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4021373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20Research | Acoustic Research | Acoustic Research was a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based company that manufactured high-end audio equipment. The brand is now owned by VOXX. Acoustic Research was known for the AR-3 series of speaker systems, which used the acoustic suspension woofer of the AR-1 with newly designed dome mid-range speaker and high-frequency drivers. AR's line of acoustic suspension speakers were the first loudspeakers with relatively flat response, extended bass, wide dispersion, small size, and reasonable cost.
Company history
Acoustic Research, Inc. (“AR”) was founded in 1954 by audio pioneer, writer, inventor, researcher and audio-electronics teacher Edgar Villchur and his student, Henry Kloss. AR was established to produce the $185 () model AR-1, a loudspeaker design incorporating the acoustic suspension principle based on , granted to Edgar Villchur and assigned to Acoustic Research in 1956.
Edgar Villchur's technical innovation was based on objective testing and research, most of which was made publicly available as documents, specifications, and measurements—all of which were then new in the loudspeaker industry. Acoustic Research as an employer claimed equal opportunity and offered liberal employee benefits, insurance, and profit sharing to its employees.
Acoustic suspension loudspeaker
The acoustic suspension woofer provided an elegant solution to the age-old problem of bass distortion in loudspeakers caused by non-linear, mechanical suspensions in conventional loudspeakers. The existing state-of-the-art at the time of AR's invention was the bass reflex speaker, which boosted bass response for a given amount of cone travel by directing sound energy from the rear of the speaker cone through a port in the cabinet "tuned" for reinforcement of the direct signal from the front of the cone by the signal from the rear of the cone.
Among the drawbacks of bass reflex design are the stringent design parameters required for accurate bass reinforcement, requiring high precision and at the time, large cabinets. Some loss of accuracy ("smearing" or "vooming" of low frequencies) was inevitable and the results were not entirely predictable. Extensive prototyping drove up the development costs of new designs, pushing them out of popular price ranges. High fidelity woofers were vulnerable to damage from extreme low frequency signals. Those issues were addressed with the invention of the acoustic suspension woofer.
The acoustic suspension woofer (sometimes known as “air suspension”) used the elasticity of air within a small, sealed enclosure of about to provide the restoring force for the woofer cone. The entrapped air of the sealed-loudspeaker enclosure, unlike the mechanical springs of conventional speakers, provided an almost linear spring for the woofer's diaphragm, enabling it to move back and forth large distances (“excursion”) in a linear fashion, a requirement for the reproduction of deep bass tones.
The disadvantage of this arrangement is low efficiency. Since the restoring force is large with a large woofer in a small cabinet, the cone must be massive to keep the resonant frequency in the required low bass region. The AR-1s were about 10 per cent as efficient as other (physically much larger) existing speakers with equivalent bass response, but since higher power amplifiers were becoming available about the same time, this was a reasonable trade-off to get good bass response from a relatively small speaker.
The AR-1 set new standards for low-frequency performance and low distortion that were unsurpassed for many years. Some of the best loudspeakers available fifty years later continue to use the acoustic suspension principle for high quality, low distortion bass reproduction.
The small size of the high performance AR-1 permitted by the acoustic suspension design, helped usher in the age of stereophonic sound reproduction.
Two bookshelf-sized loudspeakers were far more acceptable in a living room than the two refrigerator-sized boxes previously necessary to reproduce low frequency bass notes.
By March 1957, AR began shipping a smaller, less expensive, acoustic suspension system, the US$87 () Model AR-2. The AR-2 was selected by Consumer Reports as a 'best buy' and the company's sales went from $383,000 in 1956 to nearly $1,000,000 by the end of 1957. Also that year, co-founder and Vice President Henry Kloss left AR to form a new loudspeaker company, KLH.
AR-3 loudspeaker
In 1958, AR once again pioneered loudspeaker technology with the introduction of the landmark model AR-3, which used the AR-1's acoustic-suspension woofer in conjunction with the first commercially available hemispherical (“dome”) mid-frequency midrange unit (squawker) and high-frequency tweeter.
For nearly ten years after its introduction, the AR-3 was widely regarded as the most accurate loudspeaker available at any cost, and was used in many professional installations, recording studios, and concert halls. Many professional musicians used AR-3 loudspeakers as monitors because of their excellent sound reproduction. In the early 1960s, AR conducted a series of over 75 live vs. recorded demonstrations throughout the United States in which the sound of a live string quartet was alternated with echo-free recorded music played through a pair of AR-3s. In this “ultimate” subjective test of audio quality, the listeners were largely unable to detect the switch from live to recorded, a strong testament to Acoustic Research's audio quality.
The company also established music demonstration rooms on the mezzanine of Grand Central Terminal in New York City and on a street corner of Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where the public could stop by and listen to its products, but no sales were made there. This low-key marketing innovation boosted the company's business.
AR continued to introduce new designs, and by 1966 the company had grown to hold 32.2% of the U.S. domestic loudspeaker market, based on the IHFM and High Fidelity surveys statistics for that year. This was the largest market share ever held by a loudspeaker manufacturer since statistics have been kept.
The AR-3 was replaced by the AR-3a in 1969, having a new dome midrange and tweeter reduced in dimensions, for even better mid and high frequency dispersion. On September 13, 1993, an AR-3 was placed on permanent display in the Information Age Exhibit of National Museum of American History at The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.
The AR-3a was subsequently replaced by the AR-11 and AR-10pi in 1977, which shared the same improved tweeter and midrange domes. The 10pi had woofer/bass response adjustment switches to allow for a variety of room placements. The new tweeter used in the AR-11/10pi had a brighter high-frequency response partly to compensate for less dispersion than the tweeter of the AR3a.
Turntables
AR produced a low-cost ($78, ) belt-drive turntable, a type of phonograph, using a cast aluminum turntable platter suspended with a T-bar sub-chassis that greatly reduced acoustic feedback. A 24-pole hysteresis-synchronous, permanent magnet Hurst AC motor propelled the platter via a precision ground rubber belt to produce very low wow and flutter, exceeding the NAB (National Association of Broadcasters) standards for turntable measurements.
Many AR turntable models remain in high demand. In particular, the mid-1980s models are highly modifiable to become first-rate vinyl record playback units.
Teledyne buyout
In 1967, Acoustic Research was bought by Teledyne, Inc., and for the next 22 years it continued development and operations in Cambridge as Teledyne Acoustic Research. Technological breakthroughs during this period included the high-current amplifier. When purchased by Teledyne, AR was the world's second largest supplier of branded loudspeakers. Although Acoustic Research continued product development, by 1989 AR had dropped to fifth place worldwide, and Teledyne sold the company to their major competitor, Jensen Electronics. In 1996, Jensen, including AR, was sold to Recoton Audio Corporation.
Under both Jensen and Recoton, the AR brand continued development in the speaker industry, including the environmental controls that allowed a speaker to be placed in different room areas, the Acoustic Blanket that minimized diffraction and interference in speaker baffles, and a speaker line designed to complement home theater and the digital technologies of the 1990s.
In 2003, Audiovox (now Voxx International) acquired the U.S. audio operations of Recoton, and continues with AR-brand speaker development and sales. An associated firm, AB Tech Services, provided maintenance of AR speakers until mid 2014. Web-based audiophile communities lamented the closure of the company and apparent liquidation of stock. As of July 2014 CM Tech Support assumed responsibility for Acoustic Research parts and service.
References
External links
Acoustic Research Audiovox branded site
Acoustic Research Manuals Repair and owners manuals.
The Classic Speaker Pages Resources and discussion forums
Edgar Villchur and the Acoustic Suspension Loudspeaker website of the Audio Engineering Society Historical Committee
CM Tech Support AR parts and service
Loudspeaker manufacturers
Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States |
4021382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg%20Beresford | Meg Beresford | Meg Beresford (born 5 September 1937) was a British campaigner against nuclear weapons and general secretary of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament from 1985 to 1990.
An activist involved with the European Nuclear Disarmament (END) movement, she came to prominence as END's organising secretary.
In 1985 Beresford was appointed General Secretary for Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Europe's largest single-issue peace campaign. Her term concluded in 1990, and she subsequently worked as a gardener for the Iona Community on the island of Iona.
Works
"CND and the Soviet Union", Sanity, January 1985
See also
List of peace activists
References
External links
Holidays in Hell: In Which Our Intrepid Reporter Travels to the World's Worst Places and Asks, "What's Funny About This", P. J. O'Rourke, Grove Press, 2000,
1937 births
Living people
British anti-war activists
Iona
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament activists
British anti–nuclear weapons activists |
4021383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20economy | Regular economy | A regular economy is an economy characterized by an excess demand function which has the property that its slope at any equilibrium price vector is non-zero. In other words, if we graph the excess demand function against prices, then the excess demand function "cuts" the x-axis assuring that each equilibrium is locally unique. Local uniqueness in turn permits the use of comparative statics - an analysis of how the economy responds to external shocks - as long as these shocks are not too large.
An important result due to Debreu (1970) states that almost any economy, defined by an initial distribution of consumers' endowments, is regular. In technical terms, the set of nonregular economies is of Lebesgue measure zero.
Combined with the index theorem this result implies that almost any economy will have a finite (and odd) number of equilibria.
References
Debreu, G. (1970). Economies with a finite set of equilibria. Econometrica, 38 (3), 387–392.
Dierker, E. (1972). Two Remarks on the Number of Equilibria of an Economy. Econometrica, 40 (5), 951–953.
Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M. and Green, J. (1995). Microeconomic Theory. Oxford University Press.
General equilibrium theory |
4021386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cities%20in%20India%20by%20population | List of cities in India by population | The following tables are the list of cities in India by population. Often cities are bifurcated into multiple regions (municipalities) which results in creation of cities within cities which may figure in the list. The entire work of this article is based on Census of India, 2011, conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, under Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
Map
List
The list includes the cities and not urban agglomerations.
Definitions:
The list is based on population within the boundaries of the respective Municipal Corporations and not the actual urban area.
Towns/Cities with populations of (100,000) are categorized as Class-I towns or Cities
The 46 cities with populations of and above are known as Million Plus UAs or Cities
The 3 UAs with populations of and above are known as Mega Cities (The census defines the three as Greater Mumbai UA (18.4 million), Delhi UA (16.3 million) and Kolkata UA (14.1 million))
The cities listed in bold are the capitals of the respective state / union territory.
See also
List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India
List of metropolitan areas in India
List of states and union territories of India by population
List of towns in India by population
References
External links
Indian Census Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
Cities by population
Lists of cities in Asia |
4021390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushiel%27s%20Scion | Kushiel's Scion | Kushiel's Scion is a fantasy novel by American writer Jacqueline Carey, a follow on from the Kushiel's Legacy trilogy (Kushiel's Dart, Kushiel's Chosen, and Kushiel's Avatar). It is the first part of the Imriel Trilogy, followed by Kushiel's Justice and Kushiel's Mercy.
Plot summary
To find his lost mother, the mission of his foster mother and his own personal quest, he must discover who trained Phèdre nó Delaunay's mentor, Anafiel Delaunay.
Imriel de la Courcel's blood parents are history's most reviled traitors, but his adoptive parents, the Comtesse Phèdre and the warrior-priest Joscelin, are Terre d'Ange's greatest champions.
Stolen, tortured, and enslaved as a young boy, Imriel is now a Prince of the Blood, third in line for the throne in a land that revels in art, beauty, and desire. It is a court steeped in deeply laid conspiracies ... and there are many who would see the young prince dead. Some despise him out of hatred for his birth mother Melisande, who nearly destroyed the realm in her quest for power. Others because they fear he has inherited his mother's irresistible allure - and her dangerous gifts. And as he comes of age, plagued by dark yearnings, Imriel shares their fears.
At the royal court, where gossip is the chosen poison and assailants wield slander instead of swords, the young prince fights character assassins while struggling with his own innermost conflicts. But when Imriel departs to study at the famed University of Tiberium, the perils he faces turn infinitely more deadly. Searching for wisdom, he finds instead a web of manipulation, where innocent words hide sinister meanings, and your lover of last night may become your hired killer before dawn. Now a simple act of friendship will leave Imriel trapped in a besieged city where the infamous Melisande is worshiped as a goddess; where a dead man leads an army; and where the prince must face his greatest test: to find his true self.
External links
Jacqueline Carey's official site for the book
American fantasy novels
2006 American novels |
4021411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Ho-sung%20%28footballer%29 | Lee Ho-sung (footballer) | Lee Ho-sung (, born September 12, 1974) is a football player from South Korea.
He was a member of the South Korea U-20 team and South Korea U-23 team in early 1990s and went on to play as a professional in the K-League before moving to Singapore, to the S. League, where he played for Balestier Khalsa FC.
Club career
1997–2001 Daejeon Citizen
2002–2003 Goyang Kookmin Bank
2004 Balestier Khalsa
External links
N-League Player Record - 이호성
1974 births
Living people
Association football forwards
South Korean footballers
South Korean expatriate footballers
Daejeon Hana Citizen FC players
Balestier Khalsa FC players
K League 1 players
Korea National League players
Singapore Premier League players
Expatriate footballers in Singapore
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Singapore |
4021422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushiel%27s%20Justice | Kushiel's Justice | Kushiel's Justice is a fantasy novel by American writer Jacqueline Carey. It is the sequel to Kushiel's Scion. Kushiel's Scion is itself the sequel to the Kushiel's Legacy Trilogy (Kushiel's Dart, Kushiel's Chosen, and Kushiel's Avatar). Since they are directly connected, this is at times described as the fifth in a series; however, it is also often described as the second of the latter series, dubbed the 'Imriel Trilogy'.
Imriel de la Courcel
Imriel nó Montrève de la Courcel is the son of the great-uncle of the D'Angeline Queen Ysandre de la Courcel. His mother, Melisande Shahrizai, is a traitor who twice attempted to seize the D'Angeline throne, once with the help of his father, Benedicte de la Courcel. Rescued from slavery by Phèdre nó Delaunay and her consort Joscelin Verreuil in Kushiel's Avatar, he is formally adopted into House Montrève and begins to understand his history and that of his blood relatives. Despite his being the son of two infamous traitors, he is also the adoptive son of the realms perhaps most loyal royalists. He has no aspirations for the throne and is ashamed of his heritage.
After having studied at the University of Tiberium (see Kushiel's Scion), he has now returned to Terre d'Ange and agreed to marry the Alban Princess Dorelei.
Plot summary
The Forbidden
The novel begins with Imriel sitting down to read the letters that his mother, Melisande Shahrizai, has written him all these years. After the occurrences in Kushiel's Scion, especially with Canis in Lucca, he is now concerned with where she is and the influence she is trying to have on his life. The letters, while not exactly comforting, tell him much and help soothe some of his resentment. Phèdre nó Delaunay, his foster-mother, asks him if he wants to discuss them but he declines.
When he presents himself to the Queen, he tells her his decision to wed the Alban Princess Dorelei. He met her when he was eighteen and Prince Talorcan, Drustan's nephew and heir apparent, came to visit. While Drustan would like to name Alais as his heir, he cannot without risking another civil war. If Alais were to wed Talorcan, she would rule at his side but their children wouldn't inherit the throne, as Alba works by matrilineal succession. However, if Imriel were to wed Dorelei, his son would become Cruarch and Terre d'Ange's influence in Alba would not wane. For this reason, he agrees to wed Dorelei to preserve stability.
At the same time, however, he has discovered that he is attracted to his cousin, Sidonie de la Courcel. He knows that she feels the same. He is still the son of two infamous traitors and she is the dauphine. They cannot be together. Despite this, during the Midwinter Masque at the palace, Imriel and Sidonie kiss, and a secret relationship begins. Only Sidonie's lady-in-waiting, Amarante, and Imriel's best friend, Mavros, know of their relationship. They often assist Imriel and Sidonie and warn them if people are going to burst in and see them together.
Because of his impending wedding, Imriel begins to take lessons with Alais on Alban history, law, religion, and linguistic nuances. After these classes he would often meet Sidonie at her quarters and then they would use their few hours alone to make love. While Alais does not approve of their relationship, predominantly due to the necessary secrecy, she does nothing to stop them. During one of these lustful afternoons, Imriel tells Sidonie about what happened to him in Drujan (see Kushiel's Avatar). She listens calmly but is greatly saddened. She then asks whether he would still be willing to be cruel with her because she would very much like it. For once Imriel seems to be more comfortable and willing to try this, as long as it is with her.
Their relationship continues until the wedding. Imriel begins to get very frustrated that his consent to the wedding will soon rob him of another of the people he loves. He and Sidonie know they cannot be together and they suspect that they only like each other because it is forbidden. To release this frustration, Mavros takes him to Valerian House once again. Given that Imriel has been drinking, however, Mavros books them a showing rather than participating directly. This helps Imriel to deal with his past and the frustration caused by his situation and his Kusheline blood.
The Wedding
That summer, Prince Talorcan and Princess Dorelei accompany Drustan on his annual trip to Terre d'Ange in the spring. Dorelei is sweet and kind-hearted, but Imriel is distracted with his love for Sidonie. He still agrees to wed Dorelei though, because, as Sidonie herself said, they are likely only in love with each other because it is forbidden. As well, Sidonie is not yet eighteen and therefore can not cross her mother's will, making any true relationship with Imriel impossible. Even still, Imriel is sad to be leaving her. Dorelei, sensing that he loves another, says she is willing to share him, as she knows D'Angelines do, but that she herself will be only with him, as is Alban custom. Imriel takes this to heart but assures her there is no one else.
Before the wedding, Imriel and Sidonie meet secretly at a Temple of Elua. There the Priest vows to keep his silence but discourages the two from being so secretive and continuing a relationship that will inevitably hurt others. Nevertheless, he provides them with a private room for their final love-making.
Mavros Shahrizai also takes him on a bachelor's party. Imriel is frustrated, angry, and rough, being in the perfect mood for Valerian House. Mavros, however, makes sure that Imriel does not get carried away and is always safe and sane in his play.
The next morning is the wedding. This is a public affair with all persons of import in attendance. They are given many gifts, though Imriel's most cherished gift is that from Drustan's family: vambraces carved with the image of the Cullach Gorym, their family emblem (their diadh-anam). Thus he is welcomed into the royal house of Alba. Imriel puts a good face on it but inside he feels nothing but sadness and a hollow feeling. It is hot, he is uncomfortable, and Sidonie is right there the whole time, watching him wed someone else. During the ceremony, Sidonie throws rose petals upon the couple. Imriel knows the true meaning of this: there is a passage in the Trois-Mille Joies that says to cover your lover in kisses is like falling flower petals. Everyone else at the wedding are happy, making Imriel's brooding and moping all the more poignant, though well-hidden.
Dorelei and Imriel make love that night, as Dorelei wishes to have a child, having lit a candle to Eisheth. In the following days, Imriel confesses to Dorelei that he is in love with someone else, to which she answers that she knows, but understands that theirs is a marriage of politics.
Eamonn arrives at court from Skaldia after winning the favor of his Skaldic bride Brigitta's family. Imriel tells to Eamonn of his relationship with Sidonie.
The party bound for Alba make preparations for their departure when Sidonie returns from her pilgrimage to Naamah's shrine. She and Imriel meet at a temple of Naamah for a last rendezvous before his departure.
The following morning, Imriel departs for Alba with a large D'Angeline escort, Drustan's family, Phèdre nó Delaunay and Joscelin Verreuil.
The Lust Trap
After the wedding, they travel across Alba to the Prince's new home, Clunderry, with Dorelei's family using the 'open roads' (the taisgaidh), which are paths where no one is allowed to fight, be attacked or raided, and to which all Albans have access. During his first night on Alban soil, Imriel, missing Sidonie, fantasizes of her and pleasures himself, spilling his seed on the ground. Days later during his sleep he is woken by an irresistible lustful pull. He gets up and follows it. It leads him to a lone Alban woman, Morwen, who seems to have the ability to control him and wants him to have a child with her. Though he tries to refuse, the spell she has cast on him strong. Suddenly, some of the Albans from the escort interrupt them and the woman flees. The Albans tell him he was stupid indeed. By spreading his seed, filled with his lust and love, on the common soil, this woman has been given the tools to ensnared him by making a small mannekin of him, allowing her to call on him whenever she wishes. They also tell him that the two claw tattoos on her face means she is of the Maghuin Dhonn. The spell is strong and his only help is to go to an Ollamh, a religious druid-like figure.
The Ollamh casts a spell that binds his desire and makes him unable to feel the lust and pain he has been fighting throughout the series. The spell requires red ribbons to be tied to his wrists and ankles. Imriel must also wear a croonie-stone around his neck to protect himself. If any of these are taken off or broken, the spell will be broken and he will be under the woman's control again.
Imriel feels relieved and more clear-headed than he has been in months. There is a noticeable change in his mood. While he is still self-centered, he does not seem as sad as he was before and is able to grow to love. Dorelei, however, loses her visions of the future, saying that she feels as if a giant grey cloud were covering them from her sight. Still, Clunderry is peaceful and typical of an Alban noble's home. It is filled with people who are the salt of the earth. Though he is somewhat successful at winning over his household, many are still reserved about this new D'Angeline pretty-boy Prince.
Imriel earns their respect, however, when he stages a raid on a neighbouring lord, Leodan of Briclaedh. This lord has challenged him and wants to steal his cattle and horses, perceiving Imriel to be in a position of weakness. Imriel stuns everyone by staging a preemptive raid on him before Leodan can attack Imriel. Such raids are done mainly to prove a ruler's mettle during times of peace. Imriel manages to escape from multiple attackers with no injuries, earning him praise and respect from all. This also garners him the friendship of Urist, a guard of Clunderry of good renown and well liked by the troops.
On the ride back, Imriel is elated. He finally feels he is accepted and respected, not because of his birth but because he has earned it. Then he again feels the lustful pull supposedly bound within him. He is again seized by an outside force and he rides into a sheltered wooded area, where the woman is waiting. He tries to resist as much as he can, but his body responds to her regardless. The woman attempts intercourse, but they are disturbed before anything more can happen. During the encounter Imriel learns that one of his red ties has been cut off during the battle. When he arrives home he goes to the local Ollamh, who recasts the spell before he even attends the celebratory feast.
Life continues in the Alban holding, and Dorelei and Imriel manage to develop a loving relationship. Dorelei is most certainly in love with Imriel, but Imriel's love is weak compared to his feelings for Sidonie. Dorelei has become pregnant and Imriel can not wait for his child.
Imriel's cousin, Alais arrives at Clunderry. During her stay she grows and matures significantly. She has been learning the arts of the Ollamh and loves it. Though she does not love Talorcan, she is leaving open the possibility of love, and does not refuse him.
One night, a letter arrives. Sidonie writes to Imriel telling him that, despite the distance, she is still in love with him. She tells him to stay in Alba, however, for at least the first year. Dorelei had promised him that, if Imriel was not happy after the first year, he could leave her and move back to Terre d'Ange. They could be as Drustan and Ysandre and see each other half the year, or even less. While reading this letter, Imriel is shocked at his lack of emotions. He can barely picture Sidonie's face, and all feelings for her are muted. Thus he decides to take a risk by removing the croonie-stone while he re-reads the letter. He is filled with sorrow and love. He misses her terribly and still loves her as well. After a short while and reading the letter a number of times, he returns the croonie-stone around his neck and returns to his bed with Dorelei.
Death, Change, and Magic
By spring, Dorelei is nearing the end of her pregnancy. She and Imriel are looking forward to their first child, and while love has grown between to the two, Imriel is still distracted by his love for Sidonie, though he is always caring and loving to Dorelei. Imriel also feels a commitment to being a part of his child's life.
Soon after the Day of Misrule, however, Morwen appears out of the woods right in front of Clunderry's men. She remains on the taisgaidh roads, but demands to see Imriel. Imriel meets her with all of his guards, the Ollamh, Alais, and Dorelei who insisted on coming along. Morwen says she is willing to make a deal with Imriel: if he will come with her to the circle of standing stones and let her show him the future, she will give him his mannekin thereby freeing him of her magic. The circle is not far away and is on taisgaidh lands. Imriel does not trust her but she says that if he wants to bring his troops he may, so long as they stay outside of the circle. Imriel then asks the advice of the Ollamh. She does not trust Morwen as well and advises that before the ceremony and in the stone circle, Morwen should swear not to harm Imriel or any of his family. Morwen agrees without hesitation and with none of the tell-tales of a lie. Imriel says he will take the day to decide and give her his decision at sunset. Morwen agrees and leaves as though she had melted into the woods themselves.
Imriel and Dorelei discuss the proposal and come to a decision. Imriel will take a large escort of the troops to the circle with him and be careful. Dorelei will not risk herself or the child by coming with him and will stay in Clunderry with the remaining guards. While it is dangerous, the reward would be Imriel's freedom, restoration of Dorelei's visions, and security for their unborn child. They deem the risk is worth the reward. They also finally decide on the name of the child: Aniel if it is a boy and Anielle if it is a girl.
That evening, Dorelei helps Imriel put on his vambraces and prepare for his meeting with Morwen. At the edge of taisgaidh roads, Morwen waits. Upon Imriel's agreement, she leads them to the standing stones. Night has fallen, and though there are many of Imriel's men carrying torches, the circle still has an eerie look about it. Morwen tells him that he can not wear any metal within the circle and that the lights must be put out. He asks why and she only replies that that is how the spell works. To verify his safety, he asks her to make the pledge with the Ollamh first. Morwen and the Ollamh go into the circle. Morwen swears:
"No harm will befall Imriel de la Courcel of Clunderry this night, nor any member of his household, nor any person dear to him. I swear it by the stone and sea and sky, by all the gods of Alba, and by the diadh-anam of the Maghuin Dhonn. If I lie, let my magic be broken and my life be forfeit. Let every man and woman's hand be raised against me, let my name be gall on their lips. Let the gods and the diadh-anam forsake me, and let the land itself despise my footfall. Let my spirit wander for ten thousand years without solace."
The Ollamh is satisfied and departs for the outside of the circle. Morwen leads Imriel into the circle, after telling him to take off his shoes. She seemingly lifts one of the standing stones and takes out her things from under it, letting it fall back down behind her. On the stone table, she places her things and takes some tea, which she drinks first before giving it to Imriel. He asks her what it is. She says it is mushroom tea and a gift of the earth. She then paints her eyelids and his. Picking up the stone knife and a leather bag she passes the bag to him. He feels the mannekin inside it. Morwen then suddenly cuts his bindings and all his love, lusts, and emotions come flooding back. Morwen then cuts her wrists and holds his hands. Waiting, the tea starts to have an effect. Eventually, he begins to see that the stones are telling him a story.
He sees a boy who is obviously his unborn son, Aniel. He sees Dorelei dead with Aniel holding on to him. He sees his son with Alais and then, as a teen, yelling at Urist. Then there is a pause. Morwen says this is because he has left Alban shores. He returns, however, and Imriel can see the glitter of intelligence in his eyes and glee at the causing of arguments. These arguments lead to wars between the tribes of Alba and the death of Talorcan. He is then named Cruarch and brings hundreds of D'Angeline soldiers to Alba, crushing all resistance. He sees women and children taken out of their homes and their homes being torched. He sees Aniel kill a wounded man begging for mercy. Aniel burns the sacred groves and drags away the standing stones. He is a fearless and cruel leader who hunts down the Maghuin Dhonn until all are gone, and redesigns Bryn Gorrydum into a D'Angeline city. Finally, Imriel begs her to stop and she does, letting go of his hands. "Your son is a monster, Imriel," she says.
Imriel asks why this is. She replies that she does not know, and at first the visions were of many possibilities. Dorelei would die before her second child is born and Imriel leaves Alban shores. At first, there was Imriel and Morwen's daughter to balance Aniel, but now all that remained was this one vision. Imriel asks if she considered that her intervention caused this in the first place, and whether she considered not getting involved. With deep sorrow, she said she had considered it.
Imriel hears horns and sees the flaws in Morwen. Realizing the cuts were deeper than he thought he learns an awful secret. Morwen has lied, harm is coming to Imriel's family. Her life is sacrificed for the good of the Maghuin Dhonn.
Imriel and his guards rush back to Clunderry, still under the effects of the mushroom tea. All is in a daze and blurry. The gates of the castle are open; Leodan of Briclaedh staged his counter cattle-raid on this night after hearing that the troops would be elsewhere. A giant bear is now trying to exit the castle. Imriel charges him, but is wounded by its paw and falls unconscious. When he wakes, he sees Dorelei lying on a table nearby, clearly dead.
Imriel falls into a deep depression. He has been severely injured by the bear, who is really the Maghuin Dhonn leader Berlik. He is transported to Bryn Gorrydum and being treated by an Eisandine healer. Alais would keep him company most days, but vengeance was what kept him alive; he wanted Berlik's death. The hunt for Berlik in Alba was unsuccessful, but Hyacinthe, the Master of the Straits, saw a large bear swim to Azzalle, across the straits. While he could not be sure it was Berlik, Imriel was. Imriel swears he will bring back Berlik's head and bury it at Dorelei's feet, a traditional custom in Alba. Urist promises to help him, as do a number of Clunderry's men.
The Long Hunt for Berlik
When Imriel is finally deemed to be well enough to ride, he tells Drustan of the arrangements, says goodbye to Alais, and departs for Terre d'Ange. In Azzalle, Urist and Imriel destroy the mannekin and cut his bindings. Imriel tells him who it was he loved all this time and, while shocked, Urist still dedicates himself to Imriel's service: "So you were good enough for the Cullach Gorrym, good enough to marry Dorelei mab Beidaia, good enough to beget Alba a successor, but not good enough for the Queen's daughter?"
They all ride for the City of Elua, dedicated to true love and the hunt for Berlik. Upon arriving at the Palace, Imriel immediately goes to Sidonie's quarters, sinks to his knees before her and wraps his arms around her waist. Ysandre walks in on the scene and is furious. Imriel walks out from the Palace, but not before Sidonie kisses him before the all those watching. Mavros offers the Shahrizai hunting estates outside of the City for Imriel and the Albans to stay out of the turmoil of the City. Sidonie comes to see him. After lovemaking, a royal escort led by Lord Amaury Trente come to take her back home. She refuses, saying she is a grown woman now over the age of majority, and that she will love who she loves freely.
Imriel learns that Phèdre and Joscelin still are not back from their mysterious journey, but he visits the house and has a pleasant visit with all. Upon gathering all the supplies and funding he needs, including from the royal coffers despite Ysandre's opinion of his affair with her daughter, he and the Albans depart for the north.
Their journey takes them through the Flatlands toward the new kingdom of Vralia. Imriel and Urist then book passage by boat to the capital of Vralia, following Berlik's trail. After being lost on an island for at least a month, they both make it to the capital Vralgrad. Urist is too injured to continue, however, and stays in Vralgrad. Imriel continues to follow rumours of Berlik south to the small town of Tarkov. Imriel has the unfortunate bad timing, however, to be in Tarkov for a Tartar raid. Seeing the scars on his behind left from Daršanga, the people think that he is a secret spy of the Tartars and put him in jail. He is stuck there for a long time with one other Tartar prisoner. He manages to escape through cunning, and helps free his Tartar companion so that he may be able to go back to the woman he loves.
From there Imriel follows the long-stale path of Berlik, or what he thinks is Berlik's path. He stops at a small Yeshuite Temple in Miroslas, the last reaches of civilization, and learns that Berlik stayed there for a time, seeking forgiveness. They try to discourage him from hunting down Berlik, but Imriel departs, still dedicated to his quest.
He spends many days and nights wandering the untamed forests in search of Berlik. He goes nearly mad with the silence, loneliness, and seemingly hopelessness of his mission. He is forced to send back his horse, hoping it will make it alive to a warm stable, for lack of sufficient food and fodder. Just before deciding that he must turn back before he starves, Berlik leaves him a sign. Following this trail he comes upon a small cabin that Berlik has built and obviously still lives in. There is a makeshift cross in his cabin and a fire still burning. Here, finally, Berlik appears. He is humbled and broken and asks only for his death, for only his death at the hands of Imriel can bring him atonement. Berlik tells him, "I prayed...I left a trail for you to follow, and I prayed that if you found me, the diadh-anam would accept my sacrifice as atonement, and not punish all of her people for my failure. When my magic returned to me, here in the woods, I knew it was so." Imriel asks why Berlik made it so hard for him. He replies, "Would you have come here with a humble heart if I had not?"
Berlik admits his mistakes, his fears, and admits that he should have trusted his gods more instead of only himself. He apologizes to Imriel and calls him "my avenging angel." As Imriel raises his sword, he knows the true meaning that Kushiel, the punisher of god, loved his charges too well. Imriel says, "I'm sorry," cuts off Berlik's head cleanly, and weeps.
After a day in Berlik's cabin, gathering more food and supplies, he departs back for his far-away home. After days of trudging, he is shocked to hear voices arguing in Rus and D'Angeline! They are not rescuers, however: they are soldiers from Tarkov, come to capture him. The D'Angeline they are arguing with is Maslin of Lombelon, sent by Sidonie to find Imriel. Maslin and Imriel manage to fight off the guards and make a truce of their once jealousy of each other. Maslin, it seems, has grown much in his travels as well. During their trek through the forests, Maslin ends up boiling Berlik's head for Imriel, in a sort of penance. It is disgusting work, but Maslin refuses to let Imriel do it. They then continue on their travels.
They travel together back to Tarkov. They try to disguise Imriel but Tarkov is the closest port for ferries headed to the city and eventually home. When they arrive in Tarkov, however, they find Phèdre and Joscelin, come to search for Imriel and join him on his long trek. Phèdre is arguing with the guards, trying to explain he is a royal Prince of Terre d'Ange and not a Tartar. While they do not believe her, none want to challenge them and grudgingly "allow" them to leave. In the capital, Joscelin meets his once pupil and now leader of the Yeshuites and most trusted advisor of King Vral, Micah ben Ximon.
As the weather improves, they take a boat back to the Flatlands and travel to Azzalle. Maslin chooses to stay in Vralia as a representative of Terre d'Ange, and because he has fallen in love with a local woman. Once they are back in Terre d'Ange, all are happy to report their arrival.
Truly Home
(this material is obtained from the preview at the end of the paper-back edition of Kushiel's Justice)
Imriel hurries back to Sidonie's side. The Queen has calmed down considerably but cannot countenance the relationship because of Imriel's parents. She cannot denounce it, however, because to do so would be to go against Elua's Precept.
He, Sidonie, Phèdre, Joscelin, and his Alban escort return to Clunderry to bury Berlik's head, fulfilling Imriel's promise. On their return to the City of Elua, they are greeted by a large group of people with black armbands, the victims of Melisande and Benedicte's machinations, showing a thumbs-down (see Kushiel's Mercy).
References
External links
Online interview with Jacqueline Carey about book
Online blog review of the book.
2007 American novels
American fantasy novels
Kushiel's Legacy |
4021424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yele%20language | Yele language | The Yele language, or Yélî Dnye, is the language of Rossel Island, the easternmost island in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of Papua New Guinea. There were some 4,000 speakers in 1998, comprising the entire ethnic population. The language remains unclassified by linguists.
Classification
For now, the language is best considered unclassified. It has been classified as a tentative language isolate that may turn out to be related to the Anêm and Ata language isolates of New Britain (in a tentative Yele – West New Britain family). Typologically it is more similar to the Oceanic languages of southern New Guinea than to the isolates of New Britain. Word order tends to be SOV (verb-final).
Stebbins et al. (2018) classifies Yélî Dnye as an isolate. They explain similarities with Austronesian as being due to contact and diffusion.
Phonology
Yele has a uniquely rich set of doubly articulated consonants. In nearly all the languages of the world which have them, these are labial–velar consonants—that is, they are pronounced simultaneously with the lips and the back of the tongue, such as a simultaneous p and k. Only Yele is known to contrast other doubly articulated positions: besides labial–velar, it has two distinct labial–alveolar positions (laminal/dental and apical/postalveolar), as illustrated below.
The two coronal articulations are (1) laminal/dental and slightly pre-alveolar, sometimes transcribed tʸ, nʸ, etc. (see denti-alveolar consonant), and (2) apical and slightly post-alveolar, sometimes transcribed ṭ, ṇ etc., ʈ, ɳ, etc., or simply t, n, etc.
There are two other doubly articulated consonants, as in lvámê (a type of cane) and . The Yele w is labial–dental . These doubly articulated consonants contrast with labialization (SIL 1992/2004). Many articulations may also be palatalized. Stops may be either pre- or (except perhaps for ) post-nasalized. The consonant inventory includes the following:
It is not clear how many of the labial–velar and labial–alveolar consonants such as may also be labialized or palatalized. Nor is it clear how many of these articulations occur prenasalized or with nasal release, but besides those noted above, the following are noted in SIL 1992/2004: .
The oral stops (that is, apart from dental ) are voiced between vowels and when prenasalized. The (post-)alveolar is further reduced to an (apparently dental) flap between vowels. Some of the palatalized alveolar stops are pronounced as fricatives or affricates, such as (or perhaps ) and (or perhaps ), but SIL (1992/2004) contradicts itself as to which these are.
Yele also has many vowels, a noteworthy number of which are nasalized:
(The distinction between open-mid and close-mid nasal vowels is rather unusual, and SIL (1992/2004) provides no examples of the close-mid vowels. They also fail to provide an example of .)
Vowels may occur long or short. SIL (1992/2004) interprets other vowel sequences as being separated by rather than as diphthongs.
Given that vowels may be long or short, Yele syllables may only be of the form V or CV, and in the former case, apparently only or .
Orthography
The multigraphs for complex consonants are not always transparent. The labial-velar and labial-alveolar consonants are written with the labial second: kp, dp, tp, ngm, nm, ńm, lv. Prenasalized is written mb, but and are written nt and nk to distinguish them from nd and ng . Prenasalized stops are written with an m when labial, including doubly articulated stops, as with md or mg , and with n otherwise. Nasal release is likewise written n or m, as in dny , kn , dm , km . Labialization is written w, and palatalization y, apart from ch for and nj for (it is not clear if ch and nj are dental or (post-)alveolar).
Of the vowels, only a and u occur initially. Long vowels are written doubled, and nasal vowels with a preceding colon (:a for ), except for short vowels after a nasal consonant (or a nasal release?), where vowel nasality is not contrastive.
Grammar
Yele has been studied extensively by cognitive linguists. It has an extensive set of spatial postpositions. Yele has eleven postpositions equivalent to English on; using different ones depending factors such as whether the object is on a table (horizontal), a wall (vertical), or atop a peak; whether or not it is attached to the surface; and whether it is solid or granular (distributed).
Pronouns
Yele has a set of free pronouns and a set of bound possessive pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Dual
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
!English
!Yele
!English
!Yele
!English
!Yele
|-
! rowspan="2" |1st person
!free
| rowspan="2" | I || || rowspan="2" | we two || || rowspan="2" | we ||
|-
!bound
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |2nd person
!free
| rowspan="2" | thou || || rowspan="2" | you two || || rowspan="2" | you ||
|-
!bound
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |3rd person
!free
| rowspan="2" | he/she || – || rowspan="2" |they two
| rowspan="2" |–|| rowspan="2" | they ||
|-
!bound
|
|
|}
Vocabulary
Selected basic vocabulary items in Yélî Dnye:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Yélî Dnye
|-
| bird || ńmê; ńmo
|-
| blood || wêê
|-
| bone || dînê
|-
| breast || ngmo
|-
| ear || ngweńe
|-
| eat || ma
|-
| egg || w:uu
|-
| eye || ngwolo
|-
| fire || ndê; ndyuw:e
|-
| give || yeede
|-
| go || lê; lili; nî
|-
| ground || mbwóó; têpê
|-
| hair || gh:aa
|-
| head || ny:oo
|-
| leg || yi
|-
| louse || y:emê wee
|-
| man || pi
|-
| moon || d:ââ
|-
| name || pi
|-
| one || ngmidi
|-
| road, path || maa
|-
| see || m:uu
|-
| sky || mbóó; vyââ
|-
| stone || chêêpî
|-
| sun || kââdî
|-
| tongue || dêê
|-
| tooth || nyóó
|-
| tree || yi
|-
| two || miyó
|-
| water || mbwaa; tolo
|-
| woman || kumbwada; pyââ
|}
Sample text
Kiye w:ââ u pi Peetuuki, ka kwo, Doongê. Nê kuu. Daa a w:ââ. Nkal u w:ââ. Nkal ngê yinê kaa ngê. W:ââ dono. Pi yilî u te. U nuu u pi da tóó. Pi u lama daa tóó. M:iituwo Yidika, Mépé tp:oo mî kiye ngê. Daanté. Mépé dono ngê pyodo. Apê, W:ââ mbwámê nînê châpwo. Nkal ngê kwo, "Up:o" . W:ââ mî mbêpê wo, chii mênê. Mépé ngê w:ââ mbwámê mêdîpê châpwo. Awêde ka kwo, Doongê. Pi maa daa t:a. A danêmbum u dî.
"The savage dog is called "Peetuuki", and he lives at Doongê. It's nothing to do with me. It's not my dog. It's Nkal's dog. He raised it. It's a bad dog. It bites everyone. It doesn't like anyone. Recently it bit Mépé's son, Yidika. It really bit him hard. Mépé became very angry, and said, 'I'm going to kill that dog'. The dog ran away into the bush, so Mépé could not kill it. So now it's still there at Doongê, so there's not a safe road through there. That's the end of my story." (SIL 1992/2004)
References
Bibliography
James E. Henderson, 1995. Phonology and grammar of Yele, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics B-112. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Peter Ladefoged & Ian Maddieson, 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwells.
Stephen C. Levinson, 2003. Space in Language and Cognition: Explorations in Cognitive Diversity. Cambridge University Press.
Phonology sketch from SIL, 1992/2004
External links
Paradisec has multiple collections with Yele materials, including two collections of Arthur Cappell's materials (AC1, AC2).
The World Atlas of Language Structures lists 44 typological features of "Yelî Dnye" based on from James Henderson's 1975 and 1995 grammars of the language. https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_yel
Yele–West New Britain languages
Language isolates of New Guinea
Languages of Milne Bay Province
Nuclear Papuan Tip languages |
4021429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20%28Alison%20Krauss%20album%29 | Live (Alison Krauss album) | Live is the eleventh album and the first live album by Alison Krauss and Union Station. All of the songs except "Down to the River to Pray" (performed at Austin City Limits) were recorded at The Louisville Palace on April 29–30, 2002. The album was released on November 5, 2002.
At the 46th Grammy Awards, Live won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album and the traditional song "Cluck Old Hen" won the Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance.
Track listing
Personnel
Alison Krauss - Vocals, fiddle
Jerry Douglas - Resonator guitar, vocals
Dan Tyminski - Guitar, mandolin, vocals
Ron Block - Guitar, banjo, vocals
Barry Bales - Bass, vocals
Larry Atamanuik - Drums
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Alison Krauss & Union Station albums
2002 live albums
Rounder Records live albums
Austin City Limits
Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album
Albums recorded at the Louisville Palace |
4021437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20and%20His%20Brothers | Agnes and His Brothers | Agnes and His Brothers () is a 2004 film directed by Oskar Roehler.
Plot
Three very different siblings: Hans-Jörg, a librarian who is a sex addict; Werner, a politician in a troubled marriage with a son who enjoys discrediting his father; Martin, who is now Agnes after having a gender-reassignment operation. Agnes works as a dancer and is suffering from unrequited love.
Cast
Martin Weiß as Agnes Tschirner
Moritz Bleibtreu as Hans-Jörg Tschirner
Herbert Knaup as Werner Tschirner
Katja Riemann as Signe
Tom Schilling as Ralf
Suzan Anbeh as Desiree
Vadim Glowna as Günther
Margit Carstensen as Roxy
Lee Daniels as Henry
Marie Zielcke as Nadine
Oliver Korittke as Rudi
Martin Semmelrogge as Manni Moneto
Martin Feifel as Hannes
Sven Martinek as Jürgen
Til Schweiger as Freund in Bibliothek
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 40% based on 20 reviews
References
External links
Official website
Agnes and His Brothers at filmportal.de/en
2004 films
2004 drama films
2004 LGBT-related films
German films
2000s German-language films
German LGBT-related films
Films directed by Oskar Roehler
Films scored by Martin Todsharow
German drama films
Films shot in Cologne
LGBT-related drama films
Films about trans women |
4021442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82%20Nastula | Paweł Nastula | Paweł Marcin Nastula (born 26 June 1970) is a Polish judoka and mixed martial artist. He was the 1995 and 1997 Judo World Champion, and 1996 gold medallist at the Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, winning those titles in the U95kg weight category.
Early career
Nastula was born in Warsaw, and started training Judo at the age of 10 at AZS AWF.
Judo
In addition to the 1996 Summer Olympics, Nastula won many European and World competitions, and was considered one of the top judo players in the world. Between February 1994 and March 1998 Nastula was unbeaten in Judo, having 312 consecutive wins over a period of those 1,220 days and winning every competition, a monumental feat. His winning streak snapped when the weight category was changed (from -95 kg to -100 kg).
He retired from the sport in 2004.
Mixed martial arts career
Nastula became interested in mixed martial arts after watching the first Hidehiko Yoshida and Royce Gracie bout in 2002. Shortly after, he signed up with Japanese promotion Pride Fighting Championship and was assigned to the Takada Dojo team, where he trained under Kazushi Sakuraba and other fighters in order to make the jump to the sport. Due to his record in judo, he was compared to Brazilian jiu-jitsu's Rickson Gracie.
Pride
Nastula received a very tough welcome to the PRIDE organization, as he was immediately pitted to face one of PRIDE's top heavyweight contenders and seasoned professionals in Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira. Due to his health and lack of experience, Nastula tried to negotiate a shorter fight with PRIDE Bushido rules and with both contenders wearing a gi, but Nogueira refused, so Pawel went for regular rules nonetheless. Nastula did well during the match, holding his own in the grappling exchanges for the first half of the round, but his inexperience was evident when Nogueira capitalized on his striking superiority, getting the upper hand in the mat with several knees to the head. After receiving a hard right hand, Nastula managed to get a takedown, but he was too tired to remain in the offensive role, and Nogueira found little resistance to unload ground and pound until the referee stop.
His second opponent would be perhaps an even tougher matchup, Alexander Emelianenko, sambo practitioner and brother of the legendary Fedor Emelianenko. The judoka performed better and controlled the earlier action both standing and on the ground, attempting armbars and taking Emelianenko's back, but his stamina played again against him. With his opponent tired, Alexander reversed him, took the mount and locked a rear naked choke for the submission.
In his third match in July 2006, he easily defeated the previously unbeaten MMA professional Edson Drago. Pawel threatened him with an inverted armbar from the bottom and later mounted him, throwing punches over the Brazilian and opening a cut in his eye. At the end, Nastula locked another armbar from the bottom and made Drago tap out.
Pawel's last fight in PRIDE would be against catch wrestler Josh Barnett in PRIDE 32: The Real Deal. The judoka again showed an excellent performance, taking down Barnett several times and landing effective left hooks, but Josh reversed him later in the match and executed a toehold to submit Nastula. It was later announced that he failed his NSAC-administered drug test.
Nastula tested positive for the banned substance nandrolone as well as banned stimulants phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine, and ephedrine. Nastula has denied the veracity of the test results, however, claiming that the stimulants were absorbed into his system from over-the-counter supplements and that nandrolone, a mass-building substance, would not have been useful to him as he has not gained any muscle mass since coming to PRIDE. According to an interview by the website www.budo.pl, Nastula has hired lawyers to solve the situation.
World Victory Road
Following the fall of PRIDE, Nastula signed with World Victory Road and competed at Sengoku 4, losing via a controversial TKO to Yang Dong Yi. After Dong narrowly escaped an armbar attempt from the judoka, Nastula was unable to answer the referee's call to stand up, having received numerous strikes to the groin earlier in the fight. At that moment, Nastula indicated problems with his protective cup, but instead of ordering it to be checked up, the referee inexplicably halted the bout and declared Yang the winner by TKO.
Return to MMA
In 2008 Nastula was signed by a new promotion from Poland, MCC (Martial Combat Club) and was expected to face Koji Kanechika in their event in May. Unfortunately, the promotion folded and the event was cancelled.
Since then, Paweł was reported to be in talks with various promotions from Poland. KSW stated to be in talks with Nastula several times, changing its mind about the event he should participate in. For example, Paweł was reported to face Mariusz Pudzianowski at KSW XIII, which was later changed to KSW XIV. However, after losing to Tim Sylvia, Pudzianowski pulled out of that fight.
Despite many failed returns to the ring, and no bouts since the Sengoku loss from August 2008, Paweł remained active, running his club (Nastula Club) in Warsaw and training with fighters like Robert Jocz, Jan Błachowicz and Krzysztof Kułak.
However, after Pudzianowski's withdrawal from KSW XIV, Nastula stated in recent interviews, that he will retire if he won't get to fight in 2010.
In July 2010, Nastula signed with another new Polish promotion, Fighters Arena. Paweł made his anticipated comeback (and first ring appearance in Poland) at the inauginational show of the promotion in the Atlas Arena in Łódź, Poland, facing Yusuke Masuda (training partner of Hidehiko Yoshida) in the main event.
Nastula proved to be in shape, as he quickly knocked down his opponent and followed with a flurry of punches on the ground, forcing the referee to stop the bout early at 0:26 of the first round.
At KSW 24, Nastula competed to crown the first KSW Heavyweight champion against Karol Bedorf. He lost the fight due to exhaustion in the second round.
Personal life
Paweł is married and has two daughters.
For his sport achievements, he received the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (5th Class) in 1996.
Nastula is the author of the book My Judo (2000), where he describes his favourite techniques and their combinations.
He took part in the 2009 Polish version of Dancing with the Stars, eventually finishing sixth overall.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 5–6
| Mariusz Pudzianowski
| Decision (unanimous)
| KSW 29
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:00
| Kraków, Poland
| Fight of the Night
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 5–5
| Karol Bedorf
| TKO (exhaustion)
| KSW 24
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:25
| Łódź, Poland
| For KSW Heavyweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–4
| Kevin Asplund
| Submission (americana)
| KSW 22
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:33
| Warszawa, Poland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–4
| Jimmy Ambriz
| Submission (hand injury)
| STC: Bydgoszcz vs. Torun
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:50
| Bydgoszcz, Poland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–4
| Andrzej Wronski
| TKO (punches)
| Wieczór Mistrzów
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:09
| Koszalin, Poland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–4
| Yusuke Masuda
| TKO (punches)
| FAL: Fighters Arena Lódz
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:26
| Łódź, Poland
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–4
| Yang Dongi
| TKO (exhaustion)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 4
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:15
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–3
| Josh Barnett
| Submission (toe hold)
| Pride 32 - The Real Deal
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:04
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–2
| Edson Claas Vieira
| Submission (armbar)
| Pride FC - Critical Countdown Absolute
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:33
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0–2
| Alexander Emelianenko
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Pride Shockwave 2005
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 8:45
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0–1
| Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira
| TKO (punches)
| Pride Critical Countdown 2005
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 8:38
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
Awards and titles
Judo
Olympic Games
1996 Atlanta 1st Prize (Gold Medal)
World Championships
1991 Barcelona 2nd Prize
1995 Tokyo 1st Prize
1997 Paris 1st Prize
European Championships
1994-1996 1st Prize
1999 Bratislava 2nd Prize
Mixed martial arts
Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki
Fight of the Night (1 Time)
Streetfighters Team Cup
Streetfighters Team Cup Heavyweight Championship (1 Time)
References
External links
Interview - PrideFC.com
1970 births
Living people
Polish male judoka
Olympic judoka of Poland
Judoka at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Polish male mixed martial artists
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Sportspeople from Warsaw
Olympic gold medalists for Poland
Polish sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in mixed martial arts
Olympic medalists in judo
World judo champions
Judoka trainers
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics |
4021459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20knife | Air knife | An air knife is a tool used to blow off liquid or debris from products as they travel on conveyors. Air knives are normally used in manufacturing or as the first step in a recursive recycling process to separate lighter or smaller particles from other components for use in later or subsequent steps, post manufacturing parts drying and conveyor cleaning, part of component cleaning. The knife consists of a high-intensity, uniform sheet of laminar airflow sometimes known as streamline flow.
An industrial air knife is a pressurized air plenum containing a series of holes or continuous slots through which pressurized air exits in a laminar flow pattern. The exit air velocity then creates an impact air velocity onto the surface of whatever object the air is directed. This impact air velocity can range from a gentle breeze to greater than Mach 0.6 (40,000 ft/min) to alter the surface of a product without mechanical contact.
Air knives remove liquids, control the thickness of liquids, dry the liquid coatings, remove foreign particles, cool product surfaces or create a hold down force to assist in the mechanical bonding of materials to the surface. Electrical currents from anti-static bars can also be injected into the exit air knife stream to neutralize the static electricity charge on some surfaces.
In the majority of manufacturing applications for air knives, the air knives are stationary while the product passes through the air velocity air stream. In other circumstances, the product is stationary and the air knives move (reciprocate or rotate) over the surface of the stationary product. Although there are very few applications where an air knife can actually cut a product (break mechanical bonds between two points), air knives are often the most efficient method of removing or controlling unwanted or foreign substances on any surface.
In reference to the galvanizing industry, air knives are used to precisely control the amount of zinc coating by wiping away the coating while it is still in a liquid state on the steel surface. In most hot dip applications both top and bottom coated surfaces can be independently controlled by computer via feedback loop as accurately as plus or minus 5 grams/meter squared. Most air knife systems for this application use heated nitrogen gas as the wiping agent, not atmospheric air. Nitrogen is used to reduce oxidation of the base metal.
History
In the 1950s and 60s, the term "air doctor" was first used to refer to the non-contact method of debris blow-off using compressed air. The printing and textile industries were some of the largest users of air doctors at that time, named by analogy with "doctor rolls" and "doctor blades". They often needed wide paths of air from a compressed air system to control the thickness of liquids on a surface, or to blow debris off the surface of materials prior to the next process. Other terms used were air bar, air squeegee, air curtain, air jet, air blast, air blow off, air nozzle, air comb, air blade and air doctor blade. Today the most commonly used term is simply "air knife".
Although air knives powered by compressed plant air are used in a wide variety of industrial applications, industrial blower-powered air knives have proven to reduce the energy usage versus compressed air knives by 50–75% for most applications. Blower-powered air knife systems came of age with the advent of the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which started the clock on the worldwide phase-out of atmospheric ozone depleting CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) then used as cleaning agents in many industries.
Most of these solvent-based cleaning agents simply evaporated which required no blow-off or other drying methods. Although the printed circuit board industry was still in its infancy, it was among the first to initiate the conversion to aqueous and semi-aqueous-based parts cleaning systems.
With nearly every existing and all future circuit board factories using the new environmentally friendly cleaning technology, they also needed a new method of drying the p.c. boards following their water-based cleaning to remove solder fluxes and other contaminants. The trend away from other types of solvent-based parts cleaning to water-based cleaning for other industries began soon thereafter. Additionally, the conversion to water-based inks, paints, coatings, adhesives and other solutions used in various manufacturing sectors has resulted in the need for air knife dryers where none had previously existed. As a result of the Montreal Protocol and worldwide industry compliance with environmental stewardship mandates, the former niche business of air knives became an industry.
Description of operation
Air knives on a production line commonly range from in length with a discharge air slot or holes ranging from . A stationary air knife configuration can require from one to a dozen air knives depending on the application criteria. Air is blasted through the air knife slots via an air generator, either an industrial blower or air compressor, to deliver the predetermined exit air volume and velocity needed.
There are many application, environmental, efficiency and duty cycle aspects to consider when choosing between compressors and blowers. Compressed air, which is least efficient when used for air knives discharging into free air, allows for use of primary plant air. The piping sizes supplying the air knives can be as little as diameter, so they are ideal for confined spaces. Blower-powered air knives must be larger in size along with larger diameter supply piping, but the efficiency improvement over compressed air is easily justified with the electrical power cost savings.
Air knife designs today have evolved to where some manufacturers produce a very efficient “teardrop” shape with a .95 coefficient of discharge. These blower-powered air knife designs typically have a profile of approximately wide x tall x any length, but the teardrop profile can range from tall depending on the criteria of the product for which the impact air velocity must be engineered. With construction ranging from thick aluminum extrusion to 11 gauge fabricated stainless steel, air knives can weigh 1 lb/ft to 25 lbs/ft. Depending on the width and speed of the product, the air knife can provide effective blow-off performance from or more away from the surface of the product. Round air nozzles of diameter can be effective against surfaces which are up to several feet (1 to 2 meters) from the product surface when engineered for such applications.
Types and applications
The most common use of air knives is to contain or remove free-standing materials (liquids or solids) from the surface of material. The applications include drying bottles and cans after filling and rinsing, printed circuit boards following the conveyorized wash to remove solder paste and flux, metals castings after automatic machining and many more. They can also deliver heated or cooled air to a surface, or create an invisible air barrier to separate heated or cooled environments from one another in industrial applications such as continuous metal heat treating ovens, cold process or storage areas in food processing or dust containment for the entrance to clean rooms.
There is a variety of uses for air knives in many different industries, applications and environments. The invisible-high velocity air streams can be discharged by air knife designs of numerous shapes and sizes. These range from “garage built” devices with a low level of precision to the most exotic metals of construction used in air knives for class 100 clean rooms.
In instances where noise reduction and moisture containment around a conveyorized air knife installation becomes important, some manufacturing facilities have installed air knives within an enclosure. These enclosures keep water contained, reduce the amount of air knife noise and even eliminate any liquid that could create safety concerns.
Basic design features
Compressed air-powered air knives
There has always been a wide assortment of blow-off appliances. Air knives and nozzles for compressed air blow-off range from home made round pipes with holes to engineered high pressure air knives. In order to achieve the highest efficiency using compressed air, many manufacturers of compressed air knives utilize the Coandă effect to improve compressed air knife design over other types of knives and nozzles. Although the efficiency of compressed air for low-pressure blow-off air is much lower than blowers, the Coanda-inspired air knives entrain ambient air into the high-velocity stream to enhance the blow off effect.
Blower-powered air knives
The teardrop-shaped air knife has a bulbous plenum which tapers down to a precise air discharge slot as the standard of the blower driven air knife industry. Whereas a round pipe with holes drilled has an average coefficient of discharge of 0.6 (60% efficient), the teardrop-shaped air knife is commonly 0.95 (95% efficient), which provides much higher-impact air velocity to the surface at which the air is directed with the lowest blower motor power demand. These teardrop designs are available in extruded aluminum shapes as well as fabricated carbon and stainless steels.
OSHA compliance
Information is needed regarding the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and their standards and directives on Compressed Air, especially when used for cleaning.
References
Pneumatic tools
Industrial processes
Cleaning tools
Drying |
4021481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawa%20%28canoe%29 | Arawa (canoe) | Arawa was one of the great ocean-going, voyaging canoes in Māori traditions that was used in the migrations that settled New Zealand.
The Te Arawa confederation of Māori iwi and hapū based in the Rotorua and Bay of Plenty areas trace their ancestry from the people of this canoe.
Background
Te Arawa's ancestors on board the Arawa were of the Ngāti Ohomairangi of Ra'iātea Island. Following a battle that broke out between them and Uenuku, in which their own Whakatūria fell in battle, Tama-te-kapua promised to captain the voyage to the islands of New Zealand, which had been discovered by Ngāhue of the Tāwhirirangi canoe.
Construction of the canoe
A large tree was cut down by four men called Rata, Wahieroa, Ngāhue and Parata, to make the waka which came to be known as Arawa. "Hauhau-te-rangi" and "Tuutauru" (made from New Zealand greenstone brought back by Ngāhue) were the adzes used for the time-consuming and intensive work. Upon completion, the waka was given the name Ngā rākau kotahi puu a Atua Matua (also known as Ngā rākau maatahi puu a Atua Matua, or more simply Ngā rākau rua a Atuamatua - the two trunks of Atuamatua) in memory of Tama-te-kapua's grandfather Atua-matua.
The waka was completed and berthed in Whenuakura Bay while Tama-te-kapua, chief of the canoe, attempted to find a priest for the journey. Ngātoro-i-rangi and his wife Kearoa were tricked by Tama-te-kapua into boarding the canoe to perform the necessary appeasement incantations to the gods before the canoe departed. However, while they were on board, Tama-te-kapua signalled to his men to quickly set sail, and before Ngātoro-i-rangi and his wife could react they were far out to sea.
Voyage to Aotearoa
During the voyage to New Zealand, Tama-te-kapua became desirous of Kearoa. Ngātoro-i-rangi noticed this and took guarded his wife during the night while he was on deck navigating, by tying one end of a cord to her hair and holding the other end in his hand. However, Tama-te-kapua untied the cord from Kearoa's hair and attached it to the bed in order to have sex with her, repeating this over a number of nights. One night he was nearly caught in the act by Ngātoro-i-rangi, but managed to escape, though forgetting the cord in his haste. Ngātoro-i-rangi found the cord and deduced that Tama-te-kapua had been with Kearoa. In revenge, he raised a huge whirlpool in the sea named Te korokoro-o-te-Parata ('The throat of Te Parata'). The waka was about to be lost with all on board, before Ngātoro-i-rangi took mercy and calmed the seas.
During these events, all the kūmara on board the canoe were lost overboard, except a few in a small kete being held by Whakaotirangi. After the calming of the seas, a shark (known as an arawa) was seen in the water. Ngātoro-i-rangi renamed the waka Te Arawa, after this shark, which then accompanied the waka to Aotearoa, acting as a kai-tiaki (guardian).
The Arawa canoe then continued to New Zealand without incident, finally sighting land at Whangaparaoa, where feather headdresses were cast away due to greed and the beauty of the pohutukawa bloom. On landfall, an argument took place with members of the Tainui canoe over the ownership of a beached whale. Tama-te-kapua again used deceit to take possession of the whale despite the rightful claim of the Tainui. The canoe then travelled north up the coast to the Coromandel Peninsula, where Tama-te-kapua first sighted the mountain Moehau, where he later made his home. Heading south again, the canoe finally came to rest at Maketu, where it was beached and stood until being burnt by Raumati of Taranaki some years later.
Items brought to New Zealand on the Arawa, other than the kūmara saved by Whakaotirangi, included a tapu kōhatu (stone) left by Ngātoro-i-rangi on the island Te Poito o te Kupenga a Taramainuku just off the coast of Cape Colville. This stone held the mauri to protect the Arawa peoples and their descendants from evil. In addition, the canoe brought over two gods, one called Itupaoa, which was represented by a roll of tapa, and another stone carving now possibly buried at Mokoia Island on Lake Rotorua.
See also
List of Māori waka
References
Bibliography
Best, E. (1982). Maori Religion and Mythology Part 2. Museum of Australia Te Papa Tongarewa.
Craig, R.D. Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology (Greenwood Press: New York, 1989), 24.
Grey, G. Polynesian Mythology, Illustrated edition, reprinted 1976. (Whitcombe and Tombs: Christchurch), 1956.
Jones, P.T.H. (1995). Nga Iwi o Tainui. Auckland University Press. Auckland.
Stafford, D.M. (1967). Te Arawa: A History of the Arawa People. A.H. & A.W. Reed. Rotorua, New Zealand.
Steedman, J.A.W. He Toto: Te Ahu Matua a Nga Tupuna. (Date of publication and publisher unknown)
Taiapa, J. (2002). 150.114 He Tirohanga o Mua: Maori Culture - Study Guide. School of Maori Studies, Massey University, Albany.
Wilson, J. (Ed). (1990). He Korero Purakau mo Nga Taunahanahatanga a Nga Tupuna: Place Names of the Ancestors: A Maori Oral History Atlas. N.Z. Geographic Board, Wellington.
Māori waka
Māori mythology |
4021483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Leavy | Edward Leavy | Edward Leavy (born August 14, 1929) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a former judge for the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review. Prior to these positions, Leavy was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon.
Education and career
Leavy was born in Butteville, Oregon, along the Willamette River south of Portland in 1929. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Portland in 1950, and earned his Bachelor of Laws from the Notre Dame Law School in 1953. Leavy entered private legal practice in Eugene in Lane County, Oregon, in 1953, where he remained until becoming a deputy district attorney for Lane County the following year. He served in that position until 1957.
Judicial career
In 1957, Leavy became a district court judge for the county, and in 1961 became an Oregon circuit court (trial level court in Oregon) judge when the district courts in Oregon were abolished. He continued as a judge in Lane County until 1976, and in 1974 spent time as a justice pro tempore on the Oregon Supreme Court. From 1976 until 1984 he was a United States Magistrate of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon headquartered in Portland.
Leavy was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on March 26, 1984, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Oregon vacated by Judge Robert C. Belloni. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1984, and received commission on May 3, 1984. His service terminated on April 8, 1987, due to elevation to the Ninth Circuit.
Leavy was nominated by President Reagan on February 2, 1987, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated by Judge Otto Richard Skopil Jr. He was confirmed by the Senate on March 20, 1987, and received commission on March 23, 1987. He assumed senior status on May 19, 1997.In 2019 he was on panels regarding Donald Trump's asylum ban and Trump's rule against abortion counseling at federally funded facilities.
See also
List of Jewish American jurists
References
Sources
FJC Bio
1929 births
Living people
20th-century American judges
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon
Oregon state court judges
Justices of the Oregon Supreme Court
Notre Dame Law School alumni
Lawyers from Eugene, Oregon
People from Marion County, Oregon
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
United States district court judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
United States magistrate judges
University of Portland alumni
Judges of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review |
4021499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente%20Liem%20de%20la%20Paz | Vicente Liem de la Paz | Vicente Liêm of Peace (Spanish: Vicente Liêm de la Paz) (Vietnamese: Vinh Sơn Hòa Bình) (1732 – November 7, 1773) was a Tonkinese (present day northern Vietnam) Dominican friar venerated as a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church.
He was born Phạm Hiếu Liêm at Trà Lũ village, in the phủ of Thiên Trường, Nam Định Province, Tonkin in 1732 to Christian parents, Antôn and Maria Doãn, members of the Tonkinese nobility. When he fell gravely ill several days after his birth, he was baptized by Fr. Chien de Santo Tomas, taking the name of Vincent. He was later brought by his parents to a missionary center where he learned catechism. In 1738, King Philip V of Spain opened the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and the University of Santo Tomas (UST) in the Philippines to Chinese and Tonkinese students through a scholarship program. The Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern Tonkin, ran by Dominican friars at the time, decided to let Liêm and four other Tonkinese (Jose de Santo Tomas, Juan de Santo Domingo, Pedro Martir and Pedro de San Jacinto) study in the Philippines under this scholarship.
Vicente took the trivium and the quadrivium in Colegio de San Juan de Letran, now the equivalent of elementary and secondary education. He finished a degree of lector of humanities at Letran. He continued his collegiate education at the University of Santo Tomas while residing at Letran. In September 1753, after completing his studies at Letran, he entered the Dominican order, along with his three Tonkinese companions. A year later, they made their solemn professions. On January 28, 1755, he received the tonsure and minor orders at the Church of Sta. Ana. In 1758 Liêm was ordained priest under the Dominican order. On September of that year, he passed the examinations to hear confessions. On October 3, he started his journey back to his homeland and arrived on January 20, 1759.
Upon arriving in his homeland, he was appointed professor in Trung Linh seminary. On October 2, 1773, he and his two assistants were arrested at "Co Dou". He and his assistants were beaten up, after which they traveled on foot to the village of recorded as "Dou Hoi." There he met another Dominican priest, the Spaniard Jacinto Castañeda. They were presented to the Vice Governor and to the Royal Minister. They were thrown to a cage for a night. The arrival of a High Minister prompted their transfer to Kien Nam, where the King held his court. While under detention, they still managed to preach Catholicism to the people. Later they were taken to Tan Cau, then to the house of Canh Thuy. Finally they were brought to the King where they were tried. Their trial led for the King to be angry and they were thrown to jail. After several days, the King brought down the guilty verdict with the penalty of beheading. The execution occurred on November 7, 1773. After the execution, the Christians who were present at the site carried away the bodies of de la Paz and Castañeda, where they were laid to rest at the town of Trung Linh in Xuan Truong, Nam Định. Several more Christian missionaries were put to death by the Tonkinese authorities.
The process of beatification of de la Paz and Casteñeda, as well as other Dominican martyrs, was initiated through Vicar Apostolic Bishop Ignacio Delgado. They were beatified by Pope Pius X with his feast day on November 6. Pope John Paul II canonization the Dominican martyrs along with a total of 117 martyrs in total on June 19, 1988, with the feast day of the group on November 24.
See also
Vietnamese Martyrs
Saint Vicente Liem de la Paz, patron saint archive
References
Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .
External links
St. Vicente Liem de la Paz at Catholic Online
Biography of St. Vincente Liem de la Paz
1732 births
1773 deaths
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
University of Santo Tomas alumni
Members of the Dominican Order
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Vietnamese Roman Catholic saints
People from Nam Định Province |
4021505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapacura%20language | Chapacura language | Chapacura, or Guapore, was a Chapacuran language.
References
Chapacuran languages |
4021512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Wells | Ted Wells | Theodore V. "Ted" Wells, Jr. (born April 28, 1950) is an American lawyer who works in the field of criminal law. A litigation partner at the New York law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, Wells has been selected by the National Law Journal as one of America's best white-collar defense attorneys on numerous occasions. Wells received his B.A. from College of the Holy Cross, his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School, and his J.D. from Harvard Law School. He and his wife, former Secretary of State of New Jersey Nina Mitchell Wells, reside in Livingston, New Jersey.
Wells attended Holy Cross at the same time as Clarence Thomas, now a Supreme Court justice. Both participated in a walkout based on their beliefs of unfair racially motivated practices on the part of the college. The two were part of the same organization for African-American students at Holy Cross.
In 2019 Wells represented ExxonMobil in People of the State of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp., a suit alleging that the company misled the company's investors about management of risks posed by climate change.
Wells represented Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Jr., who was convicted on March 6, 2007, in the CIA leak grand jury investigation for perjury, obstruction of justice, and lying to the FBI. Wells filed an appeal of Libby's convictions, but dropped the appeal in December 2007 after President Bush commuted Libby's 30-month prison sentence.
Some of Wells' more notable clients include Michael Espy, Senator Robert Torricelli, and Congressman Floyd Flake. He represented former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer against allegations stemming from his alleged involvement in a prostitution ring.
In 2008 Wells won a $364.2 million verdict for Citigroup in a trial against Parmalat. Parmalat had been asking for $2 billion in damages. The jury found that Citi was not liable, and gave Citi the highest verdict award permissible.
Wells also has represented several major corporations during class action lawsuits including Merck, Philip Morris, and Johnson and Johnson.
In November 2013, the National Football League hired Wells to prepare a report on a bullying incident with the Miami Dolphins involving Richie Incognito. The report, released on February 14, 2014, made headlines for its finding of "a pattern of harassment".
Wells also served as the national Treasurer to Democrat Bill Bradley's presidential campaign.
In 2015, Ted Wells was again hired by the NFL, this time to investigate the New England Patriots' alleged "Deflategate" infractions. His report concluded that it was "more probable than not" that Tom Brady was "generally aware" of tampering with NFL game footballs during the 2015 AFC Championship Game. Ted Wells's independence and impartiality has been called into question in the wake of the report because of his extensive prior business relations with the NFL, his use of a scientific consultancy with a reputation for questionable client-serving results, and because of his track-record of success exculpating high-profile clients and corporations during public scandals. Eventually, Judge Richard Berman overturned Tom Brady's suspension in the Deflategate saga that had been based on Wells's report; however the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reinstated it in 2016.
Notes
References
"Profiles in Power: The 100 Most Influential Lawyers in America", National Law Journal, June 19, 2006.
Linton Weeks, "Ted Wells, Center Of the Defense: Scooter Libby's Attorney Makes His Case for the Powerful", The Washington Post, February 21, 2007.
Eric Lichtblau, "A Libby Lawyer Long Used to the Legal Spotlight", The New York Times, November 5, 2005.
Alan Feuer and Benjamin Weiser, "For Spitzer, Lawyers Both Formidable and Familiar Prepare to Do Battle", The New York Times, March 14, 2008.
Michael Reardon, "THE PROFILE: Theodore V. Wells Jr. ’72", Holy Cross Magazine, Fall 2005; accessed April 9, 2008.
Kevin Bohn and Paul Courson, "Democrats to Bush: Don't pardon Libby", CNN.com, March 7, 2007; accessed April 9, 2008.
Ken Bensinger and Ralph Vartabedian, "Toyota Calls in Exponent Inc. as Hired Gun, "The Los Angeles Times", February 18, 2010; accessed May 14, 2015.
Lloyd Grove, "The Scandal Guru", The Daily Beast, March 11, 2010; accessed May 14, 2015.
External links
Paul, Weiss | Lawyers | Theodore V. Wells, Jr.
Paul, Weiss Homepage
1950 births
New Jersey lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
People from Livingston, New Jersey
Living people
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people
College of the Holy Cross alumni
New Jersey Democrats |
4021522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sharp%20Things | The Sharp Things | The Sharp Things is an American, New York City-based chamber pop collective, led by singer/songwriter Perry Serpa (born 1965). Current members include Jim Santo, Aisha Cohen, Michelle Caputo, James Pertusi, and Andrea Dovalle.
Career
The band originated in the late 1990s as a recording project of Serpa and drummer Steve Gonzalez. The band's name was taken from the title of an unreleased demo tape, Here Come The Sharp Things, which in turn was taken from a lyric to a never-recorded song, the title of which is now forgotten. Guitarist Santo (formerly of Jenifer Convertible), joined in 1997 and the trio adopted The Sharp Things as its name for performances at small clubs on the Lower East Side of New York City.
The Sharp Things steadily added members over the next few years and began to broaden its musical palette with strings, horns, woodwinds, keyboards and other instruments. The group's first album, Here Comes The Sharp Things (an entirely different set of songs from the similarly entitled demo tape) was released in the United States in 2002 on Dive Records.
Comprising songs recorded by two different ensembles in 2000 and 2001, and largely produced by Serpa and Santo in the former's basement studio in Queens, New York, Here Comes The Sharp Things won critical acclaim for its lush, melancholy blend of British folk revival, classical music, jazz and 1970s radio pop influences. Favorable comparisons were drawn to a diverse list of artists, including Burt Bacharach, Brian Wilson, Nick Cave, Talk Talk, The Left Banke and Randy Newman. A cassette-only release appeared in 2003 on the Italian label Best Kept Secret, followed by a release in the United Kingdom on Setanta Records in the spring of 2004. In August of that year, the song "Demon Of Love" was released by Nettwerk on Public Display of Affection: The Sound of Independent Radio, a compilation of songs chosen by program directors from four of the most influential public radio stations in the United States; The Sharp Things were picked by Rita Houston of Fordham University station WFUV.
Foxes & Hounds was released in 2005 on Bar/None Records. In contrast to the lo-fi, homemade approach of the debut, the second album was entirely recorded and mixed in professional recording studios in New York City. Foxes & Hounds also marked the emergence of The Sharp Things as a relatively stable line-up, and coincided with a stepped-up schedule of performances. R&B, blues, disco and rock influences manifested themselves in the songs on the album.
The Sharp Things began recording their third album on October 14, 2006. Entitled A Moveable Feast, the album features performances by The New York Symphonic Arts Ensemble. The 40-piece orchestra, conducted by Sybille Werner, was recorded on November 9, 2006, at the Julia Richman Education Complex in Manhattan. Other performers include Tony Award-winning actor and musician Michael Cerveris; Franz Nicolay, keyboardist for The Hold Steady; and tenor saxophonist Stuart D. Bogie of Antibalas.
Returning to the homemade approach of Here Comes A Sharp Things, A Moveable Feast was recorded in various kitchens, living rooms and basements around New York City by producer Billy "Prince Polo" Szeflinski. The album was mixed March 8–12, 2007, by Alex Lipsen at Headgear Recording in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. At the urging of Bar/None owner Glenn Morrow, an additional song, "Cruel Thing," was recorded April 26–27, 2007, at Truth & Soul, also in Williamsburg. Clay Wells Holley was recording engineer, and mixed the song with Szeflinski.
A Moveable Feast was released June 26, 2007 on Bar/None Records.
On September 28, 2009, The Sharp Things began recording what was to become a four-album series titled Dogs Of Bushwick. Again produced by Szeflinski, the recordings were primarily done at The Kennel Recording Studio in Bushwick, Brooklyn, a facility owned by Santo that closed in April 2014. Between July 23, 2010 and September 15, 2010, the band sponsored a Kickstarter fundraising drive that received more than $3,600 in pledges to fund the album's recording. A second campaign, on Indiegogo between February 1, 2014 and April 2, 2014, again raised more than $3,600. Further recording and mixing was done at Danbro Studios in Brooklyn and at Dubway Studios in Manhattan.
A free digital single, "It's Alright," originally recorded by Black Sabbath and written and sung by drummer Bill Ward, was released in November 2012 to promote the album series. The first album in the Dogs Of Bushwick series, Green Is Good, was released on February 26, 2013, on Dive Records. The second album in the series, The Truth Is Like The Sun, was released on November 26, 2013, also on Dive.
On September 26, 2013, The Sharp Things returned to the concert stage for the first time in three years, performing at Galapagos Art Space, located in the DUMBO section of Brooklyn. The performance was recorded by Jon D'Uva and released on March 20, 2014 as Live At Galapagos Art Space.
On July 17, 2014, Serpa announced on the band's Facebook page that the next album in the Dogs Of Bushwick series would be titled Adventurer's Inn. According to Serpa, the album was "named after a long dismantled amusement park where I spent many great days when I was child." The album was released December 2, 2014. A single from the album, "Love Me Indigo," received airplay on several Triple A radio stations in the United States, including WTMD, in Towson, Maryland, which hosted a live concert broadcast of The Sharp Things in February 2015.
Drummer and founding member Steve Gonzalez died September 11, 2014. He was 49. The band, which had been booked to perform that evening at Mercury Lounge in New York City, learned of his death shortly before taking the stage. The performance was recorded and distributed digitally by the New York City-based concert blogger NYC Taper.
Selected Songs 2002-2014, compiled from the band's discography to date, was released by Dive Records on December 25, 2014.
In 2015 the band began performing in smaller ensembles, often without a drummer. The group supported The Church on nine U.S. dates in March of that year, as a duo and quartet. In September, Serpa and Pertusi played two shows in England, opening for Caravan Of Thieves and The Polyphonic Spree; this resulted in The Sharp Things being invited to open for the Spree on five dates of their U.S. tour in November 2015.
EverybodyEverybody, the fourth and final album in the Dogs Of Bushwick series, was released February 19, 2016 on Ropeadope Records.
Discography
Here Comes The Sharp Things November 2002 (Dive)
Here Comes The Sharp Things June 2003 (Best Kept Secret)
Here Comes The Sharp Things May 2004 (Setanta)
Public Display of Affection: The Sound of Independent Radio August 2004 (Nettwerk)
Foxes & Hounds May 2005 (Bar/None)
A Moveable Feast June 2007 (Bar/None)
"It's Alright" (digital single) November 2012 (Dive)
Green Is Good February 2013 (Dive)
The Truth Is Like The Sun November 2013 (Dive)
Live at Galapagos Art Space March 2014 (Dive)
International Pop Overthrow, Vol. 17 October 2014 (Pop Geek Heaven)
Adventurer's Inn December 2014 (Dive)
Selected Songs 2002-2014 December 2014 (Dive)
EverybodyEverybody February 2016 (Ropeadope)
References
External links
Official web site
American pop music groups
Musical groups from Brooklyn |
4021526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuka%20Kudo | Shizuka Kudo | , known by her maiden name , is a Japanese singer, actress and former idol, born in Hamura, Tokyo, Japan. She was a member of Onyanko Club between May 1986 and September 1987 and went on to have a successful solo career with 11 number-one hits.
Biography
Kudo began her singing career at the age of 14 as a member of three-piece pop unit Seventeen Club consisted of runners-up from the 1984 Miss Seventeen Contest organized by Japanese teen magazine Seventeen, which Shuesha publishes. They had two singles released by CBS/Sony Records in 1985. Their first single "Su Ki Futari Tomo!" was released on 21 January 1985, and was used in television advertisements for snack food products "Suzuki Kun" and "Sato Kun" manufactured and sold by S&B Foods. The second single "Baajin Kuraishisu (Virgin Crisis)" was released on 25 August 1985. Its lyrics were written by Sunplaza Nakano-kun, who was a lead singer of Japanese rock band Bakufu Slump. Kudo later said that she hated the second single and that she joined the group "just to have fun". With the two singles having failed to chart on the Oricon's Japanese single chart (the national single chart), the group couldn't gain much popularity and disbanded thereafter.
Onyanko Club made its television debut on 1 April 1985, on Fuji TV's daily live television variety show Yūyake Nyan Nyan. Initially the group consisted of nine high school girls and two high school graduates, namely Sayuri Kokusho (number 8) and Satomi Fukunaga (number 11). They were selected from participants in Fuji TV's show aired in February and March that year. Kudo auditioned for the group in May 1986 during her first year in high school and became a member with number 38 assigned on 23 May. The group gave a new approach to the idol formula with 52 members and three associate members as well as subgroups, such as Ushiroyubi Sasaregumi, Nyangilas and Ushirogami Hikaretai.
After having appeared on the one-hour daily TV show from Monday to Friday regularly and having participated in Onyanko Club's fifth single "Osaki ni Shitsurei" as well as its nationwide concert tour in the summer and fall of 1986, Kudo was selected as one of two backing vocals for Onyanko Club number 36 member Marina Watanabe's first single "Shinkokyu-shite", along with Akiko Ikuina (number 40). The single was released under the name of "Watanabe Marina with Onyanko Club" by Epic/Sony Records on 8 October 1986, and debuted at number one on the single chart. Kudo continued to participate in Onyanko Club's recordings, such as its fourth album Side Line, which was the first one of its albums Kudo participated in and contains few songs in which Kudo had solo vocal parts, such as "Dare no Sei Kana" and "Shin-Shin Kaiin Bangou no Uta".
In the spring of 1987, Kudo was selected as one of the three members of Ushirogami Hikaretai along with Akiko Ikuina and Makiko Saito (number 42). The group's first single "Toki no Kawa wo Koete" was released by Canyon Records on 7 May 1987, and debuted at number one on the single chart. The song and its B-side "Ushirogami Hikaretai" were used as an opening theme and ending theme, respectively, of Fuji TV's anime High School! Kimengumi. Also, Kudo was featured as one of the four main vocals for Onyanko Club's eighth single "Katatsumuri Samba" released by Canyon Records on 21 May 1987. It debuted at number one on the single chart. Ushirogami Hikaretai subsequently released four more singles, two studio albums and two videos from July 1987 to June 1988 with a live album released as its final material in July 1988 (Hora ne, Haru ga Kita – First Concert).
Kudo has said of her time in Onyanko Club that "it was a great experience, with good, bad and really dirty things", and that she tried not to draw too much attention to herself over senior Onyanko Club members who were more popular than her at that time.
Less than three weeks before Onyanko Club disbanded on 20 September 1987 with its two-day final concerts at Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Kudo launched her solo career with her first single "Kindan no Telepathy" released by Canyon Records on 31 August. It debuted at number one on the single chart and also became a favorite throughout Asia during the early 1990s. The second and third singles, "Again" and "Daite-kuretara-iinoni", had moderate success, both reaching number three on the single chart. Released on 1 June 1988, the fourth single "Fu-ji-tsu" reached number one on the chart. The song drew attention as its lyrics were written by famed and critically acclaimed Japanese singer-songwriter Miyuki Nakajima. The number of its sales exceeded that of each of the three previous singles. The fifth single "Mugon... Iroppoi", whose lyrics were written by Nakajima again, was used in television advertisements for cosmetics products of Japanese company Kanebo Cosmetics, and reached number one on the chart. It was sold more than double the previous single. She eventually enjoyed a run of eight consecutive number-one singles in Japan between 1988 and 1990, eleven in total, and four number-one albums between 1988 and 1991.
She continued to release new music every year until 2000 with sporadic releases since then. Her most recent release came in 2008 when she teamed up with Miyuki Nakajima, who wrote lyrics of five of Kudo's number-one singles in the late 80s and early 90s, for a double A-side, "Night Wing"/"Yuki Gasa". Kudo said of their long-term working relationship that "We are not that close. We have a nice distance. Sometimes when I hear her music, it scares me but I especially like her passionate lyrics."
Kudo also appears on television in jidaigeki roles and also creates her own jewelry sold in Japan.
Personal life
Kudo married Takuya Kimura of popular boy-band SMAP in 2000. They have two children named Kokomi and Mitsuki.
Discography
Mysterious (21 January 1988)
Shizuka (21 July 1988)
Gradation (30 November 1988)
Joy (15 March 1989)
Karelia (4 October 1989)
HARVEST (6 December 1989)
Rosette (4 April 1990)
Mind Universe (6 March 1991)
Trinity (18 March 1992)
Rise Me (1 April 1993)
Expose (7 September 1994)
Purple (2 August 1995)
Doing (17 May 1996)
Dress (19 March 1997)
I'm Not (29 April 1998)
Full of Love (2 June 1999)
EURO Kudo Shizuka (20 September 2000)
Jewelry Box (3 July 2002)
Showa no Kaidan Vol.1 (30 October 2002)
Tsukikage (1 June 2005)
MY PRECIOUS (20 August 2008)
Rin (30 August 2017)
Deep Breath (12 June 2019)
References
Sources
Onyanko Club
1970 births
Japanese actresses
Living people
People from Hamura, Tokyo
Pony Canyon artists
Singers from Tokyo
21st-century Japanese women singers
Japanese idols
Japanese women pop singers
20th-century Japanese women singers |
4021532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitxsan%20language | Gitxsan language | The Gitxsan language , or Gitxsanimaax (also rendered Gitksan, Giatikshan, Gityskyan, Giklsan), is an endangered Tsimshianic language of northwestern British Columbia, closely related to the neighboring Nisga’a language. The two groups are, however, politically separate and prefer to refer to Gitxsan and Nisga'a as distinct languages. According to the 2016 census there were 1,020 native speakers.
Gitxsan means "People of the Skeena River" ( being the name of the Skeena in Gitxsan).
Dialects
Gitxsan language is primarily separated into Eastern and Western Gitxsan, although each village has its own dialect. The Eastern villages include Kispiox (Ansbayaxw), Glen Vowell (Sigit'ox), and Hazelton (Git-an'maaxs). The Western villages include Kitwanga (Gjtwjngax), Gitanyow (Git-antaaw) and Kitseguecla (Gijigyukwhla). The main differences between dialects include a lexical shift in vowels and stop lenition use present only in the Eastern dialects. The largest differences in language and culture exist between Eastern and Western Gitxsan, rather than between each village.
History and usage
The University of Northern British Columbia and Siiwiixo'osxwim Wilnataahl Gitksan Society (Gitksan Language Society) set up a Developmental Standard Term Certificate program offered through Northwest Community College, with all courses offered in Hazelton, BC. The program is designed to help revitalize Gitxsan language by allowing those who complete it to teach language and culture courses at the elementary and secondary school level in the community.
In the spring of 2018, an online dictionary app was released in collaboration with members of Gitksan Nation and researchers at the University of British Columbia. The app includes various dialects of Gitxsan, and includes audio from different villages. Flashcards, stories, and histories are also included in addition to functioning as a dictionary. This app is based on a print dictionary produced in 1973 by Lonnie Hindle and Bruce Rigsby. With its launch, the app briefly held a top spot in Google Play's education category and accumulated around 500 downloads in its first week.
Phonology
The Gitxsan inventory is as follows:
The mid and high vowels are nearly in complementary distribution, suggesting that Gitxsan once had a three-vowel system. Short mid vowels are emerging. Schwa only occurs in unstressed syllables. /e:/ and /o:/ have short allophones [e] and [o] in certain positions.
The pre-velar obstruents become velar before and .
References
Further reading
Halpin, Marjorie, and Margaret Seguin (1990) "Tsimshian Peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, ed. by Wayne Suttles, pp. 267–284. Washington: Smithsonian Institution).
Hindle, Lonnie and Bruce Rigsby (1973) A Short Practical Dictionary of the Gitksan language, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 1:1-60.
External links
Official website of the Gitxsan People
First Voices Gitsenimx̱ community language portal
First Nations Languages of British Columbia Gitksan page, with link to bibliography
A Selection of Prayers Translated from the Book of Common Prayer in the Giatikshan Language for Use at the Public Services 1881 translation by Anglican missionary William Ridley
OLAC resources in and about the Gitxsan language
ELAR archive of Gitskan
L01
Tsimshianic languages
Endangered Tsimshianic languages
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
First Nations languages in Canada |
4021535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson%20Boulevard%20%28Los%20Angeles%29 | Robertson Boulevard (Los Angeles) | Robertson Boulevard is a street in Los Angeles, in the U.S. state of California, that also passes through the incorporated cities of West Hollywood, Beverly Hills, and Culver City.
Location
Robertson Boulevard is a major north–south thoroughfare on the Westside of Los Angeles running through one of its neighborhoods, Pico-Robertson and between two of its neighborhoods, Beverlywood and Crestview. Its northern end is slightly to the north of Santa Monica Boulevard at Keith Avenue, and its southern end is at Washington Boulevard. Robertson Boulevard is accessible via exit #6 on the Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10).
Overview
The northern part of the street in West Hollywood and Beverly Hills is a trendy tree-lined shopping district. In West Hollywood, the neighborhood surrounding Robertson Boulevard consists mostly of high-density apartment buildings and condominiums. The residential area surrounding the Robertson Boulevard shopping district in Beverly Hills is more family-oriented and is made up mostly of single-family residences.
Robertson Boulevard has recently become a haven for celebrities and paparazzi. This is partially due to a large influx of unique boutiques and designer clothing & jewelry stores such as Agnes B, Curve, Lisa Kline, Kitson Boutique, Williams Sonoma, Armani Exchange, Michael Kors, Ralph Lauren, Ted Baker, M·A·C, Chanel, Gypsy05, Intermix, Tory Burch, Max Azria, Beach Bunny Swimwear, and Erica Courtney (right next door to The Ivy) which is a mecca for many celebrity shoppers. In addition, several popular celebrity-infused eateries are located on Robertson Boulevard, such as The Ivy. The Kabbalah Centre is also located on the street.
South of West Hollywood and Beverly Hills and north of Culver City, Pico-Robertson, Beverlywood and Crestview are upper-middle-class neighborhoods in West Los Angeles with a historical and substantial Jewish population. Alexander Hamilton High School, a highly diverse high school in the Beverlywood neighborhood in West Los Angeles is on Robertson Boulevard.
The southern terminus of Robertson Boulevard is Washington Boulevard in Culver City, where it then continues as Higuera Street (which itself later becomes Obama Boulevard).
The Robertson Branch of Los Angeles Public Library is located at 1719 S. Robertson near the intersection of Airdrome.
Public transportation
Metro Local line 617 runs along Robertson Boulevard. The Metro E Line operates a rail station at Venice Boulevard.
References
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Boulevards in the United States
Culver City, California
Streets in West Hollywood, California
Westside (Los Angeles County)
Economy of Los Angeles
West Los Angeles |
4021550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Jelen | Ben Jelen | Benjamin Ivan Jelen (born 8 July 1979) is a Scottish-born American former singer-songwriter who plays the piano, violin, and guitar. He has lived in Scotland, England, Texas, New Jersey and New York. His career has been characterized by near-stardom, with his debut album, Give It All Away peaking at No. 113 on the Billboard 200 list. As of 2011, he is on indefinite hiatus from his solo career and is working with a new band, along with former Deuce Project member Josh McMillan known as Under The Elephant.
Early life
Jelen attended high school in San Antonio, Texas briefly, as a freshman at Northside Health Careers High School. He completed high school at Princeton High School in Princeton, New Jersey and graduated from Rutgers University with a degree in biology. After that, he moved to New York City to work as a producer and sound engineer at a local recording studio.
Music career
2004: Give It All Away
Jelen was discovered by Joseph Janus of Fearless Management, who originally wanted to sign him as a model. Instead, Jelen handed him a demo, and shortly thereafter, he was signed to a label and released his debut album Give It All Away in May 2004, promoted by appearances on TRL, AOL Breakers and Rock the Vote. The album also debuted at No. 13 on the Top Internet Albums chart, No. 120 on the Billboard Comprehensive Albums chart and No. 113 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States, making it eligible for the Top Heatseekers chart, a chart of artists who have never entered the top 100 of the Billboard 200. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Top Heatseekers chart.
Debut single "Come On" was a hit, reaching the MTV top 20. It also debuted at No. 58 on the Hot Singles Sales chart. Apart from "Give It All Away" being included as a B-side to the "Come On" single, no other track from the album was released as a single.
2005–2006: Independent period
Following his debut album, Jelen left Maverick Records and independently released the EP Rejected through Fearless Management Records in 2005. He wrote and recorded a song for a compilation album for Tori Amos' RAINN organization and joined the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and Wildlife Works. Jelen also appeared on the compilation album Breaking for the Holidays in 2006 with his self-produced cover of Joni Mitchell's "River" through Breaking Records.
2007: Custard Records deal and Ex-Sensitive
Jelen performed at the 2007 South by Southwest (SXSW) conference and music festival in Austin, Texas, in a lineup that also included Taylor Hicks, Amy Winehouse, Tom Morello, Mika, Martina Topley Bird, The Fratellis, Bloc Party, Paolo Nutini, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Mogwai and Spoon.
Jelen's second full-length album, Ex-Sensitive, was released on 17 July 2007. The album, formerly titled East and Pulse, was produced by Linda Perry and mixed by Bill Bottrell.
2009 – Under The Elephant
Jelen has placed his solo career on hold to focus on a new group Under The Elephant. The band consists of Jelen, Josh McMillan, Lisa McMillan, Tina Mathieu and James Darwin "Jimmy" Stull. The group is, as of 1 March 2010, unsigned.
Personal life
Jelen met model Fern Palmer in a New York City night club on 6 January 2004. The couple married on 28 June 2009 in a private garden wedding in Palmer's hometown of Cleveland, Georgia. Jelen and Palmer have one child together, a daughter named Tallulah Rose Jelen born in 2013. As of April 23, 2019, the couple is separated.
In November 2018, Jelen completed a Ph.D program in Environmental Science at Rutgers University, successfully defending his dissertation titled, "The Evolution of Microbial Electron Transfer on Earth."
Television and film
Jelen's music has been featured on the TV shows One Tree Hill, Smallville and Las Vegas, and was used to promote the Academy Award-nominated Finding Neverland starring Johnny Depp and Kate Winslet. "Come On" also features in the film Love Wrecked with Amanda Bynes and in 2007, the instrumental version of "Come On" was featured in a trailer for The Bucket List. His song, "Where Do We Go" also appeared in the film Fired Up. In 2013, Jelen's single "Come On" was used in promotions for the film Monsters University.
Jelen, a graduate of Princeton High School, also guest starred on the Princeton-set television show House as a doctor applying for a fellowship in the episode "Kids".
Discography
Albums
Give It All Away (2004) No. 113 US
Rejected (2005)
Ex-Sensitive (2007)
Wreckage (EP) (2008)
Digital-only albums
Sessions@AOL (2004)
Singles
"Come On/Give It All Away" (2004) (#58 U.S. Hot Singles Sales)
"Where Do We Go" (2007)
"Wreckage" (2008)
Other contributions
"Come On" on the compilation "CG Vibes: Music That Gives Back", available for five months in 2004 and supplied free with The Corrs' Borrowed Heaven, Toby Lightman's Little Things, Brandy's Afrodisiac and his own Give It All Away
"Truth" on the compilation "For the Next X: A Benefit CD for RAINN" (2004)
"Talking About A Revolution" (cover of Tracy Chapman's song of the same name) on the Russell Simmons/Babyface compilation Wake Up Everybody (2004)
"Forever in Our Hearts" (playing keyboards and violin), a single for tsunami relief (2005)
"River" (cover of the Joni Mitchell song of the same name) on the compilation Breaking for the Holidays (2006)
"Woman" (cover of John Lennon's song of the same name) on Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur (2007)
References
External links
Ben Jelen official site
Ben Jelen Foundation
Ben Jelen interview on FR*A
1979 births
Custard Records artists
Maverick Records artists
Living people
Scottish male television actors
21st-century Scottish male singers
Scottish pop singers
Scottish songwriters
Rutgers University alumni
Musicians from New Jersey
Princeton High School (New Jersey) alumni
British male songwriters |
4021566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Danish%20government%20ministries | List of Danish government ministries | List of Danish government ministries, past and present. In Denmark, ministries change often, both when new governments are installed and during specific governments rule. Names are changed, the organizational structure is changed, some ministries are fused, some are discontinued, some are revived, some are newly created. There are currently 18 ministries in the Cabinet of Denmark. The Minister for Nordic Cooperation serves as a minister without portfolio, and thus no "Ministry of Nordic Cooperation" exists.
Current Danish ministries
Ministry of the State ()
Ministry of Business and Growth ()
Ministry of Culture ()
Ministry of Defence ()
Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs () is with the Ministry of Education
Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality ()
Ministry of Employment ()
Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate ()
Ministry of Environment and Food ()
Ministry of Finance ()
Ministry of Foreign Affairs ()
Ministry of Health ()
Ministry of Higher Education and Science ()
Ministry of Immigration, Integration and Housing Affairs ()
Ministry of Justice ()
Ministry of Social affairs and the Interior ()
Ministry of Taxation ()
Ministry of Transport and Building ()
Discontinued or former, formal or informal names of ministries
Sources
Rigsarkivets Samlinger Danish National Archives ("Rigsarkivet")
Statsministerier - Ministries |
4021586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Association%20of%20Colleges%20of%20Osteopathic%20Medicine | American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine | The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) is a non-profit organization that supports the 38 accredited colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs) in the United States. These colleges are accredited to deliver instruction at 60 teaching locations in 34 states. In the current academic year, these colleges are educating more than 34,000 future physicians—25 percent of all U.S. medical students. Seven of the colleges are public and 31 are private institutions.
AACOM serves as a unifying voice for osteopathic medical education (OME), fostering collaboration among its member institutions, and is active in advocacy at the federal government level. The Association is governed by its Board of Deans and led by President Robert A. Cain, DO
AACOM often works in collaboration with other allied organizations and promotes public awareness for osteopathic medicine and OME. The association provides centralized services to its members, including data collection and analysis, and operation of its online application service, AACOMAS, for prospective students applying to U.S. osteopathic medical schools.
Mission
AACOM provides leadership for the osteopathic medical education community by promoting excellence in medical education, research and service, and by fostering innovation and quality across the continuum of osteopathic medical education to improve the health of the American public.
History
Osteopathic medicine was founded in the late 1800s in Kirksville, Missouri, by Andrew Taylor Still, MD, DO, a medical doctor who recognized that the medical practices of the day often caused more harm than good. He focused on developing a system of medical care that would promote the body's innate ability to heal itself and called this system of medicine osteopathy, now known as osteopathic medicine.
In 2012, AACOM worked with the Association of American Medical Colleges to improve medical education on post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injuries.
Osteopathic physicians, also known as DOs, work in partnership with their patients. They consider the impact that lifestyle and community have on the health of each individual, and they work to break down barriers to good health. DOs are licensed to practice the full scope of medicine in all 50 states. They practice in all types of environments, including the military, and in all types of specialties, from family medicine to obstetrics, surgery, and aerospace medicine.
Publications
AACOM publishes the Student Guide to Osteopathic Medical Colleges annually and Inside OME, a biweekly e-newsletter covering news related to osteopathic medicine and OME, legislation, updates on the transition to a single graduate medical education (GME) system, and more. AACOM also publishes a number of reports throughout the year which focus on original research and data in OME.
AACOM Councils
Created by the AACOM Board of Deans, AACOM councils support the work of the Association on behalf of all member colleges. Councils typically meet twice a year and collaborate regularly through the AACOMmunities online forum. AACOM also hosts online discussions for a wide variety of ad hoc committees and other interest groups in AACOMmunities.
Programs and initiatives
AACOM also sponsors or co-sponsors a variety of programs and initiatives for audiences at every level of osteopathic medical education, from students to senior administrators. AACOM also offers opportunities for both medical students and health care professionals, including scholarships, internships, fellowships, and grants.
See also
Association of Osteopathic Directors and Medical Educators
List of medical specialty colleges in the United States
References
External links
AACOM's official website
School accreditors
Medical education in the United States
Osteopathic medical associations in the United States
Medical and health organizations based in Maryland |
4021588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Callahan | Harry Callahan | Harry Callahan may refer to:
Harry Callahan (photographer) (1912–1999), American photographer
Harry Callahan (character) or Dirty Harry, as fictional police detective portrayed by Clint Eastwood
See also
Henry Callahan (1957–1982), American sportsman |
4021589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Philosophy%20of%20Freedom | The Philosophy of Freedom | The Philosophy of Freedom is the fundamental philosophical work of esotericist Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925). It addresses the question of whether and in what sense human beings can be said to be free. Originally published in 1894 in German as Die Philosophie der Freiheit, with a second edition published in 1918, the work has appeared under a number of English titles, including The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity (the title Steiner proposed for the English-language translation), The Philosophy of Freedom, and Intuitive Thinking as a Spiritual Path.
Part One of The Philosophy of Freedom examines the basis of freedom in human thinking, gives an account of the relationship between knowledge and perception, and explores the role in the appearance of knowledge. In Part Two Steiner analyzes the conditions necessary for human beings to be free, and develops a moral philosophy that he labels as "ethical individualism". The book's subtitle, Some results of introspective observation following the methods of natural science, indicates the philosophical approach Steiner intends to take.
Historical Context
Steiner had wanted to write a philosophy of freedom since at least 1880. The appearance of The Philosophy of Freedom in 1894 was preceded by his publications on Goethe, focusing on epistemology and the philosophy of science, particularly Goethe the Scientist (1883) and The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World Conception (1886). In 1891, Steiner presented his doctoral dissertation, an epistemological study that includes discussion of Kant's and Fichte's theories of knowledge. A revised version of the thesis was published a year later in book form as Truth and Knowledge: Introduction to a Philosophy of Freedom, dedicated to Eduard von Hartmann. In the Preface to The Philosophy of Freedom itself, Steiner described the aim of the book: knowledge should become "organically alive". "All real philosophers have been artists in the realm of concepts. For them, human ideas were their artists' materials and scientific method their artistic technique."
While a student in Vienna, Steiner attended some of the lectures of Franz Brentano, an important precursor of the phenomenological movement in philosophy (see School of Brentano). Like the later phenomenologists, Steiner was seeking a way to solve the subject–object problem. Steiner's approach to freedom was also in part inspired by Schiller's On the Aesthetic Education of Man and a response to the scientific works of Goethe, whom Steiner believed had not focused sufficiently on the role of thinking in developing inner freedom.
Steiner was also deeply affected as a young man by Kant's argument in the Critique of Pure Reason that we cannot know things as they are in themselves, and he devotes a long chapter of The Philosophy of Freedom, "Are there Limits to Knowledge?", to a refutation of this view, arguing that there are in principle no limits to knowledge. This claim is important to freedom, because for Steiner freedom involves knowing the real basis of our actions. If this basis cannot be known, then freedom is not possible. Steiner's argument in favour of freedom also responds to determinists such as Spinoza, for whom human action is just as much determined as anything else in the necessity that governs nature as a whole.
Other philosophers discussed or mentioned in The Philosophy of Freedom include George Berkeley, Pierre Jean George Cabanis, Descartes, Ernst Haeckel, Robert Hamerling, von Hartmann, Hegel, David Hume, Johannes Kreyenbuehl, Otto Liebmann, Friedrich Paulsen, Paul Rée, Johannes Rehmke, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Herbert Spencer, and David Strauss.
Arrangement and Outline of the Book
The Philosophy of Freedom is divided into three parts. The first part - "Knowledge of Freedom" - is epistemological and in a broad sense metaphysical (the nature of reality). The second part -"The Reality of Freedom" - is about freewill and ethics. The title of the third part - "Ultimate Questions" or, in German, 'die letzten Fragen', deals with the nature and consequences of the completely monistic though not materialist view of the world presented in the book.
In his epistemology Steiner seeks to show that we can achieve a true picture of reality only by uniting perception, which reflects only the outer appearance of the world, and conception, which together give us access to the world's inner nature.
In his account of freedom this idea is applied to the question what freedom is. From another epistemological angle, Steiner's account of thinking in Part One becomes his concept of thinking in Part Two. We act freely when we act through the thinking activity of our being. Ethics finds its place as the actions of the free being. The very short Part Three places this activity and the cognitive activity of man in the context of the world considered as an epistemological whole.
Knowledge of Freedom
Steiner begins exploring the nature of human freedom by accepting "that an action, of which the agent does not know why he performs it, cannot be free," but asking what happens when a person becomes conscious of his or her motives for acting. He proposes (1) that through introspective observation we can become conscious of the motivations of our actions, and (2) that the sole possibility of human freedom, if it exists at all, must be sought in an awareness of the motives of our actions.
In Chapter 2, "The Fundamental Desire for Knowledge," Steiner discusses how an awareness of the division between mind, or subject, and world, or object, gives rise to a desire to reestablish a unity between these poles. After criticizing solutions to this problem provided by dualism in the philosophy of mind and several forms of monism as one-sided, Steiner suggests that only by locating nature's manifestations within our subjective nature can we overcome this division.
In Chapter 3, "Thinking in the Service of Knowledge," Steiner observes that when confronted with percepts, we feel obliged to think about and add concepts to these: to observation we add thinking. Steiner seeks to demonstrate that what he considers the primary antithesis between observation and thinking underlies all other related antitheses and philosophical distinctions, such as subject vs. object, appearance vs. reality, and so on. For most objects of observation, he points out, we cannot observe both the percept and our thinking about this percept simultaneously, for a tree and thinking about a tree are fundamentally different; we can only attend to one at a time. In contrast, we can simultaneously observe thinking and observe our thoughts about thinking, for here the percept (thinking) and our thinking about the percept consist of the same element (thought): Thinking and thinking about thinking are the same process; observing the latter, we are simultaneously observing the former.
Normally, however, for just that reason we do not pay attention to the process of thinking, only its results, the thoughts themselves: "The first observation which we make about thinking is therefore this: that it is the unobserved element in our ordinary mental and spiritual life". Steiner connects this "first observation" to the fact that thinking is entirely due to our own activity. It does not appear before us unless we ourselves produce it. Nevertheless, when I apprehend the content of thinking, a concept, this is self-justifying, in the sense that it can be asked why I feel this or that way about something, but not why it produces in me this or that concept. Such a question would be "simply meaningless". Their contents justify the relations of concepts to one another.
Furthermore, when observing my thinking, it is always a past instance of thinking that I observe, not a present one. That the thinker and the observer of the thinker are one and the same explains why I can know thinking "more intimately and immediately than any other process in the world" This is what Steiner calls the transparency of our thinking process. To appreciate this point, we must be able to adapt to our own thinking the "exceptional" procedure mentioned above: we must apply it to itself. If we are unable to do this, and we think of thinking as a brain-process, it is because we do not see thinking, because we are unable to take up the exceptional position needed to do so.
Steiner takes Descartes' dictum, "I think, therefore I am," to signify that "I am certain . . . that [thinking] exists in the sense that I myself bring it forth," However, Steiner advances the objection (common to many others, beginning in Descartes' own time), that the further claim that I am is more problematic.
Steiner's full view is found in the following passage.
...thinking must never be regarded as merely a subjective activity. Thinking lies beyond subject and object. It produces these two concepts just as it produces all others. When, therefore, I, as thinking subject, refer a concept to an object, we must not regard this reference as something purely subjective. It is not the subject that makes the reference, but thinking. The subject does not think because it is a subject; rather it appears to itself as a subject because it can think. The activity exercised by thinking beings is thus not merely subjective. Rather is it something neither subjective nor objective, that transcends both these concepts. I ought never to say that my individual subject thinks, but much more that my individual subject lives by the grace of thinking.
The Chapter on thinking is followed by a shorter one on perception, Chapter 4. It contains two main and very important points. Steiner points out the inconsistency of treating all our perceptions as mere subjective mental images inside the brain. If that were true, the perception of the brain itself would have to be a mere subjective mental image inside the brain! In that case the basis for our knowledge of the brain would be completely undermined. The scientific claim is made, on the basis of physiology and psychology, that our percepts are produced by a causal process within the organism and hence are subjective. This is called "critical idealism" But physiology and psychology are based on these percepts. So our knowledge of physiology and psychology is subjective. But then it cannot validate the claim that percepts are subjective. Furthermore, critical idealism leaves unaccounted for the passage from the brain process to the sensation.
What are the consequences of such a view of perception for the concept of knowledge? In Chapter 5 Steiner presents his concept of knowledge. Human beings are two-sided, as they both think and also perceive. The two activities together give a complete view of the world. Knowledge is the union of what is produced in thinking, the concept, and what is produced in perceiving, the percept. Steiner argues that there can be no relationship among the objects of perception other than what is revealed in the ideal element produced by thinking, the concept. Accordingly, the relation between some perceived object and ourselves is also an ideal one.
An important passage analyzes the view that we cannot experience the world itself but only subjective images somewhere inside the brain, or in the soul inside the brain. This view is based on treating the perceptual relationship between self and world as other than ideal, as naively real, just as we perceive it, as a process derived in its content from perception itself.
At the end of Chapter 5 Steiner completes the view of perception begun in Chapter 4. What is the percept that perceiving produces? Steiner rejects this question. 'The question asked in this way is absurd.' For a percept is the determinate content of the perception, and its "what?" - what it is - can only refer to this content.
We can become conscious of our thought processes in a way that we cannot be of our feelings, will or sense perceptions. We know that what we experience in thinking is exactly what it seems, so that appearance and reality become one. By contrast, our feelings' meaning is not directly apparent, while we only perceive the meaning of a percept after some form of conceptual framework has been brought to bear (for example, we give the right spatial meaning to the visually converging lines of railroad tracks through our understanding of perspective). Mathematics is an example of thinking in which thought itself forms the perceptions; no sense-perceptions are needed to form a basis for mathematical principles. In this sense mathematics could be said to be one discipline that studies the inner aspect of reality.
Steiner proposes that the apparent dualism of experience can be overcome by discovering the inner and initially hidden unity of perception and thinking. By observing a thinking process sufficiently intensively, perceiving and thinking can begin to unify. This is knowledge. By the same token, a clear-eyed study of what is revealed in observation can lead to appropriate concepts - thinking.
Steiner argues that thinking is more pervasive in our ordinary perceiving than we often recognize. If, for example, we had not as infants learned, unconsciously, to think with our eyes and limbs, then our eyes, even if functioning perfectly in a physical sense, would see only something like what the philosopher William James referred to as a "blooming buzzing confusion,” or what Steiner referred to as a highly chaotic stage of the “given.” We would not perceive spatial or temporal structure or recognize distinct qualities. If that conclusion seems surprising, that is because the thinking-in-perceiving learned in childhood becomes habitual and automatic long before we attain fully consciousness, so we rarely become aware of the key role cognition plays in even the simplest perceptions. Similarly, we are unconscious of the ways we perceive our thinking.
'Our next task must be to define the concept of "mental picture" more closely', Steiner writes at the end of the Chapter 6. With this concept we arrive at the relation of knowledge to the individual, and to life, and feeling. After an interesting refutation of the subjectivity of percepts, Steiner describes a mental picture as an intuition or thought related to an individual percept. And so the mental picture is defined as an individualized concept.
Experience is the "sum total" of mental pictures of the individual. But there is more to the human being's cognitive inventory than percept, concept and mental picture. There is the relation of these things to the Ego; and this is feeling. Feeling gives our personal relation to the world, and we oscillate between it and the "universal world process" given in thinking. The mental pictures we form gives our mental life an individual stamp, and relates it to our own life.
Chapter 7 takes up the consequences of the view that knowledge consists of the restoration of the unity of the content of the percept and the concept. Steiner calls those who make the epistemological distinction into a permanent metaphysical one dualists. For the monist ‘The world is given to us as a duality, and knowledge transforms it into a unity.' Working with an irresolvable distinction, the dualist is bound to assert that there are limits to knowledge: ‘the “in itself” of a thing.’ For the monist there is no in-principle limit to knowledge.
For monism in Steiner’s sense there are only concepts and percepts, which, united, form the object; for the dualist there is the subject, the object, the percept, and the concept. We must not conceive of the process of perception as though it is naïvely real, as we do when we take perception to be a causal effect of the things as they are in themselves on us. Metaphysical realism is the view that there is an object in the world that is imperceptible as it is in itself, but is also to be conceived naïve realistically. It 'is a contradictory mixture of naïve realism and idealism. Its hypothetical [elements] are imperceptible entities endowed with the qualities of percepts’. For the monist, the process of perception is an ideal relation. The metaphysical realist, however, is left with the unanswerable question how the metaphysically real objects are converted into subjective percepts. Here Steiner can be read as giving his account of the structure and basis of what is today called the mind-body problem.
Steiner's summary of Part I of The Philosophy of Freedom, at the start of Chapter 8 in Part II, contains the following passage:
The world comes to meet me as a multiplicity, a sum of separate details. As a human being, I am myself one of these details, an entity among other entities. We call this form of the world simply the given and—insofar as we do not develop it through conscious activity but find it ready-made—we call it percept. Within the world of percepts, we perceive ourselves. But if something did not emerge out of this self-percept that proved capable of linking both percepts in general and also the sum of all other percepts with the percept of our self, our self-percept would remain simply one among many. This emerging something, however, is no longer a mere percept; nor is it, like percepts, simply present. It is produced through activity and initially appears linked to what we perceive as our self, but its inner meaning reaches beyond the self. It adds conceptual determinates to individual percepts, but these conceptual determinates relate to one another and are grounded in a whole. It determines conceptually what is achieved through self-perception conceptually, just as it determines all other percepts. It places this as the subject or “I” over against objects. This “something” is thinking, and the conceptual determinates are concepts and ideas.
The Reality of Freedom
Steiner begins the second part of the book by emphasizing the role of self-awareness in objective thinking. Here he modifies the usual description of inner and outer experience by pointing out that our feelings, for example, are given to us as naively as outer perceptions. Both of these, feelings and perceptions, tell about objects we are interested in: the one about ourselves, the other about the world. Both require the help of thinking to penetrate the reasons that they arise, to comprehend their inner message. The same is true of our will. Whereas our feelings tell how the world affects us, our will tells how we would affect the world. Neither attains to true objectivity, for both mix the world's existence and our inner life in an unclear way. Steiner emphasizes that we experience our feelings and will - and our perceptions as well – as being more essentially part of us than our thinking; the former are more basic, more natural. He celebrates this gift of natural, direct experience, but points out that this experience is still dualistic in the sense that it only encompasses one side of the world.
With regard to freedom of the will, Steiner observes that a key question is how the will to action arises in the first place. Steiner describes to begin with two sources for human action: on the one hand, the driving forces springing from our natural being, from our instincts, feelings, and thoughts insofar as these are determined by our character - and on the other hand, various kinds of external motives we may adopt, including the dictates of abstract ethical or moral codes. In this way, both nature and culture bring forces to bear on our will and soul life. Overcoming these two elements, neither of which is individualized, we can achieve genuinely individualized intuitions that speak to the particular situation at hand. By overcoming a slavish or automatic response to the dictates of both our 'lower' drives and conventional morality, and by orchestrating a meeting place of objective and subjective elements of experience, we find the freedom to choose how to think and act (Wilson Ch. 9).
Freedom for Steiner does not consist in acting out everything subjective within us, but in acting out of love, thoughtfully and creatively. In this way we can love our own actions, which are unique and individual to us, rather than stemming from obedience to external moral codes or compulsive physical drives. Both of the latter constitute limitations on freedom:
Whether his unfreedom is forced on him by physical means or by moral laws, whether man is unfree because he follows his unlimited sexual desire or because he is bound by the fetters of conventional morality, is quite immaterial from a certain point of view...let us not assert that such a man can rightly call his actions his own, seeing that he is driven to them by a force other than himself.
Freedom arises most clearly at the moment when a human being becomes active in pure, individualized thinking; this is, for Steiner, spiritual activity. Achieving freedom is then accomplished by learning to let an ever larger portion of one's actions be determined by such individualized thought, rather than by habit, addiction, reflex, or involuntary or unconscious motives. Steiner differentiates pure thinking into "moral intuition" (formulation of individual purposes), "moral imagination" (creative strategies for realizing these larger purposes in the concrete situation), and "moral technique" (the practical capacity to accomplish what was intended). He suggests that we only achieve free deeds when we find an ethically impelled but particularized response to the immediacy of a given situation. Such a response will always be radically individual; it cannot be predicted or prescribed.
Four Concepts of Freedom
Already in Ch. 1 of The Philosophy of Freedom Steiner had made the claim, 'That an action, of which the agent does not know why he performs it, cannot be free, goes without saying' (ist selbstverständlich).This is a preliminary statement; it does not amount to a definition or statement of what freedom is. The statement that no action is free unless the agent knows why he performs it is equivalent to the statement that if an action is free, then the agent does know why he performs it. The second statement is not a definition, which has the form of a full equivalence, but merely one implication, though a highly suggestive and methodologically important one.
For the full account of freedom, which includes four different characterizations of freedom, we must wait until Chapter 9, "The Idea of Freedom". Here we encounter the following definitions.
(1) Love
'I carry it [the action] out because I love it.'In the long paragraph containing this statement, Steiner sets the love of the action within the context that a free action is not influenced by any "moral maxim". This is clearly an attack on Kant. The action is carried out the moment '. . . I have grasped the idea of it', on the basis of love, and I am not a "superior automaton" obeying the maxim.
(2) The Ideal Part of my Being: Thinking
'An action is felt to be free in so far as the reasons for it spring from the ideal part of my individual being; every other part of an action [?] . . . is felt to be unfree'''; . . . every other part of an action . . . is felt to be unfree' (Wilson's translation gives an unnecessarily subjective reading here, as the German original makes no mention of what "is felt to be free": 'Einen Handlung, deren Grund in dem ideellen Teil meines individuellen Wesens liegt, ist (emphasis added) frei . . . jede andere . . .ist (emphasis added) unfrei.' Steiner's entirely objective formulation does not allow the so-called open question argument: though 'Though the action is felt to be free, is it free?'and thereby sidesteps the vexed and dubious libertarian argument for freewill based merely on the subjective feeling of freedom.)(3) Obedience to Oneself
'Man is free in so far as he is able to obey himself in every moment of his life' Here the topic has changed. In (2) we were offered a definition of the free act. Now in (3) the question seems to be what a free man or human being is. 'Man is free . . .' ('Frei ist der Mensch'). The requirement is remarkably demanding: 'in so far as he is able to obey himself in every moment of his life . . .', so that it only takes one failure of the ability in one "Augenblick" to make him unfree. Besides, Definition (3) suffers from a formal defect, to the extent that it must include the modal formulation ("is able to obey himself") which seems to presuppose freedom ("is able to . . .", "in der Lage ist"). Definition (3) is also surprisingly Spinozist, in the sense that the freedom of a being is for Spinoza, in the Letter to Schuller of 1674, quoted by Steiner in Wilson, 1965, p. 5, "the ability to act from the necessity of its nature". It is a consequence of (3) that freedom is the antithesis of duty ,because "duty does not acknowledge the individual element" in our actions.(4) "Non-Objective Self-Determination"In the case of man the free spirit, unlike in every other case, the concept and percept of our being do not coincide, in reality, or belong together originally, until man himself brings it about, in his own consciousness, that they should. 'Concept and percept coincide in this case only if man makes them coincide. This he can only do if he has found the concept of the free spirit, that is, if he has found the concept of his own self.''Only he himself can make of himself a free man('Ein freies Wesen kann er nur selbst aus sich machen.)'
Freedom is (1) love; (2) thinking, which Steiner also calls "love in its spiritual form"; (3) Obedience to Oneself; (4) "Non-Objective Self-Determination".
It seems, however, that Steiner intends his different characterizations or definitions to apply to different aspects of the concept of freedom, rather than to be different concepts of freedom, and that he regarded them as bringing out different points about a consistent whole. It would be worth trying to express what this consistent whole is, or how Steiner intended to characterize it, if he did. It seems reasonable to suppose that he saw this unity in the concept of spirit or a spiritual being, and where on his view, as on traditional religious views, as well as New Age views, not all spiritual beings are human beings, though (a further difficulty) not all spiritual beings are free. On the other hand, Steiner had a strong sense of the proper order of epistemological exposition,and a difficulty might be that he cannot assume the concept of a spiritual being prior to the epistemology and metaphysics of The Philosophy of Freedom. The alternative is to forego the ideal of an inquiry which is vorausetzungslos or without presupposition, or to rest with a "disjunctive" concept of freedom: an act is free if it is done out of love, or from the ideal part of one’s nature, or out of obedience to oneself, or which has the characteristic of "non-objective self-determination". The latter course hardly seems to have been one that Steiner would have taken, since he regarded the definitions as complementary if not equivalent.
Steiner's Ethics
Steiner's ethical philosophy is neither utilitarian nor deontological. For Steiner, the highest morality exists when a person acts in the world through deeds of love realized by means of individually developed and contextually-sensitive moral imaginations, The ethical act is the one performed in or out of freedom, in the sense developed in the first part of Steiner's book. This of course raises a difficulty concerning the one who loves evil, and acts on the basis of this love. Are his actions of "the highest morality"? It cannot be so, since the act is evil. On the other hand, it must be so, since the act is performed out of love. Steiner's answer . . .
This all is by way of introduction and recapitulation. Steiner then introduces the principle that we can act out of the compulsions of our natural being (reflexes, drives, desires) or out of the compulsion of ethical principles, and that neither of these leaves us free. Between them, however, is an individual insight, a situational ethic, that arises neither from abstract principles nor from our bodily impulses. A deed that arises in this way can be said to be truly free; it is also both unpredictable and wholly individual. Here Steiner articulates his fundamental maxim of social life:
Live through deeds of love, and let others live with understanding for each person's unique intentions. Reference?
Here he describes a polarity of influences on human nature, stating that morality transcends both the determining factors of bodily influences and those of convention:
A moral misunderstanding, a clash, is out of the question between people who are morally free. Only one who is morally unfree, who obeys bodily instincts or conventional demands of duty, turns away from a fellow human being if the latter does not obey the same instincts and demands as himself. Reference?
For Steiner, true morality, the highest good, is the universal mediated by the profoundly individual and situational; it depends upon our achieving freedom from both our inner drives and outer pressures. To achieve such free deeds, we must cultivate our moral imagination, our ability to imaginatively create ethically sound and practical solutions to new situations, in fact, to forge our own ethical principles and to transform these flexibly as needed - not in the service of our own egotistical purposes, but in the face of new demands and unique situations. This is only possible through moral intuitions, immediate experiences of spiritual realities that underlie moral judgments. Moral imagination and intuition allow us to realize our subjective impulses in objective reality, thus creating bridges between the spiritual influence of our subjectivity and the natural influence of the objective world in deeds whereby "that which is natural is spiritual, that which is spiritual is natural".
Toward the end of the second part of the book, Steiner writes that "The unique character of the idea, by means of which I distinguish myself as 'I', makes me an individual." And then, "An act the grounds for which lie in the ideal part of my nature is free." Steiner there is using the term ideal to refer to pure ideation or pure thinking in Steiner's sense. "The action is therefore neither stereotyped, carried out according to set rules, nor is it performed automatically in response to an external impetus; the action is determined solely through its ideal content." What is individual in us is to be distinguished from what is generic by its ideal character. If an act proceeds out of genuine thinking, or practical reason, then it is free.
Steiner concludes by pointing out that to achieve this level of freedom, we must lift ourselves out of our group-existence: out of the prejudices we receive from our family, nation, ethnic group and religion, and all that we inherit from the past that limits our creative and imaginative capacity to meet the world directly. Only when we realize our potential to be a unique individual are we free. Thus, it lies in our freedom to achieve freedom; only when we actively strive towards freedom do we have some chance of attaining it.
Die letzten Fragen (Ultimate Questions)
The third part of Steiner's book is the shortest, consisting of one Chapter, "The Consequences of Monism", nine pages in the original German of the 1894 edition, and ten pages in Michael Wilson's 1964 translation.
Relation to Earlier and Later Works
Before 1900, Steiner was laying the epistemological basis of his thought. Steiner wrote that The Philosophy of Freedom was intended to give the philosophical foundations for what had been outlined in his earlier work Truth and Science (1892).
In works written after 1900, Steiner began to explain how thinking can evolve to become an organ of perception of higher worlds of living, creative, spiritual beings. Steiner frequently referred to The Philosophy of Freedom in his later lectures and in written works. Near the end of his life, he suggested that The Philosophy of Freedom would outlive all his other works.
Steiner's principal works on philosophy include:
1886 The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception. Steiner considered this to be "the epistemological foundation and justification for every thing I said and published later. It speaks of the essential being of knowing activity that opens the way from the sense perceptible world into the spiritual one."
1892 Truth and Science (or Truth and Knowledge), dedicated to Eduard von Hartmann.
1894 The Philosophy of Freedom. This presented the philosophical foundations for what had been outlined in Truth and Science, and its line of thought led to the same goal as Steiner's later book Theosophy: An Introduction to the Supersensible Knowledge of the World and the Destination of Man (1904). It contained, he claimed, the entire content, in a philosophical form, of what he later developed explicitly as anthroposophy.
1914 A Brief Outline of an Approach to Anthroposophy, chapter 8 in the book The Riddles of Philosophy Presented in an Outline of Its History.
Editorial History
The first edition of Die Philosophie der Freiheit was published in 1894. A second revised edition appeared in 1918. Further German editions reprinted the 1918 text until 1973, when a revised edition was produced based on Steiner's corrections of the galley proofs of the 1918 edition. Minor changes, including corrections to some of Steiner's citations, were made in the 1987 German edition.
The first edition included the following passage Steiner removed from later editions: “We no longer believe that there is a norm to which we must all strive to conform. Nothing is accepted as valid, unless it springs from the roots of individuality. The saying Each one of us must choose his hero in whose footsteps he toils up to Olympus no longer holds for us. If only we probe deep enough into the very heart of our being, there dwells something noble, something worthy of development.”
In the appendix added to the 1918 edition, Steiner stated emphatically that the monism "of thought" proposed in his book was quite different from what Eduard von Hartmann and others called "epistemological" monism.
English Translations
English translations include:
1916: The Philosophy of Freedom: A Modern Philosophy of Life Developed by Scientific Methods. trans. Hoernlé and Hoernlé, ed. Harry Collison, published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, London and New York. The only English translation of the first German edition. This edition's chapter numbering differs from that of all later editions.
1922: The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity. Based on 2nd German edition, trans. Hoernlé and Hoernlé.
1939: The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity, trans. Hermann Poppelbaum, based on Hoernlé and Hoernlé translation
1963: The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity: Fundamentals of a Modern View of the World, trans. Rita Stebbing. A USA edition; includes a Bibliographical Note
1964: The Philosophy of Freedom: The Basis for a Modern World Conception, trans. Michael Wilson. 7th English edition,
1986: The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity: Basic Features of a Modern World View, trans. William Lindeman
1992: The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity: A Philosophy of Freedom trans. Rita Stebbing,
1995: Intuitive Thinking as a Spiritual Path: A Philosophy of Freedom, trans. Michael Lipson, based on Wilson translation
There is a comparison tool to compare most of the above translations.
The Source of the Alternative Titles
Though The Philosophy of Freedom is a literal translation of the original German title (Die Philosophie der Freiheit), Steiner suggested at the time of the first English edition in 1916 that the title The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity should be used in the English translation, as it would represent the book's theme of freedom as a dynamic process of development more accurately, as opposed to the fixed state perhaps suggested by the etymology of "freedom" (dom=a state or condition). English readers, Steiner believed, might easily believe that freedom is something already in their possession, and needed to be shaken out of their complacence The Philosophy of Freedom / Spiritual Activity
See also
Paul Tillich
Natural Science
Scientific method
Introspection
References
Bibliography
Rudolf Steiner on His Book the Philosophy of Freedom, Compiled by Otto Palmer (1964), SteinerBooks (1975), Reprinted.
G. A. Bondarev, Rudolf Steiner's "Philosophie der Freiheit" as the Foundation of the Logic of Beholding. Religion of the Thinking Will. Organon of the New Cultural Epoch. An introduction to Anthroposophical Methodology, translated from the German edition, 2004. .
Welburn, Andrew, Rudolf Steiner's Philosophy and the Crisis of Contemporary Thought (2004), (for Steiner and Edmund Husserl, see p. 98 ff.).
Sergei O. Prokofieff, Anthroposophy and The Philosophy of Freedom. Anthroposophy and its Method of Cognition. The Christological and Cosmic-Human Dimension of The Philosophy of Freedom, Temple Lodge Publishing, London 2009, from the German edition, 2006. .
Iddo Oberski, Key to Life: An Introductory Sketch to Rudolf Steiner's Philosophy of Freedom, Eloquent Books 2010. .
Sergei O. Prokofieff, The Guardian of the Threshold and the Philosophy of Freedom: On the Relationship of The Philosophy of Freedom to the Fifth Gospel'', Temple Lodge Publishing, Forest Row 2011.
Notes
External links
The Philosophy of Freedom/Spiritual Activity complete text in English (various versions), and other languages including the original German.
THE PERSONALITY OF RUDOLF STEINER AND HIS DEVELOPMENT By Edouard Schuré
The Philosophy of Freedom, PDF Downloads of complete text in English and German, various versions
Die Philosophie der Freiheit, original German text
Intuitive Thinking As A Spiritual Path, Audiobook, read by Dale Brunsvold
Philosophy books
Rudolf Steiner
Anthroposophy |
4021591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal%20surgery | Fetal surgery | Fetal surgery also known as antenatal surgery, prenatal surgery, is a growing branch of maternal-fetal medicine that covers any of a broad range of surgical techniques that are used to treat birth defects in fetuses who are still in the pregnant uterus. There are three main types: open fetal surgery, which involves completely opening the uterus to operate on the fetus; minimally invasive fetoscopic surgery, which uses small incisions and is guided by fetoscopy and sonography; and percutaneous fetal therapy, which involves placing a catheter under continuous ultrasound guidance.
Fetal intervention is relatively new. Advancing technologies allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis of diseases and congenital problems in a fetus.
Fetal surgery draws principally from the fields of surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics- especially the subspecialties of neonatology (care of newborns, especially high-risk ones), maternal-fetal medicine (care of high-risk pregnancies), and pediatric surgery. It often involves training in obstetrics, pediatrics, and mastery of both invasive and non-invasive surgery, meaning it takes several years of residency, and at least one fellowship (usually more than one year), to be able to become proficient. It is possible in the U.S. to become trained in this approach whether one started in obstetrics, pediatrics, or surgery. Because of the very high risk and high complexity of these cases, they are usually performed at Level I trauma centers in large cities at academic medical centers,- offering the full spectrum of maternal and newborn care, including a high level neonatal intensive care unit (level IV is the highest) and suitable operating theaters and equipment, and a high number of surgeons and physicians, nurse specialists, therapists, and a social work and counseling team. The cases can be referred from multiple levels of hospitals from many miles, sometimes across state and provincial lines. In continents other than North America and Europe, these centers are not as numerous, though the techniques are spreading.
Most problems do not require or are not treatable through fetal intervention. The exceptions are anatomical problems for which correction in utero is feasible and may be of significant benefit in the future development and survival of the fetus. Early correction (prior to birth) of these problems will likely increase the odds of a healthy and relatively normal baby.
The pregnant woman bears as much, if not more, risk as her fetus during any form of fetal intervention. Besides the general risk that any surgery bears, there is also a risk to the health of the mother's uterus, potentially limiting her ability to bear more children. The risk is higher than from an elective Cesarean section because:
the incision typically will be a classical vertical one, with a greater risk of complications in subsequent pregnancies
the longer duration of the surgery, while the fetal intervention is performed
delivery of the baby will require a second Cesarean section days or weeks later
Types
Open fetal surgery
Technique
Tocolytics are generally given to prevent labor; however, these should not be given if the risk is higher for the fetus inside the womb than if delivered, such as may be the case in intrauterine infection, unexplained vaginal bleeding and fetal distress. An H2 antagonist is usually given for anaesthesia the evening before and the morning of the operation, and an antacid is usually given before induction to reduce the risk of acid aspiration. Rapid sequence induction is often used for sedation and intubation.
Open fetal surgery is similar in many respects to a normal cesarean section performed under general anesthesia, except that the fetus remains dependent on the placenta and is returned to the uterus. A hysterotomy is performed on the pregnant woman, and once the uterus is open and the fetus is exposed, the fetal surgery begins. Typically, this surgery consists of an interim procedure intended to allow the fetus to remain in utero until it has matured enough to survive delivery and neonatal surgical procedures.
Upon completion of the fetal surgery, the fetus is put back inside the uterus and the uterus and abdominal wall are closed up. Before the last stitch is made in the uterine wall, the amniotic fluid is replaced. The mother remains in the hospital for 3–7 days for monitoring. Often babies who have been operated on in this manner are born pre-term.
Safety and complications
The main priority is maternal safety, and, secondary, avoiding preterm labor and achieving the aims of the surgery. In 2008, open fetal surgery was considered a possibility after approximately 18 weeks of gestation due to fetal size and fragility before that, and up to approximately 30 weeks of gestation due to increased risk of premature labor and, practically, the preference for delivering the child and performing the surgery in ex utero/pediatric surgery, instead. The risk of premature labor is increased by concomitant risk factors such as multiple gestation, a history of maternal smoking, and very young or old maternal age.
Open fetal surgery has proven to be reasonably safe for the mother. For the fetus, safety and effectiveness are variable, and depend on the specific procedure, the reasons for the procedure, and the gestational age and condition of the fetus. The overall perinatal mortality after open surgery has been estimated to be approximately 6%, according to a study in the United States 2003.
All future pregnancies for the mother require cesarean delivery because of the hysterotomy. However, there is no presented data suggesting decreased fertility for the mother.
Indications
Neural tube defects (NTD), which begin to become observable at the 28th day of pregnancy, occur when the embryonic neural tube fails to close properly, the developing brain and spinal cord are openly exposed to amniotic fluid and with this, causes the nervous system tissue to break down. Prenatal repair of the most easily treated NTD, myelomeningocele (spina bifida cystica) is as of 2011, a growing option in the United States. Although the procedure is technically challenging, children treated with open fetal repair have significantly improved outcomes compared to children whose defects are repaired shortly after birth. Specifically, fetal repair reduces the rate of ventriculoperitoneal shunt dependence and Chiari malformation, while improving motor skills at 30 months of age compared to post-natal repair. Children having fetal repair are twice as likely to walk independently at 30 months of age than children undergoing post-natal repair. As a result, open fetal repair of spina bifida is now considered standard of care at fetal specialty centers.
Other conditions that potentially are treated by open fetal surgery include:
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (if indicated at all, it is now more likely to be treated by endoscopic fetal surgery)
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
Congenital heart disease
Pulmonary sequestration
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Minimally invasive fetal surgery
Minimally-invasive fetoscopic surgery has proven to be useful for some fetal conditions.
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome – Laser Ablation of Vessels
Spina bifida – Fetoscopic closure of the malformation. Prenatal repair of the spina bifida lesion through this approach has been purported to result in less complications to the mother, whilst affording benefit to the baby.
History
Fetal surgical techniques were first developed at the University of California, San Francisco in 1980 using animal models.
On April 26, 1981, the first successful human open fetal surgery in the world was performed at University of California, San Francisco under the direction of Dr. Michael Harrison. The fetus in question had a congenital hydronephrosis, a blockage in the urinary tract that caused the kidney to dangerously extend. To correct this a vesicostomy was performed by placing a catheter in the fetus to allow the urine to be released normally. The blockage itself was removed surgically after birth.
Further advances have been made in the years since this first operation. New techniques have allowed additional defects to be treated and for less invasive forms of fetal surgical intervention.
The first two percutaneous ultrasound-guided fetal balloon valvuloplasties, a type of fetal surgery for severe aortic valve obstruction in the heart, were reported in 1991. Among the first dozen reported attempts at this repair in the 1990s, only two children survived long-term.
Dr. Oluyinka Olutoye, alongside Darrell Cass, from the Texas Children's Fetal Centre, removed a 23-week-old fetus from her mother's womb in order to perform surgery upon a spinal tumor she had. The girl was placed back in the womb after a five-hour surgery and was born without complications.
See also
ECMO
Fetoscopy
EXIT procedure
Maternal-fetal medicine, a discipline of high-risk obstetrics and gynecology; most fetal surgeons were previously trained in OB-GYN and maternal-fetal medicine before their fetal surgical training
Neonatology and neonatal surgery, related to high risk OB-GYN and maternal-fetal medicine and fetal surgery, are branches of pediatrics and pediatric surgery that focus on the treatment of newborn infants (less than one month of age)
Pediatric surgery, a related but distinct discipline of surgery and pediatrics, involving surgery on infants, toddlers, and children and adolescents
MOMS Trial
Spina bifida
NAFTNet
Samuel Armas
References
Further reading
Surgery |
4021625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFM | KFM | KFM or Kfm may refer to:
Radio stations
Kfm 94.5, South Africa
Kfm (Ireland), Ireland
KFM Radio, Greater Manchester, England
KMFM West Kent, Kent, England
Organisations and companies
Knights of Father Matthew, a catholic temperance society that originated in Ireland
Komet Flight Motor, an Italian aircraft engine manufacturer
Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna, former Swedish communist party
Kronofogdemyndigheten, Swedish government agency handling debt collection, distraint and evictions
Other uses
Kearny fallout meter, an expedient radiation meter, which can be made from household items
Kelvin probe force microscope
The KDE file manager, now replaced by Konqueror
Keysi Fighting Method, a martial art with roots in Jeet Kun Do, Wing Chun, and street fighting
The Kentucky Fried Movie, an American comedy film, released in 1977 and directed by John Landis |
4021646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%20language | Bora language | Bora is an indigenous language of South America spoken in the western region of Amazon rainforest. Bora is a tonal language which, other than the Ticuna language, is a unique trait in the region.
The majority of its speakers reside in Peru and Colombia. Around 2,328 Bora speakers live in the areas of the northeast Yaguasyacu, Putumayo and Ampiyacu rivers of Peru. There are about 500 speakers of Bora also in Colombia in the Putumayo Department. Peruvian speakers have a 10 to 30% literacy rate and a 25 to 50% literacy rate in their second language of Spanish.
Early linguistic investigators thought that Bora was related to the Huitoto (Witoto) language, but there is very little similarity between the two. The confusion was most likely due to the frequent intermarriage between the tribes and the Ocaina dialect of Witotoan which has many Bora words.
Dialects
Miraña, a dialect of Bora, is spoken along the Caquetá-Japurá river which flows from Colombia to Brazil, and a few villages are there.
Bora proper has 94% mutual comprehensibility with the Miraña dialect.
Another dialect of Bora, Murnane, which has about a 50% comprehensibility with Bora and Miraña, is spoken along tributaries of the Caquetá River in central Colombia.
Loukotka (1968) lists these dialects of Bora:
Bora (Boro) - on the Cahuinari River and in a colony in the village of Méria on the Igara Paraná River
Imihitä (Emejeite) - spoken on the Jacaré River
Fa:ai - spoken in the Sierra Futahy in the same region (poorly attested, only a few words)
Grammar
Bora contains 350 classifiers, the most discovered of any languages thus far.
Orthography
The written form of Bora was developed by Wycliffe Bible Translators Wesley and Eva Thiesen with the help of the natives of the village of Brillo Nuevo on the Yaguasyacu river. Wesley and Eva Thiesen's daughter Ruth is also the first recorded non-native to learn the language. First, Bora to Spanish school books was developed. Then the New Testament Bible was translated. Finally, a comprehensive dictionary and grammar book was developed to document and preserve the language's grammar rules. This has since facilitated more textbooks so that speakers can be taught to read and write in their language, rescuing it from extinction due to the prevalence of Spanish and Portuguese in the regions where it is spoken.
Phonology
All vowels have long forms. Bora demonstrates contrastive vowel length.
/ɛː/ before /iː/ is heard as .
/i/ is heard in shortened form as .
/h/ can have an allophone of [x].
/j/ is also heard as [ɾʲ].
References
External links
Native Languages: Bora Aces. Feb. 2015
A Grammar of Bora
Diccionario Bora-Castellano
Datos Etno-Lingüísticos 1
Textos folklóricos de los bora
Vocabulario ocaina
Boran languages
Languages of Peru
Languages of Colombia |
4021658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doe%20or%20Die | Doe or Die | Doe or Die is the debut studio album by rapper AZ, released October 10, 1995 on EMI Records. The album features guest appearances by artists such as Nas and Miss Jones, and production from N.O. Joe, Pete Rock, L.E.S., and Buckwild, among others. The album spawned the single "Sugar Hill" - which was certified gold by the RIAA in 1995.
Upon release, Doe or Die received notable critical and commercial success. The album peaked at #15 on the Billboard 200, and #1 on the U.S. Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart. Doe or Die produced several singles, including, "Mo Money, Mo Murder," "Gimme Yours (remix)," "Doe or Die" and "Sugar Hill" - which was certified Gold by the RIAA in 1995. The album went on to sell over a million copies A sequel, Doe or Die II, was released on September 10, 2021.
Content
The album incorporates fictitious tales chronicling the underworld lifestyle of organized crime. These cinematic narratives often depict a mobster's ascent to fame and wealth. Further emphasizing these themes, the cover of Doe or Die portrays AZ as an honoree of an elaborate mob funeral. Within the cover, a stylish portrait of AZ is surrounded by flowers, while the body of the rapper is buried in a casket that contains large amounts of dollars. In addition, the liner notes and the back of the album features images of AZ counting money, drinking expensive wine, and smoking cigars.
Reception
Upon its release, Doe or Die received generally favorable reviews from most music critics. Stanton Swihart from Allmusic gave the album 4½ out of 5 stars and compared certain aspects of it to rapper Nas' debut album Illmatic, stating "The two albums are very much the twin sides of the same double-headed coin. They are so closely connected, in fact, that it's difficult to pinpoint where Doe or Dies points of departure are located." He further stated "Certainly it was one of the strongest, most promising debut efforts of 1995, and probably one of the year's strongest rap albums period." Christian Hoard from Rolling Stone gave the album 3 out of 5 stars, and called it a "Literate, sensitive look at street life that sits comfortably, as a companion, next to Nas' masterpiece (Illmatic)." Selwyn Seyfu Hinds from Spin rated the album 7 out of 10, and stated
Although praising the album's lyricism, and rating it 3 out of 4 stars, Los Angeles Times writer Cheo H. Coker criticized some of the album's production, describing some of it as "lackluster beats." A critic for RapReviews.com gave the album an 8.5 out of 10 rating and labeled it as "AZ's best album to date", with the "most replay value". In regards to the Mafioso content, he stated "This album does deserve to be mentioned right alongside Only Built 4 Cuban Linx..., It Was Written, and Reasonable Doubt for popularizing the Mafioso style. In fact, it dropped before two of those three albums did." He however gave criticism to some of the album's production, and lack of consistency, explaining "Despite the shortcomings, the good tracks on this album are not just good, they are great! There are four that I would refer to as certified classics. The main problem with the album is that it could have been an all time classic itself if executive production had been better and the beat selection had been a little more on point in several cases. All in all, this album is slept on and should be viewed as a gem that must be in every true head's collection.".
Track listing
Personnel
AZ - performer
Nas - performer
Amar Pep - producer, performer
Buck Wild - producer
Void Caprio - engineer
D/R Period - producer
John Gamble - engineer
Jack Hersca - engineer
John Kogan - engineer
L.E.S. - producer
Lunatic Mind - producer
Henry Marquez - art direction
N.O. Joe - arranger, producer
Joe Pirrera - engineer
Pete Rock - producer
Erica Scott - vocals
Ski - remixing
Jamey Staub - engineer
Jason Vogel - engineer
Lindsey Williams - executive producer
Miss Jones - vocals
Barsham - performer
Spunk Biggs - producer
Lunatic mind - producer
Loose - producer
Album singles"Sugar Hill"Released: June 27, 1995
B-side: "Rather Unique""Gimme Yours (Remix)" [Non-album single]
Released: December 5, 1995
B-side: "Uncut Raw""Doe or Die"Released: April 2, 1996
B-side: "Mo Money, Mo Murder (Homicide)"
ChartsSingles'''
Doe or Die: 15th Anniversary
A 15th anniversary edition of Doe or Die was released on November 30, 2010 by AZ's own Quiet Money Records. Doe or Die: 15th Anniversary features production from Frank Dukes, Dave Moss, Statik Selektah, Baby Paul, Lil' Fame from M.O.P., and Roctimus Prime. The album also features vocals from R&B singer June Summers. All the songs from the original Doe or Die are remixed with a new beat.
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1995 (U.S.)
References
External links
Doe or Die'' at Discogs
1995 debut albums
Albums produced by Buckwild
Albums produced by L.E.S. (record producer)
Albums produced by Pete Rock
Albums produced by Ski Beatz
EMI Records albums
AZ (rapper) albums
Mafioso rap albums |
4021660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beevor%27s%20sign | Beevor's sign | Beevor's sign is medical sign in which the navel moves towards the head upon flexing the neck, indicating selective weakness of the lower abdominal muscles. Causes include spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD).
Etymology
The sign is named after Charles Edward Beevor, an English neurologist (1854–1908) who first described it.
Pathophysiology
Beevor's sign occurs when the upper part of the rectus abdominis muscle is intact but the lower part is weak. When the patient is asked to raise his head as he lies supine on bed, the upper part of the muscle contracts disproportionately more than the lower portion, pulling the umbilicus toward the head.
Clinical significance
Beevor’s sign is characteristic of spinal cord injury between T9 and T10 levels. The sign has also been observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a disease causing progressive weakening of the muscles of multiple areas of the body, and in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), a disease named after areas of the body it preferentially weakens (face, shoulder, and upper arm). FSHD tends to affect the lower rectus abdominis more than the upper.
It has also been described in inclusion body myositis.
References
Symptoms and signs: Nervous system |
4021666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar%20Girl%20%281993%20film%29 | Calendar Girl (1993 film) | Calendar Girl is a 1993 American comedy-drama film starring Jason Priestley, Gabriel Olds, and Jerry O'Connell.
The film was directed by John Whitesell and written by Paul W. Shapiro. Set in 1962, it tells the story of three young men who go on a trip to Hollywood to fulfil their dream of meeting Marilyn Monroe. It has similarities to the real-life story of Gene Scanlon, who in 1953 crossed America with a friend and had a date with Marilyn Monroe for which she paid the bill.
Plot
While Marilyn Monroe is enjoying her rise to stardom and iconic pop culture status, three childhood friends are happy enough to sneakily obtain racy pictures of her for their pubescent enjoyment. Once they mature (at least by age), Roy has his eyes set on joining the Military despite his strained relationship with his father. His buddy, Scott, has a prosthetic leg and is to be married soon to his darling significant other Becky, and his other pal, Ned, known affectionately as "Bleuer", works at a small town store and is not initially as anxious to partake on this crazed notion as his friends.
Thanks to Roy's Uncle, the three desirous and hapless friends shack up at his place out in California where they yearn to meet—if only for a brief second—the fabulous and stunning Miss Marilyn Monroe. Their quest leads to shenanigans and silliness ensues as they arrange the most brainless ideas to win over their idol. One includes corralling a "sad" cow to moo outside of Miss Monroe's luxurious residence, another has the guys speeding after Marilyn towards a nude beach and an entirely separate subplot has them dodging some bad guys that are after Roy.
Eventually, however, it is up to Marilyn to pity the trio's collectively desperate agony. The boys devise a clever scheme to avoid Miss Monroe's hawkish maid and Roy slips in the question, to which Marilyn refuses a date. This leads to further despair amongst the trio. They begin to regret coming out for the trip and they decide to go out on the town one last time.
Surprisingly, in a sudden twist, Monroe finally does agree to a date upon the sandy splendor of the Californian beach. Initially, while animosity has grown between the three friends, Roy is designated to be the lucky one that gets to hopefully "canoe" Miss Monroe, but nonchalantly, he passes off the opportunity to his buddy "Bleuer" who surprisedly agrees and treats the lovely Miss Monroe to a wonderful platonic night.
While Roy (in his macho way) is disappointed by Bleuer's effort, the boys return home to the sad news that Marilyn has abruptly died of a drug overdose. Back home, Scott continues his plans to marry his love, Becky, and Roy tussles with his father in the gym which leads to one last touching moment between the two before Roy is shipped out to boot camp. The last image seen is of Bleuer as he embraces his wild side and partakes in a wild telephone booth gathering that woos a local college girl in his favor.
Cast
Jason Priestley as Roy Darpinian
Gabriel Olds as Ned Bleuer
Jerry O'Connell as Scott Foreman
Joe Pantoliano as Harvey Darpinian
Steve Railsback as Mr. Darpinian
Kurt Fuller as Arturo Gallo
Lisa Stahl Sullivan as Delphine
Stephen Tobolowsky as Antonio Gallo
Emily Warfield as Becky O'Brien
Leslie Wing as Mrs. Bleuer
Christine Taylor as Melissa Smock
Liz Vassey as Sylvia
Maxwell Caulfield as Man in Bathrobe
Chubby Checker as himself
Stephanie Anderson as Marilyn Monroe
Cortney Page as voice of Marilyn Monroe
Tuesday Knight as Nude Woman
Curt Truman as Bobby Kennedy Jr
Joe Dietl as Usher
Reception
The movie received poor reviews and has since gone out of print. One of the factors that had an impact on the film once it reached theaters was the controversy surrounding the casting of one of the characters: one of the Gallo brothers in the movie was deaf. The producers cast (the hearing) Kurt Fuller for that role in spite of there having been a number of deaf actors that would have been equally suitable for the role. That fact ignited outrage in the deaf community and which ultimately organized a series of protests across the country to coincide with the nationwide release of the film. The movie has since received an approval rating of 11% based on 19 critics.
References
External links
1993 films
American films
Columbia Pictures films
1990s English-language films
Films about Marilyn Monroe
Films directed by John Whitesell
Films scored by Hans Zimmer
Teen sex comedy films
1993 directorial debut films
Films set in 1962 |
4021680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huan%20Chong | Huan Chong | Huan Chong (桓沖; courtesy name: 幼子, Youzi; 328–384), formally Duke Xuanmu of Fengcheng (), was a Jin Dynasty (266–420) governor and general and the youngest brother of Huan Wen. Contrary to the ambitious Huan Wen, who at times considered seizing the throne, Huan Chong was known to be dedicated to the preservation of the imperial government. After Huan Wen's son Huan Xuan temporarily seized the throne as the emperor of Chu in 403, he posthumously honored Huan Chong as the Prince of Xuancheng.
Early career under Huan Wen
Huan Chong, one of Huan Wen's younger brothers (the other ones were Huan Yun (), Huan Huo, and Huan Mi (), was considered the most knowledgeable, and Huan Wen entrusted him with great responsibilities. By the time that he accompanied Huan Wen in his campaign against Yao Xiang () in 356, he was a governor of two commanderies and the military commander of seven. While on a campaign, he defeated and captured the rebel general Zhou Cheng (), and was made the Duke of Fengcheng and the governor of Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian).
The crisis of Huan Wen's succession
By the time Huan Wen grew gravely ill in 373, Huan Wen was effectively in direct control of the western two thirds of the empire. As Huan Wen hesitated at seizing the throne and ultimately chose not to do so, he entrusted his command to Huan Chong, rather than his heir apparent Huan Xi (), because he considered Huan Xi lacking in the talent for military command. However, Huan Xi's younger brother Huan Ji (), along with Huan Mi, conspired to kill Huan Chong and take over. After Huan Wen died, Huan Chong acted first and arrested Huan Xi and Huan Ji. He then exiled Huan Mi and put Huan Xi and Huan Ji under house arrest. He instead reported to the imperial government that Huan Xuan, Huan Wen's youngest son, was designed by Huan Wen as heir, and the imperial government agreed to let the four-year-old Huan Xuan assume Huan Wen's title of Duke of Nan Commandery.
There had been anticipation that there might be a confrontation between Huan Chong and the prime minister Xie An following Huan Wen's death. Xie avoided a direct confrontation by dividing Huan Wen's domain into three parts and putting them under the commands of Huan Chong, Huan Huo, and Huan Huo's son Huan Shixiu (), respectively. Huan Chong was allocated Yang (揚州, modern Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, and southern Anhui) and Yu (豫州, modern central Anhui) Provinces. Some of his advisors suggested that he kill some of the imperial officials and take over the imperial government, but he refused, and indeed returned the power to authorize executions (which Huan Wen had exercised) back to the imperial government.
Later life, positions and death
In 375, in further sign that he was showing submission to the imperial government, Huan Chong turned down the governorship of Yang Province (which included the capital Jiankang), instead becoming the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern central and northern Jiangsu). Later, after Huan Huo's death in 377, Xie trusted Huan Chong sufficiently to give him the governorship of the important Jing Province (荊州, modern Hunan and central and southern Hubei), as well as the military command over the western half of the empire—nearly the domain that Huan Wen had controlled earlier.
In 378, after a major attack by Former Qin led to the losses of the important cities of Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei) and Weixing (魏興, in modern Ankang, Shaanxi), both of which were in his command zone and which he had failed to relieve, Huan Chong offered to resign, but his resignation was not accepted.
In 383, when Former Qin launched another major attack, this time seeking to capture Jiankang and destroy Jin, Huan Chong was concerned about the capital's defenses and therefore sent several thousand elite soldiers to Xie to shore up Jiankang's defenses, which Xie declined, stating that the capital was already well-guarded (which, however, it actually was not). Upon receiving the soldiers back, Huan Chong lamented that while Xie was an able prime minister, he lacked military talent, making the exclamation, "I am finally going to have to wear barbarian clothes" (meaning that Jin would soon fall to Former Qin, which Huan considered a barbaric regime). After Former Qin forces were repelled at the Battle of Fei River, however, Huan Chong became embarrassed—and so much so that he grew ill. He died in early 384. Contrary to the customs for high level officials at the time, Huan Chong did not submit a petition to the emperor in his illness, asking for his family members to be given posts, but only wrote to Xie, lamenting that Huan Wen's youngest sons were still young and that he had thus failed in raising them properly, as Huan Wen asked him to. He was greatly praised at the time for this self-deprecation.
Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
328 births
384 deaths
Huan Chu
Jin dynasty (266–420) politicians
Political office-holders in Jiangsu
Political office-holders in Hubei
Political office-holders in Jiangxi |
4021681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiki%20%28disambiguation%29 | Contiki (disambiguation) | Contiki can refer to:
Contiki, an open-source operating system designed for computers with limited memory.
Contiki Tours, a series of bus holidays operated by Contiki Holidays for 18-35s.
Con-Tici or Kon-Tiki, an old name for the Andean deity Viracocha
See also
Kontiki (disambiguation) |
4021684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDRL | KDRL | KDRL may refer to:
KDRL (FM), a radio station (103.3 FM) licensed to Pampa, Texas, United States
Kansandemokraattinen raittiusliitto, a Finnish temperance movement |
4021687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara%20Darmousli | Mara Darmousli | Mara Darmousli, in Greek: Μάρα Δαρμουσλή, (born 15 August, in Ptolemaida, Greece) is a Greek former fashion model and current actress.
She has appeared in many international fashion events and magazines, her face appearing on the covers of such magazines as Vogue, Marie Claire and Bazaar. Her international advertisements include Pantene, Parah, Nivea, Simone Perele, Triumph, Clairol, Garnier and Carita.
In 1998 she was discovered by model agent and producer of the Greek Elite Model Look contest Nikos Voglis. She entered the contest and won first place in the Greek Elite Model Look final. She then advanced to the Nice International final, held in September in the French Riviera, where she came in third overall in the Pantene contest. Voglis as the owner of Prestige agency in Athens, managed the first years of her career.
She was a musician/performer with the percussion group "Ichodrasi". While still modeling She studied acting at Theatre Embros, physical and devised theatre at So7 and political sciences and history at Panteion University.
Mara was member of "ANASA" the first non-profit organisation for nutritional disorders in Greece.
In March 2007, she was awarded "Model of the Year" in Greece.
She has a son born 31 of march 2006 named Angel.
Filmography, television roles, and appearances
In 2005, Darmousli started acting appearing in the Greek film I Kardia Tou Ktinous (The Heart of the Beast) based on the novel by Petros Tatsopoulos, "Luton" and "Love, Love, Love".
Her TV experience includes appearances on the series "Mehri tris einai Desmos" (ALTER), "To Kokkino Domatio" (MEGA) and most recently three episodes "Agria Paidia" (MEGA), "3os Nomos" (MEGA), "Heroides" (MEGA), "To soi sou" (ALPHA) and currently "Gynaika Xwris Onoma" (ANT1).
In theater,"Life after Low Flights" directed by D.Agoras(2019-20),"Astra Na Pane" directed by N.Magdalinos (2018–19), "The Game of Love and Chance" directed by E.Manios (2018–19),"The 39 Steps" directed by S.Spantidas (2017–18),"Oedipus Tree" directed by K.Gakis (2017–18), "Dangerous Liaisons" directed by G.Kimoulis (2016–17),"Wonderful War" by T.Dardaganis (2016–17),"Lahana & Hahana" musical by T.Ioannides (2016–17), "Prometheus Bounded" by J.Falkonis (2016),"Agents" by A.Remoundos (2015), "Trio Reich" by T.Dardaganis (2015), "The Woman In Black" by T.Dardaganis (2014–15),"Freedom in Medea" by K.Filippoglou (2013–14). Assistant Director for C.Theodoridis "Parthenon" (2012), J.Moschou "The Debris" (2013),K.Filippoglou "Tirza" (2014).
She co-hosted the TV show "Εχουμε και λεμε" (Let's talk) for ET1 from 2008 to 2009, along with Rika Vagianni, Renia Louizidou, Manina Zoumpoulaki, and Marion Michelidaki.
Agencies
IMG, Paris
The Fashion Model Management, Milan
Next Model Management, London / N.Y
Place Model Management, Hamburg
Wiener Models, Wien
Time Models, Zurich
East West Models
Chic Management
References
External links
Image Management
Place Model Management
Wiener Models
Vogue - Germany
Living people
Greek female models
1981 births
People from Ptolemaida |
4021693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV%20or%20Not%20TV | TV or Not TV | TV or Not TV is the debut album by the comedy duo Proctor and Bergman. It was originally released in 1973 by Columbia Records.
Unlike most Firesign Theatre albums, it included songs ("Communist Love Song" sung by Proctor at the end of side A and "Nasi Goring" sung by Bergman in the middle of side B) as well as a TV-related plotline comparable to Don't Crush That Dwarf, Hand Me the Pliers.
Track listing
The play is subtitled "A Video Vaudeville in Two Acts". Fred Flamm (Proctor) and Clark Cable (Bergman) host a pay-per-view cable television Channel 85.
Side one — act one
"Insert Here" (1:26) – Two children steal Dad's credit card and turn on Channel 85 for a "charged viewing cycle".
"Channel 85 Sign-On" (1:15) – Clark Cable (Bergman) starts the viewing cycle
"Escaping From The Declining Fall Of The Roaming Umpire" (5:06) – in a parody of the assassination of Julius Caesar, Flattus (Proctor) and Bruto (Bergman) plot to assassinate the "Umperor Calyuga" (Proctor), inspired by Flattus' prophetic dream of a night baseball game
"Police Lineup" (1:04) – Proctor as a cop who introduces a singing cop (Bergman)
"Salute My Boots" (1:58) – pundit Bosco Hearn (Bergman) explains currency devaluation
"The Channel 85 Story" (1:03) - Cable and Fred Flamm (Proctor) fund-raise; the viewer can order merchandise from his console
"Cirque Internationale" (3:31) – ringmaster (Bergman) introduces several zany acts, including clowns Hans and Uni who engage in an ever-escalating war which results in destruction of the Big Top
"Communist Love Song" (4:00) – sung by Proctor, an American in love with a Russian girl
Side two — act two
"Channel 85 Reply" (1:39)
"Tobor Radar Robot" (1:26) – a robot (Bergman) is tormented by teenage hoodlums; he ends up repelling their attack by shorting out and catching fire, despite "not being programmed for defense"
"The Pills Brothers On Drugs" (0:56) – an ironic, supposedly anti-drug public service announcement (PSA)
"The Ms. Information Show" (3:51) – a female holographic "simulette" (Proctor) who hosts a talk show, assuming various identities (Bergman voices the host when Proctor plays the guest); interviews an inarticulate author of an ecologically-themed book (Proctor)
"Bring Us Together" (0:24) – a PSA
"Nasi Goring" (2:50) – a singing gorilla (Bergman), one of Ms. Information's guests; the name parodies an Indonesian fried rice dish.
"Our Lady Of The Torch" (0:28) – (Proctor); another PSA parodies the inscription on the Statue of Liberty
"Emergency Alert" (1:35) – teenagers who have been attempting to hack into Channel 85 are finally wiped by the automatic system
"Emerging Fall Of The Roaming Umpire" (4:19) – the conspirators carry out their plan to "dump the Ump" (Proctor)
"Give Up This Day" (1:30) – the Rear Reverend Sport Trendleberg (Proctor) gives a benediction
"Channel 85 Sign-Off" (1:08) – close of the viewing cycle
"Insert Here" (0:53) – the system automatically solicits another viewing cycle
Critical reception
Critically this album received the best notices out of all of The Firesign Theatre's side projects. The New Rolling Stone Record Guide gives the album 4 out of 5 stars and says that Proctor and Bergman "melds [their] characteristic Joycean wit with some hilarious slapstick routines" (404), while The Goldmine Comedy Record Price Guide says that Proctor and Bergman "seem like Wayne and Shuster on acid" (272). While The Goldmine Guide only gives this particular album 2 stars, this is still a higher notice than any other album by one of The Firesign Theatre's side projects .
Issues and reissues
This album was originally released simultaneously on LP, 8 Track, and Cassette:
LP — KC-32199
Cassette — CT-32199
8 track — CA-32199
It has been re-released on CD at least once:
2001 - Laugh.com LGH1152
References
"FIREZINE: Linques!." Firesign Theatre FAQ. 20 January 2006 <http://firezine.net/faq/>.
"Proctor & Bergman — TV or not TV — AUDIO ONLY." Laugh.com. Laugh.com. 10 February 2006 <http://store.yahoo.com/laughstore/prbetvornott.html>.
Smith, Ronald L. The Goldmine Comedy Record Price Guide. Iola: Krause, 1996. 272.
Swenson, John. "Proctor and Bergman." The New Rolling Stone Record Guide. Ed. Dave Marsh and John Swenson. New York: Random House, 1983. 404.
Smith, Ronald L. The Goldmine Comedy Record Price Guide. Iola: Krause, 1996. 272.
Swenson, John. "Proctor and Bergman." The New Rolling Stone Record Guide. Ed. Dave Marsh and John Swenson. New York: Random House, 1983. 404.
Proctor and Bergman. TV or not TV. Columbia Records, 1973.
External links
Proctor & Bergman - TV or not TV – Laugh.com (10 February 2006)
Firesign Theatre – Official website (19 January 2006)
FIREZINE: Linques! – Firesign Theatre FAQ (20 January 2006)
1973 albums
Columbia Records albums
Proctor and Bergman albums
1970s comedy albums |
4021697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey%20Parker | Chauncey Parker | Chauncey Parker is an executive assistant district attorney in the office of Manhattan DA Cyrus Vance, Jr. He was formerly the Director of Criminal Justice Services in New York. He was appointed to the position in 2002 by Gov. George Pataki and served until the end of the Pataki Administration in 2007. He was a potential candidate for New York State Attorney General in 2006 as a Republican.
A graduate of Rollins College and Duke University School of Law, Director Parker is a lifelong New York resident. He spent six years as an Assistant District Attorney in Manhattan and then 10 years as an Assistant United States Attorney in Manhattan. During his career as a prosecutor, Parker worked on gang and narcotics crimes.
As Director of Criminal Justice Services, he was Pataki's chief criminal justice advisor and oversees the state's criminal justice agencies.
Parker was reported to be Pataki's choice to run for state attorney general in 2006. He spoke at Republican candidates' forums and has granted press interviews about a potential race. He did not run for attorney general as the Republican nomination went to former Westchester District Attorney Jeanine Pirro.
Parker serves as a member of the Board of Directors of the Police Athletic League of New York City, a nonprofit youth development agency that serves inner-city children and teenagers.
Parker was appointed Deputy Commissioner for Community Partnerships of the NYPD on 10 December 2019.
References
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
American prosecutors
Duke University School of Law alumni
New York (state) Republicans
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Rollins College alumni |
4021710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino%27s%20Hamburgers | Gino's Hamburgers | Gino's Hamburgers was a fast-food restaurant chain founded in Baltimore, Maryland by Baltimore Colts defensive end Gino Marchetti and running back Alan Ameche, along with their close friends Joe Campanella and Louis Fischer, in 1957. A new group of restaurants under the Gino's name, involving some of the principals of the original chain, was started in 2010.
History
The first Gino's was opened in Dundalk, Maryland, just outside Baltimore; it got its official name in 1959 when the owners Joe Campanella, Louis Fisher, and Alan Ameche invited Colts' captain Gino Marchetti to become a partner. In 1967 Gino's merged with Tops Drive Inn, a chain of 18 drive-in restaurants located in the Washington, D.C., area; most Tops locations were rebranded as Gino's. In the early 1970s, the company attempted to expand from its Mid-Atlantic base into the Midwest; however, these locations only operated a short period. For one location, it purchased Orchestra Hall in Detroit and planned to demolish the structure to construct a restaurant. When the plan became public, it led to a grass-roots campaign to save and restore the abandoned structure.
Gino's also expanded in to Massachusetts and Connecticut. There it had difficulties because Gino Marchetti was a relative unknown in the region. Additionally, people confused them with the Papa Gino's pizza chain that was based in Massachusetts. These locations were eventually closed and many now house other chains, especially Burger King. Gino's also converted some to fish restaurants, but these too failed.
Another notable facet of Gino's was fried chicken. In the mid-Atlantic area, it was the franchisee of KFC which was cobranded with Gino's hamburgers. In New England, another company was the KFC franchisee. Gino's still sold chicken but it was made with a different seasoning that the KFC one.
The chain had 359 company-owned locations when the Marriott Corporation acquired it in 1982. Marriott discontinued the brand and converted locations to its Roy Rogers Restaurants chain. The last Gino's, located in Pasadena, Maryland and owned independently from Marriott, closed in 1986.
Gino's also purchased and operated the Rustler Steak House chain started by Joe Campanella, which was sold by Marriott shortly after its purchase of Gino's.
The restaurant was known for hamburgers such as the Sirloiner, which was made from sirloin steak (and was originally a staple of Tops Drive Inn), the Jumbo Gino, which was very similar to the Whopper and the Gino Giant, which predated and later competed with the Big Mac. The company held the franchise for Kentucky Fried Chicken in the Mid-Atlantic states. The company's jingle, played during radio advertisements in the early years was "Everybody goes to Gino's, 'cause Gino's is the place to go!"
The company also became known for its philanthropic efforts.
Gino's Burgers and Chicken (2010)
Marchetti, Romano, and Fischer have opened several new Gino's restaurants. Marchetti and Fischer will be serving as consultants. The new restaurants plan to serve burgers, chicken sandwiches, hand-cut french fries and hand-spun milkshakes. Initially, the chain plans to open locations in Pennsylvania and Maryland.
In charge is Tom Romano, who worked for 20 years with the company, and was C.O.O. in 1982 when the chain was sold. "It's apparent there's a need for better burgers out there", said Romano, citing the success of such chains as Five Guys, and Gino's Burgers and Chicken has placed itself upscale of the earlier Gino's. Gino's plans to make its burgers to order from fresh beef.
Their first location opened in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, the same town as the original chain's headquarters, on October 25, 2010. Plans were announced in Spring 2011 for franchise expansion into Baltimore. On August 17, 2011, a second Gino's location opened in Towson, Maryland. Another Gino's opened in Bensalem, Pennsylvania on October 11, 2011.
A Gino's Burgers and Chicken opened in Oriole Park at Camden Yards at the start of the Orioles season in 2012, but closed by the end of the 2014 season.
On January 22, 2013, Gino's Burgers and Chicken opened in Aberdeen, Maryland, however the Bensalem location closed around the same time. Later, on July 9, 2013, the King of Prussia location closed, effectively leaving the Philadelphia market. The location at Perry Hall, Maryland, which opened on March 5, 2012, closed on December 8, 2013. The Aberdeen location closed on March 27, 2016, leaving only the Towson and Glen Burnie locations.
See also
Ameche's Drive-in – a former fast-food restaurant chain based in Baltimore, Maryland
Chicken George – a former fast food restaurant chain founded in Baltimore, Maryland
List of defunct fast-food restaurant chains
List of hamburger restaurants
References
External links
Fast-food chains of the United States
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Restaurants in Baltimore
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants established in 1957
Defunct fast-food chains in the United States
1957 establishments in Maryland |
4021714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot%20the%20Moon%3A%20The%20Essential%20Collection | Shoot the Moon: The Essential Collection | Shoot the Moon: The Essential Collection is a greatest hits album by the punk band Face to Face. It was released on November 15, 2005, a year after the band had dissolved. It features songs from all of the band's albums except for Ignorance Is Bliss and their cover album Standards & Practices.
Track listing
References
Face to Face (punk band) albums
2005 greatest hits albums |
4021739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle%27s%20invariance%20principle | LaSalle's invariance principle | LaSalle's invariance principle (also known as the invariance principle, Barbashin-Krasovskii-LaSalle principle, or Krasovskii-LaSalle principle ) is a criterion for the asymptotic stability of an autonomous (possibly nonlinear) dynamical system.
Global version
Suppose a system is represented as
where is the vector of variables, with
If a (see Smoothness) function can be found such that
for all (negative semidefinite),
then the set of accumulation points of any trajectory is contained in where is the union of complete trajectories contained entirely in the set .
If we additionally have that the function is positive definite, i.e.
, for all
and if contains no trajectory of the system except the trivial trajectory for , then the origin is asymptotically stable.
Furthermore, if is radially unbounded, i.e.
, as
then the origin is globally asymptotically stable.
Local version
If
, when
hold only for in some neighborhood of the origin, and the set
does not contain any trajectories of the system besides the trajectory , then the local version of the invariance principle states that the origin is locally asymptotically stable.
Relation to Lyapunov theory
If is negative, the global asymptotic stability of the origin is a consequence of Lyapunov's second theorem. The invariance principle gives a criterion for asymptotic stability in the case when is only non-positive.
Examples
Simple example
Example taken from .
Consider the vector field in the plane. The function satisfies , and is radially unbounded, showing that the origin is globally asymptotically stable.
Pendulum with friction
This section will apply the invariance principle to establish the local asymptotic stability of a simple system, the pendulum with friction. This system can be modeled with the differential equation
where is the angle the pendulum makes with the vertical normal, is the mass of the pendulum, is the length of the pendulum, is the friction coefficient, and g is acceleration due to gravity.
This, in turn, can be written as the system of equations
Using the invariance principle, it can be shown that all trajectories which begin in a ball of certain size around the origin asymptotically converge to the origin. We define as
This is simply the scaled energy of the system Clearly, is positive definite in an open ball of radius around the origin. Computing the derivative,
Observe that . If it were true that , we could conclude that every trajectory approaches the origin by Lyapunov's second theorem. Unfortunately, and is only negative semidefinite since can be non-zero when . However, the set
which is simply the set
does not contain any trajectory of the system, except the trivial trajectory x = 0. Indeed, if at some time , , then because
must be less than away from the origin, and . As a result, the trajectory will not stay in the set .
All the conditions of the local version of the invariance principle are satisfied, and we can conclude that every trajectory that begins in some neighborhood of the origin will converge to the origin as .
History
The general result was independently discovered by J.P. LaSalle (then at RIAS) and N.N. Krasovskii, who published in 1960 and 1959 respectively. While LaSalle was the first author in the West to publish the general theorem in 1960, a special case of the theorem was communicated in 1952 by Barbashin and Krasovskii, followed by a publication of the general result in 1959 by Krasovskii .
See also
Stability theory
Lyapunov stability
Original papers
LaSalle, J.P. Some extensions of Liapunov's second method, IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory, CT-7, pp. 520–527, 1960. (PDF)
Krasovskii, N. N. Problems of the Theory of Stability of Motion, (Russian), 1959. English translation: Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1963.
Text books
Lectures
Texas A&M University notes on the invariance principle (PDF)
NC State University notes on LaSalle's invariance principle (PDF).
Caltech notes on LaSalle's invariance principle (PDF).
MIT OpenCourseware notes on Lyapunov stability analysis and the invariance principle (PDF).
Purdue University notes on stability theory and LaSalle's invariance principle (PDF).
References
Lecture notes on nonlinear control, University of Notre Dame, Instructor: Michael Lemmon, lecture 4.
ibid.
Lecture notes on nonlinear analysis, National Taiwan University, Instructor: Feng-Li Lian, lecture 4-2.
Vidyasagar, M. Nonlinear Systems Analysis, SIAM Classics in Applied Mathematics, SIAM Press, 2002.
Stability theory
Dynamical systems
Principles |
4021740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacana%20language | Tacana language | Tacana is a Western Tacanan language spoken by some 1,800 Tacana people in Bolivia out of an ethnic population of 5,000. They live in the forest along the Beni and Madre de Dios rivers in the north of La Paz Department. Numerous dialects, now extinct, have been attributed to Tacana: Ayaychuna, Babayana, Chiliuvo, Chivamona, Idiama (Ixiama), Pamaino, Pasaramona, Saparuna, Siliama, Tumupasa (Maracani, "Tupamasa"), Uchupiamona, Yabaypura, and Yubamona (Mason 1950).
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
External links
Tacana dictionary online from IDS (select simple or advanced browsing)
Tacana (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
Languages of Bolivia
Tacanan languages |
4021746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent%20Hill | Crescent Hill | Crescent Hill may refer to the following:
Crescent Hill, Louisville - a neighborhood in Louisville, Kentucky
Crescent Hill (Springfield) - a neighborhood and historic district in Springfield, Massachusetts
Crescent Hill, Missouri, an unincorporated community |
4021751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniston%20and%20Atlantic%20Railroad | Anniston and Atlantic Railroad | The Anniston and Atlantic Railroad was a 53-mile narrow-gauge railroad built between Anniston and Sylacauga, Alabama via Talladega and Murphy.
It was founded by A.L. Tyler of Anniston, who obtained a charter on August 17, 1883, and opened the 30-mile stretch between Anniston and Talladega on May 15, 1884. An extension to Sycamore, Alabama, was opened on September 15, 1884, and to Sylacauga, Alabama, on December 1, 1886. The line was built to haul timber, charcoal and iron ore to Anniston, where it could be transferred to the standard-gauge Southern Railway.
The Louisville and Nashville Railroad purchased the line in 1890 along with the associated standard-gauge Anniston and Cincinnati Railroad. To this, the L&N added the Shelby Iron Company's railroad to create the Alabama Mineral Railroad. The A&A's narrow-gauge track was converted to standard gauge later that year. Much of the right-of-way still exists as part of the CSX Corporation's trackage in the area.
References
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Defunct Alabama railroads
Narrow gauge railroads in Alabama
Predecessors of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Railway companies established in 1883
Railway companies disestablished in 1890
American companies disestablished in 1890
American companies established in 1883 |
4021753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight%20to%20be%20Free | Fight to be Free | Fight to be Free may refer to:
"Fight to be Free", song by Nuclear Assault 1988
Fight to be Free, EP by The Hoax (band) 2009
"Fight to Be Free", Shadow Warriors cover on Maximum Overload (DragonForce album) |
4021758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20E.%20Wall | Daniel E. Wall | Daniel E. Wall is the Civil Service Commission President in New York. He was appointed to the position in 2004 by Gov. George Pataki. As commission president, Wall also served as Commissioner of the Department of Civil Service (he no longer holds the title).
For six years prior to being named commission president, Wall served as Executive Deputy Commissioner of Civil Service. From 1995 to 1998, Wall was the Civil Service Department's General Counsel. Prior to joining the Pataki Administration, Wall was an attorney on Long Island.
References
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
New York (state) Republicans
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
4021767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Edward%20Beevor | Charles Edward Beevor | Charles Edward Beevor (12 June 1854 – 5 December 1908) was an English neurologist and anatomist who described Beevor's sign, the Jaw jerk reflex, and the area of the brain supplied by the anterior choroidal artery. He also coined Beevor's axiom that "the brain does not know muscles, only movements."
Biography
He was born in London to Charles Beevor, FRCS and Elizabeth (née Burrell) and educated at Blackheath Proprietary School and University College London. He trained in medicine at University College Hospital and the University of London, graduating MB in 1879 and MD in 1881. He took the post of Resident Medical Officer at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, becoming Assistant Physician and then full Physician. He was also Physician for many years to the Great Northern Central Hospital.
In 1907, he became president of the Neurological Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1888 and delivered their Croonian Lecture in 1903 On Muscular Movements and their Representation in the Central Nervous System.
Publication
He published the Handbook on Diseases of the Nervous System in 1898.
References
1854 births
1908 deaths
English biologists
English anatomists
Alumni of University College London
People educated at Blackheath Proprietary School |
4021768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20Chaos | Telluric Chaos | Telluric Chaos is a live album by the reunited Iggy Pop & The Stooges. It chronicles the closing date of the band's first ever Japanese tour, which took place on March 22, 2004, at the Shibuya AX in Tokyo. The album documents a typical reunited Stooges set, primarily drawn from the band's first two albums (including all of Fun House) with no material from the James Williamson era (Raw Power, Kill City). This live set also includes some of the first live performances of three of the four Stooges reunion tracks from Iggy Pop's 2003 solo album Skull Ring plus one brand new song, "My Idea of Fun" (a finalized version appears on their 2007 studio album The Weirdness).
Track listing
All songs written by Iggy Pop, Ron Asheton, Dave Alexander and Scott Asheton except as noted.
"Loose" – 3:56
"Down on the Street" – 4:23
"1969" – 3:40
"I Wanna Be Your Dog" – 5:37
"TV Eye" – 5:11
"Dirt" – 3:52
"Real Cool Time" – 3:08
"No Fun" – 4:12
"1970" (Pop, R. Asheton, Alexander, S. Asheton, Steve Mackay) – 6:14
"Fun House / L.A. Blues" (Pop, R. Asheton, Alexander, S. Asheton, Mackay) – 7:19
"Skull Ring" (Pop, R. Asheton, S. Asheton) – 5:07
"Dead Rock Star" (Pop, R. Asheton, S. Asheton) – 4:18
"Little Electric Chair" (Pop, R. Asheton, S. Asheton) – 5:16
"Little Doll" – 5:07
"My Idea of Fun" (Pop, R. Asheton, S. Asheton) – 5:04
"I Wanna Be Your Dog" (version two) – 3:50
"Not Right" – 3:07
Personnel
The Stooges (remaining 1969/1970 line-up):
Iggy Pop - vocals
Ron Asheton - electric guitar
Scott Asheton - drums
with
Mike Watt - bass guitar
Steve Mackay - saxophone
References
The Stooges albums
2005 live albums |
4021769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Vandal | Albert Vandal | Albert Count Vandal (7 July 1853, Paris – 30 August 1910, Paris) was a French historian, born in Paris. He wrote:
En karriole à travers la Suède et la Norvège (1876)
Louis XV et Elizabeth de Russie (1882)
Ambassade française en Orient sous Louis XV (1887)
Napoléon et Alexandre Ier (three volumes, 1894-97), awarded the Vaubert prize
Les voyages du Marquis de Nointel (1900)
L'avènement de Bonaparte'' (1902)
Vandal was elected to the Académie française in 1897, and he succeeded his teacher and friend, Albert Sorel as professor at the school of political science.
External links
Short biography
1853 births
1910 deaths
Writers from Paris
19th-century French historians
19th-century French writers
French educators
Members of the Académie Française
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
French male non-fiction writers |
4021779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty%20Harry%20%28film%20series%29 | Dirty Harry (film series) | Dirty Harry is an American action film series featuring San Francisco Police Department Homicide Division Inspector "Dirty" Harry Callahan. There are five films: Dirty Harry (1971), Magnum Force (1973), The Enforcer (1976), Sudden Impact (1983) and The Dead Pool (1988). Clint Eastwood portrayed Callahan in all five films and directed Sudden Impact.
Callahan is notorious for his unorthodox, violent and ruthless methods against the criminals and killers he is assigned to apprehend. At the same time, he is assigned a partner who is usually either killed or seriously injured during the film.
Films
Dirty Harry (1971)
Dirty Harry (1971) was directed by Don Siegel and starred Clint Eastwood as Harry Callahan. Harry tracks serial killer Scorpio (loosely based on the Zodiac killer). Eastwood's iconic portrayal of the blunt-speaking, unorthodox detective set the style for a number of his subsequent roles, and its box-office success led to the production of four sequels. The "alienated cop" motif was subsequently imitated by a number of other films. At the beginning of the film, Callahan corners a bank robber and says, "You've got to ask yourself a question: 'Do I feel lucky?'. Well, do ya, punk?". The line became famous, although often misquoted as "Do you feel lucky, punk?"; the second movie, Magnum Force, opens with Harry asking, "Do you feel lucky?"
It was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 1971 after Fiddler on the Roof, The French Connection, and Diamonds Are Forever.
Magnum Force (1973)
Magnum Force (1973) was directed by Ted Post. The main theme of this film is vigilante justice, and the plot revolves around a group of renegade traffic cops who are executing criminals who have avoided conviction in court. Despite Harry's penchant for strong-arm methods, he does not tolerate coldblooded murder of the accused and resolves to stop the killers. In this film, Harry's catch-phrase is "A man's got to know his limitations".
The Enforcer (1976)
The Enforcer (1976) was directed by James Fargo. In this film, Harry is teamed with a female partner with no field experience (in 1976, American women had only recently been allowed to fill patrol and investigative assignments in most police bureaus), Inspector Kate Moore (Tyne Daly), as they take on a terrorist ring calling themselves the People's Revolutionary Strike Force. Harry opposes introducing inexperienced officers to the dangers of police work, whether male or female, and sees the homicide division as too dangerous for his new partner, who worked until recently in the personnel department. Though Moore starts out overenthusiastic, she soon proves herself valuable to Harry, and matures quickly, earning Harry's respect in the process.
Sudden Impact (1983)
Sudden Impact (1983) was directed by Clint Eastwood. Aging, but still bitter, Callahan is sent to a small town to follow up a lead in a murder case, which leads him directly to a rape victim who is out to avenge herself and her catatonic sister by killing the people who sexually assaulted them. The film is notable for Callahan's catchphrase, "Go ahead, make my day".
The Dead Pool (1988)
The Dead Pool (1988) was directed by Buddy Van Horn. Harry finds that he is among the subjects of a dead pool, a game betting on deaths of celebrities. Someone tries to rig the game by killing the celebrities on one player's list. Harry's catch phrase in this movie was "You're shit out of luck".
After this film, Eastwood retired from playing the Dirty Harry character, as he felt his age (58 in 1988) would make Harry a parody.
Cast and crew
Cast
Reception
Critical and public response
Influence on other productions
Sin City: That Yellow Bastard
Frank Miller, creator of the Sin City graphic novels, revealed in an interview that he created the Sin City story-arc That Yellow Bastard out of his dislike of The Dead Pool. Miller said: "When I went to see the last Dirty Harry movie, The Dead Pool, I was disgusted. I went out and said, this is not a Dirty Harry movie, this is nothing, this is a pale sequel." and I also said, "that's not the last Dirty Harry story, I will show you the last Dirty Harry story." Another character in That Yellow Bastard story is Nancy Callahan, who is a pastiche or caricature of Harry Callahan.
Bruce Willis played Hartigan, the "Dirty Harry of the story", in the Sin City (2005) film.
The Protector
This 1985 film featuring Jackie Chan was Chan's second American feature film. The movie was noted for being similar to the Dirty Harry series, with inspiration taken there from by director James Glickenhaus.
The Rookie
Directed by and co-starring Clint Eastwood; the film features an aging, tough cop who partners with a rookie cop, played by Charlie Sheen. Upon the film's release critics and audiences noted the similarities between Eastwood's two characters.
Gran Torino
Eastwood returned to acting after a four-year self-imposed hiatus in this 2008 film, which he also directed, produced, and partly scored with his son Kyle and Jamie Cullum. Eastwood plays Walt Kowalski, a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world. Walt's young neighbor, Thao Vang Lor, is pressured into stealing Walt's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino by his cousin for his initiation into a gang. Walt thwarts the theft and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family.
Biographer Marc Eliot called Eastwood's role "an amalgam of the Man with No Name, Dirty Harry, and William Munny, here, aged and cynical, but willing and able to fight on whenever the need arose". Manohla Dargis compared Eastwood's presence on film to Dirty Harry and the Man with No Name, stating, "Dirty Harry is back, in a way, in Gran Torino, not as a character but as a ghostly presence. He hovers in the film, in its themes and high-caliber imagery, and of course, most obviously in Mr. Eastwood's face. It is a monumental face now, so puckered and pleated that it no longer looks merely weathered, as it has for decades, but seems closer to petrified wood."
Tania Modleski, author of Clint Eastwood and Male Weepies, said, "[f]or many reviewers, Gran Torino represents the final step in Eastwood's repudiation of the Dirty Harry persona. If Unforgiven ends up being equivocal in its attitude toward violence and vigilantism, Gran Torino appears to accept the impotence of the lone, avenging hero" and that the impotence "is perhaps underlined by Walt's repeated gesture of pointing his finger at villains as if it were a gun." Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle said that though Walt, an "old fart", does not have the same name as Dirty Harry, "there's no mistaking the rasp in his voice or the uncompromising crankiness of his Weltanschauung." Tom Charity of CNN said of Walt, "Like other Eastwood heroes before him, Walt sacrifices his independence by accepting that others depend on him." John Serba of The Grand Rapids Press said that Walt, who is "bitter, hopelessly cranky," "shares a sense of moral certainty" with Callahan, but that Walt "is infused with the wisdom and weariness" that Callahan does not have.
Home media
Warner Home Video owns rights to the Dirty Harry series. The five films have been remastered for DVD three times — in 1998, 2001 and 2008. They have been packaged in several DVD box sets. The Dirty Harry films made their high-definition debuts with the 2008 Blu-ray discs. Warner's marketing plan calls for only "The Dead Pool" film to be available as a separate Blu-ray, requiring fans who want the other four movies in high definition to buy the box set. In 2010 all five movies were released as a Blu-ray box set, "Clint Eastwood Dirty Harry Collection".
Other media
Novels
In the early 1980s, Warner Books published twelve books, authored under the pseudonym Dane Hartman, that further the adventures of Dirty Harry. The novels were later translated into French in the 1990s, as the Collection Supercops.
Video games
In 1995 Williams Electronic Games (WMS) created a Dirty Harry pinball machine, inspired by the 1971 film. 4,248 units were manufactured. Notable features include a gun handle shooter, a moving cannon used to shoot playfield targets and custom audio callouts recorded by Clint Eastwood. Game modes, sounds and dot matrix animations reflect events in the film, such as a car chase, barroom brawl, defusing bombs and "Feel Lucky" mode.
Dirty Harry: The War Against Drugs is a 1990 video game based on Dirty Harry film series. It incorporates several references to the film series.
Dirty Harry, originally scheduled for a 2007 release, is a canceled video game by The Collective based on the 1971 film of the same name.
References
External links
Dirty Harry filming locations
San Francisco in Cinema: Dirty Harry
The Best Dirty Harry Movies from American Movie Classics
Film series introduced in 1971
Action film series
American police detective films
Warner Bros. Pictures franchises
American vigilante films |
4021780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle%20with%20Care%20%28Nuclear%20Assault%20album%29 | Handle with Care (Nuclear Assault album) | Handle with Care is the third studio album by American thrash metal band Nuclear Assault released in 1989. This is the band's most successful and best-selling album to date, peaking at number 126 on the Billboard 200, making it their highest position so far. "Critical Mass" was released as a single to promote the album.
Reception
Reviews for Handle with Care have been mostly positive. AllMusic's Eduardo Rivadavia awards the album four-and-a-half stars out of five and describes it as "a record which stands the test of time as one of the East Coast's best offerings to the thrash metal genre." Rivadavia also praises Handle with Care a "perfect introduction, and pretty much all one will ever need from Nuclear Assault", while he describes "Critical Mass," "F♮ (Wake Up)," and "When Freedom Dies" as "outstanding thrashers."
Handle with Care entered the Billboard 200 album charts in February 1990, three months after its release. The album peaked at number 126 and remained on the chart for 24 weeks.
Handle with Care was ranked at number seven on Loudwire'''s top ten list of "Thrash Albums NOT Released by the Big 4".
Anecdotes
The sentence "The svastika is calling you", which is heard at the very end of the song "Torture Tactics", is taken from the movie The Blues Brothers. This sentence is yelled on the megaphone by the head of the Illinois Nazi Party (played by Henry Gibson) during the scene of the bridge. "Torture Tactics" being a very caricatured political song towards Nazis, this sentence is suited, since The Blues Brothers is a caricatured movie too.
Track listing
Tracks 13-18 taken from the Live at the Hammersmith Odeon'' album
Personnel
Nuclear Assault
John Connelly – guitar, vocals
Anthony Bramante – lead guitar
Dan Lilker – bass
Glenn Evans – drums
Additional musicians
Barry Stern, Mo Alonso, Ron Holzner – backing vocals
Production
Randy Burns – producer
Casey McMakin – engineer
Larry Malchose, Steve Heinke – assistant engineers
References
1989 albums
Nuclear Assault albums |
4021782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Gantner%20%28DE-60%29 | USS Gantner (DE-60) | USS Gantner (DE-60/APD-42), a of the United States Navy, was named in honor of Boatswain's Mate Samuel Merritt Gantner (1919-1941), who was killed in action during the Japanese attack on the Hawaiian Islands.
Gantner was launched on 17 April 1943 by the Bethlehem Steel Company, Quincy, Massachusetts, sponsored by Mrs. Samuel M. Gantner, widow of Boatswain's Mate Gantner; commissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 23 July 1943, with Lieutenant Commander Barklie M. Henry in command.
Service history
World War II, 1943–1945
After shakedown out of Bermuda, Gantner escorted SS George Washington from Puerto Rico to New York, arriving there on 1 December 1943. She departed New York on 26 December 1943 as a part of the escort for a convoy which reached Derry, Northern Ireland on 8 January 1944. She returned to New York on 24 January and by 8 October had made seven more trans-Atlantic escort voyages from that port to Derry.
Following repairs in the Boston Naval Shipyard and battle practice in Casco Bay, Gantner departed Boston on 3 November 1944 escorting fleet tug and towing concrete repair dock ARDC-1 to Cristóbal, Canal Zone. She then proceeded to Miami, Florida, to serve as floating school ship in waters extending to the Bahamas and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. She departed Miami on 19 February 1945 for conversion to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport in the New York Naval Shipyard. She was reclassified APD-42 on 23 February 1945.
Gantner departed New York on 14 May 1945 for amphibious warfare landing exercises in the Chesapeake Bay area until 2 June, then proceeded via the Panama Canal and San Diego to Pearl Harbor where she reported for duty with the 5th Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, on 28 June. After training Underwater Demolition Teams in Maalea Bay until 3 August, she embarked UDT-3 at San Diego and sailed for the Far East via Hawaii and the Marshall Islands to Japan, entering Tokyo Bay on 4 September. Her frogmen reconnoitered beaches and reported on suitability of landing Army occupation forces at Shiogama Wan and Ominato Ko, Honshū, Japan. From 30 September to 7 October 1945, her swimmers made surveys for the Port Director, Otaru, Hokkaidō with the help of United States Army advance parties ashore.
Gantner departed Tokyo Bay on 12 October 1945 to embark a returning Marine contingent at Apra Harbor, Guam, and sailed thence via the Marshalls and Hawaii to San Diego where she disembarked military passengers on 1 November 1945.
1946–1949
For the next three years she was based at San Diego, largely employed as an amphibious warfare training ship for Marines. From 26 January to 6 March 1946 she made a cruise from San Diego with the 1st Marine Division Reconnaissance Detachment for cold weather maneuvers that took her to Kodiak, Juneau, Tolstoi Bay and Clarence Strait, Alaska. Her amphibious schedule on the California coast was again interrupted on 28 October–18 November 1948 by a cruise northward to act as guard ship on weather and air-sea rescue patrol station for Navy patrol planes scouting north to Seattle, and thence back to San Francisco.
Gantner resumed her amphibious training out of San Diego until 19 January 1949 when she sailed for Shanghai, China. She reached her destination on 14 February and served on station at the Chinese ports of Shanghai, Nanking and Tsingtao. Departing the last named port on 7 April, she accompanied the escort carrier to Yokosuka, Japan, then sailed via Guam and Pearl Harbor for the west coast, arriving at San Diego on 4 May 1949.
Decommissioning and sale to the Republic of China
Gantner was decommissioned on 2 August 1949, and was assigned to the San Diego Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet. She was struck from the Navy List on 15 January 1966. On 22 February 1966, Gantner was sold to Nationalist China under the Military Assistance Program.
The ex-Gantner collided on 17 April 1966 with ex-Walter B. Cobb (former APD-106), while both were under tow to Taiwan, resulting in the loss of ex-Walter B. Cobb. Ex-Gantner was commissioned into the Republic of China Navy in May 1966 as frigate Wen Shan (PF-34). With a different hull number, 834, Wen Shan was scrapped in 1991.
References
External links
Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1943 ships
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports of the Republic of China Navy |
4021783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPTH | KPTH | KPTH (channel 44) is a television station in Sioux City, Iowa, United States, affiliated with Fox and CBS. It is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, which provides certain services to Dabl affiliate KMEG (channel 14) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Waitt Broadcasting. The two stations share studios along I-29 (postal address says Gold Circle) in Dakota Dunes, South Dakota; KPTH's transmitter is located in unincorporated Plymouth County, Iowa east of James and US 75 along the Woodbury County line.
History
The station signed on May 9, 1999 as the market's fifth television outlet. Airing an analog signal on UHF channel 44, KPTH, originally owned by Pappas Telecasting, immediately joined Fox. Prior to KPTH's launch, future sister station KMEG carried a secondary affiliation with the network; additional coverage was provided via the network's affiliates in Sioux Falls, Omaha, and Des Moines, all of which carried the network's programs in pattern. Initially at its sign-on, channel 44 only covered the Sioux City metro area before increasing to full-power in October 1999. This upgrade extended the station's coverage to include the 23 counties that make up the Sioux City designated market area. KPTH quickly became Siouxland's most-watched station and was a member of the "Fox #1 Club" in 2004 and 2005. The station also began to air the entire Fox lineup nightly.
In May 2005, Waitt Broadcasting (owner of KMEG) entered into a shared services agreement with Pappas Telecasting. Although KPTH was designated the senior partner in the arrangement, it moved into KMEG's facility. In November 2007, Waitt announced it would sell KMEG to Siouxland Television, LLC, with Pappas continuing to operate it as part of the deal. However, Pappas' Sioux City duopoly was among the company's thirteen stations which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. As a result, the sale of KMEG to Siouxland Television fell through. On January 16, 2009, it was announced several of the Pappas stations involved in the bankruptcy (including KPTH) would be sold to New World TV Group after the transaction received United States bankruptcy court approval. The change in ownership was completed on October 15, 2009, and on that day, New World TV Group took over the SSA with KMEG.
TTBG announced the sale of most of its stations, including KPTH, to the Sinclair Broadcast Group on June 3, 2013. The sale was finalized on September 30.
Programming
Syndicated programming
Syndicated programming on KPTH includes Maury, Divorce Court, Hot Bench, Family Feud, and The Big Bang Theory, while syndicated programming seen on KPTH-DT3 includes Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy! and Judge Judy.
News operation
On October 9, 2006, KMEG began producing a weeknight prime time newscast on KPTH. Known as Siouxland News at Nine on Fox 44, the broadcast can currently be seen for thirty minutes. Although KPTH is the senior partner in the SSA, KMEG produces the newscasts on both stations. On October 25, 2010, KMEG became the first station in the market to upgrade its news operation to 16:9 enhanced definition widescreen. Although not truly high definition, the broadcasts matched the ratio of HD television screens. The weeknight news at 9 on KPTH was included in the change. On April 15, 2013, KMEG and KPTH completed an upgrade to full high definition news broadcasts, two years after competitors KCAU-TV and KTIV.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
On January 20, 2021, KPTH announced that CBS programming would move to its third subchannel, effective February 4, ending 54 years of the CBS affiliation on KMEG. To accommodate the switch, Charge! moved to the second subchannel of KMEG, replacing TBD, which joined MyNetworkTV on KPTH's second subchannel. Dabl programming moved to the first subchannel of KMEG, making it the primary affiliate.
Analog-to-digital conversion
KPTH shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 44, at noon on February 17, 2009, to conclude the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 49, using PSIP to display KPTH's virtual channel as 44 on digital television receivers.
Translators
KPTH's signal is repeated over two translators.
References
External links
KPTH/KMEG (can be entered into web-enabled mobile device for wireless access)
Television channels and stations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Iowa
PTH
Fox network affiliates
MyNetworkTV affiliates
This TV affiliates
CBS network affiliates
Sinclair Broadcast Group |
4021796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takana | Takana | Takana is a forum of prominent personalities with the objective of fighting sexual abuse in the National Religious sector in Israel.
The forum came to the spotlight in February 2010 when it published a statement claiming that Rabbi Mordechai Elon was breaking his commitments to refrain from public activity, which followed complaints of sexual misconduct.
In 2008 the forum was involved in the Makor Rishon exposé of Megirot and its founder, Sylvia Dahari.
Criticism
The forum has been criticized for allowing the religious community to settle matters "in-house" rather than have alleged offenders subject to open public investigation.
References
Jewish organizations
Sexual abuse victims advocacy
2003 establishments in Israel |
4021817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Wilson%20%28American%20actress%29 | Marie Wilson (American actress) | Marie Wilson (born Katherine Elizabeth Wilson; August 19, 1916 – November 23, 1972) was an American radio, film, and television actress. She may be best remembered as the title character in My Friend Irma.
Early life
Wilson was born in Anaheim, California, on August 19, 1916. Her nickname at Anaheim High School was "Maybelle". Wilson graduated from high school in 1933.
Career
Radio
Although Wilson was afraid of the microphone used in radio, she played scatterbrained Irma Peterson in the radio comedy My Friend Irma from April 11, 1947, to August 23, 1954.
Film
Wilson began her career in Hollywood in the 1934 film Down to Their Last Yacht as a ship passenger, and then appeared in Babes in Toyland as Mary Quite Contrary. Wilson appeared in Ladies Crave Excitement (1935), The Girl Friend (1935), Stars Over Broadway (1935), Miss Pacific Fleet (1935), The Big Noise (1936), Melody for Two (1937), Boy Meets Girl (1938), Sweepstakes Winner (1939), Virginia (1941), She's in the Army (1942), You Can't Ration Love (1944), Young Widow (1946), and Never Wave at a WAC (1952).
In 1936, she played Miss Murgatroyd in Satan Met a Lady, a loose adaptation of the 1929 novel The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett. She was in The Great Garrick as Nicolle in 1937. Wilson was in Fools for Scandal as Myrtle in 1938. She was in Waterfront in 1939 as Ruby Waters.
In 1949, she played Irma Peterson in the film My Friend Irma, reprising her role from the radio series. In 1950, she again played Irma in My Friend Irma Goes West. In 1952, she played Jane Sweet in A Girl in Every Port, based on the short story They Sell Sailors Elephants by Frederick Hazlitt Brennan. In 1957, she played Marie Antoinette in The Story of Mankind, loosely based on the nonfiction book The Story of Mankind (1921) by Hendrik Willem van Loon. Wilson's last film was 1962's Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation, based on the novel by Edward Streeter.
Wilson also had roles in short films, including Bum Voyage (1934), Slide, Nellie, Slide (1936), Vitaphone Pictorial Revue (Series 2 No. 6) (1938), and Vitaphone Pictorial Revue (Series 2 No. 12).
Television
Wilson first appeared on television in the series My Friend Irma from 1952 to 1954. She was in two episodes of Burke's Law. Wilson was in the short-lived television series Where's Huddles?. Her last role was in 1972 as Margaret Cooperman in Love, American Style. Wilson was a guest on The Ed Sullivan Show on four occasions.
Stage
In June and July 1950, Wilson portrayed Lady Teazle in a production of School for Scandal at the Circle Theater in Hollywood. She appeared with her husband, Allan Nixon, who played Charles Surface.
Walk of Fame
Wilson's talents have been recognized with three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: for radio at 6301 Hollywood Boulevard, for television at 6765 Hollywood Boulevard, and for movies at 6601 Hollywood Boulevard.
Sculpture
Wilson's left leg was the model for a 35-ft (sometimes referred to as 34-ft), two-ton sculpture outside the Theme Hosiery (later Sanderson Hoisery) plant on Olympic and Barrington in West Los Angeles. The DuPont Co. commissioned the plaster leg, which was painted as if to be wearing nylons, to promote its new nylons product. Wilson was hoisted thigh-level at the sculpture's unveiling August 6, 1949.
Personal life
Wilson was married to actor Allan Nixon from 1942 to 1950. Her 1951 marriage to actor Robert Fallon lasted until her death from cancer at age 56. Wilson was interred in the Columbarium of Remembrance at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills.
Filmography
Film
Film shorts/documentaries
Television
References
Notes
Original publisher Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1929.
Citations
Sources
External links
Photographs and literature
"Everybody’s Friend: Remembering Stan Lee and Dan DeCarlo’s 'My Friend Irma,'" Hogan's Alley #16, 2009
1916 births
1972 deaths
Actresses from Anaheim, California
American film actresses
American radio personalities
American radio actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Deaths from cancer in California
Actresses from California
20th-century American actresses |
4021831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni%20appam | Unni appam | Unni appam, (Malayalam:ഉണ്ണിയപ്പം) is a small round snack made from rice, jaggery, banana, roasted coconut pieces, roasted sesame seeds, ghee and cardamom powder fried in oil. Variations of this organic and spongy fried batter using jackfruit preserves instead of banana is common from the late 2000s. It is a popular snack in Kerala. In Malayalam, unni means small and appam means rice cake.
See also
Neyyappam
Poffertjes Similar Dutch pancake made out of Buckwheat
Paddu also known as Kuzhipaniyaram.
Takoyaki a Japanese dish similar to it
Serabi an Indonesian pancake, Thai version is known as khanom khrok
References
External links
Melt in the golden hues of Unniyappam, an article in Manorama online
Mathrubhumi article about Karolappam or Unniyappam
Kerala cuisine
Indian desserts
Snack foods
Foods containing coconut |
4021838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden%20Impact%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sudden Impact (disambiguation) | Sudden Impact is a 1983 Dirty Harry film starring Clint Eastwood.
Sudden Impact may also refer to:
Sudden Impact (truck), a monster truck
Sudden Impact (TV series), a 2008 Australian documentary series
Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company, an American theatrical attractions company
UFC: Sudden Impact, a 2004 mixed martial arts video game |
4021852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuar%20language | Shuar language | Shuar, which literally means "people", also known by such (now derogatory) terms as Chiwaro, Jibaro, Jivaro, or Xivaro, is an indigenous language spoken by the Shuar people of Morona Santiago Province and Pastaza Province in the Ecuadorian Amazon basin.
History
Twelve Indigenous languages of Ecuador are spoken today, one of which is Shuar. For the past four decades, the Shuar language has been noted for its link with several political groups.
The name “Shuar” shared among the people and their language was first revealed to the Spaniards in the 17th century. The Shuar language, as it stands today, is considered part of the Jivaroan language tree, and embodies one of the most well-known tribal groups in the Amazonian jungle region.
Radio schools
The geographical remoteness within the Ecuadorian rainforest isolates the Shuar and has widely scattered the people from one another. As a result, in the late 1960s, radio schools were formed to promote communication and education in both Spanish and Shuar. This inadvertently transformed into a language revitalization initiative for the Shuar people. Radio schools were shut down in 2001 and replaced with formal bilingual in-class teaching.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels/Nasals
Literature
The Constitution of Ecuador has been translated in its entirety into the Shuar language. Its official name in Shuar is .
Sample text
The following text is an official translation of part of Article 2 of the Constitution of Ecuador which stipulates the language policy of the State.
Translation in English: "Article 2.- ... Spanish is Ecuador's official language; Spanish, Kichwa and Shuar are official languages for intercultural ties. The other ancestral languages are in official use by indigenous peoples in the areas where they live and in accordance with the terms set forth by law. The State shall respect and encourage their preservation and use."
References
Turner, Glen D. (1958): "Alternative phonemicizing in Jivaro", in International Journal of American Linguistics 24, 2, pp. 87–94.
External links
Shuar Language Guide
The Bible in Shuar
Chicham languages
Languages of Ecuador |
4021854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%20Wicked%20%28album%29 | Something Wicked (album) | Something Wicked is the fifth studio album by American thrash metal band Nuclear Assault, released on February 23, 1993 by I.R.S. Records.
This is the first and only album not to feature founding members Dan Lilker and Anthony Bramante, as they departed in 1992 before the recording process began. Their replacements, Scott Metaxas and Dave DiPietro, were both part of the final Prophet line-up that recorded the Recycled album; DiPietro had also previously played in T.T. Quick with drummer Glenn Evans. Something Wicked would also be Nuclear Assault's final studio album for 12 years, until the release of Third World Genocide in 2005.
The record is considered a slight departure from the band's early hardcore punk/thrash metal roots, by incorporating a slower groove metal sound. The title track was released as a music video. The song is featured in the end credits of the 1993 film Warlock: The Armageddon and in the 2017 film It.
Track listing
All songs written and composed by Nuclear Assault
"Something Wicked" – 4:42
"Another Violent End" – 5:10
"Behind Glass Walls" – 4:09
"Chaos" – 3:57
"The Forge" – 5:14
"No Time" – 5:19
"To Serve Man" – 2:27
"Madness Descends" – 4:31
"Poetic Justice" – 2:48
"Art" – 0:09
"The Other End" – 0:39
Credits
Nuclear Assault
John Connelly – vocals, guitar
Dave DiPietro – guitar, backing vocals
Scott Metaxas – bass, backing vocals
Glenn Evans – drums
Guest musicians
Steve Hunter – special performance on "Behind Glass Walls"
Karl Cochran – 12-string guitar on "No Time"
Ray Gillen, Allan Anderson, Michael Sterlacci – gang vocals
Production
Scott Gordon – engineer
George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
References
Nuclear Assault albums
1993 albums
I.R.S. Records albums |
4021867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willards | Willards | Willards may refer to:
In organizations
Members of the Lincoln-Lee Legion, an early 20th-century temperance group
In places
Willards, Maryland, a town in the United States
Willards, a former Los Angeles chicken restaurant that Cecil B. DeMille and partners bought in 1940 and converted to the Los Feliz Brown Derby
See also
Willard (disambiguation) |
4021869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYKE-CD | WYKE-CD | WYKE-CD (channel 47) is a low-power, Class A television station licensed to both Inglis and Yankeetown, Florida, United States, two cities in Levy County—part of the Gainesville market—but serving Citrus County, part of the Tampa Bay market. It is a translator of Clearwater-based WCLF (channel 22), the flagship station of the Christian Television Network (CTN).
History
The station was founded in 1982 as W49AI (channel 49). It was owned by the Citrus County Association for Retarded Citizens, a non-profit organization that assists handicapped and disabled people in Citrus County. The station repeated the TV signal of Orlando's WOFL, with some shows replaced with local programming. However, it did not carry WOFL's late-night programming, as it left the air around midnight. W49AI became a Fox affiliate when WOFL did in 1986.
W49AI dropped Fox and WOFL around 1991, when Ocala's WOGX affiliated with the Fox network. At that point, it offered more local programming, plus shows from other satellite networks, like America One (later Youtoo America, now YTA TV) and My Family TV. WYKE has also aired religious programming from Faith TV and Orlando independent station WACX.
In May 1995, W49AI became WYKE-LP, named after the Key Training Center in Inverness, where Citrus County's handicapped learn basic occupational skills for employment.
On February 9, 2005, WYKE relocated to channel 47 and became a Class A station (though they kept the "-LP" suffix). Soon after, on March 21, the station completed a flash-cut to digital, becoming one of the first licensed digital Class A stations in the United States. However, the station would not adopt a "-CD" suffix until 2009.
On December 10, 2021, it was announced that CTN would purchase WYKE-CD for $1 million; the sale was completed on March 15, 2022.
News operation
WYKE aired a half hour morning show called Citrus Today, hosted by Dennis Miller. Originally called Citrus Sunrise, the show aired weekdays at 9:30 a.m. and featured local news and public affairs segments.
In the past, the station has aired simulcasts of Gainesville ABC affiliate WCJB's morning, evening, and late newscasts.
References
External links
The Key Training Center
Low-power television stations in the United States
YKE-CD
Television channels and stations established in 1982
1982 establishments in Florida
Christian Television Network affiliates
Citrus County, Florida |
4021872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Clotilde | Santa Clotilde | Santa Clotilde (Portuguese for Saint Clotilde) is a village in the eastern part of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 112 (2012 census). It lies 6 km west of Santana.
References
Populated places in Cantagalo District |
4021883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millie%20%28dog%29 | Millie (dog) | Mildred "Millie" Kerr Bush (January 12, 1985 – May 19, 1997) was the pet English Springer Spaniel of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. She was named for Mildred Caldwell Kerr, a long-time friend of the Bushes, which is also the name of Kerr's granddaughter, Millie Kerr.
Millie was referred to as "the most famous dog in White House history." Bush mentioned her in a speech during his 1992 bid for re-election, saying "My dog Millie knows more about foreign affairs than these two bozos" in reference to opposition candidates Bill Clinton and Al Gore.
Millie is credited as the author of Millie's Book, which was released in August 1990 and reached No. 1 on the New York Times bestseller nonfiction list that same year. In 1989, Millie gave birth to a litter of six puppies with the assistance of U.S. Army veterinarian Stephen Caldwell, including Spot Fetcher and Ranger, who became President George H. W. Bush's dog. Ranger was euthanized in April 1993 due to cancer. Spot would later become another presidential pet when George W. Bush moved into the White House.
Millie was portrayed in an episode of Murphy Brown as well as an episode of Wings and Who's The Boss. Millie also made a cameo appearance in The Simpsons episode "Two Bad Neighbors" in a scene where the former President Bush is jogging with some of his new neighbors.
Millie died of pneumonia in 1997 at age 12 at the Bush Compound in Kennebunkport, Maine.
A dog park in Houston, Texas is named after Millie.
See also
Sully (dog), a dog owned by Bush later in life
United States presidential pets
References
Individual dogs in politics
George H. W. Bush
1985 animal births
1997 animal deaths
Spaniels
Deaths from pneumonia in Maine
United States presidential dogs |
4021889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive%20Again%20%28Nuclear%20Assault%20album%29 | Alive Again (Nuclear Assault album) | Alive Again is a live album by Nuclear Assault released in 2003.
Track listing
"Rise from the Ashes"
"Brainwashed"
"F#"
"New Song"
"Critical Mass"
"Sin"
"Betrayal"
"Radiation Sickness"
"Game Over"
"Butt Fuck"
"Trail of Tears"
"Hang the Pope"
Musicians
John Connelly - guitar and lead vocals
Dan Lilker - bass and backing vocals
Anthony Bramante - guitar
Glenn Evans - drums
Eric Paone - lead and rhythm guitars on 'Radiation Sickness'
References
2003 live albums
Nuclear Assault albums
SPV/Steamhammer live albums |
4021896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich%20Klagges | Dietrich Klagges | Dietrich Klagges () (1 February 1891 – 12 November 1971) was a Nazi Party politician and from 1933 to 1945 the appointed premier (Ministerpräsident) of the now abolished Free State of Brunswick. He also went by the pseudonym Rudolf Berg.
Youth and early career
Klagges was the youngest of a forest ranger's seven children. He underwent training as a volksschule teacher at the teaching seminary at Soest. He enrolled for military service in the 15th Infantry Regiment, headquartered in Minden, but was injured and discharged with a partial disability. He then worked as a teacher in Harpen near Bochum. After the First World War broke out, he re-enlisted in the 13th Infantry Regiment on 15 January 1915. He saw action on the western front but was badly wounded with a gunshot wound to the right thigh on 1 April 1915. He saw no further action and, after release from the hospital, was discharged on 31 July 1916. He returned to teaching, this time in Wilster in Holstein.
In 1918 he joined the German National People's Party (DNVP) and stayed with the party until 1924. After leaving the DNVP, Klagge was for a short time a member of the extreme right-wing German Völkisch Freedom Party (Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei), which had been founded late in 1922. He soon left it, eventually joining the NSDAP on 13 June 1925 (membership number 7,646). From 1926 until 1930 he worked as a deputy headmaster at a middle school in Benneckenstein (now in Saxony-Anhalt), where from 1928 to 1930 he also served as the Ortsgruppenleiter of the Party's local branch. Because of his membership in the Party, he was dismissed from the Prussian school service and stripped of his pension. In the same year, he first rose to prominence in Braunschweig, where he busied himself as a Nazi propaganda speechmaker.
Writings
From 1921 on, Klagges was busy writing völkisch, antidemocratic, and anti-Semitic writings which appeared in right-wing newspapers and the like. He wrote for example for Die völkische Schule or Deutschlands Erneuerung and was himself the publisher of the magazine Nordlicht. His partly theological publications were moulded by radical religious racism.
Nazi political offices in Brunswick
In the Landtag election in the state of Brunswick on 14 September 1930, the Nazi party emerged as the third strongest party, and entered into a coalition government with other conservative parties, including the German National People's Party.
Regierungsrat
On 1 January 1931 Klagges was appointed Regierungsrat (Government Counselor), a lower ranked government official, in the Education Ministry by Anton Franzen, the Nazi Interior and Education Minister of the Brunswick Free State. After long political quarrels and intrigues, however, Franzen had to step down only a few months later, and this triggered an internal political crisis in the Free State, threatening a coalition breakdown.
State Minister of the Interior and Education
Owing to the imminent crisis, Adolf Hitler personally intervened in the matter and gave the German National People's Party an ultimatum that, in the end, led to Klagges being appointed as State Minister for the Interior and Education in the Brunswick State Government on 15 September 1931. Shortly thereafter, in 1932, Klagges also became a member of the Reichstag. He would remain a Reichstag deputy until the end of the Nazi regime, first from electoral constituency 15, East Hanover, and after November 1933 from electoral constituency 16, South Hanover-Brunswick. Already in 1931, two years before the Nazis seized power, Klagges imposed professional bans against Social Democrats and Jews in the civil service, which struck, among others, many teaching staff at the Braunschweig Technical College.
Naturalizing Adolf Hitler
The City of Braunschweig bears the stigma of being responsible for the former Austrian citizen – and since 1925, at his instigation, stateless person – Adolf Hitler's getting his first official job on 25 February 1932. He was made a Regierungsrat (low-rank government official) at the Braunschweig State Culture and Surveying Office, stationed as a staff member of the Braunschweig legation in Berlin. This had the effect of granting Hitler German citizenship. The city itself, however, played no role in his "naturalization"; rather, it was the Free State government, in whose name this deed was done by the State Minister for the Interior and Education, namely NSDAP member Dietrich Klagges.
Unlike in the City of Braunschweig, by 1930, the Nazis were already quite politically influential in the Brunswick Free State. For Hitler, an appointment to a government office in Braunschweig was the only opportunity to obtain German citizenship, since the Free State was the only state in the Weimar Republic with Nazis in government who could influence and control the Führer's naturalization.
For this reason, the Free State's government – or more precisely its State Minister, Klagges – was given the direct request by the NSDAP party leadership for Hitler's naturalization. Joseph Goebbels referred to the matter in his diary on 4 February 1932: "The intention is to appoint the Führer an associate professor."
Professor Hitler
Klagges first tried to procure for Hitler an associate professorship in the made-up discipline of "Politics and Organic Sociology" at the Braunschweig Technical College. This plan soon leaked out to the public and then failed miserably in the face of opposition from, among others, the technical college's own leadership and educators themselves. (The now-renamed University of Braunschweig did not want someone who had never finished school.) The plan had to be dropped.
Without meaning to, Klagges had given the Nazi Party the very thing that they had wanted to avoid at all costs: their intentions had now been made public and Hitler had become a target of ridicule. Moreover, Hitler's reputation had been damaged – and not only in Braunschweig – and Klagges would later get the "bill" for it.
Regierungsrat Hitler
There followed yet another attempt to get Hitler a government job, this time by Dr. Wessels, a German People's Party (DVP) Member of the Reichstag, who suggested that a post be procured for Hitler in the Brunswick Legation at the Reichsrat in Berlin. This second try met with success in the end: On 25 February 1932, Hitler was successfully sworn in, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, and thus of Germany. At the same time, he won the right to stand as a candidate in the 1932 Reich presidential election.
In the Braunschweigische Landeszeitung newspaper, Klagges declared a short time later:
"If our participation in the government in Braunschweig had had no further success than procuring citizenship for our Führer' ' Adolf Hitler, then this fact alone is enough to prove the necessity of our participation in the government."
Hitler's job at the legation did not last long. On 16 February 1933 the new Reichskanzler requested in a short telegram discharge from the Brunswick State Service, which was promptly granted "effective immediately".
Break between Hitler and Klagges
Hitler's naturalization was supposed to be dealt with quickly and above all, inconspicuously, without the public getting any knowledge of it. However, with Klagges's clumsy way of doing things, the whole business grew into a farce for the later "Führer", since the first attempt failed miserably, and publicly. Only on the second try was the coup successful.
Hitler never forgave Klagges this public exposure and personal humiliation and settled the score with him on 17 July 1935 on his last visit to Braunschweig, which resulted in Klagges's de facto disempowerment. Henceforth, Klagges was to submit all plans to Reichsstatthalter Wilhelm Loeper in Dessau as well as Reichsminister Hanns Kerrl for approval, thereby being degraded to provincial politician and thrust off the stage of higher NSDAP politics. It is also likely that Klagges had only Hermann Göring's backing to thank for not being dismissed by Hitler on the spot.
Ministerpräsident and SS officer
On 6 May 1933, Klagges was appointed Ministerpräsident of the Free State of Brunswick by Reichsstatthalter Wilhelm Loeper. Klagges's formulated goal was the creation of a National Socialist model state. Only a few days later, the first book burnings took place in Braunschweig at the Schlossplatz. On 2 October 1933, Klagges was named to Hans Frank's Academy for German Law at its inaugural meeting. Klagges joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) on 27 January 1934 with the rank of SS-Gruppenführer and was posted to the staff of the 49th Standarte. On 1 April 1936, he was assigned to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS, and was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer on 30 January 1942.
Nazi state model
Klagges's plans for a Nazi model state entailed the goal of further keeping Brunswick as independent as possible from Berlin's overlordship so that he could go on running his little "Reich" as he deemed fit, doing whatever he liked to do. For Brunswick was a small state, and part of Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick, composed largely of the Prussian Province of Hanover and controlled by powerful Gauleiter Bernhard Rust. Klagges would not hear of his state being integrated into Prussia – as this would have put an end to his independence – despite Hitler's assurances that Brunswick would still be a cultural centre, and not merely part of a new proposed "Reichsgau Hannover." To hold onto – and broaden – his own power, Klagges next tried to bring into being a new Gau – one that would be independent of Hanover. It would include not only Brunswick but also the two Regierungsbezirks of Lüneburg and Hildesheim and would be called "Gau Ostfalen." Its capital would be Braunschweig and the Gauleiter would be, of course, himself. Klagges found support for his idea among Braunschweig educators, from the middle class, the chamber of commerce, and even the Protestant Church. Despite his efforts, his plan came to nothing and the administrative status quo remained.
During his tenure, Klagges undertook several steps to strengthen Braunschweig's political and economic position in Germany: as of June 1933, a new suburb of Braunschweig, the "Dietrich Klagges Garden City" (Gartenstadt Dietrich Klagges) was built. Furthermore, he brought many important Nazi institutions to the city, such as the Academy for Youth Leadership (Akademie für Jugendführung), the German Research Centre for Aviation (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt), the Führer School for German Trades and Crafts (Führerschule des deutschen Handwerks), the Regional Führer School of the Hitler Youth (Gebietsführerschule der Hitler-Jugend), the Luftwaffe Command 2, the Reich Hunting Lodge (Reichsjägerhof, intended to impress passionate hunter Göring), the SS Ensigns' School (SS-Junkerschule), the SS Upper Division "Middle", and also the Bernhard Rust College for Teacher Training.
Klagges also further developed Braunschweig's infrastructure by connecting it to the newly built Autobahn and the Mittellandkanal. In the end, thanks to Klagges, Braunschweig also became a centre of the National Socialist armament industry, since important industrial hubs were growing right nearby, namely the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter (on whose board of directors Klagges was as of 1937), and the Volkswagen Works in Fallersleben (now part of Wolfsburg).
Persecuting political dissenters
What follows is a few examples of how and by what means Dietrich Klagges persecuted politically undesirable persons (or had them persecuted), sometimes to death (see also "Klagge trials" below).
The Rieseberg Murders
A short time after the Nazis' seizure of power, the first acts of terror were seen in both the City of Braunschweig and throughout the state of Brunswick, in which the so-called "Hilfspolizei" ("Auxiliary Police") were involved. This force was directly answerable to Klagges and consisted of SA, SS and Der Stahlhelm men. Their actions were aimed mainly at members of various labour organizations, the SPD, the KPD, and also against Jews. They were carried out with extraordinary brutality. Klagges was therefore responsible for at least 25 Nazi régime opponents' deaths.
The murder of eleven communists and labour organisers in Rieseberg (about 15 miles east of Braunschweig) by members of the SS on 4 July 1933 was the most important of these events. There was to have been a judicial inquiry into the circumstances of the arrestees' deaths, but Klagges assisted in blocking and suppressing it.
Ernst Böhme
Lawyer and SPD member (1892–1968) was from 1929 until 1933 the democratically elected Mayor of the City of Braunschweig.
After the Nazis had risen to power, however, he found himself the target of growing repressive measures and ever greater persecution by Klagges, who on 13 March 1933 ordered Böhme's ouster and had him taken to the disused AOK Building, which was being used by the Nazis as a "protective custody" prison, as they called it. Böhme had the dedication of former Brunswick Ministerpräsident Heinrich Jasper (who had likewise been persecuted by Klagges) to thank for the return of his freedom a short time later.
Shortly thereafter, however, Böhme was once again arrested and this time is taken to the SPD's own, but now disused, Volksfreundhaus where he was mishandled. He was forced to sign a document declaring that he had given up his mandate. After he was let go, Böhme left Braunschweig and came back only in 1945.
On 1 June 1945, Ernst Böhme was given back his mayoralty by the United States military administration. He stayed on as mayor until 17 December 1948.
Heinrich Jasper
Lawyer and SPD member Heinrich Jasper (1875–1945) was, among other things, a city councillor since 1903, an SPD factional chairman in Brunswick's Landtag, member of the Weimar National Assembly as well as Brunswick State Minister between 1919 and 1930 and several times the Brunswick Free State's premier.
Jasper was, at Klagges's instigation, taken into "protective custody" on pretences on 17 March 1933, and taken to the AOK Building, where he was severely beaten in an attempt to force him to resign his political mandate, which Jasper, however, would not do. He was next taken to the Volksfreundhaus where he faced further mishandling until his temporary release on 19 April.
On 26 June 1933, Jasper was once again arrested and taken to Dachau concentration camp, from which he was released in 1939 under circumstances that have yet to be explained. Jasper then returned to Braunschweig where he was placed under constant surveillance and had to report daily to the Gestapo.
The failed attempt on Hitler's life at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia on 20 July 1944 furnished another pretense on which to arrest Jasper yet again on 22 August 1944. After spending time in various concentration camps, he ended up at Bergen-Belsen where he is believed to have died on 19 February 1945 of typhus.
August Merges
August Merges (1870–1945) belonged to various leftwing parties, was one of the leaders of the November Revolution in Braunschweig and was President of the Socialist Republic of Brunswick. After 1933 he moved out of active party work and joined the resistance against the Nazi régime.
In April 1935, he was arrested together with other resistance fighters and severely beaten. He was sentenced for high treason but was released early, in 1937, for medical reasons. On Klagges's instructions, he was arrested once more and taken into "protective custody".
After Merges had once more been set free, he was nevertheless repeatedly picked up by the Gestapo and detained for a short time. He died as a result of mishandling suffered at the Gestapo's hands.
Forced labour and concentration camps
Beginning on 21 January 1941, Klagges started having Braunschweig's Jews deported to the concentration camps. In 1944, there were 91,000 forced labourers in the Watenstedt-Salzgitter, Braunschweig and Helmstedt area. This was far and away the highest density at labour camps anywhere in the Reich. Indeed, a great number of the people killed in the massive air raid on 15 October 1944 were forced labourers and camp inmates. When US troops occupied Braunschweig on 12 April 1945, there were still 61,000 prisoners in the camps.
Postwar trials
On 12 April 1945, Klagges was taken prisoner by the American troops thronging into Braunschweig, and in 1946, a military court in Bielefeld sentenced him to six years in labour prison (Zuchthaus) for his crimes.
The new General Prosecutor Fritz Bauer, who had come to Braunschweig in 1950, and who was later active in the 1960s, likewise as a prosecutor, in the Auschwitz Trials, contributed to a great extent to getting Klagges sentenced in a normal criminal trial on 4 April 1950 to a life term in labour prison for crimes committed by him as Brunswick State Minister and Premier, including, among others, the Rieseberg murders.
The Bundesgerichtshof (a federal court), however, overturned this sentence in 1952. In a second trial in which it could be proved that Klagges had taken part in murders, torture, false imprisonment, and so on, and that he had planned (by himself or with others) these deeds, his prison term was reduced to 15 years.
In his defence, Klagges put it to the court that he had known nothing about all that, as he had only worked from a desk and he was deceived by his underlings as to the true extent of the Nazi terror that was being perpetrated.
In 1955, Klagges's wife applied for her husband's early release from prison without further probationary conditions. This first application was rejected, as was another one made the next year. In 1957, however, Klagges was released after having served about 80% of his prison term, and moved with his wife to Bad Harzburg, where he busied himself mainly with editing right-wing writings and maintaining contacts with neo-Nazi groups in Lower Saxony until he died in 1971.
In 1970, the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (another federal court) decided that Klagges had to receive an amount accumulated from his pension as premier (Ministerpräsident), approximately DM 100,000.
Bibliography (selected) Der Glaube (1926)Kampf dem Marxismus (1930)Die Weltwirtschaftskrise (1930)Reichtum und soziale Gerechtigkeit: Grundfragen einer nationalsozialistischen Volkswirtschaftslehre (1933)Geschichtsunterricht als nationalpolitische Erziehung (1936)An alle Völker der Erde: Die Zukunft der Nationen (1972)
Quotations
"He wants to remain king of an enlarged Braunschweig" (entry in Goebbels's diary from 5 February 1941 about Klagges)
"The hundreds of thousands of foreigners, above all Jews, were impartially acknowledged as having equal rights … Behind everything stood the parasitic Jews' will … to rule the world." (from Klagges's book Geschichtsunterricht als nationalpolitische Erziehung)
See also
List SS-Obergruppenführer
Cited references
Literature
Richard Bein: Im deutschen Land marschieren wir. Freistaat Braunschweig 1930–1945. Braunschweig 1984
Braunschweiger Zeitung (publisher): "Wie braun war Braunschweig? Hitler und der Freistaat Braunschweig" Braunschweig 2003
Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (publishers): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon. 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Hanover 1996
Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (publishers): Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000,
Helmut Kramer (publisher): Braunschweig unterm Hakenkreuz. Braunschweig 1981
Karl-Joachim Krause: Braunschweig zwischen Krieg und Frieden. Die Ereignisse vor und nach der Kapitulation der Stadt am 12. April 1945. Braunschweig 1994
Michael D. Miller and Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945, Volume 1, (Herbert Albrecht – H. Wilhelm Hüttmann). R. James Bender Publishing, 2012
Hans Johann Reinowski: Terror in Braunschweig. Aus dem ersten Quartal der Hitlerherrschaft. Bericht herausgegeben von der Kommission zur Untersuchung der Lage der politischen Gefangenen. Zurich 1933
Ernst-August Roloff: Braunschweig und der Staat von Weimar. Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 1918–1933. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke, Band 31, Braunschweig 1964
Ernst-August Roloff: Bürgertum und Nationalsozialismus 1930–1933. Braunschweigs Weg ins Dritte Reich. Hanover 1961
Gunhild Ruben: Bitte mich als Untermieter bei Ihnen anzumelden – Hitler und Braunschweig 1932–1935.'' Norderstedt 2004
Max Williams: SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard, Volume 2. Fonthill Media LLC, 2015
External links
Biography of Klagges
1891 births
1971 deaths
German military personnel of World War I
German National People's Party politicians
German Völkisch Freedom Party politicians
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
Nazi propagandists
Nazis convicted of war crimes
People from the Province of Westphalia
People from Soest (district) |
4021911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paringa%2C%20South%20Australia | Paringa, South Australia | Paringa is a small town in the Riverland of South Australia. Paringa is famous for its vineyards, almond, citrus and stone fruit orchards, and the steel bridge with a span that can be raised to allow houseboats and paddlesteamers to pass underneath and across the Murray River to Renmark. At the 2006 census, Paringa had a population of 946.
Railway
The railway line from Tailem Bend was extended north to Paringa soon after it had reached the Brown's Well district, with the official opening on 3 October 1913. However it took another 14 years for the railway to cross the river, when the bridge and the railway to Renmark opened in January 1927. The railway eventually extended to Barmera by August 1928.
The historic Paringa Bridge was designed to carry a single railway line in the centre, with a road lane on each side of it. It has a total of six spans, including one lift span to allow river traffic to pass underneath. It was opened on 31 January 1927, enabling the railway to extend to Renmark. It is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.
The railway closed December 1990 but the bridge continues to carry the Sturt Highway as part of the main road link between Adelaide and Sydney.
The town today
Paringa today is a satellite town to the much larger Renmark, 4 km downstream. It boasts a pub, general store, museum and antiques shop. It is a service centre for the large agricultural enterprises on the Murtho and Lindsay Point roads. There is a beautiful picnic area on the riverfront adjacent to the Bridge.
Many new homes have been built in Paringa in recent years.
See also
List of crossings of the Murray River
References
Towns in South Australia
Populated places on the Murray River
Riverland |
4021930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20TPNS | IBM TPNS | Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) is an IBM licensed program, first released in 1976 as a test automation tool to simulate the end-user activity of network terminal(s) to a mainframe computer system, for functional testing, regression testing, system testing, capacity management, benchmarking and stress testing.
In 2002, IBM re-packaged TPNS and released
Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) as a successor product.
History
Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) Version 1 Release 1 (V1R1) was introduced as Program Product 5740-XT4 in February 1976, followed by four additional releases up to V1R5 (1981).
In August 1981, IBM announced TPNS Version 2 Release 1 (V2R1) as Program Product 5662-262, followed by three additional releases up to V2R4 (1987).
In January 1989, IBM announced TPNS Version 3 Release 1 (V3R1) as Program Product 5688-121, followed by four additional releases up to V3R5 (1996).
In December 1997, IBM announced a TPNS V3R5 Service Level 9711 Functional and Service Enhancements release.
In September 1998, IBM announced the TPNS Test Manager (for TPNS V3R5) as a usability enhancement to automate the test process further in order to improve productivity through a logical flow, and to streamline TPNS-based testing of IBM 3270 applications or CPI-C transaction programs.
In December 2001, IBM announced a TPNS V3R5 Service Level 0110 Functional and Service Enhancements release.
In August 2002, IBM announced Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) V1.1 as Program Number 5655-I39, a re-packaged successor product to TPNS, alongside the WSim Test Manager V1.1, a re-packaged successor to the TPNS Test Manager.
In November 2012, IBM announced a maintenance update of Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) V1.1, to simplify the installation of updates to the product.
In December 2015, IBM announced enhancements to Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) V1.1, providing new utilities for TCP/IP data capture and script generation.
Features
Simulation support
Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS)
TPNS supports the simulation of a wide range of networking protocols and devices: SNA/SDLC, start-stop, BSC, TWX, TTY, X.25 Packet Switching Network, Token Ring Local Area Networking, and TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients). TPNS can also simulate devices using the Airline Line Control (ALC) and the HDLC protocols. The full implementation of SNA in TPNS enables it to simulate all LU types (including LU6.2 and CPI-C), PU types (including PU2.1), and SSCP functions. Finally, TPNS also provides extensive user exit access to its internal processes to enable the simulation of user-defined (home-grown) line disciplines, communications protocols, devices (terminals and printers) and programs.
TPNS is therefore the appropriate test tool for installations that need to test:
either the entire system configuration path of hardware and software components, from the teleprocessing line interface (modem, for example) all the way to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back;
Note: In this configuration, TPNS transmits its generated data traffic from its MVS address space, first across a channel-adapter to its TPNS Control Program (TPNCP) running in a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller, and then across teleprocessing lines connected back-to-back between the TPNCP and the target IBM 37x5 channel-attached to the host system (server) under test and its subsystems, applications and databases/files.
or only application systems and their hardware and software components, from the networking access method API (either the VTAM API or the TCP/IP High Performance Native Sockets, or Macro, API) to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back;
Note: In this configuration, TPNS transmits its generated data traffic from its MVS address space to the target application directly across the networking access method's API and does not, therefore, require a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller to run its TPNCP, or any other networking hardware and software components except the networking access method (VTAM or IBM TCP/IP for MVS) that already runs in—or is already network-connected to—the host system (server) under test.
or both.
Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim)
WSim fully supports a subset of TPNS-simulated devices and programmed resources: CPI-C, TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients), and SNA LU simulation. WSim relies solely on software interfaces to communicate with the system under test.
WSim is therefore the appropriate test tool for installations that need to test application systems and their hardware and software components, from the networking access method API (either the VTAM API or the TCP/IP High Performance Native Sockets, or Macro, API) to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back; that is to say, without the need to install any networking hardware and software components except the networking access method (VTAM or IBM TCP/IP for MVS) that already runs in—or is already network-connected to—the host system (server) under test.
Other uses
In addition to its use as a test tool exchanging message traffic with a system under test, TPNS/Wsim has been deployed:
as a systems management tool — to monitor the availability of an online system, from the end-user's perspective;
as a software development tool — for prototyping software programs during the development process.
Scripting languages
TPNS language
TPNS initially provided its own 'TPNS language', a high-level, macro assembler-like language with programming statements and operands that a test programmer would use to define:
the configuration of the network device(s) to be simulated (NTWRK definitions, simply called the network), typically one or more terminal(s), such as IBM 3270 display screen(s);
one or more message text script(s) (MSGTXT definitions, simply called scripts), corresponding to the keystrokes and data transmission activity of the simulated user(s) at the simulated terminal(s). Separate scripts could be written to perform specific test scenarios, such as: 'login', 'data enquiry', 'data entry' and 'logout', for example;
the sequence in which scripts are to be executed by each (or all) simulated terminal(s):
in the NTWRK, one or more PATH statement(s) define(s) the order in which MSGTXTs are executed,
each NTWRK terminal has a PATH operand that names the PATH statement(s) assigned to the terminal.
Once defined, these test scripts are executed during the simulation run, when the TPNS program ITPENTER (the simulator) processes the submitted statements and creates data streams in the required formats and protocols, prior to sending them to the system under test as if they had originated from real user(s) operating real terminal(s). In turn, the target application(s) running in the system under test respond(s) to the simulated terminal(s) and, if the simulation is successful, these exchanges would continue until the programmed scripts reach the end of the simulation run—i.e., when the simulated users have all completed their scripted activity and logged off, for example—at which time ITPENTER is terminated by the test programmer.
During the simulation, ITPENTER keeps a log (on tape or disk) of all messages exchanged between the simulated device(s) and the real application(s) under test. After the simulation has completed, the test programmer can therefore run any of three TPNS-supplied log analysis utilities to list and review the data exchanges in detail (ITPLL), to calculate and print response times reports (ITPRESP), or to compare the 3270 screen images logged during two simulation runs of the same script(s) and report on differences between them (ITPCOMP).
When TPNS was re-packaged and renamed 'WSim' in 2002, the term 'TPNS language' was changed to 'WSim language' in the product publications; however, the existing nomenclature was maintained and all TPNS components re-packaged into WSim—such as the TPNS program names and message numbers (ITPxxxxx), for example—retained their existing identity.
Structured Translator Language (STL)
With TPNS V3R1 (1989), IBM added the Structured Translator Language—or 'STL', a TPNS high-level scripting language with a syntax based on REXX—to make it easier for test scripts to be written by programmers familiar with REXX or similar structured programming languages. STL therefore made it possible to write test scripts, not only for the usual activity of simulated terminal operators, but also for exchanges between TPNS-simulated programs and real application programs or, for example, to prototype elements of an ATM shared network. Scripts written in STL must be translated into the TPNS language before the simulation run and a translator utility (ITPSTL) is supplied for that purpose.
Another way of defining STL would be as a 'script generation language'; its programming clauses are identical to REXX, but they need to be translated (i.e. 'script-generated') into the TPNS language in order to be executable during the simulation run.
Script coding facilities
Both scripting languages provide a comprehensive set of coding facilities that enable the test programmer to:
specify the input data entered by the simulated user(s), along with related actions: counting down think time delays, pressing keys to send data, then waiting for responses from the application under test;
logic-test the content of incoming and/or outgoing messages and taking one of a wide range of optional actions according to the results of the evaluation;
set up test verification clauses that create log records for 'predicted good'/'predicted bad' conditions;
group message text data in user data tables, to make scripts more generic and data-independent;
invoke an extensive range of data field options, to create test data dynamically into messages;
collect real-time data into save areas, during the simulation run, to re-use as 'on the fly' test data;
generate random numbers;
maintain a wide range of counters and switches;
set up events to synchronise the activity of simulated users;
set up named queues to provide a queuing method for passing data between simulated resources;
perform sequential file I/O (QSAM) operations from a script to a user-defined, external dataset;
select script debugging facilities, including a message generation trace (MSGTRACE) which logs the step-by-step flow of all logic tests, actions (taken and ignored), and data exchanges occurring during the execution of scripts;
log message traffic during the simulation run, for post-processing analysis (including message generation tracing, data transmitted/received, printing screen images, test data verification, response time calculation, and screen image comparison across repeated simulations of the same scripts);
define and alter the rate at which message traffic is generated during the simulation run;
specify the protocols for session initiation and termination between simulated programmed resources and real programs, as well as for data exchanges between them;
and many more.
WSim supports the same scripting language facilities as TPNS, except that its network configuration (NTWRK) definitions require only those statements provided for CPI-C, TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients), and SNA LU simulation.
Syntax checking preprocessor
The simulator program ITPENTER can also be run as a preprocessor (when submitted with parameter PARM='PREP'), simply to check the syntax of networks and scripts before they are submitted for a simulation run. This enables test personnel to ensure that a subsequent simulation run will not fail because of coding errors in the scripts themselves.
Repeatability
One of the benefits of using test scripts is that they can be run repeatedly throughout the test cycle, as functional errors in the application under test and/or system-wide defects are gradually resolved over time, in order to improve the reliability, capacity or performance of any, or all, hardware or software components in the system under test. For functional and regression testing, test programmers would typically define a network of just one simulated terminal executing test scripts tailored to evaluate a comprehensive set of transactions (database enquiry or data entry) serially, and at slow or average rates of message traffic. For system testing, performance/capacity testing, stress testing and benchmarking, the same test programmers would define large networks of dozens or even thousands of simulated terminals, each running—for example—a range of these functional test scripts, now grouped together to exercise as many system components as possible at high rates of message traffic.
Script generation
TPNS provides a number of solutions to automate the creation of test scripts.
The script generation facilities described in the next three sections are also available in Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim).
The Interactive Data Capture (IDC) script generator (ITPIDC)
The Interactive Data Capture (IDC) script generator
is a 'pass-through & data intercept' VTAM application (ITPIDC) controlled by the test programmer from one real 3270 display screen in session with a target application for which a script is required. ITPIDC maintains two SNA sessions simultaneously: a primary LU session with the real 3270 terminal operated by the test programmer, and a secondary LU session with the target application.
During the data capture–or 'recording'–session, ITPIDC logs the data traffic exchanged between the test programmer's real 3270 device and the target application, and then uses that log to generate the equivalent script, in either of the two scripting languages (TPNS language or STL).
Since the IDC log dataset is in exactly the same format as the log dataset TPNS creates during a simulation run, it can be used as input to the TPNS post-processing utilities to print its contents, to calculate response times of the IDC session, or to compare the screen images of the data capture session with the TPNS log obtained by running the IDC-generated script.
The 3270 trace reformatter and script generator (ITPLU2RF & ITPLSGEN)
When capturing the activity of a production network consisting of one or many 3270 devices, the 3270 trace reformatter and script generator processes the trace dataset produced by the IBM Network Performance Monitor (NPM V1R4 or later) VTAM PIU log (FNMVLOG), or by the IBM VTAM (V4R1 or later) Full Buffer Trace. When the tracing activity is completed, a utility (ITPLU2RF) reformats the trace dataset into a log dataset in the format required as input to the IDC script generator (see previous section), which can also create scripts in batch mode (ITPLSGEN). This reformatted IDC log can also be analyzed by the three post-processing utilities (list the log's contents, calculate response times or compare screen images).
The script generator (ITPSGEN)
The script generator processes the trace dataset produced by the IBM Network Performance Monitor (NPM), or by the IBM VTAM Buffer Trace in conjunction with the IBM Generalized Trace Facility (GTF), when tracing a production network of one or many 3270 devices, as well as devices of various types and protocols, including LU0, LU1, LU2, LU4, LU 6.2 and CPI-C resources. For CPI-C script generation, it is also possible to use the LU 6.2 trace dataset created by the OS/2 Communications Manager (CM/2) or the IBM Communications Server. Different TPNS-supplied utilities reformat any of these various trace datasets into a single-format dataset used as input to the script generator (ITPSGEN), which produces scripts:
optionally in either language (TPNS language or STL) for all supported device types except CPI-C programmed resources;
only in STL for CPI-C programmed resources.
The TCP/IP script generator (ITPIPGEN)
The TCP/IP script generator is unique to WSim and was introduced in December 2015. It processes a TCP/IP trace dataset produced by the WSim-supplied TCP/IP Trace Utility (ITPIPTRX), which invokes the z/OS Communication Server real-time, application-controlled TCP/IP trace Network Management Interface (NMI) to capture TCP/IP data trace records. These trace records contain HTTP messages (packets and data) exchanged between a server and client. The TCP/IP script generator (ITPIPGEN) then processes this trace dataset and creates a script, in the STL language, which replicates the communication that occurred between the server and client. After translation from STL into the WSim language and when running the simulation (ITPENTER), the generated script sends the client messages—obtained from the trace—to the server port, and waits to receive a message from the server. A separate utility (ITPIPFMT) is also supplied to format and print the contents of the trace dataset created by the TCP/IP Trace Utility (ITPIPTRX).
The TPNS Test Manager
It is established practice that a script obtained from a script generator is subsequently edited by test programmers in order to make such scripts more generally reusable. This editing process consists in adding advanced script-programming clauses that script generators cannot supply, such as re-locating hard-coded data into user data tables that can then be expanded with more test data, for example. This editing can be done directly into the NTWRK and MSGTXT datasets, or through the services of the TPNS Test Manager (or its affiliated WSim Test Manager) which, like TPNS (and WSim), also runs under TSO/ISPF.The Test Manager is a knowledge-based, interactive usability tool designed to boost the productivity of test personnel, and to optimize the test cycle by enabling test projects to be organized methodically during the development and execution of test cases, and in the subsequent analysis of test results.
Run-time interfaces
Operator commands
Once the TPNS program ITPENTER (the simulator) has been submitted for execution and is up and running, test personnel can use a range of TPNS-specific operator commands to initialise, start, alter, and stop the execution of one or more TPNS networks and their associated scripts. It is also possible to query the activity of a simulated device and its current script, and to intervene in real time, by altering the rate of message traffic, for example.
Running as a MVS procedure
In its early releases, ITPENTER ran as a MVS procedure controlled from the MVS operator console. Its generated data traffic was transmitted from its MVS address space, first across a channel-adapter to its TPNS Control Program (TPNCP) running in a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller, and then across teleprocessing lines connected back-to-back between the TPNCP and the target IBM 37x5 channel-attached to the host system under test and its application subsystems (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.).
Running under TSO
With TPNS V1R5 (1979), ITPENTER was enhanced to run from a TSO command list (in the TSO user address space) and therefore to operate simulations from a remote display terminal in the VTAM network instead of the MVS system console.
Running as a VTAM application
With TPNS V2R3 (1985), ITPENTER was enhanced to run as a VTAM application, thus sending the data traffic generated by its simulated terminals or programmed resources (now defined as VTAM logical units) via the VTAM API to the application under test. This removed the requirement for a 37x5 and other dedicated teleprocessing hardware when using TPNS to test applications systems running under VTAM, such as CICS, IMS, DB2, ISPF, and other online transaction processing systems.
Display Monitor
With TPNS V2R4 (1987), ITPENTER was enhanced with the Display Monitor, so that the screen images of a simulated 3270 display could be externalized onto a real 3270 terminal, thus enabling test personnel to monitor the ongoing, live execution of a script during the simulation run, in real time. It also became possible to operate TPNS from the NetView console and, in turn, to automate TPNS simulation runs from NetView by means of TPNS-supplied NetView command lists.
Running under ISPF
With TPNS V3R3 (1992), all TPNS programs and utilities (ITPxxxxx) could be operated entirely from ISPF in a panel-driven fashion, instead of through the TSO command line or through discrete JCL job streams.
Running as a TCP/IP for MVS application
With TPNS V3R5 (1997), ITPENTER was enhanced to run as a TCP/IP for MVS application, thus sending the data traffic generated by its simulated terminals and/or programmed resources (clients) to the application(s) (servers) under test via the IBM TCP/IP V3R2 for MVS High Performance Native Sockets (HPNS) API, subsequently renamed 'the Macro API'.
TPNS Test Manager
In 1998, IBM introduced the Test Manager for TPNS V3R5 which added substantial automation features that streamline many repetitive tasks associated with planning, preparing, operating and analyzing a TPNS-based simulation run, while still enabling the test programmer optionally to retain full awareness, in real-time, of the events unfolding at every step and to intervene if necessary.
Post-processing utilities
During the simulation, ITPENTER keeps a log (on tape or disk) of all messages exchanged between the simulated device(s) and the real application(s) under test. After the simulation has completed, the test programmer can therefore run any of three TPNS-supplied log analysis utilities.
Log list (ITPLL)
The log list utility (ITPLL) is used to list and review the logged data in detail, including operator commands, data transmitted and received, screen images, message generation tracing, and test data verification.
Response time calculator (ITPRESP)
The response time calculator (ITPRESP) is used to calculate and print response times reports.
Log compare (ITPCOMP)
The log compare utility (ITPCOMP) is used to compare the 3270 screen images logged during two simulation runs of the same script(s) and report on differences between them.
Additional facilities
The Echo program (ITPECHO)
The Echo program (ITPECHO) is supplied with TPNS (and WSim) as a ready-made VTAM application that runs in the system under test as a target for messages sent by real or simulated 3270 display device(s). Using ITPECHO enables network connectivity and load testing to be carried out without the need to set up a copy of a production-level application and its databases, thereby saving test personnel the effort of writing scripts or allocating disk space for such an application and its datasets. As its name implies, ITPECHO will return exactly the message it has just received (when sent with the 'Enter' key), but it can also return the amount of data that was requested in the previous message (when sent with the 'PF5' key), from real or simulated display device(s). The latter feature is useful for creating test conditions where the 'send' and 'receive' messages need to be of different and variable lengths. To provide the amount of data requested, ITPECHO pads its message with as many occurrences of the alphabet as necessary, or a fraction of it if the amount of data requested in less than 26 characters.
The AVailability MONitor (AVMON) facility
Rather than applying TPNS as a test tool, AVMON (AVailability MONitor) is a TPNS implementation designed to monitor the availability and performance of real network subsystems running in production (NetView and TSO). The TPNS-supplied sample AVMON scripts monitor only NetView and TSO, but a user installation may add support for monitoring more subsystems (CICS, IMS, DB2, etc.) and any of their applications, by modifying or extending the AVMON scripts, perhaps through the use of the Interactive Data Capture script generator mentioned above to create the new script(s). During the TPNS simulation run, AVMON updates the TPNS log dataset, which can therefore be processed by the three TPNS log analysis utilities (log list, response times calculator and log compare).
AVMON monitors availability by simulating a single terminal user in session with a real subsystem, periodically sending a brief probing message, and sensing when the subsystem becomes unavailable. When the simulated user detects unavailability, it sends a message to the operator console alerting the operator to the problem. AVMON also tracks the time it takes for the monitored subsystem to return a response, and reports whenever a user-specified performance threshold is exceeded. By using the TPNS Response Time utility, the performance statistics of the entire monitoring run can be compiled into a single report, thus providing an installation with evidence of the end-to-end response times experienced by the subsystem's end-users. For automated operations, AVMON may also be modified to perform operator functions when it senses that a real resource has become inoperative and therefore requires an operator intervention, such as restarting the resource for example.
Publications library
Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) library
TPNS Samples SC30-3454
TPNS Operation SC30-3289
TPNS Messages and Codes SC30-3310
TPNS General Utilities SC30-3290
TPNS Script Generating Utilities SC30-3453
TPNS Planning and Installation SH20-2488
TPNS Language Reference SH20-2489
Defining TPNS Networks SC31-6008
Creating TPNS Message Generation Decks SC31-6009
Using TPNS Structured Translator Language (STL) and STL Translator SC31-6013
TPNS STL Reference Card SX75-0065
TPNS User Exits SC31-6071
TPNS Licensed Program Specifications GH20-5323
TPNS General Information GH20-2487
TPNS Primer SC31-6043
TPNS Master Index GC31-6059
TPNS Function and Service Enhancements V3R5 (1997) SC31-8654-00
TPNS Function and Service Enhancements V3R5 (2001) SC31-8654-02
Workload Simulator (WSim) library
Creating Workload Simulator Scripts SC31-8945
Workload Simulator Script Guide and Reference SC31-8946
Workload Simulator Utilities Guide SC31-8947
Workload Simulator User's Guide SC31-8948
Workload Simulator Test Manager User's Guide and Reference SC31-8949
Workload Simulator User Exits SC31-8950
Workload Simulator Messages and Codes SC31-8951
References
Bibliography
External links
Technical Update Series: Using TPNS Version 2 Release 4 to Test On-Line Systems (34567)
Workload Simulator for z/OS and OS/390 Library
Workload Simulator for z/OS and OS/390 Service Information
TPNS
Simulation software
Load testing tools
Software testing tools
Product testing
IBM mainframe software |
4021934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20B%C3%A1rbara%20d%27Oeste | Santa Bárbara d'Oeste | Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a municipality in the State of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. It lies about northwest of the State capital. It occupies an area of , of which is urban. In 2020, the population was estimated at 194,390 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, making it the 43rd most populous city in São Paulo and the sixth largest in the metropolitan region of Campinas.
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste has an annual average temperature of , and the original vegetation of the area predominates. The city has an urbanization rate of 98.73%. As of 2009, there were 44 medical institutions in the city, and its human development index (HDI) is rated as 0.819 in relation to the rest of the state.
Founded on 4 December 1818, when the Church was built, the city was named in honor of its patron saint, Santa Barbara, it was originally part of Piracicaba. It separated from Piracicaba in 1900. Since Margaret Grace Martins donated the land for the construction of the townsite, she is considered the founder, making the city the first and only Brazilian city founded by a woman. The city is also the birthplace of Brazil’s automobile industry, being where the first car was produced in Brazil. Today, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is subdivided into slightly more than 130 districts.
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste has an important cultural tradition, ranging from craft and theater, to music and sports. American immigration has brought various influences on both cultural and tourist events and attractions, including the Party of Immigration, and the Fair of Nations. In the midst of the city is a cemetery, best known as the Graveyard of the Americans. It is administered by the Fraternity of American Descendants, who regularly hold meetings and events aimed at preserving the traditions and customs of American immigrants.
History
Origins
Until around 1810, the area where the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste now stands was virgin forest. That year, a road was constructed, linking the parish of Santo Antônio de Piracicaba to Villa de San Carlos de Campinas. With these improvements, the area turned into a good agricultural region due to its plentiful water sources, leading to the region being broken into allotments and put up for sale.
Margaret Grace Martins, widow of sergeant major Francisco de Paula Martins, bought one of those allotments, measuring two leagues square, whose boundaries were the Piracicaba river to the north and by Quilombo Creek to the northeast. On the site, she founded a sugar plantation, putting her son, Captain Manoel Francisco Grace Martins, in charge of administering the property. In 1818, she initiated the formation of a settlement and the construction of a chapel, dedicated to Saint Barbara. Martins donated the lands the city would develop on, making the town the first and only Brazilian city founded by a woman. The chapel was dedicated on 4 December 1818, now considered to be the date of the town's founding.
As the area was settled, other farmers settled in and around the city. On 16 April 1839, the municipality rose to the position of Capela Curada de Santa Bárbara of Toledos (the name "Toledos" was added in reference to the stream that crossed the city, named Ribeirao of Toledos), and became the Fourth District of Vila Nova da Constituição (now the city of Piracicaba).
Years later, the district of Santa Barbara was created by Provincial Law Number 9, on 18 February 1842, in addition, the chapel was elevated from a capela curada, an official title given by the Catholic Church, to a freguesia. It was then transferred on 23 January 1844, to become part of the municipality of Campinas, followed by a further transfer, by Provincial Law Number 12 on 2 March 1846, back to the Municipality of Piracicaba. Finally, by Provincial Law No. 2, on 15 June 1869 the municipality of Santa Barbara was officially created, parting from Piracicaba. The Municipality has always been made up of a single district. The town was officially renamed Santa Bárbara d'Oeste on 30 November 1944.
20th and 21st centuries
The sugar industry boomed in the late 19th century due to the increase in the demand for sugar. At the time, large sugar mills were constructed in the city, such as the Plant de Cillo Santa Bárbara (now disabled). In the 1920s several industries emerged, including textiles and agricultural implements. Over the years, other industries moved into the area. Eventually, on 5 September 1956, the first Brazilian car, the Romi-Isetta, was released.
During the 1960s and 1970s, with the rapid development of the nearby settlement of Americana, many people came looking for jobs and housing. Due to the close proximity of the two municipalities, the area between them was settled, creating a conurbation. Initially there was some confusion, since the boundaries of the two towns were not officially set. The problem was solved with the creation of the Avenida da Amizade, which cut through the region, fixing the boundary between the two towns. The population expansion not only brought development, but also problems to the region, since it drained public accounts. This precipitated years of economic stagnation.
Since the 2000s, due to both public and private investment, the city is reaching an economic and social balance, becoming increasingly competitive in the metropolitan region of Campinas. Legal incentives for businesses that invest in the city were created, and the expansion of the Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, whose route passes through the municipality, has brought new opportunities for development.
Today, Santa Bárbara is one of the major economic forces in the metropolitan region of Campinas, with a good quality of life. The city has a strong industrial character, and is home to companies such as Romi, Usina Furlan, Goodyear, Canatiba, Mazak, and Denso. The city boasts good leisure facilities such as the Tivoli, which opened in November 1998, and is one of the main shopping malls and meeting points in the city with almost 700,000 visitors every month. It serves the population of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, Americana, Nova Odessa, Sumaré and Hortolândia, as well as the regions of Piracicaba and Limeira.
American immigration
After the end of the American Civil War, beginning in 1867, the region began to see immigration from the southern United States, these immigrants were known as the Confederados. Along with their customs and cultures, the Americans brought new agricultural methods and techniques, contributing greatly to the advancement of agriculture in the region. The Americans also brought new Christian denominations into Brazil; on 10 September 1871 the first Brazilian Baptist Church was established in Santa Bárbara.
The first Americans to arrive in the city were Colonel William Hutchinson Norris, a Civil War veteran and former Senator from the State of Alabama, and his son, who began to teach courses on cotton cultivation techniques to local farmers. Once they were established, they sent for the rest of their family, as well as other countrymen. American immigration was crucial to one of the main cultural events of the city: the annual meeting of the Fraternity of American Descendants. Many immigrants who came to Santa Bárbara d'Oeste achieved national prominence, such as Pérola Byington, a philanthropist and social activist born in the city.
Descendants of the immigrants
The first generation of Confederados remained an insular community, but by the third generation, most of the families had intermarried with native Brazilians or immigrants of other origins. As time went on, these descendants of the Confederados increasingly spoke the Portuguese language and identified themselves as Brazilians. As the area around Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana turned increasingly to the production of sugar cane and the society became more mobile, the Confederados tended to migrate to cities. Today, only a few families still live on the original land owned by their ancestors. While the descendants of the original Confederados are scattered throughout Brazil, they maintain the headquarters of their descendant organization in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste.
Today's Confederados maintain affection for the Confederate flag even though they consider themselves completely Brazilian. In Brazil, the Confederate flag does not have the historical association with slavery nor the corresponding stigma that exists in the United States. Many modern Confederados are of mixed-race and reflect the varied racial categories that make up Brazilian society in their physical appearance. Recently the Brazilian residents of Americana, now of primarily Italian descent, have removed the Confederate flag from the city's crest citing the fact that Confederados now make up only 10% of the city's population. In 1972, then Governor (and future President) Jimmy Carter of Georgia visited the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and visited the grave of his wife Rosalynn's great-uncle, who was one of the original Confederados.
Culture
The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery, known as the Cemetery of the Americans, in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where most of the original Confederados from the region are buried. Most of the Confederados were Protestant, and the only cemetery in town was the Catholic cemetery, where it was forbidden to bury non-Catholics. In 1867, with the death of Beatrice Oliver, wife of Colonel Oliver, he buried her (as he later buried his daughters) on a plot of land on his property. He earmarked an acre of his land so that American families could bury their dead. This became the Cemetery of the Americans. Today about 500 people are buried in the cemetery.
The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of American Descendants, an organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. In April, the organization holds an annual festival, called the Festa Confederada in order to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is based on the culture of the old American south of the antebellum period. During the event there are typical American foods such as chicken fingers, burgers and baked corn; bands play jazz, dixieland, and traditional American folk songs, Confederate flags are everywhere. American folk dances, specifically square dances, are the highlight of the event. Women dress the part, much like the character Scarlett O'Hara in the film Gone with the Wind, and men in Confederate uniforms, boots and hats.
The cemetery has a recreation area where the fraternity holds its quarterly meetings, as well as the Festa Confederada. The festival receives visitors from various parts of Brazil and the world; in 2006 the party attracted 1500 people, and has received such distinguished visitors as Georgia Governor (later US President) Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalyn, as well as representatives of the US Consulate and press agencies of the United States.
The Confederado community established a Museum of Immigration in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste preserving the history of Brazilian immigration and its benefits to the nation.
Sports
The main football club of the city is the União Barbarense, founded on 22 November 1914. They currently compete in the A1 series of the Campeonato Paulista. Their home stadium is "Stadium Antonio Lins Ribeiro Guimarães" with a capacity of 14,914.
The Esporte Clube Barbarense has a swimming team which has done well in competitions throughout the State of São Paulo in Brazil. The barbarense swimmer, César Cielo Filho, who started his career in this club, received international recognition when he won three gold medals and one silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro; he would go on to win the first gold medal by a Brazilian swimmer during the 2008 Summer Olympics. In September 2010 the Esporte Clube Barbarense hosted one of the most important competitions of Brazil's sports calendar: the Jose Finkel Trophy swim. This served as the Brazilian tryouts for the FINA World Swimming Championships of 2010, held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
In 2010, the municipal administration of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste began construction of the Polo César Cielo. Following international standards, the first Olympic-size swimming pool in the region will be 50 x 25 meters with a depth of 2.5 meters. R$3.3 million was invested in the project, with funds provided by the Ministry of Sports and city itself. The total area of the water polo facility will be 3.6 million square feet, including bleachers, locker and training rooms.
References
External links
Municipalities in São Paulo (state)
Populated places established in 1818
1818 establishments in South America
Confederate expatriates |
4021947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabler%2C%20Washington | Stabler, Washington | Stabler is a small unincorporated community in Skamania County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Washington.
Also known as "Hemlock", Stabler is a small unincorporated community in the southernmost region of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Stabler is primarily a bedroom community for commuters working in nearby Carson, Stevenson, and other towns in the Columbia River Gorge.
Stabler is also home to the Wind River Experimental Forest, and the Wind River Ranger Station, a base of operations for the USFS.
History
The 26' Hemlock Lake dam was built in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to provide water for hydroelectric power generation, and was modified in 1958 to provide irrigation water to the Wind River Tree Nursery. The hydropower was terminated in the 1950s, and the diversion that used to supply the nursery is not currently in use. The Wind River Tree Nursery was closed in 1997 and the dam is no longer used to divert water. It was the first in the Columbia basin to incorporate the use of a fish ladder. The dam was torn out in the summer of 2009 amid much debate with the idea that the removal of Hemlock Dam and restoration of lower Trout Creek would contribute to this whole watershed approach to habitat restoration, and is the culmination of many years of planning.
Geography
Stabler is located at Latitude: 45.80833 : Longitude: -121.90639 : Elevation: 947 ft
Recreation
As the "Gateway to Mount St. Helens", Stabler is a year-round recreation area. Activities include hunting, fishing, hiking with access to the Pacific Crest Trail, camping and snowmobiling.
A plethora of forest products can be obtained, with permit, such as edible mushrooms, huckleberries and beargrass.
External links
Unincorporated communities in Skamania County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Portland metropolitan area
Gifford Pinchot National Forest
de:Carson (Washington) |
4021955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20WB%20100%2B%20Station%20Group | The WB 100+ Station Group | The WB 100+ Station Group (originally called The WeB from its developmental stages until March 1999) was a national programming service of The WB—owned by the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner, the Tribune Company, and group founder and longtime WB network president Jamie Kellner—intended primarily for American television markets ranked #100 and above by Nielsen Media Research estimates. Operating from September 21, 1998 to September 18, 2006, The WB 100+ comprised an affiliate group that was initially made exclusively of individually branded cable television channels serving areas that lacked availability for a locally based WB broadcast affiliate and supplied a nationalized subfeed consisting of WB network and syndicated programs; in the network's waning years, the WB 100+ group began maintaining primary affiliations on full-power and low-power stations in certain markets serviced by the feed.
The WB 100+ Station Group was also essentially structured as a de facto national feed of The WB, and maintained a master schedule of syndicated and brokered programs for broadcast on all affiliates of the feed outside of time periods designated for The WB's prime time, daytime and Saturday morning programming. Programming and promotional services for The WB 100+ were housed at The WB's corporate headquarters in Burbank, California; engineering and master control operations were based at the California Video Center in Los Angeles.
History
Pre-launch
The history of The WB 100+ can be traced back to a charter affiliation agreement reached on December 3, 1993, between The WB and Tribune Broadcasting (whose corporate parent, the Tribune Company (later Tribune Media), held minority ownership in the network), which resulted in Tribune's Chicago television flagship WGN-TV carrying The WB's prime time programming (the Kids' WB block – which debuted in September 1995, eight months after The WB's launch – would air instead on independent station WCIU-TV before moving to WGN-TV in September 2004).
Through that deal, WGN's national superstation feed (later separately branded as WGN America and operating as a conventional basic cable channel) would act as a default WB affiliate for select markets where the network would have difficulty securing an affiliation with a broadcast television station at The WB's launch on January 11, 1995 (either due to the lack of available over-the-air stations or the absence of a secondary affiliation with an existing station within the market). This arrangement was conceived to give the network enough time to find affiliates in those "white areas" (a term referring to areas in which a national broadcaster does not have market clearance), allowing the WGN superstation feed to nationally distribute The WB's programming to a broader audience than would be possible without such an agreement in the interim. Some cable providers also carried either KTLA (for areas in the Pacific Time Zone) or WPIX (for areas in the Eastern Time Zone) depending on the location in addition to or in lieu of WGN's national feed.
Development and launch
Jamie Kellner – co-founder, and original president of The WB – conceived the concept of a cable-originated programming service that would serve smaller markets, originally titled The WeB, in June 1996; the network formally presented its concept for the service, which would function similarly to the reasoning behind the agreement with the WGN superstation feed, to cable providers on September 24 of that year. Kellner had previous experience in developing such a service; during his tenure as Fox's original network president from 1986 to 1993, Kellner developed a similar (but less localized) service, Foxnet, a cable channel owned by News Corporation (the corporate parent of Fox at the time) that operated from June 1991 to September 2006, and was the first cable channel that designed to distribute a broadcast network's programming directly to cable providers in smaller markets where the network could not maintain an exclusive affiliation due to the limited number of available commercial television stations. After Russell Myerson (who would serve as the group's executive vice president and general manager) joined The WB in 1997, Kellner came to Myerson with his idea for a national cable feed of the network that would distribute WB programming to these "white area" markets with five or fewer commercial stations (including some markets where UPN, which debuted five days after The WB launched, managed to obtain an affiliation).
Time Warner, the network's majority owner, commissioned IBM (for hardware and infrastructure) and Enterprise Systems Group (later known as Encoda and then Harris Corporation; contracted for software systems at the national and local level) to develop a national data server network that would digitally transmit local and national advertisements, promos, station identifications and customized logo bugs for each individual affiliate to headends operating the local WB 100+ affiliate in their home market. The network would be relayed to a "station in a box" (SIB), a wireless PC-based system that was programmed to download (through a data feed distributed via satellite), store and insert advertising appropriate to the individual affiliate's home market in pre-determined time periods set through a playlist over the satellite-delivered national feed as well as to transfer the programming feeds, via a disseminated address header based on the affiliate's designated call letters. The SIB units – which cost $9,000 per unit – were sold to each prospective affiliate operator with costs fully shouldered by The WB; the SIBs held 90 minutes of programming material at a time, in addition to transmitting advertisements and program promotions, and logging previously aired ad spots. Affiliates trafficked local advertising via logfiles sent over the Internet to a Novar management system located at The WB's corporate offices, that handled trafficking, programming feed dissemination and local insertion to individual affiliates. All programming provided by the service was distributed to WB 100+ affiliates via a centralcasting hub based at the California Video Center in southwestern Los Angeles (near Los Angeles International Airport).
Originally slated for a September 8 launch, The WeB was launched at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time on September 21, 1998 on 80 cable-only affiliates, reaching 2.8 million cable television subscribers in the United States – the largest simultaneous launch of a station group in the history of American television. The service (which was renamed The WB 100+ Station Group in March 1999) was created to serve a similar capacity that Superstation WGN held as a national distributor of The WB – the difference being that stations within The WB 100+ group were structured in the manner of a local broadcast station: local WB 100+ affiliates were managed by either a local cable provider or an affiliate of a larger over-the-air television station (usually those affiliated with networks that were established long before The WB debuted in January 1995), which may have produced some local programming – such as a prime time newscast – or televised local sporting events.
WB 100+ stations also aired local commercial inserts and promotions, although promotions for syndicated programs aired on the service omitted affiliate references (either in the form of verbal identification or use of the affiliate's logo) in favor of network branding and were not customized to reference the program's local airtime (all airtimes listed in syndicated program promos were based on their scheduling in the Eastern and Central Time Zones), with the announcer being used to read the promo's airtime card only identifying that the program airs "[today/tonight/tomorrow/day of week] on The WB". Each affiliate had their own individual branding (usually in the form of a fictional call sign, the combination of "The WB" name with either the parent station's city of license/cable franchise's service area or a regional descriptor of the area, or both).
As part of the initial six-year affiliation agreements signed in late 1997 and throughout 1998, cable providers that operated local WB 100+ affiliates received the service's programming free of charge, instead of being required to pay a carriage fee directly to the network (as providers were required to do when they agreed to carry Foxnet at its launch); in addition, affiliates and their advertising sales partners shared a percentage of the revenue earned through the sale of local ads. The WB 100+ was designed to comply with Nielsen regulations defining what constitutes a local station; this allowed viewership totals from the cable-only affiliates to be counted alongside the network's conventional broadcast affiliates to accurately count toward the national ratings for WB network programming.
As time went on, The WB 100+ expanded, increasing its body of cable-only affiliates, while also adding affiliations with conventional broadcast television stations in a few markets. By September 2001, The WB 100+'s national availability had increased to 7.4 million households. The service's programming reached 109 out of 111 television markets within those eligible to affiliate with The WB 100+, totaling nine million households by January 2005. By the time The WB ceased operations in September 2006, the only eligible market never to have been served by a WB 100+ affiliate was Lafayette, Indiana, which received WB programming via WTTK (a satellite station of WTTV, which later became a CW affiliate and is now a CBS affiliate) in the adjacent Indianapolis market.
In some markets where a local cable provider carried Superstation WGN upon the initial rollout of the service, a WB 100+ affiliate supplanted WGN as the local WB affiliate; though for a year following the launch of The WB 100+, programming duplication between the local WB 100+ affiliate and WGN persisted in some areas where a cable provider did not black out WB programming airing over the WGN superstation feed. As additional WB 100+ affiliates signed on, network management deemed that The WB's affiliate footprint was large enough to request that WGN drop its programming from the station's national feed in October 1999; the local WGN-TV Chicago signal remained a WB affiliate until the network's September 2006 shutdown (the WGN local feed – which later became a CW affiliate, and is now an independent station – would become available to U.S. viewers outside of the Chicago market in the spring of 2015, when it was added as part of the initial offerings of Channel Master's LinearTV service).
Transition to The CW Plus
On January 24, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that The WB and UPN would each be shut down; in turn, the two companies would partner to launch The CW Television Network, a new network that would feature some programs from The WB and UPN initially forming the nuclei of its schedule in September of that year. To coincide with the change, The CW announced on February 24, that it would start a service called The CW Plus, a group of primarily digital subchannels, analog and non-broadcast cable television outlets affiliated with the network, serving areas of the United States ranked below the top 99 television markets; this service is nearly identical in structure to The WB 100+, albeit with a more diversified body of affiliates. There was no guarantee that existing affiliates of The WB 100+ would automatically join The CW Plus, although the vast majority ultimately did, and programming transitioned seamlessly from The WB 100+ to the successor CW Plus service (for example, The Daily Buzz remained on The CW Plus until September 2014).
Since digital television allows multiple "subchannels" to be carried on a single over-the-air signal, most of the CW Plus' affiliates air on the multicast feeds of those stations that manage the affiliates. Thus, they are no longer technically "cable-only" and must now use the parent station's licensed callsigns instead of a fictional one (although some of the service's over-the-air affiliates use altered versions of the parent station's call letters – with an "E" often replacing the leader "W" or "K" – merely for identification purposes, both on-air and in Nielsen diary-tabulated ratings reports). However, some stations (such as WBVC in Northern Michigan; WBWO in Wheeling, West Virginia; CW Glendive in Glendive, Montana; KWMK in Bismarck, North Dakota; WBAE in Alpena, Michigan and KSXF in Joplin, Missouri) remain cable-exclusive outlets.
Programming
The WB 100+ utilized a dual programming model which differed from the traditional network affiliate model used by WB-affiliated stations in large and medium-sized markets, in which the affiliate handled complete responsibility of providing syndicated and local programming to fill non-network timeslots. Instead, dayparts on WB 100+ affiliates without WB programming were programmed by the network, primarily with programs that were being carried at the time in national syndication – along with syndicated film packages that filled select weekend timeslots, and brokered programming (such as infomercials and religious programs) that was time-leased by The WB to fill most overnight and some early afternoon timeslots on the service; this relieved the WB 100+ affiliate's local owner of the duty of acquiring syndicated programming to fill timeslots not occupied by network content from The WB. This was similar to the programming strategy of Foxnet, though unlike The WB 100+, Foxnet was distributed as a conventional cable channel and local operators were not allowed to tailor the service to their local market with their own branding, or carry local news or sports programming.
In addition to the hour of programming provided by the Kids' WB Saturday morning block that featured content complying with the regulations, the remaining two hours of programming that fulfilled educational programming guidelines defined by the Children's Television Act was taken care of by The WB 100+, which carried syndicated E/I programs for broadcast on early Saturday afternoons immediately after the conclusion of the block for much of The WB 100+'s existence.
The parent station or cable franchise operator of the local WB 100+ affiliate maintained responsibility of selling local advertising for the station or cable-only outlet, with the service allocating time to affiliates to incorporate local commercial inserts during WB network and WB 100+-acquired syndicated programming. The WB offered a multi-tiered advertising sales plan to prospective affiliates allowing for the sale and transmission of commercials for local, regional and national businesses on the customized feed; it also handled responsibility for marketing campaigns customized for each affiliate that were developed through an in-house marketing department operated by The WB for the station group. The affiliate operator also held responsibility of acquiring alternative syndicated programming to substitute those provided by The WB 100+, if the rights to that program are held by another station in their market.
Though The WB itself never carried any national news programming of its own throughout its 11-year existence, in September 2002, The WB acquired the syndication rights to The Daily Buzz – a morning news and lifestyle program that, at the time, was produced by ACME Communications (a now-defunct media company founded by The WB's original CEO Jamie Kellner, which had all except one of its television stations affiliated with The WB, and was named after the Acme Corporation running gag seen in Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes animated shorts) – for broadcast on The WB 100+; the program was also syndicated to stations in markets that were not covered by either The WB 100+ or where ACME did not own a station.
The WB 100+ feed was originally designed for the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones, whose master schedules were formatted to align the start time of The WB's prime time programming with the network's broadcast affiliate feed; a Central Time Zone feed was added by the early 2000s, followed by an Alaska Time Zone feed that launched in 2005. As such, the Kids' WB and (from January to September 2006, following the conclusion of the weekday afternoon Kids' WB lineup) Daytime WB blocks, which were designed to be tape-delayed, were aired an hour earlier on affiliates – compared to their preferred scheduling – on affiliates in the Central, Mountain and Alaska time zones.
List of WB 100+ affiliates
This is a list of WB 100+ stations, ranked by designated market area (DMA), as of September 2006, when The WB ceased operations as a broadcast network. Note that most "call letters" below are informal, as these stations did not broadcast over-the-air and as such, were not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC); the meanings of each affiliate's "call sign" are also included. There were a few exceptions – actual FCC-licensed broadcast stations are indicated in italics. Some of the "fake" calls used by the cable-only WB affiliates (which are identified with quotation marks) may be the same as calls used by actual over-the-air stations, and may create confusion for some; such stations are identified in this list for disambiguation.
After each station's name is the status of the CW affiliation, . If no status is part of the station's listing, The CW does not have a confirmed affiliate in the market that the WB 100+ station served. The rankings for each market are as of the 2005–06 television season.
1 The cable-only "KMWB" is not to be confused with the former callsign used by Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota CW affiliate WUCW as a WB affiliate.
2 The cable-only "KWYP" is not to be confused with Laramie, Wyoming PBS member station KWYP-DT.
3 The cable-only "KIWB" is not to be confused with Boise, Idaho low-power station KIWB-LD.
4 The cable-only "WBWP" is not to be confused with West Palm Beach, Florida Mega TV affiliate WBWP-LD.
5 The cable-only "KCWB" is not to be confused with the former callsign used by Fresno, California Tvida Vision affiliate KVBC-LP, or by Kansas City, Missouri CW affiliate KCWE as a WB affiliate.
6 The cable-only "WBXI" is not to be confused with Indianapolis, Indiana Tr3́s affiliate WBXI-CA.
7 The cable-only "KWBM" is not to be confused with the Springfield, Missouri Daystar affiliate of the same callsign.
8 The cable-only "WBMM" is not to be confused with Montgomery, Alabama CW affiliate of the same callsign.
9 The cable-only "KWBT" is not to be confused with the former callsign used by Tulsa, Oklahoma CW affiliate KQCW-DT as a WB affiliate.
See also
The CW Plus – successor of The WB 100+; most of the remaining cable-only channels and some over-the-air stations that are outlets of The CW Plus formerly served as affiliates of The WB 100+
WGN America – Chicago-based cable channel that is available throughout the United States on cable and satellite television; prior to the launch of The WB 100+, as the national superstation feed of WGN-TV, the channel served as a de facto WB affiliate for U.S. markets without an over-the-air affiliate from 1995 to 1999
CW-W – a standard definition-only feed of either KSWB-TV or XETV-TDT/San Diego for markets without a CW affiliate carried on DirecTV
CW-E – a standard definition-only feed of WDCW/Washington, D.C. for markets without a CW affiliate carried on DirecTV
Foxnet – a similar cable-only network for markets without a Fox affiliate, that operated from 1991 to 2006
Univision – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
UniMás – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
Telemundo – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
Azteca América – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
Estrella TV – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
CTV Two Alberta – a similar cable-only affiliate of CTV Two in the Canadian province of Alberta; formerly Access
CTV Two Atlantic – a similar cable-only affiliate of CTV Two in Atlantic Canada; formerly the Atlantic Satellite Network (ASN) and A Atlantic
City Saskatchewan – a similar cable-only affiliate of City in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan
References
The WB
Nexstar Media Group
Defunct television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1998
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2006 |
4021962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20American%20Lives | African American Lives | African American Lives is a PBS television miniseries hosted by historian Henry Louis Gates Jr., focusing on African American genealogical research. The family histories of prominent people of African American descent are explored using traditional genealogic techniques as well as genetic analysis.
African American Lives
The first installment of the series aired in February 2006. The series featured research into the ancestral lineages of eight prominent African American guests. By billing the guests were: music producer Quincy Jones, astronaut and physician Mae Jemison, comedian Chris Tucker, bishop T. D. Jakes, sociologist Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, actress Whoopi Goldberg, physician Ben Carson and talk show host Oprah Winfrey. Writer, host and executive producer of the series, Henry Louis Gates, also features his ancestral heritage on the show. The miniseries featured interviews with the parents and family members of guests including Winfrey's father, Vernon Winfrey. Geneticists Rick Kittles and Mark D. Shriver also make appearances.
The miniseries' four episodes were broadcast over two nights in two parts. On February 1, the first two episodes were broadcast as "Listening to our Past; The Promise of Freedom". The following week, on February 8, the third and fourth episodes aired as, "Searching for Our Names; Beyond the Middle Passage". Re-runs of the series as individual episodes were broadcast following the joint premier both nights. The miniseries was sponsored by Coca-Cola and Procter & Gamble who both produced commercials honoring African American heritage for use in the series.
African American Lives 2
African American Lives 2 premiered in February 2008, again hosted by Gates. This second set of episodes traced the ancestry of performers Morgan Freeman, Tina Turner, Tom Joyner, Chris Rock, Don Cheadle, theologian Peter Gomes, athlete Jackie Joyner-Kersee, poet Maya Angelou, Bliss Broyard (the daughter of writer Anatole Broyard) and publisher Linda Johnson Rice (the daughter of publisher John H. Johnson).
In addition to these more publicly known guests, Kathleen Henderson, an administrator at the University of Dayton, was selected from more than 2,000 applicants to have her family history researched and to have DNA testing. The show continued the genealogical research into Gates's own ancestry. He learned, to his surprise, that it is at least 50% European, including at least one male ancestor who fought in the American Revolution. Gates was invited to give a speech when he was later inducted into the Sons of the American Revolution. The four episodes of this miniseries are "The Road Home", "A Way Out of No Way", "We Come From People" and "The Past Is Another Country".
Episodes
Series overview
African American Lives (2006)
Oprah's Roots: An African American Lives Special (2007)
{{Episode table |background=#9C9C00 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Oprah's Roots
|OriginalAirDate =
|ShortSummary = A special episode consisting entirely of footage from Oprah Winfrey's original interview for African American Lives''' first series.
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African American Lives 2 (2008)
Criticism
Due in part to a centuries-long history within the United States, historical experiences pre- and post-slavery, and migrations throughout North America, the majority of contemporary African Americans possess varying degrees of admixture with European ancestry.
Many historians and critics believe that a majority of African Americans also have some Native American ancestry but, according to the experts on this show, it may be much less frequent.
With the help of Mark D. Shriver, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. put African-American ancestry in these terms:
58 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5 percent European ancestry (equivalent of one great-grandparent);
19.6 percent of African Americans have at least 25 percent European ancestry (equivalent of one grandparent);
1 percent of African Americans have at least 50 percent European ancestry (equivalent of one parent); and
5 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5 percent Native American ancestry (equivalent to one great-grandparent).
However, critics suggest that the program failed to fully acknowledge to the audience, or inform guests, that not all ancestry may show up in such tests. Full survey DNA testing cannot accurately determine an individual's full ancestry.
In more recent genetic testing research reported in 2015, scholars found that varied ancestries among African Americans related to different by region and sex of ancestors. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2-82.1% West African, 16.7%-29% European, and 0.8–2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation among individuals.Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "Exactly How ‘Black’ Is Black America?", The Root, February 11, 2013.
The genetic tests done on direct paternal or maternal line evaluate only a few ancestors among many. Ancestral information markers (AIM) must also be done to form a more complete picture of a person's ancestry. For instance, MtDNA testing is only of direct maternal ancestors. AIM markers are not as clearly defined for all populations as suggested, and depend on data still being accumulated. Historic populations migrated, which also influences results. Particularly, geneticists note that genetic analysis is incomplete related to Native Americans, and new genetic markers for these populations may be identified.
In other media
Gates has written an associated book, In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past, which was published in early 2009.
See also
Faces of America Finding Your Roots Ancestors in the Attic Who Do You Think You Are?References
External links
Series 1 at PBS.org
Series 2 at PBS.org
Afrocentrifugal Force: Looking Blackward With Henry Louis Gates Jr., Village Voice, Joy Press, January 24, 2006
Lloyd, Robert. "The roots of black America - Maya Angelou and Don Cheadle are among the personages who trace their lineage this time around", Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2008 (second series review)
Hochschild, Adam. "35 Million Ways to Be Black", Mother Jones, March 14, 2007
"African American Lives 2|PBS". YouTube.
Ron Nixon, "DNA Tests Find Branches but Few Roots", The New York Times, November 25, 2007.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "Dispatches From the Editor in Chief", Oxford African American Studies Center.
Felicia R. Lee, "Famous Black Lives Through DNA's Prism", The New York Times'', February 5, 2008.
https://web.archive.org/web/20080924184431/http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/africanamericanlives2206
NPR interview with Henry Louis Gates
African-American genealogy
2000s American documentary television series
2006 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
African–Native American relations
PBS original programming
Television series about family history |
4021996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Virginia%20trolleys | Northern Virginia trolleys | The earliest electric railway, or streetcar line, in Northern Virginia opened in 1892. At their peak, when merged into a single interurban system (the Washington-Virginia Railway), the successors of this and several other lines ran between downtown Washington, D.C., Rosslyn and Arlington Junction – in present-day Crystal City – and out to Mount Vernon, Fairfax City and Nauck (in Arlington County).
Electric trolleys also went west from Georgetown and Rosslyn on the Washington and Old Dominion Railway's (W&OD's) Bluemont Division, traveling through Herndon and Leesburg to reach the town of Bluemont at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Those on the W&OD's Great Falls Division traveled from Georgetown and Rosslyn via Cherrydale and McLean to Great Falls (see: Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad).
Despite early success, the trolleys were unable to compete with the automobile and with each other. Plagued with management and financial problems, the last ended their operations in the 1930s and early 1940s during the Great Depression.
Northern Virginia's trolleys were originally operated by three different companies that all planned to operate within the District of Columbia and were never integrated into the Washington streetcar network (see: Streetcars in Washington, D.C.). Their tracks were laid when most of Northern Virginia was undeveloped and had few streets and roads.
As a result, the trolleys mostly operated on private right-of-ways that their companies leased or owned. After they began operating, a number of communities developed along their routes.
The major lines of the Washington-Virginia Railway converged at Arlington Junction, which was located in the northwest corner of the present-day Crystal City south of The Pentagon. The Railway's trolleys then crossed the Potomac River near the site of the present 14th Street bridges over the Long Bridge and, beginning in 1906, the Highway Bridge.
The trolleys then traveled to a terminal in downtown Washington located along Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, and D Street, NW, between 12th and 13 1/2 Streets, NW, on a site that is now near the Federal Triangle Metro station and the Old Post Office building within the Federal Triangle. The W&OD Railway terminated in Georgetown at a station on the west side of the Georgetown Car Barn after crossing the Potomac River from Rosslyn over the Aqueduct Bridge.
The Washington-Virginia Railway and the W&OD Railway had adjacent stations in Rosslyn near the present location of the Key Bridge Marriott Hotel, permitting travelers to transfer between the two trolley systems. After the Francis Scott Key Bridge replaced the Aqueduct Bridge in 1923, none of the Virginia lines terminated in Georgetown. Instead, Washington streetcars crossed the river on the new bridge and entered a turnaround loop within Rosslyn. There, passengers could transfer between trolleys whose lines separately served Washington and Northern Virginia.
Washington-Virginia Railway
Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway
Washington-Mount Vernon line
The Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway began operating between Alexandria and Mount Vernon in 1892. On August 23, 1894, it was given permission to enter the District of Columbia using a boat or barge. However, the railroad never actually used any such watercraft.
The railroad completed its tracks in 1896 and began serving a waiting station at 14th Street NW and B Street NW in downtown Washington, D.C. From the waiting station it used the Belt Line Street Railway Company's tracks on 14th Street NW to reach the Long Bridge, a combined road and rail crossing of the Potomac River.
In 1902, the railroad moved its station, as the Belt Line's tracks were circling the block containing the site of a planned new District Building (now the John A. Wilson Building). The new station (address: 1204 N. Pennsylvania Avenue) extended along Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, and D Street, NW, from 12th Street, NW, to 13 1/2 Street, NW, near the site of the present Federal Triangle Metro station and on the opposite side of 12th Street from the Old Post Office building.
In 1906, the Long Bridge's streetcar tracks and road were relocated to a new truss bridge (the Highway Bridge), immediately west of the older bridge. This span was removed in 1967.
After crossing the Potomac River, the trolleys entered Arlington County (named Alexandria County before 1920) to run southward near and along the present route of Interstate 395 (I-395). They then reached Arlington Junction, whose site is now in the northwest corner of Crystal City west of Richmond Highway (U.S Route 1) and south of The Pentagon and I-395. At the Junction, the line's route diverged from that of a line that traveled west to Fairfax City and which connected to others that served Arlington National Cemetery, Rosslyn and Nauck.
After leaving Arlington Junction, trolleys on the Washington-Mount Vernon line continued south along the present route of S. Eads Street while travelling largely on the grade of a towpath on the west side of the defunct Alexandria Canal. Near Arlington's present southern border at Four Mile Run, the railroad and its affiliates constructed an amusement park (Luna Park) and a rail yard containing a car barn and a power plant.
After crossing Four Mile Run into present-day Alexandria, the trolleys continued to travel south along the present route of Commonwealth Avenue. The Mount Vernon line then passed under a bridge at St. Elmo that carried the Bluemont branch of the Southern Railway and later the branch's successor, the Bluemont Division of the W&OD Railway. The lines' St. Elmo stations, located in Alexandria's present Del Ray neighborhood, gave travelers an opportunity to transfer between the railroads.
The Mount Vernon line's trolleys then continued southward along Commonwealth Avenue until reaching King Street near Alexandria's Union Station. The line's trolleys then turned to travel east on King Street until they reached a station at Royal Street, in the center of Old Town Alexandria next to Market Square. They then turned again, traveled south on S. Royal Street and crossed Hunting Creek to enter Fairfax County on a -long bridge containing a concrete and steel center span and trestle.
After traveling through New Alexandria, where the line had originated, the trolleys continued south through Fairfax County at speeds of up to per hour while traveling partially along the present routes of the George Washington Memorial Parkway, East Boulevard Drive and Wittington Boulevard. After crossing Little Hunting Creek, they reached a turnaround loop on which they traveled to a terminal constructed near the entrance to the grounds of George Washington's home in Mount Vernon.
At Mount Vernon, when the electric railway began service, the estate's proprietors insisted that only a modest terminal be constructed next to the trolley turnaround. They were afraid that the dignity of the site would be marred by unrestricted commercial development and persuaded financier Jay Gould to purchase and donate thirty-three acres outside the main gate for protection.
By 1906, the railway had transported 1,743,734 passengers along its routes with 92 daily runs. Passengers and others could read a 122-page Hand-book for the Tourist Over the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Electric Railway that described in detail the railway's routes and stations as well as the landmarks, history and geography of the area through which the railway traveled.
In 1913, the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway merged with the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway to form the Washington-Virginia Railway. During World War I, the railroad company extended the Washington-Mount Vernon line to Camp Humphreys (now Fort Belvoir). As the company received only partial compensation for constructing the extension, the action placed a financial burden on the company. The company went into receivership in 1923 when buses became the dominant form of local public transportation (see: History of surface transit in Northern Virginia).
In 1927, the two railways were separated and sold at auction, the Washington-Mount Vernon line becoming the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway. The last trolleys of the line ran on January 18, 1932. Later that year the tracks were removed when some of the right-of-way was used for the George Washington Memorial Parkway. The path of the trolley turnaround at Mount Vernon remains as a traffic circle at the south end of the Parkway, while the former rail yard in southern Arlington now serves as a Metrobus yard.
Stations
The stations on the Washington-Mount Vernon Line of the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway (Alexandria-Mount Vernon Branch of the Washington-Virginia Railway) were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Remnants of the Washington-Mount Vernon line
Roads
Wittington Boulevard, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
East Boulevard Drive, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Potomac Avenue, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Commonwealth Avenue, Alexandria. Coordinates:
South Eads Street, Arlington. Coordinates:
Metrobus yard
Former rail yard at S. Eads Street (east side) and S. Glebe Road (north side), Arlington. Coordinates:
Traffic circle
Former trolley turnaround at Mount Vernon estate, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Tracks - In May 2020, during repair of a water main on King Street, a work crew of the Alexandria Department of Transportation and Environmental Services discovered old tracks buried under the pavement.
East Arlington branch
The Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway constructed the East Arlington branch, which traveled from Arlington Junction to the Virginia end of the Aqueduct Bridge in Rosslyn. After leaving Arlington Junction, the East Arlington branch traveled northwest along a route that was south of the future site of The Pentagon, crossed Columbia Pike and entered Mt. Vernon Junction. At that Junction, the East Arlington branch met the South Arlington branch, which the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railroad constructed.
After leaving Mt. Vernon Junction, the East Arlington branch crossed the southern boundary of the federally-owned "Arlington Reservation". The site of the crossing was at that time near the southeast corner of Arlington National Cemetery, which was within the Reservation. After entering the Reservation, the branch turned to travel north along the eastern side of Arlington Ridge Road (formerly named the Alexandria & Georgetown Turnpike), which was outside of the Cemetery near the Cemetery's eastern wall.
While traveling next to Arlington Ridge Road, the branch passed the Cemetery's McClellan and Sheridan Gates. An expansion of the Cemetery later encompassed this portion of the Road, whose route no longer exists within the Cemetery.
Construction of the branch permitted visitors from Washington, D.C., to reach the Cemetery by rail for the first time. However, after leaving the trolleys outside of the Sheridan Gate at the branch's Arlington station, visitors needed to ascend a steep hill to reach most of the Cemetery's well-known features and burial sites.
After passing its Arlington station, the branch crossed the north boundary of the Reservation and turned to travel northwest until it met Rosslyn's Chadwick Avenue (now named N. Lynn Street), on which it traveled north. The branch ended near the Aqueduct Bridge at the railway's Rosslyn terminal.
East Arlington branch stations
The stations of the East Arlington branch were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway
During its forty years of life, this interurban trolley company operated under a variety of names, as it repeatedly expanded, reorganized or contracted (voluntarily or involuntarily).
Washington & Arlington — 1892–1896
On February 28, 1891, the United States Congress enacted a statute that incorporated the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railway Company in the District of Columbia, with authorization to reach Fort Myer and the northwest entrance of Arlington National Cemetery (the Cemetery's Fort Myer Gate) by crossing the Potomac River on a new bridge that the company would construct at or near the "Three Sisters" islets. The system started in 1892, as a horsecar line with tracks from Rosslyn up the hill to the Cemetery's Fort Myer Gate - this would later become the Nauck Line. In late 1895, the system was electrified. The company never constructed its planned "Three Sisters" bridge (see Early proposals for Three Sisters Bridge).
Washington, Arlington & Falls Church — 1896–1913
In 1896, track was laid from Rosslyn through Clarendon and Ballston to Falls Church, constituting the North Arlington Branch and part of the Fairfax Line, and the name was changed to the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church (WA&FC). The track though Fort Myer was extended past the northwest entrance to Arlington National Cemetery to reach Penrose in 1900 and Nauck, just north of Four Mile Run, in 1901. That same year saw the opening of about a mile of additional track, extending from East Falls Church to West Falls Church. Work on a far more ambitious extension began at West Falls Church in 1903, bringing the line through Dunn Loring and Vienna in 1904 to reach the Fairfax County Courthouse in Fairfax City. Between 1900 and 1904, the W.A. & F.C. built the South Arlington branch from Clarendon to Mount Vernon Junction (south of Arlington National Cemetery), where it met the Washington, Alexandria and Mt. Vernon Railway's East Arlington branch, which traveled between Rosslyn and Arlington Junction.
Washington - Virginia — 1913–1927
In 1913, the WA&FC and Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon were merged to form the Washington - Virginia (W-V) Railway, whereupon the WA&FC became the W-V's Falls Church Division. The company fell upon hard times and in 1924 declared bankruptcy. In 1927, the two companies were split and sold at auction.
Arlington & Fairfax — 1927–1936
The Arlington & Fairfax was organized by local governments to take control of the WA&FC line after the W-V went bankrupt. The South Arlington Branch was shut down, the tracks pulled up in 1931 and the right of way used to build part of Washington Boulevard. In 1932, the company lost the right to travel into D.C., and, on January 17, 1932, the last Arlington & Fairfax streetcar departed from 12th & D Streets, NW, abandoning all service in Washington, D.C.
Arlington & Fairfax Auto Railroad — 1936–1939
In 1936, the company was sold to Detroit's Evans Products Company, an innovative railway and automotive industry supplier that had developed the first version of the present hy-rail system called auto-railers, small buses that can run on rails on flanged wheels or on roads with rubber (see Road–rail vehicle). In 1937, Evans replaced the trolleys with auto-railers. On rail, they went to Rosslyn where they were intended to switch to tires and cross the Key Bridge into Georgetown, eliminating the change in Rosslyn, but Capital Transit prevented that service by objecting that its franchise gave it exclusive service across the bridge. The auto-railers last ran in September 1939.
Nauck line (Fort Myer line)
Originally constructed by the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railroad, the Nauck line (Fort Myer line) of the Washington—Virginia Railway ran south from Rosslyn through Fort Myer to an initially lightly developed area in South Arlington near Four Mile Run. After leaving the railroad's Rosslyn terminal near the Aqueduct Bridge, the line travelled south through Fort Myer Junction along the present routes of N. Lynn Street and N. Meade Street.
The line then turned to the southwest and crossed the northern boundary of the Arlington Reservation and Fort Myer near today's Wright Gate. Within the Fort, trolleys on the line climbed a hill along the present route of McNair Road near the western wall of Arlington National Cemetery to reach a station (Arlington Fort Myer) located within the Fort at the present intersection of McNair Road and Lee Avenue, near the Cemetery's Fort Myer Gate (Chapel Gate of Fort Myer).
After disembarking at the Arlington Fort Myer station, visitors could enter the Cemetery near its highest elevation. This permitted visitors to avoid the ascent required when entering the Cemetery through the Sheridan Gate after traveling on the East Arlington branch to that branch's Arlington station. After the East Arlington branch closed in 1921, the Nauck line provided the only rail service that visitors could use to reach the Cemetery.
After leaving the Arlington Fort Myer station, the line traveled south through Fort Myer before turning southwest to cross the South Arlington branch of the railroad's Fairfax line at Hatfield Junction. Passengers could transfer between the two lines at the railroad's adjacent Hatfield station.
Soon after leaving Hatfield Junction and continuing to travel southwest, the Nauck line crossed the west boundary of the Reservation and the Fort, a short distance north of the Fort's Hatfield Gate. The line then crossed the present path of Washington Boulevard (Virginia State Route 27), south of the Boulevard's crossing of Arlington Boulevard (U.S. Route 50)
The Nauck line then traveled southwest and south while partially following the present routes of S. Uhle Street and Walter Reed Drive. After crossing S. Glebe Road (now Virginia State Route 120), the line traveled downhill near the west side of S. Kenmore Street to end at a railway turntable near the intersection of 24th Road S. and S. Kenmore Street. The line terminated a short distance north of the Cowdon (Nauck) station of the Southern Railway, and later, of the W&OD Railway's Bluemont Division.
Nauck line stations
The stations of the Nauck line (Fort Myer-Arlington Branch of the Washington-Virginia Railway) were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Remnants of the Nauck line
Station
2312 2nd Street S., Arlington, the former Penrose Station now a private residence. Coordinates:
Roads
S. Uhle Street between S. Courthouse Road and 2nd Street S., Arlington. Coordinates:
S. Walter Reed Drive between Columbia Pike and 13th Street S., Arlington. Coordinates:
Fairfax line
The Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railroad constructed the Fairfax line of the Washington—Virginia Railway. When completed, the line traveled from a terminus in front of the Fairfax County Courthouse in Fairfax City through Oakton, Vienna, Dunn Loring, Falls Church and Ballston to downtown Washington, D.C., and Rosslyn by way of Clarendon.
Trolleys of the Fairfax line began their trips at the old Courthouse, located at the southwest corner of Chain Bridge Road (now part of State Route 123) and Main Street (now part of State Route 236). The cars first ran westward along Main Street and then turned north at the site of the Fairfax Electric Depot (the terminus of the line until the depot burned in 1907) onto the present route of Railroad Avenue.
After crossing the present route of Fairfax Boulevard (U.S. Routes 29 and 50), the line crossed a branch of Accotink Creek and Chain Bridge Road (now Virginia State Route 123). The line then traveled northeast through Fairfax County a short distance east of Chain Bridge Road, crossed another branch of Accotink Creek, passed through Oakton, and reached the town of Vienna.
The line continued northeast in Vienna about a block southeast of Maple Avenue W. (Virginia State Route 123's present name in Vienna). After crossing Center Avenue S, the line's trolleys turned to the northwest on one of three legs of a triangular wye and crossed Maple Avenue E. After leaving the wye, the trolleys stopped at the line's Vienna station.
The Fairfax line's Vienna station was located in the center of town on the southeast side of Church Street NE, a short distance southeast of the tracks of the Southern Railway's Bluemont Branch, which became the W&OD Railway's Bluemont Division in 1912. The Southern's Vienna station (which remains intact on the southwest side of the W&OD Trail) was a block northwest of the Fairfax line's station.
As the Fairfax line's tracks ended near Church Street, trolleys left their station by reversing direction. They then recrossed Maple Avenue E and traveled southeast on a second leg of the wye that paralleled the Southern's tracks, with which there was an interchange. Freight and work cars usually bypassed the station and avoided reversing by turning from the northeast direction to the southeast on the third leg of the wye.
After leaving the wye, the line continued east in Vienna on Ninovan Road, paralleling the Southern's route. The line then crossed the Southern's tracks on a bridge built near Franklin in 1904. After the crossing, the line traveled east in Fairfax County along the present routes of Electric Avenue and Railroad Street (now parts of Virginia State Route 697) and within a railroad cut that is now in South Railway Street Park. The line then crossed the present route of the Capital Beltway (Interstate 495), travelled along the present route of Helena Drive, crossed the present route of Interstate 66 and continued to travel within Fairfax County until it reached the City of Falls Church.
The line continued eastward through Falls Church until it crossed W. Broad Street (now Virginia State Route 7). The line then travelled near the north side of the Southern Railway's tracks, following the present route of Lincoln Avenue until it reached Arlington County (named Alexandria County before 1920). After crossing Four Mile Run and Lee Highway (now part of U.S. Route 29), the line continued to travel eastward north of the Run and the Southern Railway while traveling near and along the present route of Fairfax Drive, which Interstate 66 (I-66) and the Washington Metro's Orange and Silver lines have partially replaced.
The Fairfax line then left the Southern's route, which continued southwest to Alexandria. Further along, the line left that of the present route of I-66, which travels northeast to Rosslyn.
The Fairfax line then traveled along the present paths of Fairfax Drive and the underground tracks of the Washington Metro. Between 1912 and its closing, the line traveled under a plate girder bridge at Waycroft that the W&OD Railway had constructed near the west end of Ballston for its Thrifton-Bluemont Junction connecting line, which I-66 later replaced north and northeast of Ballston.
After entering Ballston, the line passed a complex containing a car barn, rail yard, workshops, electrical substation and general office that the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railway had built in 1910 at Lacey near the present intersection of North Glebe Road (now Virginia State Route 120) and Fairfax Drive. Continuing eastward through Ballston on the present route of Fairfax Drive (now Virginia State Route 237), the line reached Clarendon, where it branched.
The North Arlington branch continued to follow the route of Fairfax Drive (now partially replaced by Clarendon Boulevard) through and past Clarendon. The branch then traveled downhill on the present route of Fairfax Drive along the north side of Rocky Run, which U.S. Route 50 now covers.
Approaching Rosslyn, the North Arlington branch turned to the north at Fort Myer Junction and joined the Nauck line. The combined lines then continued north along the present route of N. Lynn Street, joined the East Arlington branch, and ended near the Aqueduct Bridge at the railroad's Rosslyn terminal.
Beginning in 1906, travelers on the North and East Arlington branches and the Nauck line could transfer at the Rosslyn terminal to the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad (later the Great Falls Division of the W&OD Railway), which crossed the Potomac River into Georgetown on the Aqueduct Bridge. After the East Arlington branch closed in 1921 and the Aqueduct Bridge closed in 1923, travelers on the North Arlington Branch and the Nauck line could transfer in Rosslyn to the electric streetcars of the Capital Traction and (later) Capital Transit Companies, which crossed the Potomac on the Francis Scott Key Bridge.
After leaving Clarendon, trolleys on the South Arlington branch largely followed the future routes of Washington Boulevard and Southgate Drive. The branch crossed the Nauck line at Hatfield Junction and joined the East Arlington branch at Mount Vernon Junction (which received its name because the East Arlington branch was a part of the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Railway when the South Arlington branch first reached it). After leaving Mount Vernon Junction, the branch's trolleys traveled on the East Arlington branch's tracks until they reached Arlington Junction, where they joined the Washington-Mount Vernon line.
After entering the tracks of the Washington-Mount Vernon line, the South Arlington branch's trolleys (some of which had originated in Fairfax City) crossed the Potomac River on the Long Bridge and, later, on the Highway Bridge. Their trips ended at the downtown Washington station.
I-66 and the Custis Trail now travel from Lee Highway (U.S. Route 29) in East Falls Church to Ballston on or near the Fairfax line's right of way along the former route of Fairfax Drive. Washington Metro's Orange and Silver Lines now follow the route of the Fairfax line and its North Arlington branch from Lee Highway in East Falls Church to N. Lynn Street in Rosslyn.
Fairfax line stations
The stations of the Fairfax line were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Remnants of the Fairfax line
Station
Oakton Station, 2923 Gray Street (between Pine Street and Oakton Drive), Fairfax County. Now a private residence. Includes rail and a raised trolley roadbed.
Roads
Railroad Avenue, Fairfax City. Coordinates:
Ninovan Road SE, Vienna. Coordinates:
Electric Avenue, Vienna and Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Railroad Street, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Helena Drive, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Lincoln Avenue, Falls Church. Coordinates:
I-66 between N. Sycamore Street and N. Kennebec Street, Arlington. Coordinates:
I-66 between N. Harrison Street and N. Edison Street, Arlington. Coordinates:
Fairfax Drive, Arlington. Coordinates:
Bridge remnants
Poured concrete railroad bridge abutment on north side of Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail between Electric Avenue and Ninovan Road, Vienna. Built in July 1904, according to engravings on its east side. Coordinates:
Stone railroad bridge abutment on south side of Washington and Old Dominion Railroad Trail between Electric Avenue and Ninovan Road, Vienna. Coordinates:
Abutments and wing walls of demolished railroad bridge over branch of Accotink Creek between Fairfax Village Drive and Ranger Road, Fairfax City. Coordinates:
Poured concrete railroad bridge over branch of Accotink Creek near the intersection of Chain Bridge Road and Fairfax Boulevard, behind the 29 Diner in Fairfax City. Coordinates:
Trails
Unpaved trails and trolley cut between Gallows Road and Morgan Lane in South Railroad Street Park, Dunn Loring, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
North Arlington branch
Constructed by the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railroad as part of the Fairfax line, the North Arlington branch of the Washington—Virginia Railway connected Clarendon and Rosslyn. The branch traveled northeast from Clarendon along the present routes of Clarendon Boulevard, Fairfax Drive and N. Lynn Streets, approximating the present underground routes of Washington Metro's Orange and Silver lines. The branch turned to the north when joining the Nauck line at Fort Myer Junction, joined the East Arlington Branch while traveling north along the present route of N. Lynn Street and ended near the Aqueduct Bridge at the railroad's Rosslyn terminal.
North Arlington branch stations
The stations of the North Arlington branch (Clarendon-Fairfax branch of Washington-Virginia Railway) were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Remnants of North Arlington branch
Roads
Clarendon Boulevard, Arlington. Coordinates:
Fairfax Drive, Arlington. Coordinates:
South Arlington branch
Constructed by the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railroad, the South Arlington branch of the Washington—Virginia Railway connected the railway's North Arlington and East Arlington branches when traveling between Clarendon and Mt. Vernon Junction. After most of the East Arlington branch closed in 1921, the South Arlington branch continued along the remaining route of that branch until it reached Arlington Junction, where it connected with the railway's Washington-Mount Vernon line.
Eastbound trolleys using the branch while traveling to downtown Washington began their trips on the Fairfax line and entered the branch at Clarendon. The branch traveled from Clarendon southeast along the present route of Washington Boulevard and crossed the western boundary of the Arlington Reservation and Fort Myer.
After entering the Fort, the South Arlington branch crossed the Fort Myer-Nauck line at Hatfield Junction. The branch then traveled south until leaving the Fort and other federal property within the Reservation when crossing the Reservation's southern boundary near the Fort's present South Gate.
The branch then traveled east along the present route of Southgate Road, now immediately south of Henderson Hall, Fort Myer and Arlington National Cemetery. After passing the Cemetery's southeast corner, the branch reached Mt. Vernon Junction, where it joined the East Arlington branch, which was originally a branch of the Washington, Alexandria and Mt. Vernon Electric Railroad.
South Arlington branch stations
The stations of the South Arlington branch of the Washington—Virginia Railway with locations of sites in 2008) were:
Remnant of South Arlington branch
Roads
Washington Boulevard, Arlington. Coordinates:
Historic designations
On October 19, 1994, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) added the Oakton trolley station to the Virginia Landmarks Register (VDHR identification number 029-0477). The National Park Service subsequently added the trolley station to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on February 8, 1995 (NHRP identification number: 95000026).
VDHR staff have determined that several other properties associated with the Washington and Virginia Railway Company/Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Electric Railway (VDHR identification number 029-5470) are not eligible for listing on the NHRP. As of February 6, 2018, the staff had not found any other such properties to be eligible for this listing.
Washington and Old Dominion Railway
Maps
Expandable 1892 map of Washington, D.C., and suburbs, showing the route of the Washington and Arlington Railway (not labeled) between Rosslyn and Arlington National Cemetery's Fort Myer Gate:
1894 topographic map of the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and eastern Fairfax County, showing the route of the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway (not labeled) between the city of Alexandria and Mount Vernon:
1894 topographic map of the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the route of the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway in the city of Alexandria and Fairfax County:
1898 topographic map of Washington, D.C., the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County (now Arlington County), Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Electric Railroad (W.A. & F.C. E.R.R.) and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Electric Railway (W. A. & MT. V. Electric R.R.):
1900 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County) and the City of Alexandria, showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Electric Railway:
1900 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County), showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Electric Railway and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Electric Railway:
November 1901 topographic map of the District of Columbia and northeastern Alexandria County (now Arlington County), showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railroad (not labeled) and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Electric Railroad (Wash. Alex. & Mt. Vernon Electric R.R.):
1904 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County), the city of Alexandria and northeastern Fairfax County showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railroad (W. A & F.C. R.R.) and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Railroad (Wash. Alex. & Mt.V. R.R.):
1907 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County) showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway (W.A.&FC RY) and the Washington & Mt. Vernon Railway (WA. & MT. V RY):
1907 map of Alexandria County, Virginia (now Arlington County), showing the routes of the Washington, Alexandria and Mt. Vernon Railway (W. A. & Mt V. RY.), the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway (W. A. & F. C. RY.) and the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railway (G. F. & O. D. RY.):
1915 topographic map of northwestern Fairfax County, showing the route of the Fairfax line of the Washington—Virginia Railway (Electric RR) between Vienna and the city of Fairfax and the routes of the Washington and Old Dominion Railway between Vienna and Herndon and between Difficult Run and Great Falls:
1915 topographic map of Washington, D.C., the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the routes of the Washington—Virginia Railway and the Washington and Old Dominion Railway:
1917 topographic map of Washington, D.C., the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the routes of the Washington—Virginia Railway and the Washington and Old Dominion Railway:
1924 topographic map of the city of Alexandria and southeastern Fairfax County showing the Washington-Virginia Railway's route between Alexandria and Mount Vernon:
1925 topographic map of south-central Maryland and southeastern Fairfax County showing the Washington—Virginia Railway's route in Fairfax County to Mt. Vernon:
1929 topographic map of Washington, D.C., the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the routes of the Arlington and Fairfax (A & F) Railway, the Mount Vernon, Alexandria and Washington (Mt V A and W) Railway and the Washington and Old Dominion Railway:
See also
Washington streetcars
Washington Metro
Urban rail transit
Bustitution
Trolley park
Notes
References
In Appendix K of Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority - Pre-filed Direct Testimony of Mr. Hafner, Mr. Mcray and Mr. Simmons, November 30, 2005 (Parts 4 and 5), Case No. PUE-2005-00018, Virginia State Corporation Commission. Obtained in
Further reading
External links
Northern Virginia Conservation Trust
National Capital Trolley Museum
A memorial site for DC Transit
Online exhibit of Washington streetcars from the National Museum of American History
Before the Beltway: Streetcar Lines in Northern Virginia: Photographs from the Ames Williams Collection, an online exhibit from the Alexandria Public Library
Brief history of Washington-Virginia Railroad with photographs of cars and route map in Arlington.
Website describing the history of the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad and the Great Falls & Old Dominion Railroad, with photographs and lists of stations.
(5:56 minutes)
Rosslyn Circle History with photo from 1925
Defunct Virginia railroads
Defunct Washington, D.C., railroads
Streetcars in Virginia
Streetcars in Washington, D.C.
Transportation in Arlington County, Virginia
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Transportation in Alexandria, Virginia
Electric railways in Virginia
Electric railways in Washington, D.C.
Interurban railways in Virginia
Interurban railways in Washington, D.C.
Trolleys |
4022004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandoren | Vandoren | Vandoren is a manufacturer of mouthpieces, reeds, and accessories for the clarinet and saxophone families.
History
Vandoren was founded in 1905 by Eugène Van Doren (1873-1940), a clarinetist for the Paris Opera. The original location was eventually moved to 56 Rue Lepic, Paris where his son, Robert Van Doren (1904-1996), took over the business around 1935 and designed the 5RV mouthpiece
In 1967, Bernard Van Doren (b. 1945), grandson of Eugene, took over the company and designed the B45 clarinet mouthpiece. Bernard also introduced new machinery to the company, and moved the factory to its current location in Paris at Bormes les Mimosas in 1990. With the improvements in technology, Vandoren was able to increase production, becoming a major manufacturer of reeds and mouthpieces for woodwind instruments.
Mouthpieces
Vandoren clarinet and saxophone mouthpieces are made of vulcanised rubber called ebonite. Their V16 tenor saxophone mouthpieces are also available in a metal variant.
Reeds
The company produces clarinet reeds in a variety of styles for French, German and Austrian style clarinets.
French styled clarinet reeds
Traditional reeds (blue packaging) are the most widely played style of reed. They are available in strengths from 1.5 to 5. They are made with a .09 mm thickness at the tip and a thickness of 2.8 mm at the heel.
Vandoren V.12 reeds are produced from the thicker cane that is used to make saxophone reeds. At the tip, V.12 reeds have a thickness of .10 mm and at the heel, they have a thickness of 3.15 mm. This is equal to .124 inches, which is where the name V.12 comes from. The V.12 reeds come in strengths from 2.5 to 5. These strengths do not correspond to those of Vandoren Traditional reeds (a strength 4 V.12 has a similar hardness to a strength 3.5 Traditional reed). The V12 reed produces a darker tone than the traditional reed.
The 56 rue Lepic reeds (black packaging) are named after the address of the Vandoren central offices on 56 rue Lepic, Paris. They differ from the other two types of Vandoren reeds in that they come from the thickest cane. At the tip, 56 rue Lepic reeds have a thickness of .11 mm and at the heel, they have a thickness of 3.25 mm. They are very similar to German style reeds.
V21 reeds were released from 2015. They combine the shape of a 56 rue Lepic reed with a V.12 profile.
German styled clarinet reeds
The White Master is designed for German clarinet players, respectively. Their cut is calculated to suit the characteristics of the German system clarinet mouthpieces. Black Master reeds have a larger and thicker cut than White Master reeds.
Austrian styled clarinet reeds
The Black Master is designed for Austrian clarinet players, respectively. They are available in two different models. The Black Master reed is designed for Austrian mouthpieces. This cut can also suit the Boehm system mouthpieces. The Black Master Traditional reed is designed in the tradition of the Viennese School for very closed Austrian mouthpieces, with a long facing.
Saxophone reeds
Like clarinet reeds, Vandoren saxophone reeds come in a variety of styles. The most basic is the Traditional reed, which is very similar to the Traditional clarinet reed.
The JAVA reed, available in filed and unfiled varieties, is for playing jazz: the filed JAVA Red cut is more flexible with a slightly stronger tonal body than the original (green, unfiled) JAVA cut. In 1993, Vandoren began producing V16 reeds, also for jazz, which have a thicker tip and a longer pallet than the JAVAs. The ZZ is also intended for jazz.
Vandoren has released from 2009 the V12 for classical music which is modeled after the success of the Vandoren V12 reed for clarinet. Then from 2016 the V21 reeds, a versatile model for various styles of music.
Accessories
Vandoren has a large range of accessories for clarinet and saxophone: these include ligatures, reed cases, cleaning swabs, mouthpiece cushions and cork grease, and even instrument harnesses and neck straps. Some other accessories include mouthpiece pouches, reed trimmers and reed resurfacers.
Saxophone and Clarinet Ligatures
Vandoren produces a wide range of ligatures for clarinet and saxophone players. They are made from materials such as metal, leather, and woven materials. These ligatures can be found for the Bb clarinet, Bass clarinet, Eb clarinet, and the Alto clarinet. The same materials are used for saxophonists and can be found for the soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone and baritone saxophone. Vandoren's Optimum, M/O, Klassik ligature, and the leather ligature are all available for the clarinet and saxophone families.
References
External links
Bernard Van Doren Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2017)
Musical instrument manufacturing companies based in Paris
Manufacturing companies established in 1905
Clarinet manufacturing companies
French brands
French companies established in 1905 |
4022019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus%20SR22 | Cirrus SR22 | The Cirrus SR22 is a single-engine four- or five-seat composite aircraft built from 2001 by Cirrus Aircraft of Duluth, Minnesota.
It is a development of the Cirrus SR20, with a larger wing, higher fuel capacity, and a more powerful, 310-horsepower (231 kW) engine.
The SR22 series has been the world's best-selling general aviation (GA) airplane every year since 2003. With 6,149 units delivered from 2001–19, and in combination with the SR20, a total of 7,645, it is the most-produced GA aircraft of the 21st century, and is the single most-produced GA aircraft made from composite material, accounting for over 30% of the entire piston aircraft market.
The Cirrus SR22 is equipped with a whole-plane emergency recovery parachute system: the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS). This has contributed to its market success and has given it the nickname "the plane with the parachute".
Design and development
The SR22, certified in November 2000, is a more powerful version of the earlier SR20. Production of the aircraft started in 2001. The SR22 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of composite construction, featuring fixed (non-retractable) tricycle landing gear with a castering nose wheel and steering via differential braking on the main wheels. It is powered by a nose-mounted 310 hp (231 kW) Continental IO-550-N piston engine. The four-seat cabin is accessed through doors on both sides of the fuselage.
The SR-series remains the only production airplane in its class to include side stick flight controls that combine aspects of a traditional yoke handle (referred to in the industry as a "side yoke").
The Cirrus SR22, like the SR20, is equipped with the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS), which can lower the entire aircraft to the ground relatively gently in an emergency.
In 2004, the company introduced the SR22 G2 (Generation 2) and in 2007 the SR22 G3 (Generation 3). Both were defined by airframe modifications, G2 by fuselage and G3 by modified wing and landing gear.
In a 2012 Flying magazine review, then editor-in-chief Robert Goyer wrote that the Cirrus SR22 "is the most sophisticated single-engine civilian airplane ever built and by a long shot."
In 2013, the manufacturer introduced the SR22 G5 (Generation 5) (there was no G4). Key changes were an increase in gross weight to and a standard five-seat cabin arrangement. The G5 received only minor changes for 2014, including integrated LED lighting and Beringer brakes.
In 2014, the SR22 and SR22T had been the best-selling four-to-five-seat fixed-wing aircraft in the world for 12 years in a row.
In 2016, Cirrus introduced improvements to the SR Series, including Bluetooth wireless connectivity, a remote keyless entry, convenience lighting system, and an easy-access door latch.
In 2017, the company introduced the SR22 G6 (Generation 6), with several major upgrades to the avionics and new navigation lighting.
In September 2019, Cirrus unveiled the TRAC, a training-oriented version of the SR-series with a simplified interior, more durable seat material, backseat radio transmit switch to allow an observer to communicate with air traffic control, integrated engine indication and crew alerting/warning systems, and simulated retractable landing gear controls and position lights to allow cadets and instructors to feign landing gear operation and failures during instructional flights (the actual landing gear remains permanently fixed).
In January 2020, the company introduced a new mobile app for the SR Series, called "Cirrus IQ", which enables remote aircraft communication including access to pre-flight status information like fuel and oxygen levels, battery voltage, oil temperature, aircraft location and flight hours.
In October 2020, it was revealed that a 2003 SR22 would be displayed in the new general aviation exhibition "We All Fly" in the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, set to open in 2022.
In January 2022, Cirrus announced speed and aesthetic improvements to the G6 SR-series, with a increased cruise speed, upgrades to the mobile IQ app, USB-A and USB-C charging ports and more.
Turbocharged models
Cirrus introduced the SR22 Turbo in 2006, with a Tornado Alley turbonormalizing upgrade kit that is factory installed under a Supplemental Type Certificate. It included twin turbonormalizers and twin intercoolers. The conversion includes built-in oxygen and a Hartzell three-blade (later four-blade as optional) lightweight composite propeller. The weight of the conversion reduces the SR22's useful load. Air conditioning is available with the SR22 Turbo, but this further reduces the useful load. The turbo version has a certified ceiling of , a maximum cruise speed of 211 knots (391 km/h), and a top speed of .
In 2010, Cirrus introduced the SR22T. This used a new engine, the Continental TSIO-550K, which produces with a 7.5:1 compression ratio and can run on 94 octane fuel.
Glass cockpit
SR22s and SR20s built before 2003 were equipped with traditional analog instruments and a 10" (later 12") Multi-function display (MFD). In February 2003, Cirrus began offering SR22s with the Avidyne Entegra primary flight display (PFD), making the plane the first of its kind to come with a glass cockpit. Later that year, this instrumentation became standard equipment on all SR-series aircraft and sparked a major transition in general aviation, whereby over 90% of all new light aircraft by the year 2006 were equipped with glass cockpits. Retrofits are available for the older SR aircraft that replace the analog instrument panels with one that includes a PFD, a new MFD and the installation of back-up mechanical instruments.
On 22 May 2008, Cirrus revealed the "Cirrus Perspective" glass cockpit (by Garmin). Both cockpits were available for a while (the Avidyne cockpit was initially standard equipment) and after 2008 the SR22 was sold with only the Perspective panel.
In 2009, the third-generation Cirrus SR22 GTS came equipped with a new enhanced vision system (EVS), a sophisticated dual-wavelength instrument that offers both infrared and synthetic vision.
At the 2010 EAA AirVenture, Cirrus announced its plans to certify Garmin's ESP system (Electronic Stability and Protection) on the Cirrus SR22. It included advanced flight envelope protection that could stabilize the aircraft with the push of a button, to avoid spiral from developing.
The Cirrus Perspective-Plus avionics flight deck was introduced in 2017, with a faster processing speed, animated datalink weather, payload management, visual approach capabilities, wireless database uploads, glass back-up instruments, and more.
In 2020, the Perspective-Plus flight deck included a new stabilized approach advisory system which provides alerts to the pilot of unstable conditions during approach.
Flight into known icing
Cirrus completed testing for flight into known icing conditions (FIKI) on 12 January 2009. The equipment change involved installing a larger fluid tank for the TKS Ice Protection System and protecting more areas of the aircraft. The FAA approved the new installation in April 2009.
Operational history
The aircraft is used by flying schools, air charter and small air taxi carriers as well as private individuals and companies. For several years, the largest fleet was operated by ImagineAir, which was in operation from 2007–2018. Previously to this, the largest fleet—26 aircraft—had been operated by SATSair, which began operations in 2004 and went out of business in 2009. The largest European operator of the Cirrus SR22 is Fly Aeolus, a Belgian fractional ownership company established in 2009 that operates 13 SR22s. In May 2022, California-based air taxi company Joby Aviation received Part 135 air service certification from the FAA to operate a fleet of SR22s, pending certification of its eVTOL aircraft.
Australian pilot Ryan Campbell used an SR22 to become the youngest pilot to fly solo around the world (a title which he held for nearly a year), at age nineteen. He completed his trip on 7 September 2013 in Wollongong. His SR22, Spirit of the Sapphire Coast, was modified by removing three seats and adding a fuselage tank for a total of usable.
The French Air and Space Force uses six SR22s as training aircraft, and the Royal Saudi Air Force acquired 25 SR22s in 2013, replacing Cessna 172s as primary trainers at the King Faisal Air Academy. In 2015 Emirates purchased 22 aircraft for training purposes. The Minnesota State Patrol uses a special missions "Cirrus Perception" SR22 for law enforcement operations, surveillance, search and rescue missions and more.
As of September 2018, the SR-series has deployed the parachute system 79 times carrying 163 survivors.
Safety record
Between 2001 and May 2014, 147 US-registered Cirrus SR22 aircraft crashed, resulting in 122 fatalities.
In 2011, the accident record of the SR20/SR22 was examined by Aviation Consumer magazine. It found that the series' overall accident record is better than average for light aircraft, exceeded only by the Diamond DA40 and DA42. However its fatal accident rate is worse, at 1.6 per 100,000 flight hours—which places it higher than the United States general aviation rate of 1.2, and higher than the Diamond DA40 (0.35), Cessna 172 (0.45), Diamond DA42 (0.54), Cessna 182 (0.69), and the Cessna 400 (1.0), despite the SR22's full aircraft parachute system.
By the end of 2013, the accident rate had been reduced to a fatality rate of 1.01 per 100,000 flight hours. This was attributed to better training, particularly in use of the ballistic parachute system.
The accident rate continued to decrease in 2014, with a fatal rate of .42 per 100,000 flight hours, one of the industry's lowest. This marked the fewest fatalities in a single year for Cirrus since 2001, and the first year where the number of CAPS deployments (12) exceeded the number of fatal accidents (3).
Variants
SR22
Original version
SR22 G2
Improved variant
SR22 Turbo G2
In July 2006, Cirrus announced a turbo normalized SR22. Some initial limited models were identified as Signature Edition SE22 G2s—equipped with additional features including an unequally painted exterior, black leather seats, and the signatures of Cirrus founders Dale and Alan Klapmeier on the cowling.
SR22TN
Version with a Tornado Alley turbo-normalizing kit added to the Continental IO-550-N engine producing .
SR22 G3
Launched in April 2007, the SR22 G3 variant has an increased range and fuel capacity, from , a lighter carbon fiber wing spar and longer landing gear for increased prop clearance. Upgraded models, such as the GTS, come with airbag seatbelts.
SR22T
Introduced in June 2010, with a turbocharged Continental TSIO-550-K producing . The engine has low-compression pistons, producing a 7.5 to 1 compression ratio to allow the engine to run on lower octane fuel, 94UL. The SR22T has a maximum cruise speed of , empty weight of , and a maximum operating altitude of . This model also has a decreased useful load of and reduced range of , as well as a Hartzell three-blade lightweight composite prop.
SR22/22T G5
On 17 January 2013, Cirrus Aircraft announced the fourth generation of the SR22 and SR22T (skipping G4 as a designation for the new version of the aircraft). Features included a increase in the maximum takeoff weight, and some previous options—60/40 split back seat, ADS-B transponder, and Garmin GFC700 autopilot—became standard equipment. The wheel pants were redesigned and included an access door for the inflator valve. Cirrus improved the aircraft's ballistic parachute using a larger canopy to account for the higher takeoff weight, and a more powerful rocket. The rocket firing changed to a fail-safe electronic ignition, with a maximum operating speed of 140 knots (up from 133 knots). Earlier versions used a pyrotechnic rocket ignition system. Maximum flap speeds were increased to 150 knots (first notch); 110 knots (second notch); and added another 3.5 degrees of extension. Fuel burn slightly increased at cruise speeds, rate of climb was reduced, liftoff speed increased to 80 knots (from 72 knots), and stall speed increased to 60 knots (from 58 knots).
SR22/22T G6
Introduced in January 2017, the G6 model adds new LED wingtip lights and an updated Garmin avionics flight deck (known as "Cirrus Perspective-Plus") with a 10-times faster instrument processing speed and several other upgrades.
TRAC
Introduced in September 2019, the TRAC is a flight-training version SR22/22T with a simplified, more durable interior, Perspective+ flight deck, rear seat push-to-talk functionality, and simulated landing gear controls.
Operators
French Air and Space Force 6× SR22
Royal Saudi Air Force 25× SR22
Minnesota State Patrol
Accidents and incidents
There have been numerous accidents and incidents involving the SR22. Listed below are a select few of the most notable ones.
On November 3, 2015, former Walmart CEO William S. Simon deployed CAPS in his SR22 over Fayetteville near the University of Arkansas when the plane experienced engine trouble. A vehicle struck the aircraft on a busy road after it had touched down. All parties involved suffered only minor injuries.
On May 12, 2021, a Swearingen Metroliner SA226-TC and an SR22 collided on approach to Centennial Airport near Denver, Colorado. The Cirrus pilot deployed CAPS and made a safe off-airport parachute-assisted landing; the Metroliner pilot landed safely at Centennial with significant damage to the cabin and empennage, and a failed engine. No injuries were reported.
Specifications (SR22-G5)
See also
References
Notes
External links
SR22
2000s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft |
4022022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nin | Nin | Nin or NIN may refer to:
National identification number, a system used by governments around the world to keep track of their citizens
National Information Network
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, an institution in Hyderabad, India
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, a neuroscience research institute in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Nine Inch Nails, an American industrial rock band founded by Trent Reznor
NIN (magazine), a Serbian political magazine
NIN (cuneiform), the Sumerian sign for lady
NIN (gene), a human gene
Nin (surname), a surname
Nion or Nin, a letter in the Ogham alphabet
Akira Nishitani (a.k.a. Nin or Nin-Nin), co-creator of the game Street Fighter II
Anaïs Nin, French-Cuban author
Nin, Croatia, a town in the Zadar County in Croatia
Bishop Gregory of Nin, an important figure in the 10th century ecclesiastical politics of Dalmatia.
See also
Nin (surname)
National Insurance number |
4022025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipple%20shield%20%28breastfeeding%29 | Nipple shield (breastfeeding) | A nipple shield is a nipple-shaped sheath worn over the areola and nipple during breastfeeding. Modern nipple shields are made of soft, thin, flexible silicone and have holes at the end of the nipple section to allow the breast milk to pass through.
Usage
Nipple shields are used in various situations:
Some mothers have small or inverted nipples which make it difficult for the baby to latch on. Using a shield allows for feeding to progress until the baby's suction draws out the nipple.
Small, weak or sick babies often have difficulty latching on to the breast. A nipple shield makes latching easier and prevents the baby becoming discouraged.
Babies who had to be bottle-fed since birth can become used to the bottle teat. Nipple shields feel more like teats, and aid with the transition to breast feeding.
A mother's nipples can become sore or cracked from breastfeeding. A shield allows the mother to continue breastfeeding until her cracked nipples heal and she improves her latching technique.
They make it easier to measure the quantity of milk consumed.
Most doctors and lactation consultants stress that nipple shields use should be temporary; the aim is always to return to regular breastfeeding, unless otherwise indicated.
Breast shells may be confused with nipple shields, but shields are intended for use during the act of breastfeeding, whereas breast shells are worn in preparation for breastfeeding.
History
Older nipple shields were made of latex and harder, thicker plastics, and often caused more problems than they solved. Before the invention of plastics, nipple shields were made of metal, glass, or ivory. A 17th-century nipple shield held in Shakespeare's birthplace is made of pewter.
See also
Pasties, a nipple cover used (often for legal reasons) when the breast is otherwise exposed
Breast petal, a nipple cover used under clothing for a smoother line
Further reading
Breastfeeding
Shield (breastfeeding) |
4022053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Schur | Michael Schur | Michael Herbert Schur (born ) is an American television producer, writer, and character actor. He was a producer and writer for the comedy series The Office, and co-created Parks and Recreation with Office producer Greg Daniels. He created The Good Place, co-created the comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine and was a producer on the series Master of None. He also played Mose Schrute in The Office. In 2021, he co-created the comedy series Rutherford Falls.
Schur's comedies typically include large, diverse casts and have created break-out stars. His shows feature optimistic characters who often find strong friendships and lasting love, through plots that showcase "good-hearted humanistic warmth." As of September 2021, Schur has been nominated for 19 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two for his work on Saturday Night Live (1997–2004) and The Office.
Early life
Schur was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to a Jewish family. His parents are Warren M. Schur and Anne Herbert, and he was raised in West Hartford, Connecticut. He first became interested in comedy when he was 11 years old, when he read Without Feathers, a 1975 collection of humorous essays by Woody Allen. Schur said he found the book on his father's bookshelf and stayed up reading it until 4 a.m.
Schur attended William H. Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut. Schur graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. major in English from Harvard University in 1997, where he was a president of the Harvard Lampoon.
Career
Starting in 1998, Schur was a writer on NBC's Saturday Night Live. Schur became the producer of Weekend Update in 2001; his first show in the new role was Saturday Night Lives first episode after the September 11 attacks. In 2002, he won his first Primetime Emmy Award as part of SNLs writing team. Schur left Saturday Night Live in 2004.
Soon afterward, he became producer and writer for The Office on NBC, for which he wrote ten episodes and won the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. Schur appeared on The Office as Dwight's cousin Mose in several episodes, including "Initiation", in which Dwight takes Ryan to his beet farm, "Money", in which Jim and Pam spend a night at the farm, "The Deposition", "Koi Pond", "Counseling" and "Finale". He also co-wrote The Office: The Accountants webisodes with Paul Lieberstein.
In 2005, Schur served as a co-producer of HBO's The Comeback and wrote two of its 13 episodes.
Schur also wrote for Fire Joe Morgan, a sports journalism blog, under the pseudonym "Ken Tremendous". Schur resurrected the pen name on March 31, 2011, when he began writing for SB Nation's Baseball Nation site. @KenTremendous is also Schur's Twitter handle.
In April 2008, Schur and Greg Daniels started working on a pilot for Parks and Recreation as a proposed spin-off of The Office. Over time, Schur realized Parks and Recreation would work better if they made it separate from The Office. While Parks and Recreation received negative reviews in its first season, it received critical acclaim in the second, much like The Office.
Schur collaborated with The Decemberists on their music video for "Calamity Song" from the album The King Is Dead. This video is based upon Eschaton, a mock-nuclear war game played on tennis courts that David Foster Wallace created in his 1996 novel Infinite Jest. Schur wrote his undergraduate senior thesis on the novel, and once held the film rights to it.
With Daniel J. Goor, Schur created the cop comedy Brooklyn Nine-Nine, which premiered in fall 2013 on Fox. The show was moved to NBC in its sixth season. The show boasts six awards.
In 2013, Joe Posnanski and Schur created The PosCast which is now hosted by Meadowlark Media. The podcast primarily discusses baseball but meanders into other sports, subjects, drafts of random items, and prides itself in being meaningless. The podcast has featured notable guests and co-hosts such as Linda Holmes, Ken Rosenthal, Nick Offerman, Ellen Adair, Stefan Fatsis, Brandon McCarthy, Joey Votto, and Sean Doolittle.
On September 19, 2016, the Schur-created sitcom The Good Place began airing on NBC. The supernatural series concerning philosophy and being a good person, starring Kristen Bell and Ted Danson, became a surprise critical and commercial success, concluding its four-season run on January 30, 2020.
In 2016, Schur and Rashida Jones co-wrote the teleplay of "Nosedive", an episode of the television anthology series Black Mirror, from a story by Charlie Brooker.
In 2019, Schur joined other WGA writers in firing their agents as part of the Writers Guild of America's stand against the ATA and the unfair practice of packaging.
In 2019, Schur began development of a scripted comedy called Rutherford Falls starring Ed Helms. The series premiered on the streaming service Peacock on April 22, 2021. He worked on several projects on IMDb TV. He also reupped his overall deal at Universal Television.
Personal life
Schur is married to J. J. Philbin, who was formerly a writer on The O.C. and is the daughter of Regis Philbin. Their son was born in February 2008 and daughter in July 2010.
He is a vegetarian.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Bibliography
References
External links
Interview with Michael Schur
Where are they now? Interview About His Public Schooling
1970s births
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American bloggers
American male bloggers
American male television actors
American male television writers
American television writers
Hall High School (Connecticut) alumni
Harvard University alumni
Hugo Award-winning writers
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American screenwriters
Living people
Nebula Award winners
NBCUniversal people
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Showrunners
Screenwriters from Connecticut
Screenwriters from Michigan
Television producers from Connecticut
Television producers from Michigan
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Writers from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Writers Guild of America Award winners |
4022055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Appropriate%20Technology | Centre for Appropriate Technology | Centre for Appropriate Technology may refer to:
Centre for Appropriate Technology (Australia)
El Centro Integrado de Technologia Appropriada (CITA) (Cuba)
See also
Centre for Alternative Technology |
4022058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade%20Edmistone | Jade Edmistone | Jade Edmistone (born 6 February 1982) is an Australian breaststroke swimmer, who is the former world-record holder in the 50 m breaststroke at both short and long course formats of the event.
Edmistone was born in Brisbane, Queensland. She was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
In 2004, Edmistone emerged as an international calibre swimmer, at the Telstra Australian Short Course Championships. Her three swims in the heats, semifinals and final produced a Commonwealth record, an equalling of the world record and a new world record for the 50 m breaststroke (29.90s).
She followed that with a personal best time to finish second to Olympic silver medallist Brooke Hanson in the 100 m breaststroke final to qualify for her second event at the FINA Short Course World Championships in Indianapolis, Indiana. At the World Championships, Edmistone won the silver medal in the 50 m breaststroke, just 0.01 s behind Hanson. She also took home silver in the 100m breaststroke, also behind Hanson.
Edmistone qualified for her first long course international team in March 2005, when she won the 50 m breaststroke at the 2005 Australian Swimming Championships in Sydney. She had set national records twice on her way to the final. She won her first world title by breaking the world record in the 50 m breaststroke at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in July 2005, setting a time of 30.45 s.
At the 2006 Commonwealth Games Trials in February 2006 in Melbourne, Edmistone set a new personal best in the 100 m breaststroke to become the 2nd fastest Australian of all-time, and further lowered her own world record in the 50 metres breaststroke to 30.31s. It was the first world record to be set at the new pool built for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
She claimed silver in both the 50 m and 100 m breaststroke at the 2006 Commonwealth Games, trailing Leisel Jones in both cases. Then followed up at the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships in Shanghai with Gold in the 50 m breaststroke, bronze in the 100 m breaststroke and joined Tayliah Zimmer, Jessicah Schipper and Libby Lenton in the 4x100 m medley relay to take gold and set a new world record, beating the previous record by 3 seconds.
Edmistone married fellow Australian swim team member Andrew Richards on 22 April 2006 in a ceremony held at Lyrebird Ridge Organic Winery, a property owned and managed by her aunt and uncle in the beautiful Shoalhaven.
Since retiring from competitive swimming, Edmistone founded 'The ONCORE Academy' which assists with the development of individuals both in and out of the water. It provides products, programs and education specialising in building and strengthening fundamental swimming techniques and developing a strong mental wellbeing outside of sports.
In 2016, Edmistone published her first book, Fish Out Of Water, which delves into her personal experiences as she transitioned from a life as an elite athlete into that of a 'normal' person. The book also has contributions from twelve other former elite female swimmers.
Edmistone is also a passionate motivational speaker, who speaks about her experiences as a professional athlete, the highs and lows during her career and how she navigated through the transition from being a world champion to living a ‘normal’ life. Jade actively speaks about her experiences with mental health and managing the stresses of a high-performance sport.
Personal bests
Long course
50 m Breaststroke: 30.31 s - (Former world record, set in Melbourne, Australia, January 2006)
100 m Breaststroke: 1:07.03 s - 2nd fastest Australian all-time.
200 m Breaststroke - 2:32.60 s
Short course
50 m Breaststroke - 29.90 s - (Former world record, set in Brisbane, Australia, September 2004)
100 m Breaststroke - 1:05.18 s- 2nd Fastest Australian of all-time
200 m Breaststroke - 2:25.80 s
See also
List of Australian records in swimming
List of Commonwealth Games records in swimming
World record progression 50 metres breaststroke
World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay
References
External links
Official website
1982 births
Living people
Sportswomen from Queensland
Australian female breaststroke swimmers
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
World record setters in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Australian Institute of Sport swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Swimmers from Brisbane
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
Universiade silver medalists for Australia
Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade |
4022079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Alpay | David Alpay | David Alpay (born 6 October 1980) is a Canadian actor, musician and producer, known for playing Mark Smeaton in The Tudors.
Early life
Alpay was born in Toronto, Ontario, and prior to his first film role, he was studying at the University of Toronto.
Career
Alpay played the character "Danny" in the political comedy Man of the Year, starring Robin Williams.
Filmography
Film
Television
External links
1980 births
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male film actors
Living people
Male actors from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni |
4022084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20to%20Me%20%28album%29 | Lie to Me (album) | Lie to Me is the second studio album by the American blues guitarist Jonny Lang, released on January 28, 1997. It is Lang's big-label debut, released a day before he turned 16.
Track listing
"Lie to Me" (Bruce McCabe/David Z) - 4:11
"Darker Side" (McCabe) - 5:07
"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" (Sonny Boy Williamson) - 4:15
"Still Wonder" (Kevin Bowe) - 3:45
"Matchbox" (Ike Turner) - 3:29
"Back for a Taste of Your Love" (Syl Johnson/Darryl Carter/Brenda Johnson) - 3:32
"A Quitter Never Wins" (Tinsley Ellis/Margaret Simpson) - 5:56
"Hit the Ground Running" (Michael Lunn/Jeff Silbar) - 3:31
"Rack 'Em Up" (McCabe) - 4:07
"When I Come to You" (Jonny Lang/Dennis Morgan) - 4:58
"There's Gotta Be a Change" (Gwendolyn Collins) - 4:11
"Missing Your Love" (Lang/Morgan) - 3:53
Personnel
Jonny Lang - vocals, lead guitar
Bruce McCabe - piano, clavinet, backing vocals
Bekka Bramlett - backing vocals
Billy Franze - rhythm guitar
Dennis Morgan - acoustic guitar
Doug Bartenfeld - rhythm guitar
Rob Stupka - drums
David Smith - bass guitar
Tom Tucker - engineer
Mark Pagliaro - Guitar Tech
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Jonny Lang albums
1997 albums
A&M Records albums |
4022089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i%20Tai%20ki%20T%C4%81maki | Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki | Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki is a Māori tribe that is based in the area around Clevedon, part of the Auckland region (Tāmaki in the Māori language). It is one of the twelve members of the Hauraki Collective of tribes.
The founding ancestors of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki came to New Zealand in the Tainui migration canoe and left it when it was dragged across the portage from the Tamaki River to the Manukau Harbour. Their descendants occupied parts of the Hauraki Gulf, including east Auckland as far inland as Otara and Maungarei, as well as Clevedon, Maraetai and Howick. Te Irirangi Drive, a major highway in Manukau City, is named after one of their rangatira (chiefs), Tara Te Irirangi.
Ngāi Tai has a marae at Umupuia Beach, between Maraetai and Clevedon. They also use the Ngāti Tamaoho marae at Karaka.
In 2015 the Crown settled with Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki over historic grievances, including both financial and cultural compensation.
See also
List of iwi
References
External links
Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki website
Iwi and hapū |
4022090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Kendrick | John Kendrick | John Kendrick may refer to:
John Kendrick (cloth merchant) (1573–1624), English cloth merchant
John Kendrick (lord mayor) (died 1661), Lord Mayor of London in 1652
John Kendrick (American sea captain) (1740–1794), American sea captain
John Kendrick Jr., his son, maritime fur trader, merchant and Spanish Navy officer
John Kendrick (Connecticut politician) (1825–1877), Connecticut state legislator and mayor
John Allen Kendrick (1897–1960), American criminal and bank robber
John B. Kendrick (1857–1933), United States Senator from Wyoming
John Whitefield Kendrick (1917–2009), American economist
John William Kendrick (1853–1924), American railway executive
John Kendrick (cashier), first Chief Cashier of the Bank of England |
4022113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta | Zachęta | The Zachęta National Gallery of Art (Polish: Zachęta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki) is a contemporary art museum in the center of Warsaw, Poland. The Gallery's chief purpose is to present and support Polish contemporary art and artists. With numerous temporary exhibitions of well-known foreign artists, the gallery has also established itself internationally.
The word "zachęta" means encouragement. The Zachęta Gallery takes its name from Towarzystwo Zachęty do Sztuk Pięknych (the Society for Encouragement of the Fine Arts), founded in Warsaw in 1860.
History
Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts
Before 1860 there were neither public museums nor libraries nor other generally accessible institutions that allowed for exchange between artists. The repression that resulted from the November Uprising, made higher artistic education virtually impossible. The last major exhibition took place in 1845. After protests by artists during the 1850s, the Wystawa Krajowa Sztuk Pięknych (National Exhibition of Fine Arts) was approved in 1858, and lead to negotiations with Russian rulers who in the end permitted the foundation of the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts in 1860. The Society's statutes were set by artists and art experts. The first official meeting and the election of a board of directors took place on 13 December 1860. The board had twelve members, six artists and six art experts, and was elected annually. The members remained in office for at least one month but no longer than one year.
The primary aim of the Society was the dissemination of fine arts as well as support and encouragement of artists. Furthermore, its intention was to create general awareness of art among the Polish society. In 1860 the Society had 234 official registered members. Only one year later the number had increased to 1464.
Initially, all artworks were on display until they were sold. Soon enough that lead to crowded walls and a monotonous permanent exhibition. After fundamental changes made between 1900 and 1939, the permanent exhibition was shown only in addition to temporarily changing exhibitions.
The Society hosted annual salons, funded scholarships and offered other aid to young artists, both members and candidates.
The Building
First tenders for the design of a new building were put out in 1862. However, due to a lack of financial resources the plans were not realized. After the Society was given land by the municipality, another competition was announced in 1894, won by the Warsaw architect, Stefan Szyller. He presented an architectural design in neo-Renaissance style with classical elements. The portal is ornamented with allegorical figures and sculptural works by Zygmunt Otto. The architrave of the building is engraved with the Latin word Artibus.
Construction work began in 1898. In December 1900, the front building was officially opened followed by the opening of the south wing in 1903. Both the opening and extension of the building were exceptionally well reviewed. Szyller's plans originally included the construction of two more wings which could not be implemented at that time.
In 1958, the Ministry of Art and Culture decided to reconstruct the building. Surrounding houses had been destroyed during the war and thus, involuntarily, gave way to the extension of the building. The Warsaw architects, Oskar Hansen, Lech Tomaszewski and Stanisław Zamecznikow, were entrusted with the reconstruction, but the planned reconstruction was postponed.
In 1982, the reconstruction plans were taken up again and executed by the Shop for Preservation of Monuments. From 1991 to 1993, the reconstruction was supervised and executed by the company, Dom i Miasto (Home and City). The company was also responsible for the extension of the staircases inside the building, which allowed for direct access to the exhibition halls within the new part of the building. The resulting monumental perspective is emphasized by the Gladiator, a work by the Polish sculptor, Pius Weloński, which remained from the Society's former collection.
The extension of the building created a larger exhibition space, a storage facility for the artwork, an unloading platform and an office wing with a separate entrance. The largest exhibition hall was named after the Polish painter, Jan Matejko. Another room is named after Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of the Second Polish Republic, who was assassinated at Zachęta on 16 December 1922 by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a Polish painter and critic. To commemorate the president and Wojciech Gerson, one of the founders of the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts, two plaques were revealed during the gallery's anniversary celebrations in 2000.
Since its official opening in 1900, the Zachęta building has housed several institutions:
1900–1939: Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts
1939–1945: House of German Culture
1945–1989: Central Bureau for Art Exhibitions
1989–2003: Zachęta State Gallery of Art
since 2003: Zachęta National Gallery of Art
The Zachęta building was registered as a historical monument in 1965.
1939 to 1945
During the Invasion of Poland at the beginning of the Second World War almost all of the buildings surrounding the museum were destroyed while the Zachęta building remained comparatively undamaged. Following the Polish capitulation, German units occupied the building and converted it into the Haus der Deutschen Kultur (House of German Culture) which was mainly used for propaganda purposes. The Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts was dissolved. The artwork, as well as other documents belonging to the Society, were largely brought to the Muzeum Narodowe, or confiscated and sent to Germany. The transport took place on open trucks without any proper documentation. During the Warsaw Uprising the Zachęta building was heavily damaged by artillery and bombs and thus needed to be fully renovated at the end of the war. Traces of a flammable substance were found, suggesting that German units planned to set the building on fire before their withdrawal.
1945 to 1989
After the war, the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts was not reactivated. It was replaced by the Centralne Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych (Central Bureau for Art Exhibitions) which was founded in 1949 by the Ministry for Art and Culture at the request of the Association for Fine Arts, Poland. In 1951, the bureau began to host exhibitions. The first director (1949–1954) was Armand Vetulani.
The central bureau was responsible for the organisation of art exhibitions, and all other artistic activity, throughout the entire country. Branch offices were opened in Kraków, Katowice, Poznań, Łódź, Zakopane, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Wrocław, Olsztyn and Opole. Eventually, the Central Bureau for Art Exhibitions became the most important institution in the area of cultural policy.
The 1980s were characterized by radical political changes related to the declaration of martial law, leading to a boycott of all official galleries. In fact, the central bureau never really recovered from these drastic failures.
After 1989
The fall of the Berlin Wall and the fall of the Iron Curtain changed political circumstances fundamentally, and also affected the structure of the central bureau. Barbara Majewska, the director of the bureau, moved the bureau away from its former old and centralistic structures, andon May 30, 1994, the Central Bureau for Art Exhibitions was closed and turned into the Zachęta State Gallery.
In 2003, the Polish minister of culture, Waldemar Dąbrowski, renamed the gallery Narodowa Galeria Sztuki (National Gallery of Art).
Exhibitions
In 2000, the gallery marked its 100th anniversary with the exhibition, Polonia - Polonia. The exhibition included over 100 objects from different times and representing different types of media. All of the artwork presented national subjects.
In the same year, the gallery opened the exhibition Słońce i inne Gwiazdy (The Sun and other Stars) based on a survey taken in 1999. The survey was directed primarily to Polish art historians, critics and curators, and asked for the most important artists of the 20th century. The result was two lists: one presenting the most important Polish artists and the other presenting the most important foreign artists. Słońce i inne Gwiazdy exhibited ten of the elected Polish artists: Magdalena Abakanowicz, Tadeusz Kantor, Katarzyna Kobro, Roman Opałka, Henryk Stażewski, Władysław Strzemiński, Alina Szapocznikow, Witkacy, Witold Wojtkiewicz and Andrzej Wróblewski.
Also in 2000, the ten most important foreign artists were presented in another exhibit and consisted of Pablo Picasso, Francis Bacon, Joseph Beuys, Marcel Duchamp, Wassily Kandinsky, Andy Warhol, Kazimir Malevich, Salvador Dalí, Piet Mondrian and Constantin Brâncuși.
In 2000, the Swiss art historian, Harald Szeemann, curated an exhibition featuring Maurizio Cattelans, La Nona Ora (The ninth Hour). The artwork shows Pope John Paul II hit and buried by a meteor. As the influence of the Catholic Church in Poland still is very strong, the presentation of Cattelan's work led to a public scandal.
Permanent Collection
The collection began with a picture of Józef Simmler's Death of Barbara Radziwiłł. Objects have come mainly from donations and wills. At the end of the 19th century, the collection already comprised over one thousand items.
The permanent collection of Zachęta National Gallery of Art today comprises 3600 objects of which about 700 are paintings, almost 80 are video works and around 100 are sculptures and installations. In addition, the gallery owns an extensive collection of over 2600 works on paper such as graphic works, drawings and photographs. Polish artists from the 20th century, like Tadeusz Kantor, Henryk Stażewski and Alina Szapocznikow, are represented within the collection as well as Polish contemporary artists such as Mirosław Bałka, Katarzyna Kozyra, Zbigniew Libera, Wilhelm Sasnal and Krzysztof Wodiczko.
The works of the collection not only reflect the often complicated past of the institution, but also show the focus of the gallery. Today, it concentrates on works of contemporary Polish artists, both works that have been shown in the gallery and works which were produced in cooperation with the gallery. Some of these projects are exhibited in other locations, such as the Polish Pavilion at the Biennale in Venice. There is no permanent exhibition of the collection. The works either become integrated in temporary shows or are on loan for exhibitions in other Polish institutions or abroad.
Decisions about changes to the collection are made by the Commission for Purchases, Donations and Deposits, formed in 1990. Since 2008, the Department of Collections and Inventories is responsible for taking care of Zachęta's collection.
Gallery
Library
The Zachęta library includes:
Catalogues about Polish artists who are working in Poland and abroad, about foreign artists who are working in Poland, as well as catalogues about certain cycles of exhibitions. The catalogue collection is one of the most extensive in Poland.
Books about contemporary art and related subjects.
Magazines: Polish as well as foreign magazines about art in general.
The Department for Documentation archives the lives and works of Polish artists since 1945. In addition to biographical notes, there is a list of exhibitions the respective artists took part in as well as newspaper clippings and exhibition catalogues. The archive is accessible but can only be used on-site.
The gallery's bookshop is located on the ground floor of the building, offering catalogues, books and magazines of Polish and foreign artists as well as catalogues of exhibitions which took place at both the Zachęta and Kordegarda.
The gallery also runs a separate Pedagogy Department which is responsible for the organisation of lectures, meetings and talks with artists and art historians, concerts, guided tours as well as educational programmes.
Project Kordegarda
The Kordegarda Gallery (literally: guardroom) was founded in 1956 as a branch of the Zachęta and situated on Krakowskie Przedmieście in Warsaw. It was an additional exhibition space, directed and organised by Zachęta, yet to a certain extent independent with regard to its exhibition programme.
In 2010, the Kordegarda Gallery moved to Gałczynskiego street, just off the historic Ulica Nowy Świat (New World Street). While still directed by the Zachęta, the Kordegarda Gallery became more independent, devoting its attention to young artists, both Polish and foreign. The main idea is to present the artists within the context of urban structures and emphasize the cooperation of artist and gallery. In fact, the exhibition room is just as important as the art within, which is why every artist is asked to work individually with the exhibition room and design the artwork, especially for the given space.
Currently, the Zachęta is updating both the concept and programme of the Kordegarda Gallery.
Controversies
In the past, the influence of the catholic church in Poland was demonstrated by the censoring of various exhibitions due to blasphemy.
In December 2000, the Polish right-wing politician Witold Tomczak damaged Maurizio Cattelan's sculpture, La Nona Ora, and prompted the dismissal of director, Anda Rottenberg. In a letter addressed to the prime minister, Tomczak denounced Rottenberg, suggested that she should curate "rather in Israel than in Poland", and then demanded the dismissal of the "civil servant of Jewish origin". He also proposed prosecution due to violation of religious sentiments.
Notes
References
Świtek, Gabriela (2020). "From Historic Inventory to Contemporary Display: The Collections of the Zachęta — National Gallery of Art in Warsaw", in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 10. Moscow, St. Petersburg, pp. 682–691. ISSN 2312-2129.
External links
Home page
Art museums and galleries in Poland
Tourist attractions in Warsaw
Museums in Warsaw
Art museums established in 1860
1860 establishments in Poland |
4022115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%20War%20of%20Independence | Croatian War of Independence | The Croatian War of Independence was fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the Government of Croatia—which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)—and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serb forces, with the JNA ending its combat operations in Croatia by 1992. In Croatia, the war is primarily referred to as the "Homeland War" () and also as the "Greater-Serbian Aggression" (). In Serbian sources, "War in Croatia" () and (rarely) "War in Krajina" () are used.
A majority of Croats wanted Croatia to leave Yugoslavia and become a sovereign country, while many ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, supported by Serbia, opposed the secession and wanted Serb-claimed lands to be in a common state with Serbia. Most Serbs sought a new Serb state within a Yugoslav federation, including areas of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina with ethnic Serb majorities or significant minorities, and attempted to conquer as much of Croatia as possible. Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991, but agreed to postpone it with the Brioni Agreement and cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia on 8 October 1991.
The JNA initially tried to keep Croatia within Yugoslavia by occupying all of Croatia. After this failed, Serb forces established the self-proclaimed proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) within Croatia which began with the Log Revolution. After the ceasefire of January 1992 and international recognition of the Republic of Croatia as a sovereign state, the front lines were entrenched, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was deployed, and combat became largely intermittent in the following three years. During that time, the RSK encompassed , more than a quarter of Croatia. In 1995, Croatia launched two major offensives known as Operation Flash and Operation Storm; these offensives effectively ended the war in its favor. The remaining United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) zone was peacefully reintegrated into Croatia by 1998.
The war ended with Croatian victory, as it achieved the goals it had declared at the beginning of the war: independence and preservation of its borders. Approximately 21–25% of Croatia's economy was ruined, with an estimated US$37 billion in damaged infrastructure, lost output, and refugee-related costs. Over 20,000 people were killed in the war, and refugees were displaced on both sides. The Serbian and Croatian governments began to progressively cooperate with each other, but tensions remain, in part due to verdicts by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and lawsuits filed by each country against the other.
In 2007, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) returned a guilty verdict against Milan Martić, one of the Serb leaders in Croatia, for having colluded with Slobodan Milošević and others to create a "unified Serbian state". Between 2008 and 2012, the ICTY had prosecuted Croatian generals Ante Gotovina, Mladen Markač and Ivan Čermak for alleged involvement in the crimes related to Operation Storm. Čermak was acquitted outright, and the convictions of Gotovina and Markač were later overturned by an ICTY Appeals Panel. The International Court of Justice dismissed mutual claims of genocide by Croatia and Serbia in 2015. The Court reaffirmed that, to an extent, crimes against civilians had taken place, but it ruled that specific genocidal intent was not present.
Background
Political changes in Yugoslavia
In the 1970s, Yugoslavia's socialist regime became severely splintered into a liberal-decentralist nationalist faction led by Croatia and Slovenia that supported a decentralized federation to give greater autonomy to Croatia and Slovenia, versus a conservative-centralist nationalist faction led by Serbia that supported a centralized federation to secure Serbia's and the Serbs' interests across Yugoslavia—as they were the largest ethnic group in the country as a whole. From 1967 to 1972 in Croatia and 1968 and 1981 protests in Kosovo, nationalist doctrines and actions caused ethnic tensions that destabilized Yugoslavia. The suppression by the state of nationalists is believed to have had the effect of identifying Croat nationalism as the primary alternative to communism itself and made it a strong underground movement.
A crisis emerged in Yugoslavia with the weakening of the communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War, as symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In Croatia, the regional branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the League of Communists of Croatia, had lost its ideological potency. Slovenia and Croatia wanted to move towards decentralization. SR Serbia, headed by Slobodan Milošević, adhered to centralism and single-party rule, and in turn effectively ended the autonomy of the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina by March 1989, taking command of their votes in the Yugoslav federal presidency. Nationalist ideas started to gain influence within the ranks of the still-ruling League of Communists, while Milošević's speeches, notably the 1989 Gazimestan speech in which he talked of "battles and quarrels", favored continuation of a unified Yugoslav state — one in which all power would continue to be centralized in Belgrade.
In the autumn of 1989, the Serbian government pressured the Croatian government to allow a series of Serb nationalist rallies in the country, and the Serbian media and various Serbian intellectuals had already begun to refer to the Croatian leadership as "Ustaše", and began to make reference to genocide and other crimes committed by the Ustaše between 1941 and 1945. The Serbian political leadership approved of the rhetoric and accused the Croatian leadership of being "blindly nationalistic" when it objected.
Having completed the anti-bureaucratic revolution in Vojvodina, Kosovo, and Montenegro, Serbia secured four out of eight federal presidency votes in 1991, which rendered the governing body ineffective as other republics objected and called for reform of the Federation. In 1989, political parties were allowed and a number of them had been founded, including the Croatian Democratic Union () (HDZ), led by Franjo Tuđman, who later became the first president of Croatia. Tuđman ran on a nationalist platform with a program of "national reconciliation" between Croatian communists and former Ustašes (fascists) being a key component of his party's political program. Accordingly, he also integrated former Ustaše members into the party and state's apparatus.
In January 1990, the League of Communists broke up on ethnic lines, with the Croatian and Slovene factions demanding a looser federation at the 14th Extraordinary Congress. At the congress, Serbian delegates accused the Croatian and Slovene delegates of "supporting separatism, terrorism and genocide in Kosovo". The Croatian and Slovene delegations, including most of their ethnic Serb members, eventually left in protest, after Serbian delegates rejected every proposed amendment.
January 1990 also marked the beginning of court cases being brought to Yugoslavia's Constitutional Court on the matter of secession. The first was the Slovenian Constitutional Amendments case after Slovenia claimed the right to unilateral secession pursuant to the right of self-determination. The Constitutional Court ruled that secession from the federation was only permitted if there was the unanimous agreement of Yugoslavia's republics and autonomous provinces. The Constitutional Court noted that 1974 Constitution's Section I of the Basic Principles of the Constitution identified that self-determination including secession "belonged to the peoples of Yugoslavia and their socialist republics". The matter of Kosovo secession was addressed in May 1991 with the court claiming that "only the peoples of Yugoslavia" had the right to secession, Albanians were considered a minority and not a people of Yugoslavia.
The 1990 survey conducted among Yugoslav citizens showed that ethnic animosity existed on a small scale. Compared to the results from 25 years before, Croatia was the republic with the highest increase in ethnic distance. Furthermore, there was significant increase of ethnic distance among Serbs and Montenegrins toward Croats and Slovenes and vice versa. Of all respondents, 48% of Croats said that their affiliation with Yugoslavia is very important to them.
In February 1990, Jovan Rašković founded the Serb Democratic Party (SDS) in Knin, whose program aimed to change the regional division of Croatia to be aligned with ethnic Serb interests. Prominent members of the RSK government, including Milan Babić and Milan Martić, later testified that Belgrade directed a propaganda campaign portraying the Serbs in Croatia as being threatened with genocide by the Croat majority. On 4 March 1990, 50,000 Serbs rallied at Petrova Gora and shouted negative remarks aimed at Tuđman, chanted "This is Serbia", and expressed support for Milošević.
The first free elections in Croatia and Slovenia were scheduled for a few months later. The first round of elections in Croatia was held on 22 April, and the second round on 6 May. The HDZ based its campaign on greater sovereignty (eventually outright independence) for Croatia, fueling a sentiment among Croats that "only the HDZ could protect Croatia from the aspirations of Milošević towards a Greater Serbia". It topped the poll in the elections (followed by Ivica Račan's reformed communists, Social Democratic Party of Croatia) and was set to form a new Croatian Government.
A tense atmosphere prevailed on May 13, 1990, when a football game was held at Zagreb in Maksimir Stadium between Zagreb's Dinamo team and Belgrade's Red Star. The game erupted into violence between the Croatian and Serbian fans and with the police.
On 30 May 1990, the new Croatian Parliament held its first session. President Tuđman announced his manifesto for a new Constitution (ratified at the end of the year) and a multitude of political, economic, and social changes, notably to what extent minority rights (mainly for Serbs) would be guaranteed. Local Serb politicians opposed the new constitution. In 1991, Croats represented 78.1% and Serbs 12.2% of the total population of Croatia, but the latter held a disproportionate number of official posts: 17.7% of appointed officials in Croatia, including police, were Serbs. An even greater proportion of those posts had been held by Serbs in Croatia earlier, which created a perception that the Serbs were guardians of the communist regime. This caused discontent among the Croats despite the fact it never actually undermined their own dominance in SR Croatia. After the HDZ came to power, many Serbs employed in the public sector, especially the police, were fired and replaced by Croats. This, combined with Tuđman's remarks, i.e. "Thank God my wife is not a Jew or a Serb", were distorted by Milošević's media to spark fear that any form of an independent Croatia would be a new "Ustashe state". In one instance, TV Belgrade showed Tuđman shaking hands with German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (who would be the first government leader in the world to recognise independent Croatia and Slovenia) accusing the two of plotting "a Fourth Reich". Aside from the firing of many Serbs from public sector positions, another concern among Serbs living in Croatia was the HDZ's public display of the šahovnica (Croatian checkerboard) in the Croatian Coat of arms, which was associated with the fascist Ustaše regime. This was a misconception as the checkerboard had a history going back to the fifteenth century and was not identical to the one that was used in the WW2-era Independent State of Croatia. However, Tuđman's xenophobic rhetoric and attitude towards Croatian Serbs as well as his support for former Ustaše leaders did little to ease Serb fears.
Civil unrest and demands for autonomy
Immediately after the Slovenian parliamentary election and the Croatian parliamentary election in April and May 1990, the JNA announced that the Tito-era doctrine of "general people's defense", in which each republic maintained a Territorial defense force () (TO), would henceforth be replaced by a centrally directed system of defense. The republics would lose their role in defense matters, and their TOs would be disarmed and subordinated to JNA headquarters in Belgrade, but the new Slovenian government acted quickly to retain control over their TO. On 14 May 1990, the weapons of the TO of Croatia, in Croat-majority regions, were taken away by the JNA, preventing the possibility of Croatia having its own weapons as was done in Slovenia. Borisav Jović, Serbia's representative in the Federal Presidency and a close ally of Slobodan Milošević, claimed that this action came at the behest of Serbia.
According to Jović, on 27 June 1990 he and Veljko Kadijević, the Yugoslav Defence Minister, met and agreed that they should, regarding Croatia and Slovenia, "expel them forcibly from Yugoslavia, by simply drawing borders and declaring that they have brought this upon themselves through their decisions". According to Jović, the next day he obtained the agreement of Milošević. However, Kadijević, of mixed Serb-Croat heritage and a Yugoslav Partisan in World War II, was loyal to Yugoslavia and not a Greater Serbia; Kadijević believed that if Slovenia left Yugoslavia the state would collapse and thus he discussed with Jović about possibly using the JNA to impose martial law in Slovenia to prevent this potential collapse and was willing to wage war with the secessionist republics to prevent their secession. Kadijević considered the political crisis and ethnic conflict to have been caused by the actions of foreign governments, particularly Germany, which he accused of seeking to break up Yugoslavia to allow Germany to exercise a sphere of influence in the Balkans. Kadijević regarded the Croatian government of Tuđman to be a fascist-inspired and that Serbs had the right to be protected from Croatian "armed formations".
After the election of Tuđman and the HDZ, a Serb Assembly was established in Srb, north of Knin, on 25 July 1990 as the political representation of the Serb people in Croatia. The Serb Assembly declared "sovereignty and autonomy of the Serb people in Croatia".
In August 1990, an unrecognized mono-ethnic referendum was held in regions with a substantial Serb population which would later become known as the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) (bordering western Bosnia and Herzegovina) on the question of Serb "sovereignty and autonomy" in Croatia. This was an attempt to counter changes made to the constitution. The Croatian government sent police forces to police stations in Serb-populated areas to seize their weapons. Among other incidents, local Serbs from the southern hinterlands of Croatia, mostly around the city of Knin, blocked roads to tourist destinations in Dalmatia. This incident is known as the "Log Revolution". Years later, during Martić's trial, Babić claimed he was tricked by Martić into agreeing to the Log Revolution, and that it and the entire war in Croatia was Martić's responsibility, and had been orchestrated by Belgrade. The statement was corroborated by Martić in an interview published in 1991. Babić confirmed that by July 1991 Milošević had taken over control of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). The Croatian government responded to the blockade of roads by sending special police teams in helicopters to the scene, but were intercepted by SFR Yugoslav Air Force fighter jets and forced to turn back to Zagreb. The Serbs felled pine trees or used bulldozers to block roads to seal off towns like Knin and Benkovac near the Adriatic coast. On 18 August 1990, the Serbian newspaper Večernje novosti claimed "almost two million Serbs were ready to go to Croatia to fight".
On 21 December 1990, the SAO Krajina was proclaimed by the municipalities of the regions of Northern Dalmatia and Lika, in south-western Croatia. Article 1 of the Statute of the SAO Krajina defined the SAO Krajina as "a form of territorial autonomy within the Republic of Croatia" in which the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, state laws, and the Statute of the SAO Krajina were applied.
On 22 December 1990, the Parliament of Croatia ratified the new constitution, which was seen by Serbs as taking away rights that had been granted by the Socialist constitution. The constitution did define Croatia as "the national state of the Croatian nation and a state of members of other nations and minorities who are its citizens: Serbs ... who are guaranteed equality with citizens of Croatian nationality ..."
Following Tuđman's election and the perceived threat from the new constitution, Serb nationalists in the Kninska Krajina region began taking armed action against Croatian government officials. Croatian government property throughout the region was increasingly controlled by local Serb municipalities or the newly established "Serbian National Council". This would later become the government of the breakaway Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK).
After it was discovered that Martin Špegelj had pursued a campaign to acquire arms through the black market in January 1991 an ultimatum was issued requesting disarming and disbanding of Croatian military forces considered illegal by the Yugoslav authorities. Croatian authorities refused to comply, and the Yugoslav army withdrew the ultimatum six days after it was issued.
On 12 March 1991, the leadership of the Army met with the Presidency of the SFRY in an attempt to convince them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of the country. Yugoslav army chief Veljko Kadijević declared that there was a conspiracy to destroy the country, saying:
Jović claims that Kadijević and the Army in March 1991 supported a coup d'etat as a way out of the crisis but then changed their minds four days later. Kadijević's response to this was that "Jović is lying". Kadijević claims he was invited to a meeting in March 1991 in Jović's office, two days after huge protests organized by Vuk Drašković on the streets of Belgrade, where Milošević, according to Kadijević, requested that the army take control of the country through a military coup. Kadijević's apparent response was to inform Milošević that he could not make such a decision by himself, and that he'd discuss the request with army leaders and later inform Jović's office about their decision. Kadijević then said that their decision was against the putsch and that he informed Jović's office in written form about it. Jović claims that such document doesn't exist.
Ante Marković has described that after the Presidency meeting failed to achieve the results the Army wanted that Kadijević met with him with the proposed coup d'etat against the secessionist republics. During the meeting Marković responded to Kadijević by saying that the plan failed to arrest Milošević. Kadijević replied "He is only one fighting for Yugoslavia. Without him, we could not be proposing this." Marković rejected the plan and afterwards communication between Kadijević and Marković broke down.
Military forces
Serb and Yugoslav People's Army forces
The JNA was initially formed during World War II to carry out guerrilla warfare against occupying Axis forces. The success of the Partisan movement led to the JNA basing much of its operational strategy on guerrilla warfare, as its plans normally entailed defending against NATO or Warsaw Pact attacks, where other types of warfare would put the JNA in a comparatively poor position. That approach led to maintenance of a Territorial Defense system.
On paper, the JNA seemed a powerful force, with 2,000 tanks and 300 jet aircraft (mainly Soviet or locally produced). However, by 1991, the majority of this equipment was 30 years old, as the force consisted primarily of T-54/55 tanks and MiG-21 aircraft. Still, the JNA operated around 300 M-84 tanks (a Yugoslav version of the Soviet T-72) and a sizable fleet of ground-attack aircraft, such as the Soko G-4 Super Galeb and the Soko J-22 Orao, whose armament included AGM-65 Maverick guided missiles. By contrast, more modern cheap anti-tank missiles (like the AT-5) and anti-aircraft missiles (like the SA-14) were abundant and were designed to destroy much more advanced weaponry. Before the war the JNA had 169,000 regular troops, including 70,000 professional officers. The fighting in Slovenia brought about a great number of desertions, and the army responded by mobilizing Serbian reserve troops. Approximately 100,000 evaded the draft, and the new conscripts proved an ineffective fighting force. The JNA resorted to reliance on irregular militias. Paramilitary units like the White Eagles, Serbian Guard, Dušan Silni, and Serb Volunteer Guard, which committed a number of massacres against Croat and other non-Serbs civilians, were increasingly used by the Yugoslav and Serb forces. There were also foreign fighters supporting the RSK, mostly from Russia. With the retreat of the JNA forces in 1992, JNA units were reorganized as the Army of Serb Krajina, which was a direct heir to the JNA organization, with little improvement.
By 1991, the JNA officer corps was dominated by Serbs and Montenegrins; they were overrepresented in Yugoslav federal institutions, especially the army. 57.1% of JNA officers were Serbs, while Serbs formed 36.3% of the population of Yugoslavia. A similar structure was observed as early as 1981. Even though the two peoples combined comprised 38.8% of the population of Yugoslavia, 70% of all JNA officers and non-commissioned officers were either Serbs or Montenegrins. In July 1991, the JNA was instructed to "completely eliminate Croats and Slovenes from the army", most of whom had already begun to desert en masse.
Croatian forces
The Croatian military was in a much worse state than that of the Serbs. In the early stages of the war, lack of military units meant that the Croatian Police force would take the brunt of the fighting. The Croatian National Guard (), the new Croatian military, was formed on 11 April 1991, and gradually developed into the Croatian Army () by 1993. Weaponry was in short supply, and many units were either unarmed or were equipped with obsolete World War II-era rifles. The Croatian Army had only a handful of tanks, including World War II-surplus vehicles such as the T-34, and its Air Force was in an even worse state, consisting of only a few Antonov An-2 biplane crop-dusters that had been converted to drop makeshift bombs.
In August 1991, the Croatian Army had fewer than 20 brigades. After general mobilization was instituted in October, the size of the army grew to 60 brigades and 37 independent battalions by the end of the year. In 1991 and 1992, Croatia was also supported by 456 foreign fighters, including British (139), French (69), and German (55). The seizure of the JNA's barracks between September and December helped to alleviate the Croatians' equipment shortage. By 1995, the balance of power had shifted significantly. Serb forces in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were capable of fielding an estimated 130,000 troops; the Croatian Army, Croatian Defence Council () (HVO), and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina could field a combined force of 250,000 soldiers and 570 tanks.
Course of the war
1991: Open hostilities begin
First armed incidents
Ethnic hatred grew as various incidents fueled the propaganda machines on both sides. During his testimony before the ICTY, one of the top-Krajina leaders, Milan Martić, stated that the Serb side started using force first.
The conflict escalated into armed incidents in the majority-Serb populated areas. The Serbs attacked Croatian police units in Pakrac in early March, while one Josip Jović is widely reported as the first police officer killed by Serb forces as part of the war, during the Plitvice Lakes incident in late March 1991.
In March and April 1991, Serbs in Croatia began to make moves to secede from that territory. It is a matter of debate to what extent this move was locally motivated and to what degree the Milošević-led Serbian government was involved. In any event, the SAO Krajina was declared, which consisted of any Croatian territory with a substantial Serb population. The Croatian government viewed this move as a rebellion.
From the beginning of the Log Revolution and the end of April 1991, nearly 200 incidents involving the use of explosive devices and 89 attacks on the Croatian police were recorded. The Croatian Ministry of the Interior started arming an increasing number of special police forces, and this led to the building of a real army. On 9 April 1991, Croatian President Tuđman ordered the special police forces to be renamed Zbor Narodne Garde ("National Guard"); this marks the creation of a separate military of Croatia.
Significant clashes from this period included the siege of Kijevo, where over a thousand people were besieged in the inner Dalmatian village of Kijevo, and the Borovo Selo killings, where Croatian policemen engaged Serb paramilitaries in the eastern Slavonian village of Borovo and suffered twelve casualties. Violence gripped eastern Slavonian villages: in Tovarnik, a Croat policeman was killed by Serb paramilitaries on 2 May, while in Sotin, a Serb civilian was killed on 5 May when he was caught in a crossfire between Serb and Croat paramilitaries. On 6 May, the 1991 protest in Split against the siege of Kijevo at the Navy Command in Split resulted in the death of a Yugoslav People's Army soldier.
On 15 May, Stjepan Mesić, a Croat, was scheduled to be the chairman of the rotating presidency of Yugoslavia. Serbia, aided by Kosovo, Montenegro, and Vojvodina, whose presidency votes were at that time under Serbian control, blocked the appointment, which was otherwise seen as largely ceremonial. This maneuver technically left Yugoslavia without a head of state and without a commander-in-chief. Two days later, a repeated attempt to vote on the issue failed. Ante Marković, prime minister of Yugoslavia at the time, proposed appointing a panel which would wield presidential powers. It was not immediately clear who the panel members would be, apart from defense minister Veljko Kadijević, nor who would fill position of JNA commander-in-chief. The move was quickly rejected by Croatia as unconstitutional. The crisis was resolved after a six-week stalemate, and Mesić was elected president — the first non-communist to become Yugoslav head of state in decades.
Throughout this period, the federal army, the JNA, and the local Territorial Defense Forces continued to be led by Federal authorities controlled by Milošević. Helsinki Watch reported that Serb Krajina authorities executed Serbs who were willing to reach an accommodation with Croat officials.
Declaration of independence
On 19 May 1991, the Croatian authorities held a referendum on independence with the option of remaining in Yugoslavia as a looser union. Serb local authorities issued calls for a boycott, which were largely followed by Croatian Serbs. The referendum passed with 94% in favor.
The newly constituted Croatian military units held a military parade and review at Stadion Kranjčevićeva in Zagreb on 28 May 1991.
The parliament of Croatia declared Croatia's independence and dissolved its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. The Croatian parliament's decision was partially boycotted by left-wing parliament deputies. The European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe urged Croatian authorities to place a three-month moratorium on the decision.
The government of Yugoslavia responded to the declarations of independence of Croatia and Slovenia with Yugoslav Prime Minister Ante Marković declaring the secessions to be illegal and contrary to the Constitution of Yugoslavia, and supported the JNA taking action to secure the integral unity of Yugoslavia.
In June and July 1991, the short armed conflict in Slovenia came to a speedy end, partly because of the ethnic homogeneity of the population of Slovenia. It was later revealed that a military strike against Slovenia, followed by a planned withdrawal, was conceived by Slobodan Milošević and Borisav Jović, then president of the SFR Yugoslavia presidency. Jović published his diary containing the information and repeated it in his testimony at the Milošević trial at the ICTY.
Croatia agreed to the Brioni Agreement that involved freezing its independence declaration for three months, which eased tensions a little.
Escalation of the conflict
In July, in an attempt to salvage what remained of Yugoslavia, JNA forces were involved in operations against predominantly Croat areas. In July the Serb-led Territorial Defence Forces started their advance on Dalmatian coastal areas in Operation Coast-91. By early August, large areas of Banovina were overrun by Serb forces.
With the start of military operations in Croatia, Croats and a number of Serbian conscripts started to desert the JNA en masse, similar to what had happened in Slovenia. Albanians and Macedonians started to search for a way to legally leave the JNA or serve their conscription term in Macedonia; these moves further homogenized the ethnic composition of JNA troops in or near Croatia.
One month after Croatia declared its independence, the Yugoslav army and other Serb forces held something less than one-third of the Croatian territory, mostly in areas with a predominantly ethnic Serb population. The JNA military strategy partly consisted of extensive shelling, at times irrespective of the presence of civilians. As the war progressed, the cities of Dubrovnik, Gospić, Šibenik, Zadar, Karlovac, Sisak, Slavonski Brod, Osijek, Vinkovci, and Vukovar all came under attack by Yugoslav forces. The United Nations (UN) imposed a weapons embargo; this did not affect JNA-backed Serb forces significantly, as they had the JNA arsenal at their disposal, but it caused serious trouble for the newly formed Croatian army. The Croatian government started smuggling weapons over its borders.
In August 1991, the Battle of Vukovar began. Eastern Slavonia was gravely impacted throughout this period, starting with the Dalj massacre, and fronts developed around Osijek and Vinkovci in parallel to the encirclement of Vukovar. In September, Serbian troops completely surrounded the city of Vukovar. Croatian troops, including the 204th Vukovar Brigade, entrenched themselves within the city and held their ground against elite armored and mechanized brigades of the JNA, as well as Serb paramilitary units. Vukovar was almost completely devastated; 15,000 houses were destroyed. Some ethnic Croatian civilians had taken shelter inside the city. Other members of the civilian population fled the area en masse. Death toll estimates for Vukovar as a result of the siege range from 1,798 to 5,000. A further 22,000 were exiled from Vukovar immediately after the town was captured.
Some estimates include 220,000 Croats and 300,000 Serbs internally displaced for the duration of the war in Croatia. In many areas, large numbers of civilians were forced out by the military. It was at this time that the term ethnic cleansing—the meaning of which ranged from eviction to murder—first entered the English lexicon.
On October 3, the Yugoslav Navy renewed its blockade of the main ports of Croatia. This move followed months of standoff for JNA positions in Dalmatia and elsewhere now known as the Battle of the barracks. It also coincided with the end of Operation Coast-91, in which the JNA failed to occupy the coastline in an attempt to cut off Dalmatia's access to the rest of Croatia.
On October 5, President Tuđman made a speech in which he called upon the whole population to mobilize and defend against "Greater Serbian imperialism" pursued by the Serb-led JNA, Serbian paramilitary formations, and rebel Serb forces. On 7 October, the Yugoslav air force attacked the main government building in Zagreb, an incident referred to as the bombing of Banski dvori. The next day, as a previously agreed three-month moratorium on implementation of the declaration of independence expired, the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. 8 October is now celebrated as Independence Day in Croatia. The bombing of the government offices and the Siege of Dubrovnik that started in October were contributing factors that led to European Union (EU) sanctions against Serbia. On 15 October after the capture of Cavtat by the JNA, local Serbs led by Aco Apolonio proclaimed the Dubrovnik Republic. The international media focused on the damage to Dubrovnik's cultural heritage; concerns about civilian casualties and pivotal battles such as the one in Vukovar were pushed out of public view. Nonetheless, artillery attacks on Dubrovnik damaged 56% of its buildings to some degree, as the historic walled city, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, sustained 650 hits by artillery rounds.
Peak of the war
In response to the 5th JNA Corps advance across the Sava River towards Pakrac and further north into western Slavonia, the Croatian army began a successful counterattack in early November 1991, its first major offensive operation of the war. Operation Otkos 10 (31 October to 4 November) resulted in Croatia recapturing an area between the Bilogora and Papuk mountains. The Croatian Army recaptured approximately of territory in this operation.
The Vukovar massacre took place in November; the survivors were transported to prison camps such as Ovčara and Velepromet, with the majority ending up in Sremska Mitrovica prison camp. The sustained siege of Vukovar attracted heavy international media attention. Many international journalists were in or near Vukovar, as was UN peace mediator Cyrus Vance, who had been Secretary of State to former US President Carter.
Also in eastern Slavonia, the Lovas massacre occurred in October and the Erdut massacre in November 1991, before and after the fall of Vukovar. At the same time, the Škabrnja massacre and Gospić massacre occurred in the Dalmatian hinterland.
On 14 November, the Navy blockade of Dalmatian ports was challenged by civilian ships. The confrontation culminated in the Battle of the Dalmatian channels, when Croatian coastal and island based artillery damaged, sank, or captured a number of Yugoslav navy vessels, including Mukos PČ 176, later rechristened PB 62 Šolta. After the battle, the Yugoslav naval operations were effectively limited to the southern Adriatic.
Croatian forces made further advances in the second half of December, including Operation Orkan 91. In the course of Orkan '91, the Croatian army recaptured approximately of territory. The end of the operation marked the end of a six-month-long phase of intense fighting: 10,000 people had died; hundreds of thousands had fled and tens of thousands of homes had been destroyed.
On December 19, as the intensity of the fighting increased, Croatia won its first diplomatic recognition by a western nation—Iceland—while the Serbian Autonomous Oblasts in Krajina and western Slavonia officially declared themselves the Republic of Serbian Krajina. Four days later, Germany recognized Croatian independence. On December 26, 1991, the Serb-dominated federal presidency announced plans for a smaller Yugoslavia that could include the territory captured from Croatia during the war.
However, on December 21, 1991 for the first time in the war Istria was under attack. The Serbian Forces attacked the airport near the city of Vrsar, situated in the south-western of the peninsula between the city of Poreč and Rovinj, with two MiG-21 and two Galeb G-2. Afterwards, Yugoslav airplanes carpet bombed Vrsar's "Crljenka" airport, resulting in two deaths. Mediated by foreign diplomats, ceasefires were frequently signed and frequently broken. Croatia lost much territory, but expanded the Croatian Army from the seven brigades it had at the time of the first ceasefire to 60 brigades and 37 independent battalions by December 31, 1991.
The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, also referred to as Badinter Arbitration Committee, was set up by the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community (EEC) on August 27, 1991, to provide the Conference on Yugoslavia with legal advice. The five-member Commission consisted of presidents of Constitutional Courts in the EEC. Starting in late November 1991, the committee rendered ten opinions. The Commission stated, among other things, that SFR Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution and that the internal boundaries of Yugoslav republics may not be altered unless freely agreed upon.
Factors in favour of Croatia's preservation of its pre-war borders were the Yugoslav Federal Constitution Amendments of 1971, and the Yugoslav Federal Constitution of 1974. The 1971 amendments introduced a concept that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units, and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution. The 1974 Constitution confirmed and strengthened the principles introduced in 1971. The borders had been defined by demarcation commissions in 1947, pursuant to decisions of AVNOJ in 1943 and 1945 regarding the federal organization of Yugoslavia.
1992: Ceasefire
A new UN-sponsored ceasefire, the fifteenth in just six months, was agreed on January 2, 1992, and came into force the next day. This so-called Sarajevo Agreement became a lasting ceasefire. Croatia was officially recognized by the European Community on January 15, 1992. Even though the JNA began to withdraw from Croatia, including Krajina, the RSK clearly retained the upper hand in the occupied territories due to support from Serbia. By that time, the RSK encompassed of territory. The area size did not encompass another of occupied territory near Dubrovnik, as that area was not considered part of the RSK.
Ending the series of unsuccessful ceasefires, the UN deployed a protection force in Serbian-held Croatia—the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)—to supervise and maintain the agreement. The UNPROFOR was officially created by UN Security Council Resolution 743 on February 21, 1992. The warring parties mostly moved to entrenched positions, and the JNA soon retreated from Croatia into Bosnia and Herzegovina, where a new conflict was anticipated. Croatia became a member of the UN on May 22, 1992, which was conditional upon Croatia amending its constitution to protect the human rights of minority groups and dissidents.
Expulsions of the non-Serb civilian population remaining in the occupied territories continued despite the presence of the UNPROFOR peacekeeping troops, and in some cases, with UN troops being virtually enlisted as accomplices.
The Yugoslav People's Army took thousands of prisoners during the war in Croatia, and interned them in camps in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. The Croatian forces also captured some Serbian prisoners, and the two sides agreed to several prisoner exchanges; most prisoners were freed by the end of 1992. Some infamous prisons included the Sremska Mitrovica camp, the Stajićevo camp, and the Begejci camp in Serbia, and the Morinj camp in Montenegro. The Croatian Army also established detention camps, such as the Lora prison camp in Split.
Armed conflict in Croatia continued intermittently on a smaller scale. There were several smaller operations undertaken by Croatian forces to relieve the siege of Dubrovnik, and other Croatian cities (Šibenik, Zadar and Gospić) from Krajina forces. Battles included the Miljevci plateau incident (between Krka and Drniš), on June 21–22, 1992, Operation Jaguar at Križ Hill near Bibinje and Zadar, on May 22, 1992, and a series of military actions in the Dubrovnik hinterland: Operation Tigar, on 1–13 July 1992, in Konavle, on 20–24 September 1992, and at Vlaštica on September 22–25, 1992. Combat near Dubrovnik was followed by the withdrawal of JNA from Konavle, between September 30 and October 20, 1992. The Prevlaka peninsula guarding entrance to the Bay of Kotor was demilitarized and turned over to the UNPROFOR, while the remainder of Konavle was restored to the Croatian authorities.
1993: Croatian military advances
Fighting was renewed at the beginning of 1993, as the Croatian army launched Operation Maslenica, an offensive operation in the Zadar area on January 22. The objective of the attack was to improve the strategic situation in that area, as it targeted the city airport and the Maslenica Bridge, the last entirely overland link between Zagreb and the city of Zadar until the bridge area was captured in September 1991. The attack proved successful as it met its declared objectives, but at a high cost, as 114 Croat and 490 Serb soldiers were killed in a relatively limited theater of operations.
While Operation Maslenica was in progress, Croatian forces attacked Serb positions to the east. They advanced towards the Peruća Hydroelectric Dam and captured it by January 28, 1993, shortly after Serb militiamen chased away the UN peacekeepers protecting the dam. UN forces had been present at the site since the summer of 1992. They discovered that the Serbs had planted 35 to 37 tons of explosives spread over seven different sites on the dam in a way that prevented the explosives' removal; the charges were left in place. Retreating Serb forces detonated three of explosive charges totaling 5 tons within the high dam in an attempt to cause it to fail and flood the area downstream. The disaster was prevented by Mark Nicholas Gray, a colonel in the British Royal Marines, a lieutenant at the time, who was a UN military observer at the site. He risked being disciplined for acting beyond his authority by lowering the reservoir level, which held of water, before the dam was blown up. His action saved the lives of 20,000 people who would otherwise have drowned or become homeless.
Operation Medak Pocket took place in a salient south of Gospić, from September 9–17. The offensive was undertaken by the Croatian army to stop Serbian artillery in the area from shelling nearby Gospić. The operation met its stated objective of removing the artillery threat, as Croatian troops overran the salient, but it was marred by war crimes. The ICTY later indicted Croatian officers for war crimes. The operation was halted amid international pressure, and an agreement was reached that the Croatian troops were to withdraw to positions held prior to September 9, while UN troops were to occupy the salient alone. The events that followed remain controversial, as Canadian authorities reported that the Croatian army intermittently fought against the advancing Canadian Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry before finally retreating after sustaining 27 fatalities. The Croatian ministry of defense and UN officer's testimonies given during the Ademi-Norac trial deny that the battle occurred.
On February 18, 1993, Croatian authorities signed the Daruvar Agreement with local Serb leaders in Western Slavonia. The aim of the secret agreement was normalizing life for local populations near the frontline. However, authorities in Knin learned of this and arrested the Serb leaders responsible. In June 1993, Serbs began voting in a referendum on merging Krajina territory with Republika Srpska. Milan Martić, acting as the RSK interior minister, advocated a merger of the "two Serbian states as the first stage in the establishment of a state of all Serbs" in his April 3 letter to the Assembly of the Republika Srpska. On January 21, 1994, Martić stated that he would "speed up the process of unification and pass on the baton to all Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević" if elected president of the RSK". These intentions were countered by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 871 in October 1993, when the UNSC affirmed for the first time that the United Nations Protected Areas, i.e. the RSK held areas, were an integral part of the Republic of Croatia.
During 1992 and 1993, an estimated 225,000 Croats, as well as refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, settled in Croatia. Croatian volunteers and some conscripted soldiers participated in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In September 1992, Croatia had accepted 335,985 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, most of whom were Bosniak civilians (excluding men of drafting age). The large number of refugees significantly strained the Croatian economy and infrastructure. The American Ambassador to Croatia, Peter Galbraith, tried to put the number of Muslim refugees in Croatia into a proper perspective in an interview on 8 November 1993. He said the situation would be the equivalent of the United States taking in 30,000,000 refugees.
1994: Erosion of support for Krajina
In 1992, the Croat-Bosniak conflict erupted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, just as each was fighting with the Bosnian Serbs. The war was originally fought between the Croatian Defence Council and Croatian volunteer troops on one side and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) on the other, but by 1994, the Croatian Army had an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 troops involved in the fighting. Under pressure from the United States, the belligerents agreed on a truce in late February, followed by a meeting of Croatian, Bosnian, and Bosnian Croat representatives with US Secretary of State Warren Christopher in Washington, D.C. on February 26, 1994. On March 4, Franjo Tuđman endorsed the agreement providing for the creation of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and an alliance between Bosnian and Croatian armies against the Serb forces.
This led to the dismantling of Herzeg-Bosnia and reduced the number of warring factions in Bosnia and Herzegovina from three to two.
In late 1994, the Croatian Army intervened in Bosnia from November 1–3, in Operation Cincar near Kupres, and from November 29 – December 24 in the Winter '94 operation near Dinara and Livno. These operations were undertaken to detract from the siege of the Bihać region and to approach the RSK capital of Knin from the north, isolating it on three sides.
During this time, unsuccessful negotiations mediated by the UN were under way between the Croatian and RSK governments. The matters under discussion included opening the Serb-occupied part of the Zagreb–Slavonski Brod motorway near Okučani to transit traffic, as well as the putative status of Serbian-majority areas within Croatia. The motorway initially reopened at the end of 1994, but it was soon closed again due to security issues. Repeated failures to resolve the two disputes would serve as triggers for major Croatian offensives in 1995.
At the same time, the Krajina army continued the Siege of Bihać, together with the Army of Republika Srpska from Bosnia. Michael Williams, an official of the UN peacekeeping force, said that when the village of Vedro Polje west of Bihać had fallen to a RSK unit in late November 1994, the siege entered the final stage. He added that heavy tank and artillery fire against the town of Velika Kladuša in the north of the Bihać enclave was coming from the RSK. Western military analysts said that among the array of Serbian surface-to-air missile systems that surround the Bihać pocket on Croatian territory, there was a modern SAM-2 system probably brought there from Belgrade. In response to the situation, the Security Council passed Resolution 958, which allowed NATO aircraft deployed as a part of the Operation Deny Flight to operate in Croatia. On November 21, NATO attacked the Udbina airfield controlled by the RSK, temporarily disabling runways. Following the Udbina strike, NATO continued to launch strikes in the area, and on November 23, after a NATO reconnaissance plane was illuminated by the radar of a surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, NATO planes attacked a SAM site near Dvor with AGM-88 HARM anti-radiation missiles.
In later campaigns, the Croatian army would pursue a variant of blitzkrieg tactics, with the Guard brigades punching through the enemy lines while the other units simply held the lines at other points and completed an encirclement of the enemy units. In a further attempt to bolster its armed forces, Croatia hired Military Professional Resources Inc. (MPRI) in September 1994 to train some of its officers and NCOs. Begun in January 1995, MPRI's assignment involved fifteen advisors who taught basic officer leadership skills and training management. MPRI activities were reviewed in advance by the US State Department to ensure they did not involve tactical training or violate the UN arms embargo still in place.
1995: End of the war
Tensions were renewed at the beginning of 1995 as Croatia sought to put increasing pressure on the RSK. In a five-page letter on 12 January Franjo Tuđman formally told the UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali that Croatia was ending the agreement permitting the stationing of UNPROFOR in Croatia, effective 31 March. The move was purportedly motivated by actions by Serbia and the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to provide assistance to the Serb occupation of Croatia and allegedly integrate the occupied areas into Yugoslav territory. The situation was noted and addressed by the UN General Assembly:
International peacemaking efforts continued, and a new peace plan called the Z-4 plan was presented to Croatian and Krajina authorities. There was no initial Croatian response, and the Serbs flatly refused the proposal. As the deadline for UNPROFOR to pull out neared, a new UN peacekeeping mission was proposed with an increased mandate to patrol Croatia's internationally recognized borders. Initially the Serbs opposed the move, and tanks were moved from Serbia into eastern Croatia. A settlement was finally reached, and the new UN peacekeeping mission was approved by United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 on March 31. The name of the mission was the subject of a last-minute dispute, as Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić insisted that the word Croatia be added to the force's name. The name United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO) was approved.
Violence erupted again in early May 1995. The RSK lost support from the Serbian government in Belgrade, partly as a result of international pressure. At the same time, the Croatian Operation Flash reclaimed all of the previously occupied territory in Western Slavonia. In retaliation, Serb forces attacked Zagreb with rockets, killing 7 and wounding over 200 civilians. The Yugoslav army responded to the offensive with a show of force, moving tanks towards the Croatian border, in an apparent effort to stave off a possible attack on the occupied area in Eastern Slavonia.
During the following months, international efforts mainly concerned the largely unsuccessful United Nations Safe Areas set up in Bosnia and Herzegovina and trying to set up a more lasting ceasefire in Croatia. The two issues virtually merged by July 1995 when a number of the safe areas in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina were overrun and one in Bihać was threatened. In 1994, Croatia had already signaled that it would not allow Bihać to be captured, and a new confidence in the Croatian military's ability to recapture occupied areas brought about a demand from Croatian authorities that no further ceasefires were to be negotiated; the occupied territories would be re-integrated into Croatia. These developments and the Washington Agreement, a ceasefire signed in the Bosnian theater, led to another meeting of presidents of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on 22 July, when the Split Agreement was adopted. In it, Bosnia and Herzegovina invited Croatia to provide military and other assistance, particularly in the Bihać area. Croatia accepted, committing itself to an armed intervention.
From 25 to 30 July, the Croatian Army and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) troops attacked Serb-held territory north of Mount Dinara, capturing Bosansko Grahovo and Glamoč during Operation Summer '95. That offensive paved the way for the military recapture of occupied territory around Knin, as it severed the last efficient resupply route between Banja Luka and Knin. On 4 August, Croatia started Operation Storm, with the aim of recapturing almost all of the occupied territory in Croatia, except for a comparatively small strip of land, located along the Danube, at a considerable distance from the bulk of the contested land. The offensive, involving 100,000 Croatian soldiers, was the largest single land battle fought in Europe since World War II. Operation Storm achieved its goals and was declared completed on 8 August.
Many of the civilian population of the occupied areas fled during the offensive or immediately after its completion, in what was later described in various terms ranging from expulsion to planned evacuation. Krajina Serb sources (Documents of HQ of Civilian Protection of RSK, Supreme Council of Defense published by Kovačević, Sekulić, and Vrcelj) confirm that the evacuation of Serbs was organized and planned beforehand. According to Amnesty International, "some 200,000 Croatian Serbs, including the entire Croatian Serb Army, fled to the neighbouring Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina under Bosnian Serb control. In the aftermath of the operations members of the Croatian Army and police murdered, tortured, and forcibly expelled Croatian Serb civilians who had remained in the area as well as members of the withdrawing Croatian Serb armed forces". The ICTY, on the other hand, concluded that only about 20,000 people were deported. The BBC noted 200,000 Serb refugees at one point. Croatian refugees exiled in 1991 were finally allowed to return to their homes. In 1996 alone, about 85,000 displaced Croats returned to the former Krajina and western Slavonia, according to the estimates of the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants.
In the months that followed, there were still some intermittent, mainly artillery, attacks from Serb-held areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Dubrovnik area and elsewhere. The remaining Serb-held area in Croatia, in Eastern Slavonia, was faced with the possibility of military confrontation with Croatia. Such a possibility was repeatedly stated by Tuđman after Storm. The threat was underlined by the movement of troops to the region in mid-October, as well as a repeat of an earlier threat to intervene militarily—specifically saying that the Croatian Army could intervene if no peace agreement was reached by the end of the month.
Reintegration of Eastern Slavonia
Further combat was averted on 12 November when the Erdut Agreement was signed by the RSK acting defense minister Milan Milanović, on instructions received from Slobodan Milošević and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia officials. The agreement stated that the remaining occupied area was to be returned to Croatia, with a two-year transitional period. The new UN transitional administration was established as the United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1037 of 15 January 1996. The agreement guarantees also right of establishment of Joint Council of Municipalities for local Serbian community.
The transitional period was subsequently extended by a year. On 15 January 1998, the UNTAES mandate ended and Croatia regained full control of the area. As the UNTAES replaced the UNCRO mission, Prevlaka peninsula, previously under UNCRO control, was put under control of United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP). The UNMOP was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1038 of 15 January 1996, and terminated on 15 December 2002.
Notable defections
On 25 October 1991, Yugoslav Air Force pilot Rudolf Perešin flew his MiG-21R to Austria and defected. He later fought on behalf of Croatian forces in the war, ultimately dying after being shot down in 1995.
On 4 February 1992, air force pilot flew his MiG-21bis to Croatia and defected. He later fought on behalf of Croatian forces in the war. The MiG-21bis itself was later shot down on 24 June 1992, killing pilot .
On 15 May 1992, air force pilots and flew their MiG-21bis to Croatia and defected. Both later fought on behalf of Croatian forces in the war and survived. Ivandić's MiG-21bis was shot down on 14 September 1993, killing pilot .
Impact and aftermath
Assessment of type and name of the war
The standard term applied to the war as directly translated from Croatian is Homeland war (), while the term Croatian War of Independence is also used. Early English sources also called it the War in Croatia, the Serbo-Croatian War, and the Conflict in Yugoslavia.
Different translations of the Croatian name for the war are also sometimes used, such as Patriotic War, although such use by native speakers of English is rare. The official term used in Croatian is the most widespread name used in Croatia but other terms are also used. Another is Greater-Serbian Aggression (). The term was widely used by the media during the war, and is still sometimes used by the Croatian media, politicians and others.
Two views exist as to whether the war was a civil or an international war. The government of Serbia often states that it was entirely a "civil war". The prevailing view in Croatia and of most international law experts, including the ICTY, is that the war was an international conflict, between the rump Yugoslavia and Serbia against Croatia, supported by Serbs in Croatia. The Croatian international legal scholar and Yale University professor, Mirjan Damaška, said that the question of aggression was not one for the ICJ to decide as at the time of the verdict, the international crime of aggression had not yet been defined. Neither Croatia nor Yugoslavia ever formally declared war on each other. Unlike the Serbian position that the conflict need not be declared as it was a civil war, the Croatian motivation for not declaring war was that Tuđman believed that Croatia could not confront the JNA directly and did everything to avoid an all-out war.
Casualties and refugees
Most sources place the total number of deaths from the war at around 20,000. According to the head of the Croatian Commission for Missing Persons, Colonel Ivan Grujić, Croatia suffered 12,000 killed or missing, including 6,788 soldiers and 4,508 civilians. Another source gives a figure of 14,000 killed on the Croatian side, of whom 43.4% were civilians. Official figures from 1996 also list 35,000 wounded. Ivo Goldstein mentions 13,583 killed or missing, while Anglo-Croatian historian Marko Attila Hoare reports the number to be 15,970 (citing figures from January 2003 presented by scientific researcher Dražen Živić). Close to 2,400 persons were reported missing during the war. In 2018, the Croatian Memorial-Documentation Center of Homeland War published new figures, indicating 22,211 killed or missing in the war: 15,007 killed or missing on the Croatian side and 7,204 killed or missing on the Serb side. 1,077 of those killed on the territories of the Republic of Serbian Krajina were non-Serbs. However, on Croatian government-controlled territory, the Center did not break-out the ethnic structure of the total number of 5,657 civilians killed, due to missing data.
As of 2016, the Croatian government listed 1,993 missing persons from the war, of whom 1093 were Croats (428 soldiers and 665 civilians), while the remaining 900 were Serbs (5 soldiers and 895 civilians). As of 2009, there were more than 52,000 persons in Croatia registered as disabled due to their participation in the war. This figure includes not only those disabled physically due to wounds or injuries sustained, but also persons whose health deteriorated due to their involvement in the war, including diagnoses of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In 2010, the number of war-related PTSD-diagnosed persons was 32,000.
In total, the war caused 500,000 refugees and displaced persons. Around 196,000 to 247,000 (in 1993) Croats and other non-Serbs were displaced during the war from or around the RSK. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) said that 221,000 were displaced in 2006, of which 218,000 had returned. Up to 300,000 Croats were displaced, according to other sources. The majority were displaced during the initial fighting and during the JNA offensives of 1991 and 1992. Some 150,000 Croats from Republika Srpska and Serbia have obtained Croatian citizenship since 1991, many due to incidents like the expulsions in Hrtkovci.
The Belgrade-based non-government organization Veritas lists 7,134 killed and missing from the Republic of Serbian Krajina, including 4,484 combatants and 2,650 civilians, and 307 JNA members who were not born or lived in Croatia. Most of them were killed or went missing in 1991 (2,729) and 1995 (2,348). The most deaths occurred in Northern Dalmatia (1,605). The JNA has officially acknowledged 1,279 killed in action. The actual number was probably considerably greater, since casualties were consistently underreported. In one example, official reports spoke of two slightly wounded soldiers after an engagement, however, according to the unit's intelligence officer, the actual number was 50 killed and 150 wounded.
According to Serbian sources, some 120,000 Serbs were displaced from 1991 to 1993, and 250,000 were displaced after Operation Storm. The number of displaced Serbs was 254,000 in 1993, dropping to 97,000 in the early 1995 and then increasing again to 200,000 by the end of the year. Most international sources place the total number of Serbs displaced at around 300,000. According to Amnesty International 300,000 were displaced from 1991 to 1995, of which 117,000 were officially registered as having returned as of 2005. According to the OSCE, 300,000 were displaced during the war, of which 120,000 were officially registered as having returned as of 2006. However, it is believed the number does not accurately reflect the number of returnees, because many returned to Serbia, Montenegro, or Bosnia and Herzegovina after officially registering in Croatia. According to the UNHCR in 2008, 125,000 were registered as having returned to Croatia, of whom 55,000 remained permanently.
The Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps and Croatian Disabled Homeland War Veterans Association were founded to help victims of prison abuse.
A 2013 report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Croatia entitled 'Assessment of the Number of Sexual Violence Victims during the Homeland War on the Territory of the Republic of Croatia and Optimal Forms of Compensation and Support of Victims', determined the estimated victims (male and female) of rape and other forms of sexual assault on both sides to number between approximately 1,470 and 2,205 or 1,501 and 2,437 victims. Most victims were non-Serbs assaulted by Serbs. By region, the largest number of rapes and acts of sexual violence occurred in Eastern Slavonia, with an estimated 380-570 victims. According to the UNDP report, between 300 and 600 men (4.4%-6.6% of those imprisoned) and between 279 and 466 women (or 30%-50% of those imprisoned) suffered from various forms of sexual abuse while being held in Serbian detention camps and prisons (including those in Serbia proper). Between 412 and 611 Croat women were raped in the Serb-occupied territories, outside of detention camps, from 1991 to 1995. Croat forces were also known to have committed rapes and acts of sexual violence against Serb women during Operations Flash and Storm, with an estimated 94-140 victims. Sexual abuse of Serb prisoners also occurred in the Croat-run Lora and Kerestinec camps.
On May 29, 2015, the Croatian parliament passed the first law in the country that recognises rape as a war crime – the Law on the Rights of Victims of Sexual Violence during the Military Aggression against the Republic of Croatia in the Homeland War. The legislation, which is overseen by the Croatian War Veterans’ Ministry, provides victims with medical and legal aid as well as financial compensation from the state – up to 20,000 euros. These benefits do not depend on a court verdict.
As of May 2019, Željka Žokalj from the War Veterans’ Ministry, said that around 25 million kunas (3.37 million euros) have already been awarded to victims. Since 2015, 249 compensation requests have been filed and 156 of them approved.
Wartime damage and minefields
Official figures on wartime damage published in Croatia in 1996 specify 180,000 destroyed housing units, 25% of the Croatian economy destroyed, and US$27 billion of material damage. Europe Review 2003/04 estimated the war damage at US$37 billion in damaged infrastructure, lost economic output, and refugee-related costs, while GDP dropped 21% in the period. 15 percent of housing units and 2,423 cultural heritage structures, including 495 sacral structures, were destroyed or damaged. The war imposed an additional economic burden of very high military expenditures. By 1994, as Croatia rapidly developed into a de facto war economy, the military consumed as much as 60 percent of total government spending.
Yugoslav and Serbian expenditures during the war were even more disproportionate. The federal budget proposal for 1992 earmarked 81 percent of funds to be diverted into the Serbian war effort. Since a substantial part of the federal budgets prior to 1992 was provided by Slovenia and Croatia, the most developed republics of Yugoslavia, a lack of federal income quickly led to desperate printing of money to finance government operations. That in turn produced the worst episode of hyperinflation in history: Between October 1993 and January 1995, Yugoslavia, which then consisted of Serbia and Montenegro, suffered through a hyperinflation of five quadrillion percent.
Many Croatian cities were attacked by artillery, missiles, and aircraft bombs by RSK or JNA forces from RSK or Serb-controlled areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Montenegro and Serbia. The most shelled cities were Vukovar, Slavonski Brod (from the mountain of Vučjak), and Županja (for more than 1,000 days), Vinkovci, Osijek, Nova Gradiška, Novska, Daruvar, Pakrac, Šibenik, Sisak, Dubrovnik, Zadar, Gospić, Karlovac, Biograd na moru, Slavonski Šamac, Ogulin, Duga Resa, Otočac, Ilok, Beli Manastir, Lučko, Zagreb, and others Slavonski Brod was never directly attacked by tanks or infantry, but the city and its surrounding villages were hit by more than 11,600 artillery shells and 130 aircraft bombs in 1991 and 1992.
Approximately 2 million mines were laid in various areas of Croatia during the war. Most of the minefields were laid with no pattern or any type of record being made of the position of the mines. A decade after the war, in 2005, there were still about 250,000 mines buried along the former front lines, along some segments of the international borders, especially near Bihać, and around some former JNA facilities. As of 2007, the area still containing or suspected of containing mines encompassed approximately . More than 1,900 people were killed or injured by land mines in Croatia since the beginning of the war, including more than 500 killed or injured by mines after the end of the war. Between 1998 and 2005, Croatia spent €214 million on various mine action programs. As of 2009, all remaining minefields are clearly marked. During the 2015 European migrant crisis, there existed concerns over areas where mines could affect the flow of refugees coming from Serbia to Croatia.
War crimes and the ICTY
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by UN Security Council Resolution 827, which was passed on 25 May 1993. The court has power to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law, breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violating the laws or customs of war, committing genocide, and crimes against humanity committed in the territory of the former SFR Yugoslavia since 1 January 1991.
The indictees by ICTY ranged from common soldiers to Prime Ministers and Presidents. Some high-level indictees included Slobodan Milošević (President of Serbia), Milan Babić (president of the RSK), and Ante Gotovina (general of the Croatian Army). Franjo Tuđman (President of Croatia) died in 1999 of cancer while the ICTY's prosecutors were still investigating him. According to Marko Attila Hoare, a former employee at the ICTY, an investigative team worked on indictments of senior members of the "joint criminal enterprise", including not only Milošević, but Veljko Kadijević, Blagoje Adžić, Borisav Jović, Branko Kostić, Momir Bulatović and others. These drafts were rejected, reportedly upon the intervention of Carla del Ponte and the indictment limited to Milošević.
As of 2018, the ICTY has convicted seven officials from the Serb/Montenegrin side and nobody from the Croatian side. Milan Martić received the largest sentence: 35 years in prison. Milan Babić received 13 years. He expressed remorse for his role in the war, asking his "Croat brothers to forgive him". In 2007, two former Yugoslav army officers were sentenced for the Vukovar massacre at the ICTY in The Hague. Veselin Šljivančanin was sentenced to 10 years and Mile Mrkšić to 20 years in prison. Prosecutors stated that following the capture of Vukovar, the JNA handed over several hundred Croats to Serbian forces. Of these, at least 264 (mostly injured soldiers, but also two women and a 16-year-old child) were murdered and buried in mass graves in the neighborhood of Ovčara, on the outskirts of Vukovar. The city's mayor, Slavko Dokmanović, was brought to trial at the ICTY, but committed suicide in 1998 in captivity before proceedings began. In 2017, Dragan Vasiljković commander of a Croatian Serb paramilitary unit, he was convicted of war crimes sentenced by a Croatian court to 15 years in prison.
Generals Pavle Strugar and Miodrag Jokić were sentenced by the ICTY to eight and seven years, respectively, for shelling Dubrovnik. A third indictee, Vladimir Kovačević, was declared mentally unfit to stand trial. The Yugoslav Army's Chief of the General Staff, Momčilo Perišić, was charged with aiding and abetting war crimes but eventually acquitted on all charges. Ex-RSK President Goran Hadžić died during the trial. In 2018, Vojislav Šešelj was sentenced to 10 years for crimes against humanity perpetrated through persecution and deportation of Croats from Vojvodina in 1992, while he was also given an additional cumulative sentence of 4 years and 9 months for contempt of court.
A number of Croat civilians in hospitals and shelters marked with a red cross were targeted by Serb forces. There were numerous well-documented war crimes against civilians and prisoners of war perpetrated by Serb and Yugoslav forces in Croatia: the Dalj killings, the Lovas massacre, the Široka Kula massacre, the Baćin massacre, the Saborsko massacre, the Škabrnja massacre, the Voćin massacre, and the Zagreb rocket attacks.
There were a number of prison camps where Croatian POWs and civilians were detained, including the Sremska Mitrovica camp, the Stajićevo camp, and the Begejci camp in Serbia, and the Morinj camp in Montenegro. The Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps was later founded in order to help the victims of prison abuse. The Croatian Army established detention camps, like Lora prison camp in Split.
Croatian war crimes included the Gospić massacre, the Sisak killings in 1991 and 1992, and others, which were likewise prosecuted by Croatian courts or the ICTY. Another infamous instance of war crimes, in what would later become known as the "Pakračka Poljana" case, committed by a reserve police unit commanded by Tomislav Merčep, involved the killing of prisoners, mostly ethnic Serbs, near Pakrac in late 1991 and early 1992. The events were initially investigated by the ICTY, but the case was eventually transferred to the Croatian judiciary. More than a decade later, five members of this unit, although not its commander, were indicted on criminal charges related to these events, and convicted. Merčep was arrested for these crimes in December 2010. In 2009, Branimir Glavaš, a Croatian incumbent MP at the time, was convicted of war crimes committed in Osijek in 1991 and sentenced to jail by a Croatian court.
The ICTY indicted Croatian officers Janko Bobetko, Rahim Ademi, and Mirko Norac, for crimes committed during Operation Medak Pocket, but that case was also transferred to Croatian courts. Norac was found guilty and jailed for 7 years; Ademi was acquitted. Bobetko was declared unfit to stand trial due to poor health. The ICTY's indictment against General Ante Gotovina cited at least 150 Serb civilians killed in the aftermath of Operation Storm. The Croatian Helsinki Committee registered 677 Serb civilians killed in the operation. Louise Arbour, a prosecutor of the ICTY, stated that the legality and legitimacy of the Operation itself was not the issue, but that the ICTY was required to investigate whether crimes were committed during the campaign. The Trial Chamber reiterated that the legality of Operation Storm is "irrelevant" for the case at hand, since the ICTY's remit is processing war crimes. In 2011, Gotovina was sentenced to 24 and Markač to 18 years in prison. In 2012, their convictions were overturned and both were immediately released. Čermak was acquitted of all charges. Recorded war crimes that were committed against ethnic Serbs, particularly the elderly, during or in the aftermath of Operation Storm include the Golubić killings, Grubori massacre, and Varivode massacre.
In the first-degree verdict, the trial chamber found that "certain members of the Croatian political and military leadership shared the common objective of the permanent removal of the Serb civilian population from the Krajina by force or threat of force", implicating Franjo Tuđman, Gojko Šušak, who was the Minister of Defence and a close associate of Tuđman's, and Zvonimir Červenko, the Chief of the Croatian army Main Staff. Nevertheless, in the second-degree verdict, the appeals chamber dismissed the notion of such a joint criminal enterprise. The verdict meant the ICTY convicted no Croats for their role in the Croatian War of Independence.
In 2013 the former chief of Serbian State Security Jovica Stanišić, and deputy Franko Simatović, were acquitted of crimes against humanity and war crimes, but after protests and an appeal by prosecutors in 2015 a new trial was ordered due to legal errors. The new trial began in 2017.
In a first-degree verdict, on 30 June 2021 the UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT) found the pair guilty for crimes committed in Bosnia in Bosanski Šamac and sentenced them to 12 years in prison, but acquitted them of planning, ordering or aiding and abetting any crimes committed by Serb units in Croatia. They were tried as part of a joint criminal enterprise involving Milošević and other Serbian political, military and police officials. The court found that "from at least August 1991, a joint criminal enterprise existed" whose aim was to "forcibly and permanently remove.. Croats, Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croats, from large areas of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina." Those implicated in the enterprise included senior political, military, and police leadership in Serbia, the SAO Krajina, the SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, and Republika Srpska, though the court found that the prosecution failed to prove the participation of Stanišić and Simatović in the enterprise.
Serbia's role
During the war
While Serbia and Croatia never declared war on each other, Serbia was directly and indirectly involved in the war through a number of activities. Its foremost involvement entailed material support of the JNA. Following the independence of various republics from SFR Yugoslavia, Serbia provided the bulk of manpower and funding that was channeled to the war effort through Serbian control of the Yugoslav presidency and the federal defense ministry. Serbia actively supported various paramilitary volunteer units from Serbia that were fighting in Croatia. Even though no actual fighting occurred on Serbian or Montenegrin soil, involvement of the two was evident through the maintenance of prison camps in Serbia and Montenegro, which became places where a number of war crimes were committed.
Milošević's trial at the ICTY revealed numerous declassified documents of Belgrade's involvement in the wars in Croatia and Bosnia. Evidence introduced at trial showed exactly how Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia financed the war, that they provided weapons and material support to Bosnian and Croatian Serbs, and demonstrated the administrative and personnel structures set up to support the Bosnian Serb and Croatian Serb armies. It was established that Belgrade, through the federal government, financed more than 90 percent of the Krajina budget in 1993; that the Supreme Defense Council decided to hide aid to Republika Srpska and Krajina from the public; that the National Bank of Krajina operated as a branch office of the National Bank of Yugoslavia; and that by March 1994 FR Yugoslavia, Krajina, and Republika Srpska used a single currency. Numerous documents demonstrated that branches of the Krajina Public Accountancy Service were incorporated into Serbia's accountancy system in May 1991, and that the financing of Krajina and Republika Srpska caused hyperinflation in FR Yugoslavia. The trial revealed that the JNA, the Serbian Ministry of Interior, and other entities (including Serb civilian groups and police) armed Serb civilians and local territorial defense groups in the RSK before the conflict escalated.
In 1993, the US State Department reported that right after the Maslenica and Medak pocket operations, authorities in Serbia dispatched substantial numbers of "volunteers" to Serb-held territories in Croatia to fight. A former secretary of the Serbian paramilitary leader Željko Ražnatović testified at the Hague, confirming that Ražnatović took his orders, and his money, directly from the secret police run by Milošević.
This degree of control was reflected in negotiations held at various times between Croatian authorities and the RSK, as the Serbian leadership under Milošević was regularly consulted and frequently made decisions on behalf of the RSK. The Erdut Agreement that ended the war was signed by a RSK minister on instructions from Milošević. The degree of control Serbia held over SFR Yugoslavia and later the RSK was evidenced through testimonies during the Milošević trial at the ICTY.
Serbia's state-run media were reportedly used to incite the conflict and further inflame the situation, and also to broadcast false information about the war and the state of the Serbian economy.
Following the rise of nationalism and political tensions after Slobodan Milošević came to power, as well as the outbreaks of the Yugoslav Wars, numerous anti-war movements developed in Serbia. The anti-war protests in Belgrade were held mostly because of opposition the Battle of Vukovar and Siege of Dubrovnik, while protesters demanded the referendum on a declaration of war and disruption of military conscription. It is estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 people deserted from the Milošević-controlled Yugoslav People's Army during wars, while between 100,000 and 150,000 people emigrated from Serbia refusing to participate in the war. According to professor Renaud De la Brosse, senior lecturer at the University of Reims and a witness called by the ICTY, it is surprising how great the resistance to Milošević's propaganda was among Serbs, given that and the lack of access to alternative news. By late December 1991, just over a month after victory had been proclaimed in Vukovar, opinion polls found that 64% of Serbian people wanted to end the war immediately and only 27% were willing for it to continue.
After the war
After the successful implementation of the Erdut Agreement which ended armed conflict in 1995, the relations between Croatia and Serbia gradually improved and the two countries established diplomatic relations following an agreement in early August 1996.
In a case before the International Court of Justice, Croatia filed a suit against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 2 July 1999, citing Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. With the transformation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into Serbia and Montenegro and the dissolution of that country in 2006, Serbia is considered its legal successor. The application was filed for Croatia by a U.S. lawyer, David B. Rivkin. Serbia reciprocated with the genocide lawsuit against the Republic of Croatia on 4 January 2010. The Serbian application covers missing people, killed people, refugees, expelled people, and all military actions and concentration camps with a historical account of World War II genocide committed by the Independent State of Croatia during World War II.
In 2003, Stjepan Mesić became the first Croatian head of state to visit Belgrade since 1991. Both Mesić and the President of Serbia and Montenegro, Svetozar Marović, issued mutual apologies to Croat and Serb victims of the war.
By 2010, Croatia and Serbia further improved their relations through an agreement to resolve remaining refugee issues, and visits of Croatian President Ivo Josipović to Belgrade, and of the Serbian President Boris Tadić to Zagreb and Vukovar. During their meeting in Vukovar, President Tadić gave a statement expressing his "apology and regret", while President Josipović said "that no crimes committed at the time would go unpunished." The statements were made during a joint visit to the Ovčara memorial center, site of the Vukovar massacre.
Role of the international community
The war developed at a time when the attention of the United States and the world was on Iraq, and the Gulf War in 1991, along with a sharp rise in oil prices and a slowdown in the growth of the world economy.
Between 19 and 23 December 1991, several other European countries, beginning with Germany and the Vatican City, followed by Sweden and Italy, announced their recognition of Croatia's (and Slovenia's) independence. The European Union as a whole recognized the independence of the two republics on 15 January 1992.
Each of the major foreign governments acted somewhat differently:
Germany – up until 1991, Germany supported a 'status quo'. According to diplomat Gerhard Almer, the Yugoslav disintegration was feared as "a bad example for the dissolution of the Soviet Union", sparking fears that violence could also be used against the nations that were about to declare independence from the Soviet Union. During the war, this policy changed, when Helmut Kohl announced that Germany recognized Slovenia and Croatia as independent countries.
United Kingdom – John Major's government favoured neutrality.
United States – The United States, under George H. W. Bush, tended to favour non-intervention at first, just like the United Kingdom. In contrast, from 1993, the administration led by Bill Clinton tended to engage itself in order to end the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Cyrus Vance supported the 'integrity of Yugoslavia'.
Russia – The Russian government under Boris Yeltsin tended to oppose recognition of Croatia although Russia recognized Croatia on 17 February 1992, while the United States did the same on 7 April 1992.
See also
Croatian War of Independence in film
Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence
Virovitica–Karlovac–Karlobag line
Annotations
Notes
References
Books
Other sources
External links
Sense Tribunal coverage of ICTY and ICJ proceedings
War Photo Limited – Images of the war
More images of the war
Croatian Memorial-Documentation Center of the Homeland War
1990s conflicts
1990s in Croatia
Croatia–Serbia relations
Political history of Serbia
Decommunization
Separatism in Croatia
Wars involving Croatia
Wars involving Bosnia and Herzegovina
Wars involving Serbia
Wars involving the Balkans
Wars of independence
Wars involving NATO
Yugoslav Wars |
4022123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Aup%C5%8Duri | Te Aupōuri | Te Aupōuri is the second northernmost Māori iwi (tribal group), located north of Kaitaia, Northland, New Zealand, a region known as the Te Hiku o te Ika. The iwi is one of the six Muriwhenua iwi of the far north of the North Island.
Te Reo Irirangi o Te Hiku o Te Ika, an iwi radio station, serves Te Aupōuri and other Muriwhenua tribes of the Far North. It broadcasts a main station on , an urban contemporary station Sunshine FM on and a youth-oriented station Tai FM.
History
The ancestral legend
In Māori, Te Aupouri means "The Dark Smoke" (au = smoke, pōuri = dark). According to legend, the Te Aupōuri came into conflict with Te Rarawa. The battle between the two eventually caused two other chieftains, Te Ikanui and Wheru, to become besieged in their pā in Pawarenga on Whangape Harbour. To mask their escape, they burnt their possessions and escaped under the cover of the smoke.
This is the iwi's chant:
Muriwhenua links
Te Aupōuri are one of the five iwi of Muriwhenua, also known as Te Hiku o te Ika a Māui, the Far North of Aotearoa.
The people of Te Aupōuri share a number of well-known ancestors with wider Muriwhenua including:
Kupe of the Mata-whao-rua canoe and Te Ngaki of the Tāwhiri-rangi canoe;
Nukutawhiti of the Ngā-toki-mata-whao-rua canoe;
Ruanui-a-Tāne of the Māmari canoe and his wife Manawa-a-rangi;
Whakatau of the Mahuhu-ki-te-rangi canoe;
Pō-hurihanga of the Kurahaupō canoe and his wife Maieke;
Tū-moana of the Tinana canoe and his wives Pare-waha-ariki and Kahukura-ariki;
Te Parata of the Māmaru canoe and his wife Kahu-tia-nui;
Tōhē and Te Kura-a-rangi;
Tū-mata-hina and Tangi-rere;
Rāhiri, Āhua-iti and Whakaruru;
Ue-oneone and Rei-tū;
Kai-rewa and Wai-miri-rangi;
Toa-kai, Tū-kotia and Tara-whati;
Hāiti-tai-marangai and Puna;
Tū-whakatere , Tū-te-rangi-a-tohia and Tū-poia; and
Moko-hōrea and Uru-te-kawa.
From these ancestors descend two families from which Te Aupōuri as an independent iwi trace their descent:
Firstly, the family of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa. The name ‘Te Aupōuri’ came about from an event in the time of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa’s children – Kupe, Whēru, Te Ikanui, Te Kakati and Te Uruhāpainga, and Secondly, the family of Te Ihupango and Te Amongaariki II, who had two daughters – Tihe and Kohine. Te Amongaariki II is especially important to Te Aupōuri being the principal ancestress of the Te Kao lands and the southern Pārengarenga Harbour.
The iwi of Te Aupōuri have their primary turangawaewae at Te Kao at the southern end of the Pārengarenga Harbour, with Te Oneroa-a-Tōhē (Ninety Mile Beach) to the west and Tokerau (Great Exhibition Bay) to the east. Te Aupōuri describe the core area in which they have customary rights and associations, of varying types and nature, as running from Ngāpae in the south-west, east to Ngātū and Waipapakauri Stream, north to the mouth of the Rangaunu Harbour, to Motu-puruhi and Te Rākau-tū-hakahaka (Simmonds Islands) and north to Muri-motu (North Cape), west to Te Rerenga Wairua (Cape Reinga), encompassing Oromaki, Manawa-tāwhi, Moe-kawa and Ohau (Three Kings Islands), south to Motu-o-Pao (Cape Maria van Diemen), to Kahokawa (Scotts Point), Matapia, Waka-te-hāua (The Bluff), Hukatere and back to Ngāpae. Te Aupōuri also maintain historical associations to Rangitāhua (Raoul Island in the Kermadec Islands) and south to Waimimiha.
Other iwi of Te Hiku o Te Ika also claim customary interests in this area.
The people of Te Aupōuri share a number of well known ancestors with the iwi of wider Muriwhenua including: Ruanui-a-Tāne & Manawa-a-rangi; Pō-hurihanga & Maieke; Tū-moana, Pare-waha-ariki & Kahukura-ariki; Te Parata & Kahu-tia-nui; Tōhē & Te Kura-a-rangi; Tū-mata-hina & Tangi-rere; Kai-rewa & Wai-miri-rangi; Toa-kai, Tū-kotia & Tara-whati; Hāiti-tai-marangai & Puna; Tū-whakatere, Tū-te-rangi-a-tohia & Tū-poia and Moko-hōrea & Uru-te-kawa.
From these ancestors descend two families from which Te Aupōuri as an independent iwi trace their descent: firstly the family of Mōre Te Korohunga of Ngāti Ruanui and his wife Te Awa of Muriwhenua, who became known as Ngāti Te Awa (the descendants of Te Awa).
The name ‘Te Aupōuri’ came about from an event in Pawarenga at the time of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa’s children – Kupe, Whēru, Te Ikanui, Te Kakati and Te Uruhāpainga. One day, following the murder of Kupe, and her brother’s revenge, Ngāti Te Awa were besieged in Makora Pā. Finally, Ngāti Te Awa lit a huge fire covering the Whangapē Harbour with thick dark smoke. They managed to escape north across the harbour in the midst of the dense smoke to their mother’s lands further north. Hence the name Te Aupōuri (au = smoke, pōuri = dark).
The second family that Te Aupōuri descend from is that of Te Ihupango and Te Amongaariki II, who had two daughters – Tihe and Kohine. Te Amongaariki II is especially important to Te Aupōuri being the principal ancestress of the Te Kao lands and the southern Pārengarenga Harbour.
Mōre Te Korohunga & Te Awa’s son, Te Ikanui, married Te Ihupango & Te Amongaariki II’s daughters, Tihe & Kohine. These are the ancestors of the Te Aupōuri people of Te Kao – “Ngā Uri O Te Ikanui”.
Ruanui and the Polynesian rats
According to the traditions of the Aotea, Horouta and Māmari ancestral canoes, kiore (Polynesian rats) were passengers on their voyages from Hawaiki to New Zealand. Carvings on a window frame of Te Ōhākī marae at Ahipara depict the story of Ruanui's rat, Ruanui being the captain of the Māmari canoe. On arriving in Hokianga Harbour, he released his rats onto an island now called Motukiore "rat island".
Notable people
Makarena Dudley, psychologist, lecturer at the University of Auckland and dementia researcher
Sir Kingi Ihaka, Māori bureaucrat
Hone Harawira, Mana Party leader
Raniera Harrison, Māori broadcaster
Ralph Hotere, artist
Shane Jones, politician
Stacey Jones, rugby league player
Anika Moa, singer
Tina Cross, singer
Mitch Evans, racing car driver
Hinemoa Elder, youth forensic psychiatrist
References
External links
Te Aupōuri's website |
4022125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny%20Acta | Manny Acta | Manuel Elias Acta (born January 11, 1969) is a Dominican former professional baseball manager who is currently the bench coach for the Seattle Mariners, and formerly a broadcast analyst for ESPN and ESPN Deportes. He has served as manager for the Washington Nationals and the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball.
In the Dominican Winter League, he is currently the general manager of the Estrellas Orientales. He managed the Tigres del Licey from 2003–2005, including leading them to victory at the 2004 Caribbean Series. Acta managed the Dominican Republic team at the 2006 World Baseball Classic where they placed 4th.
Playing career
Houston Astros
Acta was signed by the Houston Astros at age 17 as an undrafted free agent infielder. Acta played baseball professionally for six seasons, all in the Astros' system, but never reached the major leagues as a player. The Astros organization would eventually send him to scouting school in Florida to utilize his analytical skills rather than his athletic talent.
Coaching career
Minor leagues
In 1991, Acta became a player-coach at the A level, and soon after that quit his playing career and focused solely on coaching. He became the manager of the A-level Auburn Astros team at Auburn, New York in 1993, and he managed in the minors through 2000. He led the Kissimmee Cobras to a Florida State League championship in 1999.
Montreal Expos
Acta was hired as the third base coach for the Montreal Expos under Frank Robinson in 2002, and held that position through 2005.
New York Mets
In 2005 Acta was hired as the third base coach for the New York Mets under manager Willie Randolph. He held this position for two years, leaving to become the manager of the Washington Nationals
Seattle Mariners
On November 9, 2015, Acta was hired as the third base coach for the Seattle Mariners under new manager Scott Servais for the 2016 season. Acta was the first person issued #14 as it had been out of circulation since Lou Piniella left the team after the 2002 season.
Managerial career
Washington Nationals
Acta was hired as manager of the Washington Nationals on November 14, 2006, returning to the franchise that gave him his first major league job (the Nationals were the Expos prior to a relocation following the 2004 season). Acta received the job for his youth and enthusiasm, as well as knowing a few of the Nationals players from his third base coaching job with the Expos. In his first season with Washington, projected to be one of the worst teams in Major League Baseball, Acta and the Nationals finished 73–89. With his team beset by many injuries—on Opening Day, he lost starting shortstop Cristian Guzman and center fielder Nook Logan for five weeks and by June, four of his five starting pitchers were on the disabled list—Acta maintained a positive influence on his young Nationals. In his first year with the Nationals he earned votes for NL Manager of the Year, coming in fifth in that vote. In his second season managing the Nats, the team's record worsened to 59–102. Signs of the team progressing in the win column was not being realized during the beginning of his third season with the club. At 26–61, and the Nats coming off a 100-loss season, including a seven-game road trip in which they would win just one game, Acta's time as manager was drawing to a close.
On July 12, 2009, Acta reported he had been fired as Nationals manager following a loss to the Houston Astros. The Nationals announced on their website on July 13 that an announcement concerning the dismissal was forthcoming, which served as a confirmation of the firing. Nationals bench coach Jim Riggleman, who had previously managed the San Diego Padres, Chicago Cubs, and Seattle Mariners, assumed the position as interim manager.
Cleveland Indians
On October 25, 2009, the Cleveland Indians announced that they had hired Acta as their manager, signing him to a three-year contract with an option for an additional year. The Astros had also offered Acta their managerial position. The Indians struggled in his first year, marginally improving from their 2009 campaign at 69–93. In his second season, the Indians improved by 11 games to 80–82 after starting out the season 30–15. Cleveland would finish in second place, fifteen games behind the Detroit Tigers. On September 29, 2011, the Indians announced they had exercised Acta's option for the 2013 season.
After a 20–51 record in the second half of the 2012 season, the Indians fired Acta on September 27, 2012 with only six games remaining in the regular season. Bench coach Sandy Alomar, Jr. was named interim manager and Terry Francona eventually was named to the position full-time.
Seattle Mariners
Acta served as interim manager for 2 games in May 2018 as regular manager Scott Servais was gone to attend his daughter's college graduation.
Managerial record
Personal life
Acta comes from a family of Lebanese descent that settled in San Pedro de Macorís a century ago.
The fatal plane crash on October 11, 2006, that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle and his pilot crashed into Acta's apartment building in New York while he was still coaching for the Mets. Acta wasn't there at the time because he had gone to Shea Stadium to prepare for that night's Game 1 of the NLCS between the Mets and St. Louis Cardinals.
His ImpACTA Kids Foundation has raised a significant amount of awareness and donations in providing children with the opportunities to achieve their dreams. As of 2010, the ImpACTA Kids Foundation has awarded $5,000 in college scholarships in the United States and neared completion of an athletic/education youth complex in Consuelo, Dominican Republic.
See also
List of Cleveland Guardians managers
References
External links
Manny Acta profile provided by mwlguide.com
Column by Tim Brown provided by Yahoo! Sports
1969 births
Living people
Burlington Astros players
Dominican Republic baseball coaches
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball people in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic national baseball team managers
Dominican Republic people of Lebanese descent
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent
Cleveland Indians managers
Columbus Mudcats players
Gulf Coast Astros players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Montreal Expos coaches
New York Mets coaches
Osceola Astros players
Seattle Mariners coaches
Sportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís
Washington Nationals managers
White Dominicans |
4022126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Iowa%20alumni | List of University of Iowa alumni | This list of University of Iowa alumni includes notable current and former students of the University of Iowa.
Academia
Michael J. Budds, Musicologist and professor at the University of Missouri School of Music, inducted into the Missouri Music Hall of Fame
Edwin Adams Davis – M.A. from Iowa; historian of Louisiana; father of Louisiana state archives; Louisiana State University professor
Shardé M. Davis – Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Connecticut .
James R. Dow – emeritus professor of German at Iowa State University
R. William Field – Associate Professor, College of Public Health, University of Iowa
Elnora M. Gilfoyle – occupational therapist; Dean of the College of Applied Human Sciences and Provost/Academic Vice President at Colorado State University
Michael P. Johnson – emeritus professor of sociology, Pennsylvania State University
James Kennedy – professor of the history of the Netherlands at the University of Amsterdam
Otto Kraushaar – former president of Goucher College, long-time professor in philosophy at Smith College
Minnette Gersh Lenier – teacher who used stage magic to improve students' learning skills
Cindy Lovell – educator and writer; executive director of the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum and Mark Twain House
Robert Moyers – Founder of Center of Growth and Development at University of Michigan
Tina Passman - classical scholar
Jewel Prestage – Dean of the School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs at Southern University. First African-American woman to earn Ph.D. in Political Science.
W. Ann Reynolds – chancellor of the California State University and City University of New York
Noliwe Rooks - associate director of the African-American program at Princeton University, W.E.B. Du Bois Professor of Literature at Cornell University, chair of and professor in the Africana Studies Department at Brown University, founding director of the Segrenomics Lab at Brown University
Jim Rossi – law professor at Vanderbilt University
Clifford V. Smith, Jr. – 4th chancellor of University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
William A. Staples – president of the University of Houston–Clear Lake
John E. Visser – President of Emporia State University, 1967–1984
Business
Helen Brockman – fashion designer
John Bucksbaum – former chairman and chief executive officer of GGP Inc.
Jim Foster – founder Arena Football League
Paul P. Harris – lawyer and founder of the first Rotary Club
Scott Heiferman – founder and CEO, Meetup.com; founder, Fotolog.com
Howard R. Hughes, Sr. – father of aviation pioneer and film producer Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. and builder of his fortune that started his empire
Kerry Killinger – chairman and CEO of Washington Mutual
Bill Perkins – hedge fund manager, film producer
C. Maxwell Stanley – engineer, entrepreneur, philanthropist; founder of Stanley Consultants and The Stanley Foundation; co-founder of HON Industries
Ted Waitt – co-founder of Gateway, Inc.
Frank R. Wallace (pen name of Wallace Ward), 1957, entrepreneur, publisher, writer, and developer of the Neo-Tech philosophy
Government and politics
Cindy Axne, United States Congresswoman
Theodore J. Bauer – former head of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Fred H. Blume – Justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court for 42 years
David E. Bonior – formerly represented Michigan in the United States House of Representatives; Former member of President Barack Obama's Economic Advisory Board
Terry E. Branstad – two-time Governor of Iowa, and longest-tenured Governor in the nation
John Burke – tenth Governor of North Dakota
James Cartwright – retired U.S. Marine Corps General and the 8th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Norm Coleman – former Junior Republican U.S. Senator of Minnesota
James Dooge – Irish senator and academic in the area of Hydrology; served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Irish Government, and instrumental in forming the framework of the modern European Union and beginning the debate on climate change
Martha Angle Dorsett – first woman admitted to the Bar of Minnesota (in 1878)
James B. French – member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Greg Ganske – politician from Iowa
Paul C. Gartzke – Presiding Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
Mads Gilbert – Norwegian doctor in Gaza providing humanitarian care at Al-Shifa Hospital during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict
Lea Giménez, Master's Degree in Economics, Minister of Finance (Paraguay)
Silas B. Hays – Surgeon General of the United States Army
Leo A. Hoegh – former Governor of Iowa and National Security Council member
David W. Hopkins – former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri
Chuck Horner – United States Air Force general; commanded Coalition Air Forces during the Gulf War
Edward F. Howrey, chair of the Federal Trade Commission
Cheryl L. Johnson, lawyer and 36th Clerk of the United States House of Representatives
Patty Judge, former Lieutenant Governor of Iowa and 2016 candidate for the US Senate
George Koval – Soviet intelligence officer and Hero of the Russian Federation
Robert L. Larson – former member of the Iowa Supreme Court
Donald P. Lay – judge of the Eighth Circuit
Ronald H. Lingren – member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Marry Mascher – member of the Iowa House of Representatives
Andy McKean – politician in the state of Iowa
John Walter Grant MacEwan – MS 1928; Western Canadian Lieutenant Governor of Alberta; Canadian legislator; Mayor of Calgary
Jayaprakash Narayan – Indian freedom fighter, social reformer, politician
Kay A. Orr – first woman Governor of Nebraska; Republican
John E. Osborn – former Commissioner, U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy; former executive vice president and general counsel, Cephalon, Inc.
Gregory A. Peterson – Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
John Pickler – member of the United States House of Representatives
Coleen Rowley – shared 2002 Time "Person of the Year" award; the FBI whistleblower who helped bring in terrorist suspect Zacarias Moussaoui
Lawrence F. Scalise – Attorney General of Iowa (1965–1966)
Juanita Kidd Stout – first woman appointed as a federal judge; Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice
Jim Summerville – Tennessee Senator
Wang Huning – member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Chinese political theorist, former Dean of the School of Law and Chair of the Department of International Politics, Fudan University
Perry Warjiyo, (Ph.D, 1991), Central Bank Governors, The Republic of Indonesia
Hugh E. Wild – U.S. Air Force Brigadier General
Ann Williams – member of Illinois House of Representatives
Wu Jin – Minister of Education of Taiwan, 1996–1998
Art and architecture
Mildred Beltre – multi-disciplinary artist; co-founder of Brooklyn Hi-Art! Machine
Ryan Bliss – 3D artist; founder of Digital Blasphemy
Shirley Briggs – artist and writer; studied under Grant Wood; provided artwork for a number of projects within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and worked on a number of dioramas for the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Natural History
David Cantine – Canadian artist
Elizabeth Catlett – painter; studied under Grant Wood; first African American woman to earn an MFA from the University of Iowa
Robert D. Cocke – painter
Eve Drewelowe – painter
Joey Kirkpatrick – (born 1952) glass artist, sculptor, wire artist, and educator.
Baulu Kuan – artist and curator
Barbara Lekberg – metal sculptor
Evan Lindquist – Artist Laureate of the State of Arkansas
Charles Ray – contemporary artist
Joe Sharpnack – editorial cartoonist
Rudi Stern – multimedia artist
Kirsten Ulve – graphic artist
Literature and journalism
Melissa Albert – author of young adult fiction
Goodwin Tutum Anim – Ghanaian journalist
Mildred Benson – writer under pen name Carolyn Keene of Nancy Drew books
T.C. Boyle – PEN/Faulkner award-winning writer (World's End, Drop City)
Tom Brokaw – broadcast journalist, former anchor (NBC Nightly News), author (The Greatest Generation); dropped out after 1 year
Elizabeth C. Bunce – author (A Curse Dark as Gold, Premeditated Myrtle, Cold-Blooded Myrtle)
Chelsea Cain – writer (Heartsick, Mockingbird)
Sandra Cisneros – author (The House on Mango Street)
Max Allan Collins – writer of comic strip Dick Tracy (Chester Gould was the creator and Collins took over in 1977 when Gould retired); also writes mystery novels
Justin Cronin – author (The Passage, The Twelve)
Rita Dove – 1993 Poet Laureate of the United States
David Drake – science-fiction writer (Hammer's Slammers series)
Andre Dubus – short story writer (Killings – adapted into 2001 film In the Bedroom)
Jeannette Eyerly – writer of young adult fiction
Joshua Ferris – novelist
Charles Gaines – author (Pumping Iron) and inventor of paintball
George Gallup – founder of the Gallup Poll
Ezzat Goushegir – playwright
Garth Greenwell – author (What Belongs to You)
Oscar Hahn – author
Joe Haldeman – science-fiction writer (The Forever War)
Kathryn Harrison – author (Thicker than Water)
A.M. Homes – author (The Safety of Objects)
L. D. Hotchkiss – editor-in-chief, Los Angeles Times
John Irving – writer (A Widow for One Year, The World According to Garp)
Amy Jacobson – Chicago broadcast journalist
Leslie Jamison – author (The Empathy Exams)
Denis Johnson – author (Jesus' Son)
W.P. Kinsella – author (Shoeless Joe, the book on which Field of Dreams was based)
William Lashner – author of Past Due
Robie Macauley – novelist and editor of Playboy
Anthony Marra – author (A Constellation of Vital Phenomena)
Bharati Mukherjee – Bengali-American writer
Flannery O'Connor – novelist and author of numerous short stories
Chris Offutt – short story writer and essayist
Ann Patchett – author (Bel Canto, State of Wonder)
Tappy Phillips – consumer affairs reporter for WABC-TV in New York City; correspondent for ABC News
La Ferne Price – philosopher and author
Jim Simmerman – poet; founded creative writing program at Northern Arizona University
Wallace Stegner – author
Stewart Stern – screenwriter (Rebel Without a Cause, Sybil)
Douglas Unger – novelist and founder of UNLV's creative writing MFA program
Bertha M. Wilson – dramatist, critic, actress
Yu Guangzhong – Taiwanese poet and author
Torrey Peters, author (Detransition, Baby )
Pulitzer Prize winners
Stephen Berry – 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting for story he co-wrote for the Orlando Sentinel; associate professor in School of Journalism and Mass Communication
Robert Olen Butler Jr. – won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for fiction
Marquis Childs – commentator; 1969 winner for distinguished commentary
Paul Conrad – editorial cartoonist for the Los Angeles Times; won in 1964, 1971, and 1984
Michael Cunningham – writer/novelist (The Hours)
Jorie Graham – poet (1996 winner for The Dream of the Unified Field: Selected Poems 1974–1994) and MacArthur Fellow on faculty of Iowa Writers' Workshop
Paul Harding – author (Tinkers)
Robert Hass – poet (2008 winner for Time and Materials: Poems 1997–2005) and former Poet Laureate of the United States
Benny Johnson – columnist and host The Benny Report on NewsMax TV
Josephine Johnson – novelist (1935 winner for her first novel, Now in November), writing instructor
Donald Justice – poet (1980 winner for Selected Poems)
Tracy Kidder – 1982 winner for The Soul of a New Machine
James Alan McPherson – author (1978 winner for Elbow Room, becoming the first African-American to win the Pulitzer for fiction) and MacArthur Fellow on faculty of Iowa Writers' Workshop
Marilynne Robinson – 2005 winning author for Gilead: A Novel; faculty in Iowa Writers' Workshop
Jane Smiley – novelist; 1992 winner for A Thousand Acres
William De Witt Snodgrass – confessional poet; 1960 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
Mark Strand – poet; 1999 winner for A Blizzard of One
Tennessee Williams – playwright; won for A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948 and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 1955
Performing arts
Tom Arnold – actor (Roseanne, True Lies) and host of Fox Sports Net's talk show Best Damn Sports Show Period
Lemuel Ayers, Tony Award winning designer and producer
Scott Beck – filmmaker (A Quiet Place)
Rita Bell – singer, entertainer
Macdonald Carey – actor (Days of Our Lives)
David Daniels – conductor and author
Don DeFore – actor (The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Hazel)
Ellen Dolan – soap opera actress (Guiding Light, As the World Turns)
Duck's Breath Mystery Theater (Dan Coffey, Bill Allard, Merle Kessler, Leon Martrell, and Jim Turner) – touring comedy troupe featured on National Public Radio's All Things Considered
David Eigenberg – actor (Steve Brady on Sex and the City)
Simon Estes – bass baritone opera singer, formerly of the New York Metropolitan Opera
Tanna Frederick – stage and independent film actress
Bruce French – actor (Mr. Mom, Legal Eagles, Fletch)
Robin Green – executive producer of the HBO series The Sopranos
Don Hall – director of the Disney animated movie Big Hero 6 which won the Oscar for best animated feature in 2015 and Moana (2016 film)
Jake Johnson – actor (New Girl, Paper Heart, Get Him to the Greek, Safety Not Guaranteed, 21 Jump Street, Drinking Buddies, Jurassic World and Tag).
John Shifflett – jazz double bass player and teacher at San Jose State University
Joy Harjo – poet, songwriter
Candace Hilligoss – actress (1960 film Carnival of Souls)
Mary Beth Hurt – actress (The World According to Garp, Interiors)
Toby Huss – actor, creator of Artie, the Strongest Man in the World from The Adventures of Pete and Pete, which he created at No Shame Theatre at the university
Barry Kemp – producer (Coach, Newhart) (Hayden Fox, the title character of Coach, was named after Iowa football coach Hayden Fry)
Alex Ko – actor (Billy Elliot the Musical), author, film director
Ashton Kutcher – actor (That '70s Show, Two and a Half Men), producer (created Punk'd), entrepreneur
Adam LeFevre – film and television actor, playwright
Nicholas Meyer – director (Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan)
Greg Morris – actor (Barney Collier in original Mission: Impossible TV series)
Terry O'Quinn – actor (Lost)
Lara Parker – actress (Angelique in the serial Dark Shadows)
James Romig – composer
Eugene Rousseau – saxophonist
Brandon Routh – actor (Superman Returns)
Joe Russo – director-writer Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Captain America: Civil War, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame, and TV shows Arrested Development (TV series) and Community (TV Series)
Paul Rust – actor (I Love You, Beth Cooper and Love (TV series))
Jean Seberg – actress (Breathless, Paint Your Wagon, Airport)
William Oscar Smith – jazz double bassist
David Strackany – musician
Susan Werner – singer-songwriter
Brooks Wheelan – comedian (Saturday Night Live)
Gene Wilder – actor (Silver Streak, Young Frankenstein, Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)
Bryan Woods – filmmaker (A Quiet Place)
David Bryan Woodside – actor (Wayne Palmer on the TV series 24)
Academy Award winners
Diablo Cody – screenwriter, winning an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay
Charles Guggenheim – documentary filmmaker, winning four Academy Awards from twelve nominations
Grammy Award winners
Al Jarreau – seven-time Grammy Award-winning vocalist
David Sanborn – six-time Grammy-winning saxophonist
Science and technology
Hind Al-Abadleh – chemist and environmental scientist
Archie Alexander – first African-American graduate (in engineering); governor of the Virgin Islands
M. M. Ayoub – a pioneer in the field of ergonomics
Alfred Marshall Bailey – ornithologist and long-term director of the Denver Museum of Natural History
Antoine Bechara - professor of psychology and neuroscience
Sidney W. Bijou, (1908–2009) – developmental psychologist
Lawrence Einhorn – pioneering oncologist whose research increased testicular cancer survival rates from 10% to 95%
Mildred Adams Fenton – geologist, paleontologist, writer on paleontology
Leon Festinger – social psychologist who was responsible for the theory of cognitive dissonance
James E. Hansen – heads NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies; recognized in Times "100 Most Influential People of 2006" for his efforts to bring understanding and fighting the effects of global climate change
Bruce C. Heezen – led a team from Columbia University that mapped the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Darrell Huff – writer known for best-selling book How to Lie with Statistics
Marshall Kay – geologist and Penrose Medal winner
Tom Krimigis – space scientist, physicist
E.F. Lindquist – co-founder of the ACT examination
Gregor Luthe – chemist, toxicologist, nanotechnologist, inventor and entrepreneur
Charles F. Lynch – Epidemiologist
Mark Mattson – neuroscientist at the National Institutes of Health and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Deane Montgomery – mathematician
Mary Lawson Neff – neurologist
Kent Norman – cognitive psychologist and expert on computer rage
Clair Cameron Patterson – geochemist who developed the uranium–lead dating method into lead–lead dating, worked on the Manhattan Project, and led early campaigns against lead poisoning
James Van Allen – space scientist
Oswald Veblen – mathematician
Shirley Briggs – conducted work in pesticide and synthetic chemical research
Wang Shizhen – Chinese academician, father of Chinese nuclear medicine
George Ojemann – Neurosurgeon and cognitive neuroscientist
Herbert Jasper – Pioneer of surgical epileptology at the Montreal Neurological Institute
Mildred Mott Wedel – Social scientist, archaeologist, ethnohistorian
Sports
Baseball
Tim Costo - MLB first baseman from 1992-1993
Jack Dittmer - MLB second baseman from 1952-1957
Cal Eldred – Major League Baseball pitcher who played for 14 years
Milo Hamilton – sportscaster for the Iowa Hawkeyes and seven different Major League Baseball teams; recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award
Chris Hatcher - MLB outfielder in 1998
Hal Manders – relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played in 1941, 1942, and 1946
Wes Obermueller – Major League Baseball pitcher
Jim Sundberg – catcher for the Texas Rangers and other teams
Art Reinhart – Major League Baseball pitcher, 1919–1928
Basketball
B. J. Armstrong – NBA point guard for the Chicago Bulls
Jordan Bohannon – Hawkeyes men's player from 2016–2022; most career games played in NCAA Division I men's history
"Downtown" Freddie Brown – guard for the Seattle SuperSonics where he was captain of the 1978–79 World Championship team
Carl Cain - Olympic gold medalist in 1956
Caitlin Clark – Current Hawkeyes women's player
Chuck Darling – member of the 1956 Summer Olympics gold medal basketball team
Keno Davis – men's basketball coach at Providence College
Ricky Davis – Los Angeles Clippers player
Acie Earl – NBA basketball player
Michelle Edwards - WNBA guard from 1997-2001
Bob Hansen – player for the Utah Jazz and Chicago Bulls; basketball analyst for the Hawkeye Radio Network
Pops Harrison - Iowa head coach from 1942-1950
John Johnson – player on 1978–79 Seattle SuperSonics championship team
Noble Jorgensen – player for the Sheboygan Red Skins, Tri-Cities Blackhawks and Syracuse Nationals
Dick Ives - played one season in the BAA
Ronnie Lester - NBA point guard from 1980-1986
Bill Logan - NBA center in 1956
Brad Lohaus – NBA player
Devyn Marble (born 1992) - player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Don Nelson – player for the Boston Celtics and coach for the Golden State Warriors
Erv Prasse - NBL player from 1940-1946
Tangela Smith – center for the WNBA Phoenix Mercury
Murray Wier - BAA guard from 1948-1951
Herb Wilkinson - drafted to the BAA
Andre Woolridge (born 1973) – point guard
Football
Bret Bielema – NFL assistant coach, head coach of the University of Illinois football team
Paul Burmeister – NFL quarterback, NFL Network anchor
Jim Caldwell – offensive coordinator for the Baltimore Ravens
Dallas Clark – tight end for the Colts, Buccaneers, and Ravens
Sean Considine – Former NFL defensive safety and special teams, member of the Ravens' Super Bowl XLVII championship team
Kerry Cooks – NFL defensive back
Dick Crayne - NFL fullback from 1936-1937
John Derby – NFL linebacker
Aubrey Devine - College Football Hall of Fame quarterback
Jeff Drost – NFL defensive tackle
Wayne Duke – Commissioner of the Big Ten Conference 1971–1989
Tim Dwight – NFL player
Harold Ely – NFL player
Dick Evans – NFL player
Wesley Fry – general manager for the Oakland Raiders
Robert Gallery – NFL offensive tackle, second overall pick in 2004 draft
Willis Glassgow - NFL halfback from 1930-1931
Dennis Green – head coach with the Minnesota Vikings and Arizona Cardinals
Merton Hanks – NFL defensive back (four-time Pro Bowl selection)
Homer Harris – player in 1937; first African American captain of a Big Ten Conference team
Jay Hilgenberg – center for Chicago Bears (seven-time Pro Bowl selection)
Jerry Hilgenberg - Iowa assistant coach from 1956-1963
Wally Hilgenberg - NFL linebacker from 1964-1979
Walt Housman – football player
Carlos James – Arena Football League player
Cal Jones – one of two Iowa football players to have his jersey retired; won the Outland Trophy in 1955
Nate Kaeding – NFL placekicker
Harry Kalas – voice of the Philadelphia Phillies (MLB), NFL on Westwood One and NFL Films
Aaron Kampman – NFL defensive end
Alex Karras – professional football player and actor
George Kittle – 2x Pro Bowler and 2x All-Pro tight end for the San Francisco 49ers; part of the 49ers Super Bowl LIV team
Nile Kinnick – Iowa's 1939 Heisman trophy winner with Iowa's Kinnick Stadium named for him in 1972
Dick Klein – professional football player
Paul Krause - NFL safety from 1964-1979
Joe Laws – professional football player for the Green Bay Packers
Gordon Locke - College football hall of fame fullback
Chuck Long – closest-ever Heisman Trophy runner-up in 1985; later a college head coach; analyst for the Big Ten Network
Jim Miller – NFL offensive guard
Tom Moore – longtime NFL coach and offensive coordinator for the Indianapolis Colts
Bruce Nelson – guard and center
Ken Ploen - CFL hall of fame quarterback from 1957-1967
Ed Podolak – player with the Kansas City Chiefs; football analyst for Hawkeye Radio Network
Fred Roberts – player for the Portsmouth Spartans
Eddie Robinson – winningest coach in football history at Grambling State University from 1942 until 1997
Reggie Roby – punter (three-time Pro Bowl Selection) for the Miami Dolphins
Bob Sanders – free agent safety, member of the Indianapolis Colts' Super Bowl XLI championship team
Tyler Sash – safety for the New York Giants' Super Bowl XLVI championship team
Zud Schammel – NFL guard
Duke Slater - NFL linebacker from 1922-1931
Scott Slutzker – NFL player
Larry Station – two-time All-American player
Bob Stoops – player and coach; head coach of the University of Oklahoma
Mark Stoops – player; head coach of the University of Kentucky
Mike Stoops – player, coach; defensive coordinator at Oklahoma
Sherwyn Thorson - CFL player from 1962-1968
Andre Tippett – Hall of Fame linebacker for the New England Patriots
Emlen Tunnell – player; first African American to play for the New York Giants; later played for the Green Bay Packers
Clyde Williams - Coach and athletic director at Iowa State from 1907-1919
Marshal Yanda – Pro-Bowl offensive lineman for the Ravens; member of Super Bowl XLVII championship team
Mixed Martial Arts
Jordan Johnson (fighter) – professional Mixed Martial Artist, currently with the UFC
Julie Kedzie – Two-time Hook n' Shoot Tournament Champion, National Karate Champion & fought in first women's MMA match on cable television
Other
Beth Beglin - Field hockey Olympic bronze medalist in 1984. Head coach at Iowa from 1988-1999
Paul Brechler - Athletic director at Iowa and commissioner of the Western Athletic Conference
John Davey - Swam in 1988 and 1992 Olympics for Great Britain. Ten time Big Ten champion
Kris Fillat - Field hockey player on US National Team
Houry Gebeshian – Armenian Olympic gymnast at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Lincoln Hurring - Swam in 1952 and 1956 Olympics for New Zealand
Marcia Pankratz - Field hockey player on US national team 1985-1996. College field hockey coach.
Wally Ris – 1948 Olympic swimmer, winner of two gold medals
Bowen Stassforth – 1952 Olympic silver medalist swimmer 200 m breaststroke. Former world record holder in 200 and 100 breaststroke
Rafał Szukała - 1992 Olympic silver medalist in 100 butterfly for Poland
Artur Wojdat - 1988 Olympic bronze medalist in 400 free. Former world record holder in 400 freestyle
Track and field
Kineke Alexander - 400m runner competed in 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympics
George Baird - ran 4x400 at 1928 Olympics
Charles Brookins - 400m hurdles at 1924 Olympics
Chan Coulter - 400m hurdles at 1924 Olympics
Francis X. Cretzmeyer – track and field coach, 1948–78; coached Ted Wheeler and Deacon Jones (1956 and 1960 Olympics)
Frank Cuhel - 1928 Olympic silver medalist in 400 hurdles
Nan Doak - marathoner
Troy Doris - triple jumper in 2016 Olympics
Rich Ferguson - ran 5000m at 1952 Olympics
Ed Gordon - long jumped at the 1928 Olympics
Deacon Jones – 1956 and 1960 Olympics, track and field
Anthuan Maybank – 1996 Olympic Games gold medalist in the men's 4x400 meter relay for the US
Ira Murchison - Former world record holder in 100 yard dash and Olympic gold medalist in 4x100
Diane Nukuri - Competed in 2000, 2012, 2016, and 2020 Olympics in various distance events
Harold Phelps - ran 5000m at 1924 Olympics
Mel Rosen – track coach
George Saling – Olympic hurdler who won the 110-meter hurdles in the 1932 Summer Olympics
Jenny Spangler - ran marathon in 1996 Olympics
Laulauga Tausaga - thrower
Ted Wheeler - 1500 meters at 1956 Olympics
Eric Wilson - 400m runner at 1924 Olympics
Bashir Yamini - long jumper and football player
Wrestling
Royce Alger – 2x NCAA Champion (87' & 88') and retired mixed martial artist
Ed Banach – light heavyweight gold medalist at 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles
Lou Banach – heavyweight gold medalist at 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles
Stub Barron
Paul Bradley – two-time NCAA All-American; professional mixed martial artist, formerly with the UFC and currently with Bellator
Terry Brands – NCAA Champion in 1990 and 1992, 2000 Olympic bronze medalist, and two-time World freestyle Champion in 1993 & 1995
Tom Brands – Outstanding Wrestler Award at the 1992 NCAA Tournament; World Champion in 1993; Olympic Champion in 1996
Rico Chiapparelli – NCAA Champ in 1987; mixed martial arts trainer
Barry Davis – bantamweight silver medalist 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles
Ettore Ewen – professional wrestler for WWE under the name "Big E"
Randall Lewis – featherweight gold medalist at 1984 Olympic Games
Terrence McCann - Olympic gold medalist in 1960 freestyle bantamweight class
Lincoln McIlravy - Olympic bronze medalist in 2000 freestyle welterweight class
Brent Metcalf – 2008 and 2010 NCAA Champion; 2008 Dan Hodge Trophy winner
Steve Mocco – 2003 NCAA Division I Champion at Heavyweight; 2008 Olympic team member; current professional MMA fighter
Tony Ramos – 2014 NCAA Champion
E. G. Schroeder - First wrestling and tennis coach at Iowa. Athletic director.
Joe Williams – three-time NCAA Champion; 2001 and 2005 wrestling world bronze medalist
Bill Zadick – 1996 NCAA Wrestling Champion, 2006 World Champion
Mike Zadick – 2006 wrestling world silver medalist
Jim Zalesky – three-time NCAA Champion; current coach for Oregon State University
References
External links
Notable University of Iowa Alums |
4022130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Matthews%20%28politician%29 | Jim Matthews (politician) | James R. Matthews is an American politician from the state of Pennsylvania, and is a member of the Republican Party. He is a former member of the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners, and was the unsuccessful 2006 Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania as Lynn Swann's running mate.
Personal life
Matthews graduated from La Salle College High School and attended College of the Holy Cross on a scholarship from the United States Navy. After serving in the Navy, Matthews entered the mortgage business and later earned an appointment as a mortgage lending officer with the Veterans Administration (VA) in Philadelphia. After leaving the VA, he returned to the private sector and later started his own mortgage business in 1990. Matthews is the brother of former MSNBC talk-show host Chris Matthews.
Political career
Early involvement in politics
Matthews was first elected to the Board of Commissioners in 1999 with District Attorney Michael Marino. In the 1999 primary election Matthews defeated Mario Mele, whom Republicans had accused of making a power sharing deal with the third commissioner, Democrat Joe Hoeffel, and supporting higher taxes in exchange for the commission chairmanship.
In 2003, Matthews ran with Tom Ellis for the county commission. Facing incumbent Ruth Damsker and Frank Custer, the pair won, but with a narrower margin, less than 10,000 votes, than Republicans were accustomed to.
Matthews courted some controversy in 2005 when he led an effort to ban cigarette smokers from working for the County. He and the commissioners reasoned that by outlawing smoking by County employees, they would be able to reduce health benefit costs. Later that year, the Commission retreated from that position, citing potential legal concerns. Montgomery County now offers anti-smoking aids to its employees as well as cash bonuses for those who stop smoking.
In 2006, he declared his candidacy for lieutenant governor. Lynn Swann endorsed him for the position and he subsequently won the May primary unopposed. In the fall general election however, Swann and Matthews were defeated by Democratic incumbent Ed Rendell, garnering only 39% of the vote.
In 2007, Matthews made a third, successful bid for the commission. Early in the campaign, Matthews and Ellis were opposed for the Republican nomination by State Representative Kate Harper, former Lower Merion School Board member Jill Govberg, District Attorney Bruce Castor and former State Representative Melissa Murphy Weber. The challengers charged that Matthews and Ellis could not keep the county government in GOP hands in the upcoming election. Matthews countered that he could indeed win given his experience in county government and his name recognition. Running on his own, Matthews narrowly captured the party endorsement finishing behind Castor.
Matthews and Castor faced off with Hoeffel, who sought to return to the commission after a stint in Congress, and incumbent Ruth Damsker in the general election. Matthews was attacked for support from Bob Asher and a lobbying contract awarded to party chairman Ken Davis. Matthews raised a campaign account separate from Castor and counterattacked Hoeffel and Damsker with charges that they would raise property taxes.
On election day, Castor, Hoeffel and Matthews were all nominated, with the latter edging the incumbent Ruth Damsker by just over 6000 votes. Matthews received the lowest vote tally of the three. Matthews was, until his arrest, Chairman of the Board of Commissioners following a power sharing agreement with, ironically, his fellow candidate Hoeffel. Matthews was formally censured by the Montgomery County Republican Committee (MCRC) on November 17, 2008 for his deal with Hoeffel, with the MCRC Chairman Robert Kerns declaring Matthews was "no longer a Republican".
Legal and political issues
Despite announcing he would seek a fourth term without party support, Matthews withdrew from the contest, along with Hoeffel, after rumors of alleged violations of state Sunshine laws and awarding of no-bid contracts surfaced. A subsequent grand jury investigation was critical of both Hoeffel and Matthews over their discussions of county business over private breakfast meetings. Matthews was later arrested and charged with perjury. The day of his arrest, Matthews resigned as Chairman but not as Commissioner. Hoeffel and Castor summarily fired county solicitor Barry Miller, a close friend and ally of Matthews, who also served as Matthews' campaign treasurer and closest advisor. Castor nominated Hoeffel to the position of Chairman ruefully saying he did not want the chair for himself by likening the post to becoming "Captain of the Titanic after it hit the iceberg." Matthews did not attend the public meeting where these actions took place. Hoeffel and Castor further ordered staff to consider how to remove Matthews from any boards or commissions on which he serves at the pleasure of the commission. Matthews subsequently resigned from all these positions after news accounts reported Hoeffel and Castor's intention to remove him.
Matthews subsequently agreed to be placed into an accelerated rehabilitative disposition program for nonviolent offenders. He will serve a year of probation on one charge of perjury, after which time his record can be wiped clean of the perjury charge if he remains out of trouble. Matthews will also be forced to testify in a lawsuit against the county's contractor, XSPAND, for delinquent tax collections. The lawsuit, brought by a competitive firm, MRS, alleges that Matthews and Ellis, while they were Commissioners, improperly steered county business to XSPAND and pressured the borough of Norristown to hire it as well. They are also accused of improperly sharing confidential information with former Governor Mark Schweiker, a lobbyist for the firm. Matthews and Ellis countered that the contract generated significant savings in delinquent tax collection costs.
Electoral history
References
External links
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
College of the Holy Cross alumni
Montgomery County Commissioners (Pennsylvania)
County commissioners in Pennsylvania
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
United States Navy officers
Military personnel from Pennsylvania |
4022164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20T.%20Sullivan | Richard T. Sullivan | Richard T. Sullivan (died 1981) was a novelist, short-story writer, and member of the faculty of the University of Notre Dame. His novels and short story collections include The World of Idella May, The Three Kings, Summer After Summer, The Dark Continent, and First Citizen. He wrote numerous book reviews for The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune. He was a popular teacher at Notre Dame.
Sullivan taught English from 1936 to 1974 and published six novels, dozens of short stories, as well as various other efforts. Though published by major houses, he never gained recognition as a mainstream writer, but was well-known as a regional writer and a Catholic spokesman.
Sullivan was also friends with many other Catholic authors, such as Harry Sylvester. The two men corresponded often during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s.
Mr. Sullivan also wrote a book entitled Notre Dame: The Story of a Great American University, published by Holt in 1951. This book is a personal look at community life at Notre Dame.
The University of Notre Dame's Creative Writing Program named an award for short fiction after him. The Richard Sullivan Prize for short fiction has been awarded biennially since 1996.
Bibliography
Summer After Summer, 1942
The Dark Continent, 1943
The World of Idella May, 1946
First Citizen, 1948
The Fresh and Open Sky and Other Stories, 1950
Notre Dame, 1951
The Three Kings, 1959
References
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
University of Notre Dame faculty
1981 deaths
Year of birth missing
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Indiana |
4022175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB%20Moose%20Jaw | CFB Moose Jaw | Canadian Forces Base Moose Jaw , also known as 15 Wing Moose Jaw, is a Canadian Forces base located south of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. It is operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and is home to RCAF Pilot training and 431 Squadron, the Snowbirds, which is the RCAF's air demonstration squadron.
The base's airfield is named after Air Vice-Marshal Clifford McEwen and is one of only three military aerodromes in Canada to be named after an individual, Valcartier (W/C J.H.L. (Joe) Lecomte) Heliport and Cold Lake/Group Captain R.W. McNair Airport being the others.
The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). The customs service is restricted to 15 Wing – Moose Jaw aircraft only.
History
A civilian flying club aerodrome was established on the site south-southwest of Moose Jaw in 1928 by the Moose Jaw Flying Club. Its location surrounded by flat open prairie proved to be an ideal training site.
RCAF Station Moose Jaw
The declaration of World War II saw the Moose Jaw Flying Club initially contracted to provide pilot training for the Royal Canadian Air Force; however this was soon replaced by the far larger British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) which saw the Government of Canada acquire the aerodrome and completely reconstruct it into RCAF Station Moose Jaw in 1940 with the new aerodrome opening in 1941.
Initially the Royal Air Force trained exclusively at the base under the RAF's No. 32 Service Flying Training School (SFTS) (ca. 1942) using Harvards, and later, Oxfords. No. 32 SFTS eventually broadened its intake to train 1,200 pilots for the air forces of Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, the United States and the Netherlands.
Aerodrome information
In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed at with a variation of 18 degrees east and elevation of . Six runways were listed as follows:
RCAF Station Moose Jaw had two relief landing fields. One was located at Buttress, Saskatchewan and one at Burdick .
In 1946 RCAF Station Moose Jaw was decommissioned and the aerodrome was returned to civilian service.
Because of rising Cold War tensions, the aerodrome was reactivated by the RCAF in 1953 as the site of military pilot training. RCAF Station Moose Jaw undertook additional construction to support its expanded personnel complement. The base was used by the RCAF and its NATO allies for pilot training, using both single-prop World War II-era Harvards and Canadair CT-133 Silver Star jet training aircraft. By the mid-1960s these were both replaced by the Canadian built CT-114 Tutor.
The Institute for Stained Glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at RCAF Base Chapel.
CFB Moose Jaw
In 1968 the RCAF merged with the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Navy to form the unified Canadian Forces. The base's name was changed to Canadian Forces Base Moose Jaw, usually shortened to CFB Moose Jaw. From 1968 until the formation of Air Command in 1975, CFB Moose Jaw fell under the direction of Training Command and served to house the Tutor Jet Training Program.
By the early 1990s, CFB Moose Jaw was operated by over 1,300 employees and made a significant economical impact on the region, but pending cutbacks in military spending spread rumours of possible closure of the base. In 1994, the Government of Canada awarded Bombardier with a 20-year contract to support the delivery of what is now the NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC) program. Many of the base's structures were renovated to accommodate new personnel and new training aircraft. Pilots from Denmark, Singapore, Great Britain, Italy, Hungary, Germany, Finland and many other allied nations train at CFB Moose Jaw every year, ensuring the base's future with the Canadian Forces. In 2015, Bombardier sold its NFTC contract to CAE who are currently the prime contractor.
From 1970 until its disbandment in 1993 Moose Jaw had a Base Rescue Flight flying three CH-118 Huey helicopters.
During a reorganization at AIRCOM in the late 1990s, CFB Moose Jaw's various AIRCOM units were placed under a new primary lodger unit called "15 Wing"; consequently the base is now referred to as 15 Wing Moose Jaw.
Current operations
15 Wing Moose Jaw is home to the following units:
CFB Moose Jaw
Integral Units
15 Wing/NFTC Headquarters
15 Wing Air Reserve Flight
CFB Moose Jaw
15 Operations Support Squadron
15 Wing Air Traffic Control Flight
Military Terminal Control Unit
Military Aerodrome Control Unit
2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (2 CFFTS)
431 Air Demonstration Squadron (also known as the "Snowbirds")
Canadian Armed Forces Lodger Units
23 Canadian Forces Health Services Centre, Detachment Moose Jaw
1 Dental Unit, Detachment Moose Jaw
Real Property Operations Unit - West, Detachment Moose Jaw
Canadian Armed Forces Transition Centre, Detachment Moose Jaw
14 Military Police Flight, 1 Military Police Squadron, Air Force Military Police Group
Other Lodger Units
Defence Construction Canada, Moose Jaw Regional Office
Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services
Personnel Support Program, Moose Jaw
Canadian Forces Exchange System (CANEX)
Military Family Resource Centre
NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC)
CAE Inc - Prime Contractor
Serco - Air Traffic Control, Air Information Services, and Ground Electronic Services
ATCO Frontec - Facilities Management, Vehicle and Logistics Services, Fire/Crash Rescue Services, Airfield Infrastructure, Flight Training Facilities
Southport Aerospace Centre
Integral Units
3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (3 CFFTS) - Southport, Manitoba
Contracted Flying Training and Support (CFTS)
KF Aerospace - Prime Contractor
Canadian Base Operators - Air Traffic Control, Fire and Crash Support, Airfield Maintenance, Food Services, Administrative Support, IMIT, Housekeeping and Aeronatuical Information Services
Bluedrop Training & Simulation - Coursewear development
Canadian Helicopters - Helicopter maintenance and ground-based and simulation instructors.
Future Aircrew Training Program (FAcT)
The NATO Flying Training in Canada and Contracted Flying Training and Support contracts expire in 2027. Future Aircrew Training Program (FAcT) will replace these two contracts as well as create a new contracted system for Air Combat Systems Officers and Airborne Electronic Sensors Operators. After the REquest for proposals going out on February 11, 2022, the new contract is expected to be awared in 2023.
Prospective Bidders
SkyAlyne Canada Limited Partnership
Primary Partners
CAE Inc
KF Aerospace
Potential Sub-Contractors and Strategic Partners
ATCO Frontec
Bluedrop Training & Simulation
Canadian Base Operators
Canadian Helicopters
Lockheed Martin
PAL Aerospace
Serco
Babcock Leonardo Canadian Aircrew Training
Primary Partners
Babcock Canada
Leonardo Canada
Potential Sub-Contractors and Strategic Partners
Top Aces
Flight Safety International
L3Harris
Athabasca Catering
The Loomex Group
Executive Flight Centre
Bird Construction
Dexterra
References
External links
15 Wing – Moose Jaw
NATO Flying Training in Canada
Canadian Air Force Snowbirds Demonstration Team
Moose Jaw Flying Club
Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
Canadian Forces bases in Saskatchewan
Military history of Saskatchewan
Royal Canadian Air Force stations
Airports of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
Military airbases in Saskatchewan
Buildings and structures in Moose Jaw
Moose Jaw No. 161, Saskatchewan
Transport in Moose Jaw |
4022176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Kushner%20Hebrew%20Academy | Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy | The Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy is a coeducational Modern Orthodox Yeshiva Day School located in Livingston, New Jersey. The Academy is dedicated towards developmental education and religious growth, for both boys and girls from Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 8. The affiliated Rae Kushner Yeshiva High School serves students in grades nine through 12.
Schooling
The Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy seeks to instill in its students a love and commitment for the Torah of Israel, the People of Israel and the Land of Israel.
The school houses a program of the SINAI Special Needs Institute, an organization dedicated to serving the educational, psychological and emotional needs of Jewish children and young adults. Children of below to above average intelligence with different degrees of learning disability, with a wide variety of behavioral characteristics are served, whose needs could not be addressed by traditional Jewish day school programs and curricula.
History
The school was founded by Charles Kushner, named in honor of his father Joseph Kushner.
In 2020, the Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy was the recipient of $1–2 million dollars in Paycheck Protection Program loans from the US Small Business Administration.
Administration
Core members of the school's administration are
Rabbi Eliezer Rubin - Head of School
Mr. Howard Plotsker - Associate Principal
Mr. Gary Berger - Assistant Principal, Guidance and Student Services
Jeremy Halpern and Dov Lando - co-presidents
References
External links
Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy Website
Data for Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy, National Center for Education Statistics
Jewish day schools in New Jersey
Livingston, New Jersey
Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States
Modern Orthodox Judaism in New Jersey
Orthodox yeshivas in New Jersey
Private elementary schools in New Jersey
Private middle schools in New Jersey
Schools in Essex County, New Jersey |
4022179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellenried%20Abbey | Kellenried Abbey | St. Erentraud's Abbey, Kellenried, otherwise Kellenried Abbey, is a Benedictine monastery of women in Kellenried, which is part of City of Berg in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The monastery was founded by the Beuronese Congregation in 1924. The first nuns came from St. Gabriel's Abbey, Bertholdstein. The abbey was named after St. Erentraud of Salzburg, first Abbess of Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg.
The abbey church was built in 1923–24 in the Baroque Revival style by Adolf J. Lorenz. In 1926 the monastery was raised to the status of an abbey. In 1940 the nuns were expelled from the premises by the National Socialists, but returned in 1945.
The abbey owns a Baroque nativity scene, the oldest figure of which is from the 17th century, that is displayed annually from Christmas until February 2.
Apart from the traditional duties of hospitality, the nuns engage in various handicrafts and also run a shop in Kellenried where they sell nativity figures and hand-made candles.
External links
Abbey Website
20th-century Christian monasteries
Monasteries in Baden-Württemberg
Benedictine nunneries in Germany
Baroque Revival architecture |
4022182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton%20Hough | Thornton Hough | Thornton Hough () is a village on the Wirral Peninsula, in Merseyside, England, of pre-Conquest origins. The village grew during the ownership of Joseph Hirst into a small model village and was later acquired by William Lever, founder of Lever Brothers, the predecessor of Unilever. Thornton Hough is roughly from Liverpool and from Chester. Administratively, it is part of the Clatterbridge Ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral and is in the parliamentary constituency of Wirral South.
At the 2001 census, Thornton Hough had 770 inhabitants.
History
The name Thornton means "thorn-tree farm/settlement" and likely derives from the Old English words þorn (hawthorn tree) and tūn (a farmstead or settlement). It is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Torintone, under the ownership of Robert of Rhuddlan. The present name of the village was established when the daughter of local landowner Roger de Thorneton, married Richard de Hoghe during the reign of Edward II.
By the beginning of the 19th century, Thornton Hough formed part of the Neston Estate owned by Baron Mostyn of Mostyn, Flintshire. The population was recorded as 165 in 1801, 164 in 1851, 547 in 1901 and 506 in 1951.
Joseph Hirst, a Yorkshire woollen millowner, bought farmland land in 1866 and began the development of a small model village, building a church, a school and 'Wilshaw Terrace'. The village was bought and expanded by William Lever who developed housing for family, estate workers and company staff in a similar way to Port Sunlight, building another shop, the school, a social club and the Congregational church. Development continued in the early 20th century.
Geography
Thornton Hough is in the central part of the Wirral Peninsula, approximately south-south-east of the Irish Sea at Leasowe Lighthouse, north-east of the Dee Estuary at Parkgate and about west-south-west of the River Mersey at Bromborough. The centre of the village is situated at an elevation of between above sea level.
Landmarks
Thornton Hough and the villages of Brimstage and Raby are in an Area of Special Landscape Value, a protective designation to preserve the character and appearance of the area
There are 22 listed buildings in the village which was made a conservation area in 1979.
Hirst employed Kirk and Sons of Huddersfield to design All Saints Church and its vicarage, a school and school master's house and Wilshaw Terrace before 1870. All Saints, the parish church, is a grade II listed building built in 1867, it has a spire and tower displaying five clock faces. The north transept window, designed by H. Gustave Hiller is a memorial to Joseph Hirt.
Lever's architects used a wide variety of building materials including red and buff sandstone, brick, timber framing, render and pebbledash with roofs made of clay tiles or thick stone slates which creates the impression that the village appears to be older than it is. Lever used several architects, including John Douglas. The firm of Grayson and Ould designed the Village Club and Post Office, Weald House, several houses in The Folds and rebuilt Thornton House in 1895 and designed its lodges and stables. Jonathon Simpson built the Lever School and his son, James Lomax-Simpson, rebuilt the Smithy, designed D’Arcy Cottages and extensions to Thornton House. He also designed Saint George's United Reformed Church, a reproduction Romanesque style church in 1906. William and Segar Owen designed various houses including Thicketford.
Thornton Hall, once the home of wealthy shipping merchants, the Bamford Brothers of Liverpool, is believed to have been built in the mid-1800s. It was transformed into a hotel in 1954 and many of its original features remain intact including oak carvings and the ornate mother of pearl embossed ceiling in the Italian Room.
Thornton Manor, built in an Elizabethan style dates from the 1840s, and was once the home of Lord Leverhulme. From 2005 the house and gardens underwent extensive renovation. The building is now a wedding venue and provides facilities for corporate functions.
Thornton House, a grade II listed building built by Douglas & Fordham in 1893 is a two-storey timber-framed house in a mock-Tudor style on a stone base. Thicketford built in 1892 is preserved in a largely unaltered condition.
Hesketh Grange, a grade II listed building, was built in 1894 for Leverhulme's father.
Governance
Thornton Hough was a township in the parish of Neston, of the Wirral Hundred. It became a civil parish in 1866. Historically within the county of Cheshire, it was part of the Wirral Rural District between 1894 and 1933, subsequently moving within the boundaries of a jurisdiction that would become the Municipal Borough of Bebington. Further changes occurred on 1 April 1974, when local government reorganisation resulted in most of Wirral, including Thornton Hough, being transferred from Cheshire to the newly formed county of Merseyside.
As of , Thornton Hough is within the Clatterbridge Ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral. The village is represented nationally through the parliamentary constituency of Wirral South.
Community
Thornton Hough's central feature is the village green with its cricket pitch and pavilion, tennis courts, and a children's play area.
The local primary school is Thornton Hough Primary School located on St George's Way and is the catchment school for children living in Thornton Hough, Raby Mere, Raby and Brimstage. This school building was originally built to serve as a military building, but was turned over for school usage after the Second World War. The original playground has been reduced in size due to the building extensions of decking and garden areas.
The Parish Hall was the original village school until it closed in 1953, it has a Victorian exterior, although its interior has been updated. The Village Hall is a large extension to the original wooden hall belonging to St George's Church and was built in the 1970s by Collins Construction. It is referred to as the New Village Hall to set it apart from the Parish Hall which is used for the fortnightly youth club. Since it opened, the hall has been used for a variety of local events and as a venue for parties. The hall is used by the badminton club, play-school, Cubs, Scouts, Rainbows, Brownies and Guides.
The village has a number of shops and a post office next to which is the British Legion, known as "the Men's Club" as women were barred except for on two days per year. The Village Stores struggled to compete with the bigger and cheaper supermarkets before its closure in 2007. It is now Jennifer O'Neill Cakes and Dragonfly Couture Stationery, 'The Seven Stars', is a traditional public house established in the 1840s on what was once a turnpike route between Birkenhead and Neston. In 1905 the smithy moved from its original site into a half timbered building and was extant in 2009.
Just outside the village is 'The Red Fox', a public house and restaurant on the border of Thornton Hough and Neston.
Culture
The Thornton Hough Scarecrow Festival was held between 1999 and 2006. Residents participating made scarecrows of varying designs and quality, which were judged at the end of a week-long open season. The festival also included a fête on the village green. By 2006, when the festival attracted over 35,000 visitors, it had raised £75,000 for village projects.
In 2017 the village green was used as a location for the film Tolkien.
Notable people
William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme, industrialist, lived at Thornton Manor
William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme, co-founder of Unilever, born and raised in Thornton Hough
Gallery
See also
Listed buildings in Thornton Hough
References
Bibliography
External links
All Saints Church, Thornton Hough
Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral |
4022200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%20Apokalyptischen%20Reiter | Die Apokalyptischen Reiter | Die Apokalyptischen Reiter (German for "The Apocalyptic Riders") is a Weimar, Germany based heavy metal band signed to Nuclear Blast in Europe and The End Records in North America.
Musical style
The band's original style, featured on their releases up to and including Allegro Barbaro and on a few songs on All You Need Is Love, consists of death/thrash metal blended with melodic compositions. In later albums, the death metal influence declined, resulting in less chaotic composition (often centered around a verse and chorus with a bridge and solo), more constant tempo, longer songs and clean vocals (although not exclusively). This resulted in a more polished and accessible sound. The band uses lyrics in both English and German with a shift from mainly English songs to more German ones on recent albums (Licht is entirely in German).
The release of Have a Nice Trip marked somewhat of a turning point for the band; although they retained the essence of heavy metal, they began experimenting with many other styles of music such as ambient and jazz.
Members
Current line-up
Fuchs (Daniel Täumel) – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1995–present)
Volk-Man (Volkmar Weber) – bass, screamed vocals (1995–present)
Dr. Pest (Mark Szakul) – keyboards (1995–present)
Sir G. (Georg Lenhardt) – drums (2000–present)
Ady (Adrian Vogel) – lead guitar (2009–present)
Former members
Skelleton – drums, backing vocals (1995–2000)
Pitrone (Peter Pfau) – lead guitar (2002–2008)
Lady Cat-Man (Cathleen Gliemann) – lead guitar (2008–2009)
Timeline
Discography
Albums:
1997 – Soft & Stronger
1999 – Allegro Barbaro
2000 – All You Need Is Love
2003 – Have a Nice Trip (#95 in Germany)
2004 – Samurai
2006 – Riders on the Storm (#31 in Germany, #74 in Austria)
2008 – Licht (#29 in Germany, #49 in Austria, #88 in Switzerland)
2011 – Moral & Wahnsinn (#18 in Germany, # 41 in Austria, #61 in Switzerland)
2014 – Tief.Tiefer (#22 in Germany, #72 in Switzerland)
2017 – Der Rote Reiter (#10 in Germany, # 29 in Austria)
2021 – The Divine Horsemen
2022 – Wilde Kinder
Demos:
1996 – Firestorm (Demo)
EPs:
1998 – Dschinghis Khan (EP)
2006 – Friede sei mit Dir (EP)
2008 – Der Weg (EP)
DVDs:
2006 – Friede sei mit Dir (live-DVD)
2008 – Tobsucht (DVD and two live-CDs)
2009 – Adrenalin
References
External links
Official German homepage
Official German fanclub
Nuclear Blast Artist Profile
German heavy metal musical groups
German melodic death metal musical groups
German power metal musical groups
German folk metal musical groups
German thrash metal musical groups
Reggae metal musical groups
German symphonic metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical quintets
Nuclear Blast artists
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in popular culture |
4022218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Gilman | Dorothy Gilman | Dorothy Edith Gilman (June 25, 1923 – February 2, 2012) was an American writer. She is best known for the Mrs. Pollifax series. Begun in a time when women in mystery meant Agatha Christie's Miss Marple and international espionage meant young government men like James Bond and the spies of John le Carré and Graham Greene, Emily Pollifax, her heroine, became a spy in her 60s and is very likely the only spy in literature to belong simultaneously to the CIA and the local garden club.
Biography
Dorothy Gilman was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, to minister James Bruce and Essa (Starkweather) Gilman. She started writing when she was 9. At 11, she competed against 10- to 16-year-olds in a story contest and won first place. Planning to write and illustrate books for children, she attended Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 1940–1945. She married teacher Edgar A. Butters, Jr. September 15, 1945; they divorced in 1965. The couple had two children, Christopher and Jonathan. Gilman attended the University of Pennsylvania 1963–1964. She was Unitarian.
Gilman worked as an art teacher and telephone operator before becoming an author. She wrote children's stories for more than ten years under the name Dorothy Gilman Butters and then began writing adult novels about Mrs. Pollifax, a retired grandmother who becomes a CIA agent. The Mrs. Pollifax series made Gilman famous.
Gilman's life is strongly reflected in her writing. She traveled extensively, and her travels became the settings for her Mrs. Pollifax books. In the 1970s, she moved to a property in a small town in Nova Scotia where she grew most of her own vegetables and herbs. This period was the focus of her memoir, A New Kind of Country. Her knowledge of medicinal herbs informed several of her stories, including A Nun in the Closet and Thale's Folly. Thale's Folly is one of her few books featuring a male protagonist; most of her books feature strong women having adventures around the world. In addition to Nova Scotia, Gilman spent much of her life in Connecticut, Maine, and New Mexico.
In 2010 Gilman was awarded the annual Grand Master Award by the Mystery Writers of America.
In 2012, she died at age 88 of complications of Alzheimer's disease.
Works
As Dorothy Gilman Butters
Under her married name, Dorothy Gilman Butters, she wrote books for young adults (except as noted) beginning in the late 1940s:
Enchanted Caravan (1949) ()
Carnival Gypsy (1950) ()
Ragamuffin Alley (1951) ()
The Calico Year (1953) ()
Four Party Line (1954) ()
Papa Dolphin's Table (1955; for children) ()
Girl in Buckskin (1956) ()
Heartbreak Street (1958) ()
Witch's Silver (1959) ()
Masquerade (1961) ()
Heart's Design (Masquerade Republished) (1963) ()
Ten Leagues to Boston Town (1963) ()
The Bells of Freedom (1963) ()
She also contributed to Good Housekeeping, Jack and Jill, Redbook, Ladies' Home Journal, Cosmopolitan, The Writer, and other magazines.
She also contributed a chapter to the book, On Creative Writing, edited by Paul Engle (1964).
The Mrs. Pollifax series
Gilman began writing under her maiden name for the first book of the Mrs. Pollifax series, The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax. The heroine, the eccentric Emily Pollifax, is a 60-ish, bored, garden-clubbing grandmother, and widow. Considering her life without real purpose, and after briefly contemplating suicide, she presents herself to the CIA, offering to serve as an agent. Initially recruited through a misunderstanding, she is excited, and a bit clueless about her role, but she quickly adapts to an unfortunate turn of events, and displays the common sense and grit that will guide her through future intrigues.
The series, which ended in 2000 with Mrs. Pollifax Unveiled, consists of fast-paced escapades filled with danger and intrigue in Mexico, Turkey, Thailand, China, Morocco, Zambia, Sicily, and elsewhere.
The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax (1966) ()
The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (1970) ()
The Elusive Mrs. Pollifax (1971) ()
A Palm for Mrs. Pollifax (1973) ()
Mrs. Pollifax on Safari (1977) ()
Mrs. Pollifax on the China Station (1983) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Hong Kong Buddha (1985) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Golden Triangle (1988) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Whirling Dervish (1990) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Second Thief (1993) ()
Mrs. Pollifax Pursued (1995) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Lion Killer (1996) ()
Mrs. Pollifax, Innocent Tourist (1997) ()
Mrs. Pollifax Unveiled (2000) ()
Other books
Additional books she wrote under the name Dorothy Gilman:
Uncertain Voyage (1967) ()
Clairvoyant Countess (1975) ()
A Nun in the Closet (1975), Winner of the Catholic Book Award ()
A New Kind of Country (1978) (reissued by Fawcett in 1989) (); (memoir), memoir of her life in a Nova Scotia village
The Tightrope Walker (1979) ()
The Maze in the Heart of the Castle (1983; for young adults) ()
Incident at Badamya (1989) ()
Caravan (1992) ()
Thale's Folly (1999) ()
Kaleidoscope: A Countess Karitska Novel (2002) ()
Film/TV adaptations
The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax was filmed by United Artists in 1970 as Mrs. Pollifax-Spy starring Rosalind Russell. Angela Lansbury starred in the made-for-TV movie The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax in 1999.
References
Sources
Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2006. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale Fan website
1923 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
American children's writers
American spy fiction writers
American women novelists
American Unitarian Universalists
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Writers from New Brunswick, New Jersey
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American women short story writers
Edgar Award winners
People from Rye Brook, New York
American women children's writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Novelists from New Jersey
Deaths from dementia in New York (state) |
4022260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Tavern | Little Tavern | Little Tavern Shops was a chain of hamburger restaurants in Baltimore, Maryland; Arlington, Virginia; Washington, D.C.; and surrounding areas.
The first Little Tavern opened March 24, 1927, in Louisville, Kentucky, by Harry F. Duncan. The first Washington location was opened in October 1928 and the first in Baltimore opened its doors in June 1930. By 1937, there were 33 shops open. At the height of the chain, there were almost 50 locations. Duncan sold the chain in 1981. The chain had troubles in the 1990s and the last restaurant closed on April 29, 2008, although the Laurel location was re-opened that year as Laurel Tavern Donuts after being given the recipe for the burgers, which it still served as of 2018.
The original slogan of the chain was "Buy 'em by the bag", and its signs promised "Cold Drinks * Good Coffee". The stores were quite small and could accommodate only a few seated customers, while most business was take-out.
From 1928 to 1931, Little Taverns had block construction and their castle design closely resembled White Castles and White Towers of the same era. Baltimore No. 3, was the first Little Tavern to employ the "Tudor cottage" design that would become so closely associated with the chain for years to come.
Similar chains
White Tower Hamburgers
White Castle
Krystal
McDonald's in its early years
See also
White Coffee Pot, another Baltimore-based restaurant
List of defunct fast-food restaurant chains
External links
Ghosts of Baltimore website
Historical preservation of Little Tavern in Silver Spring, Maryland
The adaptive reuse of Little Taverns
Notes
Restaurants established in 1927
Restaurants in Baltimore
Restaurants in Washington, D.C.
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants in Louisville, Kentucky
Defunct restaurant chains in the United States
1927 establishments in Kentucky
Tudor Revival architecture in the United States |
4022272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1%20Fatra%20National%20Park | Malá Fatra National Park | The Malá Fatra National Park (Slovak: Národný park Malá Fatra) is a national park in the northern part of the Malá Fatra mountains called Krivánska Malá Fatra.
It has an area of 226.3 km2 (87.37 mi2) and a 232.62 km2 (89.81 mi2) buffer zone. The park was declared in 1988. Between 1967 and 1988 it was a protected landscape area.
For a geological and geographical description see Malá Fatra.
Flora
The mountain is covered mainly with mixed beech forests, at higher elevations with fir and spruce. Pine woods and meadows occur at higher altitudes. About 83% of the area is covered in forest.
In the variety and beauty of flora species, the following examples stand out as the most remarkable:
gentian (Gentiana clusii)
auricula (Primula auricula)
Dianthus nitidus
round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)
lady's slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus)
Fauna
The fauna includes:
golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)
black stork (Ciconia nigra)
brown bear (Ursus arctos)
lynx (Lynx lynx)
beech marten (Martes foina)
European otter (Lutra lutra)
wildcat (Felis silvestris)
grey wolf (Canis lupus)
Remarkable places
Kryštálová jaskyňa (Crystal Cave) with calcite decoration, located in the Malý Rozsutec Mountain
the 38 metres high Šútovo Waterfall
castles, such as the Strečno Castle and Starhrad
traditional architecture: Štefanová and Podšíp settlements
Slovak folklore centres, such as the village of Terchová
Jánošíkove diery (trans: Janosik holes) - system of gorges and canyons
See also
Protected areas of Slovakia
External links
Malá Fatra National Park at Slovakia.travel
National parks of Slovakia
Protected areas established in 1988
Protected areas of the Western Carpathians
Tourist attractions in Žilina Region
Geography of Žilina Region |
4022273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Brunswick%20Public%20Schools | East Brunswick Public Schools | East Brunswick Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district serving students from kindergarten through twelfth grade in East Brunswick, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of 11 schools, had an enrollment of 8,260 students and 687.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.0:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Awards and recognition
East Brunswick is the only district in the State of New Jersey having eleven schools designated Blue Ribbon School / National School of Excellence by the United States Department of Education. Schools that have been recognized as Blue Ribbon Schools are
Irwin School (1989–90),
East Brunswick High School (1990–91),
Lawrence Brook School (1991–92),
Churchill Junior High School (1994–95),
Hammarskjold Middle School (1994–95),
Bowne-Munro School (1996–97),
Murray A. Chittick Elementary School (1998–99),
Warnsdorfer Elementary School (2000–01),
Frost Elementary School (2010–11),
Central Elementary School (2011–12), and
Memorial Elementary School (2012–13).
The district was selected as one of the top "100 Best Communities for Music Education in America 2005" by the American Music Conference.
Students from all schools, particularly EBHS, have garnered state and national honors in academics, athletics, and the arts.
Schools
East Brunswick Public Schools' facilities consists of 11 school facilities plus two administration buildings; in addition, the East Brunswick Public Library serves as a repository for public examination of all curricula as well as serving as an important education-related resource for the community.
Schools in the district (with 2020-21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Bowne-Munro Elementary School (with 240 students; in grades K-4)
Ronald Lieberman, Principal
Central Elementary School (430; PreK-4)
Danielle DiNinno, Principal
Murray A. Chittick Elementary School (469; PreK-4)
Christina Sce, Principal
Robert Frost Elementary School (449; PreK-4)
Lauretta Payette, Principal
Irwin Elementary School (378; K-4)
JoAnn Chmielowicz, Principal
Lawrence Brook Elementary School (431; PreK-4)
Elizabeth Dunn, Principal
Memorial Elementary School (527; PreK-4)
Cheryl Jones, Principal
Warnsdorfer Elementary School (447; PreK-4)
Joseph Csatari, Principal
Middle schools
Hammarskjold Middle School (1,297; 5-6)
Michael Gaskell, Principal
Sara DiMaggio, Assistant Principal
Russell Petronko, Assistant Principal
Churchill Junior High School (1,336; 7-9)
Matthew Hanas, Principal
Katherine Dragonetti, Assistant Principal
Ian Evanovich, Assistant Principal
High school
East Brunswick High School (2,033; 10-12)
Michael W. Vinella, Principal
Russell Petronko, Assistant Principal
Christopher Yannazzo, Assistant Principal
Glen Pazinko, Assistant Principal
Other facilities
Jon R. Kopko Administration Building
The East Brunswick Public Schools Administration Building, renamed in honor of long-time Superintendent of Schools Jon R. Kopko upon his retirement in 2000, is situated at 760 Route 18 North. Government-access television Board of Education meetings are held in the Administration building and are televised by EBTV to Comcast Cable TV subscribers within the Township.
Support Operations Building
The East Brunswick Public Schools Support Operations Building, located at 18 Edgeboro Road, , houses the district's transportation department office and school bus parking lot as well as the Buildings and Grounds/maintenance department.
Expansion
In 10 years 1994 through 2004, the number of students served by East Brunswick Public Schools grew by 1,850 students, the equivalent of 60 to 75 new classrooms (on the basis of 25 to 30 students each), reflecting the population growth in East Brunswick as a whole. This growth led to overcrowding at elementary schools, necessitated busing to transport students to schools when there was no existing facility near their home and required the use of trailers at the Middle School to accommodate the influx of students. With additional property zoned for residential use, school population was expected to grow in the years ahead.
In the State of New Jersey, schools are funded primarily by property taxes, which increased at a rate of 7% annually from 2000 to 2007. Rapid rises in property taxes tend to cause seniors and empty-nesters to sell their existing homes to families with children, which led to further increases to the school-age population.
In December 2004, following a public campaign in its support, voters approved a $106.1 million referendum for the additions and improvements at Central, Lawrence Brook, and Hammarskjold Middle Schools. Previous bond referenda in 1994 and 1995 had failed to obtain voter approval. For 2004, an additional ca. $54 million believed necessary for renovations at other East Brunswick School facilities (which would have brought the total to $160 million) was deferred.
Of this sum, $24.7 million was to be contributed by the State of New Jersey. The rebuilding of Hammarskjold Middle School was planned to cost $66.5 million, of which $12.3 million was to have come from the State. Central School renovation and expansion were planned to cost ca. $20.7 million, of which $6.4 million was to have come from the State. Lawrence Brook School renovation and expansion were expected to cost ca. $19 million, of which ca. $6 million was to have come from the State.
Decommissioned facilities
Several older prewar school facilities in East Brunswick have been decommissioned. They date from the period before the rapid expansion of East Brunswick in the 1960s and provide a glimpse of how the Township appeared before the burgeoning residential build-outs of the 1950s and, on minimum-1/3 acre plots, of the 1960s. The few prewar school structures that remain are readily identifiable as red-brick, two-story buildings. McGinnis School (at Dunhams Corner Road and Hardenburg Lane), opened in 1926 and last used for instruction in 1978, was demolished in January 2015. It has been replaced by a parochial school building of similar form, built by Torah Links of Middlesex County. Weber School (at Riva Avenue and Hardenburg Lane), a near-twin of McGinnis, was sold in 2006 to St. Mary Coptic Orthodox Church, which continues to use the building as a school.
Special education
Special education is a key component of the education provided by East Brunswick Public Schools to eligible students.
East Brunswick Public Schools provides such services in compliance with the Federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and related State of New Jersey Statutes. Accordingly, each eligible student is educated in a least restrictive environment (LRE) according to an individualized education plan (IEP) drafted by his or her child study team (CST) consisting of school personnel and parents. Eligibility determinations are made every three years. Special services may include speech therapy, occupational therapy, educational aides, and other services as appropriate and called for. A Director of Special Education, currently Sharon Weber-Oleszkiewicz, manages East Brunswick Public Schools' program of providing special services. At the district level, the Director is supported by a Supervisor of Elementary School Special Education, a Supervisor of Secondary School Special Education, and a Supervisor of Autism Spectrum Program.
Special education is supported at the schools by individual professionals including specialists (math, reading, and speech), special education teachers, teacher resource personnel, teacher aides, and child study team personnel (a category which may include psychologists, learning disabled teaching consultants, and social workers). These individuals come into direct contact with those students who require special services.
Students receiving special services may be eligible for participation in an extended school year (ESY) program by which they attend instructional classes during the summer.
Pre-school and kindergarten students eligible for special education services receive instruction from an early age and full-time kindergarten (conventionally, East Brunswick Public Schools offers only half-day kindergarten).
There are multiple resources and support groups available to parents of disabled children. For example, the State of New Jersey operates the Division of Developmental Disabilities. The East Brunswick Special Education PTA (SEPTA) offers a valuable website. Another organization of value for those interested in autism-spectrum disorder is COSAC (Center for Outreach and Services for the Autism Community), and yet another is ASPEN (Asperger's Syndrome Education Network).
Individualized Education Program (IEP) process
East Brunswick Public Schools has a commitment to special education.
The processes mandated by IDEA, while saving the educational lives of many affected students, also pose many challenges to educators and parents. The IEP process can be lengthy. A child requiring special services needs a substantial investment in time on the part of the parents, the child's greatest advocate. Parents need to consider outside evaluations and consult with others. Parents may refer to the published curricula made available by East Brunswick Public Schools at The East Brunswick Public Library. East Brunswick Public Schools uses "leveled reading" terminology to specify reading skills. Leveling schemes are highly technical. One scheme by which, e.g., "Level J" is an end-of-first-grade reading level, is the Fountas and Pinnell "Benchmark Assessment" System. Achieving a properly defined plan, it is important to conduct a full and proper evaluation. The individualized aspect of the IEP is critical.
Educating a special needs child is a project. Project planning is a discipline in industry and government. It can be challenging to provide the ongoing monitoring of progress and support of course-correction activity that is required to provision a high-quality planned educational program to eligible students.
The IDEA guarantees the services needed by special students. It is wise for parents to familiarize themselves with relevant portions of the IDEA text. Alternatively one may team with an advocate who can, potentially, attend the IEP meetings with parents.
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Victor Valeski, Superintendent
Bernardo Giuliana, Business Administrator / Board Secretary
The Superintendent is Victor Valeski, whose appointment was announced by the East Brunswick Board of Education in March 2014, and became effective July 1, 2014.
Superintendent of Schools Murray A. Chittick served from 1929 through 1957. Superintendent of Schools Joseph Sweeney served from the early 1970s through the mid 1980s. Superintendent of Schools Jon Kopko served from 1989 through 2000. Superintendent of Schools Jamie Savedoff served from July 2000 through March 2003. Superintendent of Schools Jo Ann Magistro served from 2003 through 2013. Interim Superintendent of Schools Patrick Piegari served from 2013 through 2014.
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.
References
External links
East Brunswick Public Schools
East Brunswick Municipal Access TV
East Brunswick Education Foundation
East Brunswick Education Association
School Data for the East Brunswick Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
East Brunswick, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group I
School districts in Middlesex County, New Jersey |
4022296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal%20ligament | Nuchal ligament | The nuchal ligament is a ligament at the back of the neck that is continuous with the supraspinous ligament.
Structure
The nuchal ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance on the skull and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra in the lower part of the neck.
From the anterior border of the nuchal ligament, a fibrous lamina is given off. This is attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas, and to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, and forms a septum between the muscles on either side of the neck.
The trapezius and splenius capitis muscle attach to the nuchal ligament.
Function
It is a tendon-like structure that has developed independently in humans and other animals well adapted for running. In some four-legged animals, particularly ungulates, the nuchal ligament serves to sustain the weight of the head.
Clinical significance
In Chiari malformation treatment, decompression and duraplasty with a harvested nuchal ligament showed similar outcomes to pericranial and artificial grafts.
Other animals
In sheep and cattle it is known as the paxwax. It relieves the animal of the weight of its head.
The nuchal ligament is unusual in being a ligament with an elastic component, allowing for stretch. Most ligaments are mostly made of highly aligned collagen fibres which do not permit stretching.
Structurally, the nuchal ligament is formed with the association of both elastin proteins as well as type III collagen (45%). The collagen fibrils share a consistent size as well as helical pattern which gives the ligament its tensile strength. The elastin on the other hand is a protein that allows for flexibility. These two elements of the nuchal ligament maintain a complex balance which allows the constant weight bearing of the head along with multidirectional movement without damaging the durability of the ligament through over-use/stretching.
In most other mammals, including the great apes, the nuchal ligament is absent or present only as a thin fascia. As it is required for running, not all animals have one.
All dogs (and all living Canidae - wolves, foxes, and wild dogs) possess a similar ligament connecting the spinous process of their first thoracic (or chest) vertebrae to the back of the axis bone (second cervical or neck bone), which supports the weight of the head without active muscle exertion, thus saving energy. This ligament is analogous in function (but different in exact structural detail) to the nuchal ligament found in ungulates. This ligament allows dogs to carry their heads while running long distances, such as while following scent trails with their nose to the ground, without expending much energy.
In horses, the parasite Culicoides can spread onchocerca cervicalis by living in the nuchal ligament, causing dermatitis.
Meat industry
In the meat industry the nuchal ligament is referred to as paddywhack (also spelled pandywack; also called back strap or paxwax).
The word is mentioned in a dictionary of South-west Lincolnshire dialect as a synonym of paxwax (originally Old English hair + to grow). Hence, paddywack has been in use with this meaning since at least 1886.
Dried paddywhack is commonly packaged and sold as a dog treat. Paddywack is unpalatable as a human food because it cannot be softened or tenderised, but it makes a good natural dog chew. It is classed as offal by the meat industry.
Additional images
See also
References
External links
Investigation of connective tissue attachments to the cervical spinal dura mater
Bones of the vertebral column
Ligaments
Ligaments of the head and neck |
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