams; Heero, in response, self-detonated his Gundam, which bought the others time to escape. Afterward, Treize encouraged her to be more graceful. This apparently created a mental conflict in Une, causing her to develop an entirely new personality for her more gentle, beatific attitude. As Treize began to split with Romefeller, Une was sent to free Duo, Wufei and the Gundam engineers from the Lunar Base, but was shot by Chief Engineer Tsubarov. While recovering from her wound, Une resolved her mental conflict, becoming a well-rounded, kind and resolute woman. Shortly after the end of the war, Une was picked to become the leader of the new Earth government's peace watch group, the Preventers; her code name is "Gold". Her timely intervention saved the lives of both Relena and Mariemaia, revealing that Dekim's actions were not in line with Treize's philosophy. Once the rebellion ended, Une decided to take care of Mariemaia, but also kept her position as head of the Preventer organization. Lady Une was voiced by Sayuri Yamauchi In Japanese and Enuka Okuma in English.
[W] An overly ambitious OZ soldier, Trant found the Wing Gundam Zero after it had been abandoned by Quatre, and decided to test the limits of the ZERO System. First, he tried to force Heero to test the Wing Zero behind Tsubarov's back, but this backfired when the System overwhelmed Heero's mind, and only Quatre was able to stop Heero from going out of control. Later, after locating Duo, Trant forced the Gundam pilot to use the Wing Zero, so he could continue to gauge its abilities. When Duo attempted to escape, Trant piloted the Wing Zero and fought the Gundam Deathscythe Hell, but was apparently driven insane by the ZERO System and died after his helmet shattered. In the manga adaptation of Gundam Wing, he was childhood friends with Hilde Schbeiker.
[W] Alex, call sign Red Cancer, was an OZ Lieutenant and Cancer pilot who was trained by Noin at Lake Victoria Academy and then joined OZ. He led the Number 33 Independent Troops of Northeast Africa, Somalia front. Along with Muller, he was hunting down former Alliance members and attacking them in the name of Treize Khushrenada. He was killed by Zechs after violating the terms of surrender during an attack on the Mogadishu Fortress. Alex was generally quieter than his partner Muller.
[W] Call sign Blue Angel, he was an OZ Lieutenant and Aries pilot who was trained by Noin at Lake Victoria Academy and then joined OZ. He was a member of the Number 33 Independent Troops of Northeast Africa, Somalia front. Along with Alex, he was hunting down former Alliance members and attacking them in the name of Treize Khushrenada. He was killed by Zechs after violating the terms of surrender during an attack on the Mogadishu Fortress. Muller was significantly more hot-headed than his partner Alex. (Also listed as Mueller in some sources.)
[BP] The captain of OZ's 4th Flying Squadron, Broden and his men were among the OZ soldiers who refused to surrender following the Eve Wars. He believed in the existence of the mobile doll plant Vulkanus, since his unit was assigned to bring resource-laden asteroids to the plant just before the war's end. Broden held beliefs similar to Treize, but looked outwards instead of inwards; he wanted to use Vulkanus to inspire humanity to explore deep space. His sense of honor and ambition lead to his becoming good friends with Chang Wufei. Broden was killed by the traitorous Klementz during the battle for Vulkanus, which lead Wufei to join the Mariemaia Army to help achieve Broden's dream of bringing progress to humanity.
[GU] A war orphan who lost her parents because of the Alliance, Luna and her big sister Soris joined a rebel organization at an early age. At one point, they were apparently candidates for Gundam pilots (specifically implied to be for the Wing Gundam), they lost out and were left behind. Some time after, the sisters were found and taken in by OZ's Valder Farkill, who made them his personal guard and gave Luna the Mercurius Shuivan suit. Luna was the main part of a plan to capture MO-V's Adin Barnett and his Gundam Griepe, but began sympathizing with the young man because of their similar pasts. She was killed by Grandshario's Grand Nova cannon, fired by Valder because he deemed the defeated girl useless.
[GU] When her parents were killed, Soris had to juggle the roles of soldier and big sister to Luna. She was taken in by Valder as a bodyguard, but seems to have developed an attraction to her commander. Soris had much more conviction than Luna when it came to combat, at one point questioning whether Adin had the conviction to be the colonies' protector like the five Operation Meteor Gundams. She was killed along with her sister by the Grand Nova cannon. Her personal mobile suit was the Vayeate Shuivan.
[GU] One of the Stardust Knights and the commanders of OZ's black ops squadron, Prize. Like Rosshe, Broom possessed a strong sense of honor, at the same time colored for his great distaste for Treize and especially Lady Une. He was killed by Valder Farkill during the early stages of the coup that brought Farkill to power as Prize's leader. He piloted the Leo-N.
[GU] A member of the Specials, Valder was a member of Zechs Merquise's unit. During the rebellion against the Alliance, he scored more kills than the rest of his team combined, earning him the nickname "Dark General of Destruction". Some time later, Romafeller's Doctor Berg invited the famously ruthless Farkill to seize control of Prize and bring a decisive end to the conflict at MO-V. Cold and calculating, Valder thought of war in much the same terms as a game of chess. His biggest downfall was his arrogance; he believed that the only person worthy of his skill was Treize, whom he hoped to defeat in combat before taking over leadership of OZ. During the final battle, Valder was stunned by the news of Treize's death and was easily killed by Adin Barnett.
[GU] The leader of OZ Prize and the Stardust Knights. Rosshe is a man possessed of a strong sense of honor and fair-play, though sometimes given to fits of near-madness in battle (a facet of his personality which disappears in later chapters). He considers the Gundams to be the ultimate prey, but is livid when his Leo-S isn't enough to defeat Adin Barnett's Geminass 01. He briefly piloted the Aesculapius, but Doctor Berg had him replaced when he was unable to bring out the Gundam's full potential. Rosshe was backstabbed (literally as well as figuratively) by his teammate Kratz Shelby during Valder Farkill's coup, and was rescued by Adin. Soon after, Rosshe became a valued member of MO-V's defense force, piloting the L.O. Booster.
[GU] An OZ Special Lieutenant and mechanic, Sernan was under Lady Une's orders when he received word that the colony MO-V was under Prize jurisdiction. Lieutenant Nichol, hiding this from Une, ordered Sernan to investigate MO-V and find out what was so important about it. As he neared the colony, he was attacked by Broom Brooks, but was fortunately saved by the Barnett brothers. After explaining his situation, Sernan was welcomed to join MO-V's staff as a mobile suit mechanic. His off-hand comments about the five Gundams on Earth inspired Adin to proclaim the Geminass 01 a Gundam, which continued with MO-V's other G-Units. After the conflict's end, Sernan joined Preventer under the codename "Quavorze", keeping an eye on MO-V.
[GU] One of the Stardust Knights and OZ Prize's leaders, Kratz held honor in much lower regard than his compatriots. As the assault on MO-V dragged on, his patience with Rosshe's actions began to wear thin. When Valder Farkill appeared to take over Prize, Kratz wholeheartedly supported him to the point of backstabbing Rosshe. However, Kratz's skills were still inferior to Rosshe's, and after his repeated defeats at the hands of MO-V's G-Units, he decided that he needed a Gundam to defeat them. Eventually Doctor Berg built the Burnlapius for Kratz, and though his use of the PX System allowed him to defeat Rosshe and the L.O. Booster, an extended battle with Odell allowed the System to take its toll, destroying both his mind and his Gundam.
[GU] One of the soldiers in OZ Prize, Aretha was in charge of more mundane operations, answering only to the Stardust Knights. Many times, she attempted to convince Rosshe to let her handle the operation at MO-V, but he insisted on taking care of things personally. When Rosshe was apparently killed, Aretha was contacted by Silver Crown with a plan. She personally delivered the Griepe to Adin, defecting to MO-V shortly thereafter. She is in love with Rosshe, who seems to have realized this all along, but didn't really acknowledge her feelings until after they met on MO-V.
[TI] A former OZ soldier, Trinoi was forced into retirement due to combat injuries sustained to his left hand. Some time after this, Trinoi met Tiel Nonbleu and was convinced to aid in her plan to find her brother. After training her and her friend Krung in mobile suit piloting, he led the infiltration of Romafeller's hidden Gundam plant and stole a Gundam Dellinger Arms. When the trio finally reached the Graveyard of Soldiers, they ran into Romafeller's pursuit force, and Trinoi was able to destroy both enemy Gundams, though at the cost of his own life.
[TI] An OZ mobile suit pilot, Noembreux was assigned to pilot Gundam Lucifer during its test run. However, the ZERO System 2.0 proved unstable and drove Noembleux mad, causing him to believe that he could end all war by destroying those who would perpetuate it. Eventually he encountered his younger sister Tiel, who had led an elaborate chase to find him. Noembreux was beyond aid at this point, and when his sister refused to help carry out his mad plan, he attacked, and the two siblings ended up dying as they fell into Earth's atmosphere.
Romefeller Foundation
[W, BP, EW, FT] The granddaughter of Duke Dermail and daughter of former OZ leader General Catalonia, Dorothy first appears masquerading as an ordinary student at the school Relena runs in the Sanc Kingdom. Though she said she admired Relena, Dorothy held many opposite beliefs, such as her belief that war is an essential part of humanity and will never go away. As Romefeller attacked the Kingdom, Dorothy revealed her true mission (to spy on the nation for Romefeller), and offered Relena the chance to stop the attack by becoming Romefeller's public face. Relena agreed, and as she was declared Queen of the World Nation, Dorothy stayed with her to observe her actions. When Treize deposed Relena, Relena went to space to try and stop her brother Milliardo from destroying the Earth; Dorothy, who accompanied Relena, chose to join White Fang, and often acted as Zechs' second-in-command (much to Treize's ire). As the battle came to a head, she confronted Quatre inside Libra and forced him into a fencing match, which ended with him being stabbed through the side. As they fought, the truth about Dorothy came out: though she claimed to love warfare, she deeply hated it for taking her father (General Catalonia)'s life, and put on a strong face to the world. After being gently confronted by Trowa, she escaped Libra and later visited Milliardo's grave to pay her respects to the man, who she thought was dead (Milliardo actually resurfaced the following year). In the next year, Dorothy was sought out as the last heir of Romefeller, and the only one with a clue to the location of the mobile doll plant Vulkanus. Though her attempts to set Heero and Relena up romantically failed, she gave the pair her grandfather's notes and allowed them the use of her computer database, which allowed them to crack the code and locate Vulkanus. During Mariemaia's rebellion, Dorothy appeared again, first taunting the civilians of Brussels into action, then helping them when they finally decided to heed Relena's words and reach for peace with their own hands. In Frozen Teardrop, she is referred to as the President of the ESUN. Dorothy Catalonia is voiced by Naoko Matsui in Japanese and by Cathy Weseluck in English.
[W] The head of Romefeller, Dermail was an ambitious and ruthless man. His primary goal was to encourage more war and line the organization's pockets with more money by developing new weapons. Dermail mainly appeared as a background figure in the early part of the series, but as Romefeller began pursuing mobile dolls, they took a more active role as the antagonist group of the series. Dermail hated the Sanc Kingdom for preventing Romefeller's complete domination of the world, but tacitly listened to Dorothy's suggestion of making Relena the chief representative of Romefeller, to appeal to the masses. For Dermail, the plan backfired, and Relena became more powerful than him, encouraging the Foundation to disarm and seek peace with the colonies. When White Fang rose up to oppose the World Nation, Dermail went to space to oversee the battle from Barge, but was killed by White Fang's mobile dolls en route. Ironically, his granddaughter Dorothy referred to his death as that of "a brave soldier" when in fact Dermail had turned and cowered from the blasts that ended his life. Duke Dermail is voiced by Osamu Kato in Japanese and by Jim Byrnes in English.
[W] Romefeller's chief weapons developer, his pride and joy were his mobile dolls. He hated mobile suits and any suits that could surpass his mobile dolls, but this caused him to underestimate the Gundams and their power. He rejected the ZERO System (it could have been use for the mobile dolls, an idea utilized by White Fang). Believing that his automated weapons would be the next stage of warfare, he talked Duke Dermail into pursuing their development over that of traditional mobile suits. He was also apparently the mind behind Vulkanus, the mobile doll plant that was sought by all sides in the summer of AC 196. When White Fang's rebellion began, Tsubarov was at the Lunar Base, overseeing the construction of the new Virgo II, but the Virgo II couldn't defeat the Gundams even if the Gundams were 70% complete. Tsubarov failed to kill the Gundam Pilots numerous times. Though he was captured by the rebels during their takeover, Tsubarov managed to escape to a room where he was able to activate the mobile dolls guarding the base. As the mobile dolls clashed with both the White Fang forces and Chang Wufei's Altron Gundam inside the base, Tsubarov was driven insane with fear. He ranted that he and his precious mobile dolls would rule the world (which turns out to be a dream he had but his dream shattered) and both were invincible—while the room he was in was shaking and crumbling around him, and then exploded, killing him and destroying the controls for his mobile dolls. His death was the beginning of the fall of the Romefeller Foundation. On the subtitles on the DVDs, his name is incorrectly spelled as "Tubarov".
[GU] One of Duke Dermail's top agents, Doctor Berg was an accomplished mobile suit designer who was placed at the asteroid colony MO-V. However, the colony's chairman Roga Herman chose to develop space travel instead of mobile suits. Enraged, Berg sabotaged the shuttle, killing Mark Barnett and his wife and convincing Herman to allow him to build his mobile suits. The fruits of his labors were the G-Units, mobile suits with the ability to rapidly change their equipment and the powerful but dangerous PX System. However, the whole time Berg was passing information along to Romafeller, who sent OZ Prize to MO-V to collect the G-Units. Berg revealed his treachery shortly after their arrival, and continued building new G-Units on Grandshario. Wanting to develop the ultimate weapon, Berg built the Gundam Griepe and handed it to Adin Barnett to test. When Odell Barnett attacked Grandshario, Berg used his intimate knowledge of Aesculapius' abilities and Odell's skills to stop him. However, he made the mistake of taunting Odell with the fact that Berg was the one who killed the pilot's parents. Enraged, Odell activated PX Overdrive and crashed into Grandshario, killing Berg just after he activated his failsafe that would drive Grandshario to decimate humanity.
[TI] A Romefeller loyalist who was present at the theft of the mass-production Gundams. Dobert was assigned to the Sandleon and sent to kill the thieves, but was defeated twice in combat by Tiel Nonbleu and her friends, dying in the second battle.
[TI] A Romefeller loyalist who was present at the theft of the mass-production Gundams, Semis was assigned to track down and kill the thieves. She piloted the Deathscythe Guilty, but was defeated once, thanks to a surprise attack by Krung Ponramaai's T'ien-Lung Gundam. Even though her machine was upgraded with parts from the wreckage of the Hydra Gundam, Semis was killed in combat with Trinoi Levinsky's Gundam Dellinger Arms at the Graveyard of Soldiers.
United Earth Sphere Alliance
[EZ, W, BP, EW] An Alliance Major, she was assigned to the decommission of colony A0206 (where Chang Wufei's clan lived), where she tried unsuccessfully to convince General Septem not to go through with his plan to use poison gas to kill the colonists. When the mobile suit force attempting to gas the colony was wiped out, Sally declared the operation a success and pulled back; as a result of her actions, she was sent to work in an Alliance hospital in Japan. Several days after Operation Meteor began, Relena Darlian took Heero Yuy to this hospital, where Sally learned of the young man's unusually strong body and took an interest in him. During OZ's internal takeover of the Alliance, Sally and her forces avoid being captured. She then became an active member of the small rebellions against OZ and one of the Gundam pilots' strongest allies, helping them in tight spots and recovering both the Wing Gundam and the Gundam Heavyarms at different points in the conflict. After the war's end, Sally signed on with the Preventers, using the codename "Water", and invited Wufei to join their ranks after the Mariemaia Rebellion ended. In the prologue to the novel Frozen Teardrop we meet her daughter Kathy Po. Sally Po was voiced by Yumi Tōma in Japanese and both Moneca Stori (episodes 3-12) and then Samantha Ferris (episodes 20-49 and Endless Waltz) in English.
[EZ, W] The head of the Alliance's space forces, Septem was a harsh man by all accounts. In AC 187, Dekim Barton hired assassin Odin Lowe to kill Septem during a visit to colony X-18999, but the attempt failed because of Dekim's warnings. Through the machinations of Treize and OZ, Septem is one of the few remaining high-ranking officials of the Alliance to survive the Gundam attack on the New Edwards Base. After formally declaring war on the colonies immediately after Noventa's death, Lady Une throws him from a plane after he outlives his usefulness, and shoots him in the head as he falls to ensure his death.
White Fang
[EZ, W, GU] The leader of White Fang, he was once one of colonial leader Heero Yuy's most trusted aides and was present when the colonial leader was gunned down. Learning that the Alliance (actually OZ) was behind the assassination, Quinze and his compatriot Dekim Barton began formulating plans for revenge. While Dekim had more elaborate plans, Quinze began leading a series of small-scale rebellions against the Alliance. Eventually, his ambitions would give rise to the group known as White Fang. Seeking powerful allies, he attempted to recruit the Gundam pilots to the White Fang's cause. In the end, the only one who accepted was Milliardo Peacecraft as he became the public face of the rebel group. He began feeling that this was a mistake as he gradually disagreed more and more with Milliardo's goals. During the final battle, Quinze attempted to kill the Gundam scientists on Peacemillion but was unable to prevent them from setting off a chain reaction in the battleship's engines, moving Peacemillion and Libra away from the Earth and presumably killing all six men in the process.
[W] A White Fang loyalist, Sedici was planted in OZ to learn about their secret plans. His information was pivotal to the Artemis Revolution, which brought White Fang to power as well as earning them Libra and the Virgo IIs. Sedici was killed in battle by Barge's Beam Cannon during White Fang's assault on Barge.
[BT] A former commander of White Fang, Sogran made a deal with the CEO of the Century Discover Corporation to capture the Gundams for weapons research. To reach this goal, Sogran manipulated several White Fang members into trying to start a new rebellion, instructing them to try and buy the Gundam pilots' services (or at least buy their Gundams). When this failed, Sogran had his men try to kill the pilots and seize the Gundams by force. Eventually, he was confronted by Heero, Trowa and Ralph Kurt. Arrogantly believing he had victory in his hands, Sogran revealed the truth of his plan to the trio, only to have Heero reveal that the public address system was on. With that, the trio left Sogran to the mercies of the people he had just betrayed.
[BT] As a child, Ralph's colony was attacked by the Alliance, killing his parents in the process. He managed to escape with his childhood friend, Chris Marley. Later in life, Ralph was at one time a member of the mercenary group that included the future Gundam pilot Trowa Barton. Ironically, the two admired one another for opposite reasons: while the nameless boy envied Ralph for his friendship with the other soldiers, Ralph admired him for his quiet skill and firm conviction, believing the boy to be the Perfect Soldier. Several years later, Ralph joined White Fang, only to end up losing in the Eve Wars; the next year, he came back into Trowa's life, attempting to buy Heavyarms for the new war that White Fang's remnants planned to start. Trowa refused, and Ralph was brought into direct conflict with his former ally. The Gundam pilots managed to capture Ralph, and Trowa revealed to Ralph that Sogran was simply using Ralph and his men. Along with Heero and Trowa, Ralph confronted Sogran, who revealed his deceit (secretly broadcast by Heero over the public address system). Later, saying goodbye to Trowa, Ralph warned his old friend that as long as he kept the name Trowa Barton, "those" people would be looking for him.
[BT] When she was young, Chris lost her parents in an Alliance attack on her colony. She would have died herself, but she was saved by her friend Ralph Kurt. Growing up, she deeply resented the Alliance (and, by extension, Earth) for what they did, and joined White Fang. After the war, she agreed to participate in a new plan for revenge by starting a new war with the assassination of important figures in the Earth government. For her part, Chris became Vice Foreign Minister Relena Darlian's personal assistant, secretly letting White Fang hit squads know where the young diplomat was going to be at all times. After being saved by Heero Yuy from one assassination attempt, Relena and Chris accompanied him to the ruins of Chris' old home colony. Eventually, Heero revealed that he knew about Chris' spying all along, and showed her that the Gundams weren't on the colony. She finally learned the truth behind the new rebellion, and gave up on her revenge after a heartfelt talk with Relena. Chris would go on to live a peaceful life with Ralph, the two having finally realized their true feelings for one another.
[GU] A White Fang officer, Dornille was sent to MO-V in an attempt to capture the G-Units for their purposes. For him, they ran afoul of Kratz Shelby and his new Gundam Burnlapius and were quickly killed, with their Virgo IIs serving to strengthen Prize's arsenal.
MO-V
[GU] The pilot of Geminass 01 and G-Unit's main character. Adin is a 17-year-old test pilot who lost his parents in a shuttle accident, but was raised by the colony's chief representative and feels like everyone on the colony is his family. Adin tends to be brash and impulsive, which limits his combat performance. Despite this, his brother Odell is assured that someday Adin will surpass his skill. At first Adin is incapable of using the PX System, but following his brother's apparent death he begins training to use the dangerous system, and uses it to good effect to drive back Rosshe Natono when he appears with the new Gundam Aesculapius. Soon after, though, Adin would be challenged by Prize's Silver Crown, whom he never once suspected of being his brother (despite the obvious signs). When Valder Farkill took over Prize, Adin saved Rosshe's life, figuring that it was the right thing to do. Later on, Adin received the Gundam Griepe and learned of his brother's true fate, using the Griepe to drive Farkill off. When Luna Armonia came to the colony, Adin fell for her, an attraction which continued even though she took him to Farkill at gunpoint. Luna's death deeply affected him, and Adin became driven to end the conflict before any more lives were lost. He challenged Farkill to a final battle, where his increasing skill and Farkill's arrogance gave him the victory. When Doctor Berg's doomsday plan sent Grandshario on a rampage to destroy the colonies and Earth, Adin was the one to pilot the combined G-Unit and destroy the battleship, bringing an end to the conflict for good.
[GU] The pilot of Geminass 02 and MO-V's top pilot, Odell had to help raise his younger brother after the loss of their parents. Odell grew into a skilled pilot, able of using the G-Unit's PX System with incredible skill. However, when OZ Prize attacked, a reckless Adin was nearly killed. Using the System, Odell managed to get his brother to safety, but ended up losing his Gundam (and apparently his life as well). With Berg's help, he adopted the identity and secretly aided MO-V from within OZ. Prize's new leader Valder Farkill realized what was happening and attacked Odell as he attempted to send the Gundam Griepe to Adin. After getting away from OZ, Odell returned to service at MO-V. Piloting Aesculapius, he participated in the final battle, helping to defeat Kratz and personally finishing Berg. Several months later, he married Tricia and settled down to help develop space travel as his father wished.
Mark Barnett [GU] Adin and Odell's late father, his dream was for mankind to explore the stars. He developed a new type of engine that would go on to be used in the Gundam Griepe. He and his wife were killed in a shuttle explosion that was thought to be an accident, but had actually been planned by his rival Doctor Berg, who was jealous that his mobile suits had been passed up for Mark's spaceships.
[GU] A mechanic and systems operator on MO-V, Lucie was one of the members of the G-Unit Project. Her main job was to oversee data collection during the testing phase of the project. However, her brash attitude often conflicted with Adin's, adding to the pseudo-romantic tension between the two. During Luna Armonia's stay on MO-V, Lucie was deeply jealous of her. Eventually, Lucie realized her feelings for him, but despite a tender moment just before the final battle, the two of them were back to their usual antics soon enough.
[GU] MO-V's operator, Tricia often serves as the voice of common sense for her more passionate co-workers. She was engaged to Odell, a fact which made his apparent death even harder for everyone to take. However, it was Tricia's words to Adin that helped bring him out of the depression he suffered following Odell's disappearance, and allowed him to continue fighting Prize. After the conflict ended, Tricia and Odell were wed in a ceremony on MO-V.
[GU] The chief representative and leader of MO-V, Roga's primary concern is the well-being of his people. Though a bit goofy and with a wandering eye for pretty girls (he happens to have a thing for Lady Une), he never lets such concerns get in the way of his duty. He was good friends with the Barnetts, and following their deaths, he raised their sons as his own.
[GU, EW] MO-V's cheery, playful engineer, Dick is most easily recognized by his baseball cap and basketball jersey. Despite his somewhat goofy appearance, he's a top engineer and the colony's number-one guy when it comes to the G-Units. His mechanical expertise is such that he was able to create the defense-use mobile doll D-Unit using scrap from destroyed OZ-06MS Leos and a stolen copy of the Mobile Doll System. He also appears in the manga adaptation of Endless Waltz, as the Preventer engineer in charge of the Tallgeese III.
Perfect Peace People (P3)
[BP] A former member of White Fang, Victor disagreed with Quinze's decision to invite Zechs as the group's leader. When Quinze went ahead with his idea, Gaintz quit in protest. He resurfaced the following summer as the leader of the Perfect Peace People, an organization calling for even more sweeping disarmaments than Relena. However, this is all a ruse for P3 to gain power. Gaintz came across the location and codes for Vulkanus, and wanted all resistance out of the way so he could take over. His strongest point was for the elimination of the Gundams, claiming that the pilots could lose control and decide to take over. When he managed to capture Scorpio, Gaintz argued his rhetoric against the pilots, only to have Heero counter that they don't desire power and will never lose control. After using ZERO to learn the truth about Gaintz, Heero finished him off with the Wing Gundam Zero.
[BP] One of Captain Broden's soldiers, Klementz is highly distrustful of Wufei, believing him to be a spy. However, it is later discovered that this attitude was simply a cover for Klementz, who is the real spy, working for the Perfect Peace People. He kills Broden and attempts to turn Vulkanus' mobile dolls on the Gundams, only to be knocked unconscious by Duo. His fate after that point remains uncertain.
Mariemaia Army/Barton Foundation
[EZ, BT, EW] Originally one of colonial leader Heero Yuy's top aides, Dekim was motivated by both colonial liberation and revenge for Yuy's death. Having killed Yuy's assassin Odin Lowe, faking his death soon after, Dekim plotted for the colonies to take over the Earth Sphere under his family's rule. To that end, he tracked down five of the engineers who had created the Tallgeese and commissioned them to create the Gundams for use with his ultimate plan: Operation Meteor. As his plan was to drop colonies onto Earth at strategic locations so the Gundams can exploit ensuing chaos, Dekim is furious when the scientists and their young pilots refused to carry Operation Meteor out as intended. This forces him to work out a new version of Operation Meteor involving the MMS-01 Serpent mobile suit left behind by OZ and the illegitimate child of his daughter Leia and Treize Khushrenada to win the latter's remaining followers to his cause. Dekim commences his plan on Christmas Eve AC 196, only for the Gundam pilots to intervene while being joined by the common people. Refusing to accept defeat, Dekim attempts to kill Relena Darlian and ends wounding Mariemaia when took the bullet before being shot in the head by one Treize's supporters.
[EZ, BT, EW] A young child, Mariemaia is apparently the daughter of Leia Barton and Treize Khushrenada, conceived during the meeting between the two on Colony X-18999 (as detailed in the Episode Zero manga). Supposedly dying at an early age, Mariemaia later resurfaced as the figurehead of the Mariemaia Army, which largely consisted of soldiers who had been loyal to Treize. Thanks to her grandfather Dekim's grooming, she was fully prepared to ravage the Earth and take her place as the World Sovereign, believing this to be what her father Treize would have wanted. She continued believing this until Relena Darlian slapped some sense into her—literally. When Lady Une explains to the young girl that her grandfather is using her, Mariemaia realizes her mistake and jumped in front of Relena to save her from being killed by Dekim. It resulted in Mariemaia being shot through the spine as she was given medical attention, and is later shown (in a wheelchair though later appearances show her to have healed) visiting her father's grave with Lady Une. Mariemaia Barton / Mariemaia Khushrenada was voiced by Rei Sakuma in Japanese and Maggie Blue O'Hara in English.
[EZ, EW] The spoiled son of Dekim Barton that was used to getting anything he wanted. Originally scheduled to be the pilot of the Gundam Heavyarms, he was furious when he learned that Doktor S and the other engineers didn't agree with Operation Meteor. As he prepared to tell his father of their betrayal, Trowa was shot in the back by a mechanic who feared for his family's safety on Earth and died. At that point, a nameless engineer offered to take over for the dead man as the new Trowa Barton. It is known that the original Trowa was apparently willing to tell No-Name about how his sister's daughter would be ruling the world after Operation Meteor but this appears mainly to have been boasting rather than true friendship or closeness. If Mariemaia is truly Treize Khushrenada's and Leia Barton's daughter, it can be assumed that the real Trowa is Mariemaia's uncle by blood.
[EZ, EW] The daughter of Dekim Barton and sister to the original Trowa Barton, Leia was working as a nurse at a Barton Foundation hospital when she met Treize Khushrenada after he was admitted after being wounded in battle. When he learned that General Septem had used the colony's weather system to put out a small fire, Treize lamented the man's foolishness, a sentiment Leia echoed. The two formed a connection based on mutual respect. Her relationship with Treize may have resulted in the birth to her daughter Mariemaia. She died of an illness shortly afterward.
[TI] A childhood friend of Tiel Nonbleu, Krung was part of the team that broke into Romefeller's secret factory and stole their mass production Gundams. In particular, Krung ended up with the T'ien-Lung Gundam. However, the entire plan was simply a ruse by Krung, who wanted the Gundam so that she could join up with the Mariemaia Army, believing in the ideals it espoused. Upon reaching the Graveyard of Soldiers, Krung revealed her deceit, using T'ien-Lung's ZERO System to activate a pair of Capricorn Mobile Dolls and attempting to kill Tiel. For her, Wing Seraphim's own ZERO System activated, allowing Tiel to (unwillingly) kill her former friend with a single attack.
Civilians
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW] The female lead of Gundam Wing. Relena first appears as the daughter of the Alliance's Vice Foreign Minister. When he was called away to work at the beginning of the series, Relena went home alone. This set up her encounter with Heero Yuy, who had washed ashore on the beach near the spaceport. Her encounter with the mysterious Gundam pilot spurred the young girl to learn more about him, despite his threats towards her. While visiting a colony with her father, Mr. Darlian was killed by Lady Une. As he was dying, he revealed that Relena is actually the daughter of the Peacecrafts, the leaders of the fallen pacifist Sanc Kingdom. During a fight between Heero and Zechs Merquise, Relena discovered from Lucrezia Noin that Zechs is her older brother. Soon afterward, Relena assumed her birthright, and restored the Sanc Kingdom according to her family's ideals, having opened the nation's borders as a neutral haven to those who wished to escape the growing war. Since Romefeller regarded the nation's pacifist stance as a threat, it began to focus most of its military attention on the Sanc Kingdom, particularly after Heero and Quatre arrived, seeking sanctuary from OZ assassins. With another invasion threatening to destroy the kingdom, Relena surrendered to protect her people, and formally dissolved the nation. At Dorothy Catalonia's urging, Relena accepted Duke Dermail's offer to become the public face of Romefeller, and she was formally declared Queen of the World. Though this was merely meant to be a public relations move, Relena garnered most of Romefeller's support, despite Dermail's intent to use Relena as a figurehead. When her brother (now going by his true name Milliardo Peacecraft) appeared as the leader of White Fang, Treize Khushrenada dismissed Relena from her position. He reasoned that now that she had laid the foundation for peace, he would provide what the military might require to bring it to fruition. Freed from her responsibility, Relena went to space, where she and Heero unsuccessfully attempted to reason with Milliardo, and dissuade him from escalating the war. After the war, Relena became the Vice Foreign Minister of the newly formed Earth Sphere Unified Nation, and assumed her adopted father's surname again. She spearheaded the creation of the Preventer Organization, and disarmament talks as an influential, high-ranking official. Relena was kidnapped by Dekim Barton, having intended to use her symbolic power to ensure Mariemaia's dominance. His motive for the kidnapping, was that Relena encouraged the citizens to rebel, and take action themselves, to ensure peace. After Dekim's defeat, and the end of mobile suit warfare, Relena moved on to her next project, the terraformation of Mars. From early on, it is made obvious that Relena is in love with Heero, and he with her over time, which Heero's fellow Gundam pilot Duo acknowledged. At the end of the sequel novel series New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Frozen Teardrop, Relena was asked by Heero to marry him, and she accepted his proposal. In the epilogue, which took place 5 months after the events of the final chapter, Relena is living happily with Heero on Mars, and the two were shown discussing their plans on marriage, and starting a family of their own. Relena Darlian / Relena Peacecraft was voiced by Akiko Yajima in Japanese, Charvie Abeletes in Filipino, and Lisa Ann Beley in English.
[EZ, W, BT, EW] A young woman who works as a knife thrower and acrobat for a travelling circus. In the Episode Zero manga, it was shown that when she was four years old, her family's circus wagon was caught in the crossfire of an Alliance bombing, which resulted in the death of her parents, and which separated her from her two-year-old brother Triton. Cathy was adopted by the members of her parents' circus, and grew up with them. When the Gundam pilot Trowa Barton asked to join the circus, Cathy convinced the manager to let him. She soon adopted a big sister attitude with Trowa, even after learning that he is the pilot of the Gundam Heavyarms. She also helped take care of Trowa's friends, including having fed Wufei, when he stayed with the circus following the failed Treize assassination, and having cared for Heero for over a month after he self-detonated the Wing Gundam. When Trowa lost his memory, Catherine happened upon him wandering the streets, and convinced him that she really was his older sister, trying to shelter him from the war (and his fellow Gundam pilots). However, when Quatre came to find Trowa, Trowa had a feeling that he knew Quatre and decided to leave again, promising to come back to Catherine. The novelization of Endless Waltz revealed that Trowa was, in fact, Triton Bloom, but neither he nor Catherine knew this. Catherine Bloom was voiced by Saori Suzuki in Japanese, and both Moneca Stori (Gundam Wing) (until episode 13) and then Cathy Weseluck from episode 35 til the end of the series (Endless Waltz) in English.
[W, BP, EW] Hilde was a volunteer soldier of the OZ Space Army, who signed up with the organization shortly after they made their move for space. Soon after joining, she attempted to recruit Duo Maxwell, discovering rather suddenly that he was a Gundam pilot. Some time after Duo's capture, Hilde quit OZ and became an artist, letting Duo stay in her apartment after he escaped from OZ. When White Fang rose up, Hilde broke into Libra to steal data on the mobile dolls and met Relena. During her escape, Hilde was attacked by mobile doll versions of the OZ-13MSX1 Vayeate and OZ-13MSX2 Mercurius and was almost killed, when Duo came to her rescue. She and Duo are never explicitly said to be a couple, but many of their actions (such as Duo being away in Battlefield of Pacifists because he got on Hilde's nerves, and later calling to apologize) suggest that this may be a possibility. Hilde appeared again at the end of Endless Waltz, working at her scrapyard with Duo. Hilde Schbeiker was voiced by Kae Araki in Japanese and Marcy Goldberg in English.
[EZ, W] Relena's adoptive father, Darlian was once the right-hand man of the Peacecraft family. When the Sanc Kingdom was invaded, he took Relena to safety, and adopted her as his own daughter. As tensions between Earth and the colonies rose, Darlian advocated peace with the oppressed colonies, even while the Alliance sought tighter control. Somehow, Darlian learned the truth of Operation Meteor, and became a target of Dekim Barton, only to be saved by the young Heero Yuy. He wouldn't be so lucky later on, when OZ's Lady Une threw a bomb into a room he was occupying for a meeting, mortally wounding Darlian and killing everyone else. As he died, Darlian told Relena the truth about her parents.
[EZ, W, EW] The head of the Long Clan and formal leader of colony A02026. His granddaughter Meilan was married to Chang Wufei, making him related to the future Gundam pilot in a way. When Operation Meteor's true form was revealed, it was planned for A02026 to be the colony dropped on the Earth, an action that Wufei greatly opposed. Before the brash young man could leave, Shirin gave him the clan's heirloom, a jade statue of their guardian, the two-headed dragon Altron, to sell for supplies. In the series, Wufei returns to the colony after receiving the Altron Gundam to rediscover his purpose. When OZ attacked A02026 to root out the Gundam, Shirin activates the colony's self-destruct system to keep his people out of OZ's hands, and to give Wufei a reminder of what he's fighting for.
[EZ] The granddaughter of Master Long Shirin, the spirited and tomboyish Meilan was wed to Chang Wufei in AC 194. The two didn't get along at all, with practically opposite personalities and philosophies. Wufei especially angered Meilan with his insistence that justice wasn't real. In response to the sexist attitude displayed by many of her male peers, Meilan insisted on being called Nataku, after a guardian warrior god. Later that year, Colony A02026 came under attack by the Alliance, with the intent of purging the aging colony. Taking the Prototype Leo (the Tallgeese) Master O had in his collection, Meilan fought off the Alliance Leos, despite the toll the machine took on her body. When Wufei tried to come to her rescue in the incomplete Shenlong Gundam, Meiran took an attack meant for him, which mortally wounded her. With the Alliance in retreat, Wufei took Meilan back to his favorite field of flowers, where she died peacefully in his arms.
[EZ] A former member of OZ and a professional assassin, Odin Lowe was the mentor to the boy who would become the Gundam pilot Heero Yuy. It is unknown exactly how long the two had been together, but flashbacks suggest that it was quite a long time (Heero is shown to be about four or five in several scenes). In AC 187, Lowe was hired by Dekim Barton to kill General Septem of the Alliance; however, this was simply a plot by Dekim to get his revenge on Lowe, who was actually the assassin of the original Heero Yuy. Lowe taught his young ward how to survive on his own and fight, but the most important lesson he gave the child was to live by his emotions, saying that "you never know when some idiot will come along and change the world". Even as he died, Lowe reminded the child of this philosophy, leaving him alone with the remainder of his mission.
[EZ, EW] The priest in charge of the Maxwell Church, Father Maxwell handled the adoptions of the orphan children whom the Alliance caught. All the children were adopted except for young Duo, who chose to stay at the church under the watchful eyes of the Father and Sister Helen. Father Maxwell was very accommodating, allowing Duo to say or do most anything, simply saying "Boys will be boys." His honest hope was that the child would grow up to become the greatest priest in the Earth Sphere. A group of rebels decided to hole up in the church to avoid the Alliance. Duo offered to steal a mobile suit for them, and thus was out of the church when the Alliance attacked. Father Maxwell was killed, and Sister Helen, as she died, told Duo that up until his last breath, Father Maxwell continued expounding on Heero Yuy's philosophy of non-violence.
[EZ, EW] A kindly nun, Sister Helen worked at the Maxwell Church and helped take care of Duo. When the youth refused to cut his long hair, Sister Helen braided it for him, a style which Duo keeps to this day. Though she admonished him for still thinking like he was an orphan, and some of his stranger actions surprised her, she still treated him with love and respect. One day, a group of rebels hid in the church and Duo offered to steal a Leo for them, but while he was away, the Alliance destroyed the church, killing everyone inside. Duo found the fatally wounded Sister Helen, who expressed her motherly love for him one last time before dying.
[EZ, EW] Solo was the leader of a group of orphans living on colony V08744. In AC 187, a virus broke out on the colony, but the vaccine was reserved for the rich. When Solo contracted the virus, his best friend sneaked into an Alliance base to steal the vaccine. He was too late, and Solo died, but the vaccine was given to the other orphans. Solo's friend, who never contracted the virus despite never receiving the vaccine, attributed it to his friend's protection, and named himself "Duo" in honor of his fallen friend, who had told him that they would always be together.
[EZ] A young civilian girl, Middie was picked up by a group of mercenaries because she was apparently orphaned. She served as the group's cook, forming a bond with a nameless soldier who was about the same age. As a present, she gave him a cross and told him that God would protect him. However, it was soon revealed that Middie was actually an Alliance spy, and had sold the mercenaries out in return for the money to take care of her sick father and brothers (the cross she gave No-Name was a transmitter). She was attracted to No-Name, but didn't truly realize her feelings until after he was gone.
[W] One of Quatre's twenty-nine test-tube baby older sisters. Iria works as a doctor on a Winner Corporation mining satellite. She took care of Quatre when he returned to space, and eventually brought him back to their father, Zayeed. When OZ attacked Zayeed, her and Quatre's shuttle was knocked off balance, causing Iria to hit her head, apparently knocking her out. She does not appear for the rest of the series.
[EZ] Zayeed's wife and the mother of Quatre. Due to complications arising from natural birth in space, most colonists were test-tube babies. Though these complications were eventually corrected, the Winner family had been in space all along and still possessed them. Despite this, Katherine insisted on bearing her husband's son naturally. Though the birth was successful, it cost Katherine her life. Choosing not to burden his son with the guilt of his mother's death, Zayeed told Quatre that he was a test-tube baby like his sisters, which fostered resentment in the young man for quite some time.
[EZ, W] Quatre's father and the head of the Winner Corporation. Like many people, he adopted Heero Yuy's philosophy of absolute pacifism, believing that violence only begets more violence. As a result of this, a rift formed between him and his son when he learned that Quatre was a Gundam pilot. Zayeed refused to sell out to OZ, even when his employees wished to do so, and he ended up being killed in defiance.
[EZ] A colonial diplomat, the charismatic Heero Yuy soon became the representative for all the colonies in the Alliance. He won popularity thanks to his desire for colonial independence and his philosophy of absolute pacifism. His message gained so much support that OZ had Odin Lowe assassinate him on April 7, AC175. In the chaos following his death, Alliance control on the colonies tightens and the designers of OZ's Tallgeese mobile suit, who later became the Gundam scientists, resigned in protest.
[SY] An eccentric engineer who created the Lemming, a mobile suit with performance levels nearing those of a Gundam. The Lemming's main feature, the Lemming System, affects the mind of anyone within its effect radius, forcing them into a kind of berserker rage. Madam L apparently cared more about research than family, since she allowed her daughter Sei to pilot the dangerous machine, which cost Sei her life.
[SY] A young woman who had a chance encounter with Duo Maxwell at the colonies one day. What he didn't realize is that Sei's mother, Madam L, is an engineer who had designed the deadly and powerful Lemming mobile suit. During a test flight of the Lemming, Sei is killed by its special Lemming System.
[SY] The test pilot of the Lemming following Sei's death. During her flight, she encountered Duo, who had borrowed the Wing Gundam Zero to destroy the machine. The ensuing battle led the two into space, where the Lemming System affected Adodera's mind to the point where she opened the cockpit hatch without wearing a helmet, killing herself.
[TI] A 14-year-old choir girl and the protagonist of Tiel's Impulse. Her older brother was an OZ test pilot who was driven mad by the Gundam Lucifer's ZERO System Ver 2.0. In order to find him, she came up with the plan to sneak into the colony where Romefeller built their mass production Gundams, all under the auspices of a choral performance. During the Gundamjack, she stole the Wing Gundam Seraphim, whose ZERO System Ver 2.5 would be used to help her track down her older brother. However, the race to find her brother results in her losing her two best friends before finally encountering him. When she finds her older brother, he is completely mad, thanks to the ZERO System; when his sister refused to join him, the two fought and ended up falling into the Earth's atmosphere, dying in the process.
Cast
References
Characters
Gundam Wing |
4023778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSSA | CSSA | CSSA may refer to:
Organizations
Cactus and Succulent Society of America
California State Student Association
Center for Service & Social Action, furthering the Jesuit mission of educating through service and advocacy
Chinese Students and Scholars Association, the official organization for overseas Chinese students
Connecticut State Soccer Association
Corporación Sudamericana de Servicios Aéreos, an airline merged into Aviación del Litoral Fluvial Argentino
Crop Science Society of America
Other uses
Star of South Africa, Commander (post-nominal letters)
Comprehensive Social Security Assistance, a welfare programme operated by Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong
Camp Stanley Storage Activity, operated by Camp Stanley, US
See also
CSSA Nations Cup, a former football championship |
4023779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xpressway | Xpressway | Xpressway was a record label founded by New Zealand musician Bruce Russell in Dunedin in 1988. Until it ceased in 1993, Xpressway released a variety of New Zealand musicians, primarily on cassette, but its catalogue included several 7" singles and one 12" EP.
Russell began releasing and distributing cassettes via mail order, to offer a 'lifeboat' for those artists who had been dropped by Flying Nun Records, as Flying Nun moved away from its low-fi roots to focus on artists with more 'commercial potential'.
Artists whose material was released by Xpressway include The Dead C, This Kind of Punishment, Wreck Small Speakers on Expensive Stereos, Alastair Galbraith, Graeme Jefferies, The Terminals, and Sandra Bell.
Discography
X/Way 01 Dead C Live Dead See cassette
X/Way 02 This Kind of Punishment TKP Live 1985 cassette
X/Way 03 Wreck Small Speakers on Expensive Stereos A Childs Guide To Wreck Small Speakers On Expensive Stereos cassette
X/Way 04 Alastair Galbraith Hurry on Down cassette
X/Way 05 Various Xpressway Pile Up cassette
X/Way 06 Various I Hate Pavel Tishy's Guts cassette
X/Way 07 Dead C The Sunstabbed 7" EP
X/Way 08 Victor Dimisich Band The Mekong Delta Blues cassette
X/Way 09 Peter Gutteridge Pure cassette
X/Way 10 Alastair Galbraith and Graeme Jefferies "Timebomb" / "Bravely, Bravely" 7"
X/Way 11 Peter Jefferies and Robbie Muir "Catapult" / "The Fate Of The Human Carbine" 7"
X/Way 12 Dead C Play DR 503b cassette
X/Way 13 Plagal Grind Plagal Grind 12" EP
X/Way 14 Sferic Experiment Bunny Liver cassette
X/Way 15 This Kind of Punishment Beard Of Bees cassette
X/Way 16 Peter Jefferies The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World cassette
X/Way 17 The Terminals "Do The Void" / "Deadly Tango" 7"
X/Way 18 Angelhead Eat cassette
X/Way 19 The Terminals Disease cassette
X/Way 20 Scorched Earth Policy Foaming Out cassette
X/Way 21 David Mitchell with Denise Roughan "Dead Dog In Port Chalmers" / "Dogs" / "Grey Funnel Line" 7"
X/Way 22 Sandra Bell Dreams Of Falling cassette
X/Way 23 Heazelwood Hellmouth 66 cassette
See also
List of record labels
Bruce Russell
References
New Zealand record labels
Alternative rock record labels
Dunedin Sound
Port Chalmers |
4023834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Villa | Javier Villa | Javier Villa García (born 5 October 1987) is a Spanish racing driver living in Arriondas, Asturias, Spain. He drove in the GP2 Series from 2006 towards 2009. In 2010 he switched to touring cars, driving at the Spanish Mini Challenge and later the World Touring Car Championship. Villa finished third at the 2012 Racecar Euro Series stock car championship.
Career
García was born in Colunga, Asturias. Before driving in the GP2 Series in 2006, he raced in the Spanish F3 Championship, where he finished 4th overall in the 2005 season, with the Racing Engineering team.
Graduating to GP2 with Racing Engineering the next year, his first season was pointless, but 2007 was a significant improvement. He took his first GP2 victory in 2007 at the sprint race at Magny-Cours. He started from second on the grid by dint of finishing seventh in the previous day's feature race. He then won the sprint races at the Nürburgring and Hungaroring from pole position. He stayed with Racing Engineering for a third season of GP2 in 2008. This season was disappointing as he slipped back to seventeenth in the championship, whereas team-mate Giorgio Pantano won it.
Villa drove for Super Nova Racing in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season, and also drove for the team in the 2009 GP2 Series season. He was linked with a race seat at Formula One team Campos Grand Prix for 2010 but when they turned into Hispania Racing Team he wasn't linked anymore.
The 2010 season he forged links with BMW driving in the Spanish Mini Challenge Championship. He won that title and was rewarded with a drive in the final round of the 2010 Australian Mini Challenge in Sydney finishing seventh.
In 2011 Villa will move to the World Touring Car Championship with Proteam Motorsport BMW team, where he scored his first podium in Hungary. He had a disappointing end to the season falling out of the top ten finishing 12th for the season. He was voted best rookie in the World Touring Car Championship for the 2011 season.
He was linked with the Formula One team Hispania Racing with a view to replace Vitantonio Liuzzi. He again competed in the Spanish Mini Challenge in 2011 and despite missing three races, still finished in fifth position for the championship.
Villa moved for 2012 to the Racecar Euro Series, a NASCAR-sanctioned stock car championship, where he finished third in the championship with a win and six podium finishes.
Racing record
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete World Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Whelen Euro Series - Elite 1
References
External links
Javier Villa Official website
1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Asturias
Spanish racing drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
GP2 Series drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
World Touring Car Championship drivers
NASCAR drivers
International GT Open drivers
People from Oriente (Asturian comarca)
Racing Engineering drivers
Super Nova Racing drivers
Arden International drivers |
4023854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusk%27s%20Ferry%20Road | Lusk's Ferry Road | Lusk's Ferry Road was an early road in Illinois that provided an overland connection between the main settlement, Fort Kaskaskia, on the Mississippi River, and Lusk's Ferry, an important crossing point on the Ohio River. The overland route afforded an alternative to the river route, which required a difficult trip upstream on the Mississippi.
Fort Massac is on the Ohio River, about 20 miles (overland) southwest of Lusk's Ferry. This was a French fort that was abandoned and burned in 1763, at the end of the French and Indian War, when control of the Illinois Country passed to the British. It is likely that the Lusk's Ferry road started as a French road that connected Fort Massac with Fort Kaskaskia. After Lusk's Ferry came into use, a road was built from the Ferry to the Fort Massac Road. With the Fort abandoned, the southern stretch of the road fell into disuse, and the road became the Lusk's Ferry Road.
In his conquest of Illinois in 1778 and 1789, George Rogers Clark, with the army of Virginia, crossed the Ohio River from Kentucky to Fort Massac. From there he headed north to the Lusk's Ferry Road, which he followed at least part of the way to Fort Kaskaskia, whose defenses were oriented toward repelling an assault coming up the Mississippi. Clark was able to take the Fort by surprise by approaching from the interior of Illinois.
The northwestern and southeastern segments of the Lusk's Ferry Road, close to Kaskaskia and Lusk's Ferry, were accurately mapped in the early surveys of Illinois, which were conducted around 1800. This survey was oriented toward marking out "Townships" that were six miles (10 km) square, subdivided into "Sections" that were one mile (1.6 km) square, pursuant to the Land Ordinance of 1785. Although the surveyors were not charged with mapping the roads, many did so. The locations of the roads were probably exact where they met the Section lines, about once every mile, and approximated between these points. The actual maps were drawn in the 1830s, but were based on the surveyors' notes from around 1800.
The Lusk Ferry Road was a very old road, at least by Illinois standards, being present before the original survey. It is, however, notable that, on its northwestern end, this was a carefully surveyed road. It ran east out of Kaskaskia mostly in segments that ran nearly due east, almost to modern DuQuoin, where it made a sharp turn to the southeast, running for miles on a very straight line directly toward Fort Massac and Lusk's Ferry. Although the road jogged to avoid obstacles, it did not follow the natural lay of the land like animal trails, Indian trails and most pioneer roads. This was an engineered road that was not equaled in Illinois until many decades after the original survey. This suggests that the road had its origin as a military road connecting Fort Kaskaskia with Fort Massac. The road may have been laid out by the French in the 1750s, or by the Americans after the reoccupation of Fort Massac in 1794.
The direction of the road was controlled by several factors. Out of Kaskaskia, the road went north toward the headwaters of Marys River, avoiding a river crossing. The road then headed east to cross the Big Muddy River as far upstream as possible consistent with a direct route to the southeast. After crossing the Big Muddy, the road seems to aim straight for the most direct pass over the Shawnee Hills.
The Big Muddy crossing was a major limitation on this road. Although bridges over the Big Muddy existed in the area in the early 19th century, there is no reference to a bridge on the Lusk's Ferry Road. Even if there was a bridge, the Big Muddy is notable for its broad, flat floodplain. A true all weather route would have required long causeways over the floodplain that would have been more than a mile long.
In wet weather, there were two options. One would be to go down the Mississippi and up the Ohio by boat. The other would have been to follow the Fort Vincennes road northeast to the Goshen Road, and then southeast to Old Shawneetown, Illinois. Although this would have been at least eighty miles farther, there were no river crossings.
Randolph County
The original surveys of Illinois show several roads in Randolph County, consistent with its role as the original State Capital and economic center of the State. Towards the eastern edge of the County (Township 6 South, Range 5 West), one of these roads is clearly labeled as the Lusk's Ferry Road. This road crosses Mary's River, just to the north of modern County road 1400N. The road seems to join modern Illinois Route 150 through Steeleville. At the east edge of Steeleville, the old road veered south from Route 150, heading straight for modern Illinois Route 4 at the county line.
TopoQuest Steeleville
Perry County
The Lusk Ferry Road entered Perry County, in T6S, R4W, on modern Route 4. Rather than follow that road south, however, the old road headed almost due east across the Township to what was once the village of Denmark. There the road jogged a mile south, along the eastern boundary of T6S, R3W, and again headed due east, crossing Beaucoup Creek, just north of its fork with Gallum Creek. The road exited to T6S, R2W just north of the Pinckneyville/DuQuoin Airport. From there the road jogged back a mile north, and headed due east toward Duquoin. Although this township became a moonscape of strip mines, there is an east/west road through the spoil piles that seems to line up exactly with the old road.
Just west of DuQuoin, the Lusk Ferry Road turned toward the southeast, near the point where it entered T6S, R1W, running about six miles (10 km) toward Jackson County and the Big Muddy River. Somewhere close to the Big Muddy, Chief DuQuoin met his defeat at the hands of the Shawnee.
Google Maps, Denmark
TopoQuest DuQuoin
Jackson County
The Lusk Ferry Road cut through the northeast corner of Jackson County in T7S, R1W. The road entered the County about west of the corner, heading southeast. It crossed the Little Muddy River, and exited the County about south of the northeast corner.
TopoQuest, NW Corner, Jackson County
Franklin County
The Lusk Ferry Road cut through the southwest corner of Franklin County, heading southeast. It entered the County about four miles (6 km) north of the corner, passing through Royalton, before exiting the county about four miles (6 km) east of the corner.
Although it is not shown on the original survey maps, there must have been a road that crossed or branched off of the Lusk Ferry Road in Franklin County. In 1814, John James Audubon attempted to cross Illinois by horse, on his way to Henderson, Kentucky. Audubon lost his horse crossing the Big Muddy near modern Plumfield, and nearly lost his life soon thereafter. This suggests an east/west road roughly following modern Illinois Route 149. This road would have led to Frank's Fort and Jordan's Fort, which were built around 1811, in response to Tecumseh's War.
TopoQuest Little Muddy NW of Royalton
TopoQuest Royalton to Big Muddy to Herrin
Williamson County
The Lusk's Ferry Road entered Williamson County, in T8S, R1E, about four miles (6 km) east of the northwest corner of the County, heading southeast, straight toward modern Herrin. The road followed modern Illinois Route 148, but was about a mile south. This area was heavily strip mined, raising the possibility that Route 148 once followed the old road, but was moved a mile north to avoid the mines.
The road turned south, running straight though modern downtown Herrin, T8S, R2E, along the route of modern Route 148. South of Herrin, the road entered T9S, R2E. The Lusk's Ferry Road is clearly marked as such where it entered this Township. The road then enters a maze of "Traces", none of which are clearly marked as the Lusk Ferry Road.
About five miles (8 km) south of Herrin there was once a town called "Bainbridge". All that is now left is the Bainbridge cemetery, about five miles (8 km) southwest of Marion. This was located in what is now the Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge. Some sources describe this as an important early cross roads in this area, near the base of the Shawnee Hills. Beyond Bainbridge, the Lusk's Ferry Road is not marked on the old maps through the rest of Williamson County.
There were two routes over the hills to the south, neither of which is clearly marked on the original survey maps. The western route crossed the Shawnee Hills at "Buffalo Gap", near Goreville. The eastern crossed the Shawnee Hills at "Mocassin Gap". While the Buffalo Gap route had the lower summit, the Mocassin Gap was the more direct route.
There is a line of disconnected diagonal road segments leading from Marion to Creal Springs, a small village in southeastern Williamson County. A modern road runs south out of Creal Springs toward Lake of Egypt. This is the most likely route for the Lusk's Ferry Road.
TopoQuest Herrin to Bainbridge
TopoQuest Creal Springs to Wagon Creek
Mocassin Gap/Johnson County
The road from Creal Springs enters Johnson County a little to the east of Lake of Egypt. There it turns southeast, running up the Shawnee Hills alongside Wagon Creek.
On the original survey plats, a short segment of the Lusk's Ferry Road is labeled in Section 19, T11S, R4E. This segment lines up with the Wagon Creek Road, and is pointed toward modern Reynoldsburg, three miles (5 km) southeast, which some sources cite as having been on the road. (The road is not, however, shown on the map at the location of Reynoldsburg.) The Shawnee summit is between the mapped segment and Reynoldsburg, so this area was probably once called Mocassin Gap. Modern U.S. Route 45 crosses this area, but perpendicular to the apparent route of the old road.
The short, mapped segment of the road between Wagon Creek and Reynoldsburg shows the road going down a steep grade to Sugar Creek. A high ridge lies between Sugar Creek and Reynoldsburg. From the top of the ridge, a modern road runs down to Mocassin Gap and Reynoldsburg. This is probably the route of the old road: except for the missing Sugar Creek crossing, there would be a modern road all the way from Creal Springs to Reynoldsburg.
Crossing the Sugar Creek valley and the ensuing ridge was probably very difficult. Having reached the ridge overlooking Sugar Creek, it would have been far easier to go southwest toward Tunnel Hill, circling around the watershed back east toward Reynoldsburg. A line of modern roads follows this route. Alternatively, it would have been much simpler to have gone in a zig zag from Creal Springs to New Burnside, through the gap along modern U.S. Route 45, and then back east to Reynoldsburg. The original route may be hard to spot in this area because it was abandoned early on for the simpler routes followed by the modern roads.
TopoQuest, Sugar Creek
Pope County
The original survey shows the Lusk's Ferry Road entering Pope County near the modern village of Robbs. From there, the road followed the modern County/Forest Service road through Glendale and Rising Sun, down to Illinois Route 146. The road then followed Route 146 into Golconda and Lusk's Ferry.
TopoQuest Reynoldsburg to Robbs & Glendale, Illinois
TopoQuest Robbs & Glendale to Rising Sun, Illinois
TopoQuest Rising Sun to Golconda, Illinois
Notes
See also
Ford's Ferry Road
References
History of Southern Illinois, G.W. Smith, 1912
External links
Illinois Township Survey Plats
Old Kentucky Trails
Western Gazetteer Excerpt, 1817
Historic trails and roads in Illinois
Pre-statehood history of Illinois |
4023860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric%20Ripert | Éric Ripert | Éric Frank Ripert (; born 2 March 1965) is a French chef, author and television personality specializing in modern French cuisine and noted for his work with seafood.
Ripert's flagship restaurant, Le Bernardin, located in New York City, has been ranked among the best restaurants in the world by culinary magazines and currently ranks No.36 on the annual list of "The World's 50 Best Restaurants". It holds the maximum ratings of four stars from The New York Times and three stars from the Michelin Guide.
Early life and education
Ripert was born in France and learned to cook at a young age from his mother. When he was young, his family moved to Andorra, where he was raised. He later returned to France and attended a culinary school in Perpignan.
Culinary career
At the age of 17 in 1982 he moved to Paris, where he worked for two years at La Tour d'Argent, a famous restaurant that claims to be more than 400 years old. Ripert next worked at Jamin under Joël Robuchon and was soon promoted to Assistant Chef de Partie. In 1985 Ripert left to fulfill his military service, after which he returned to Jamin as Chef Poissonier.
In 1989, Ripert moved to the United States and was hired as a sous chef in the Watergate Hotel's Jean Louis Palladin restaurant. Ripert moved to New York in 1991, working briefly as David Bouley's sous-chef before Maguy and Gilbert Le Coze recruited him as chef for Le Bernardin. In 1994, Ripert became Le Bernardin's executive chef after Gilbert Le Coze died unexpectedly of a heart attack. The following year, at the age of 29, Ripert earned a four-star rating from The New York Times, and in 1996 he became a part-owner. In the Michelin Guide NYC 2006, Ripert's Le Bernardin was one of four New York City restaurants to be awarded the maximum three Michelin stars for excellence in cuisine. Le Bernardin received four stars from The New York Times four consecutive times, making it the only restaurant to maintain that exquisite status for that length of time and never dropping a star in ten years. Le Bernardin is often referred to as the Temple of Seafood.
Ripert is the Vice Chairman of the board of City Harvest, working to bring together New York's top chefs and restaurateurs to raise funds and increase the quality and quantity of food donations to New York's neediest. In addition, Ripert partnered with The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company to open Blue in Grand Cayman.
Media career
Ripert has made several guest appearances on cooking-based television shows, including guest judge and assistant chef roles on the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of Bravo TV's Top Chef. Ripert had been considered to join season 8 of Top Chef as a permanent judge, but bowed out when his employee Jen Caroll was selected as a contestant again. Ripert was good friends with Anthony Bourdain and appeared in many episodes of A Cook's Tour, Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations and Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown. In September 2009, Avec Eric, Ripert's first TV show, debuted on PBS stations and ran for two seasons, earning two Daytime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Culinary Program (2011) and Outstanding Achievement in Main Title and Graphic Design (2010). Avec Eric returned for a third season on the Cooking Channel in February 2015, and is now available through iTunes and Netflix. Ripert has launched a series of brief online cooking videos called "Get Toasted" on his website which focuses on easy and quick meals that can be prepared and cooked in minutes with a toaster oven. In the series he uses a somewhat high end brick-oven based toaster oven produced by Cuisinart.
In 2010, he played himself in the television show Treme on HBO (season 1 episode 5), alongside David Chang, Wylie Dufresne and Tom Colicchio. He returned in his cameo role in Season 2, in multiple episodes.
Books
In fall 2008, Ripert published On the Line, his second cookbook with Artisan, which in 2002 published A Return to Cooking, a collaboration between Ripert, photographers Shimon and Tammar Rothstein, artist Valentino Cortazar, and writer Michael Ruhlman that was selected by Newsweek as one of its best books of the season. Ripert's first cookbook, Le Bernardin – Four Star Simplicity (Clarkson Potter) was published in 1998, and in 2014, Ripert released his newest cookbook, My Best: Eric Ripert (Alain Ducasse Publishing). In 2016, he published his memoir: 32 Yolks: From My Mother's Table to Working the Line (Random House), which appeared on The New York Times bestseller list.
Philanthropic activity
Ripert is the chair of City Harvest's Food Council. In this capacity he works to bring together New York's top chefs, restaurateurs and others in the food community to assist City Harvest in its mission to raise funds and to increase the quantity and quality of food donations. "City Harvest, a non-profit organization founded in 1982, is the world's first and New York City's only food rescue program. City Harvest exists to end hunger in communities throughout New York City, through food rescue and distribution, education, and other practical, innovative solutions."
For three years, Ripert has hosted the Tibetan Aid Project's Taste & Tribute New York benefit dinner and auction at his Manhattan restaurant, Le Bernardin. "Funds raised at the annual Taste & Tribute benefit dinners help support efforts to restore Tibetan-language texts to libraries all over the Himalayan region. So far, this project has led to the distribution of nearly two million traditional Buddhist texts—one of the largest free book distributions in history.
Published works
Le Bernardin Cookbook (co-authored with Maguy Le Coze) (1998),
A Return to Cooking (co-authored with Michael Ruhlman) (2002),
On the Line: The Stations, the Heat, the Cooks, the Costs, the Chaos, and the Triumphs (co-authored with Christine Muhlke) (November 2008),
Avec Eric: A Culinary Journey with Eric Ripert (2010),
My Best: Eric Ripert (2014)
32 Yolks: From My Mother's Table to Working the Line (17 May 2016) with Veronica Chambers
Awards
"Best Restaurant in America" (1997) by GQ "Best Food in New York City" (2000–2007) by Zagat
"Outstanding Restaurant of the Year" (1998) by the James Beard Foundation
"Top Chef in New York City" (1998) by the James Beard Foundation
"Outstanding Service Award" (1999) by the James Beard Foundation
"Outstanding Chef of the Year" (2003) by the James Beard Foundation
Personal life
Ripert and his wife Sandra (née Nieves) have a son.
On 8 June 2018, Ripert was travelling with his friend, American TV personality and culinary connoisseur Anthony Bourdain, who was working on an episode of Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown'' in Strasbourg, France. Ripert found Bourdain dead from an apparent suicide by hanging in Bourdain's hotel room at Kaysersberg-Vignoble.
References
External links
Profile at Great Chefs
Personal Blog
Biography at CuisineNet
in depth video interview w/ Eric
Biography at Global Gourmet
iVillage's Secret Sauce: Eric Ripert's Warm Peekytoe-Maryland Lump "Crab Cake"
iVillage's Secret Sauce: Eric Ripert's Grilled Trout with Sauce Vierge and Potato and Leek"
Westend Bistro, Washington, DC
Chef’s Table: Drinking with Eric Ripert
1965 births
Living people
People from Antibes
French chefs
American chefs
American male chefs
Chefs of French cuisine
Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants
French emigrants to Andorra
French emigrants to the United States
People from New York City
James Beard Foundation Award winners |
4023879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck%20Perera | Franck Perera | Franck Perera (born 21 March 1984 in Montpellier, France) is a race car driver who has competed in a number of international open-wheel racing championships.
Career
In 2006, Perera drove in the GP2 Series for the DAMS team, after four years of racing for the Prema team in junior championships. In 2007 he drove for Condor Motorsports in the Atlantic Championship, scoring three wins and finishing second in the championship behind Raphael Matos. On 6 February 2008 Perera announced that he had signed with Conquest Racing to compete in the Champ Car World Series in 2008 after a successful test with the team. However, shortly thereafter Champ Car and the Indy Racing League unified, canceling the Champ Car season. It was announced on 25 February that Perera had modified his deal in order to continue with the team in the IRL IndyCar Series. He lost the ride after three races due to funding issues stemming from the bankruptcy of his sponsor Opes Prime, causing the team to hire Brazilian driver Jaime Camara.
In order to continue racing in the US, Perera signed to drive in Firestone Indy Lights with Guthrie Racing for the remainder of the 2008 season and made his debut in the seventh race of the season at the Iowa Speedway. He captured his first series victory from the pole at Infineon Raceway, his eighth start. He returned to the IndyCar Series for the points-scoring finale at Chicagoland Speedway, driving the #41 car of A. J. Foyt Enterprises. He was also signed to drive the car of A.S. Roma in the brand new Superleague Formula championship in 2008.
Perera returned to the GP2 Series in 2009, replacing Giacomo Ricci at David Price Racing. Perera was not allowed to start the feature race of the Hungarian round, due to causing an avoidable accident in qualifying, with Romain Grosjean. As his lap time was outside 107% of Lucas di Grassi's pole time, the stewards refused to let him race due to the accident. Grosjean however, was allowed to start. Perera also failed to qualify for both races of the championship held at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit. He left the GP2 Series for the second time after the Spa round. Perera returned to A.S. Roma in the Superleague Formula in 2009 for the Estoril round taking over from Jonathan Kennard. He was replaced at the next round by Julien Jousse.
In 2013, Perera returned full-time, driving a Porsche 911 in the Blancpain Endurance Series for Pro GT by Almeras in the Pro-Am class.
Racing record
Career summary
† Guest driver, ineligble for points
‡ Team standings
* Season still in progress.
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
American open–wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Atlantic Championship
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!Rank
!Points
|-
| 2007
! Condor Motorsports
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|LVG
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|LBH
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|HOU
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|POR1
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|POR2
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|CLE
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|MTT|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|TOR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|EDM1
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|EDM2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|SJO
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|ROA|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|2nd|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|310|}
IndyCar Series
1 Run on same day.
Superleague Formula
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
2009 Super Final Results
Super Final results in 2009 did not count for points towards the main championship.
Complete Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup results
24 Hours of Daytona results
Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold''' indicate pole position; results in italics'' indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Montpellier
French people of Spanish descent
French racing drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
German Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Dutch Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
Indy Lights drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Superleague Formula drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
International GT Open drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
24H Series drivers
British GT Championship drivers
Prema Powerteam drivers
DAMS drivers |
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