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4024622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition%20for%20Peace%20through%20Security | Coalition for Peace through Security | The Coalition for Peace Through Security (CPS) was a campaigning group founded in September 1981 and active in the UK throughout the early and mid-1980s. It strongly opposed unilateral nuclear disarmament and withdrawal from NATO as advocated by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, supporting instead the replacement of Polaris by Trident and the deployment of NATO cruise missiles after the Soviet Union began deploying its SS20 missiles in 1977. The basis of the CPS case was set out in detail in a book published towards the end of the campaign, Paul Mercer's "Peace" of the Dead, and many of its arguments at the time can still be found on the website of Julian Lewis, formerly its Research Director.
Its main activists were Julian Lewis, Edward Leigh, Tony Kerpel and, for its first year only, Francis Holihan. It was said to have close relations with the Institute for the Study of Conflict, the Institute of Economic Affairs and the Centre for Policy Studies.
The CPS was said to have close links with Conservative leaders. It was endorsed by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and rented its offices in Whitehall, London, from Jeffrey Archer. It was associated with the Campaign For Defence and Multilateral Disarmament (CDMD), which was run by Conservative Central Office. The CDMD included Winston Churchill, Conservative Party Chairman John Selwyn Gummer, Minister of State for Defence Peter Blaker, MOD spokesman Ray Whitney, Secretary of State for Defence Michael Heseltine and Conservative ex-Chairman Cecil Parkinson. The Economist newspaper reported in 1983 that the CPS had had meetings with Blaker. The Guardian newspaper reported that Churchill was appointed by Thatcher to co-ordinate the Government's campaign against CND. Parkinson was also involved with the CPS, and, according to Dorril he passed them a list of Conservative Party agents. The CPMD was said to have distributed CPS literature.
Amongst its activities were commissioning a series of Gallup polls showing levels of support for and opposition to British possession of nuclear weapons; providing speakers at public meetings and debates; highlighting what it considered to be the left-wing affiliations of leading CND figures; and mounting counter-demonstrations and stunts to undermine those organised by CND - for example, haranguing CND marchers from the roof of its offices and chartering a plane to fly over a CND festival with a banner reading, "Help the Soviets, Support CND!" The CPS also drew attention to peace movement links with other bodies, such as the World Peace Council (WPC), the World Federation of Scientific Workers (WFSW) and the Soviet Peace Committee (SPC), which were funded and controlled by the Soviet Union.
The CPS attracted criticism for not revealing its sources of funding whilst alleging that parts of the anti-nuclear movement were funded by the Soviet Union. The CPS was not a membership organisation and was financed by The 61, "a private sector operational intelligence agency" said by its founder, Brian Crozier, to be funded by "rich individuals and a few private companies". The CPS was said to have also received funding from the Heritage Foundation in 1982.
Bruce Kent, the CND general secretary, said in his autobiography that Francis Holihan spied on CND. It was said that Holihan sent senior clerics in the Catholic Church material about Kent, that he organised the aerial propaganda against CND, that he entered CND offices under false pretences and that CPS workers joined CND in order to gain access to the Campaign's 1982 Annual Conference. A draft CPS leaflet, but not its printed version, also linked Bruce Kent, then General Secretary of CND, to IRA hunger-strikers. When Kent went on a speaking tour of America, Holihan was said to have followed him, critical material on Kent was sent to newspapers and radio stations and demonstrations were organised against him. The CPS and Holihan parted company before the end of 1982.
With the decline in anti-nuclear agitation from 1985, and the Zero Option agreement in the 1987 INF Treaty to scrap both cruise and SS20 missiles, the organisers of the CPS pursued other political objectives. Tony Kerpel MBE became Chief of Staff to Conservative Party Chairman Kenneth Baker. Edward Leigh and Julian Lewis became Conservative MPs, for Gainsborough and New Forest East respectively.
Though unconnected with them, the CPS may have inspired the emergence of similar overseas organisations like the New Zealand–based Peace Through Security, which was formed by conservative activist Dr Thomas Jim Sprott to oppose the Fourth Labour Government's anti-nuclear policy. Like the CPS, the New Zealand Peace through Security alleged that the local anti-nuclear movement had been infiltrated and manipulated by pro-Soviet Communist elements.
Notes
External links
BBC Report of a CPS Demonstration 1 April 1983
1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Nuclear weapons
Organizations established in 1981
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Front organizations |
4024627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayantha%20Amerasinghe | Jayantha Amerasinghe | Amerasinghe Mudalige Jayantha Gamini Amerasinghe (born February 2, 1954, Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in two Tests in 1984.
International career
Amerasinghe is the only Sri Lankan to top-score for his team in a Test as a number 11 batsman, when he scored 34 where Sri Lanka were dismissed for 215 in their first innings by New Zealand in 1984.
Also he was only the second player from any team to top-score for his team in the second innings of a Test as a number 11 batsman, after Bert Vogler of South Africa. Amerasinghe was just the fifth player in Test history to top-score for his team in a Test as a number 11 batsman.
References
1954 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Nomads Sports Club cricketers
Antonians Sports Club cricketers |
4024632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Raoul | Super Raoul | Super Raoul is the debut LP from Fishtank Ensemble. The album was recorded live at Fishtank in Oakland, California in early 2004 and completed over the course of two weekends. At this time, the band had only been playing together for three weeks.
Track listing
All tracks feature traditional music and/or lyrics except where noted.
"Bordeas" – 6:55
"Itty Bitty Snitty Little Frenchman" (A. Seeman, 2004) – 3:44
"Papirosen" (lyrics by H. Yablokoff, 1932) – 3:02
"Troll Wedding" – 6:37
"Pegasus Vaulters" (A. Seeman, 2004) – 3:33
"Ringo Bushi" (Narita Unchiku, 1954) – 2:51
"Arabu Andaluz" – 4:36
"Hora di Bucharest / Hora de Fabrice" – 6:48
"Le Kidnappeur"" (D. Smolens, K. Kmetz, 2004) – 6:22
"Hopa di Bida" – 4:10
"The Last Shamisen Master" (K. Kmetz, 2003) – 4:39
"Suite Romaine" – 4:42
"Doina Sonnambule" – 4:49
First and second editions
Super Raoul has been released in two editions. The first edition was released through a limited Mimicry pressing and has a cover with a photograph montage that refers to the band as "Fishtank". There is no copyright on the disc.
The second edition was independently released. The album cover features a cartoon by Garth Kauffman on the cover and refers to the band as "Fishtank Ensemble".
Besides purely aesthetic differences, there are significant differences between the sound quality of the releases. Though both of the CDs have the same tracks in the same order, the Mimicry pressing of Super Raoul is inferior to the quality of the independent pressing; notably so on the songs "Hora di Bucharest/Hora de Fabrice" and "Suite Romaine". On the Mimicry pressing, these songs "skip", then abruptly silence repeatedly. This is most likely due to an error in transferring the data of the tracks. On the second edition, these tracks do not have such problems. Though the first edition is technically inferior in quality, it is perhaps likely to become a collector's item.
Many consumers who have purchased the first edition CD from CD Baby have been sent a replacement CD along with a short note of apology.
Personnel
Fabrice Martinez - violin, violumba
Ursula Knudsen - vocals, saw, violin
Kevin Kmetz - shamisen
Aaron Seeman - accordion
El Douje (Doug Smolens) - guitar
Tim Smolens - acoustic bass
Adam Stacey - percussion, accordion on "Le Kidnapeur"
Notes
External links
Official Website
Super Raoul at CD Baby
2004 albums |
4024634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanath%20Kaluperuma | Sanath Kaluperuma | Sanath Mohan Silva Kaluperuma (born 22 October 1961) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in four Tests and two ODIs from 1984 to 1988.
Life and career
Born in Colombo, Kaluperuma studied at Nalanda College Colombo and represented Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club. A top-order batsman who could open and a handy off-spin bowler, he was also a skilled slip (gully) fielder.
Kaluperuma migrated to Melbourne, Australia, in 1989 where he played district cricket and later captain-coached the Mount Waverley, Cheltenham and Keysborough clubs.
His elder brother, Lalith Kaluperuma, represented Sri Lanka in their inaugural Test matches.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo
Cricketers from Colombo |
4024640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julissa%20Gomez | Julissa Gomez | Julissa D'Anne Gomez (November 4, 1972 – August 8, 1991) was an American gymnast whose rapid rise through the ranks of elite gymnastics in the mid-1980s was cut short by a vaulting accident in 1988 that left her a quadriplegic. She eventually died from her injury. She was being coached by Al Fong, and had previously been coached by Bela Karolyi.
Her injury sparked major changes to the vaulting discipline of women's gymnastics with the goal of preventing such serious injuries.
Career
Gomez was born in San Antonio, Texas, the older of two daughters born to a pair of former migrant farm workers from Laredo, Texas. Her parents, mother Otilia and father Ramiro, worked their way up from their farm working days to become a teacher and a welder, respectively, and struggled to keep their family together while giving 10-year-old budding gymnast Julissa a chance to train with renowned gymnastics coach Béla Károlyi in Houston. At the 1986 U.S. Championships, she placed fourth in the all-around in the junior division and won a place on the U.S. National Team. By 1987, she was representing the United States in international meets. Especially strong on the uneven bars and balance beam, Gomez was considered a legitimate contender for the 1988 U.S. Olympic team.
In mid-1987, Gomez, wanting to move further up the rankings and reportedly frustrated with Károlyi's sometimes abusive training methods, decided to leave the Károlyis. After briefly training at US Acrosports in Webster, Texas, Gomez's search for a new coach led her to select Al Fong, who was the trainer of another up-and-coming gymnast eager to make the 1988 Olympic team, Christy Henrich. Though her parents had vowed to keep the family together no matter where Julissa's career took her, they decided that Ramiro would move with Julissa to Blue Springs, Missouri, where Fong's gymnastics club, Great American Gymnastics Express (GAGE), was located while Otilia would remain behind until Julissa's younger sister Kristy finished school for the year.
Injury and death
In May 1988, several months before the Olympics, Gomez traveled with her coach to Tokyo, Japan, to compete in the World Sports Fair. During the all-around competition, Gomez qualified for the vault finals. However, observers had noticed her struggle with the apparatus over the months leading up to the competition, including her former coach Béla Károlyi, past and present teammates, and even her present coach Al Fong. Gomez' technique on the extremely difficult Yurchenko vault had been described as shaky at best, and Gomez was unable to perform the vault with any consistency during practices, sometimes missing her feet on the springboard. A teammate from Károlyi's, Chelle Stack, later stated, "You could tell it was not a safe vault for her to be doing. Someone along the way should have stopped her." However, Julissa's coaches insisted that she needed to continue training and competing the Yurchenko vault in order to achieve high scores.
During warmups for the final, held on May 5, 1988, Gomez continued to practice the Yurchenko. As she raced toward the vault on one of her practice runs, her foot slipped off the springboard and she slammed headfirst into the vaulting horse at high speed. The resulting impact instantly paralyzed her from the neck down. A subsequent accident at a Japanese hospital, in which she became disconnected from her ventilator, resulted in severe brain damage and left her in a coma. Gomez's family cared for her for three years before she succumbed to an infection and died in August 1991 in Houston.
Aftermath
Gomez's accident stands as one of the most serious to occur in artistic gymnastics, and helped prompt changes in the sport. In 1989, the International Gymnastics Federation decided to increase vaulting safety by allowing U-shaped springboard mats, traditionally utilized in practice to give all gymnasts a greater margin of error in preflight, to be used during competitions. The mat is now mandatory: the 2006 Code of Points specifies that performing a Yurchenko-style vault without the safety mat results in an automatic score of zero.
In 2001, the traditional horse was completely phased out and replaced by a larger, more stable vaulting table to provide gymnasts with additional safety.
See also
Elena Mukhina, a Soviet gymnast paralyzed in a tumbling accident in 1980 while attempting the now-banned Thomas salto.
Christy Henrich, an American gymnast who was told she was fat by an international gymnastics judge in 1989 and pushed by coaches to lose weight while continuing to train until constant dieting led to anorexia nervosa, which contributed to Henrich's death from multiple organ failure less than five years later.
Little Girls in Pretty Boxes, Book by Joan Ryan recalling Julissa Gomez's story, along with other gymnasts and figure skaters.
References
External links
Memorial at Gymnastic Greats
1972 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
American female artistic gymnasts
People with tetraplegia
Sports deaths in Texas
Sportspeople from San Antonio
U.S. women's national team gymnasts |
4024644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Mayer | Gene Mayer | Gene Mayer (born May 11, 1956) is a former tennis player from the United States who won 14 professional singles titles during his career.
Mayer was born in Flushing, Queens, New York. He grew up in Wayne, New Jersey, and played tennis at Wayne Valley High School, where he went unbeaten in his two years on the tennis team. He was a double hander on both forehand and backhand.
The right-hander Mayer reached his highest ranking on the ATP Tour on October 6, 1980, when he reached the rank of World No. 4.
Mayer has been a resident of Woodmere, New York. In 2005, he was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame.
Gene's older brother Sandy was also a tour player. He achieved the rank of World No. 7 in 1982. They met each other in the Stockholm Open final 1981 and won 5 doubles tournaments together, including 1979 French Open.
Career finals
Singles: 26 (14 wins, 12 losses)
Doubles: 24 (15 wins, 9 losses)
References
External links
1956 births
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Living people
American people of German descent
People from Woodmere, New York
People from Wayne, New Jersey
Wayne Valley High School alumni
Sportspeople from Queens, New York
Stanford Cardinal men's tennis players
Tennis people from New Jersey
Tennis people from New York (state)
Wimbledon champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Sportspeople from Nassau County, New York
Sportspeople from Passaic County, New Jersey |
4024648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20queuing | Fair queuing | Fair queuing is a family of scheduling algorithms used in some process and network schedulers. The algorithm is designed to achieve fairness when a limited resource is shared, for example to prevent flows with large packets or processes that generate small jobs from consuming more throughput or CPU time than other flows or processes.
Fair queuing is implemented in some advanced network switches and routers.
History
The term fair queuing was coined by John Nagle in 1985 while proposing round-robin scheduling in the gateway between a local area network and the internet to reduce network disruption from badly-behaving hosts.
A byte-weighted version was proposed by Alan Demers, Srinivasan Keshav and Scott Shenker in 1989, and was based on the earlier Nagle fair queuing algorithm. The byte-weighted fair queuing algorithm aims to mimic a bit-per-bit multiplexing by computing theoretical departure date for each packet.
The concept has been further developed into weighted fair queuing, and the more general concept of traffic shaping, where queuing priorities are dynamically controlled to achieve desired flow quality of service goals or accelerate some flows.
Principle
Fair queuing uses one queue per packet flow and services them in rotation, such that each flow can "obtain an equal fraction of the resources".
The advantage over conventional first in first out (FIFO) or priority queuing is that a high-data-rate flow, consisting of large packets or many data packets, cannot take more than its fair share of the link capacity.
Fair queuing is used in routers, switches, and statistical multiplexers that forward packets from a buffer. The buffer works as a queuing system, where the data packets are stored temporarily until they are transmitted.
With a link data-rate of R, at any given time the N active data flows (the ones with non-empty queues) are serviced each with an average data rate of R/N. In a short time interval the data rate may fluctuate around this value since the packets are delivered sequentially in turn.
Fairness
In the context of network scheduling, fairness has multiple definitions. Nagel's article uses round-robin scheduling of packets, which is fair in terms of the number of packets, but not on the bandwidth use when packets have varying size. Several formal notions of fairness measure have been defined including max-min fairness, worst-case fairness, and fairness index.
Generalisation to weighted sharing
The initial idea gives to each flow the same rate. A natural extension consists in letting the user specify the portion of bandwidth allocated to each flow leading to weighted fair queuing and generalized processor sharing.
A byte-weighted fair queuing algorithm
This algorithm attempts to emulate the fairness of bitwise round-robin sharing of link resources among competing flows. Packet-based flows, however, must be transmitted packetwise and in sequence. The byte-weighted fair queuing algorithm selects transmission order for the packets by modeling the finish time for each packet as if they could be transmitted bitwise round robin. The packet with the earliest finish time according to this modeling is the next selected for transmission.
The complexity of the algorithm is O(log(n)), where n is the number of queues/flows.
Algorithm details
Modeling of actual finish time, while feasible, is computationally intensive. The model needs to be substantially recomputed every time a packet is selected for transmission and every time a new packet arrives into any queue.
To reduce computational load, the concept of virtual time is introduced. Finish time for each packet is computed on this alternate monotonically increasing virtual timescale. While virtual time does not accurately model the time packets complete their transmissions, it does accurately model the order in which the transmissions must occur to meet the objectives of the full-featured model. Using virtual time, it is unnecessary to recompute the finish time for previously queued packets. Although the finish time, in absolute terms, for existing packets is potentially affected by new arrivals, finish time on the virtual time line is unchanged - the virtual time line warps with respect to real time to accommodate any new transmission.
The virtual finish time for a newly queued packet is given by the sum of the virtual start time plus the packet's size. The virtual start time is the maximum between the previous virtual finish time of the same queue and the current instant.
With a virtual finishing time of all candidate packets (i.e., the packets at the head of all non-empty flow queues) computed, fair queuing compares the virtual finishing time and selects the minimum one. The packet with the minimum virtual finishing time is transmitted.
Pseudocode
The function receive() is executed each time a packet is received, and send() is executed each time a packet to send must be selected, i.e. when the link is idle and the queues are not empty. This pseudo-code assumes there is a function now() that returns the current virtual time, and a function chooseQueue() that selects the queue where the packet is enqueued.
The function selectQueue() selects the queue with the minimal virtual finish time. For the sake of readability, the pseudo-code presented here does a linear search. But maintaining a sorted list can be implemented in logarithmic time, leading to a O(log(n)) complexity, but with more complex code.
See also
Network scheduler
Weighted fair queuing
Weighted round robin
Generalized processor sharing
Deficit round robin
Bufferbloat
Fairness measure
Max-min fairness
Statistical multiplexing
Active queue management
References
Network scheduling algorithms |
4024651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patties%20Foods | Patties Foods | Patties Foods, is an Australian food manufacturing company that produces meat pies, baked goods, frozen fruits, and pre-made desserts. Patties Foods is represented in the Australian market by the Four'n Twenty, Patties, Herbert Adams, Nanna's, Chefs Pride, Boscastle and Snowy River brands. Patties is the largest Meat pie producing company in Australia, and the world. They are the producers of several well-known Meat pies, including the Patties, Snowy River pie, Herbert Adams pie, and as of 2003, Four'n Twenty pies. Patties Foods is headquartered in Bairnsdale, Victoria.
History
Founded in 1966 by the Rijs family, immigrants from the Netherlands.
Based in Bairnsdale in Victoria's Gippsland region.
Publicly listed on the Australian Stock Exchange.
In 2003 Patties Foods expanded substantially, purchasing the Victorian brand Four'n Twenty from US multi-national Simplot, along with Simplot's other Australian bakery product lines and brand names.
A family company
Founded as Patties Bakeries, Originally a cake shop in Lakes Entrance, Victoria, in August 1966 Patties Bakery, originally named for the owner's wife Patty Neat, was purchased by Peter and Annie Rijs, whom emigrated from the Netherlands in 1956. In 1967 the Rijs family began to build business by introducing pies and bread rolls. The demand for Patties' product increased, prompting a series of shops and bakeries to be built, bought and sold. In 1985 a new factory was built and production was moved to Bairnsdale, where it continues to this day.
The business continued to expand over the years, Patties began distribution in Melbourne in 1986, and in 1995 exporting to New Zealand. In 1993, Patties launched Arriba, a Mexican food range. In 1996, after pastry sales grew, Patties sold its bread business to Sunicrust in order to concentrate on pastry products. Demand for pastry products continued to grow, resulting in significant expansions to the factory. In 1998, a two million dollar plant renovation and extension took place, including installation of a spiral freezer. In 2000, a new parallel manufacturing line, capable of making all pasties, sausage rolls and finger foods, was installed, substantially increasing capacity.
Australian iconic brands Four’n Twenty, Herbert Adams and Nanna's were purchased from American multi-national Simplot in 2003 and Patties began manufacturing the associated products in the Bairnsdale factory in 2004. In 2006, Patties was inducted into the Victorian Manufacturing Hall of Fame and the Gippsland Business Awards Hall of Fame.
A public company
Patties Foods was publicly listed on the Australian Stock Exchange and became publicly listed in 2006. The Rijs brothers, sons of the founding Mr and Mrs Rijs, retained 40% shareholding of the company. In 2007 Patties acquired the Chefs Pride and Creative Gourmet businesses, and introduced gluten free foods to its product roster.
Since its founding, Patties Foods has grown into one of the largest pie manufacturers supplying the grocery market in Australia.
The long-standing family MD and CEO, Richard Rijs, retired in November 2007. The non-executive director, Michelle Allen was appointed his replacement at that time.
In September 2008, Greg Bourke, took over as MD/CEO after 20 years experience in senior executive roles for George Weston Foods in Australia and New Zealand. He resigned in September 2013 with the CFO Michael Knaap and Sales Director Tim Peters becoming acting CEOs.
In April 2014 named Steven Chaur as their new Chief Executive Officer .
During 2014 the company's frozen fruit packing line was closed with 18 people redeployed.
In early 2015 a recall was ordered on Nanna's frozen berries which had been imported from China and Chile, after 5 people contracted hepatitis A.
Brands and product lines
Patties's Pie's
Pies, pasties, sausage rolls and quiches in three different sizes (standard, party and mini party), there is also a gluten free range of patties pies and a vegan roll.
Four'n Twenty
Pies, including the 'traveller pie', pasties and sausage rolls.
Wedgewood
Pies, party pies and sausage rolls.
Nanna's
Frozen fruit, family and snack sized fruit pies, waffles, danishes, crumbles and jam filled donuts.
Herbert Adams
A range of gourmet pies, pasties and sausage rolls.
Snowy River
Pies, pasties and sausage rolls in two different sizes (standard and party).
Arriba
Burritos
Chefs Pride
A range of bistro items, desserts, finger foods, fruits, vegetable and specialty items which are supplied to hotels, restaurants and other leading hospitality establishments.
See also
Australian meat pie
Four'n Twenty
List of bakeries
References
Further reading
Bye-bye American pie, The Age, 21 July 2003
How Dutch migrant made a new life, The Age, 25 January 2013
Australian brands
Australian pies
Brand name pies
Bakeries of Australia |
4024653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Riddell | Chris Riddell | Chris Riddell ( ) (born 13 April 1962) is a South African-born English illustrator and occasional writer of children's books and a political cartoonist for the Observer. He has won three Kate Greenaway Medals - the British librarians' annual award for the best-illustrated children's book, and two of his works were commended runners-up, a distinction dropped after 2002.
Books that he wrote or illustrated have won three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes and have been silver or bronze runners-up four times. On 9 June 2015, he was appointed the UK Children's Laureate.
Life
Chris Riddell was born in 1962 in Cape Town, South Africa, where his father was a "liberal Anglican vicar" and was opposed to the system of apartheid. The family returned to England when Chris was one year old, where he spent the rest of his childhood with his sister and three brothers, who now live in South Africa, Brighton, England, and Egypt. He attended Archbishop Tenison's Grammar School in Kennington. Chris displayed artistic talent from an early age and was encouraged in this by his mother. (She gave him paper and pen to keep quiet during his father's sermons.) As a child, he admired the work of Sir John Tenniel, the first illustrator of Alice in Wonderland, and W. Heath Robinson. At Brighton Polytechnic, he studied illustration; one teacher was Raymond Briggs, an earlier winner of two Greenaway Medals.
Riddell worked as an illustrator at The Economist beginning in the 1980s and at the Observer starting in 1995.
In 2002, he named as influences Tenniel and E. H. Shepard, the first illustrator of The Wind in the Willows and Winnie the Pooh.
As of 2019, Riddell and his wife, Joanne Burroughes, an illustrator and print-maker, live in Brighton with three children. They also have a second home in rural Norfolk where Joanne is from. Daughter Katy Riddell is also a children's book illustrator, including of Pongwiffy by Kaye Umansky.
His brother Rick Riddell, a secondary teacher at the Alice Smith School, died in February 2012.
Career
The Edge Chronicles
Some of Riddell's most notable work is The Edge Chronicles (from 1998), a children's book series cowritten with Paul Stewart and illustrated by Riddell alone. Set in the fictional world known as "The Edge", the books have been praised for Chris's beautifully detailed line drawings and the unique nature of their collaborative writing process.
Other works
For his illustrations, Riddell was a commended runner-up for the 1994 Kate Greenaway Medal (Something Else by Kathryn Cave) and highly commended for 1999 (Castle Diary by Richard Platt).
He won the 2001 Medal for illustrating Pirate Diary: The Journal of Jake Carpenter by Platt. The press release called Pirate Diary the first "information book" to win the Medal since 1975 and "a fictionalised account" when he spoke with author Richard Platt the harsh necessities of historical accuracy came into play. 'Everything I got excited about got shot down. No parrots, eye-patches or wooden legs. Thank god there were weapons and amputations!' (quoting Riddell). (After Castle Diary and Pirate Diary, Platt continued the Diary series with illustrator David Parkins.)
Three years later, Riddell won the Greenaway again, this time for his work on Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver" (Walker, 2004), retold by Martin Jenkins from the 1726 classic Gulliver's Travels. The panel chair commented, "Gulliver is a tour de force. Chris Riddell has given us 144 pages of fantastic, faultless illustrations, which constantly extend the power of the text. Our winning title also proves that today's picture books are not just for the youngest age-groups, but are [also] an important source of pleasure and learning for readers of all ages."
(The 2001 and 2004 panels recommended Pirate Diary and Gulliver for readers age 8+ and 10+, while their recommendations for thirteen other shortlisted books ranged from 2+ to 7+.)
Other books illustrated by Chris Riddell include Fergus Crane, Corby Flood, and Hugo Pepper, all set in the same world. These books were also co-written with Paul Stewart. Stewart and Riddell also collaborated with him on Muddle Earth and the Barnaby Grimes series. Most recently, Riddell has both written and illustrated the Ottoline series, written while he was on holiday visiting his brother in Malaysia. The first book, Ottoline and the Yellow Cat (2007), won the final Smarties Prize in age category 6–8 years (the Smarties were discontinued in 2008). It has been followed by Ottoline Goes to School and Ottoline at Sea.
Beside writing and illustrating books, Riddell is an acclaimed political cartoonist for the Observer newspaper in London, where his caricatures of politicians from John Major to Gordon Brown, Bill Clinton to George W. Bush, have earned him a reputation as a fine draughtsman and acute commentator on the political scene. Before working at the Observer, Chris spent time working at the Economist as an illustrator and occasional cover artist.
Chris Riddell is the cover artist for the Literary Review magazine formerly edited by Auberon Waugh, a role he took over from the late Willie Rushton. Chris's serial gag cartoon for this magazine, called "Illustration to Unwritten Books", was published in book form as The Da Vinci Cod and Other Illustrations to Unwritten Books.
In November 2017, Riddell publicly accused department store chain John Lewis of plagiarizing elements of his 1986 picture book Mr Underbed for their Christmas advert "Moz the Monster". The chain defended the allegations, noting that the concept of a monster who lived under a child's bed was a common literary trope, and that both works had dissimilar plots. The row led to renewed interest in the book, with copies quickly selling out from stores.
Selected works
As author and illustrator
Ben and the Bear (1986)
Mr Underbed (1986)
Bird's New Shoes (1987)
The Fibbs (1987)
The Trouble With Elephants (1988)
The Wish Factory (1988)
When the Walrus Comes (1989)
The Bear Dance (1990)
The Wonderful World of Zoom (1995)
Puzzle Boy (1996)
My Busy Book (1998)
Tribal Politics (1999)
The Da Vinci Cod (2005)
The Emperor of Absurdia (2006)
Wendel's Workshop (2007)
Chris Riddell's Doodle-a-Day (2015)
100 Hugs (2017)
Travels with My Sketchbook (2017)
Once Upon A Wild Wood (2018)
Timorous Beasts (2021)
Humphrey:
Humphrey the Hippo (1986)
Humphrey of the Rovers (1986)
Humphrey Goes to the Ball (1986)
Humphrey's New Trousers (1986)
Platypus:
Platypus (2001)
Platypus and the Lucky Day (2002)
Platypus and the Birthday Party (2003)
Ottoline:
Ottoline and the Yellow Cat (2007)
Ottoline Goes to School (2008)
Ottoline at Sea (2010)
Ottoline and the Purple Fox (2016)
Alienography:
Alienography or How to spot an alien and what to do about it (2010)
Alienography – Tips for Tiny Tyrants (2012)
Goth Girl:
Goth Girl and the Ghost of a Mouse (2013)
Goth Girl and the Fete Worse than Death (2014)
Goth Girl and the Wuthering Fright (2015)
Goth Girl and the Pirate Queen (2015 World Book Day edition)
Goth Girl and the Sinister Symphony (2017)
The Sleep Of Reason:
The Sleep Of Reason Volume I (2019)
The Sleep Of Reason Volume II (2020)
The Sleep Of Reason Volume III (2021)
The Cloud Horse Chronicles:
Guardians of Magic (2019)
Tiggy Thistle and the Lost Guardians (2022)
Five Years... A Sketchbook of Political Drawings:
Five Years... A Sketchbook of Political Drawings - Volume One 2020 (2021)
Five Years... A Sketchbook of Political Drawings - Volume Two 2021 (2022)
As illustrator
Riddell has collaborated with Paul Stewart on dozens of books, including the Edge Chronicles series. He has also illustrated several books written by each of five other authors.
written by other authors
The Mystery of Silver Mountain (1984)
Beware, Princess! (1986)
Love Forty (1986)
Dreamboat Brontosaurus (1987)
Gruesome Giants (1987)
The Magician's Cat (1987)
Beyond the Rolling River (1988)
Dracula's Daughter (1988)
Moon Whales (1988)
Peter Pan (1988), an edition of the 1911 J. M. Barrie classic
Treasure Island (1988), an edition of the 1883 R. L. Stevenson classic
The Pirates of Pudding Beach (1989)
Manifold Manor (1989)
You're Thinking About Doughnuts (1989)
Ffangs the Vampire Bat and the Kiss of Truth (1990)
The Prism Tree (1990)
Lizzie Dripping and the Witch (1991)
Patrick in Person (1991)
Best Enemies (1992)
The Thing in the Sink (1992)
An Armful of Bears (1993)
A Trunkful of Elephants (1994)
Rent-a-Friend (1994)
Say Hello to the Buffalo (1994)
The Iron Wolf (1995)
Angus Rides the Goods Train (1996)
Brilliant Minds (1996)
Buddhism for Sheep (1996)
Feng Shui for Cats (1997)
Feng Shui for Dogs (1997)
The Castle of Inside Out (1997)
The Swan's Stories (1997)
The Tall Story (1997)
Until I Met Dudley (1997)
Buddhism for Bears (1998)
Buster's Diaries (1998)
Management for Martians (1998)
Stories for Me! (1998)
Castle Diary (1999), by Richard Platt
The Tao for Babies (2000)
Pirate Diary (2001), by Richard Platt
The Rabbits' Rebellion (2001)
Three Scary Stories' (2001)
Hairy Bill (2002)
Un Italiano in America (2003)
Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver" (2004), Gullivers Travels (1726) adapted by Martin Jenkins
Politics Cutting Through the Crap (2006)
Don Quixote (2010), Don Quixote (1605) adapted by Martin Jenkins
Just So Stories (2013), an edition of the 1902 Rudyard Kipling classic
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (2014), by Russell Brand
The Box of Demons (2015), by Daniel Whelan
A Great Big Cuddle: Poems for the Very Young (2015), by Michael Rosen
Things You Find in a Poet's Beard (2015), by A. F. Harrold
Island (2015), by Nicky Singer
My Little Book of Big Freedoms (2015)
The Hunting of the Snark (2016), an illustrated edition of The Hunting of the Snark (1876) by Lewis Carroll
The Castle of Inside Out (2016), by David Henry Wilson
The Lie Tree (2016), by Frances Hardinge
I Killed Father Christmas (2017), by Anthony McGowan
How To Stop Time (2017), by Matt Haig
A Kid in My Class (2018), by Rachel Rooney
Poems to Live Your Life By (2018)
The Tales of Beedle The Bard (2018), by J.K. Rowling
Poems to Fall in Love With (2019)
The Greenhill Dictionary of Military Quotations (2020), edited by Peter G. Tsouras
Poems to Save the World With (2020)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (2020), an illustrated edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll
DOCTOR WHO: Adventures in Lockdown (2020), by Chris Chibnall, Paul Cornell, Russell T Davies, Neil Gaiman, Mark Gatiss, Pete McTighe, Steven Moffat, Vinay Patel, Joy Wilkinson
Many Different Kinds of Love (2021), by Michael Rosen
Indigo Takes Flight (2021), by Krista M. Lambert
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (2021), an illustrated edition of Through the Looking-Glass (1871) by Lewis Carroll
Arthur: The Always King (2021), by Kevin Crossley-Holland
We Wish You A Merry Christmas and other festive poems (2022)
written by Paul Stewart
The Edge Chronicles:
Beyond the Deepwoods (1998)
Stormchaser (1999)
Midnight Over Sanctaphrax (2000)
Cloud Wolf (2001) - Side story
The Curse of the Gloamglozer (2001)
The Last of the Sky Pirates (2002)
Vox (2003)
Freeglader (2004)
The Edge Chronicles Maps (2004)
The Winter Knights (2005)
The Stone Pilot (2006) - Side story
Clash of the Sky Galleons (2006)
The Lost Barkscrolls (2006)
The Immortals (2009)
The Nameless One (2014)
Doombringer (2015)
The Descenders (2019)
Rabbit and Hedgehog Stories:
A Little Bit of Winter (1998)
The Birthday Presents (1999)
Rabbit's Wish (2001)
What Do You Remember? (2002)
The Blobheads:
Invasion of the Blobs (February 2000)
Talking Toasters (February 2000)
School Stinks (March 2000)
Beware of the Babysitter (April 2000)
Garglejuice (May 2000)
Silly Billy (June 2000)
Naughty Gnomes (July 2000)
Purple Alert! (August 2000)
Muddle Earth:
Book 1: Muddle Earth (2003)
Muddle Earth Book/Section 1: Engelbert the Enormous Muddle Earth Book/Section 2: Here be Dragons Muddle Earth Book/Section 3: Doctor Cuddles of Giggle Glade Book 2: Muddle Earth Too (2011)
Muddle Earth Too Book/Section 1: Down with Stinkyhogs Muddle Earth Too Book/Section 2: Pesticide the Flower Fairy Muddle Earth Too Book/Section 3: Trouble with Big Sisters Free Lance:
Free Lance and the Lake of Skulls (2003)
Free Lance and the Field of Blood (2004)
Free Lance and the Dragon's Hoard (2005)
Far-Flung Adventures:
Fergus Crane (2004)
Corby Flood (2005)
Hugo Pepper (2006)
Barnaby Grimes:
Barnaby Grimes: Curse of the Nightwolf (2007)
Barnaby Grimes: Return of the Emerald Skull (2008)
Barnaby Grimes: Legion of the Dead (2008)
Barnaby Grimes: Phantom of Blood Alley (2009)
Wyrmeweald Trilogy:
Wyrmeweald Book 1: Returner's Wealth (2010)
Wyrmeweald Book 2: Bloodhoney (2012)
Wyrmeweald Book 3: The Bone Trail (2013)
Scavenger Series:
Scavenger: Zoid (2014)
Scavenger: Chaos Zone (2015)
Scavenger: Mind Warp (2016)
written by Andrew William Gibson
Ellis and the Hummick (1989)
The Abradizil (1990)
Jemima, Grandma and the Great Lost Zone (1991)
The Rollickers and Other Stories (1992)
The Amazing Witherspoon's Amazing Circus Crew (1993)
Chegwith Skillet Escapes (1995)
written by Kathryn Cave
Henry Hobbs, Alien (1990)
Out for the Count (1991)
Andrew Takes the Plunge (1994)
Something Else (1994) - UNESCO prize, 1997
Jumble (1995)
The Emperor's Gruckle Hound (1996)
Horatio Happened (1998)
William and the Wolves (1999)
Septimus Similon, Practising Wizard (2000)
Henry Hobbs, Space Voyager (2001)
Henry Hobbs and the Lost Planet (2002)
written by Philip Ridley
Kasper in the Glitter (1994)
Meteorite Spoon (1994)
Dakota of the White Flats (1995)
Mercedes Ice (1995)
Dreamboat Zing (1996)
Scribbleboy (1997)
ZinderZunder (1998)
written by Brian Patten
Beowulf and the Monster (1999)
Juggling With Gerbils (2000)
The Story Giant (2002)
Gargling With Jelly (2003)
Thawing Frozen Frogs (2003)
The Utter Nutters (2007)
written by Neil Gaiman
The Graveyard Book (2008)
The Sleeper and the Spindle (2013) - Kate Greenaway Medal winner, 2016
Fortunately, the Milk... (2013)
Coraline (2013)
Odd and the Frost Giants (2016)
Neverwhere (2017)
Art Matters: Because Your Imagination Can Change The World (2018)
Pirate Stew (2020)
written by Francesca Gibbons
A Clock of Stars:
A Clock of Stars: The Shadow Moth (2020)
A Clock of Stars: Beyond the Mountains (2021)
A Clock of Stars: The Greatest Kingdom (2022)
Awards and recognitions
Some of these awards and related honours may have recognised the writers of books Riddell illustrated. The three Greenaway Medals, two commendations, and three shortlists recognised Riddell as illustrator.
Awards
1997 Something Else, written by Kathryn Cave, won the UNESCO Prize for Children's and Young People's Literature in the Service of Tolerance. Later in a TV in 13.9.2001. (ages 3-6).
2001 Pirate Diary, written by Richard Platt, won the Kate Greenaway Medal.
2003 Pirate Diary won the Blue Peter Book Award, Best Book with Facts.
2004 Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver", adapted by Martin Jenkins from the 1726 classic, won the Greenaway Medal.
2004 Fergus Crane, written by Paul Stewart, Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (ages 6–8) and the Smarties Prize "4Children Special Award".
2007 Ottoline and the Yellow Cat, written and illustrated by Riddell, won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (ages 6–8).
2008 Ottoline and the Yellow Cat won a Red House Children's Book Award.
2013 Goth Girl and the Ghost of a Mouse won the Costa Book Awards (Children's category).
2016 The Sleeper and the Spindle, written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Riddell, won the Kate Greenaway Medal. This made him become the first ever triple winner of the award.
2019 He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to illustration and charity.
Runners-up, etc.
1994 Something Else by Cave was commended for the Greenaway Medal.
1999 Castle Diary by Platt was highly commended for the Greenaway Medal.
2002 Pirate Diary by Platt was Smarties silver runner-up (ages 6–8).
2005 Corby Flood by Stewart was Smarties bronze runner-up (ages 6–8).
2006 Hugo Pepper by Stewart was Smarties silver runner-up (ages 6–8).
2006 The Emperor of Absurdia, written and illustrated by Riddell, was Smarties silver runner-up (ages 0–5).
2007 The Emperor of Absurdia made the Greenaway shortlist.
2008 Ottoline and the Yellow Cat, written and illustrated by Riddell, made the Greenaway shortlist.
2008 Wendel's Workshop, written and illustrated by Riddell, made the Booktrust Early Years Award shortlist.
2010 The Graveyard Book'', written by Neil Gaiman, made the Greenaway shortlist in its Children's Edition illustrated by Riddell. (Gaiman won the companion Carnegie Medal).
Notes
References
External links
1962 births
British Children's Laureate
British editorial cartoonists
British illustrators
British children's book illustrators
Kate Greenaway Medal winners
The Economist people
The Observer people
Writers who illustrated their own writing
Alumni of the University of Brighton
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
4024654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patties%20pie | Patties pie | Patties Pies are a brand of meat pie created by Peter and Annie Rijs, in a bakery named "Patties" in Lakes Entrance, Victoria
The Patties Pie manufacturing plant in Bairnsdale, Victoria currently produces processed meat pie products such as Party 30 Pack, East Meets West Combo Pack and Patties Pie Bites
See also
Australian meat pie
References
Four'N Twenty
Bye-bye American pie, The Age, 21 July 2003
Australian brands
Brand name pies
Australian pies
Bakeries of Australia |
4024656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Penco | Carlo Penco | Carlo Penco (born August 1948) is an Italian analytic philosopher and full professor in philosophy of language at the University of Genoa in Italy.
Biography
Penco received his Ph.D. in Philosophy Summa cum Laude at the University of Genoa in 1972 with a specialization in the philosophy of science (at the time in Italy there were no PhD; he became a member of the PhD program later as a teacher). He studied with Evandro Agazzi in Genoa, with Michael Dummett in Oxford, and later with Robert Brandom at the University of Pittsburgh.
He has received various academic awards and fellowships including: CNR Fellow (1976), NATO Fellow at Oxford University (1979) and Fellow of the Center for Philosophy of Science in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1998). He has been President of the Italian Society for the Analytic Philosophy (2002-2004), and member of Steering Committee of the Italian Society for Logic and the Philosophy of Sciences and the European Society for Analytic Philosophy. Together with Joao Branquino and Josep Corbi, he began a series of "Latin Meeting in Analytic Philosophy", in order to foster the exchange of ideas among Analytic Philosophers in the southern countries in Europe, with connection with Latin America.
He has been teaching in South of Italy (University of Lecce) between 1988 and 1991; then he went to the University of Genoa, where he is still teaching as full professor in Philosophy of Language. President of the Master in Philosophy during the period 2004-2010, he became Head of the Doctoral School in Human Science.
He has been working in the Editorial or Scientific Committees for various journals, such as Epistemologia, An International Journal for Logic and Philosophy of Science, Networks, A journal for the philosophy of Artificial Intelligence and the Cognitive Sciences, European Journal of Analytic Philosophy, Theoria (A Swedish Journal for Philosophy).
His early research interests has been mainly on the philosophy of the later Wittgenstein and the philosophy of Frege. He began to work on the problem of context for the Meetings "Modeling and Using Contexts" since 1999. His recent interests are more strictly linked to different topics in the Philosophy of Language and Pragmatics, mainly on the problem of the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics.
Published works
Books (author)
"Frege", Carocci, Roma, 2010
Introduzione alla filosofia del linguaggio Laterza, Roma-Bari 2004 (3 ed. 2005)
Vie della Scrittura, Milano, Angeli, 1994 (2 ed. 2002)
Matematica e gioco linguistico, Wittgenstein e la filosofia della matematica del '900. Firenze, Le Monnier, 1981
Books (editor)
"Explaining the Mental" (With M. Beaney and M. Vignolo), Cambridge Scholar Publishing, 2007.
La svolta contestuale (a reading of original papers in philosophy of language and artificial intelligence by V. Akman, M. Benerecetti, M. Benzi, P. Bouquet, M. Frixione, C. Ghidini, F. Giunchiglia, F. Guala, M. Motterlni, J. Perry, E. Picardi, S. Predelli, M. Sbisà, A. Varzi, N. Vassallo) McGraw Hill, 2002
(with Eva Picardi): Gottlob Frege, Senso, funzione e concetto (philosophical papers 1891-1897) Laterza, Bari, 2001.
Filosofia analitica - Reading of Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Quine, Austin, Grice, Searle, Putnam - La Nuova Italia, Firenze, 2001.
(with G. Sarbia) Alle radici della filosofia analitica (Acts of the first Italian conference of the Italiana Society of Analytic Philosophy - with edition in print and in hypertext), Erga, Genova, 1996
(with C. Dalla Pozza) Linguaggi e Macchine - Epistemologia (special issues on logic and artificial intelligence) - 1993
(with A. Bottani) Significato e teorie del linguaggio (Reading including Brandom, Davidson, Dummett, Kaplan, Kripke, Putnam, Barwise, Hall Partee...) Milano, Angeli, 1991.
Italian edition of E. Tugendhat Vorlesungen über die Sprachanalytische Philosophie:Introduzione alla filosofia analitica, Marietti, Genova, 1989
(with D. Marconi and M. Andronico), Capire Wittgenstein Readings (including Von Wright, Dummett, Stroud, Black, Kenny, Robinson, ....) Genova, Marietti, 1988
Italian edition (with M. Sbisà) of J.L.Austin How to do things with words: Come fare cose con le parole, Genova, Marietti. 1987
Italian edition of M. Dummett, Philosophy of language, (with translation): Filosofia del linguaggio. Saggio su Frege, Genova, Marietti, 1983
Selected papers
"Essentially Incomplete Descriptions", European Journal for Analytic Philosophy, 2011
"Assertion and Inference" in Towards an Analytic Pragmatism, CEUR Workshop, 2009: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-444
"The influence of Einstein on Wittgenstein's Philosophy", in Philosophical Investigations 2010
"Il senso degli enunciati. La nefasta influenza del Tractatus sulla filosofia della logica", in L. Perissinotto (a cura di) /Un filosofo senza trampoli. Saggi su Ludwig Wittgenstein, Mimesis, 2010.
"Rational procedures: A Neo-Fregean Perspective on Thought and Judgement" in Yearbook of Philosophical Hermeneutics: The dialogue, Münster, 2009 (137-153)
"Keeping track of individuals: Brandom's Analysis of Kripke's puzzle and the content of belief". In: S. Pirmin, Stekeler, Weithofer (eds) The Pragmatics of Making It Explicit, Benjamins, Amsterdam ( 163-185).
"Wittgenstein, olismo ed esperimenti mentali:l'influenza di Einstein" in Paradigmi, 2, 2008
"Inferenza e contesto: quali limiti alla libertà di parola?", in Cassazione penale, XLVIII, 2008 (3060-3075).
"Idiolect and Context"; in R.E.Auxier and L.E. Hahn (eds.) The Philosophy of Michael Dummett - Library of Living Philosophers, vol. XXXI, 2007(567-590).
"Competenza pragmatica come filtro", in M.Andronico, A. Paternoster, A. Voltolini, Il significato eluso. Saggi in onore di Diego Marconi, Rivista di Estetica, n. 34 (1/2007), anno XLVII
"Context and Contract" in Perspectives on Contexts, edited by Paolo Bouquet, Luciano Serafini, and Rich Thomason. CSLI, Stanford, 2006.
Enciclopedia Filosofica di Gallarate, 2006, Voci: E. Anscombe, Apriori-Aposteriori, D. Armstrong, R. Brandom, Deflazionismo, M. Dummett, Estensionalita', G. Evans, Filosofia Postanalitica, G. Frege, P. Geach, Gioco Linguistico, Intensione/Estensione, F. Kambartel, D. Kaplan, S. Kripke, L. Linsky, J. Mcdowell, Opacita' Referenziale, J. Perry, A. Prior, E. Tugendhat, C. Wright.
"Converging towards What? on semantic and pragmatic competence" in P. Bouquet, L. Serafini, Context representation and reasoning 2005, proceedings of the first international workshop, CEUR-WS, vol.136, 2005 <http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-136/>
"Keeping Track of Individuals: Brandom's Analysis of Kripke's Puzzle and the Content of Belief", in Pragmatics and Cognition, 13:1 (2005), 177-201
"Anatra all'arancia: il tema del contesto nella filosofia analitica", Teoria 2005 (1) pp. 3–21.
"Wittgenstein, Locality and Rules" in E.Picardi, A.Coliva, Wittgenstein Today, Il Poligrafo, Padova, 2004, pp. 249–274.
"Frege, sense and limited rationality" Modern Logic Vol.9, 2001-2003 (Issue 29) pp. 53–65
"Frege: Two thesis, two senses", in History and Philosophy of Logic 2003, vol. 24, n.2 (pp. 87–109).
"Filosofia del linguaggio", in Floridi, Luciano (a cura di), Linee di Ricerca, SWIF, 2003 (pp. 1–26).
(con M. Frixione) "Sensi fregeani, procedure e limiti computazionali", in Vassallo N. La filosofia di Gottlob Frege, Angeli, Milano 2003 (pp. 163–180).
"Introduzione" a J. Perry, Contesti De Ferrari, Genova, 2002.
"Holism, Strawberries and Hairdryers" in Topoi 2002 (pp. 47–54)
"Local Holism" in V. Akman, P. Bouquet, R. Thomason, R.A. Young (eds.) Modeling and Using Context - Proceedings of the Third International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modeling and Using Context (CONTEXT'01), [Lecture Notes in AI Volume 2116] Springer Verlag, July 2001 (pp. 290–303)
" Three alternatives on contexts" in D. Marconi (editor) Knowledge and Meaning. Topics in Analytic Philosophy edizioni Mercurio, Vercelli, 2000 (pp. 113–130).
" Ragione e Pratica Sociale " in Rivista di Filosofia 3, 1999 (467-486)
" Objective and Cognitive Context " in Paolo Bouquet, Patrick Brézillon, Luciano Serafini, Francesca Castellani eds. Modeling and Using Context, 2nd International and Interdisciplinary Conference, CONTEXT'99 Springer, 1999 (270-283).
" Sensi, catene anaforiche e olismo " in Iride 1999 (190-195)
" Context and Incomplete knowledge" in Third European Congress of Analytical Philosophy, Maribor 1999 (book of abstracts, p. 187)
"Holism in Artificial Intelligence?" in Language, Quantum, Music edited by M.L.Dalla Chiara, Laudisa and Giuntini, Kluwer, 1999 (pp. 37–48) (see: expanded version)
"Wittgenstein and our times" R.Egidi (ed.), In Search of a New Humanism: the Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright, Kluwer, Dordrecht,1999 (47-53).
"Competenza e competenze: tre tesi su competenza, linguaggio e significato" in Iride 1998 (392-397).
"Frege e Carnap: verso una teoria integrata del senso" in Vito Michele Abrusci, Carlo Cellucci, Roberto Cordeschi, Vincenzo Fano (a cura di) Prospettive della Logica e della Filosofia della scienza: Atti del Convegno SILFS, ETS, Pisa, 1998 (pp. 345–360)
"Dummett and Wittgenstein's philosophy of Mathematics", in McGuinness B. - Oliveri G. The Philosophy of Michael Dummett, Kluwer Academic Press, (pp. 113–136), 1994.
"Wittgenstein et le Conventionalisme" in G.Sommaruga (a cura di) Aspects et problémes du Conventionalisme, Fribourg, Presse Universitaire di Fribourg, 1992
"Frames and Logic in Knowledge Representation" (con D.Palladino), Epistemologia, 15 (119-140), 1992.
Italian edition of G.Frege's letters to Wittgenstein: G. Frege, "Lettere a Wittgenstein", in Epistemologia, 14 (189-204), 1991
"Eredi del terzo regno" in Epistemologia 12 (253-276) [fascicolo speciale Logica e Ontologia], 1989
"Mathematik und Interesse" in R.Haller (a cura di) Sprache und Erkenntnis als Soziale Tatsache, Wien, Holder-Pichler-Tempsky (49-56), 1981
"Intuition in mathematics: Wittgenstein's Remarks" in Epistemologia 4 (77-94), 1981
"Matematica e Regole. Wittgenstein interprete di Kant" in Epistemologia 2 (123-154), 1979
"Intension: Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics considered under the influence of Frege's Tradition" in: Akten des 2.Int. Wittgenstein Simposiums: Wittgenstein und sein Einfluss auf die gegenwartige Philosophie, Wien, Holder-Pichler-Tempsky (191-195), 1978
External links
A collection of on-line papers (English and Italian) by Carlo Penco can be found here
Complete list of publications
Home Page, University of Genoa
1948 births
Living people
University of Genoa alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
University of Pittsburgh alumni
20th-century Italian philosophers
21st-century Italian philosophers
Philosophers of language
Philosophy academics
University of Genoa faculty
University of Salento faculty |
4024663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EsseGesse | EsseGesse | EsseGesse was an Italian team of cartoonists, most famous for their Western comics, which were popular in the 1950s. The comics were translated to French, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian.
Their name was taken from the Italian pronunciation of the first letters of their three surnames, Pietro Sartoris of Greek descent (Turin, Italy 15 August 1926 - 27 July 1989), Dario Guzzon (Turin, Italy 4 January 1926 - 3 May 2000), and Giovanni Sinchetto (Turin, Italy 5 April 1922 - 19 January 1991).
Some of their more famous series are Captain Miki, Il Grande Blek, Comandante Mark, Kinowa and Alan Mistero.
In Turkey, three films were produced with the character Kinowa in the early 1970s.
Early life
Dario Guzzon and Pietro Sartoris went to similar schools and obtained their diploma as primary school teachers. Guzzon attended the Art School and then the Academy of Fine Arts. Sartoris started up his publishing activity that eventually took him to the Taurina publishing house. He met Guzzon there. Guzzon himself was already publishing some of his cartoons in the magazine Piccina. When Taurina went bankrupt, the two men had already become close friends and passed to another publishing house, Edizioni Alpe, owned by Giuseppe Caregaro, where Guzzon designed some episodes of the strip "Cucciolo", while Sartoris edited the collection Tarman with a script by Amedeo Martini. Later on, at Torelli, they met the person who would become their soul mate in so many future cartoon adventures: Giovanni Sinchetto. Sinchetto made his début in the world of cartoons with the series entitled "Fulmine Mascherato" and then continued with "Carnera" published by Torelli. The first co-operation between the three young authors from Turin gave life to "Kinowa" in 1950, a cartoon built on texts by Andrea Lavezzolo and published by the Dardo press owned by Gino Casarotti.
Captain Miki
The first character to be drawn and dramatized by the three authors, who by that time had started to sign themselves with the acronym EsseGesse, was published on 1 July 1951: the famous Capitan Miki (Captain Miki). The protagonist of the story is a sixteen-year-old boy alone in the world, who becomes a friend of a funny drunkard called Double Rum and joins up with the Nevada Rangers. After carrying out a number of successful missions where he shows all his bravery and firmness, young Miki is promoted, in spite of his young age, to the rank of captain. Captain Miki also has his own young fiancée, Susy, the daughter of the fort commandant, and in addition to Double Rum - based on the classic old man of westerns (interpreted by Walter Brennan in many film versions) - he makes friends with another funny character, Doctor Salasso, graphically reminiscent of the actor Thomas Mitchell (drunken Doc, the alcoholic, in "Stagecoach?"). These two characters gave the cartoon series a vein of comic relief, to counterbalance Miki's almost excessive maturity and conscientiousness.
In 1953 EsseGesse had the first contacts with Tea Bonelli, the then wise guide of our Publishing House, and produced the art work for the "Cavaliere nero" dramatized from texts by Giovanni Luigi Bonelli. It was an album that recounted the adventures of Frisco Smith, a policeman serving for a western railway company. Dressed in a vaguely Mexican style, the hero of this serial is a skilful gunslinger usually assisted by a young Native American called Piccolo Corvo.
Il Grande Blek
"Il Grande Blek" was published on 3 October 1954 by Casarotti: the story is set during the American Revolution and Blek is the leader of a group of trappers who fight against the cruel Redcoats, the symbol of colonialist oppression. Blek's faithful buddies in adventure are his stepson Roddy and the ingenious professor Occultis. It was published during 650 parts until 1967 before a dispute sets the authors to the publisher. It is Lug who would publish the whole adventures of Blek in France. First in black and white in Kiwi, then in its own name magazine, republishing its adventures in colors. Numerous covers were realized by Jean Frisano. When the original stories were exhausted, new ones were created by Carlo Cedroni or Nicola del Principe, but also in France by Jean-Yves Mitton, André Amouriq or Ciro Tota.
Miki and Blek were both achieved enormous success and were created up until 1965, and would later be continued abroad with artwork by French illustrators.
Alan Mistero
In 1965 there appeared "Alan Mistero", whose protagonist was a sturdy fiery red-haired hero capable of the most astonishing disguises and also a very skilful gunman, flanked in his adventures by two comic foils: the sophisticated Conte and the greedy Polpetta. This series originally appeared in a collection of weekly albums published by its own creators, but failed to achieve success and the series was soon after transferred by the three Torino authors to the publishing house Araldo, owned by Sergio Bonelli, which published it in the appendix of the Collana Araldo.
Comandante Mark
In September 1966, Comandante Mark was finally born. Once the regular January 1990 series was finished, the reprinting of the whole series Tutto Mark was published the very next month, and starting from the summer of that same year the Specials were also published, reaching their thirteenth annual publication by the summer of 2000.
Against the background of the American Revolutionary War, Comandante Mark is presented to the readers as a handsome, brave, sturdy and invincible young man, who nonetheless does not convey any trace of the aloofness that is often generated by a protagonist's sense of superiority over the surrounding world. Mark has just the right degree of self-confidence as a hero and he radiates a warm feeling of confidence; he has accumulated excellent experience in his field (pitched battles and uncompromising warfare against the soldiers of George III) and he uses his vast knowledge on every occasion and always succeeds. He moves together with the Ontario Wolves, a group of indomitable guerrilla fighters composed of men and women from many different places, of all ages and from all social classes, people with different histories and past lives who have joined together.
After Sartoris and Sinchetto passed on in 1989 and 1991 respectively, Guzzon was the only one left capable of designing and supervising the stories of Mark and his Ontario Wolves in Special Albums; so the baton was completely handed over to the illustrator Lina Buffolente, another doyen of Italian cartoons, mainly known for her contribution to the "Piccolo Ranger" saga. The scripts were instead developed over the following years by Bonelli's new generation of authors, such Moreno Burattini and Luigi Mignacco and Michele Masiero. The passing away of Guzzon in May 2000 finally marked the end of EsseGesse.
Sources
External links
Esse G. Esse at Lambiek's Comiclopedia
at Comic Vine
at Deadlicious
at Sergio Bonelli Editore
at Fantasy-world
1950 establishments in Italy
2000 disestablishments in Italy
Italian comics artists
Italian comics writers
Trios |
4024664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliya%20Ahangama | Saliya Ahangama | Franklyn Saliya Ahangama (born 14 September 1959) is a Sri Lankan Australian cricket coach, commentator and former cricketer who played in 3 Tests and one ODI in 1985.
After cricket
He would have played more tests, having a bowling average of 19, but retired due to constant injury. He then became a commentator. Saliya is now a cricket coach at the Melbourne Sports Stadium and Eastern Indoor Sports Centre. He is married and has two daughters.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia
Sri Lankan cricket commentators
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Australian cricket coaches |
4024666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20hashing | Universal hashing | In mathematics and computing, universal hashing (in a randomized algorithm or data structure) refers to selecting a hash function at random from a family of hash functions with a certain mathematical property (see definition below). This guarantees a low number of collisions in expectation, even if the data is chosen by an adversary. Many universal families are known (for hashing integers, vectors, strings), and their evaluation is often very efficient. Universal hashing has numerous uses in computer science, for example in implementations of hash tables, randomized algorithms, and cryptography.
Introduction
Assume we want to map keys from some universe into bins (labelled ). The algorithm will have to handle some data set of keys, which is not known in advance. Usually, the goal of hashing is to obtain a low number of collisions (keys from that land in the same bin). A deterministic hash function cannot offer any guarantee in an adversarial setting if , since the adversary may choose to be precisely the preimage of a bin. This means that all data keys land in the same bin, making hashing useless. Furthermore, a deterministic hash function does not allow for rehashing: sometimes the input data turns out to be bad for the hash function (e.g. there are too many collisions), so one would like to change the hash function.
The solution to these problems is to pick a function randomly from a family of hash functions. A family of functions is called a universal family if, .
In other words, any two keys of the universe collide with probability at most when the hash function is drawn randomly from . This is exactly the probability of collision we would expect if the hash function assigned truly random hash codes to every key. Sometimes, the definition is relaxed to allow collision probability . This concept was introduced by Carter and Wegman in 1977, and has found numerous applications in computer science (see, for . If we have an upper bound of on the collision probability, we say that we have -almost universality.
Many, but not all, universal families have the following stronger uniform difference property:
, when is drawn randomly from the family , the difference is uniformly distributed in .
Note that the definition of universality is only concerned with whether , which counts collisions. The uniform difference property is stronger.
(Similarly, a universal family can be XOR universal if , the value is uniformly distributed in where is the bitwise exclusive or operation. This is only possible if is a power of two.)
An even stronger condition is pairwise independence: we have this property when we have the probability that will hash to any pair of hash values is as if they were perfectly random: . Pairwise independence is sometimes called strong universality.
Another property is uniformity. We say that a family is uniform if all hash values are equally likely: for any hash value . Universality does not imply uniformity. However, strong universality does imply uniformity.
Given a family with the uniform distance property, one can produce a pairwise independent or strongly universal hash family by adding a uniformly distributed random constant with values in to the hash functions. (Similarly, if is a power of two, we can achieve pairwise independence from an XOR universal hash family by doing an exclusive or with a uniformly distributed random constant.) Since a shift by a constant is sometimes irrelevant in applications (e.g. hash tables), a careful distinction between the uniform distance property and pairwise independent is sometimes not made.
For some applications (such as hash tables), it is important for the least significant bits of the hash values to be also universal. When a family is strongly universal, this is guaranteed: if is a strongly universal family with , then the family made of the functions for all is also strongly universal for . Unfortunately, the same is not true of (merely) universal families. For example, the family made of the identity function is clearly universal, but the family made of the function fails to be universal.
UMAC and Poly1305-AES and several other message authentication code algorithms are based on universal hashing.
In such applications, the software chooses a new hash function for every message, based on a unique nonce for that message.
Several hash table implementations are based on universal hashing.
In such applications, typically the software chooses a new hash function only after it notices that "too many" keys have collided; until then, the same hash function continues to be used over and over.
(Some collision resolution schemes, such as dynamic perfect hashing, pick a new hash function every time there is a collision. Other collision resolution schemes, such as cuckoo hashing and 2-choice hashing, allow a number of collisions before picking a new hash function). A survey of fastest known universal and strongly universal hash functions for integers, vectors, and
strings is found in.
Mathematical guarantees
For any fixed set of keys, using a universal family guarantees the following properties.
For any fixed in , the expected number of keys in the bin is . When implementing hash tables by chaining, this number is proportional to the expected running time of an operation involving the key (for example a query, insertion or deletion).
The expected number of pairs of keys in with that collide () is bounded above by , which is of order . When the number of bins, is chosen linear in (i.e., is determined by a function in ), the expected number of collisions is . When hashing into bins, there are no collisions at all with probability at least a half.
The expected number of keys in bins with at least keys in them is bounded above by . Thus, if the capacity of each bin is capped to three times the average size (), the total number of keys in overflowing bins is at most . This only holds with a hash family whose collision probability is bounded above by . If a weaker definition is used, bounding it by , this result is no longer true.
As the above guarantees hold for any fixed set , they hold if the data set is chosen by an adversary. However, the adversary has to make this choice before (or independent of) the algorithm's random choice of a hash function. If the adversary can observe the random choice of the algorithm, randomness serves no purpose, and the situation is the same as deterministic hashing.
The second and third guarantee are typically used in conjunction with rehashing. For instance, a randomized algorithm may be prepared to handle some number of collisions. If it observes too many collisions, it chooses another random from the family and repeats. Universality guarantees that the number of repetitions is a geometric random variable.
Constructions
Since any computer data can be represented as one or more machine words, one generally needs hash functions for three types of domains: machine words ("integers"); fixed-length vectors of machine words; and variable-length vectors ("strings").
Hashing integers
This section refers to the case of hashing integers that fit in machines words; thus, operations like multiplication, addition, division, etc. are cheap machine-level instructions. Let the universe to be hashed be .
The original proposal of Carter and Wegman was to pick a prime and define
where are randomly chosen integers modulo with . (This is a single iteration of a linear congruential generator.)
To see that is a universal family, note that only holds when
for some integer between and . Since , if their difference is nonzero and has an inverse modulo . Solving for yields
.
There are possible choices for (since is excluded) and, varying in the allowed range, possible non-zero values for the right hand side. Thus the collision probability is
.
Another way to see is a universal family is via the notion of statistical distance. Write the difference as
.
Since is nonzero and is uniformly distributed in , it follows that modulo is also uniformly distributed in . The distribution of is thus almost uniform, up to a difference in probability of between the samples. As a result, the statistical distance to a uniform family is , which becomes negligible when .
The family of simpler hash functions
is only approximately universal: for all . Moreover, this analysis is nearly tight; Carter and Wegman show that whenever .
Avoiding modular arithmetic
The state of the art for hashing integers is the multiply-shift scheme described by Dietzfelbinger et al. in 1997. By avoiding modular arithmetic, this method is much easier to implement and also runs significantly faster in practice (usually by at least a factor of four). The scheme assumes the number of bins is a power of two, . Let be the number of bits in a machine word. Then the hash functions are parametrised over odd positive integers (that fit in a word of bits). To evaluate , multiply by modulo and then keep the high order bits as the hash code. In mathematical notation, this is
and it can be implemented in C-like programming languages by
(size_t) (a*x) >> (w-M)
This scheme does not satisfy the uniform difference property and is only -almost-universal; for any , .
To understand the behavior of the hash function,
notice that, if and have the same highest-order 'M' bits, then has either all 1's or all 0's as its highest order M bits (depending on whether or is larger).
Assume that the least significant set bit of appears on position . Since is a random odd integer and odd integers have inverses in the ring , it follows that will be uniformly distributed among -bit integers with the least significant set bit on position . The probability that these bits are all 0's or all 1's is therefore at most .
On the other hand, if , then higher-order M bits of
contain both 0's and 1's, so
it is certain that . Finally, if then bit of
is 1 and if and only if bits are also 1, which happens with probability .
This analysis is tight, as can be shown with the example and . To obtain a truly 'universal' hash function, one can use the multiply-add-shift scheme
which can be implemented in C-like programming languages by
(size_t) (a*x+b) >> (w-M)
where is a random odd positive integer with and is a random non-negative integer with . With these choices of and , for all . This differs slightly but importantly from the mistranslation in the English paper.
Hashing vectors
This section is concerned with hashing a fixed-length vector of machine words. Interpret the input as a vector of machine words (integers of bits each). If is a universal family with the uniform difference property, the following family (dating back to Carter and Wegman) also has the uniform difference property (and hence is universal):
, where each is chosen independently at random.
If is a power of two, one may replace summation by exclusive or.
In practice, if double-precision arithmetic is available, this is instantiated with the multiply-shift hash family of hash functions. Initialize the hash function with a vector of random odd integers on bits each. Then if the number of bins is for :
.
It is possible to halve the number of multiplications, which roughly translates to a two-fold speed-up in practice. Initialize the hash function with a vector of random odd integers on bits each. The following hash family is universal:
.
If double-precision operations are not available, one can interpret the input as a vector of half-words (-bit integers). The algorithm will then use multiplications, where was the number of half-words in the vector. Thus, the algorithm runs at a "rate" of one multiplication per word of input.
The same scheme can also be used for hashing integers, by interpreting their bits as vectors of bytes. In this variant, the vector technique is known as tabulation hashing and it provides a practical alternative to multiplication-based universal hashing schemes.
Strong universality at high speed is also possible. Initialize the hash function with a vector of random integers on bits. Compute
.
The result is strongly universal on bits. Experimentally, it was found to run at 0.2 CPU cycle per byte on recent Intel processors for .
Hashing strings
This refers to hashing a variable-sized vector of machine words. If the length of the string can be bounded by a small number, it is best to use the vector solution from above (conceptually padding the vector with zeros up to the upper bound). The space required is the maximal length of the string, but the time to evaluate is just the length of . As long as zeroes are forbidden in the string, the zero-padding can be ignored when evaluating the hash function without affecting universality. Note that if zeroes are allowed in the string, then it might be best to append a fictitious non-zero (e.g., 1) character to all strings prior to padding: this will ensure that universality is not affected.
Now assume we want to hash , where a good bound on is not known a priori. A universal family proposed by
treats the string as the coefficients of a polynomial modulo a large prime. If , let be a prime and define:
, where is uniformly random and is chosen randomly from a universal family mapping integer domain .
Using properties of modular arithmetic, above can be computed without producing large numbers for large strings as follows:
uint hash(String x, int a, int p)
uint h = INITIAL_VALUE
for (uint i=0 ; i < x.length ; ++i)
h = ((h*a) + x[i]) mod p
return h
This Rabin-Karp rolling hash is based on a linear congruential generator.
Above algorithm is also known as Multiplicative hash function. In practice, the mod operator and the parameter p can be avoided altogether by simply allowing integer to overflow because it is equivalent to mod (Max-Int-Value + 1) in many programming languages. Below table shows values chosen to initialize h and a for some of the popular implementations.
Consider two strings and let be length of the longer one; for the analysis, the shorter string is conceptually padded with zeros up to length . A collision before applying implies that is a root of the polynomial with coefficients . This polynomial has at most roots modulo , so the collision probability is at most . The probability of collision through the random brings the total collision probability to . Thus, if the prime is sufficiently large compared to the length of strings hashed, the family is very close to universal (in statistical distance).
Other universal families of hash functions used to hash unknown-length strings to fixed-length hash values include the Rabin fingerprint and the Buzhash.
Avoiding modular arithmetic
To mitigate the computational penalty of modular arithmetic, three tricks are used in practice:
One chooses the prime to be close to a power of two, such as a Mersenne prime. This allows arithmetic modulo to be implemented without division (using faster operations like addition and shifts). For instance, on modern architectures one can work with , while 's are 32-bit values.
One can apply vector hashing to blocks. For instance, one applies vector hashing to each 16-word block of the string, and applies string hashing to the results. Since the slower string hashing is applied on a substantially smaller vector, this will essentially be as fast as vector hashing.
One chooses a power-of-two as the divisor, allowing arithmetic modulo to be implemented without division (using faster operations of bit masking). The NH hash-function family takes this approach.
See also
K-independent hashing
Rolling hashing
Tabulation hashing
Min-wise independence
Universal one-way hash function
Low-discrepancy sequence
Perfect hashing
References
Further reading
External links
Open Data Structures - Section 5.1.1 - Multiplicative Hashing, Pat Morin
Cryptographic hash functions
Hashing
Search algorithms
Computational complexity theory |
4024667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abir%20Muhaisen | Abir Muhaisen | Abir Muhaisen (; born 1973) was adopted by King Hussein of Jordan and his third wife, Queen Alia, after Muhaisen's biological mother was killed by a plane crash at a Palestinian refugee camp in Amman, Jordan in 1976.
Muhaisen was educated in the United States. She briefly attended Garrison Forest School, a boarding school in Maryland, before graduating from Oldfields School in Glencoe, Maryland in 1991. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Elementary Education from American University, and a Master of Arts in Sports Management and Physical Education from Virginia Commonwealth University.
References
Queen Noor (2003) Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life, Miramax Books,
1973 births
Living people
Jordanian adoptees
American University alumni
Virginia Commonwealth University alumni
Daughters of kings |
4024670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gararish | Gararish | Gararish is a designated tribal area within the Northern wilayat (state) of Sudan, to the south of the state's capital, Dongola and on the right bank of the River Nile. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica describes the Gararish as a semi-nomadic, semi-agricultural tribe "of Semitic origin" and gives their location as further north, between Wadi Halfa and Merawi.
References
Earthsearch location information
Geography of Sudan |
4024671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILA%20Berlin%20Air%20Show | ILA Berlin Air Show | The ILA Berlin Air Show (German: Internationale Luft- und Raumfahrtausstellung (ILA)) combines a major trade exhibition for the aerospace and defence industries with a public airshow.
It is held every even year at the new Berlin ExpoCenter Airport next to the Berlin Brandenburg Airport in Schönefeld, Brandenburg 18 km southeast of Berlin, Germany. The most recent ILA Berlin Air Show was held in April 2018.
Established in 1909, it claims to be world's oldest air show, and it is among the largest and most important aerospace trade fairs today. According to the organisers Messe Berlin GmbH, in 2012 the Berlin Air Show attracted 125,000 professional visitors and 105,000 members of the general public, with 3,600 journalists from 65 countries also attending.
The format is similar to the Paris Air Show in France and the Farnborough International Airshow in Britain, the other major events in the European air show calendar. The Berlin event starts with three professional days closed to the general public, and then on Friday, Saturday and Sunday the public are allowed in.
The main display sections planned for 2014 include commercial air transport, space, military aviation, helicopters and both civil and military unmanned aircraft systems, also known as UAVs.
History
It was first held in Frankfurt am Main in 1909, and as such can lay claim to being the oldest aviation show in the world. After the first ILA, following the idea of the aircraft constructor August Euler, numerous flying clubs combined to form the German Pilots' Association in April 1910. Shortly after, the Association of German Aircraft Makers was founded in Frankfurt/Main, establishing close ties between the ILA and the future Federal Association of the Aerospace Industry (BDLI), an organisation that exists today.
Before the First World War, the ILA was held in Berlin (1912 and later on in 1928). When Germany regained air sovereignty after the Second World War, the foundations were laid in 1955 for an "International Show for Travel by Air", which in 1957 took place at Langenhagen Airport as part of the Hanover Trade Fair, the first in a run of ILA shows in Hanover that was to last over 30 years.
Known initially as the German Aviation Show, the fair was increasingly attracting participants from abroad, and in 1978 the symbolic three letters ILA from 1909 were revived. In 1992, the far-reaching political and economic changes which had taken place in Europe since the fall of the Berlin Wall opened the way for the ILA to return to Berlin. The ILA's main display sections include commercial aviation, aerospace, military aviation and military technology, equipment and engines, and general aviation and helicopters.
Location
The new multi-purpose exhibition area, called Berlin ExpoCenter Airport adjacent to the Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) was finished in time for ILA 2012. The main section of the grounds cover approximately 250,000 square metres.
The site is situated southeast of Germany's capital city Berlin.
ILA 2002
ILA 2004
ILA 2006
All previous attendance records had been broken at ILA2006. More than 250,000 visitors (2004: 201,500, +25%) were recorded at the ILA2006 between 16 and 21 May, including 115,000 trade visitors (2004: 105,000). Events on the southern section of Berlin-Schönefeld airport were dominated by the signing of sales contracts and joint venture agreements worth billions, a display featuring some 340 aircraft, many of them making their first public appearance, and the largest number of delegations and conferences ever. 1,014 exhibitors from 42 countries (2004: 987 from 42 countries) presented products, systems and processes from every area of the aerospace industry. Several thousand experts from all over Europe and from overseas attended the more than 90 accompanying conferences in search of information. Some 4,100 media representatives from 70 countries provided comprehensive coverage of the main technical themes and the attractions for the public at the ILA2006.
ILA 2006 emphasised the importance of this sector for Germany in its role as a centre for the aerospace industry. Hans-Joachim Gante, Chief Executive of the BDLI, stated: "We have become one of the few sectors with sustainable growth in Germany, due above all to our innovative strengths." This was clearly demonstrated at the ILA2006, which is acquiring an increasingly international dimension, thereby strengthening its role as one of the world's major meeting places for the industry. This was an ideal opportunity for the German aerospace industry to demonstrate that it is among the world leaders." Exhibitors expressed their satisfaction with the discussions and contacts and with the business deals that were finalised at this event. "In particular the decision to make Russia the partner country proved highly effective. Russia was very strongly represented and was able to establish numerous contacts and business links."
At the close of the event Stefan Grave, Project Director for Messe Berlin GmbH, summed up: "The ILA2006 underlined its major importance as a European marketing platform for this sector as well as again demonstrating its many attractions for the public. Trade visitors and the general public alike were fascinated by the high-tech products on display. Unprecedented numbers of people attended to see the Airbus A380, an outstanding international flying display and the Space Hall.
Many high-ranking delegations attended, especially during the three Trade Visitors’ Days. In addition to the Federal Minister of Economics Michael Glos, the ILA 2006 also received visits from the Defence Minister Franz-Josef Jung, Minister of the Interior Wolfgang Schäuble, Transport Minister Wolfgang Tiefensee, the Minister at the Chancellor's Office Dr. Thomas de Maizière and the heads of the regional governments in Brandenburg and Berlin, Matthias Platzeck and Klaus Wowereit. Germany's armed forces, the Bundeswehr, were very strongly represented: the Chief of the Armed Forces Wolfgang Schneiderhan attended the ILA 2006, as did the Chiefs of Staff of the Air Force and Army, Klaus-Peter Stieglitz and Hans-Otto Budde. A number of ministers from other countries also visited this event, accompanied by high-ranking delegations, thereby underlining the international importance of the ILA 2006. Among them were, from the partner country Russia, the Minister of Emergency Situations Sergei Shoigu, the Minister of Defence of the Netherlands, Henk Kamp, the Greek Defence Minister Vangelis Meimarakis, the French Transport Minister Dominique Perben, the Slovenian Defence Minister Karl Erjavec, the Albanian Defence Minister Fatmir Mediu and the Ukrainian Industry Minister Volodymyr Shandra. In addition 70 parliamentarians from 17 European countries were welcomed at the ILA2006.
The ILA2006 was organised jointly by the association representing the German aerospace industry, Bundesverband der Deutschen Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie (BDLI) e.V., Berlin, and by Messe Berlin GmbH.
ILA 2008
ILA 2008 was held between 27 May and 1 June 2008 on the southern section of Berlin-Schönefeld Airport, which has been designated as the future Berlin Brandenburg International Airport (BBI). Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel attended the opening ceremony and welcomed international guests, among which a special place was dedicated to Indian operators, as India was chosen as 2008 edition's partner country. Special events were planned as part of 60th Anniversary of the Berlin Airlift celebration. UK and US veterans from the cold war age Berlin airlift were invited as ILA's special guests.
Other guests were the US Air Force with a B-1B Lancer, the Poland Air Force and the Slovak Air Force with MiG-29 Fulcrum, Airbus with the A380 and the Patrouille Suisse.
ILA 2010
At ILA Berlin Air Show 2010 1,153 exhibitors from 47 countries presented their products and services to 235,000 visitors, of whom 125,000 were trade visitors. Around 300 aircraft were on display at the trade show. During the ILA 2010, Airbus alone received orders worth 15,3 billion US-Dollars, among them the then-biggest order in civil aviation history on 32 additional Airbus A380 by Emirates.
ILA 2012
The ILA Berlin Air Show in 2012 was held at an exhibition ground next to the newly built Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) in Schönefeld, Germany. Poland was chosen as 2012's partner country of the ILA Berlin Air Show.
See also
List of air shows
References
External links
ILA Berlin Air Show
Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER)
Berlin.de
Air shows
Recurring events established in 1909
Trade fairs in Germany
Tourist attractions in Berlin |
4024672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Gottfried | Brian Gottfried | Brian Edward Gottfried (born January 27, 1952) is a retired American tennis player who won 25 singles titles and 54 doubles titles during his professional career. He was the runner-up in singles at the 1977 French Open, won the 1975 and 1977 French Open Doubles as well as the 1976 Wimbledon Doubles. He achieved a career-high singles ranking on the ATP tour on June 19, 1977, when he became world No. 3, and a career-high doubles ranking on December 12, 1976, when he became No. 2 .
Tennis career
Junior and college
Gottfried was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and is Jewish. He began playing tennis at the age of 5, after receiving a racquet as a gift. In all, Gottfried won 14 national junior titles. As a teen Gottfried attended Baylor School in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Piper High School in Sunrise, Florida. In 1970, as a freshman at Trinity University in Texas, he won the USTA boys 18s singles championship, as well as the doubles championship with Alexander Mayer. He was an All-American in 1971 and 1972.
Professional career
Gottfried began his professional tennis career in 1972. He won five tournaments in 1977 and was runner-up at the French Open. Newsweek described him as the "best male tennis player in the world at the moment" in April 1977, while World Tennis and Tennis Magazine ranked him as N°4 in their 1977's year-end rankings. He won the Italian Open doubles championship in four consecutive years (1974–77). He won the men's doubles at the French Open in 1975 and 1977. In 1976, he won the men's doubles title at Wimbledon. He ended his career tied for 22nd in open era singles titles leaders, and tied for 12th in doubles.
Arthur Ashe liked to recall how Gottfried missed his daily practice session to get married, but atoned by doubling his practice time the next day.
Gottfried retired as the player with the greatest number of tour match victories among players who had never won a grand slam. He held this record for 32 years, eventually being succeeded by David Ferrer. He was also second to Ferrer for most titles by a player who never won a major.
Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runners-up)
Grand Slam tournament performance timeline
Singles
Grand Prix, WCT, and Grand Slam finals
Singles: 51 (25 titles, 26 runner-ups)
Doubles (54 titles, 41 runner-ups)
Davis Cup
Gottfried was 7–7 in Davis Cup play for the US between 1975 and 1982 and won it twice (in 1978 and 1982).
Halls of Fame & awards
Gottfried won the 1974 and 1975 ATP Doubles Team of the Year Award with partner Raúl Ramírez.
He won the 1976 ATP Most Improved Player Award.
He won the ATP Sportsmanship award in 1984.
Gottfried was inducted into the Intercollegiate Tennis Association's Intercollegiate Tennis Hall of Fame in 1990.
Gottfried, who is Jewish, was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1999.
Life after playing career
Gottfried now lives in Sarasota, Florida. In 2007 Gottfried joined the coaching staff at the Harold Solomon Tennis Institute in Fort Lauderdale.
In 2010, Gottfried coached with the Bollettieri Tennis Program at the IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida.
He was elected to the ATP Player Council in 2012 as an alumni representative.
In 2015, he joined the coaching staff at the Bolles School
His younger brother, Larry was also a tennis player.
See also
List of select Jewish tennis players
References
External links
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish tennis players
Sportspeople from Baltimore
People from Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
Tennis people from Maryland
Trinity Tigers men's tennis players
Wimbledon champions
American people of German-Jewish descent
1952 births
Living people
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Piper High School (Florida) alumni
21st-century American Jews |
4024678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Great%20Challenge%20in%20a%20Dull%20World | The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World | The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World is a 1990 album by New Zealand pianist Peter Jefferies. It was originally released on the Xpressway label, and reissued in 1992 and 1995 by Ajax Records. The reissue was remastered by Jefferies, and also contained tracks from the "Fate of the Human Carbine" 7", which he recorded with guitarist Robbie Muir. "The Fate of the Human Carbine" was later covered by American singer-songwriter Cat Power on her 1996 album What Would the Community Think. In 2013, the album was re-issued through De Stijl and included "The Fate of the Human Carbine"/"Catapult" 7-inch single with the vinyl edition.
Accolades
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Kathy Bull – bass guitar on "Chain or Reaction"
Peter Jefferies – vocals, piano, drums, percussion, production, mixing, mastering, engineering
David Mitchell – guitar on "Chain or Reaction", "The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World" and "The Other Side of Reason"
Michael Morley – backwards vocals on "The House of Weariness"
Bruce Russell – guitar on "Guided Tour of a Well Known Street", "The House of Weariness" and "Cold View", vocals on "The House of Weariness"
Robbie Yeats – drums on "Guided Tour of a Well Known Street"
Production and additional personnel
Alastair Galbraith – mixing, guitar on "While I've Been Waiting", violin on "Listening In"
Stephen Kilroy – mixing on "The Fate of the Human Carbine" and "Catapult"
Barry McConnachie – mastering
Robbie Muir – guitar and mixing on "The Fate of the Human Carbine" and "Catapult"
Nigel Taylor – mixing, percussion on "Domestica", piano on "The House of Weariness"
References
External links
1990 albums
Peter Jefferies albums |
4024681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington%20Airport%20%28Delaware%29 | Wilmington Airport (Delaware) | Wilmington Airport (commonly known as New Castle Airport, New Castle County Airport, Wilmington-New Castle Airport, or to a lesser extent Wilmington/Philadelphia Regional Airport and formerly Greater Wilmington Airport) is an airport located in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware, near Wilmington, Delaware. Owned by New Castle County and operated under contract by the Delaware River and Bay Authority, it is five miles (8 km) south of Wilmington and about 30 miles (50 km) from Philadelphia. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.
Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 642 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2011 and 1,064 passenger boardings in 2012. Thanks to the inauguration of service by Frontier Airlines, 2013 enplanements increased to 52,456, though Frontier ceased its Delaware service in 2015. Frontier resumed service to Wilmington in February 2021 and in November it was announced that the airport had surpassed 10,000 commercial passengers, upgrading the airport to a Primary Commercial Service Airport.
History
The airport opened before World War II, named the Wilmington Airport and the Greater Wilmington Airport. The facility was taken over by the United States Army Air Forces during the war. Under USAAF control, the airport became New Castle Army Air Base. Its mission was to facilitate the movement of aircraft to the British and other Allies. Members of the historic Women Air Service Pilots (WASP) served as test and ferry pilots and towed targets for student gunners. There is a statue today at the airport that honors the women of the WASP that served their country in the time of need.
After the war ended, control of the airport was returned to civil authorities. A joint-use agreement was made between the United States Air Force and New Castle County authorities for a portion of the airport being retained for an Air National Guard Base. Trans World Airlines (TWA) operated a large overhaul base for its overseas planes at the airport until 1957 when the airline moved it to the Kansas City Overhaul Base which became the basis for today's Kansas City International Airport.
Delaware's first airline flights were operated by TWA and American Airlines at Wilmington in late 1947.
By 1967, Eastern Airlines was operating Douglas DC-9 jet service into the airport with nonstops to New York Newark Airport, Philadelphia Airport, and Washington D.C. National Airport as well as direct flights to Atlanta and Charlotte.
Allegheny Airlines also served Wilmington. In 1968, AL had four daily departures using their F-27s nonstop to Philadelphia, Washington's National Airport, Atlantic City, and Trenton. In 1969, Allegheny no longer flew F-27s and changed the four departures to Convair 580 prop-jets with two to DCA, one to PHL, and one to ACY.
United Airlines, while on a campaign to serve all 50 states, began service to Wilmington in 1984 with one-stop jet flights to Chicago. Service continued through 1987.
Famed aviator, Charles Lindbergh made a trip from Atlantic City, New Jersey to Wilmington, Delaware on October 21st, 1927 as part of his triumphant tour of America after his solo trip across the Atlantic Ocean.
1990s to present
During four periods since 1990, Delaware has been the only U.S. state without any scheduled airline flights: from 1993 through 1998, again from 2000 to 2006, from April 2008 until June 30, 2013, and between April 2015 and February 2021.
USAir Express carrier Crown Airways provided scheduled service to Parkersburg, West Virginia, briefly beginning in 1992 before its sale to Mesa Airlines in 1994..
In the late 1990s, the county leased the debt-stricken airport to the bi-state Delaware River and Bay Authority (DRBA), operators of the Delaware Memorial Bridge, on a thirty-year lease with the provision that the DRBA may seek up to two additional thirty-year leases. Since taking over operations, the DRBA made the airport profitable, upgraded many aging buildings, and built numerous new buildings and facilities on the property.
Shuttle America offered scheduled flights out of Wilmington from the airline's founding in November 1998 until February 2000. They flew to Hartford, Buffalo, and Norfolk with 50-seat de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8-300 turboprops. Shuttle America would eventually discontinue its independent operations and become a commuter affiliate of United Express and Delta Connection.
On June 29, 2006, a Delta Air Lines regional airline affiliate began flights from Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to New Castle Airport, the first airline service in six years. Delta Connection carrier Atlantic Southeast Airlines flew 50-seat Canadair CRJ regional jets on two daily roundtrip flights. Delta Air Lines ended the Wilmington flights on September 6, 2007, leaving Delaware without any airline service.
On March 8, 2008, Skybus Airlines began Airbus A319 jet flights from Columbus, Ohio and Greensboro, North Carolina, to Wilmington. Skybus ceased all operations effective April 4, 2008, once again leaving New Castle Airport without any airline service. As of August 4, 2010, Avis Rent a Car System, LLC, Budget Rent A Car System, Inc., and Cafe Bama were the only tenants in the Main Terminal.
On July 1, 2013, Frontier began their Airbus A320 jet service at Wilmington, initially with flights to Denver, Chicago-Midway Houston-Hobby, Orlando, and Tampa. On June 26, 2013, Frontier announced nonstop jet service to Fort Myers would begin November 16. In June 2015, Frontier Airlines announced that it was ending all service from Wilmington because it was not a profitable operation. Service had actually stopped in April 2015, but at that time, Frontier claimed it was just a seasonal suspension of service.
On January 24, 2020, it was announced that Frontier Airlines has decided to restart service out of Wilmington. The start date was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontier Airlines service between Wilmington and Orlando restarted on February 11, 2021, but will end once again on June 6, 2022.
The airport is used by President Joe Biden when he travels home from Washington, D.C.
Facilities
The airport covers 1,250 acres (506 ha) at an elevation of 80 feet (24 m). It has three asphalt runways: 9/27 is 7,275 by 150 feet (2,217 x 46 m); 1/19 is 7,012 by 150 feet (2,137 x 46 m); 14/32 is 4,602 by 150 feet (1,403 x 46 m).
In the year ending November 30, 2019, the airport had 48,024 aircraft operations, average 131 per day: 82% general aviation, 11% military, 7% air taxi, and <1% airline. 219 aircraft were then based at the airport: 94 single-engine, 74 jet, 26 multi-engine, 20 military, and 5 helicopter.
ARFF is supported via Delaware Air National Guard Fire Department Station 33.
See also
List of airports in Delaware
References
External links
Official sites: FlyWilmILG.com and NewCastleAirportILG.com
at Delaware DOT website
Fixed-base operators (FBOs): Hawker Beechcraft Services, Aero-Taxi, AeroWays, Dassault Aircraft Services, Atlantic Aviation
Aerial image as of March 1992 from USGS The National Map
Airports in Delaware
Delaware River and Bay Authority facilities
Transportation buildings and structures in New Castle County, Delaware
Wilmington, Delaware |
4024683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeewa%20Weerasinghe | Sanjeewa Weerasinghe | Colombage Don Udesh Sanjeewa Weerasinghe (born March 1, 1968 in Colombo), or Sanjeewa Weerasinghe, is a Sri Lankan Australian former cricketer who played in one Test in 1985.
He was picked up in Sri Lanka test squad as a schoolboy cricketer. He made his test debut against India at the P. Sara Oval in September 1985 which also historically marked Sri Lanka's first ever test win. It also remained as the first and last (only) international appearance for Sanjeewa.
Sanjeewa was educated at Isipathana College. He was the youngest test player to represent Sri Lanka at the age of 17 years and 269 days. He currently resides in Australia.
In February 2020, he was one of the Sri Lankan players to have played in a charity Bush Fire T20 match in Australia.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
1968 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia
Alumni of Isipathana College |
4024685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Pigott | Richard Pigott | Richard Pigott (1835—1 March 1889) was an Irish journalist, best known for his forging of evidence that Charles Stewart Parnell of the Irish Land League had been involved in the murders of senior British government representatives. Parnell successfully sued for libel and Pigott shot himself.
Journalist
Pigott was born in Ratoath, County Meath. As a young man he supported Irish nationalism and worked on the Nation and the Tablet before acting as manager of The Irishman, a newspaper founded by Denis Holland. James O'Connor later claimed Pigott embezzled funds from the paper (Holland, who had no business sense, left its affairs to Pigott) and covered his tracks by not keeping written records. Pigott also worked for the Land League, departing in 1883 after accusing its treasurer, Mr Fagan, of being unable to account for £100,000 of its funds (), and for keeping inadequate records. Nothing was done about his accusation, which was publicised in the newspapers, and he turned against the League, which was allied to several Irish nationalist groups including the Irish Parliamentary Party led by Charles Stewart Parnell.
The forgeries
In 1879 Pigott was proprietor of three newspapers, which he soon sold to the Irish Land League, of which Charles Stewart Parnell was president. Hitherto a violent Nationalist, from 1884 Pigott began to vilify his former associates and to sell information to their political opponents. In an effort to destroy Parnell's career, Pigott produced fake letters, which purported that Parnell had supported one of the Phoenix Park murders.
The Times bought Pigott's forgeries for £1,780 () and published the most damning letter on 18 April 1887. Parnell immediately denounced it as "a villainous and barefaced forgery". In February 1889, the Parnell Commission vindicated him by proving that the letters were forgeries. They included misspellings (specifically '') which Pigott had written elsewhere. A libel action instituted by Parnell also vindicated him, and his parliamentary career survived the Pigott accusations.
The Commission eventually produced 37 volumes in evidence, covering not just the forgeries but also the surrounding violence that followed from the Plan of Campaign.
After admitting his forgeries to Henry Labouchère, Pigott fled to Spain, and shot himself in a Madrid hotel room. Parnell then sued The Times for libel, and the newspaper paid him £5,000 () in an out-of-court settlement, as well as considerably more in legal fees. When Parnell next entered the House of Commons, he received a hero's reception from his fellow Members of Parliament.
Publications
References
1838 births
1889 deaths
19th-century journalists
19th-century male writers
Forgers
Irish journalists
Irish newspaper editors
Male journalists
People from County Meath
Suicides by firearm in Spain
1880s suicides
19th-century Irish businesspeople |
4024686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner%20Zieschang | Heiner Zieschang | Heiner Zieschang (12 November 1936 in Kiel – 5 April 2004 in Bochum) was a German mathematician. He was a professor at Ruhr University in Bochum from 1968 till 2002. He was a topologist. In 1996 he was an honorary doctor of University of Toulouse and in 1997 he was an honorary professor of Moscow State University.
Literature
Heiner Zieschang: Flächen und ebene diskontinuierliche Gruppen. Berlin 1970,
Heiner Zieschang: On decompositions of discontinuous groups of the plane. Math. Zeit. 151 (1976), 165-188
Heiner Zieschang; Elmar Vogt; Hans-Dieter Coldewey: Surfaces and planar discontinuous groups, Berlin 1980
Heiner Zieschang: Finite groups of mapping classes of surfaces. Berlin 1981,
Gerhard Burde; Heiner Zieschang: Knots, Berlin [u.a.] 1985 ;
Ralph Stöcker; Heiner Zischang: Algebraische Topologie. Teubner, Stuttgart 1988,
Heiner Zieschang: Lineare Algebra und Geometrie. Stuttgart 1997,
Boto v. Querenburg: Mengentheoretische Topologie. 3. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2001,
References
External links
Ruhr-Universität trauert um Prof. Heiner Zieschang
Heiner Zieschang – his life and work
Zieschang Gedenkschrift, G&T Monograph dedicated to Heiner Zieschang
1936 births
2004 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
21st-century German mathematicians
Scientists from Kiel
Topologists |
4024694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance%20for%20Telecommunications%20Industry%20Solutions | Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions | The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) is a standards organization that develops technical and operational standards and solutions for the ICT industry, headquartered in Washington, D.C. The organization is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is the North American Organizational Partner for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a founding Partner of the oneM2M global initiative, a member of and major U.S. contributor to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), as well as a member of the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL).
ATIS has 150 member companies, including various telecommunications service providers, equipment manufacturers, and vendors. The organization encompasses numerous industry committees and fora, which discuss, evaluate, and author guidelines concerning such topics as 5G, cybersecurity, network reliability, technological interoperability, emergency services, billing, M2M, the all IP transition, and network function virtualization.
References
Standards organizations in the United States
Telecommunications organizations
Telecommunication industry |
4024695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20use%2C%20land-use%20change%2C%20and%20forestry | Land use, land-use change, and forestry | Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF), also referred to as Forestry and other land use (FOLU), is defined by the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat as a "greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities."
LULUCF has impacts on the global carbon cycle and as such, these activities can add or remove carbon dioxide (or, more generally, carbon) from the atmosphere, influencing climate. LULUCF has been the subject of two major reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), but is difficult to measure. Additionally, land use is of critical importance for biodiversity.
Climate impacts
Land-use change can be a factor in CO2 (carbon dioxide) atmospheric concentration, and is thus a contributor to global climate change. IPCC estimates that land-use change (e.g. conversion of forest into agricultural land) contributes a net 1.6 ± 0.8 Gt carbon per year to the atmosphere. For comparison, the major source of CO2, namely emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production, amount to 6.3 ± 0.6 Gt carbon per year.
In 2021 the Global Carbon Project estimated annual land-use change emissions were 4.1 ± 2.6 Gt CO2 (CO2 not carbon: 1 Gt carbon = 3.67 Gt CO2 ) for 2011-2020.
This decision sets out the rules that govern how Kyoto Parties with emission reduction commitments (so-called Annex 1 Parties) account for changes in carbon stocks in land use, land-use change and forestry. It is mandatory for Annex 1 Parties to account for changes in carbons stocks resulting from deforestation, reforestation and afforestation (B Article 3.3) and voluntary to account for emissions from forest management, cropland management, grazing land management and revegetation (B. Article 3.4).
The land-use sector is critical to achieving the aim of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to .
The impact of land-use change on the climate is also more and more recognized by the climate modeling community. On regional or local scales, the impact of LUC can be assessed by Regional climate models (RCMs). This is however difficult, particularly for variables, which are inherently noisy, such as precipitation. For this reason, it is suggested to conduct RCM ensemble simulations.
Extents and mapping
A 2021 study estimated, with higher resolution data, that land-use change has affected 17 % of land in 1960-2019, or when considering multiple change events 32 %, "around four times" previous estimates. They also investigate its drivers, identifying global trade affecting agriculture as a main driver.
Forest modeling
Traditionally, earth system modeling has been used to analyze forests for climate projections. However, in recent years there has been a shift away from this modeling towards more of mitigation and adaptation projections. These projections can give researchers a better understanding of what future forest management practices should be employed. Furthermore, this new approach to modeling also allows for land management practices to be analyzed in the model. Such land management practices can be: forest harvest, tree species selection, grazing, and crop harvest. These land management practices are implemented to understand their biophysical and biogeochemical effects on the forest. However, there is a major lack of available data for these practices currently, so there needs to be further monitoring and data collecting to help improve the accuracy of the models.
See also
Agricultural expansion
Deforestation and climate change
Land use
Satoyama
Special Report on Climate Change and Land
References
External links
Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) at UNFCCC
IPCC Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
Biodiversity
Climate change and the environment
Environmental issues with forests
Land use |
4024697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan%20Jurangpathy | Roshan Jurangpathy | Baba Roshan Jurangpathy (born 25 June 1967) is a Sri Lankan former Test cricketer. He played his debut Test against India in 1985 at Asgiriya Stadium. India's Mohinder Amarnath was his only Test wicket. He played in only two Test matches, and finished his career with a batting average of 0.25.
References
External links
1967 births
Colombo Cricket Club cricketers
Living people
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan Malays
Sri Lanka Test cricketers |
4024698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank%20Pfister | Hank Pfister | Hank Pfister (born October 9, 1953) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won two singles titles (1981, Maui and 1982, Newport) during his professional career. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on May 2, 1983, when he became World No. 19.
Being tall of stature, sturdy of build and possessing a very fast serve, his style was highlighted by use of the serve and volley game.
Career finals
Doubles (11 wins, 16 losses)
Singles (2 wins)
External links
1953 births
Living people
American people of German descent
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Sportspeople from Bakersfield, California
San Jose State Spartans men's tennis players
Tennis people from California
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Tennis players at the 1975 Pan American Games |
4024701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayananda%20Warnaweera | Jayananda Warnaweera | Kahakatchchi Patabandige Jayananda Warnaweera (born 23 November 1960) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 10 Test matches and six One Day Internationals from 1986 to 1994.
Cricket career
Warnaweera made his international debut in Pakistan's 1986 tour of Sri Lanka, playing in the first test at Kandy. His first and only wicket was Ramiz Raja, as he finished with 1/26 in Pakistan's sole innings. The 1990 domestic first class season was a particularly good one for Warnaweera; playing for Galle, he led the wicket-taking tables with 71 - 28 more than any other bowler - in the Lakspray Trophy, at an average of just 13.47 each. He also achieved his career best figures in first class cricket during the course of this season, with 13/147 in the match against Burgher Recreation Club, and 7/16 in the second innings of the match against Air Force.
Following his leading performance in domestic cricket in 1990, his second test appearance came in November 1990, when he was part of the Sri Lankan side which travelled to India. In the only test, he bowled a marathon 46 overs in India's innings, taking 3/90 with no fewer than 17 maidens. Later the same season, he was part of the Sri Lankan side for the first test against New Zealand, but was unsuccessful, finishing with match figures of 0/89, and did not play in the other two tests. He was recalled to the side later that year, playing both test matches in New Zealand's tour of Sri Lanka, and was the series' leading wicket taker, with 9 at an average of 23.22 each. He took 8 wickets in England's sole test in Sri Lanka in March 1993, playing a significant role in Sri Lanka's victory.
He played in all three test matches in the July/ August 1993 Indian tour of Sri Lanka. After the first test was washed out, he took 6/248 in the other two matches, also achieving his test high score of 20 in the second test in Colombo. His final international appearance came in August 1994, against Pakistan, and took 3 wickets in the first innings, and two more in the second innings.
After retirement
Warnaweera served as the chief curator of the Galle International Cricket Stadium, until suspended for three years by the ICC for failing to cooperate with the Anti-Corruption Unit (ACU) in an investigation.
References
1960 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Jayananda Warnaweera
Alumni of Mahinda College
Ruhuna cricketers
Cricketers from Galle |
4024702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinny%20pig | Skinny pig | The Skinny pig or skinny is an almost hairless strain of guinea pig. Skinny pigs typically have hair on their muzzles, feet, and legs, but are hairless over the remainder of their bodies. Some of them have a thin covering of fuzzy hair on their backs as well. The Skinny pig is not one of the 13 recognized cavy breeds by the American Cavy Breeders Association. A healthy skinny has skin that is mostly smooth, with some wrinkling around the legs and neck. The body is full with no appearance of spine or ribs. Skinnies can come in a variety of skin colors and patterns, including "Dutch", "Brindle", and "Himalayan". The term "skinny" is used for hairless guinea pigs either because it colloquially refers to the exposed skin of the animal, or because it describes their thinner appearance due to their lack of hair.
The modern strain of skinny pig originated from a cross between haired guinea pigs and a hairless lab strain. The hairless strain that it is most likely related to was a spontaneous genetic mutation that was first identified at Montreal's Armand Frappier Institute in 1978, in a colony of Hartley lab guinea pigs. In 1982 they were sent to Charles River Laboratories to be bred for laboratory use and are commonly used in dermatology studies today. They are an outbred strain that has an intact thymus and standard immune system.
Unique traits
Hairless guinea pigs are not significantly different physiologically from regular haired guinea pigs, although they need to eat more to maintain body heat. The optimal temperature range for a hairless guinea pig is , which is slightly higher than the optimal temperature range for the haired guinea pig.
Their sensitive skin has very much the same appearance as human skin, but has the same needs as normal guinea pig skin. Exposed skin is vulnerable to sunburn, other injuries and fungal infections unless precautions are taken. Skinny pigs gave also been found to have an increased risk of some eye diseases when compared to haired guinea pigs. Skinny pigs should be housed indoors, and they are usually kept with nesting materials such as a blanket or cloth bag for heat conservation. The breeding protocol for Skinny pigs requires outcrossing to haired carriers at least every other generation. This is an important step in the breeding process, which makes them a poor choice for novice breeders. Skinny pigs are born nearly hairless and must maintain the same level of hair through their life.
"Werewolf" is a slang term for skinny pigs with more hair than usual, extending up over the face and onto the neck and shoulders. Extremely hairy werewolf skinny pigs will have hair all the way down to their rump. Werewolves typically gain and lose fur based on hormone levels, especially hormones related to pregnancy.
The gene causing hairlessness in skinny pigs is a recessive gene, and breeding two skinny pigs together will always result in all offspring being skinny pigs. Breeding a skinny pig to a standard haired guinea pig will result in offspring that all carry one copy of the gene, but none will express hairlessness. These offspring are generally called skinny carriers. Breeding two skinny carriers together will result in averages of 25% of offspring being skinny pigs, 50% of offspring being skinny carriers and 25% of offspring being regular haired guinea pigs that do not carry the gene. Since the chance of getting a skinny pig is low, and because it is not possible to visually tell the difference between a haired guinea pig that does carry the gene and one that does not, this method of breeding is not recommended.
Haired skinny carriers remain haired their entire life and look like a normal guinea pig despite carrying the hairless gene.
There is a second type of hairless guinea pig called the Baldwin guinea pig, however its hairlessness is the result of a completely different recessive gene. Breeding a skinny pig with a Baldwin guinea pig will result in offspring that all are haired and carry one copy of the gene for skinny pig hairlessness and one copy of the gene for Baldwin hairlessness.
Even though the skinny is a relatively new breed among pet owners and cavy fanciers, it is gaining popularity in Canada, Europe, Scandinavia, and Russia as well as in the United States where it was introduced into the pet trade in the mid-to-late 1990s.
See also
Nude mouse
Naked mole rat
List of guinea pig breeds
Baldwin guinea pig
References
External links
Information about caring for skinnies, and links to additional sources at Guinea Lynx Records
Guinea pigs |
4024705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffa%20Fort | Riffa Fort | Riffa Fort () is a fort in Riffa, Bahrain.
History
It was built during the reign of Sheikh Salman bin Ahmed Al Fateh Al Khalifa in 1812. In the 19th century the fort was a residence for Sheikh Salman bin Ahmed Al Fateh and then it was inherited by his grand children. Riffa Fort is now known as Sheikh Salman bin Ahmed Fort and offers a splendid view across the Hunanaiya valley. With Riffa being home to the seat of government until 1869, this fort is of considerable historical significance.
Sheikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa, who ruled Bahrain from 1869 to 1932, was born in this fort. His house in Muharraq provides a glimpse of royal life in the 19th century, complete with architecture and wall carvings belonging to that era. It is also one of the best places to feel the effects of the wind tower.
It was officially opened for visitors in 1993.
See also
List of archaeological sites in Bahrain
References
Forts in Bahrain
Archaeological sites in Bahrain
1812 establishments in Asia
Riffa |
4024712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala%20Kuruppuarachchi | Kosala Kuruppuarachchi | Ajith Kosala Kuruppuarachchi (born 1 November 1964, Colombo) is a Sri Lankan Australian former cricketer who played in two Tests from 1986 to 1987.
On his debut on 14 March 1986, he took five wickets in the first innings against Pakistan in Colombo, including a wicket with his third delivery. With that, Sri Lanka beat Pakistan in a Test for the first time, where Kuruppuarachchi took a major part in both bat and ball.
International record
Test 5 Wicket hauls
References
Sources
Hook, R. (1987) "Sri Lanka Profiles", Australian Cricket 1987-88 Guide, ed. Mengel, N.
1964 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia |
4024713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDM-to-packet%20conversion | TDM-to-packet conversion | TDM-to-packet conversion is the process of converting a digital signal in TDM format (typically a 64 Kbit/second signal encoded with mu-law or A-law compression) into packets (typically RTP packets) for carrying over a packet network such as the Internet.
The conversion process may include recoding with a different codec, silence suppression, comfort noise generation and other tricks that can decrease the bandwidth requirement or improve the perceived voice quality of the result.
Note that this is a conversion of the signal, not a tunnelling, unlike TDM over IP, which aims at transporting a TDM signal unchanged across an IP network.
See also Voice over IP.
References
PCMag encyclopedia of IT terms
TDM to packet conversion on STM-1 level
Multiplexing |
4024714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Anurasiri | Don Anurasiri | Sangarange Don Anurasiri (born 25 February 1966, Panadura) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 18 Tests and 45 ODIs from 1986 to 1998. He was a left-arm orthodox spinner who spent his career in and out of the national side. Post-retirement, he spent many years as a member of Sri Lanka's national cricket selection committee.
International career
He made his Test debut aged just 20 in a match against Pakistan at Colombo on 14 March 1986. He only bowled four overs in the Test as Sri Lanka caused an upset with an eight-wicket victory. He never took a five wicket haul in his 18 Tests but was often successful for Sri Lanka in containing batsman especially on unresponsive wickets. His best series came against the touring Australians in 1992-93 when he took 10 wickets.
After some conflict with the Sri Lankan Cricket Board in 1994 it seemed that his international career was over but he made a comeback in 1997-98 against Zimbabwe. He partnered Muttiah Muralitharan and took 3 for 65 and 1 for 41 in a winning cause. Three first class games later he ended his cricket career.
References
External links
Sri Lankan cricketers
1966 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
Basnahira South cricketers
Panadura Sports Club cricketers
People from Panadura |
4024722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry%20Maulnier | Thierry Maulnier | Thierry Maulnier (born Jacques Talagrand; 1 October 1909, Alès – 9 January 1988, Marnes-la-Coquette) was a French journalist, essayist, dramatist, and literary critic. He was married to theatre director Marcelle Tassencourt.
Early years
A graduate of the École Normale Supérieure in the same class as Roger Vailland, Robert Brasillach, and Maurice Bardèche. While still a student, Maulnier became active in the integralist Action Française, and published in Charles Maurras' newspaper (L'Action française). He made a career in journalism and took part in the movement of the Non-conformists of the 1930s, inspired by the personalist generation of young intellectuals who shared some of the ideals of the Action Française, holding right-wing beliefs as an answer to a "crisis of civilization" and materialism. He also campaigned against democracy and capitalism, advocating a union of the right and left to overthrow the two. Thierry Maulnier associated with youth periodicals such as Réaction, La Revue du Siècle, and La Revue française; he also wrote his first volume, La crise est dans l'homme ("Crisis Is in Man").
In 1934, he authored, with Jean-Pierre Maxence, the manifesto Demain la France ("Tomorrow, France"). Maxence and Maulnier also founded the weekly L'Insurgé in 1936 lasting only a few months, the magazine circulated nationalist tenets, reviewed in Maulnier's 1938 essay Au-delà du nationalisme ("Beyond Nationalism"). At the same time, he joined Jean de Fabrègues in the creation of a more analytical paper, Combat, one which would be published until France's defeat in World War II.
World War II and after
A regular contributor to L'Action française since 1938, Maulnier continued to publish after Nazi Germany's occupation of France (from 1940); he also started writing for Le Figaro. He ceased writing for the paper after the start of Operation Torch in 1942, and remained a journalist for Le Figaro from 1945 until his death.
With the beginning of the Fourth Republic, Maulnier no longer engaged in politics. He wrote plays (La Course des rois - 1947; Le Profanateur - 1950, La Ville au fond de la mer - 1953, Le Soir du conquérant - 1970) and essays (Violence et conscience - 1945, La Face de méduse du communisme - 1952, L'Europe a fait le monde - 1966, Le Sens des mots - 1976, Les Vaches sacrées - 1977), but also commented on social themes (with Maulnier as a staunch Pro-European).
In 1964, he was elected to the Académie française in place of the deceased Henry Bordeaux. In 1986 he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.
Works
La crise est dans l'homme (1932)
Nietzsche (1933)
Racine (1934)
Miracle de la Monarchie (1935)
Mythes socialistes (1938)
Au-delà du nationalisme (1938)
Introduction à la poésie française (1939)
La France, la guerre et la paix (1942, Lyon)
Violence et conscience (1945)
Langages (1946)
Jeanne et ses juges (1952)
Le Sexe et le néant, directed by Marcelle Tassencourt, Théâtre de l'Athénée (1960)
Cette Grèce où nous sommes nés (1964)
La Défaite d'hannibal, followed by La ville au fond de la mer, Gallimard (1968)
Dialogue inattendu, with Jean Elleinstein, Flammarion (1979)
Theatre
1944: Antigone by Robert Garnier, Théâtre Charles de Rochefort, Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier
References
1909 births
1988 deaths
People from Alès
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French literary critics
French monarchists
French political writers
Writers from Occitania (administrative region)
People affiliated with Action Française
French anti-communists
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Members of the Académie Française
20th-century French essayists
20th-century French journalists
Le Figaro people |
4024725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushik%20Amalean | Kaushik Amalean | Kaushik Naginda Amalean (born 7 April 1965 Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 2 Tests and 8 ODIs from 1986 to 1988.
External links
Kaushik Amalean at Cricinfo
Kaushik Amalean at CricketArchive
1965 births
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia |
4024726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Stevens | Dan Stevens | Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series Downton Abbey (2010–2012). He also starred as David in the thriller film The Guest (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast (2017), Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama Marshall (2017), Charles Dickens in the biographical drama The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) and Russian Eurovision singer Alexander Lemtov in Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga (2020). From 2017 to 2019, he starred as David Haller in the FX series Legion. In 2018, he starred in the Netflix horror-thriller Apostle.
Early life
Stevens was adopted at birth by parents who were both teachers, and grew up in Wales and southeast England. He has a biological younger brother, Jason Andrew Stevens, b. 1984, who was adopted by different parents. Stevens boarded on a scholarship at Tonbridge School, an independent school in Kent. There he became interested in drama after auditioning for the title role in Macbeth with his teacher, novelist Jonathan Smith. From the age of 15, he spent his summers training and performing with the National Youth Theatre in London.
Stevens studied English Literature at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge, he was a member of the Footlights with Stefan Golaszewski, Tim Key and Mark Watson, and was also active in the Marlowe Society. He was first spotted by director Peter Hall at a Marlowe Society production of Macbeth, in which he played the title character alongside Hall's daughter, Rebecca Hall.
Career
In 2004, Stevens began his professional acting career when Peter Hall cast him as Orlando in his touring production of Shakespeare's As You Like It. The tour took the production to the Rose Theatre in Kingston upon Thames, the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York City, the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, and the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles. His debut performance earned him glowing reviews from prominent critics in Britain and the United States, as well as a commendation at the 2004 Ian Charleson Awards.
In 2006, Stevens starred as Nick Guest in the BBC adaptation of Alan Hollinghurst's Booker Prize-winning novel The Line of Beauty. Later that year, he played Simon Bliss in Hay Fever by Noël Coward at London's Haymarket Theatre, alongside Peter Bowles and Dame Judi Dench; the director was Peter Hall. He also performed as Lord Holmwood in an adaptation of Dracula for the BBC, and as Basil Brookes in the BBC Emmy Award-winning film, Maxwell. That same year, he was named one of Screen International's 2006 Stars Of Tomorrow.
In 2008, Stevens appeared in the BBC adaptation of Jane Austen's novel, Sense & Sensibility, playing Edward Ferrars, and the West End revival of Noël Coward's The Vortex. In January 2009, he appeared on New Year's Day in Agatha Christie's Marple: Nemesis on ITV1 in Britain. He also appeared in an adaptation of The Turn of the Screw featuring future Downton Abbey costar Michelle Dockery. In June 2009, he returned to the West End, playing Septimus Hodge in an acclaimed revival of Tom Stoppard's Arcadia at the Duke of York's Theatre.
In 2010, Stevens got his biggest break when he was cast as Matthew Crawley in the ITV series Downton Abbey, created and written by Oscar-winning screenwriter Julian Fellowes. The series went on to be a global sensation and has been nominated for several Emmy, BAFTA, Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards since its debut. The central love story of Matthew Crawley and his distant cousin, Lady Mary Crawley, played by Michelle Dockery, was enormously popular. Determined to move on with his career, Stevens chose to leave the series after finishing the third season and the Christmas Special in 2012. His exit caused a huge uproar with fans, who notably took to Twitter and other social media sites to express their anger at the character's death.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/downton-hit-storm-matthew-death-article-1.1267226| title=Downton Abbey' team tries to reassure fans after criticism over death of Dan Stevens' Matthew Crawley | work=NY Daily News | date=19 February 2013}}</ref> Fellowes later explained that Stevens did not give sufficient notice for a less drastic departure.
In November 2011, Stevens guest-hosted an episode of Have I Got News for You. In March 2012, he completed shooting Vamps, the latest film from Amy Heckerling, and Summer in February, an Edwardian romance film set in an artist colony. Also in 2012, Stevens moved with his family to New York City, when he made his Broadway debut that year opposite Jessica Chastain and David Strathairn in The Heiress.
In 2014, Stevens starred in the independent film The Guest, winning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a recently discharged army veteran who goes on a killing spree to protect his true identity. He earned a Saturn Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance. Also in 2014, he appeared in the magic realism comedy-drama film The Cobbler, and in the dark action film A Walk Among the Tombstones. He played a simulacrum of Sir Lancelot in the 2014 comedy film Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb.
In February 2016, Stevens was cast in the lead role of David Charles Haller in the FX series Legion, an X-Men-related drama created by Noah Hawley. The series began airing in February 2017 and received critical acclaim; a second season aired the next year, and Legion was renewed for a third season in June 2018.
In 2017, Stevens lent his voice as the Beast, opposite Emma Watson as Belle, in Disney's live-action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, directed by Bill Condon. The film was released in March 2017 to positive reviews, and earned over $1.2 billion in worldwide box office revenue, making it the highest-grossing live-action musical film, the second highest-grossing film of 2017, and the 17th highest-grossing film of all time. At the same year, he appeared in Marshall with Chadwick Boseman, Josh Gad and Kate Hudson, and The Man Who Invented Christmas, directed by Bharat Nalluri, and co-starring Christopher Plummer and Jonathan Pryce.
In 2018, Stevens starred in the Netflix thriller film Apostle, directed by Gareth Huw Evans. In 2019, Stevens co-starred in the drama Lucy in the Sky, released in September 2019. It co-stars Natalie Portman and Jon Hamm, and is directed by Legion creator, Noah Hawley.
In 2020, Stevens co-starred alongside Harrison Ford in The Call of the Wild, released on 21 February 2020. The film is based on the American classic novel by Jack London. He also returned to Broadway to star in Martin McDonagh's dark comedy Hangmen. The Atlantic Theater Company production co-starred Mark Addy and Ewen Bremner. Stevens played the pivotal role of Mooney. The production was to have a 20-week limited engagement at the Golden Theatre in Manhattan. Previews began on 29 February, however the production's run was suspended on 11 March, before it had officially opened, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 20 March the producers announced with regret that the production was closed permanently. All Broadway theatres were shut down soon afterwards. The same year, he appears as an "absurdly lascivious" Russian crooner in the Netflix musical comedy film Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga, co-starring with Will Ferrell and Rachel McAdams.
In 2021, Stevens played a robot in the German language sci-fi romance I'm Your Man, to critical acclaim.
Other work
Stevens has narrated over 30 audiobooks, including Casino Royale, Wolf Hall and War Horse. In 2014, he was nominated for two Audie Awards, in the Classic category and Solo Narration (Male) category for Frankenstein.
Outside acting, Stevens maintains an interest in writing and literature and is editor-at-large for The Junket, an online quarterly that he co-founded in 2011 with some friends. He was a member of the judging panel for the 2012 Man Booker Prize for Fiction, and was a regular columnist for the Sunday Telegraph.
A cricket enthusiast, he played for the Authors XI team, which is composed of a number of prominent British writers, in 2012. He also contributed a chapter to the team's book The Authors XI: A Season of English Cricket from Hackney to Hambledon'', which was shortlisted for the 2014 Cricket Society and M.C.C. Book of the Year Award.
Personal life
In 2009, Stevens married South African jazz singer and singing teacher Susie Stevens. They have three children. He is fluent in French and German.
Filmography
Film
Television
Other works
Stage
Audiobook narrator
Radio and audio drama
Podcasts
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
English adoptees
English male film actors
English male Shakespearean actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from Kent
Male actors from London
National Youth Theatre members
People educated at Tonbridge School
People from Croydon
Audiobook narrators |
4024727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Labrooy | Graeme Labrooy | Graeme Fredrick Labrooy (; born June 7, 1964, in Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in nine Tests and 44 ODIs from 1986 to 1992. He was the chairman of selectors for the national team and currently serves as an international match referee. His younger brother Wendell Labrooy is also a first-class cricketer and match referee. Labrooy holds the unique distinction of never playing any of his nine test matches at home. He had modelled his text book bowling action on Richard Hadlee and he was regarded as a huge fan of Hadlee.
Playing career
He pursued his education at Maris Stella College in Negombo. He played school cricket for Maris Stella College and captained the Maris Stella College cricket team. In 1981, he was part of the Sri Lankan school cricket team which toured England. In 1983, he was voted as the Best Outstation Schoolboy Cricketer of the Year and was also voted as best school all-rounder and best school bowler in the same year. He initially pursued his career as a spinner when he was in his mid 13s to 15s but later decided to become a seamer in his school cricket days.
A right-hand bat and right-arm fast medium bowler, Labrooy took 124 first class wickets at 33.56, but struggled in the international arena with averages in the mid-40s. He made his ODI debut on 27 November 1986 along with Hashan Tillakaratne against India during the 1986–87 Champions Trophy. A month later, he made his test debut against India on 17 December 1986 and batted as a tailender on debut while also recorded expensive bowling figures of 1/164. Together with his moderate batting ability, he enjoyed occasional all round success. During an ODI against Australia at the 1989 Benson & Hedges World Series, he became the first player ever to be dismissed on the very second ball faced by a batsman in an ODI innings after hitting a six off the first ball. In the same match against Australia, Max Walker who was the commentator for Channel Nine made a stir regarding his name by comparing his name with fellow Sri Lankan cricketers names which were relatively longer than Labrooy. He also became the first player to be dismissed with a batting strike rate of 300 in an ODI match. He took his maiden test five-wicket haul against Australia at The Gabba in Brisbane in 1989.
In a test match against New Zealand in 1991 at Auckland, he took seven wickets and batting at number 9 position he smacked 70 from just 80 deliveries taking only 89 minutes out of which 60 off those runs came in boundaries (hammering 12 fours and 2 sixes). It also turned out to be his last test match appearance for Sri Lanka. Due to political tension in Sri Lanka, his nine Test matches were sporadic and all played abroad. During his short test career, he established new ball partnership with Rumesh Ratnayake. He was part of the Sri Lankan squad at the 1992 Cricket World Cup, his maiden and only World Cup tournament and also the tournament incidentally marked his last international appearance for Sri Lanka.
He played one domestic season for Negombo Cricket Club and then represented Basnahira North and Colombo Cricket Club in domestic cricket from 1983 to 1991. He retired from professional cricket in 1992 after featuring in one domestic season for Galle Cricket Club.
Referee
After retirement, Labrooy became a board member of the Federation of International Cricketers' Associations, and served as an international referee. In 2010, he was appointed in the Asian regional match referee panel by the International Cricket Council. He had previously officiated as a match referee in Sri Lankan domestic cricket matches until 2009.
His first appearance at an ICC event as match referee came during the 2000 ICC Under-19 World Cup. He then went onto officiate as an international match referee at the 2012 ICC T20 World Cup, 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup, 2018 ICC Women's T20 World Cup, 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup and 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. His first official T20I as match referee came during a match between Canada and Afghanistan at the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. His first ODI as match referee came during a match between Scotland and Afghanistan at the ICC World Cricket League Championship in 2013.
He had also served as match referee in the Indian Premier League in 2013, 2014 and 2015 seasons and also in the inaugural edition of the Abu Dhabi T10 League. He also served as a match referee in the inaugural edition of the Lanka Premier League in 2020.
In January 2020, he was named as one of the three match referees for the 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup tournament in South Africa.
Selection committee
In 2005, he was appointed as the secretary of Sri Lanka Cricketers' Association (SLCA) and resigned from the position in 2011.
On 15 September 2017, Labrooy was appointed as the chief selector of the national team replacing Sanath Jayasuriya. He along with former selector, Asanka Gurusinha and three new persons included former national team manager Jeryl Woutersz, former Sri Lanka wicketkeeper Gamini Wickremasinghe, and former domestic Sri Lankan cricketer, Sajith Fernando were appointed in the selection committee. In 2018, he was appointed in a temporary seven member cricket advisory committee by the Sports ministry (with the intervention of the then sports minister Faizer Mustapha) which functioned until the Sri Lanka Cricket Elections. In June 2018, he was reappointed as the chief selector of national cricket team replacing Asanka Gurusinha. However, when he was reappointed as the chief selector of the team, concerns were raised over the conflict-of-interest whereas Labrooy was also serving as one of the match referees in the ICC elite panel. In November 2018, he was replaced by Ashantha de Mel as the chief selector.
Business
Labrooy had also worked for Brandix apparel industry and also for Finlays Insurance brokers.
References
External links
1964 births
Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy
Basnahira North cricketers
Burgher sportspeople
Cricketers from Colombo
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
Alumni of Maris Stella College
Colombo Cricket Club cricketers
Negombo Cricket Club cricketers
Galle Cricket Club cricketers
Cricket match referees
People from Western Province, Sri Lanka |
4024728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20in%20New%20Zealand%20television | 1989 in New Zealand television | This is a list of New Zealand television-related events in 1989.
Events
3 April – Network News at Six was reduced in duration from an hour to 30 minutes; Holmes premiered on TV One and screened at 6.30pm (right after Network News at Six); and the regional news programmes – Top Half (Auckland), Today Tonight (Wellington), The Mainland Touch (Christchurch) and The South Tonight (Dunedin) – were transferred to Network Two at 5.45pm.
3 April – New Zealand quiz show Sale of the Century premiered and screened weeknights at 7pm on Network Two (right after the Australian soap Neighbours). By the end of July, the show was transferred to TV One and Neighbours was moved to a 'double episode' format from 6.30-7.30pm.
August – Network Two was renamed as Channel 2. Despite the name being used as "Channel 2", it was seen on screen as just "Network Two" until October.
October – A new look for Channel 2 was unveiled.
6 November – Breakfast television – weekdays from 6.30am and weekends from 7am – was introduced to Channel 2 with an early morning news service called Breakfast News with Tom Bradley as anchor and Penelope Barr as weather presenter. Breakfast News initially aired as a half hour bulletin on Channel 2 at 7am, with a five-minute news and weather update at 8am, before switching to five-minute news and weather bulletins at 7am, 7.30am, 8am and 8.30am by January 1990. Cartoons, Sesame Street and British sitcom reruns were shown throughout the morning, although Sesame Street was still shown on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons until December 1989, and Aerobics Oz Style and the US soaps Santa Barbara and Days of Our Lives were transferred from TV One to Channel 2.
11 November – Saturday morning television was introduced to Channel 2 with a brand new wrapper programme called The Breakfast Club with Jason Gunn as host. What Now and other children's programmes on weekend mornings were transferred from TV One to Channel 2.
26 November – TV3 commenced broadcasting with a two-hour Grand Preview from 8pm.
27 November – TV3's regular programming began at 7am with The Early Bird Show and news updates on the half hour.
5 December – Australian soap Home and Away premiered in New Zealand with the series initially transmitting on TV3 in a double episode format on Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 7.30-8.30pm.
8 December – The final editions of Top Half (Auckland) and Today Tonight (Wellington) were broadcast on Channel 2 at 5.45pm.
Debuts
Domestic
13 February – After 2 (Network Two) (1989-1991)
13 February – 3:45 Live (Network Two) (1989-1990)
2 April – CV (Network Two) (1989)
3 April – Holmes (TV One) (1989-2004)
3 April – Sale of the Century (Network Two) (1989-1993)
5 April – Shark in the Park (TV One) (1989-1991)
13 April – Missing (TV One) (1989)
7 May – LIFE (Life in the Fridge Exists) (Network Two) (1989-1991)
12 June – The Mostly Useful Job Guide (Network Two) (1989)
18 June – Don't Tell Me (Network Two) (1989)
18 June – Strangers (Network Two) (1989)
9 July – The Shadow Trader (Network Two) (1989)
15 July – Space Knights (Network Two) (1989)
30 July – Hotshotz (Network Two) (1989)
10 September – Night of the Red Hunter (Network Two) (1989)
14 September – Ten Out of Ten (Network Two) (1989-1990)
30 September – Saturday Live (Network Two) (1989-1990)
8 October – The Champion (Channel 2) (1989)
30 October – Blind Date (Channel 2) (1989-1991)
11 November – The Breakfast Club (Channel 2) (1989-1991)
27 November – The Early Bird Show (TV3) (1989-1992)
27 November – LaughINZ (TV3) (1989-1990)
27 November – Perfect Match (TV3) (1989-1990)
1 December – Letter to Blanchy (TV3) (1989)
3 December – Country Kiwi and the Cool City Cat (Channel 2) (1989)
International
8 January – Probe (Network Two)
13 January – The Survival Factor (Network Two)
12 February – The Adventures of Snelgrove Snail (TV One)
12 February – TUGS (TV One)
1 April – TV 101 (Network Two)
1 April – AlfTales (TV One)
3 April – A Little Princess (1986) (Network Two)
3 April – The Duck Factory (Network Two)
3 April – Storybook Classics (Network Two)
3 April – / Jim Henson's Mother Goose Stories (Network Two)
5 April – Dear John (USA) (Network Two)
5 April – No Frills (TV One)
6 April – Stoppit and Tidyup (TV One)
7 April – Mission: Impossible (1988) (Network Two)
25 April – Jem (Network Two)
27 April – Count Duckula (Network Two)
29 April – Saturday Night Clive (TV One)
7 May – Tube Mice (TV One)
7 May – Tumbledown Farm (TV One)
14 May – Return Journey (TV One)
14 May – Duet (Network Two)
14 May – Live at City Hall (TV One)
16 May – Charlie Chalk (TV One)
30 May – Gruey (Network Two)
3 June – J.J. Starbuck (Network Two)
3 June – A Bit of a Do (TV One)
4 June – For the Love of Richard (TV One)
4 June – Heirs and Grace (TV One)
5 June – // The Blood of Others (Network Two)
7 June – Streets Apart (TV One)
11 June – Six Women Writers (TV One)
11 June – Colin's Sandwich (TV One)
15 June – Paradise (Network Two)
26 June – China Beach (Network Two)
28 June – Hannay (TV One)
29 June – Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story (Network Two)
30 June – Chish 'n' Fips (Network Two)
2 July – Gran (TV One)
4 July – Surgical Spirit (TV One)
5 July – / Max Headroom (Network Two)
5 July – The Tin Soldier (Network Two)
19 July – Joint Account (TV One)
21 July – Dusty (Network Two)
26 July – Annie McGuire (Network Two)
26 July – Four Hours in My Lai (TV One)
5 August – The Prodigious Hickey (Channel 2)
9 August – Day by Day (Channel 2)
9 August – The Consultant (TV One)
10 August – Hothouse (Channel 2)
14 August – Rockliffe's Folly (TV One)
16 August – The Boy in the Bush (Channel 2)
19 August – Poker Alice (Channel 2)
19 August – The Impossible Spy (TV One)
22 August – Starring the Actors (Channel 2)
31 August – Bottle Boys (TV One)
1 September – / Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater (TV One)
2 September – Aaron's Way (Channel 2)
3 September – A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (TV One)
7 September – The Comedy Company (Channel 2)
7 September – / Denver, the Last Dinosaur (Channel 2)
13 September – Round the Bend (Channel 2)
25 September – Piece of Cake (TV One)
4 October – The New Yogi Bear Show (Channel 2)
4 October – Imaginary Friends (TV One)
4 October – Two by Two (TV One)
9 October – Nightingales (Channel 2)
27 October – Doris (Channel 2)
30 October – / City Lights (TV One)
30 October – The Man Who Lived at the Ritz (Channel 2)
2 November – Mr Majeika (Channel 2)
3 November – Terror at London Bridge (Channel 2)
5 November – The Show Boat Story (Channel 2)
6 November – Strike It Rich (TV One)
6 November – / Babar (Channel 2)
6 November – Glass Babies (Channel 2)
9 November – Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (Channel 2)
9 November – // Fantastic Max (Channel 2)
10 November – Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series (Channel 2)
12 November – Jim Henson's The Storyteller (Channel 2)
21 November – / My Pet Monster (Channel 2)
27 November – The Real Ghostbusters (TV3)
27 November – / Dinosaucers (TV3)
27 November – Garfield and Friends (TV3)
27 November – The Mickey Mouse Club (1989) (TV3)
27 November – Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987) (TV3)
27 November – The Shiralee (TV3)
27 November – / Dennis the Menace (1986) (TV3)
28 November – The Nutt House (TV3)
1 December – In the Heat of the Night (TV3)
2 December – Mighty Mouse and Friends (TV3)
2 December – Family Matters (TV3)
2 December – Midnight Caller (TV3)
2 December – High Mountain Rangers (TV3)
3 December – Murphy Brown (TV3)
4 December – The Shoe People (TV3)
5 December – Home and Away (TV3)
7 December – Houston Knights (TV3)
8 December – Empty Nest (TV3)
8 December – Baby Boom (Channel 2)
8 December – Hey Dad..! (TV3)
8 December – Rafferty's Rules (TV3)
10 December – Chocky (TV3)
10 December – Barney (Channel 2)
10 December – My Secret Identity (TV3)
10 December – It's Punky Brewster (TV3)
10 December – Voltron (TV3)
20 December – Have Faith (TV One)
30 December – / East of the Moon (Channel 2)
30 December – Morris Goes to School (Channel 2)
Dadah is Death (Channel 2)
New channels
26 November – TV3
Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on a New Zealand television network that had previously premiered on another New Zealand television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.
Domestic
International
Television shows
Play School (1972–1990)
University Challenge (1976–1989, 2014–present)
What Now (1981–present)
Gloss (1987–1990)
Betty's Bunch (1989)
Blind Date (1989–1991)
The Early Bird Show (1989–1992)
Shark in the Park (1989–1992)
After 2 (1989–1991)
3:45 Live (1989–1990)
Ending this year
16 April – Worzel Gummidge Down Under (also United Kingdom) (1987–1989)
5 November – University Challenge (1976–1989, 2014–present)
Betty's Bunch (1989)
1980s in New Zealand television |
4024729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Rodes%20Buchanan | Joseph Rodes Buchanan | Joseph Rodes Buchanan (December 11, 1814 – December 26, 1899) was an American physician and professor of physiology at the Eclectic Medical Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio. Buchanan proposed the terms Psychometry and Sarcognomy.
Early life
Joseph Rodes Buchanan was born on December 11, 1814, in Frankfort, Kentucky to Dr. Joseph Buchanan. He attended Transylvania University and while studying medicine, he became interested in the structure and function of the brain.
Career
Buchanan came to prominence in the 1840s when mesmerism and spiritualism were popularized. He is given credit for coining the term "Psychometry" (soul-measuring) as the name of his own "science" whereby knowledge is acquired directly by the "psychometer" (the instrument of the soul). Having promoted his science from the 1840s onward in 1893 he released a comprehensive treatise entitled Manual of Psychometry: the Dawn of a New Civilization in which he predicted that Psychometry would eventually supersede and revolutionize every other field of science. Though himself a physician in lectures he denounced contemporary schools of medicine as "educated ignorance" while promoting Psychometry and appealing to Spiritualists. His work inspired other Spiritualism-based scientists such as Stephen Pearl Andrews.
Psychologist Joseph Jastrow criticized Buchanan's work on psychometry as based on delusion and wishful thinking.
Buchanan became the chair of "Physiology and the Institutes of Medicine" at the Eclectic Medical Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio. He maintained this position from 1851 to 1856 and became dean of the faculty. Buchanan published for five years "Buchanan's Journal of Man", a publication based on his anthropology. He also wrote the book "Primitive Christianity".
In 1857, Buchanan returned to Louisville and became engaged with politics. From 1863 to 1866, Buchanan was chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee.
Personal life
Buchanan married Anne Rowan, daughter of John Rowan, in December 1841.
Buchanan died on December 26, 1899, in San Jose, California. He was interred in Cincinnati.
Publications
Manual of Psychometry: The Dawn of a New Civilization (1893)
Periodicity: The Absolute Law of the Entire Universe (1897)
References
External links
1814 births
1899 deaths
People from Frankfort, Kentucky
American physiologists
American spiritualists
Parapsychologists
Transylvania University alumni |
4024733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Saviano | Nick Saviano | Nick Saviano (born June 5, 1956) is an American former tennis player and subsequent tennis coach.
Career
Saviano won one singles title during his career as a pro (1983 Lorraine Open). The left-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the professional ATP Tour on July 12, 1978, when he became the number 48 ranked player in the world. On October 7, 1979, he won a doubles title with John Lloyd in Hawaii. He was an All-American playing tennis for the Stanford Cardinal and has resided in Sunrise, FL.
Saviano was the coach of Canadian tennis pro Eugenie Bouchard during her greatest successes on the WTA Tour. He also has been the coach of former world No. 3, Sloane Stephens.
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
American male tennis players
American people of Italian descent
People from Sunrise, Florida
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey
Stanford Cardinal men's tennis players
Tennis people from Florida
Tennis people from New Jersey
American tennis coaches |
4024738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumboat | Bumboat | A bumboat is a small boat used to ferry supplies to ships moored away from the shore. The name comes from the combination of the Dutch word for a canoe—"boomschuit" ("boom" meaning "tree"), and "boat".
In Tobias Smollett's 1748 novel, The Adventures of Roderick Random, a "bumboat woman" conducts business with sailors imprisoned on board a pressing tender moored near the Tower Wharf on the Thames River, London, England.
In HMS Pinafore, W. S. Gilbert describes Little Buttercup as a Bumboat Woman.
In Singapore, the term "bumboat" is applied to small water taxis and boats that take tourists on short tours.
See also
Ship's tender
References
External links
"The Bumboat Woman's Story"—one of W. S. Gilbert's Bab Ballads (from the Gilbert & Sullivan Archive)
Singaporean bumboat —photo by Rajit Vijayan
Boat types |
4024740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity%20%28album%29 | Electricity (album) | Electricity is a 1994 album by New Zealand pianist Peter Jefferies. It was released on the Ajax Records label. The album includes reworkings of previous Jefferies tracks "Wined Up" and "Crossover" (from a 1993 7" recorded with Stephen Kilroy).
It was reissued via Superior Viaduct in 2015.
Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote that "Jefferies concentrates on the more melodious (if somber) end of things for most of the record, an approach that crystallizes beautifully on an album-ending cover of Barbara Manning’s 'Scissors.'”
Track listing
Personnel
Paul Cahill – guitar on "Crossover"
Shayne Carter – guitar on "Wined Up" and "Electricity", bass guitar on "Electricity"
John Harvey – sampler
Brendan Hoffman – production, engineering
Peter Jefferies – vocals, piano, keyboards, drums, guitar, bass guitar, cello, production, engineering
Robbie Muir – guitar on "Snare"
Bruce Russell – guitar on "Just Nothing"
References
External links
1994 albums
Peter Jefferies albums |
4024741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic%20people | Nordic people | Nordic people may refer to:
Peoples inhabiting the Nordic countries
North Germanic peoples or Scandinavians, a group of related ethnic groups originating in the Nordic countries
Nordic race, a historical race concept largely covering populations of Northern Europe |
4024760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easthampstead%20Park | Easthampstead Park | Easthampstead Park is a Victorian mansion in the civil parish of Bracknell in the English county of Berkshire. It is now a conference centre.
Location
Since the demise of Easthampstead parish, the house has been located in the western extremes of Bracknell parish, between the Southern Industrial Estate and Wokingham. It is surrounded by a estate, which, in 1786, had extended to 5,000 acres (20 km2). Some of this land is now taken up by the Downshire Golf Course.
Architecture
Easthampstead Park is listed by the Department for the Environment as "a building of historic and architectural interest, in Jacobean style with curved gables, pierced stone parapet and stone frontispiece of naive classicism". It was erected in 1864. The pitched roof and the cupolas above the towers were lost sometime between 1936 and present, perhaps following the 1949 fire.
History
Royal lodge
In the Middle Ages, Easthampstead was a part of Windsor Forest, and was reserved for royal hunting. King Edward III had a hunting lodge at Easthampstead, an easy ride from Windsor, which he had built in 1350.
Henry VII and his son Arthur, Prince of Wales arranged the latter's marriage to Catherine of Aragon at the lodge, and later rode out from here for their first meeting with the princess on Finchampstead Ridges. After the death of his brother in 1502, Henry VIII married Catherine as his first wife, and years later, she spent a miserable few years at Easthampstead Park, awaiting news of her husband's attempt to divorce her when his attentions turned to Anne Boleyn.
Sir John Mason (1503-1566) became Keeper of Easthampstead Park in 1548 and King James I enlarged and improved the estate, which was well stocked with deer.
Trumbull home
Charles I gave the Park to William Trumbull on 28 March 1629, in recognition of his service as ambassador to the Archduke Albert of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, and later as Clerk of the Privy Council, on the condition that he maintain a herd of 200 deer for the King's recreation in the deer park. The royal hunting lodge was incorporated into a newly built mansion. William Trumbull died in September 1635 and is buried in Easthampstead parish church.
William Trumbull (2nd) lived from 1594 to 1668. In 1636, Charles I issued a charter to give Easthampstead Park to the Trumbulls permanently, confirming the gift of 1628. The charter had long been lost, but was recently discovered in London. It was subsequently purchased by Berkshire Record Office with support from the MLA/Victoria and Albert Museum Purchase Grant Fund.
Sir William Trumbull (3rd) (1639–1716) was the most distinguished of the family, active in the Royal service overseas. He was a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford and a barrister. Sir William Trumbull befriended Alexander Pope the poet, who lived in Binfield and was a frequent visitor to Easthampstead Park.
Another poet, Elijah Fenton, was tutor to William Trumbull (4th) (1708–1760). His only child, Mary Trumbull, married Martin Sandys in 1760. Their only child, Mary Sandys (1764–1836), married Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire (1753–1801) in 1786 and was later created Baroness Sandys.
Trumbull manuscripts
The Trumbull inheritance included 380 volumes of manuscripts collected by Sir William Trumbull (3rd). The archive, which features letters by Stuart kings, Philip II of Spain, Marie de Medici, Bacon, Donne, Dryden, Fenton, Pope and Weckherlin, had been on loan to Berkshire county record office. In the summer of 1989, the collection was sent to Sotheby's in London, with an estimate of £2.5m. But on the eve of the November sale, a deal was done with the Inland Revenue, the auction was cancelled and the British Library took the papers.
Marquess' estate
Arthur Hill succeeded as 2nd Marquess of Downshire on the death of his father Wills Hill in 1793, who started the building of Hillsborough Castle in Northern Ireland, completed in 1797.
They had five sons:
Arthur Blundell Sandys Trumbull Hill, 3rd Marquess of Downshire (1788–1845)
Arthur Moyses William Hill, 2nd Baron Sandys (1793–1860)
Arthur Marcus Cecil Sandys, 3rd Baron Sandys (1798–1863)
Arthur Augustus Edwin Sandys (1800–1831)
Major Lord George Augusta Sandys (1801–1879)
In a letter in May 1857, to a Mrs Russell of Thornhill, Jane Carlyle (wife of Thomas Carlyle), whose friend Lady Ashburton had recently died and who was suffering from influenza, wrote:
"In the meantime I am going for a week to Easthampstead Park (the Marquis of Downshire's), almost immediately. But these great grand Country Houses are not the places Nature prompts me to take my sick nerves and bad spirits to! Especially when I am not going as a sort of animated, still wholly irresponsible carpet-bag, with Mr. Carlyle's name on it, but on my own basis! ..."
Easthampstead house was only one of the properties of the Marquess of Downshire, who owned large estates of 115,000 acres (465 km2) in Northern Ireland. In 1860, the fourth Marquess, confusingly called Arthur Wills Blundell Sandys Trumbull Windsor Hill (1812–1868) demolished the old mansion, leaving only a stable block, and built the present house which was completed in 1864. At about the same time as the present mansion was erected, the Marchioness provided for the rebuilding of St Michael's parish church, Easthampstead where there are memorials to the Trumbull and Downshire families and to the poet, Elijah Fenton.
In 1885, King Edward VII visited Easthampstead Park while Prince of Wales. One of his handwritten letters, dated from the Park 18 June 1885, has been offered for sale by Heritage Auction Galleries of Dallas, Texas
.
The Downshires were very active in the affairs of Ireland, but Arthur Hill, 6th Marquess of Downshire (1871–1918) lived principally at Easthampstead Park until his death. These were the golden days of Easthampstead Park, especially during Royal Ascot week each year. The sixth Marquess and his son employed a large staff of gardeners and others, and took great personal interest in the estate, even assisting with the upkeep of the roads with their own steam roller. The Park also contained a miniature steam railway, since removed to a south coast resort. The old engine shed still survives near the original ha-ha at the edge of the current gardens however. The gardens are well stocked with a large number of mature trees of diverse and often exotic species.
During the Second World War, part of the Mansion was used by St Paul's School, which was evacuated from London. Until 1945, masters and boys lived in Crowthorne, lessons took place in Easthampstead Park, while Wellington College lent playing fields and laboratories. The Army made use of the Park and built many Nissen huts. The Army's presence attracted German aircraft in 1941 which dropped a stick of bombs down the main drive, the last one hitting the Lodge at the main gate.
College and school
After the War, Easthampstead Park was sold to Berkshire County Council. After repairs following a fire in 1949, a training college for women teachers was opened, the mansion was altered and extended, and a new gymnasium and study block, now known as the Whitfield building was erected. Tennis courts were built or renovated, but one at the edge of the park is derelict. A Christmas Party in the well of the main staircase was held every year during the life of the college. There was a library situated behind the main hall, and the students developed their own garden near to one of the tennis courts. During the period, the gardens contained a vegetable garden near to the present school. Dances were organised regularly in the main hall.
In 1968, Easthampstead Park College was amalgamated with Bulmershe College to form the Berkshire College of Education. The last students training to teach were withdrawn from Easthampstead Park in 1972, when an Educational Centre was opened, initially comprising an adult residential college and Easthampstead Park School.
In 1984 SEBEV Search and Rescue moved into the basement area of the mansion which was already being used as a government nuclear fallout shelter. SEBEV SAR is still there to this day.
In 1995, Easthampstead Park School relocated to a new location nearby and the mansion is now used as Easthampstead Park Conference Centre and Bracknell Forest Education Centre. Inside the mansion, rooms are named after the Trumbull, Sandys, Hill and Downshire families and their estates, and former staff of the college such as Wylie and Lewis.
Coincidentally, the school's first Headteacher, Derrick Hurd had previously been the first Head of John Mason School in Abingdon, named after the Oxfordshire spy and diplomat who, in the 16th Century had been keeper of the Easthampstead Park estate.
References
External links
SEBEV Search and Rescue
Easthampstead Park Conference Centre
Bracknell
Exhibition and conference centres in England
Country houses in Berkshire
Jacobethan architecture
Hill family |
4024765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilling-Stevens | Tilling-Stevens | Tilling-Stevens was a British manufacturer of buses and other commercial vehicles, based in Maidstone, Kent. Originally established in 1897, it became a specialist in petrol-electric vehicles. It continued as an independent manufacturer until 1950, when it was acquired by the Rootes Group.
W A Stevens of Maidstone
W.A. Stevens was established in Maidstone in 1897 by William Arthur Stevens and had by 1906 built its first petrol-electric vehicle using designs patented by Percival (Percy) Frost-Smith. A petrol engine was connected to an electrical generator and the current produced passed to a traction motor which drove the rear wheels. W.A. Stevens also patented a system for converting conventional petrol buses for either battery-electric or petrol-electric propulsion, patent GB190820210.
Percy Frost-Smith
Percival Harry Frost-Smith was Managing Director of Tilling-Stevens Ltd in 1915/1916 and he obtained several patents for improvements to motor vehicles between 1908 and 1918. These included:
With William Arthur Stevens, Worm drive for vehicles
With Francis Edwin Brown, Improvements in and relating to Worm Drive for Mechanically Propelled Vehicles
With Victor Snow Robinson, Improvements in and connected with the Electric Lighting of Vehicles
With Tilling-Stevens Ltd, Improved Means of Control for Petrol Electric Vehicles
Francis Edwin Brown was a son of David Brown, of David Brown Ltd.
Buses
Hallford-Stevens and Dennis-Stevens
The petrol-electric transmission was fitted to chassis built by J & E Hall, of Dartford who used the trade name "Hallford" so these were known as "Hallford-Stevens".
Transmissions were also supplied to Dennis Bros, of Guildford these vehicles were named "Dennis-Stevens".
Tilling-Stevens
An arrangement was agreed with a large bus operator, Thomas Tilling, who wanted to produce their own vehicles named Tilling-Stevens. The ease of driving and soundness of construction of these vehicles soon led to the company supplying chassis to many bus operators in the UK, and several abroad as well. According to the website of the Transport Museum Wythall the simpler to operate petrol-electric transmission was popular among bus drivers rather than the conventional crash gearbox (in the days before synchromesh) as few bus staff had previously driven motor vehicles. Tilling-Stevens Motors Ltd was obliged to consolidate its position with bus operators during World War I because the Army considered their petrol-electric chassis were not suitable for use in France. The low-mounted electrical items were considered vulnerable.
Many men were trained to drive during the War on vehicles with conventional gearboxes and developments in gearbox design made their vehicles quieter, more reliable and lighter, resulting in better economy. All this combined to lead to a decline in popularity of the Tilling-Stevens' and other Petrol Electric systems. By the 1930s, TS chassis were being produced with conventional petrol/diesel engines, gearboxes and transmission.
Tilling-Stevens split from Thomas Tilling in 1930 and renamed itself T S Motors Ltd (TSM) in 1932, but were again renamed Tilling-Stevens in 1937, before World War II had broken out.
Tilling-Stevens was still manufacturing buses after World War II, with a large order built in 1947/1948 for export to Hong Kong (China Motor Bus (108) & Kowloon Motor Bus (50)).
Trolleybuses
Tilling-Stevens also produced trolleybuses. An existing customer in respect of petrol-electric buses, Wolverhampton Corporation, decided to replace trams with trolleybuses on one route of their Corporation Tramway and asked Tilling to supply them. The result was an adapted version of the hybrid TS6 model with electrical components by BTH of Bath, Somerset, and body by Dodson. The first six entered service in 1923. Further orders followed from Halifax Corporation and in 1924 the general manager of the Teesside Railless Traction Board designed a trolleybus chassis which was built by Tilling-Stevens. This chassis (designated PERC1) could use a petrol engine to drive the dynamo and power the traction motor as well as being able to take overhead power.
The company subsequently purchased the rights to the Teesside design after receiving enquiries from abroad but domestic production ceased after 1927. Following the initial split from Thomas Tilling, the company produced one further new chassis which was exhibited at the 1930 Scottish Motor Show. Only one sale was made, to Turin, Italy.
Goods vehicles
Tilling-Stevens also produced goods chassis available with either petrol-electric or conventional gearbox transmissions and built many trucks during World War I. Their cast aluminium radiators were distinctive, with "Tilling-Stevens" cast into the top and either "Petrol-Electric" or "Maidstone" into the bottom tanks.
After the war, they failed to invest in updating their products and ended up building mainly buses. Tilling-Stevens therefore acquired Vulcan Trucks of Southport, Lancashire in 1938 to extend their range (and use Vulcan petrol engines). Production stayed at Maidstone, and Vulcan's production was also relocated there.
The unusual electric transmission became less of an advantage as other makers developed their simpler mechanical transmissions to be reliable and easier to drive. Tilling-Stevens specialised in some unusual markets where the transmission could offer a particular advantage, by also using it as a generator. Some early turntable ladder fire engines were produced where arc lamps for lighting and the electric motors to raise the ladder could be powered by it.
In the 1930s the lorries also lost the large cast radiators in favour of first a thinner cast aluminium shell and then a cheaper steel pressed bonnet and a small diamond-shaped "TSM" badge.
Leading up to World War II they specialised in the searchlight trucks for which they are probably still best known today.
Rootes Group
In 1950, the company was sold to Rootes Group. Complete vehicle production ceased in 1953, as Rootes' own truck brands had developed heavier trucks themselves. The plant continued to produce light commercial engines (particularly the iconic Commer TS3 two-stroke diesel, which had been intended for introduction by Tilling-Stevens in 1954) and vehicle bodies, before finally closing in the 1970s, some years after the group had been acquired by Chrysler.
Factory
Tilling-Stevens factory was situated in St Peter's St, Maidstone. The factory buildings, built in the 1920s in the Daylight style, survive as of 2012. They were Listed as Grade II in July 2011. It is described as "one few buildings of this style not to have undergone significant alteration from the original".
Petrol Electric engines and their Legacy
The Tilling-Stevens petrol-electric bus is interesting as an early example of a hybrid vehicle, although without any direct engine propulsion or battery storage.
As the petrol engine ran continuously and its chassis weight with a large, heavy motor/dynamo pair was much higher than a mechanical gearbox, it was less fuel efficient than a competing mechanical transmission chassis type. Once mechanical gearbox transmissions were developed enough to become reliable, quiet and easy enough to use, this inefficiency contributed to its demise. Another reason was the simple and fairly inefficient electrical control system, the best that could be achieved in the absence of "modern" electronics. However hybrid petrol-electric cars, such as the Toyota Prius, are now seen as being a partial solution towards cutting carbon dioxide emissions and reducing the risks of damaging global warming.
Many Tilling Stevens Petrol Electric vehicles ended their days as mobile caravans or lorries with travelling fairs and showground people, where the electrical generation could be useful for other things than merely to move the vehicle. Some chassis survived beyond being direct road transport to become generator trailers for these fairs. This helped maintain a stock of dynamo and motor units and even chassis, making restorations possible.
Driving a Petrol-Electric
With the electrical generator (a large dynamo) for the motor permanently connected to the petrol engine, the early petrol electric controls available were a sprung return throttle pedal (with a hand-operated variable latching throttle to set and adjust the idle speed), a brake pedal, a means of steering (wheel, etc.) and two usually column mounted levers. One centre off lever operated a three position changeover switch to permit running in either direction, and the other lever operated a wiper across a bank of large high current wire wound resistances which affected the motor and dynamo fields, to give the electrical effect of gearing. It was very important to set the minimum possible idle speed, or when engaging the direction switch excess load on the system and possible unwanted movement will occur. The resistance "gear" lever is then set to max torque, and then the direction lever set to (say) forward. On releasing the handbrake and pressing the throttle pedal a little the vehicle will glide away smoothly. Giving more throttle and gradually altering the resistance lever will then produce higher speed, with none of the jerking and pauses in acceleration of a gearbox. To stop, the throttle pedal is released, the resistance lever is brought back to "slow speed", the brake applied and as rest is achieved the forward/reverse lever moved to neutral and handbrake applied. There is however NO engine braking available as from a mechanical drive changed into a lower gear, so the system relies totally on the mechanical wheel brakes, which on early chassis applied to the rear axle only.
Apart from the Throttle, engine management controls were usually only a Choke lever and Ignition Advance/Retard for starting the hand cranked engine. On magneto ignition models there would be a simple switch to short the magneto and so stop the engine running.
See also
Leyland L60
References
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct bus manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Rootes Group
Defunct companies based in Kent
British companies established in 1897
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1897
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1950
1897 establishments in England
1950 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1950 |
4024767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit%20Parade%201 | Hit Parade 1 | In 1992, The Wedding Present decided to release a limited edition single every month, each featuring an original track on the A side and a cover on the B side. The tracks were compiled as two LPs called Hit Parade 1 and Hit Parade 2 and re-released as a double CD in 2003 called The Hit Parade.
The plan to release 12 singles in a year was an attempt to match Elvis Presley's record of 12 top 40 singles in a year which he had achieved in 1957. The singles, each in an edition of 10,000, were deleted soon after release. They were critically acclaimed and each charted in the top 40.
Revisiting the album in 2013, the band played all the songs on their UK and European tour.
Track listing
"Blue Eyes"
"Go Go Dancer"
"Three"
"Silver Shorts"
"Come Play With Me"
"California"
"Cattle and Cane" (The Go-Betweens)
"Don't Cry No Tears" (Neil Young and Crazy Horse)
"Think That it Might" (Altered Images)
"Falling" (Julee Cruise)
"Pleasant Valley Sunday" (The Monkees)
"Let's Make Some Plans" (Close Lobsters)
References
1992 compilation albums
The Wedding Present albums |
4024769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wettstein%20system | Wettstein system | A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to Richard Wettstein's Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik (1901–1924).
3rd edition (1924)
Outline
Synopsis
Flagellatae p. 65
Myxophyta p. 69
Schizophyta
Schizophyceae
Schizomycetes
Zygophyta
Peridinieae
Bacillarieae
Centricae
Pennatae
Conjugatae
Phaeophytae
Rhodophyta
Bangieae
Florideae
Euphallophyta
Chlorophyceae
Fungi
Eumycetes
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Lichenes
Ascolichenes
Basidiolichenes
Cormophyta
Archegoniatae
Bryophyta
Musci
Hepaticae
Pteridophyta
Psilophytinae
Lycopodiinae
Psilotinae
Equisetinae
Isoëtinae
Filicinae
Cycadofilicinae
Anthophyta
Gymnospermae
Cycadinae
Bennettitinae
Cordaitinae
Gingkoinae
Coniferae
Gnetinae
Angiospermae p. 467
Dicotyledones p. 539
Choripetalae
Monochlamydeae p. 540
Dialypetalae
Sympetalae
Monocotyledones p. 848
Scheme
Flagellatae p. 65
I. phylum Schizophyta
1. classis Schizophyceae
2. classis Schizomycetes
II. phylum Monadophyta
III. phylum Myxophyta p. 69
IV. phylum Conjugatophyta
V. phylum Bacillariophyta
VI. phylum Conjugatae
VII. phylum Rhodophyta
1. classis Bang|1924|loc=[]ieae
2. classis Florideae
VIII. phylum Euthallophyta
1. classis Chlorophyceae
2. classis Fungi
A. Eumycetes
1. subclassis Phycomycetes
2. subclassis Ascomycetes
3. subclassis Basidiomycetes
B. Lichenes
1. subclassis Ascolichenes
2. subclassis Basidiolichenes
IX. phylum Cormophyta
I. divisio Archegoniatae
Bryophyta
1. subdivisio Bryophyta
1. classis Musci
2. classis Hepaticae
Pteridophyta
2. subdivisio Pteridophyta
1. classis Psilophytinae
2. classis Lycopodiinae
3. classis Psilotinae
4. classis Articulatae
5. classis Filicinae
II. divisio Anthophyta
1. subdivisio Gymnospermae
1. classis Pteridospermae
2. classis Cycadinae
3. classis Benettitinae
4. classis Cordaïtinae
5. classis Ginkgoinae
6. classis Coniferae
7. classis Gnetinae
2. subdivisio Angiospermae
1. classis Dicotyledones
1. subclassis Choripetalae
A. Monochlamideae
B. Dialypetalae
2. subclassis Sympetalae
2. classis Monocotyledones
Gymnospermae
1. subdivisio Gymnospermae
1. classis Pteridospermae (fossil only)
2. classis Cycadinae
1. familia Cycadaceae
2. familia Zamiaceae
3. classis Benettitinae (fossil only)
4. classis Cordaïtinae (fossil only)
5. classis Ginkgoinae
1. familia Ginkgoaceae
6. classis Coniferae
1. familia Taxaceae
2. familia Cupressaceae
3. familia Abietaceae
7. classis Gnetinae
1. familia Ephedraceae
2. familia Gnetaceae
3. familia Welwitschiaceae
Angiospermae
2. subdivisio Angiospermae p. 467
Dicotyledones
1. classis Dicotyledones p. 539
1. subclassis Choripetalae
A. Monochlamydeae p. 540
1. ordo Verticillatae
familia Casuarinaceae
2. ordo Fagales
1. familia Betulaceae
2. familia Fagaceae
3. ordo Myricales
familia Myricaceae
4. ordo Leitneriales
familia Leitneriaceae
5. ordo Juglandales
1. familia Julianiaceae
2. familia Juglandaceae
6. ordo Salicales
familia Salicaceae
7. ordo Batidales
familia Batidaceae [sic, now Bataceae]
8. ordo Balanopsidales
familia Balanopsidaceae [sic, now Balanopaceae]
9. ordo Urticales
1. familia Moraceae
2. familia Cannabaceae
3. familia Ulmaceae
4. familia Eucommiaceae
5. familia Rhoipteleaceae
6. familia Urticaceae
10. ordo Piperales
familia Piperaceae
incertae sedis
familia Saururaceae
familia Chloranthaceae
familia Lacistemonaceae
11. ordo Proteales
familia Proteaceae
12. ordo Santalales
1. familia Santalaceae
2. familia Grubbiaceae
3. familia Opiliaceae
4. familia Octoknemaceae
5. familia Olacaceae
6. familia Myzodendraceae
7. familia Loranthaceae
8. familia Balanophoraceae
9. familia Cynomoriaceae
13. ordo Polygonales
familia Polygonaceae
14. ordo Centrospermae
1. familia Chenopodiaceae
2. familia Amaranthaceae
3. familia Phytolaccaceae
4. familia Thelygonaceae
5. familia Nyctaginaceae
6. familia Aizoaceae
7. familia Cactaceae
[sic]
9. familia Portulacaceae
10. familia Basellaceae
11. familia Caryophyllaceae
15. ordo Tricoccae
1. familia Euphorbiaceae
2. familia Daphniphyllaceae
3. familia Dichapetalaceae
4. familia Buxaceae
5. familia Callitrichaceae
16. ordo Hamamelidales
1. familia Hamamelidaceae
2. familia Cercidiphyllaceae
3. familia Eupteleaceae
4. familia Platanaceae
5. familia Myrothamnaceae
[sic]
B. Dialypetalae
18. ordo Polycarpicae
1. familia Magnoliaceae
2. familia Trochodendraceae
3. familia Lactoridaceae
4. familia Himantandraceae
5. familia Eupomatiaceae
6. familia Anonaceae [sic, now: Annonaceae]
7. familia Myristicaceae
8. familia Canellaceae
9. familia Aristolochiaceae
10. familia Rafflesiaceae
11. familia Hydnoraceae
12. familia Calycanthaceae
13. familia Gomortegaceae
14. familia Monimiaceae
15. familia Lauraceae
16. familia Hernandiaceae
17. familia Menispermaceae
18. familia Lardizabalaceae
19. familia Ranunculaceae
20. familia Berberidaceae
21. familia Nymphaeaceae
22. familia Ceratophyllaceae
incertae sedis
23. familia Nepenthaceae
24. familia Cephalotaceae
25. familia Sarraceniaceae
19. ordo Rhoeadales
1. familia Papaveraceae
2. familia Tovariaceae
3. familia Capparidaceae [sic, now Capparaceae]
4. familia Cruciferae
5. familia Resedaceae
6. familia Moringaceae
20. ordo Parietales
1. familia Cistaceae
2. familia Bixaceae
3. familia Cochlospermaceae
4. familia Tamaricaceae
5. familia Fouquieriaceae
6. familia Frankeniaceae
7. familia Elatinaceae
8. familia Droseraceae
9. familia Violaceae
10. familia Flacourtiaceae
11. familia Stachyuraceae
12. familia Turneraceae
13. familia Malesherbiaceae
14. familia Passifloraceae
15. familia Achariaceae
16. familia Caricaceae
17. familia Loasaceae
18. familia Begoniaceae
19. familia Datiscaceae
20. familia Ancistrocladaceae
21. ordo Guttiferales
1. familia Dilleniaceae
2. familia Actinidiaceae
3. familia Ochnaceae
4. familia Strassburgeriaceae
5. familia Eucryphiaceae
6. familia Caryocaraceae
7. familia Marcgraviaceae
8. familia Quiinaceae
9. familia Theaceae
10. familia Guttiferae
11. familia Dipterocarpaceae
22. ordo Rosales
1. familia Crassulaceae
2. familia Saxifragaceae
3. familia Cunoniaceae
4. familia Brunelliaceae
5. familia Myrothamnaceae
6. familia Pittosporaceae
7. familia Byblidaceae
8. familia Roridulaceae
9. familia Bruniaceae
10. familia Podostemonaceae
11. familia Hydrostachyaceae
12. familia Rosaceae
13. familia Crossosomataceae
14. familia Chrysobalanaceae
15. familia Connaraceae
16. familia Mimosaceae
17. familia Papilionaceae
23. ordo Myrtales
1. familia Penaeaceae
2. familia Geissolomaceae
3. familia Oliniaceae
4. familia Thymelaeaceae
5. familia Elaeagnaceae
6. familia Lythraceae
7. familia Heteropyzidaceae
8. familia Sonneratiaceae
9. familia Rhizophoraceae
10. familia Alangiaceae
11. familia Nyssaceae
12. familia Lecythidaceae
13. familia Combretaceae
14. familia Myrtaceae
15. familia Punicaceae
16. familia Melastomataceae
17. familia Oenotheraceae
18. familia Halorrhagidaceae [sic: now Haloragaceae]
19. familia Gunneraceae
incertae sedis
familia Hippuridaceae
24. ordo Columniferae
1. familia Malvaceae
2. familia Bombacaceae
3. familia Tiliaceae
4. familia Sterculiaceae
5. familia Elaeocarpaceae
incertae sedis
familia Chlaenaceae
familia Gonystylaceae
familia Scytopetalaceae
25. ordo Gruinales
1. familia Linaceae
2. familia Humiriaceae
3. familia Oxalidaceae
4. familia Geraniaceae
5. familia Limnaceae
6. familia Tropaeolaceae
7. familia Erythroxylaceae
8. familia Malpighiaceae
9. familia Zygophyllaceae
incertae sedis
familia Cneoraceae
26. ordo Terebinthales
1. familia Rutaceae
2. familia Simarubaceae [sic: now Simaroubaceae]
3. familia Burseraceae
4. familia Meliaceae
5. familia Tremandraceae
6. familia Polygalaceae
7. familia Xanthophyllaceae
8. familia Trigoniaceae
9. familia Vochysiaceae
10. familia Anacardiaceae
11. familia Sapindaceae
12. familia Akaniaceae
13. familia Aextoxicaceae
14. familia Aceraceae
15. familia Hippocastanaceae
16. familia Coriaceae
17. familia Cyrillaceae
18. familia Pentaphylacaceae
19. familia Sabiaceae
20. familia Melianthaceae
21. familia Corynocarpaceae
22. familia Balsaminaceae
27. ordo Celastrales
1. familia Aquifoliaceae
2. familia Celastraceae
3. familia Salvadoraceae
4. familia Staphyleaceae
5. familia Hippocrateaceae
6. familia Stackhousiaceae
7. familia Icacinaceae
28. ordo Rhamnales
1. familia Rhamnaceae
2. familia Vitaceae
29. ordo Umbelliflorae
1. familia Cornaceae
2. familia Araliaceae
3. familia Umbelliferae
incertae sedis
ordo Garryales
familia Garryaceae
2. subclassis Sympetalae p. 754
1. ordo Plumbaginales
familia Plumbaginaceae
2. ordo Primulales
1. familia Theophrastaceae
2. familia Primulaceae
3. familia Myrsinaceae
3. ordo Bicornes
1. familia Clethraceae
2. familia Pirolaceae
3. familia Ericaceae
4. familia Empetraceae
5. familia Epacridaceae
6. familia Diapensiaceae
4. ordo Diospyrales
1. familia Ebenaceae
2. familia Hoplestigmataceae
3. familia Styracaceae
4. familia Symplocaceae
5. familia Sapotaceae
5. ordo Tubiflorae
1. familia Convolvulaceae
2. familia Cuscutaceae
3. familia Polemoniaceae
4. familia Hydrophyllaceae
5. familia Lennoaceae
6. familia Boraginaceae
7. familia Nolanaceae
8. familia Solanaceae
9. familia Scrophulariaceae
10. familia Lentibulariaceae
11. familia Orobranchaceae
12. familia Gesneriaceae
13. familia Bignoniaceae
14. familia Pedaliaceae
15. familia Martyniaceae
16. familia Acanthaceae
17. familia Verbenaceae
18. familia Labiatae
19. familia Tetrachondraceae
20. familia Globulariaceae
21. familia Phrymaceae
22. familia Myoporaceae
23. familia Plantaginaceae
incertae sedis
familia Columelliaceae
6. ordo Contortae
1. familia Loganiaceae
2. familia Buddleiaceae
3. familia Gentianaceae
4. familia Menyanthaceae
5. familia Apocynaceae
6. familia Asclepiadaceae
7. ordo Ligustrales
familia Oleaceae
8. ordo Rubiales
1. familia Rubiaceae
2. familia Caprifoliaceae
3. familia Adoxaceae
4. familia Valerianaceae
5. familia Dipsacaceae
6. familia Calyceraceae
9. ordo Cucurbitales
familia Cucurbitaceae
10. ordo Synandrae
1. familia Campanulaceae
2. familia Lobeliaceae
3. familia Goodeniaceae
4. familia Stylidaceae
5. familia Brunoniaceae
6. familia Compositae
Monocotyledones
II. classis Monocotyledones p. 848
1. ordo Helobiae p. 848
1. familia Alismataceae
2. familia Butomaceae
3. familia Hydrocharitaceae
4. familia Scheuchzeriaceae
5. familia Aponogetonaceae
6. familia Potamogetonaceae
7. familia Najadaceae
2. ordo Liliiflorae p. 862
1. familia Liliaceae p. 863
subfamilia A. Melanthoideae p. 866
subfamilia B. Herrerioideae
subfamilia C. Asphodeloideae
subfamilia D. Allioideae p. 868
subfamilia E. Lilioideae p. 869
subfamilia F. Dracaenoideae
subfamilia G. Asparagoideae
subfamilia H. Ophiopogonoideae p. 870
subfamilia I. Aletroideae
subfamilia K. Luzuriagoideae
subfamilia L. Smilacoideae
2. familia Stemonaceae p. 870
3. familia Cyanastraceae
4. familia Pontederiaceae
5. familia Haemodoraceae
6. familia Philydraceae
7. familia Amaryllidaceae p. 871
subfamilia A. Amaryllidoideae p. 874
subfamilia B. Agavoideae
subfamilia C. Hypoxidoideae
8. familia Velloziaceae
9. familia Iridaceae
10. familia Juncaceae
11. familia Flagellariaceae
12. familia Rapateaceae
13. familia Thurniaceae
14. familia Bromeliaceae
15. familia Dioscoreaceae p. 880
16. familia Taccaceae
17. familia Burmanniaceae p. 882
3. ordo Enantioblastae p. 883
1. familia Commelinaceae
2. familia Mayacaceae
3. familia Xyridaceae
4. familia Eriocaulaceae
5. familia Centrolepidaceae
6. familia Restionaceae
4. ordo Cyperales p. 888
familia Cyperaceae
5. ordo Glumiflorae p. 891
familia Gramineae
6. ordo Scitamineae p. 902
1. familia Musaceae
2. familia Zingiberaceae p. 904
3. familia Cannaceae
4. familia Marantaceae p. 906
7 ordo Gynandrae p. 907
familia Orchidaceae
8. ordo Spadiciflorae
1. familia Palmae
2. familia Cyclanthaceae
3. familia Araceae
4. familia Lemnaceae
9. ordo Pandanales
1. familia Pandanaceae
2. familia Sparganiaceae
3. familia Typhaceae
References
Bibliography
1st ed. 1901–1908 Vol. I 1901, Vol. II 1908
2nd ed. 1910–1911
3rd ed. 1923–1924
Index
4th ed. 1933–1935
Reviews
First edition
B. M. Davis. Handbook of systemic botany. Botanical Gazette. Vol. 32, No. 1 (July, 1901), pp. 61-62 Part 1
Charles J. Chamberlain. Handbook of systemic botany. Botanical Gazette. Vol. 37, No. 1 (Jan., 1904), pp. 68-69 Part 2
Charles J. Chamberlain. Wettstein's Handbuch. Botanical Gazette. Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan., 1908), p. 58 Part 3
Second edition
Charles J. Chamberlain. Wettstein's Handbuch. Botanical Gazette. Vol. 52, No. 5 (Nov., 1911), p. 405
system, Wettstein |
4024773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey%20Meyer | Aubrey Meyer | Aubrey Meyer (born 1947) is an author, violinist, composer and climate campaigner.
A former member of the UK Green Party, he co-founded the Global Commons Institute in 1990.
Life
Aubrey Meyer was born in Yorkshire in 1947. He was raised in Cape Town, South Africa from 1952. In 1968 he gained a Bachelor of Music from the Music College, Cape Town University.
He won Southern African Music Rights Organisation (SAMRO) scholarship for two years study abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he studied at the Royal College of Music in London. There he studied composition with Phillip Cannon and viola with the late Cecil Aronowitz. He won the International Music Company Prize and the Stanton Jeffries Music Prize.
After the Royal College, he earned his living playing viola in orchestras: - principal viola in Scottish Theatre Ballet (1971), Ulster (1972), Gulbenkian Orchestra, CAPAB Orchestra and as a rank-and-file player in the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet and finally in the London Philharmonic Orchestra.
He has lived in London since 1980.
During this period he continued composing. His one-act ballet 'Exequy' led to the award of a Master of Music degree in composition from the University of Cape Town. In 1980, Meyer returned to London, combining composition with playing and his ballet score Choros for the Sadlers Wells Royal Ballet for the ballet by David Bintley, won an Evening Standard Award (1984); reviews for Exequy & Choros.
In 1988, while looking for a theme for a new composition, he heard about the environmentalist Chico Mendez who had been assassinated for his work in trying to prevent the destruction of the Brazilian rainforest, and he abandoned music for the UK Green Party of England and Wales. He co-founded the Global Commons Institute (GCI) in 1990 to start a programme to counter the threat of climate change based on the founding premise of 'Equity and Survival'.
At the request of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1992, Meyer conceived and presented his analysis of 'The Unequal Use of the Global Commons' to Working Group Three of the IPCC Second Assessment Report. This was dubbed 'Expansion and Divergence' and, led to an international rejection, at the UN climate negotiations in 1995, of the global cost benefit analysis of climate change by some economists from the US and UK.
Contraction and Convergence
This led to the development of GCI's framework of Contraction & Convergence (C&C). Introduced at the UNFCCC in 1996, C&C's approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 'safe' level (by shrinking and sharing the limited and finite weight of such gases that future human activity can release into the atmosphere on an equal per capita basis) raises a key issue in the climate change debate.
As a musician and string player, Meyer says the world must collaborate with musical discipline to avert runaway climate change: i.e. play C&C's 'carbon reduction score' in time, in tune and together.
C&C was introduced to the UNFCCC at COP-2 Geneva:
C&C became this iconic image in the months that followed.
C&C was on the agenda at COP-3 Kyoto.
C&C was on the agenda at COP-4 Buenos Aires when host Government published this in their conference newspaper.
C&C was on the Agenda at COP-6 The Hague with Chairman Jan Pronk advocating it.
C&C was on the agenda for COP-15 at Copenhagen, but was not agreed.
C&C now considered by some as "the most preferable equity framework".
C&C considered by others as "the best possible solution to the twin problems of climate change and inequity".
Meyer has now enclosed C&C in the 'Carbon Budget Accounting Tool'
(CBAT online)
(CBAT notes)
(CBAT appreciation)
Comments by third parties
"Some proposals compensate the potential burden on developing nations with generous emissions allocation, whether as a simple strategy to obtain developing countries support for the regime or in a realisation of the global equity principle borrowed from social justice. A famous such proposal is 'Contraction and Convergence' developed by Aubrey Meyer."
Act Locally Trade Globally; Emissions Trading for Climate Policy Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development IEA
"I think Aubrey is a good gentleman. He has really been on this issue for years, for donkey’s years and he’s not giving up and he has the stamina. I think if we were all of us like Aubrey we would have achieved very high levels. Unfortunately not many of us have been that strong".
Joshua Wairoto, Deputy Director Kenya Met Office speaking at the UN Climate Negotiations in 2007.
"I think that Aubrey Meyer has done an amazing job and has shown extraordinary persistence and ingenuity in working out a scheme of this kind and I very much admire him for it. Above all he has laid out a kind of intellectual and legal framework which is what we need if we are going to set global arrangements in place and these global arrangements should I believe be fully reflected in the Bill that is now before the UK Parliament to regulate climate change. This is not the time for half-measures or quarter measures or fiddling with the problem. It is important to lay out the principles and then see how they should best be interpreted to give effect to a common human problem".
Sir Crispin Tickell, former British Ambassador, Director of the Policy Foresight Programme James Martin 21st Century School Oxford University.
"It seems to me that Contraction and Convergence is the basic principle that should guide climate policy, and that this policy is really unchallenged in principle by any of the climate models under discussion. Granted that it is good to have accurate models of how the world works, and to work out the numerical balances of C&C. Nevertheless, I wonder at what point complex and uncertain empirical models become a distraction from simple first principles? C&C is a necessary condition for a just and sustainable world.
With best wishes & admiration for your important work on C&C."
Herman Daly, Emeritus Professor, University of Maryland
On 4 February 2009, Lord Adair Turner (chair, UK Climate Change Committee) confirmed to the House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee that, "it’s very difficult to imagine a long-term path for the world that is not somewhat related to a contract and converge type approach....we have made a very clear statement that we cannot imagine a global deal that is both do-able and fair, which doesn’t end up by mid century with roughly equal rights per capita to emit, and that is clearly said in the report".
On 24 June 2009, Rajendra Pachauri, (Chairman of the IPCC) said the following “ When one looks at the kinds of reductions that would be required globally, the only means for doing so is to ensure that there’s contraction and convergence, and I think there’s growing acceptance of this reality. I don’t see how else we might be able to fit within the overall budget for emissions for the world as a whole by 2050. We need to start putting this principle into practice as early as possible, so that by the time we reach 2050, we’re not caught by surprise, we’re well on a track for every country in the world that would get us there... On the matter of 'historic responsibility', there is no doubt that accelerating the rate of convergence relative to the rate of contraction is a way of answering that we really need to get agreement from Developed and Developing Countries to subscribe to this principle".
C&C is the most widely cited and arguably the most widely supported proposal for UNFCCC-compliance in play and many people believe C&C will yet prove to be the overarching principle that is adopted and that allows all nations to find common ground on how to achieve 'climate truth and reconciliation' and avert climate chaos.
Awards
Meyer's environmental efforts have led to many awards. He is the recipient of the Andrew Lees Memorial Prize, 1998; Schumacher Award, 2000; Findhorn Fellowship, 2004; Eurosolar Award 2006; City of London, Life-time's Achievement Award, 2005; Honorary Fellow of Royal Institute of British Architects, 2007; UNEP FI Global Roundtable Financial Leadership Award, 2007. and in 2008 a cross party group of British MPs nominated Meyer for the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated with wide support, for the Zayed Prize in 2010. He was nominated for the Blue Planet Prize, again with wide support, in 2014.
See also
Global Commons Institute
Contraction and Convergence
Bibliography
GLOBE briefing on Contraction and Convergence
Contraction & Convergence: The Global Solution to Climate Change'
The Kyoto Protocol & the emergence of C&C as a framework for an international political solution to GHG emissions abatement.
Reinforcing Asia-Europe Co-operation on Climate Change
The GCI Archive 1989-2004
Towards a Sustainable EU Policy on Climate Change - GCI Evidence to the House of Lords
Surviving Climate Change - The Case for Contraction and Convergence.
The Economics of Climate Change Chevening Fellows Programme Cambridge
Contraction and Convergence and International Conceptual Framework for Preventing Dangerous Climate Change
Carbon Countdown - the Campaign for Contraction and Convergence.
References
External links
Global Commons Institute
1947 births
Living people
British emigrants to South Africa
South African writers |
4024776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20from%20Snowy%20River%3A%20Arena%20Spectacular | The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular | The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, based on Banjo Paterson's poem The Man from Snowy River, was a popular musical theatre production which toured Australian capital cities twice during 2002. Kevin Jacobsen and David Atkins were the executive producers for the show. David Atkins and Ignatius Jones were co-directors and co-writers. Extra dialogue was written for the show by Jonathan Biggins and Phillip Scott.
The stage musical has no relationship to the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River, or the 1988 sequel The Man from Snowy River II, or the television series The Man from Snowy River.
All poetry narrated in the musical was written by Banjo Paterson, including the lyrics to the songs "Waltzing Matilda" (with music written by M. Cowan), and "As Long as Your Eyes Are Blue" (the music to which was "Clancy's Theme", which was written by Bruce Rowland for the film The Man from Snowy River).
Awards and nominations
Awards
Winner: Australian Recording Industry Association award. The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (Original Cast Recording) won the ARIA award for Best Original Show / Cast Album (2002)
Winner: David Atkins and Ignatius Jones for Direction and Staging
Winner: Conrad Helfrich for Musical Direction in a Musical Production
Winner: Morris Lyda for Technical Design
Nominations
Nominee: Peter Milne for Projections/Set/Designs
Nominee: Wyn Milsom for Sound Design
Nominee: Martin Crewes as Jim Ryan (the Man) Green Room Award for Male Actor in a Leading Role (Music Theatre)
Cast members
Georgie Parker as Kate Conroy (John Conroy's daughter)
Steve Bisley as Banjo Paterson
Charles "Bud" Tingwell as John Conroy (the owner of the property)
Lee Kernaghan as the Balladeer
Martin Crewes as Jim Ryan (The Man)
Simon Westaway as Dan Mulligan, the leading hand
John Brady as Saltbush Bill (also whipcracking and rope tricks)
Steve Jefferys as the Breaker
James Rutty as McGinness McGee
Deb Mitchelmore as John Brady's whips and ropes assistant
Daniel Zimmer as a 'villager'
Plot
On John Conroy's property, the 2-year-old colts and fillies are mustered and brought to the homestead for horse breaking. Two of the colts are of very good stock, especially the beautiful and spirited colt sired by the famous racehorse Regret (John Conroy says that the colt is worth a thousand pounds (£1000) and that he wants the colt to eventually be the stud horse for the property).
Jim Ryan arrives at John Conroy's property following the death of his father. When he and Conroy's daughter, Kate, see each other, it is love at first sight for them both.
Jim, however, finds resentment at his presence at the station, both from John Conroy, the owner of the property, and the station's stockmen and station hands, with Dan Mulligan (the leading hand), disdainfully commenting "We don't want any swagmen here". Saltbush and McGinness McGee also make disparaging remarks about Jim Ryan's horse, with Saltbush sarcastically asking Jim if he bought his horse from a Mark Foy's catalogue, and McGinness McGee commenting that it was more likely that the horse had been saved from a glue factory.
John Conroy also comments that they have enough men working on the property already. Kate pleads with her father to give Jim a job at the property, and he finally relents, saying that Jim can help break the horses. John Conroy resents it when Jim Ryan says that he knows of a better way to break horses than the horse-breaking method being used at the property. However, John Conroy says that Jim could prove his expertise in horse-breaking by breaking the colt from Regret.
During the night, the Brumby herd gallops close to the homestead, and the colt from Regret breaks free from his tethers and joins them. John Conroy is furious at the loss of his prized colt, and unfairly blames Jim for what has occurred. Conroy decides to get all the crack riders (expert horse riders) from the stations near and far to muster at the homestead and hunt for the Brumbies, offering a reward of £1000, and angrily orders Jim to leave the property first thing in the morning.
The crack riders gather at the homestead the following morning, including Harrison, who made his fortune when Pardon won the cup (a reference to the President's Cup, a lesser known race held in Manindie, New South Wales). Another crack rider at the homestead was Clancy of the Overflow (who was a friend of Jim). Jim shyly turns up to join in the ride to hunt for the colt and Brumbies, but finds that, apart from his friend, Clancy, he is not wanted by anyone on the ride. Clancy convinces the others that, as both Jim and his horse were mountain-reared, they would be of great help in the ride.
The Brumbies are too quick for the riders and, when it becomes too steep and dangerous with wombat holes (burrows, where a horse could break a leg), all riders stop short of the dangerous descent — apart from Jim, who continues to chase the Brumby herd - finally bringing the herd (including the colt) back to John Conroy's property.
John Conroy is delighted to have his colt back again, and gives his approval to Jim marrying Kate. A concert and country dance, as well as a superb equestrian pageant, are then held in celebration and recognition of Jim's deed, and all ends happily.
The musical — scenes, songs and poetry
Act I
Scene 1 — Prelude
instrumental music: "Waltzing Matilda" (Traditional version)
poem: "Prelude" (narrated by Steve Bisley)
Scene 2 — Mustering the Colts
instrumental music: "Snowy River Suite"
Scene 3 — The Homestead
song: "Spirit of the High Country" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
poem: "The Melting of the Snow" (narrated by Charles "Bud" Tingwell and Steve Bisley)
Scene 4 — Jim's Entrance — The Man Arrives
song: "Southern Son" (sung by Martin Crewes)
Scene 5 — Breaking the Colts
song: "Snowy Mountains Buckjump" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Scene 6 — The Horse Whisperer
instrumental music: "Jessica's Theme"
song: "The Rope That Pulls the Wind" (sung by Martin Crewes)
Scene 7 — The Breakout
poem: "Brumby's Run" (narrated by Steve Bisley)
instrumental music: "The Breakout"
Scene 8 — The Confrontation — Jim's & Kate's First Kiss
song: "Kosciusko Moon" (sung by Martin Crewes and Georgie Parker)
Scene 9 — The Cracks Gather — Musical Ride
instrumental music: "The Man from Snowy River Theme"
song: "Boys from the Bush" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Act II
Musical Entrácte
instrumental music: "Waltzing Matilda" (Queensland version) (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
poem" "Daylight Is Dying" (narrated by Steve Bisley and Charles 'Bud' Tingwell)
Scene 1 — Tall Stories
song: "Pull the Other One Mate" (sung by Lee Kernaghan, Simon Westaway, James Rutty and Steve Jefferys)
instrumental "Eureka Creek"
Scene 2 — The Man and Kate — A Kiss for Luck
song: "As Long as Your Eyes Are Blue" (sung by Georgie Parker)
Scenes 3, 4 and 5
poem: "The Man from Snowy River" (narrated by Steve Bisley during scenes 3, 4 and 5)
Scene 3. instrumental music: "The Man from Snowy River Theme"
instrumental music: "The Departure"
Scene 4. instrumental music: "The Ride"
Scene 5. instrumental music: "The Return"
Scene 6 — The Concert
Country songs and country dancing
song: "You Rock My World" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
song: "Electric Rodeo" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
song: "Cobar Line" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Scene 7 — Musical Ride
song: "Southern Son" (reprise) — (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Scene 8 — The Finale
instrumental music: "The Man from Snowy River Theme"
song: "Spirit of the High Country" (reprise) — (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Scene 9 — The Swagman Returns
instrumental music: "Waltzing Matilda" (Traditional version)
Epilogue: "A Singer of the Bush" (narrated by Steve Bisley)
Interval entertainment
Woodchopping
Woodchoppers: Sean Harper, Lindsay Hewill, Mal Windley and Peter Windley
Notes about the musical
Although also based on The Man from Snowy River (poem), the arena spectacular has no connection whatsoever with either the films or the television series of the same name.
Screen images
The screen images, photographed by Ross Dunstan, were provided by Australian Geographic Pty Ltd and are featured in their book The Snowy Mountains.
Poetry
Steve Bisley, in his role of Banjo, recites the poem during Act II in the scene "The Ride — parts 1–4", as well as reciting other poems by Banjo Paterson. Bud Tingwell, in his role of "John Conroy", also recited poems by Banjo Paterson.
Horses, riders and drivers
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular had real horses performing in the show.
During the opening sequence of The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, Steve Jefferys and his stock horse Ammo reprised their entrance at the beginning of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony. Steve Jeffreys' wife Sandra Langsford also took part in both the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony (in which she was one of the 140 riders) and also took part in The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, in which she was one of the featured crack riders (expert riders). Steve Jefferys and Sandra Langsford also trained Ammo (the rearing horse), and Drummond (the colt from old Regret), as well as training Jana, the Border Collie (Banjo Paterson's dog).
For his horse riding role as Jim Ryan in the production of The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, Martin Crewes, who could already ride, was given intensive riding lessons by expert riding teacher Steve Jefferys, so that Crewes would not require a body double for the difficult riding feats he had to accomplish in the show. Jefferys also taught Crewes the difficult art of being a horse whisperer for his role as Jim Ryan. Horse whispering usually takes years to learn, but Crewes was able to master this difficult skill in only two weeks.
There was also superb riding, including intricate equestrian drill movements, and all of the animal actors ('Jana' the Border Collie, and the horses in the show) were magnificent. Horse riding stunts in the show were performed by trick riders and stunt riders, including Zelie Thompson and Deborah Brennan. The crack riders in the musical wore Akubra hats and Driza-Bone riding coats.
The Horse Master for the show was Tony Jablonski, who had also been the Horse Master for the horse segment at the beginning of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony.
A Cobb and Co stagecoach, pulled by five horses, was featured in the musical.
Also featured were a couple of buckboards, with one of the buckboards being pulled by a mare, while the second buckboard was pulled by a gelding (the buckboard horses, which were very similar in colouring, though different in size, were mother and son).
Whipcracking and ropes
Australia's whipcracking expert John Brady demonstrated his expertise with both stockwhips and rope tricks within the show, as well as appearing in the show in the role of Saltbush.
Cast album
The CD, which was released by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 2002, won the 2002 Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA Music Award) for Best Cast/Show Album.
Bruce Rowland, who composed the instrumental music for both the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River film and its sequel 1988 film The Man from Snowy River II (American title: Return to Snowy River), composed special arrangements of some of his music for the musical.
Lee Kernaghan and Garth Porter wrote the music and lyrics for the country songs. Lee Kernaghan also sang some of the country songs (which he had already recorded on some of his albums), during the concert scene.
DVD release
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular was performed at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre in Boondall, Queensland, Australia, for both of its Brisbane runs (in 2002), with the musical being filmed, for DVD and videotape release, at the entertainment centre during its second run in Brisbane in October, 2002. Extra dancers and acrobats were hired for the finale of this recording. The DVD and VHS recordings of the musical were released on 26 January 2003 (Australia Day).
See also
Snowy River
References
External links
Horse code (about the musical) — Sydney Morning Herald — published August 9, 2002
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular — review about the musical
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular — The Electric Canvas
The Man from Snowy River Arena Spectacular — photo
ALIA Productions — includes images and information about the musical
2002 musicals
Touring theatre
The Man from Snowy River
Musicals based on poems
Australian musicals |
4024779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaka%20Ramanayake | Champaka Ramanayake | Champaka Priyadarshana Hewage Ramanayake (born January 8, 1965 in Galle), or Champaka Ramanayake, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 18 Tests and 62 ODIs from 1986 to 1995.
Champaka is a highly experienced and respected international cricket coach now.
He worked for Sri Lanka cricket board as a national fast bowling coach for 15 years and Bangladesh national fast bowling coach as 2 years.
Champaka’s proudest and highest achievement is discovering Lasith Malinga at the age of 16 and guiding and coaching him to be the best fast bowler Sri Lanka ever produced and one of the best in the world.
He is the current high performance fast bowling coach of the Bangladesh national side.
School times
Champaka who had his education at Richmond College, Galle is widely regarded as one of the steadiest bowlers ever produced by Sri Lanka.
Trivia
Champaka is the only person to bowl in international cricket at Ray Mitchell Oval, in Mackay, Australia. The venue hosted its only international match during the 1992 Cricket World Cup, and the match was washed out after his first two deliveries.
International record
Test 5 Wicket hauls
References
1965 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Basnahira North cricketers
Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Alumni of Richmond College, Galle
Ruhuna cricketers
Cricketers from Galle
Sri Lankan cricket coaches
Coaches of the United Arab Emirates national cricket team |
4024782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjith%20Madurasinghe | Ranjith Madurasinghe | Madurasinghe Arachchige Wijayasiri Ranjith Madurasinghe (born 30 January 1961), pr Ranjith Madurasinghe, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer, who played three Test matches and twelve One Day Internationals for Sri Lanka between 1988 and 1992.
. He was a right-arm off break bowler and a left-handed batsman.
Madurasinghe was educated at Maliyadeva College, Kurunegala, and played domestically for Kurunegala Youth Cricket Club.
After retiring, he became a referee.
References
ESPNcricinfo profile of Ranjith Madurasinghe
CricketArchive profile of Ranjith Madurasinghe
1961 births
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Wayamba cricketers
Alumni of Maliyadeva College
Sportspeople from Kurunegala |
4024788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Flaton | Ken Flaton | Ken Flaton (June 28, 1940 – November 7, 2004) was an American professional poker player who was born in New York City, New York and settled in Henderson, Nevada after serving in the US Army.
Flaton won a World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelet in 1983 in the $1,000 seven-card stud event. He also finished in the money of the $10,000 no limit hold'em main event in 1986 (28th), 1988 (23rd), 1990 (31st), and 1997 (18th).
Flaton won the first United States Poker Championship in 1996 and competed in the World Poker Tour (WPT).
Both Flaton and his peers have suggested that seven-card stud was his best game.
Flaton died in November 2004 at St. Rose Dominican Hospital – Siena Campus, aged 64. He died of a heart attack, although he was suffering from lung cancer at the time, despite being a non-smoker.
His total live tournament winnings were at least $2,575,000. His 39 cashes at the WSOP accounted for $568,525 of his lifetime winnings.
Nickname
Flaton got his nickname, "Skyhawk", when fellow professional Stu Ungar, after seeing Flaton spread his arms and then rake in the pot while in a poker tournament, commented that Flaton "swooped down on piles of chips like a 'skyhawk.'"
References
1940 births
2004 deaths
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Sportspeople from New York City |
4024793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Dibley | Colin Dibley | Colin Dibley (born 19 September 1944) is a former tennis player from Australia.
Dibley once held the title for the fastest serve in the world at 148 m.p.h. During his professional career, he also won four singles and seventeen doubles titles. The right-hander reached his career-high singles ranking of world No. 26 in June 1973. After retiring in 1981, he took up real estate, still keeping himself in the game through coaching others.
Known for his enormous serve, Dibley has been noted as having one of the most "live arms" of his generation by ESPN commentator Pam Shriver.
Career finals
Singles 7 (4 titles, 3 runner-ups)
Doubles 32 (17 titles, 15 runner-ups)
External links
nj.com article
1944 births
Living people
Australian male tennis players
Tennis players from Sydney |
4024803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue%20Among%20Civilizations | Dialogue Among Civilizations | Former Iranian president Mohammad Khatami introduced the idea of Dialogue Among Civilizations as a response to Samuel P. Huntington's theory of a Clash of Civilizations. The term was initially used by Austrian philosopher Hans Köchler who in 1972, in a letter to UNESCO, had suggested the idea of an international conference on the "dialogue between different civilizations" (dialogue entre les différentes civilisations) and had organized, in 1974, a first international conference on the role of intercultural dialogue ("The Cultural Self-comprehension of Nations") with the support and under the auspices of Senegalese President Léopold Sédar Senghor.
History
One of the first places where Dialogue Among Civilizations took place was in Isfahan, Iran at the Safa Khaneh Community that was established in 1902. Safa Khaneh was a place that Haj Aqa Nourollah and his older brother made. It was a place where Muslims and Christians talked about their religions with each other. It was one of the first interfaith centres in the world. Later a magazine was published based on the dialogues between Muslims and Christians in the Safa Khaneh and it was released in Iran, India and England. The founder of Safa Khaneh, Haj Aqa Nouroollah was one of the leaders of the Constitution Era in Iran. His house has become a museum named Constitution house of Isfahan.
Introduction
The page dedicated to the United Nations Year of Dialog Among Civilizations introduces the idea as follows:
The Vision
Here are some excerpts from the vision of the Foundation for Dialogue among Civilizations:
The Mission
Here are some excerpts from the mission of the Foundation for Dialogue among Civilizations:
Contrasting view: The Clash of Civilizations
In 1993, Huntington provoked great debate among international relations theorists with the interrogatively-titled "The Clash of Civilizations?", a controversial, oft-cited article published in Foreign Affairs magazine. Its description of post–Cold War geopolitics contrasted with the controversial End of History thesis advocated by Francis Fukuyama.
Huntington expanded "The Clash of Civilizations?" to book length and published it as The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order in 1996. The article and the book posit that post–Cold War conflict would most frequently and violently occur because of cultural rather than ideological differences. That, whilst in the Cold War, conflict likely occurred between the Capitalist West and the Communist Bloc East, it now was most likely to occur between the world's major civilizations — identifying seven, and a possible eighth: (i) Western, (ii) Latin American, (iii) Islamic, (iv) Sinic (Chinese), (v) Hindu, (vi) Orthodox, (vii) Japanese, and (viii) the African. This cultural organization contrasts the contemporary world with the classical notion of sovereign states. To understand current and future conflict, cultural rifts must be understood, and culture — rather than the State — mern(?) nations will lose predominance if they fail to recognize the irreconcilable nature of cultural tensions.
Critics (for example, in Le Monde Diplomatique) called The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order the theoretical legitimization of American-led Western aggression against China and the world's Islamic cultures. Nevertheless, this post–Cold War shift in geopolitical organization and structure requires that the West internally strengthens itself culturally, by abandoning the imposition of its ideal of democratic universalism and its incessant military interventionism. Other critics argued that Huntington's taxonomy is simplistic and arbitrary, and does not take account of the internal dynamics and partisan tensions within civilizations. Huntington's influence upon U.S. policy has been likened to that of British historian A.J. Toynbee's controversial religious theories about Asian leaders in the early twentieth century.
Personal Representative of the Secretary-General for the UN Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations has said:
Former UN Assistant Secretary-General Giandomenico Picco was appointed the Personal Representative to the Secretary-General for the United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations in 1999 in order to facilitate discussions on diversity, through organizing conferences, seminars and disseminating information and scholarly materials. Having served the United Nations for two decades, Mr. Picco is most recognized for participating in UN efforts to negotiate the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and in bringing an end to the Iran-Iraq war. He believes that people should take responsibility for who they are, what they do, what they value, and what they believe in.
Related comments
"A basic change in political ethics is required for the realization of the proposal, The dialog among civilizations." (UNESCO 1999)
"In order to understand the meaning of the phrase dialogue among civilizations as defined here, one has no choice but to closely pay attention to a number of points one of which is the relationship between a politician and an artist, and the other is the relationship between ethics and politics." (Khatami, UNESCO 1999)
The Daniel Pearl Dialogue for Muslim-Jewish Understanding is a series of personal yet public conversations between Daniel Pearl's father, Professor Judea Pearl, President of the Daniel Pearl Foundation, and Dr. Akbar Ahmed, Chair of Islamic Studies at American University. The program grew out of Professors Ahmed and Pearl's shared concern about the deterioration of relationships between Muslim and Jewish communities around the world, and their strong belief that reconciliation between these two Abrahamic faiths can be achieved through frank and respectful dialogue. The discussions range from theological issues, historical perceptions to current events. In 2006 Professors Ahmed and Pearl were awarded the first annual Purpose Prize "in recognition of [their] simple, yet innovative approach to solving one of society's most pressing problems." Professor Judea Pearl is a well-known computer scientist, and the President of the Daniel Pearl Foundation.
"Dear President Khatami...I welcome your call for a dialogue between Islamic and Judeo-Christian civilizations because I believe that tensions between these two great world civilizations represent the most significant foreign policy challenge for the world community as we enter the twenty-first century." Excerpt from "An American Citizen Replies" (letter by Anthony J. Dennis to Iranian President Khatami dated August 18, 2000) published in the book Letters to Khatami: A Reply To The Iranian President's Call For A Dialogue Among Civilizations. To date, this book, published and released on July 1, 2001, is the only published reply the now-former Iranian President Khatami has ever received from the West in response to Khatami's call for such a dialogue in an exclusive, hour-long interview on CNN with CNN Foreign Correspondent Christiane Amanpour broadcast in North America on January 7, 1998.
See also
Alliance of Civilizations
Centre for Dialogue
Dialogue of Civilizations
Fethullah Gülen
Institute for Interreligious Dialogue
Interfaith dialogue
KAICIID Dialogue Centre
Parliament of the World's Religions
World Against Violence and Extremism
Notes
References
Hans Köchler, Philosophical Foundations of Civilizational Dialogue. International Seminar on Civilizational Dialogue (3rd: 15–17 September 1997: Kuala Lumpur), BP171.5 ISCD. Kertas kerja persidangan / conference papers. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Library, 1997.
Hans Köchler, Unity in Diversity: The Integrative Approach to Intercultural Relations. UN Chronicle, Vol. XLIX, No. 3, September 2012.
External links
Foundation for Dialogue among Civilizations in Geneva, the official website which includes various news and speeches
United Nations: Background of Dialogue Among Civilizations
UNESCO's contribution to Dialogue Among Civilizations
United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations
UNESCO's actions for the Dialogue among Civilizations
UN Chronicle 2006, Interview with Khatami, five years after the UN 2001 Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations
International Progress Organization
Daniel Pearl Foundation
An Overview of Sino-Tibetan Dialogue
World Public Forum "Dialogue of Civilizations"
International relations theory
Mohammad Khatami
Interfaith dialogue
Civilizations
Interculturalism
Political neologisms
Foreign policy strategies in the Islamic Republic of Iran |
4024817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Belgrano%20Bridge | General Belgrano Bridge | The General Manuel Belgrano Bridge () is a road bridge that joins the Argentine cities of Corrientes (capital of the Corrientes Province in the Mesopotamia) and Resistencia (capital of Chaco in the Chaco Region) over the course of the Paraná River (near the confluence with the Paraguay River). It was opened on May 10, 1973.
The bridge joins Corrientes' Provincial Route 12 with Chaco's Provincial Routes 11 and 16. The main part of the bridge measures in length and stands at over the river, with cable-stayed section with spans + + . It has two A-shaped main towers that are high. The road is wide and has two lanes, plus two lateral pedestrian ways, each wide.
In 1999 the province of Corrientes was in the midst of a popular uprising, with protestors asking for the resignation of the provincial government. On 1999-12-17 the traffic over the bridge was blocked by demonstrators. The Gendarmerie intervened to suppress the protest, and killed two people. As of 2006 the investigations about the responsibility for these killings are still in progress.
References
Monografias.com, Provincia de Corrientes.
Corrientes Noticias, 10 February 2006. A seis años de la represión en el Puente General Manuel Belgrano.
Cable-stayed bridges in Argentina
Bridges completed in 1973
Buildings and structures in Corrientes Province
Buildings and structures in Chaco Province
Bridges over the Paraná River
Buildings and structures in Corrientes |
4024820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries%20%28disambiguation%29 | Dumfries (disambiguation) | Dumfries is a Scottish town.
Dumfries may also refer to:
Dumfries Burghs (UK Parliament constituency) (1708–1918)
Dumfriesshire (UK Parliament constituency) (1708–2005), known from 1950 to 2005 as Dumfries
Dumfries Parish, New Brunswick, Canada
Dumfries, New Brunswick, an unincorporated community therein
Dumfries, Virginia
Denzel Dumfries, Dutch footballer |
4024822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit%20Parade%202 | Hit Parade 2 | Hit Parade 2 is a compilation album by The Wedding Present released in January 1993. Having decided to release a limited edition single every month for all of 1992 (each featuring an original track on the A side and a cover version on the B side) the group subsequently compiled the songs as two LPs called Hit Parade 1 and Hit Parade 2. In 2003, a double CD was issued called simply The Hit Parade.
A different recording of "Boing!" than the one found on the original 7" single was used on all subsequent album editions - the single edition was produced by Jimmy Miller (who also produced "Flying Saucer"), the re-recording by Brian Paulson (who also produced the remaining singles). The original video for this track was also omitted from the VHS compilation Dick York's Wardrobe.
Track listing
"Flying Saucer"
"Boing!"
"Love Slave"
"Sticky"
"The Queen of Outer Space"
"No Christmas"
"Rocket" (Mud)
"Theme from Shaft" (Isaac Hayes)
"Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family" (David Bowie)
"Go Wild in the Country" (Bow Wow Wow)
"U.F.O." (Barry Gray)
"Step into Christmas" (Elton John)
Early copies of the LP and CD formats came with an extra disc comprising BBC radio session versions of all 12 A-sides. These tracks have all been subsequently reissued on various CD compilations.
1993 compilation albums
The Wedding Present albums |
4024827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Ponsonby | Bernard Ponsonby | Bernard Ponsonby is a Scottish broadcast journalist for regional news and current affairs programming for STV. He joined the station in 1990 and was appointed political editor in 2000, following the retirement of longstanding political editor Fiona Ross.
Political career
Ponsonby stood for the Liberal Democrats – then styled as the "Democrats" – in the 1988 Glasgow Govan by-election, losing his deposit with a 4.1% share of the vote. He became the party's press officer following that.
For seven years, Ponsonby presented Scottish Television's political programme Platform. He currently reports and provides political commentary for all three editions of the station's flagship regional news programme, STV News at Six, in the North, East and West of Scotland. He has also contributed to the weekly political programme Politics Now, for which he became presenter in January 2009, until the programme's end in 2011. He now commentates on the replacement programme Scotland Tonight.
Ponsonby co-presented the political programme Scottish Questions (1992–93), was the lead presenter on Scottish Voices (1994–95), co-presented Trial By Night (1993–96) and more recently, Seven Days (2000–2001).
Ponsonby has produced several documentary programmes in the Scottish Reporters series and produced two political documentaries (The Dewar Years and The Salmond Years) on two of Scotland's most influential politicians of the postwar period.
In 2002, Ponsonby was arrested for drunk driving and convicted of being over three times the legal drink limit.
In May 2009, Ponsonby became the first journalist in the UK to report the resignation of the speaker of the House of Commons and Glasgow North East MP, Michael Martin – the first speaker to be forced from office since 1695. Ponsonby is an avid film fan and frequents the Cineworld chain of cinemas in Parkhead Glasgow.
On 5 August 2014, Ponsonby moderated Salmond & Darling: The Debate, the first head-to-head televised debate between First Minister Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling ahead of the forthcoming Scottish independence referendum.
The Prime Minister's office refused to allow Ponsonby to interview David Cameron on STV about the Scottish independence referendum, according to a report in The Scotsman.
References
Liberal Democrats (UK) parliamentary candidates
Living people
People educated at Trinity High School, Rutherglen
People from Cambuslang
Scottish journalists
Scottish Liberal Democrat politicians
Scottish television presenters
STV News newsreaders and journalists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4024830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amma%20Ariyan | Amma Ariyan | Amma Ariyan () is a 1986 Malayalam-language experimental film directed by avant-garde filmmaker John Abraham. The story revolves around the incidents following the death of a young Naxalite, upon whose death his friends travel to the village where his mother lives to inform her of the death of her only son.
Amma Ariyan is considered to be a complex movie and was one of the biggest experiments in Indian cinema when funds were raised to make a film without giving the slightest heed to its commercial viability. Since its release in 1986, critics have read several layers of meaning in its story. The film was the only South Indian film to feature on British Film Institute's Top 10 Indian Films list.
Plot
Preparing to leave for Delhi, Purushan bids his mother goodbye, promising to write to her regularly. In the thinly populated forest area of Wayanad in northeast Kerala, the jeep in which he is traveling is stopped by the Police, who take possession of it to carry a dead body found hanging on the wayside tree. The dead man's face looks familiar to Purushan. He becomes restless and is seized with a pathological obsession to find out the identity of the deceased. Against the wishes of his girlfriend, he abandons his trip to Delhi and sets out to seek his friends who may have some clue. Purushan meets journalist friends, doctors, and finally a veteran comrade, fondly addressed as Balettan who identifies the dead as the fellow musician who accompanied Satyajit, the guitarist. Satyajit confirms the deceased is his friend Hari, the tabla player. Together they decide to inform Hari's mother who stays in Cochin. They set out on a long eventful journey from the northern highlands of Wayanad to the Southern port city of Cochin.
As they move from Kozhikode to Beypore, Kodungalloor, Thrissur, Kottapuram, Vypin, and finally to Fort Kochi, the group swells as they meet many mothers and their sons and relatives who have known Hari; some had known him as a tabla player, some as Tony, the jazz drummer, and others as a silent political activist, a victim of police brutality, and a loner. And for others, he was a drug addict and one who used to drown his sorrow and pain in his music. Through their recollections, Hari's rather diffused identity unfolds. His classmates remember Hari as an introvert, weak and indecisive. His worker comrades identify him as a staunch revolutionary with strong resistance and willpower. But then what went wrong?
The colonial past of the places, what they took from us and what they left behind as well as the people's protests and uprisings, the region witnesses, and their heroes and victims are integrated into the narrative, by way of information as well as critique.
While reporting to his mother about Hari and his friends and their mothers on his southbound journey, John also reconstructs the history of the land through a series of class struggles, student protests, and workers union clashes that took place in the region where Purushan traversed. Starting with the medical students agitation against commercialization of medical education, to a short dialogue with Karuppuswamy, the unfortunate victim who had lost both his legs in a colliery workers struggle for better wages and human dignity, in Kottapuram, to Vypin island where several mazdoors (labourers) either died or lost their eyesight in the man-made hooch tragedy, to the Citizens group's forcible taking over of rice and sugar hoarded by unscrupulous black marketer traders and distributing to ordinary people at fair prices and giving back the money collected to the traders, to the manipulated fight between workers of two feuding unions in a Mattancherry street in Fort Kochi, where four fishermen had died, and also some targeted working-class leaders in a fake Police encounter, an abortive factory workers strike extending solidarity to the retrenched women workers in Fort Kochi, are some of the long list of peoples protests and struggles reported with deep concern and feeling by Purushan in a long letter to his Mother.
As Purushan and his group wait for Hari's mother to come out of the Baptism ceremony from the church, they analyze their own past, noting the emerging debate focusing on the romantic evasions and tragic failures of the extremist movement. When Hari s mother finally turns up and faces the youth congregation, she asks "Suicide wasn't it?" The film ends with Purushan's mother watching Hari's mother wiping her tear.
Cast
Kunhulakshmi Amma as Purushan's mother
Harinarayan as Hari
Joy Mathew as Purushan
Maji Venkitesh as Paru
Nilambur Balan
Production
The incidents that led to the production of Amma Ariyan are striking. A group of young friends of John Abraham who wanted to make it into a "people's movie", constituted the Odessa Collective, aiming at production and exhibition of good cinema with active participation of the general public, without the intervention of market forces.
They raised money for the film by traveling from village to village and house to house, beating drums, singing and putting up skits and short plays at street corners and asking for contributions for the 'people's cinema'. They collected the fund needed for the production of a movie. It was Odessa's first film and John's last Amma Ariyan re-wrote all the conventions of filmmaking.
The film is made in a documentary style. As a part of the technique of intertwining fact and fiction, the filmmaker shot many actual leftist political strikes that took place in Kerala during that time.
Themes
The Great Mother not one but many
As in all primitive cultures which have the power to overcome contradictions of faith, in Kerala too radicalism has gone hand in hand with the mother cult. The mother goddess is worshipped in its varied forms – as Devi, Bhagavathi, Parvathi, and Kali all alternate forms of Durga, the consort of Lord Shiva and the embodiment of energy and destruction. The traditional matrilineal kinship, sensitively shown in the scene between the mother and the son's betrothed drying the wet cloth in the sun, waypoints to the strong influence Purushan (The Man) has in defining his personal radicalism. The male (Purushan) seeking an umbilical solace in the female (Nature) through the expression of his inner self thereby becomes the crux of John's narrative. "Suicide is something that John tries to come to grips with as the little boy asks: "Father, what's suicide?" And Purushan clumsily tries to explain but fails
Two mothers in the film - one Hindu and the other Muslim - ask themselves and us, "Why these youngsters are committing suicide? ", As we look at their faces, we realize John is not telling the story of one mother and one son but of several mothers and several sons and also the tragedy of a time in Kerala's socio-political and cultural history. As with Ghatak, for John also the mother image is the most vibrant cohesive force in Nature which binds people of different sensitivity together. His protagonist s journey begins and ends with the same belief.
Alone in the crowd
As the journey proceeds and Purushan takes stock of his life and goes into reflections of his umbilical links with his mother and the beloved as they always appear together as a single entity in his mind, he finds himself more and more alienated from the group and their ideology, (if they have one). The alienation becomes complete towards the fag end of the film with an arresting image of him lying alone in a bed of flowers under a tree and the camera captures his face in a way that reminds us of the dead face of Hari in the mortuary His total identification with Hari takes him to come to terms with himself and both the mothers ¦.
The Journey
The whole film is designed in the form of a "journey" – the journey of life Putrushan sets out for the journey with the intention of going North (Delhi), but after his encounter with "death" he reverses the direction and travels South from the forests of Vayanad in North Kerala to Fort Kochi, the port city, traversing practically the whole of Malabar, a land which had a long tradition of political activity and people's movements in Kerala. Even though John came from further down, Kottayam, he seemed to have a thorough grasp of the political and cultural history of this region. The film is an eloquent testimony to this.
History of class struggles
While reporting to his mother about Hari and his friends and their mothers on his southbound journey, John also reconstructs the history of the land through a series of class struggles, student protests, and workers union clashes that took place in the region where Purushan traversed. Starting with the medical students' agitation against the commercialization of medical education (a topical issue to this day), to a short dialogue with Karuppuswamy, the unfortunate victim who had lost both his legs in colliery worker's struggle for better wages and human dignity, in Kottapuram, to Vypin island where several mazdoors (laborers) either died or lost their eyesight in the man-made hooch tragedy, to the citizens group's forcible taking over of rice and sugar hoarded by unscrupulous black marketer traders and distributing to ordinary people at fair prices and giving back the money collected to the traders, to the manipulated fight between workers of two feuding unions in a Mattancherry street in Fort Kochi. Where four fishermen had died, and also some targeted working-class leaders in a fake Police encounter, abortive factory workers' strike extending solidarity to the retrenched women workers in Fort Kochi ¦ are some of the long lists of people's protests and struggles reported with deep concern and feeling by Purushan in a long letter to his Mother ¦
Interpreting metaphors
The metaphors used by John in Amma Ariyan are powerful, but often obscure. The dead body, which Purushan witnessed by chance and later, brings together like-minded people to form a crowd requires to be interpreted. The other and perhaps the most important metaphor that needs interpretation is 'Mother'. Even though throughout the course of the film, each individual member joins the crowd after informing their respective mothers, two mothers stand out in the film. The film unfurls in the form of a letter to Purushan's mother who sees off her son by urging him to write a letter to her, wherever he may be. The other mother, the mother of Hari who commits suicide is the destination of the crowd. While one among them is anxious to know about her son's journey through the torrid times, the other mother foresees her son's suicide, while almost all the mothers are seen worried about the youth of that time, succumbing to suicide. John's film starts with a mother's wish to know about her son and ends where another mother's dreams of her son burn down. The crowd that is formed for the mission of informing Hari's mother about his death too requires interpretation.
References
External links
Amma Ariyan - Cinema Of Malayalam
Amma Ariyan, a study - Manuvilsan, Rajmohan
John Abraham - Profile in cinemaofmalayalam.net
John Abraham - Weblokam profile
A tribute to Ritwik Ghatak by John
1980s avant-garde and experimental films
1980s Malayalam-language films
Indian avant-garde and experimental films
Indian films
Films directed by John Abraham
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award
Crowdfunded films |
4024832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A9%20Navarra | Mosé Navarra | Mosé Navarra (born 18 July 1974, in Loano) is a retired tennis player from Italy.
Navarra turned professional in 1993. The left-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 14 June 1999, when he became the number 119 in the world.
Personal life
Navarra was married to Indian model Sheetal Mallar for three years.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP career finals
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 5 (3–2)
Doubles: 7 (3–4)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Italian male tennis players
Sportspeople from the Province of Savona
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in tennis
Competitors at the 1993 Mediterranean Games |
4024837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakeb%20Jalali | Shakeb Jalali | Shakeb Jalali or Shakeeb Jalali (), born Syed Hassan Rizvi (1 October 1934 – 12 November 1966), was a Pakistani Urdu poet, considered one of the distinguished Urdu poets of the post-independence era.
Shakeb was born on 1 October 1934 in Jalal, a small village near Aligarh. His ancestors were from a small town, Saddat, near Aligarh. He committed suicide on 12 November 1966 by throwing himself before a passing train near Sargodha, Pakistan. Roushni Aye Roushni, his first poetry collection, was published posthumously in 1972. Sang-e-Meel published his complete poetical works as Kulliyat-e-Shakeb Jalali in 2004.
Further reading
See also
List of Urdu Poets
References
External links
1934 births
1966 suicides
People from Aligarh
Muhajir people
Pakistani poets
Urdu-language poets from Pakistan
Pakistani Shia Muslims
20th-century poets
Suicides in Pakistan
Suicides by train |
4024849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20noise%20machine | White noise machine | A white noise machine is a device that produces a noise that calms the listener, which in many cases sounds like a rushing waterfall or wind blowing through trees, and other serene or nature-like sounds. Often such devices do not produce actual white noise, which has a harsh sound, but pink noise, whose power rolls off at higher frequencies, or other colors of noise.
Use
White noise devices are available from numerous manufacturers in many forms, for a variety of different uses, including audio testing, sound masking, sleep-aid, and power-napping. Sleep-aid and nap machine products may also produce other soothing sounds, such as music, rain, wind, highway traffic and ocean waves mixed with—or modulated by—white noise. Electric fans are a common alternative, although some Asian communities historically avoided using fans due to the superstition that a fan could suffocate them while sleeping. White noise generators are often used by people with tinnitus to mask their symptoms. The sounds generated by digital machines are not always truly random. Rather, they are short prerecorded audio-tracks which continuously repeat at the end of the track.
Manufacturers of sound-masking devices recommend that the volume of white noise machines be initially set at a comfortable level, even if it does not provide the desired level of privacy. As the ear becomes accustomed to the new sound and learns to tune it out, the volume can be gradually increased to increase privacy. Manufacturers of sleeping aids and power-napping devices recommend that the volume level be set slightly louder than normal music listening level, but always in a comfortable listening range.
Sound and noise have their own measurement and color coding techniques, which allows specialized users to identify noise and sound according to their respective needs and utilization. These specialized needs are dependent on certain professions and needs, e.g. a psychiatrist who needs certain sounds for therapies and treatments on a mental level, and patients who have conditions such as insomnia, anxiety, and, tinnitus (these conditions are managed with special devices which are designed to create certain sounds that treat such conditions at a mental level). A white noise machine has “white” as the color code given to that noise having a particular frequency spectrum.
Audio jammers
White noise machines are used to diminish the potential for recording or overhearing conversations. Republican Glen Casada had a white noise machine installed in his office to prevent against eavesdropping.
Smart speaker blockers have been developed. For example, Bracelet of Silence is a bracelet that outputs white noise to protect privacy against digital recording from smart speakers. Bracelet of Silence is portable and not attached to smart speakers, thus it is possible that this device can be used to prevent eavesdropping of other devices as well, for example smartphones and laptops.
There is not a lot of research on the impact of loud sounds at inaudible frequencies (and their respective audible artifacts and harmonics).
Design
Most modern white noise generators are electronic, usually generating the sound in real-time with audio test equipment, or via electronic playback of a digital audio recording. Simple mechanical machines consist of a very basic setup, involving an enclosed fan and, optionally, a speed switch. This fan drives air through small slots in the machine's casing, producing the desired sound. The first fan-based white noise machine was the Marpac Dohm, which was invented in 1962 and is frequently credited as the original domestic use white noise machine.
See also
Pink noise
White noise
Colors of noise
Sound masking
Tinnitus masker
Sound Princess
References
Noise (electronics)
Privacy
Sleep
Hardware device blockers |
4024858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata%20Xover | Tata Xover | The Tata Xover (pronounced "crossover") is a 7-seat crossover SUV concept car created by the Indian automaker Tata Motors. It was first introduced at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show. The Xover is long and designed to accept Tata's next generation Euro IV compliant powertrains.
In January 2010, the Xover's real market version was launched with minor changes in the AutoExpo in New Delhi, India. It has been launched as the Tata Aria. Most of the body design remains unchanged except for the grill, headlamps and minor cosmetics.
See also
Other concept cars by Tata Motors
2004 Tata Indigo Advent
2007 Tata Elegante
2009 Tata Prima
Xover |
4024861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration%20stream | Transpiration stream | In plants, the transpiration stream is the uninterrupted stream of water and solutes which is taken up by the roots and transported via the xylem to the leaves where it evaporates into the air/apoplast-interface of the substomatal cavity. It is driven by capillary action and in some plants by root pressure. The main driving factor is the difference in water potential between the soil and the substomatal cavity caused by transpiration.
Transpiration
Transpiration can be regulated through stomatal closure or opening. It allows for plants to efficiently transport water up to their highest body organs, regulate the temperature of stem and leaves and it allows for upstream signaling such as the dispersal of an apoplastic alkalinization during local oxidative stress.
Summary of water movement:
Soil
Roots and Root Hair
Xylem
Leaves
Stomata
Air
Osmosis
The water passes from the soil to the root by osmosis. The long and thin shape of root hairs maximizes surface area so that more water can enter. There is greater water potential in the soil than in the cytoplasm of the root hair cells. As the cell's surface membrane of the root hair cell is semi-permeable, osmosis can take place; and water passes from the soil to the root hairs.
The next stage in the transpiration stream is water passing into the xylem vessels. The water either goes through the cortex cells (between the root cells and the xylem vessels) or it bypasses them – going through their cell walls.
After this, the water moves up the xylem vessels to the leaves through diffusion: A pressure change between the top and bottom of the vessel. Diffusion takes place because there is a water potential gradient between water in the xylem vessel and the leaf (as water is transpiring out of the leaf). This means that water diffuses up the leaf. There is also a pressure change between the top and bottom of the xylem vessels, due to water loss from the leaves. This reduces the pressure of water at the top of the vessels. This means water moves up the vessels.
The last stage in the transpiration stream is the water moving into the leaves, and then the actual transpiration. First, the water moves into the mesophyll cells from the top of the xylem vessels. Then the water evaporates out of the cells into the spaces between the cells in the leaf. After this, the water leaves the leaf (and the whole plant) by diffusion through stomata.
See also
Soil plant atmosphere continuum for modelling plant transpiration.
References
Felle HH, Herrmann A, Hückelhoven R, Kogel K-H (2005) Root-to-shoot signalling: apoplastic alkalinization, a general stress response and defence factor in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Protoplasma 227, 17 - 24.
Salibury F, Ross C (1991) Plant Physiology. Brooks Cole, pp 682, .
Plant physiology |
4024867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR%20L11%20class | LSWR L11 class | The London and South Western Railway L11 class was a class of 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for mixed traffic work. They were introduced in 1903 and were nicknamed "Large Hoppers". As with most other Drummond productions, the locomotive had two inside cylinders and Stephenson link valve gear.
Background
The L11 class was one of a number of designs by Dugald Drummond incorporating a large proportion of standard parts that could be interchanged with other classes of locomotive. The boiler was interchangeable with the T9 class, and likewise was equipped with water tubes fitted across the firebox combustion space, with the aim of increasing heating surface whilst facilitating water circulation; this device however also increased maintenance costs and was soon removed by Drummond's successor, Robert Urie.
Later history
The L11 class was never equipped with a superheater as was applied to other Drummond types. The class was coupled to a six-wheeled tender as standard, although from time to time they had the Drummond eight-wheeled 'watercart' by way of tender interchange.
Eight locomotives were converted to oil firing as part of government trials in 1947 to 1948.
None have survived.
Construction table
Livery and numbering
LSWR and Southern
Under the LSWR, the L11s were outshopped in the LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery with purple-brown edging, creating panels of green. This was further lined in white and black with 'LSWR' in gilt on the tender tank sides.
When transferred to Southern Railway ownership after 1923, the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsell's darker version of the LSWR livery. The LSWR standard gilt lettering was changed to yellow with 'Southern' on the water tank sides. The locomotives also featured black and white lining.
Post-1948 (nationalisation)
Livery after Nationalisation was initially Southern freight livery with 'British Railways' on the tender, and an 'S' prefix on the number. The class was subsequently outshopped in BR Mixed Traffic Black with red and white lining, with the BR crest on the tender.
Locomotive numbering was per BR standard practice, with 40 locomotives passing into British Railways ownership in 1948 and they were numbered randomly (with other LSWR classes) in the ranges 30134-30175, 30405-30414, 30435-30442. Numbering was based upon the batches built. However, thirteen of the locomotives had been withdrawn by the end of 1948, resulting in gaps in the sequence.
Comparison with K10
According to Dendy Marshall, the main differences between the K10 "Small Hoppers" and the L11 "Large Hoppers" were:
K10, 9 foot coupling rods and C8 type boiler
L11, 10 foot coupling rods and T9 type boiler
References
External links
SEMG gallery
L11
4-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1903
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain |
4024873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Trenaman | Martin Trenaman | Martin Trenaman (born 1962) is an English comedy writer and actor, who has contributed to many modern comedy series. He played Simon's father, Alan Cooper, in the sitcom The Inbetweeners (2008-10). He reprised the role of Mr. Cooper for the subsequent Inbetweeners films released in 2011 and 2014.
Career
Trenaman won So You Think You're Funny? in 1994 and went on to write additional material for shows such as Head on Comedy, Lenny Henry in Pieces and Haywire, and for comedians such as Harry Enfield, Johnny Vaughan and Phil Kay. The Lenny Henry special which he contributed to was winner of the Golden Rose of Montreaux in 2001.
Trenaman has been credited with writing material for Is It Bill Bailey? and Never Mind the Buzzcocks. He appeared in two of Bailey's live shows; with Phil Whelans in Bill Bailey's Cosmic Jam (1996) as part of the band "The Stan Ellis Experiment", and in Part Troll (2004) with Kevin Eldon and John Moloney in Kraftwerk spoof, "Das Hokey Kokey". He also appears on Bailey's Bewilderness DVD in the spoof interview Legacy of Dreams: With Martin Trenaman. Along with Bill Bailey, Phil Whelans, and Kevin Eldon, he is a member of the punk rock cover band Beergut 100. He also appeared in Spaced, playing the nemesis of Bailey's character and owner of a rival comic book shop.
He worked with Sean Lock, both in writing additional material for Is it Bill Bailey? and Never Mind the Buzzcocks, and also by co-writing Sean Lock's sitcom 15 Storeys High. Trenaman has contributed to all 4 series of the show, which includes 2 on radio and 2 on television. He also co-stars in the first series of the radio show, and makes numerous guest appearances during the television series.
In 2004 Trenaman appeared as a locksmith in the first series of The Mighty Boosh. He played the role of Lance, the manager, in E4's Phoneshop. He appeared in CBBC's All at Sea, and in Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy.
Recently, Trenaman has written for the Channel 4 comedy panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown and for the BBC children's comedy Horrible Histories. He also played Ken in Series 4 of the award-winning British comedy So Awkward.
In 2019, Trenaman appeared in the Acorn TV series Queens of Mystery as Derek Thorne.
In 2020, he appeared as DS Ferguson in ITV Drama Quiz, based on the real life incident in 2001 when Major Charles Ingram attempted to cheat his way to a million pounds on quiz show Who Wants to be a Millionaire?.
References
External links
Living people
British television writers
1962 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
4024880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejseholdet | Rejseholdet | Rejseholdet (; international title: Unit One) is a Danish television crime drama series, broadcast on DR1, that ran for four series from 1 October 2000 to 1 January 2004. The series, produced by Danmarks Radio, revolves around an elite mobile police task force that travel around Denmark, assisting each local police force solve serious crimes. The series starred Charlotte Fich as DCI Ingrid Dahl, an ambitious detective who is promoted to the role of unit commander seemingly on the basis of being female. The series co-starred Mads Mikkelsen and Lars Brygmann as Sergeants Allan Fischer and Thomas La Cour.
A total of thirty-two episodes aired across four series. Each episode is titled with a reference to an assistancemelding, which roughly translates into English as "Request for Assistance". Each case portrayed in the show was loosely based upon actual sensational crimes such as murders, kidnappings, cross-border sex trafficking and child pornography.
Production
The series was predominantly filmed at TV-Drama's film studio at TV-byen in Søborg, Denmark, as well as on location. Filming also took place in Sweden, Germany, Iceland and other close regional countries. The format of each episode balances the forensic process and an unfolding backstory that includes the somewhat ambivalent relationships existing between the unit members and their families. The series regularly touches on social issues including the insularity of police work, the social and emotional impact of brutal crime, as well as political and press involvement in the justice process. In 2002, the series received the Emmy Award for Best Drama Series from the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. The series also won the Best Drama Award at the annual Danish Television Awards in both 2001 and 2002. For his leading role, Mads Mikkelsen received the Best Actor award at the 2002 Danish Television Awards.
Distribution
The series has been televised in Denmark (DR1), Sweden (TV4), Iceland (Rúv), Germany (ZDF), Australia (SBS), Croatia (HRT3), and the United States (MHz). The complete series is also available on DVD. In the United States and Australia, three individual sets comprising all thirty-two episodes were released on DVD in 2014. These contain purely English subtitles. In Europe, the Scandinavian release, which contains all thirty-two episodes in one box set, includes subtitles in Danish, English, Norwegian and Swedish. In the Netherlands the entire series has been released as "Unit One" with Dutch subtitles. In the United Kingdom, each series was released individually as per the original broadcast. The releases form part of Arrow Films' Nordic Noir strand of releases. The first series was released on 21 January 2013. The second series followed on 27 May 2013. The third series was released on 6 January 2014, followed by the fourth and final series on 7 July 2014.
Cast
Charlotte Fich as DCI Ingrid Dahl; commander of the unit. Single mother of Tobias (by former husband) and guardian of Gry, the daughter of her late partner. Promoted to a leadership position, she initially struggles to gain the respect of the team and her superior, Ulf Thomson. During the series Ingrid suspect that Ulf is her father. Her suspicion is eventually revealed to be true.
Mads Mikkelsen as DS Allan Fischer; the "problem child" of the unit. Impulsive and emotional, Fischer has been frustrated by a lack of advancement, as he is seen by Ulf and Ingrid as "difficult to manage". Despite his rough edges his persistence, physicality and willingness to bend the rules often produces results and he is thus highly valued as a member of the team.
Lars Brygmann as DS Thomas La Cour; the most cerebral member of the unit. La Cour is noteworthy for his highly intuitive investigative approach that often plays a key role in solving a mystery. Most episodes include a sequence where La Cour seems to mystically "channel" the victim and/or perpetrator in order to re-create the crime event. The portrayal of these moments sometimes suggest the supernatural, such as an episode when an off-duty La Cour leads local police directly to the murder scene and thus places himself under suspicion for the crime.
Waage Sandø as DI Jens Peter "I.P." Sørensen; the senior member of the unit. I.P. was passed over for promotion when Ingrid was appointed commander. Partner to Kirsten. A world-weary but trusted and quietly supportive second-in-command to Ingrid. Has been with the force for 40 years.
Erik Wedersøe as Commander Ulf Thomsen; a senior police official, under whom the unit operates. Appointed Ingrid as commander of the unit. The promotion seems at least partially the product of political pressure to elevate a female. Ulf frequently challenges Ingrid's decisions but his respect for her is revealed over time. Ulf's affair with Kirsten and promotion of Ingrid has complicated his longstanding relationship with colleague I.P.
Trine Pallesen as DC Gaby Levin; a junior member of the unit. Develops relationship with Johnny Olsen. Gaby is portrayed as the "glue that often holds the unit together", managing unit logistics, and she is heavily relied upon by Ingrid and other unit members.
Lars Bom as Johnny Olsen; a contract truck owner/operator. Responsible for moving the Rejseholdet mobile office between locations. Partner of Gaby. Former Danish national football (soccer) star, frequently "unofficially" involved in the unit's police work.
Michael Falch as Jan Boysen; a forensic pathologist working with the Danish Police who pursues Ingrid romantically.
Sebastian Ottensten as Tobias; Ingrid's teenage son. Tobias's brushes with the law (smoking hashish and joyriding in a stolen car) have been used to illustrate Ingrid's conflicted state as an ambitious career officer and a single mother.
Lisbet Lundquist as Kirsten Jørgensen, a successful stage actress and I.P.'s partner during the first season. Kirsten struggles with issues pertaining to ageing and alcoholism, and later develops an affair with Ulf.
Lykke Sand Michelsen as Gry; daughter of Ingrid's late partner.
Benedikte Hansen as Trine Dalgaard
Episodes
Series 1 (2000)
Series 2 (2001)
Series 3 (2001-2002)
Series 4 (2002-2003)
Notes
External links
Rejseholdet at DR1
Danish crime television series
DR television dramas
Danish drama television series
2000 Danish television series debuts
2004 Danish television series endings
2000s Danish television series
International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series winners
Danish-language television shows |
4024882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20R.%20Pillar | Paul R. Pillar | Paul R. Pillar is an academic and 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving from 1977 to 2005.
He is now a non-resident senior fellow at Georgetown University's Center for Security Studies, as well as a nonresident senior fellow in the Brookings Institution's Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence. He was a visiting professor at Georgetown University from 2005 to 2012. He is a contributor to The National Interest.
Background
Pillar earned an A.B. degree from Dartmouth College (1969), and received the B.Phil from Oxford University (1971) and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University (1975 and 1978).
Career
Prior to joining the CIA in 1977, Pillar served as a U.S. Army Reserves officer in Vietnam, on active duty from 1971 to 1973.
At the CIA, Pillar served in a variety of positions, including Executive Assistant to Director of Central Intelligence William H. Webster (1989–1991).
He became chief of analysis at the Agency's Counterterrorist Center (CTC) in 1993. By 1997 he was the Center's deputy director. But in summer 1999 he suffered a clash of styles with the new director, Cofer Black. Soon after, Pillar left the Center.
His 1990 and early 1991 experience were described in a 2006 interview, in which he spoke of the CIA role in assessing Iraq in preparation for the 1991 war. At that time, according to Pillar, the intelligence community (IC) judged that Iraq had active programs for development of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). "One of the revelations after the invasion and after the inspections began in Iraq was that some of those programs had gone farther than had been believed. The intelligence community had undershot, if you will, in its assessment of just how far along, especially on the nuclear program, the Iraqis had been". Pillar notes, "I did not receive any [intelligence] requests from a policy-maker on Iraq until about a year into the war ... policymakers decided "My goodness, this shows us how much we might not know." And as people like the vice president and others repeatedly reminded in the lead-up to the Operation Iraqi Freedom, "We don't know what we don't know." [said by Donald Rumsfeld]"
He was a Federal Executive Fellow at the Brookings Institution from 1999-2000. From 2000 to 2005, Pillar worked at the National Intelligence Council as the national intelligence officer for the Near East and South Asia, "responsible for production and coordination throughout the U.S. Intelligence Community of National Intelligence Estimates and other Community assessments". After December 2004, the National Intelligence Council, to which national intelligence officers report, moved from the CIA to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
Observations and recommendations about Congressional oversight of intelligence
Paul Pillar, National Intelligence Officer for the Middle East between 2000 and 2005, wrote, in Foreign Affairs, "Intelligence affects the nation's interests through its effect on policy. No matter how much the process of intelligence gathering itself is fixed, the changes will do no good if the role of intelligence in the policymaking process is not also addressed ... But a few steps, based on the recognition that the intelligence-policy relationship is indeed broken, could reduce the likelihood that such a breakdown will recur."
He emphasized the need for "a clear delineation between intelligence and policy", suggesting that the United Kingdom sets an example "where discussion of this issue has been more forthright, by declaring once and for all that its intelligence services should not be part of public advocacy of policies still under debate. In the UK, Prime Minister Tony Blair accepted a commission of inquiry's conclusions that intelligence and policy had been improperly commingled in such exercises as the publication of the "dodgy dossier", the British counterpart to the United States' Iraqi WMD white paper". The National Intelligence Council, and its National Intelligence Officers, act as an intelligence "think tank", and routinely consult with experts outside government. Pillar has been criticized for leaking the NIC's advice to President George W. Bush in the course of such consultations.
Pillar suggested that an American equivalent of the issues "should take the form of a congressional resolution and be seconded by a statement from the White House. Although it would not have legal force, such a statement would discourage future administrations from attempting to pull the intelligence community into policy advocacy. It would also give some leverage to intelligence officers in resisting any such future attempts."
Inadequacies of current practice
Pillar criticized Congress both for not using the intelligence made available to it, as well as not necessarily asking questions about information not provided to them.
The proper relationship between intelligence gathering and policymaking sharply separates the two functions. ... Congress, not the administration, asked for the now-infamous October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Iraq's unconventional weapons programs, although few members of Congress actually read it. (According to several congressional aides responsible for safeguarding the classified material, no more than six senators and only a handful of House members got beyond the five-page executive summary.) As the national intelligence officer for the Middle East, I was in charge of coordinating all of the intelligence community's assessments regarding Iraq; the first request I received from any administration policymaker for any such assessment was not until a year into the war.
While there is a CIA "politicization ombudsman", Pillar described the function as informally defined, and primarily listening to internal concern about politicization, and summarizing this for senior CIA officials. While he believes the intelligence oversight committees should have an important role, "the heightened partisanship that has bedeviled so much other work on Capitol Hill has had an especially inhibiting effect in this area".
Recommendation for improved legislative oversight
In the Foreign Affairs article, Pillar said that the legislative branch is the proper place for monitoring
... the intelligence-policy relationship. But the oversight should be conducted by a nonpartisan office modeled on the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Such an office would have a staff, smaller than that of the GAO or the CBO, of officers experienced in intelligence and with the necessary clearances and access to examine questions about both the politicization of classified intelligence work and the public use of intelligence. As with the GAO, this office could conduct inquiries at the request of members of Congress. It would make its results public as much as possible, consistent with security requirements, and it would avoid duplicating the many other functions of intelligence oversight, which would remain the responsibility of the House and Senate intelligence committees.
Commentary by and about Pillar
There have been a series of press comments, for and against Pillar, starting before the 2004 United States Presidential election. Pillar also made several public speeches and publications. Pillar was still a National Intelligence Officer in 2004.
2004
Before the 2004 Presidential election, The Wall Street Journal editorial page criticized "CIA insurgents", including Pillar, for "engaging in a policy debate" and were "clearly trying to defeat President Bush and elect John Kerry". The piece asserted that Pillar had a "lousy track record" in assessing the terrorist threat and that he rejected the "war" metaphor for counterterrorism, comparing it instead to "the effort by public health authorities to control communicable diseases". The editorial also asserted that Pillar commented in a public lecture at Johns Hopkins University that "secular" Baathists in Iraq would never cooperate with fundamentalists like al-Qaeda (something that has now been conclusively proven as true contrary to the Bush admin use of intentional lie of their “cooperation” in order to support the push for war) The editorial writer wrongly asserted, "Tell that to Abu Musab al Zarqawi and the Baathists now cooperating in Fallujah."
In September 2004, Robert Novak wrote, "I reported on Sept. 27 that Paul R. Pillar, the CIA's national intelligence officer for the Near East and South Asia, told a private dinner on the West Coast of secret, unheeded warnings to Bush about going to war. I learned of this because of leaks from people who attended, but many other senior Agency officials were covertly but effectively campaigning for Sen. John Kerry." Amy Sullivan of the Washington Monthly, wrote that Pillar's remarks had been made at an off-the-record dinner party. Pillar had said, at the party, that the CIA had warned the White House, in January 2003, that war with Iraq "could unleash a violent insurgency in the country". Sullivan wrote "Novak wasn't at the dinner, which was conducted under established background rules—the substance of Pillar's remarks could be reported, but not his identity or his audience. But someone there told Novak about it. So Novak, apparently feeling bound by no rules, outed Pillar by identifying him as the speaker. It's a trick he uses often—others attend off-the-record meetings or briefings, tell him about it, and he reports not just what was said, but fingers those who spoke as well."
In an October 2004 op-ed in the Washington Times, John B. Roberts II described Pillar is "a longstanding intellectual opponent of the policy options chosen by President Bush to fight terrorism". Roberts questioned Pillar's suitability to lead the writing of the NIE on Iraq, accusing him of disclosing, to academics and other nongovernmental personnel with whom the National Intelligence Council speaks, the advice given to President Bush.
Another critic of Pillar's speaking against Administration policy, focused around the dinner speech cited by Novak, suggested that CIA management, as a whole, might have been politicized against the Bush Administration. Observing that Pillar's speech was preapproved by CIA management, Stephen F. Hayes of the Weekly Standard questions why "A senior, unelected CIA official—Paul Pillar—was given agency approval to anonymously attack Bush administration policies less than two months before the November 2, 2004 presidential election ... His was not an isolated case; CIA officials routinely trashed Bush administration policy decisions, often with official approval, in the months leading up to the Iraq War and again before the election".
2005
Pillar was a major participant in a conference "sponsored by the John Bassett Moore Society of International Law, University of Virginia School of Law, and the Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), U.S. Army War College, and was held February 25–26, 2005. Conference participants included representatives from government agencies involved in the U.S. war on terrorism, students and faculty members from other universities".
Pillar coauthored a monograph from SSI, entitled Law vs. War: Competing Approaches to Fighting Terrorism.
2006
In early 2006, he wrote an article for Foreign Affairs criticizing the Bush Administration for cherry picking intelligence to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Pillar wrote that the Administration went to war in Iraq "without requesting—and evidently without being influenced by—any strategic-level intelligence assessments on any aspect of Iraq. It has become clear that official intelligence was not relied on in making even the most significant national security decisions, that intelligence was misused publicly to justify decisions already made, that damaging ill will developed between [Bush] policymakers and intelligence officers, and that the intelligence community's own work was politicized".
Scott Ritter, writing on his blog in February 2006, agreed with Pillar's assessment of politicization, but suggested that Pillar had mixed motives in limiting "his criticism to the Bush administration during the time period leading up to the invasion in March 2003". Ritter criticizes Pillar for not mentioning "the issue of regime change and the role played by the CIA in carrying out covert action at the instruction of the White House (both Democratic and Republican) to remove Saddam Hussein from power. Because he was the former national intelligence officer for Near East/Middle East affairs, I find this absence both disconcerting and disingenuous. By failing to give due credence to the impact and influence of the CIA's mission of regime change in Iraq on its analysis of Iraqi WMDs, Mr. Pillar continues to promulgate the myth that the CIA was honestly engaged in the business of trying to disarm Iraq".
Washington Post reporter Walter Pincus called Pillar's critique "one of the most severe indictments of White House actions by a former Bush official since Richard A. Clarke" and noted that this article was "the first time that such a senior intelligence officer has so directly and publicly condemned the administration's handling of intelligence".
In an interview with the Council on Foreign Relations, he elaborated on the politicization of intelligence on which he wrote in the Foreign Affairs article. Pillar said that the Silberman-Robb commission did not go into as much depth on the "differential treatment that different draft intelligence assessments get as they go through the procedure of being coordinated and approved. And you have to remember, anything that sees light of day as a published—published in the sense of a classified paper—intelligence assessment goes through usually multiple levels of review, various supervisors, branch chiefs and so on, weighing in, approving or disapproving, remanding, forcing changes. That can be a speedy process or it can be a long, very torturous process". He said the Commission found that assessments that tended to justify a casus belli with Iraq went through approval faster than those that did not support war. Pillar agreed, but said the Commission also should have asked why this occurred. According to Pillar, "I think the most important reason, besides the overall mind-set that turned out to be erroneous, was the desire to avoid the unpleasantness of putting unwelcome assessments on the desks of policymakers".
2007
In 2007, Novak decried Pillar's alleged leaking to the media of portions of a National Intelligence Estimate he viewed as supporting his policy path, though he acknowledged that Pillar denied leaking the report. The New York Times editorial page defended Pillar, noting that the Bush administration did not even ask the CIA for an assessment of the consequences of invading Iraq until a year after the invasion.
When the administration did finally ask for an intelligence assessment, Mr. Pillar led the effort, which concluded in August 2004 that Iraq was on the brink of disaster. Officials then leaked his authorship to the columnist Robert Novak and to The Washington Times. The idea was that Mr. Pillar was not to be trusted because he dissented from the party line. Somehow, this sounds like a story we have heard before.
A Wall Street Journal op-ed criticized Pillar's choices in releasing information.
Its author observed that "CIA officers on the cusp of retirement often enroll in a seminar that is supposed to help them adjust to life after the agency—teaching them, for example, how to write a résumé. I've begun to wonder if part of that program now includes a writing seminar on how to beat up on the Bush administration."
The author, Guillermo Christensen, agrees Pillar was central in the CIA's analysis of Iraq. Regarding the Foreign Affairs article, Christensen questions if that was the place to publicize that he thought the war was a bad idea and the President and advisors ignored him. He makes the assumption that But Pillar "actually did change his mind about all that work he'd done, and that he really did think the intelligence didn't support the case for war. If that was truly so, no one was better positioned to make the case against war within the government than Mr. Pillar himself". Christensen suggested that Pillar could have sent personal observations, with all relevant classified data, to senior Executive Branch officials. Further, Christensen suggested "that analysis with every single member of Congress by writing less-classified summaries of the conclusions, as is often done".
Thomas Joscelyn, in the Weekly Standard, wrote, "Pillar demonstrates that he himself is a master of the art of politicizing intelligence. Far from being a dispassionate analyst, Pillar practices the very same 'manipulations and misuse[s]' he claims to expose".
Joscelyn reasserted the conjecture that Saddam Hussein had a cooperative relationship with al-Qaeda. However, the official conclusions of investigations by the CIA, FBI, NSA, State Department, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and the independent 9/11 Commission have all confirmed Pillar's view that there was no collaborative relationship between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda.
2011
Pillar's Intelligence and US Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform was reviewed by Steve Coll in The New York Review of Books.
Formal publications by Pillar
Books
Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy
Pillar's interest in foreign policy resulted in a book Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy first published in 1999 and updated in 2004. The back cover of the book reads:
Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy is an essential guide to more effective coordination between conventional foreign policy and efforts to prevent terrorist attacks and activities. This paperback edition includes a new, extensive, and provocative post-9/11 introduction, along with the author's in-depth analyses of current terrorist threats, the status of terrorism in world politics, counterterrorism tools available to the United States, state sponsors of terrorism, and how best to educate the public about terrorist threats and counterterrorism.
A review of the book in Foreign Affairs says: "The book's strength is its nuanced sense of how Washington's counterterrorism policy actually works, day in and day out."
The Washington Times wrote: "[Pillar] offers a unique introspective of the breadth of radical islam and counterterrorism. ... Pillar's documentations involving the improvement of U.S. Homeland Security policy, such as observing the full range of capabilities of terrorist, as opposed to solely focusing on nuclear, biological or chemical warfare, and interrupting radical islamist operations worldwide, should be noted in the counterterrorism effort."
Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy
Pillar's interest in the relationship between intelligence and policy resulted in the 2011 book, Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy.
According to the publisher, "Pillar confronts the intelligence myths Americans have come to rely on to explain national tragedies, including the belief that intelligence drives major national security decisions and can be fixed to avoid future failures".
Articles and conference papers
Pillar emphasized that jihadist terror will continue to become more decentralized, but not wane, after the core of al-Qaeda is disrupted and pursued. with Al Qaeda waning, the larger terrorist
threat from radical Islamists is not. Al Qaeda-inspired or trained groups will operate locally, and both ad hoc groups (e.g., the organization that had been led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, as well as established groups such as the Iraq-centered Ansar al-Islam and the Southeast Asian Jemaah Islamiya).
Even while having local focus, they tend to share anti-Americanism. Individuals may operate with limited help from organizations.
In the past, ad hoc had been deprecated as a term for terrorist organizations, but that grows increasingly true. (See motivations of terrorists and a discussion of the nontraditional clandestine cell system used by such groups.)
Participating in a 2006 conference at the Royal Institute of International Relations, he analyzed and assessed the threat of jihadist terrorism on a worldwide basis. He described the threat as being generated by three complementary factors:
In any beliefs or similar movements, the most unfortunate and indiscreet are the ones that garner the most headlines. Until a more suitable ideology emerges, jihadism may stay as a major focus of radical Islamist activists.
It is energized by "energy from friction along the fault line between the Muslim world and the West." Themes causing friction including cultural imperialism, oppression of Muslims, and lack of respect for religion. Controversy accelerates polarization, as seen in the Danish disturbance over cartoons of the Prophet.
Social, economic and political conditions contribute to terrorism, but there is much confusion here. Pillar argues with those that claim poverty must not (typo ... original quote?) a claim because the 9/11 hijackers, and Bin Laden himself, is wealthy. He argues there is a difference between a lack of wealth that does not generate terrorism, and "frustrated ambition for economic and social advancement, which is." We hear, for example, that economic hardship must not be a root cause of jihadist terrorism because terrorists such as the 9/11 hijackers were not conspicuously poor, and the most prominent jihadist of all, bin Laden, is conspicuously wealthy. In like manner, he argues that authoritarianism is not a cause, because terrorist acts often happen in liberal democracies. And we hear that authoritarian politics must not have much to do with it either because jihadist terrorism takes place at least as often as anywhere else within liberal democracies, in places like New York, Madrid, or London. Pillar's explanation is that it is much easier to stage a terrorist attack in an open society than in the police states in the Middle East.
In an article in the March/April 2008 issue of Foreign Affairs, Pillar is critical of two recently published books on purported systemic failures of the intelligence community and the necessity for organizational reform. In an article in the January/February 2012 issue of Foreign Policy, Pillar similarly cites political leadership, not the intelligence community, for most errors of foresight in policy-making.
References
External links
Georgetown University faculty
Living people
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4024901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Reeve | Chris Reeve | Christopher Stanley Reeve (born December 4, 1953) is a South African-American knife maker, recognized as one of the most influential people in knife making history. Reeve founded Chris Reeve Knives (CRK) in 1984. In 2014, Reeve retired and was inducted into the Blade Magazine Hall of Fame in 2015.
Background
Christopher Stanley Reeve was born on December 4, 1953, in Durban, South Africa. His original vocation was that of tool and die making. Reeve trained at the Pineware Manufacturing Company, serving a four-year tool- and die-making apprenticeship that finished in 1978. Reeve credits his experience in tool and die for developing his grinding skills and giving him the manufacturing and materials knowledge he needed to jumpstart him in professional knife making.
As a young man, Reeve’s spare time was largely spent engaged in motorcycle racing. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, he was a regular competitor in South Africa’s Grand Prix motorcycle racing circuit. Unlike many of his competitors, Reeve did not have corporate funding. As a result, Reeve used the highly competitive race setting to hone his problem-solving skills, custom tuning his motorcycle with components often designed and fabricated in his own shop.
In 1987, Chris married Anne Cameron in Johannesburg, South Africa. In order to pursue improved business opportunities, Chris and Anne moved to the United States in 1989, and settled in Boise, Idaho. In 2003, Chris and Anne were granted US citizenship.
Early knifemaking
Reeve began his knife-making career by chance. Before being called up for a 3-month compulsory military service period in 1975 on the Mozambique / South African border, he noted that the standard army kit did not include a good all-purpose knife. As a result, Reeve decided to design and make one.
A subsequent three-month military service period in 1978 was spent on the Angola/ Namibia border. Reeve had previously designed and made for himself a hidden tang knife with a wooden handle, inlaid with silver wire. The climate in Durban where the knife was made is hot and humid, while the Angola/ Namibia area is semi-desert. After a few days in the dry air, the wooden handle had dried and large cracks appeared. This set Reeve thinking about a knife that could be used across all climates without such damage. The idea of an all-steel knife, with both handle and blade made from a single solid bar, started to germinate. Reeve’s resulting one piece knife concept was first produced as a custom knife in 1982. The one piece concept hit production as the 7 inch bladed MK IV, with 40 pieces becoming available for sale early in 1983. Chris stopped tool making and became a full-time knifemaker in January 1984.
Custom knifemaking
Early in Reeve’s career, he engaged in making custom knives. Today, Reeve still makes custom knives as time allows. These custom pieces are of his own design, although sometimes there is a cultural influence – often European or Japanese. Reeve’s custom knives include folding knives with uncommon locking mechanisms, daggers and other fixed blade knives of unique styling, and table cutlery. Reeve uses exotic materials, frequently inlaying gold, pearl or unusual types of wood into titanium or wooden handles to create an interesting contrast of color and texture. He learned much of his knowledge of wood from his father who, as a young man, collected stumps and root sections.
Significant inventions/developments
One Piece concept – The concept of a fixed blade, hollow handled knife, with both the handle and blade milled from a single billet of steel.
Lock 45 – A folding knife lock, formed by a lock bar with recesses containing 45 degree angles mating with the rear of the blade. The lock bar / blade interface serves as both the blade stop and the lock mechanism.
Helix Lock – A modification of the Opinel folding knife ferrel lock, which enables one-handed opening and closing.
Integral Lock – A folding knife lock, introduced with and popularized by the Sebenza folding knife, where one of the handle slabs is slotted to form a lock bar, which falls into place behind the blade to stop the blade from closing.
CPM S35VN – A stainless steel using the powder metallurgy process. Reeve worked with the Crucible Steel Company to develop this steel specifically for the cutlery industry.
Kubuli serrations – Serrations placed in a knife blade, alternating from both left and right sides of the blade, forming two rows of serrations that are not collinear. As a result, Kubuli serrations move the material to be cut from side to side as the cut is being made.
Perforated thrust washers – Initially brought to market by the Umnumzaan folding knife in 2008, Reeve's design of perforated washers reduce pivot friction, and serve to retain lubricant. After their successful employment in the Umnumzaan, perforated thrust washers were incorporated into the design of the Sebenza.
Ceramic ball integrated into integral lock bar – Also introduced as a feature in the Umnumzaan, the ceramic ball embedded into the end of the lock bar, creating the interface between the blade locking surface and the integral locking arm surface. The ball doubles to drop into a mating detent on the blade to ensure that the blade does not open accidentally.
Awards
South African National Knife Collectors Association: Best Fixed Blade Collection - 1983
South African National Knife Collectors Association: Best Collection Displayed - 1984
Durban Easter Custom Cutlery Exhibition: Best Fixed Blade - April, 1987
Knifemakers Guild of Southern Africa: Best Folding Knife - November, 1987
Shotgun News Gun and Knife Show, Reno, NV: Best Combat Knife - July, 1988
Arizona Knife Collectors Association: Best Custom Folder - December, 1989
Beretta Award for Outstanding Achievement in Handcrafted Cutlery: October, 1990
Knife-Aholics Unanimous Award: Knife Maker Extraordinaire - July, 1992
Knifemakers Guild: "Most Innovative Folder at the Show"—July 1993
Blade magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 2015 Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia.
References
People from Durban
People from Boise, Idaho
1953 births
Weapon designers
Knife makers
American businesspeople
American inventors
Living people |
4024902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation%20%28album%29 | Reverberation (album) | Reverberation is the sixth studio album by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen. The album was released amidst a line-up change for the group, due to the departure of vocalist Ian McCulloch and the death of drummer Pete de Freitas. The remaining members, guitarist Will Sergeant and bassist Les Pattinson, were joined by ex-St. Vitus Dance singer Noel Burke, keyboard player Jake Brockman and drummer Damon Reece. The album was produced by former engineer for The Beatles Geoff Emerick at Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey, England, and had a more pronounced psychedelic sound than the group's previous releases.
Following the album's December 1990 release, critical reviews were not favourable; critics noted Burke to be a poor replacement for McCulloch, who they believed was an indispensable aspect of the band. After Reverberation failed to chart, the band were dropped by WEA Records and, after two independently released singles, disbanded in 1993.
Background and recording
During August and September 1987, Echo & the Bunnymen co-headlined a tour of the United States with New Order. Despite the tour passing without incident, the performances were deemed to be of poor quality. Although American audiences were apparently satisfied by the shows, when the group returned to the United Kingdom for an autumn tour the British music press and audiences were not as enthusiastic. Shortly thereafter the band announced plans to record a self-produced album of "savage rock" when there was more free time. The group toured the UK and the US again in early 1988. These concerts were more positively received than their tour the previous year, with guitarist Will Sergeant being singled out for praise – BBC Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel said, "Will Sergeant was superb, moving in a trice from squalls of angry sound to playing with such care and subtlety that there were whispered asides from his guitar that I would have sworn only he and I had heard." In March 1988, the band released a cover version of The Doors' song "People Are Strange". However, this failed to impress critics; music paper Melody Maker called it a "rancid effort" and Q said the band had "thrown in the towel".
Following a Japanese tour in April 1988, lead singer Ian McCulloch announced the band would split up. Following the announcement, McCulloch returned to the United Kingdom to visit his father who had just suffered two heart attacks and who died just before McCulloch was able to visit him. After five months of speculation as to whether the split was genuine, McCulloch met with the other members of the band in September 1988 and, despite attempts to change his mind, told them he was leaving. McCulloch later said claimed "The last days of The Bunnymen consisted of a bunch of people who were more interested in changing oil in their cars than rock 'n' roll. That pissed me off. I was doing every sodding interview, writing sodding every song." Having been persuaded by Rob Dickins at WEA that the band could still be a success in the United States, Sergeant told McCulloch that he and the other two band members, bassist Les Pattinson and drummer Pete de Freitas, planned to continue. After a failed attempt to record with The B-52's singers Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson, the band advertised for a full-time replacement.
While McCulloch was recording his debut solo album, Candleland (1989), Echo & the Bunnymen promoted long-time touring keyboard player Jake Brockman to a full-time band member position. In April 1989, after listening to an album by the defunct band St. Vitus Dance which had been recommended by Geoff Davies of Probe Records in Liverpool, Sergeant felt that the band's singer Noel Burke would work well within the context of the band's sound. After a meeting with the band and being reassured that they did not want a McCulloch clone, Burke agreed to join. However, tragedy struck when on 14 June 1989 de Freitas died in a motorcycle accident on his way to the band's first rehearsal. The band recruited Damon Reece, a friend of Brockman, as drummer in de Freitas's place and began rehearsals. The new line-up played their first string of performances in mid-March 1990 with a mixture of old and new material. McCulloch allegedly described this incarnation of the band as "Echo & the Bogusmen" but later attributed the comment to the former The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr. Sergeant later said that keeping the name was "down to wanting to take a bitter swipe at [McCulloch]".
The new line-up entered Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey, England in mid-May 1990 to record the new album with producer Geoff Emerick, who had previously been the engineer for several albums by The Beatles. While recording the album Emerick would sit on the stairs outside the studio so that he could "listen to the mix properly". Emerick employed the use of instruments such as sitars and tabla as well as backwards guitar loops. The album contained many of Sergeant's favoured psychedelic influences.
Release, reception and aftermath
"Enlighten Me", released in October 1990, was the only single to be released from Reverberation. The single fared badly on the UK Singles Chart only reaching number ninety-six, although it reached number eight on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States. The album's release followed in December 1990, and Echo & the Bunnymen immediately went on a seventeen-date tour that focused on the United Kingdom and Ireland. The tour received good reviews, with Melody Maker describing the band as "an object lesson in how to survive and prosper". However, the reviews of the album were not as good. Awarding the album two and a half stars out of five, Tim DiGravina, who reviewed the album for AllMusic, said, "Echo & the Bunnymen doesn't exist without the distinctive voice of Ian McCulloch". Although he added that the album would have been a "great debut" had the band decided to record under a different name. Bob Mack, reviewing the album for Entertainment Weekly was more forceful in putting the album down. He described the sound of the album as "hopelessly in thrall to the brand of pale pseudo-psychedelia [the band] helped popularise during the past decade". He went on to describe Burke and most of the songs as "nondescript". He finished his review by saying "this is a turkey best left to be gobbled up by the band's relatives, close friends, and diehard fans".
Failing to make the UK Albums Chart, Reverberation was the poorest performing Echo & the Bunnymen album at that time. Echo & the Bunnymen were dropped by WEA Records in early 1991. After touring East Asia, the band launched their own label, Euphoric Records, in October 1991 with the release of their self-produced single "Prove Me Wrong". The release of another single, "Inside Me, Inside You", followed in March 1992. With neither of the singles released on Euphoric reaching the UK Singles Chart, the band undertook an extensive tour of the United States before finally disbanding in early 1993.
Track listing
All tracks written by Noel Burke, Will Sergeant, Les Pattinson, Jake Brockman & Damon Reece.
"Gone, Gone, Gone" – 4:13
"Enlighten Me" – 5:01
"Cut & Dried" – 3:47
"King of Your Castle" – 4:36
"Devilment" – 4:44
"Thick Skinned World" – 4:18
"Freaks Dwell" – 3:51
"Senseless" – 4:55
"Flaming Red" – 5:33
"False Goodbyes" – 5:40
Personnel
Echo & the Bunnymen
Noel Burke – vocals, guitar, piano
Will Sergeant – guitar, loops, autoharp
Les Pattinson – bass
Jake Brockman – mellotron, farfisa
Damon Reece – drums, percussion
with:
Shanker Ganguly – harmonium
Punita Gupta – sitar
John Leach – dulcimer
John Mayer – tambura
Adam Peters – cello, piano
Esmail Sheikh – dholak
Gurdev Singh – tar shahanai
Technical
Geoff Emerick – producer
Will Gosling – engineer
Adrian Moore – assistant engineer
Paul Apted – assistant engineer
References
Adams, Chris. 2002. Turquoise Days: The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen. New York: Soft Skull.
Footnotes
1990 albums
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
Warner Music Group albums
Sire Records albums |
4024903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut%20Esslinger | Hartmut Esslinger | Hartmut Esslinger (born June 5, 1944) is a German-American industrial designer and inventor. He is best known for founding the design consultancy frog, and his work for Apple Computers in the early 1980s.
Life and career
Esslinger was born in Beuren (Simmersfeld), in Germany's Black Forest. At age 25, Esslinger finished his studies at the Hochschule für Gestaltung Schwäbisch Gmünd in Schwäbisch Gmünd. After facing vicious criticism of a radio clock he designed while in school and the disapproval of his mother (who burned his sketchbooks), he started his own design agency in 1969, Esslinger Design, later renamed Frogdesign. For his first client, German avant-garde consumer electronics company Wega, he created the first "full plastics" color TV and HiFi series "Wega system 3000". His work for Wega won him instant international fame. In 1974, Esslinger was hired by Sony - Sony also acquired Wega shortly after - and he was instrumental in creating a global design image for Sony, especially with the Sony Trinitron and personal music products. The Sony-Wega Music System Concept 51K was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art, New York. In 1976, Esslinger also worked for Louis Vuitton.
In 1982 he entered into an exclusive $2,000,000 per year contract with Apple Computer to create a design strategy which transformed Apple from a "Silicon Valley Start-Up" into a global brand. Setting up shop in California for the first time, Esslinger and Frogdesign created the "Snow White design language" which was applied to all Apple product lines from 1984 to 1990, commencing with the Apple IIc and including the Macintosh computer. The original Apple IIc was acquired by the Whitney Museum of Art in New York and Time voted it Design of the Year. Soon after Steve Jobs' departure, Esslinger broke his own contract with Apple and followed Jobs to NeXT. Other major client engagements include Lufthansa's global design and brand strategy, SAP's corporate identity and software user interface, Microsoft Windows branding and user interface design, Siemens, NEC, Olympus, HP, Motorola and General Electric. In December 1990 Esslinger was featured on the cover of BusinessWeek, the only living designer thus honored since Raymond Loewy in 1934.
Esslinger is a founding Professor of the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design, Germany, and since 2006 he is a Professor for convergent industrial design at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna, Austria. In 1996, Esslinger was awarded an honorary doctorate of Fine Arts by the Parsons School of Design, New York City. Since 2012 Esslinger has served as a DeTao Master of Industrial Design with The Beijing DeTao Masters Academy (DTMA) in Shanghai, China.
In 2009 Esslinger published A Fine Line in which he explores business solutions that are environmentally sustainable and contribute to an enduring global economy.
Notable awards and accomplishments
1969 Bundespreis Gute Form (Federal Design Award) - German Design Council
1991 Lucky Strike Design Award - Raymond Loewy Foundation
1993 Design Team of the Year - Red Dot Design Awards
1996 Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts - Parsons School of Design
2013 Honorary Royal Designer for Industry - Royal Society of Arts
2017 Lifetime Achievement Award - Cooper Hewitt National Design Awards
2017 World Design Medal - World Design Organization
Further reading
Hartmut Esslinger und frogdesign. von Hartmut Esslinger und Uta Brandes, 1992 Steidl Verlag, Göttingen,
Frog: Form Follows Emotion (Cutting Edge S.) von Fay Sweet, 1999 Thames and Hudson Ltd.,
Frogdesign von Hartmut Esslinger und Volker Fischer, 2000 Edition Axel Menges,
A Fine Line: How Design Strategies Are Shaping the Future of Business von Hartmut Esslinger, 2009 Jossey-Bass,
Nye, Sean. "Hartmut Esslinger." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 5, edited by R. Daniel Wadhwani. German Historical Institute. Last modified April 29, 2015. http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=236
Keep It Simple: The Early Design Years of Apple. by: Hartmut Esslinger, January 2014, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt
References
1. http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2011/10/102743122-05-01-acc.pdf
External links
Apple IIc image
A Fine Line: How Design Strategies Are Shaping the Future of Business by Hartmut Esslinger
Hartmut Esslinger's Amazing Apple Mac Prototypes via Fast Company
Presenter at Cusp Conference 2009
1944 births
German industrial designers
Living people
People from Calw (district)
Apple Inc. employees
Design schools in Germany
University of Applied Arts Vienna faculty |
4024904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord | Ord | Ord or ORD may refer to:
Places
Ord of Caithness, landform in north-east Scotland
Ord, Nebraska, USA
Ord, Northumberland, England
Muir of Ord, village in Highland, Scotland
Ord, Skye, a place near Tarskavaig
Ord River, Western Australia
Ord Irrigation Area Important Bird Area
Ord River Floodplain, Ramsar Site
Ord Victoria Plain
Ord Township, Nebraska (disambiguation), name of two townships in Nebraska, USA
East Ord, Northumberland, UK
Fort Ord, California, USA
O'Hare International Airport (IATA airport code "ORD"), an airport in Chicago, U.S.
Mathematics
Ord, the category of preordered sets
Ord, the proper class of all ordinal numbers
ord(V), the order type of a well-ordered set V
ordn(a), the multiplicative order of a modulo n
Businesses
Ord Publishing, an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content
Fiction
A prefix for several planets in the Star Wars universe, such as Ord Mantell
Ord (comics), a Marvel Comics character
Ord (Dragon Tales), one of the characters in the children's television series Dragon Tales on PBS
Other
Ord (surname)
Object-relational database
Odinic Rite Deutschland, renamed Verein für germanisches Heidentum in 2006, a neopagan organisation
Office of Rare Diseases of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Optical rotatory dispersion, a form of spectroscopy used to determine the optical isomerism and secondary structure of molecules |
4024906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro%20Pasqualini | Alessandro Pasqualini | Alessandro Pasqualini (5 May 1493 – 1559) was an Italian Renaissance architect and engineer, born in Bologna, who helped bring Renaissance architecture to the Low Countries.
He was hired by Floris van Egmond, the count of Buren and lord of IJsselstein and Grave, and worked in the Netherlands for 18 years. His most important works from this period are the tower of the church of IJsselstein and the castle of Buren. Other works include an octagonal storey of the church tower of Buren, the facade of the south transept of the Sint-Elisabethkerk (St. Elisabeth church) of Grave and fortifications in Leerdam and Kampen.
In 1549, after the death of Maximiliaan van Egmond, Floris' son, Pasqualini was hired by Wilhelm V, duke of Jülich, Kleve and Berg. After the German city of Jülich was destroyed by fire in 1547, Pasqualini designed the reconstruction, based within bastioned fortifications and a square citadel around the castle. He also designed a palace and a town hall in the same town. He died in Bielefeld in 1559.
References
1493 births
1559 deaths
Architects from Bologna
16th-century Italian architects
Engineers from Bologna |
4024916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad%20Fort | Arad Fort |
Arad Fort (, Qal'at 'Arad) is a 15th-century fort in Arad, Bahrain. Formerly guarding a separate island of its own, the fort and its surroundings have since been joined to Muharraq Island.
Arad Fort was built in the typical style of Islamic forts during the 15th century before the Portuguese invasion of Bahrain in AD 1622. This fort has a beautiful history. A few feuds between the Islamic divisions of Bahrain have taken place here. This fort is one of the compact defensive forts in Bahrain. In its present location, it overlooks various sea passages of Muharraq's shallow seashores. In the past, there was an inaccessible marine channel which was controlled by the local people to prevent ships from breaking through to the island where the fort is located. The fort is square and on every corner there is a cylindrical tower. It is surrounded by a small trench which used to be filled with water from wells that were drilled especially for this purpose. In every corner of the upper wall of the fort there are nose shaped openings for marksmen.
Close to the Bahrain International Airport, the fort has been extensively restored and is illuminated at night. Traditional materials have been used in the restoration and maintenance of the fort after making extensive analysis of the original materials such as sea stones, lime, sand, and palm trunks. See Walls, Archibald G., Senior Architect, Ministry of Information, State of Bahrain, Arad Fort: Its restoration, its history and defences, February 1987, Pub. Directorate of Tourism and Archaeology, Ministry of Information, State of Bahrain No cement or any other materials which are not in harmony with the historical building or which reduce its historical value have been used.
History
Arad Fort is one of Bahrain's most important fortified castles. The Fort was built in the style of Islamic forts at the end of the 15th and early 16th centuries. It is recorded in the Portuguese map, Demonstracao da Ilha de Baren, circa 1635, the significant details being, that the fort is under siege by the Portuguese, and that it had outer and inner fortified walls. Due to its strategic location overlooking various sea passages of Muharraq Island, Arad Fort was used as a defensive fortress throughout history, from the time Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century to the reign of Shaikh Salman Bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa in the 19th century. Arad Fort was most recently restored between 1984 and 1987, under the direction of the Historic Buildings and Conservation Architect, Dr Archie Walls. In order to maintain the historical authenticity and value of Arad Fort, exclusively traditional materials were used, such as coral stone, lime and tree trunks.
It is believed that the fort was built and used by the Omanis during their brief occupation of Bahrain in 1800, and it is located adjacent to the strategic waterways between Bahrain Island and Muharraq Island The canon found on top of the Fort's South Bastion pointed directly down the narrow entrance channel, formed by reefs on either side of it, that leads into Muharram Bay.
Little is known of the fort's history, and there is no firm evidence of the precise date of construction, but comprehensive excavations have been undertaken in order to discover its past. The Fort's construction follows the 'layered technique' identified by Dr Walls in the mid 1970s, a technique whose origins are in mud brick constructions, see Walls, Archie G., op. cit. and Walls, A.G., Arabian Mud Brick Technology: Some Thoughts after the Bam Earthquake, Construction and History Society Newsletter, No. 69, July 2004, pp. 11–19
The fort is open for a fee.
Architecture
Arad Fort was built in the typical style of Islamic forts during the 15th century before the Portuguese invasion of Bahrain.
See also
Bahrain Fort
Riffa Fort
Culture of Bahrain
List of tourist attractions in Bahrain
Notes
References
Walls, Dr Archibald G., Arad Fort, Bahrain: Its restoration, its history and defences. pub Directorate of Tourism and Archaeology, Ministry of Information, State of Bahrain, February 1987, 113pps including illustrations
15th-century establishments in Bahrain
Forts in Bahrain |
4024919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melantho | Melantho | In Greek mythology, Melantho (; Ancient Greek: Μελανθώ) may refer to the following women:
Melantho, a Thessalian princess as the daughter of King Deucalion and possibly Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus. She was probably the sister of Hellen, Protogenea, Amphictyon, Pandora, Thyia, Orestheus, Marathonios, Pronous, and Candybus. Melantho was seduced by Poseidon the shape of a dolphin and by him, bore a son Delphus.
Melantho, also called Melantomice, an Argive queen as the wife of King Criasus. She was the mother of Phorbas, Ereuthalion and Cleoboea.
Melantho, the disloyal maid of Penelope.
Notes
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: (Vol. 1), (Vol. 2).
Hesiod, Catalogue of Women from Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. Online version at theio.com
Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Women of Poseidon
Mortal parents of demigods in classical mythology
Queens in Greek mythology
Thessalian characters in Greek mythology
Characters in Greek mythology
Mythology of Argos |
4024921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardine%27s%20Bazaar | Jardine's Bazaar | Jardine's Bazaar () is a road located in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. The road was named after William Jardine, when Jardine Matheson acquired the land in the area. The road ends at the junction of Hennessy Road, Yee Wo Street, Jardine's Crescent and Lockhart Road. Many shops are located along the road.
It is one of the oldest shopping areas in Hong Kong dating back at least to 1845.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
Causeway Bay
Roads in Hong Kong |
4024947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees%20in%20mythology | Trees in mythology | Trees are significant in many of the world's mythologies, and have been given deep and sacred meanings throughout the ages. Human beings, observing the growth and death of trees, and the annual death and revival of their foliage, have often seen them as powerful symbols of growth, death and rebirth. Evergreen trees, which largely stay green throughout these cycles, are sometimes considered symbols of the eternal, immortality or fertility. The image of the Tree of life or world tree occurs in many mythologies.
Examples include the banyan and the sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil of Judaism and Christianity. In folk religion and folklore, trees are often said to be the homes of tree spirits. Germanic mythology as well as Celtic polytheism both appear to have involved cultic practice in sacred groves, especially grove of oak. The term druid itself possibly derives from the Celtic word for oak. The Egyptian Book of the Dead mentions sycamores as part of the scenery where the soul of the deceased finds blissful repose.
The presence of trees in myth sometimes occurs in connection to the concept of the sacred tree and the sacred grove. Trees are an attribute of the archetypical locus amoenus.
Wishing trees
In many parts of the world travelers have observed the custom of hanging objects upon trees in order to establish some sort of a relationship between themselves and the tree. Throughout Europe, trees are known as sites of pilgrimages, ritual ambulation, and the recital of (Christian) prayers. Wreaths, ribbons or rags are suspended to win favor for sick humans or livestock, or merely for good luck. Popular belief associates the sites with healing, bewitching, or mere wishing.
In South America, Darwin recorded a tree honored by numerous offerings (rags, meat, cigars, etc.); libations were made to it, and horses were sacrificed.
World tree
The world tree, with its branches reaching up into the sky, and roots deep into the earth, can be seen to dwell in three worlds - a link between heaven, the earth, and the underworld, uniting above and below. This great tree acts as an axis mundi, supporting or holding up the cosmos, and providing a link between the heavens, earth, and underworld. In European mythology, the best-known example is the tree Yggdrasil from Norse mythology.
Religion and folklore
Numerous popular stories throughout the world reflect a firmly-rooted belief in an intimate connection between a human being and a tree, plant or flower. Sometimes a man's life depends upon the tree and suffers when it withers or is injured, and we encounter the idea of the external soul, already found in the Ancient Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers from at least 3000 years ago. Here one of the brothers leaves his heart on the top of the flower of the acacia and falls dead when it is cut down. Sometimes, however, the tree is a mysterious token which shows its sympathy with an absent hero by weakening or dying, as the man becomes ill or loses his life. These two features very easily combine, and they agree in representing to us mysterious sympathy between tree and human life.
Sometimes the new-born child is associated with a newly planted tree with which its life is supposed to be bound up; or, on ceremonial occasions (betrothal, marriage, ascent to the throne), a personal relationship of this kind is instituted by planting trees, upon the fortunes of which the career of the individual depends. Sometimes, boughs or plants are selected and the individual draws omens of life and death. Again, a person will put themselves into relationship with a tree by depositing upon it something which has been in close contact with them, such as hair or clothing.
Often a tree will be associated with oracles. The oak of Dodona was tended by priests who slept on the ground. Forms of the tall oaks of the old Prussians were inhabited by gods who gave responses, and so numerous are the examples that the old Hebrew terebinth of the teacher, and the terebinth of the diviners may reasonably be placed in this category. In Greek myth, oak trees are said to be inhabited by spirits or nymphs called hamadryads, and if they were cut down by mortals, the gods punished them since the beings in the trees were believed to die. Important sacred trees are also the object of pilgrimage, one of the most noteworthy being the branch of the Bo tree at Sri Lanka brought thither before the Christian era. The tree spirits will hold sway over the surrounding forest or district, and the animals in the locality are often sacred and must not be harmed.
The custom of transferring disease or sickness from men to trees is well known. Sometimes the hair, nails, clothing, etc. of a sickly person are fixed to a tree, or they are forcibly inserted in a hole in the trunk, or the tree is split and the patient passes through the aperture. Where the tree has been thus injured, its recovery and that of the patient are often associated. Different explanations may be found of such customs which naturally take rather different forms among peoples in different grades.
In Arab folklore, sacred trees are haunted by jinn; sacrifices are made, and the sick who sleep beneath them receive prescriptions in their dreams. Here, as frequently elsewhere, it is dangerous to pull a bough. This dread of damaging special trees is familiar: Cato instructed the woodman to sacrifice to the male or female deity before thinning a grove, while in the Homeric poem to Aphrodite the tree nymph is wounded when the tree is injured, and dies when the trunk falls.
Early Buddhism held that trees had neither mind nor feeling and might lawfully be cut; but it recognized that certain spirits might reside in them, such as Nang Takian in Thailand. Propitiation is made before the axe is laid to the holy trees; loss of life or of wealth and the failure of rain are feared should they be wantonly cut; there are even trees which it is dangerous to climb. The Talein of Burma prays to the tree before he cuts it down, and the African woodman will place a fresh sprig upon the tree. In Hawaiian tradition, a tree either located at the end of a valley or on a cliff near the sea, is used by the soul as a gateway to the Underworld (AKA Pit of Milu). Some Ancient Indian tree deities, such as Puliyidaivalaiyamman, the Tamil deity of the tamarind tree, or Kadambariyamman, associated with the kadamba tree were seen as manifestations of a goddess who offers her blessings by giving fruits in abundance.
In literature
In literature, a mythology was developed by J. R. R. Tolkien, his Two Trees of Valinor playing a central role in his mythopoeic cosmogony. Tolkien's 1964 Tree and Leaf combines the allegorical tale Leaf by Niggle and his essay On Fairy-Stories. In The Lord of the Rings, the White Tree of Gondor stands as a symbol of Gondor in the Court of the Fountain in Minas Tirith.
W. B. Yeats describes a "holy tree" in his poem "The Two Trees" (1893).
In George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, one of the main religions, that of "the old gods" or "the gods of the North", involves sacred groves of trees ("godswoods") with a white tree with red leaves at the center known as the "heart tree".
In film and TV
In the third (sixth chronologically) Star Wars film, Return of the Jedi, the Ewoks worship trees on the forest moon of Endor.
In the fictional universe of the film Avatar, the Pandoran biosphere habitates trees, which are of fundamental importance for the Na'vi people, like the Hometrees, the Tree of Souls and the Tree of Voices as well as Woodsprites.
In the TV series Teen Wolf, an element of the plot is the Nemeton, a sacred tree from which druids draw power through human sacrifices, and which later acts as a beacon, drawing supernatural entities to the nearby town of Beacon Hills.
See also
Axis mundi
Celtic sacred trees
Ceremonial pole
Christmas tree
Five Trees
Gerichtslinde
Karam (festival)
List of tree deities
Mesoamerican world tree
Nature worship
New Year tree
Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
Sacred garden
Sacred grove
Sacred herbs
Sefirot
Sidrat al-Muntaha
Talking tree
Trail trees
Tree of life
Tree of life (biblical)
Tree of life (Kabbalah)
Wish tree
World tree
Zapis
References
Bibliography
Becker, Lore (2002). Die Mythologie der Bäume, Papyrus 1-2.
Brosse, Jaques (1989). Mythologie des arbres, .
Forlong, James (1883). Rivers of Life, London & Edinburgh. Vol I chapter 2 Tree Worship.
Forsyth, James (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. .
Gollwitzer, Gerda (1984). Botschaft der Bäume, DuMont Buchverlag Köln.
Malla, Bansi Lal (2000). Trees in Indian Art, Mythology, and Folklore, .
Further reading
Ziffer, Irit. "WESTERN ASIATIC TREE-GODDESSES". In: Ägypten Und Levante [Egypt and the Levant] 20 (2010): 411-30. Accessed May 8, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23789949.
External links
Mythological archetypes
Religious practices |
4024958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB%26SCR%20B4%20class | LB&SCR B4 class | The B4 class were 4-4-0 steam locomotives for express passenger work on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. They were designed by R. J. Billinton and were either built at Brighton works 1899–1902 or else by Messrs Sharp, Stewart and Company in 1901. Twelve members of the class were rebuilt from 1922 to 1924 by L. B. Billinton with a larger boiler, cylinders and a superheater. The rebuilt locomotives were classified B4X.
Construction
The performance of Robert Billinton's B2 class 4-4-0 locomotives of 1895–1897 had proved to be disappointing and they had not been able to replace the earlier Stroudley's B1 class 0-4-2 on the heaviest London to Brighton express trains. Billinton therefore sought authority for the construction of twenty-five larger and more powerful 4-4-0 B4 class locomotives. The first two of these, Nos. 52 and 53, were completed at Brighton works between December 1899 and January 1900, both of which performed well and demonstrated that the new design was sound. However, during the spring of 1900 a backlog of repair work at Brighton meant that the third (No. 54) was not completed until May 1900. The railway therefore approached Sharp, Stewart and Company to supply twenty-five further examples over the next twelve months. These were all delivered between June and October 1901. By 1901 Brighton had overcome the backlog of repair work and five further locomotive boilers were ordered from Sharp, Stewart and Company to be used on additional locomotives to be built at Brighton between June and September 1902.
Use
The B4 class successfully hauled the heaviest express trains on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway until around 1912 when they were gradually replaced by the larger H1, H2, J1 and J2 classes. Thereafter they were regularly used on slower and lighter services. According to O.S. Nock the B4 class "were among the finest passenger locomotives of their day".
Rebuilds
In 1918 No. 46 was rebuilt by Lawson Billinton with a new boiler including a Robinson superheater. Unfortunately the resulting locomotive was not tested before Billinton decided to rebuild other members of the class, using his K class superheated boiler. The rebuilt locomotives were classified B4X. However, since the original frames could not be used - the K class firebox was too long to fit between the axles, new frames, new piston valve cylinders - they were virtually new engines. Unfortunately the original motion and motion plate was retained - to save costs. This meant that the piston valves were in the constricted space below the cylinders at an angle to the axis of the cylinders. Only 8" diameter valves could be fitted in, and combined with the restricted exhaust arrangement ensured that they were unable to use the steam available from the excellent K class boiler. Acceleration from stops was very leisurely and they could only be coaxed up to , when newly outshopped, with great difficulty in places where the Atlantics, J class and Baltics could do . Twelve members of the class were 'rebuilt' between August 1922 and January 1924, but further were deferred by Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway when it became apparent that their performance was not satisfactory. Harold Holcroft found, when he was tasked by Maunsell to report on the post grouping loco stock, that class B4x were very expensive compared to the SECR rebuilds (D1/E1) and far less competent. It was to be 1929 before their services on express work could be dispensed with. Henceforth the class was deployed on secondary duties.
The B4 and B4x classes continued with secondary duties but thirteen members of the class were withdrawn between 1934 and 1939. The remainder would have followed soon after if the Second World War had not brought about a temporary reprieve. Six B4s and twelve B4Xs passed to British Railways in 1948. All had been withdrawn by 1951. None has survived.
Locomotive summary
References
External links
Rail UK database, B4
Rail UK database, B4X
LB&SCR online, B4 class
4-4-0 locomotives
B4
Sharp Stewart locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1899
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives |
4024963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortal%20Consors | Cortal Consors | Cortal Consors SA was a European broker in personal investing and online trading.
Formed by a merger of French company Cortal and German company Consors, they launched a 2003 rebranding campaign. Cortal Consors was a subsidiary of BNP Paribas.
By 2010, Cortal Consors had more than 1 million customers in three countries (France, Germany and Spain).
In 2013 BNP Paribas launched its new direct bank, Hello bank! in France and a few other European countries to replace Cortal Consors. In December 2014, services in Germany were relaunched under the Consorsbank brand, adopting a very similar logo to Hello Bank!. In 2015 the accounts of French Cortal Consors customers were transferred to Hello bank! France and in 2016 Cortal Consors France ceased its operations.
In Spain, services are now offered under the "BNP Paribas Personal Investors" brand.
References
External links
Cortal Consors inside BNP Paribas Personal Investors
Cortal Consors profile
BNP Paribas |
4024965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consors | Consors | Consors (Latin consors, "partner") can refer to:
Cortal Consors, a European broker in personal investing and online trading
Catocala consors, a moth of the family Noctuidae
Caseolus consors, a land snail
Laosaurus consors, a species of Othnielosaurus dinosaur
Abrictosaurus consors, a species of Abrictosaurus dinosaur
Crotalophorus consors, a synonym for the venomous pit viper species Sistrurus catenatus
Consors imperii, an ancient Roman partner in an emperorship
Valsaria consors, an alternate name for the plant canker Valsaria insitiva
See also
Consor |
4024967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teggiano | Teggiano | Teggiano (formerly Diano; Teggianese: ) is a town and comune in Campania, Italy, in the province of Salerno. It is situated on an isolated eminence above the upper part of the valley to which it gives the name of Vallo di Diano.
Among the historic centers of the province, Teggiano is certainly one that has best preserved its ancient appearance of the fortress and it is this aspect which is shown to those who reach the old town. The appearance of a Roman oppidum, still now remembered by the well preserved plan of the Cardo and of the Decumanus, was renewed in the Norman period and in the age of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen.
History
Tegianum was built by Lucanians early in the 4th century BC, and later was a municipal town of Lucania. There was Gracchan colonization in the 2nd century BCE, and a larger colonization program under Nero.
During the Middle Ages Diano had a predominant role in the history of the Vallo di Diano. In Norman times, the Sanseverino family, counts of Marsico and later princes of Salerno, took over the fief of Diano, which was composed of the hamlets of Sassano, Monte San Giacomo, San Rufo, San Pietro al Tanagro and Sant'Arsenio. Teggiano was ruled by the Sanseverino for over three centuries (1239–1556). They chose the castle as a stronghold in which they could take shelter during emergencies. At that time Diano was surrounded by high walls with 25 guard towers and four gates. In 1497, under Antonello Sanseverino of Salerno, the city resisted the siege undertaken by Frederick IV of Naples for 8 months. Following a new rebellion, led this time by Ferrante, last Prince of Salerno, in 1552 the Sanseverino family was expelled from the kingdom. Teggiano became a fief of other noble families including the Gomez da Silva, the Grimaldi, the Caracciolo, the Villani, the Colonna, the Calà and Schipani.
In 1564, after the Council of Trent, Bishop Paolo Varallo instituted in Diano one of the first seminaries in Italy, completed in 1601. On July 17, 1586 Pope Sixtus V gave the right to establish the residence in Diano, in the actual see, to Bishop Lelio Morello, giving to Diano Episcopalian prerogatives and raised in the meanwhile the church of S. Maria Maggiore to the honor of Cathedral. The action of the Counter-Reformation and the presence of high offices brought in the later centuries a radical remaking of the Romano-Gothic churches in Baroque style.
Two major earthquakes concerned Teggiano's territory: the Neapolitan earthquake that occurred on December 16, 1857 (estimated of magnitude 6.9 on the Richter Scale), and the Irpininan earthquake on November 23, 1980 (measuring 6.89 on the Richter Scale).
Main sights
Ruins of the ancient city can be traced at the foot of the hill; a Roman bridge is also present. Other landmarks are:
The Sanseverino Castle, built in Norman times. In the early years of the 15th century the country of Diano was forfeited by the Neapolitan Crown due to the expulsion of its feudal lords, the Sanseverino; then the King Ladislaus of Durazzo had the castle restored, ordering that every village in the Vallo di Diano contributed to the expenses. Another restoration was performed in 1417, commissioned this time by the Sanseverino family.
Church and Convent of Saint Francis of Assisi. Its construction dates back to the earliest years of the 14th century, as attested by the inscription placed on the portal, dated 1307. The Convent is considered, around 1340, belonging to the custodia di Principatus of the Order of Friars Minor. The Convent was suppressed in 1808 by the Napoleonic laws. The plan has a "barn"-like layout, very widespread in the constructions of the Order in the Italian southern area: a rectangular room, covered with a roof hut with a square apse once crowned by a cross vault. In 1745 a false ceiling, painted by De Martino, hid the trusses and the single-lancet windows located to the upper side walls. Frescoes in the convent include Scenes from the life of St. Francis, executed by an unknown master in the first half of the 14th century, and a Franciscan Saints and St. Michael Archangel from the second half of the 15th century. Other features include the 16th century's choir, as well as the cloister with a central well.
St. Antuono church, probably built before the 11th century, and located on the north side of the old town not far from the walls of the Castle. The exterior, with modest structural lines, shows the steeple built in the thick of the facade: on the right side is placed on the portal the architrave decorated with a delicate interweaving arboreal. The interior has a basilica layout: a small main aisle once flanked by two aisles divided by a shrunk colonnade. Part of the right nave was demolished in 1958 to make room for the road. In recent restoration works have emerged on the walls inside an important cycle of medieval frescoes.
Twin towns
San Mauro Pascoli, Italy, since 1971
Toledo, Spain
See also
Vallo di Diano
San Cono da Teggiano
References
Sources
External links
Official website
Pro Loco Teggiano
Tourist portal of Teggiano
Teggiano Latino Festival
Teggiano Jazz
Cities and towns in Campania
Localities of Cilento |
4024968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emagram | Emagram | An emagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams used to display temperature lapse rate and moisture content profiles in the atmosphere. The emagram has axes of temperature (T) and pressure (p). In the emagram, the dry adiabats make an angle of about 45 degrees with the isobars, isotherms are vertical and isopleths of saturation mixing ratio are almost straight and vertical.
Usually, temperature and dew point data from radiosondes are plotted on these diagrams to allow calculations of convective stability or Convective Available Potential Energy. Wind barbs are often plotted at the side of a tephigram to indicate the winds at different heights.
First devised in 1884 by Heinrich Hertz, the emagram is used primarily in European countries. Other countries use similar thermodynamic diagrams for the same purpose. However, the details of their construction vary. Emagram is the first atmospheric thermodynamic diagram.
See also
Thermodynamic diagrams
Skew-T log-P diagram
Tephigram
Stüve diagram
References
Thermodynamic diagrams
Bibliography
Atmospheric thermodynamics |
4024975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%27%20Church%2C%20Brixworth | All Saints' Church, Brixworth | All Saints' Church, Brixworth, now the parish church of Brixworth, Northamptonshire, England, is a leading example of early Anglo-Saxon architecture. In 1930 the British architectural historian Sir Alfred Clapham called it "perhaps the most imposing architectural memorial of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps". It is the largest English church that remains substantially as it was in the Anglo-Saxon era. It was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1954.
Building
The Peterborough Chronicle records Brixworth as having a monastery, Brixworth Abbey, founded when Seaxwulf became bishop of Mercia, before the death of King Wulfhere in AD 675. Many elements from the original building remain visible, along with later additions from further phases of building in the 10th, 14th and 19th centuries. The older building contains features typically found in architecture of a later period, including an ambulatory. Now it is a parish church and a Grade I listed building.
Roman architecture can be considered the precedent for early Christian church building; hence the term 'Romanesque'. The church was built in the form of an Early Christian basilica, but with piers instead of columns.
What remains of the original building is a clerestoried nave, north and south arcades blocked and infilled with windows, a presbytery separated from the nave by a great arch, and the foundations of a semicircular apse. The west tower was begun as a two-storey porch, heightened in the 10th century to form a tower.
In the 13th century a south aisle was added to the nave, a south chapel was added beside the presbytery and the apsidal chancel was replaced with a rectangular one. In the 14th century the west tower was heightened again and the present broach spire was added.
Archaeological excavations have shown that the original church had side chambers, called porticus, that would have extended either side of the present nave. At the position of the present tower was a narthex, and original pillars now covered by flooring show that there was a three-arched opening between the nave and the presbytery. The original entrance was at the west end. In the Norman era the present south door was inserted in the westernmost arch of the south arcade.
Reclaimed Roman stone and brick tiles were used in the construction of the building. Petrological analysis suggests the sources were the Roman towns of Lactodurum (Towcester) and Ratae Corieltauvorum (Leicester). Roman-sized brick tiles are used in the arcading and other arches.
An ambulatory ran around the outside of the original apse below ground level. Originally steps led down to the ambulatory, which was covered by a barrel vault. The purpose of this ambulatory was probably to house or provide access to preserved relics.
It has been suggested that Brixworth may have been the site of synods that took place at Clofesho in the 8th and 9th centuries. This might account for the unusually large size of the building by the standards of the time. However, there are other possible candidates for their location and Clofesho's true identity has not been proved.
In the 10th century the tower and stair turret replaced the narthex. This is one of four remaining Anglo-Saxon stair turrets in England, and is similar to the one at St Andrew's parish church, Brigstock, about northeast of Brixworth. The other two are at Broughton, Lincolnshire and Hough-on-the-Hill. At Brixworth, a triple arch was inserted into the existing masonry of the west nave wall at high level, replacing an existing arch. The arches are supported by baluster shafts, which are typical of Anglo-Saxon architecture, and can also be seen at the tower of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, about southeast of Brixworth. In the 14th century the upper stages of the tower and the spire were added.
The churchyard contains the war graves of three British Army soldiers of World War I and a Royal Pioneer Corps officer of World War II.
Victorian restoration
In 1865–66 major works were carried out to the church to the requirements of Charles Frederic Watkins, who was vicar at that time. These involved the removal of a large part of the medieval chancel and exposure of the ambulatory below ground level that surrounded the apse at the east end of the building. The south-east chapel was shortened by one bay and the south porch demolished, in each case to expose earlier stonework. The work included the provision of 247 additional free seats.
Bells
The west tower has a ring of six bells. Hugh Watts of Leicester cast the second, third, fourth and fifth bells in 1622. Henry Bagley of Chacombe cast the tenor bell in 1683. The Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the treble bell in 1993.
Registers
The parish registers start in 1546 and, apart from those currently in use, are kept at Northamptonshire Record Office (NRO). Details of its location and opening times can be found on NRO's website. Rev James Jackson, who was vicar of Brixworth from 1735 to 1770, compiled an analytical index to Brixworth families since the 16th century which incorporated information from his personal knowledge as well as entries from the parish register. It therefore includes considerable information about the origins and destinations of people who arrived in or migrated from the village during the 18th century. This manuscript is also kept at NRO, where its reference is "ML 380".
Benefice
Brixworth is part of a united Benefice along with Holcot. Each parish retains its own church building.
References
Sources and further reading
External links
Website of All Saints Church Brixworth Northamptonshire
Friends of All Saints Church Brixworth Northamptonshire
7th-century church buildings in England
7th-century establishments in England
Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England
Church of England church buildings in Northamptonshire
Grade I listed churches in Northamptonshire
Standing Anglo-Saxon churches |
4024977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Shaxon | Alan Shaxon | Alan Shaxon (28 December 1933 – 27 October 2012) was a professional magician and a former president of The Magic Circle. He specialised in cabaret performances and was billed as one of England's foremost magicians.
The Magic Circle gave Shaxon "The Maskelyne" award for services to British Magic. He appeared on television, cruised the world in cabaret on luxury liners, and entertained on four occasions at Buckingham Palace. He was a friend and confidant of magician and inventor Robert Harbin, and inherited many of Harbin's props after his death in 1978. Shaxon continued to perform a number of Harbin's illusions, including the "Blades of Opah II". Shaxon's signature effects included The Hydrostatic Glass, Confabulation, Thumb Tie, Aerial Fishing and the Human Gasometer.
Shaxon appeared as a guest performer in Series 9 of The Paul Daniels Magic Show, airing in 1988. He appeared as the character "Eddie Spangle" in the 1991 Mr. Bean episode "Mr. Bean Goes to Town", starring Rowan Atkinson. In 1996 he taught Tom Cruise sleight of hand tricks for Mission: Impossible.
He wrote two books during his lifetime, My Kind of Magic (1970) and Practical Sorcery (1976). After he died, a draft manuscript for a third book was discovered, which was completed by Scott Penrose, the current President of The Magic Circle, and Steve Short. It had no working title, but when it was published in 2014 it was entitled The Sophisticated Sorcerer.
Shaxon died on 27 October 2012 following a short illness.
References
External links
Alan Shaxon - Sophisticated Sorcerer Website
English magicians
2012 deaths
1933 births |
4024981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen%20%28Echo%20%26%20the%20Bunnymen%20album%29 | Evergreen (Echo & the Bunnymen album) | Evergreen is the seventh studio album by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen. It is their first album since reforming after they disbanded in 1993. Vocalist Ian McCulloch and guitarist Will Sergeant had previously worked together as Electrafixion before they were rejoined by bassist Les Pattinson under the name Echo & the Bunnymen in early 1997. The album was recorded at Doghouse Studios in Henley-on-Thames and was produced by McCulloch and the band's manager Paul Toogood but was credited to the whole band.
Following a successful return to live performances and the release of the single "Nothing Lasts Forever", the album was released in July 1997. Two further singles – "I Want to Be There" and "Don't Let It Get You Down" – followed the album's release. The album received good reviews from the music press and was received well by the public, reaching number eight on the UK Albums Chart.
Background
After leaving Echo & the Bunnymen in 1988 to pursue a solo career, vocalist Ian McCulloch released two albums that were not commercial successes. Despite McCulloch's departure and drummer Pete de Freitas's death, guitarist Will Sergeant and bassist Les Pattinson decided to recruit three new members – Noel Burke (vocals), Jake Brockman (keyboards) and Damon Reece (drums) – and continue with the same band name, which angered McCulloch. The Bunnymen released one further album, Reverberation (1990), which critics and fans alike received poorly. WEA Records subsequently dropped the group, who went on to break-up in early 1993.
McCulloch met former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr in 1993 and they wrote and recorded an album, tentatively titled Touch Down. The album was to be released in early 1994; however, despite McCulloch and Marr being happy with the album, Rob Dickins at WEA felt it was missing some element. Dickins suggested to McCulloch that Sergeant be brought in to do some work. McCulloch was initially sceptical because he had not spoken with Sergeant since de Freitas's funeral; however, he did give the idea some thought. Before McCulloch had chance to contact Sergeant, a mutual friend persuaded the pair to meet socially. While McCulloch and Sergeant were being reacquainted, the tapes from the McCulloch and Marr sessions disappeared. McCulloch was not upset about this as he and Sergeant had started working together as Electrafixion.
With McCulloch influenced by American alternative rock bands such as Nirvana and The Smashing Pumpkins, the group employed a heavier sound than Echo & the Bunnymen's previous work. After successfully touring the United Kingdom and refusing to play any Echo & the Bunnymen material, Electrafixion released their only album, Burned, in September 1995. Despite critics giving the album good reviews, sales of it and the follow-up singles were disappointing. After embarking on a tour of the United States in 1996, Electrafixion eventually gave in to fan pressure and began to introduce Echo & the Bunnymen material to their live set. Sergeant felt that as the band were playing Echo & the Bunnymen songs, they might as well reform Echo & the Bunnymen; however, McCulloch was initially opposed to the idea. McCulloch changed his mind and, having persuaded Pattinson to come out of retirement, Echo & the Bunnymen was reformed in mid-1996. McCulloch felt Echo & the Bunnymen could not reform without Pattinson and described the bassist's involvement as "integral". McCulloch went on to say it was important to "feel like the original group". He has also said, "Right from the first demo [of Evergreen] we realised that we'd still got that chemistry."
Recording and packaging
The recording of Evergreen started at the beginning of 1997 when Echo & the Bunnymen entered Doghouse Studios in Henley-on-Thames. The production of the album was undertaken by McCulloch and Paul Toogood, the band's new manager, although it was credited to the band in the liner notes to the album. With Oasis in the next studio, Liam Gallagher contributed backing vocals to the track "Nothing Lasts Forever". McCulloch said, "We just hit it off right away, and after a few beers he ended up singing on the record." McCulloch also said that Gallagher "insisted we put tambourine on ['Nothing Lasts Forever']" which "took [it] to another level". Adam Peters, who had previously worked on the band's 1984 album Ocean Rain, was brought in to provide string arrangements for the album. Using musicians from the London Metropolitan Orchestra, Peters recorded string passages for seven tracks from the album at Abbey Road Studios in London. With Clif Norrell, who had previously worked with R.E.M., finishing the mixing of the album, the recording was completed by the end of March 1997.
The photograph used on the front cover of the album was shot by Norman Watson, who also directed the videos for two of the singles from the album – "Nothing Lasts Forever", which was to become the lead single from the album, and "I Want to Be There". The cover was shot in Marrakech in early May 1997 and echoes the cover of the band's 1980 debut album Crocodiles. The cover picture shows the band against a backdrop of trees at night. However, in place of the band's former drummer de Freitas, who died in a motorcycle accident, the photograph shows the remaining band members with a Citroen DS.
Releases and reception
The live debut of "Nothing Lasts Forever" was at the Cream nightclub in Liverpool in early May 1997 at Echo & the Bunnymen's first concert since reforming. This was followed by two sold-out concerts at the Mercury Lounge in New York and a number of festival appearances in the US, UK and Europe before Evergreen was released on 14 July 1997 by London Records. A limited edition version containing a bonus disc titled History of the Peel Sessions 1979–1997 was released at the same time. The bonus disc contains tracks that were recorded live for John Peel's show on BBC Radio 1 between 1979 and 1997. Following the album, two more singles were released – "I Want to Be There (When You Come)" in September 1997 and "Don't Let It Get You Down" in November 1997. The album was reissued in 1999 with the addition of four live tracks.
Reviewing Evergreen for Allmusic, Ned Raggett described it as "an attractive piece of work" when it "shines at its best". Although he noted, "Replacement drummer Michael Lee fills in [for de Freitas] adequately but not completely, rendering what was a special group something less so." The reviewer for British music magazine Melody Maker, called the album a "triumph" for fans as well as acknowledging that the album was unlikely to impress people who were not familiar with their work. The album was described in Rolling Stone magazine as "a stunning comeback". Jeremy Helligar for Entertainment Weekly was not as keen and described the reunion as having "the feel of a non-event".
Evergreen became Echo & the Bunnymen's fifth album to make the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart when it reached number eight during its first week of release and stayed on the chart for seven weeks. "Nothing Lasts Forever" reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart, although the follow-up singles "I Want to Be There (When You Come)" and "Don't Let It Get You Down" fared less well reaching numbers thirty and fifty respectively.
Track listing
All tracks written by Echo & the Bunnymen.
"Don't Let It Get You Down" – 3:52
"In My Time" – 3:26
"I Want to Be There (When You Come)" – 3:39
"Evergreen" – 4:11
"I'll Fly Tonight" – 4:24
"Nothing Lasts Forever" – 3:57
"Baseball Bill" – 4:04
"Altamont" – 3:53
"Just a Touch Away" – 5:09
"Empire State Halo" – 4:00
"Too Young to Kneel" – 3:40
"Forgiven" – 5:49
1999 reissue bonus tracks
"I Want to Be There (When You Come)" (live) – 3:25
"Bedbugs and Ballyhoo" (live) – 3:42
"Rescue" (live) – 3:49
"Lips Like Sugar" (live) – 4:40
History of the Peel Sessions 1979–1997 limited edition bonus disc
"Villiers Terrace" (live) – 4:13
"Read It in Books" (live) – 2:31
"All That Jazz" (live) – 2:56
"Over the Wall" (live) – 4:49
"All My Colours" (live) – 4:28
"The Back of Love" (live) – 4:15
"Seven Seas" (live) – 3:57
"Ocean Rain" (live) – 3:50
"Nocturnal Me" (live) – 4:13
"Rescue" (live) – 3:48
Personnel
Echo & the Bunnymen
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar, piano
Will Sergeant – guitar
Les Pattinson – bass
with:
Adam Peters – keyboards, arrangement (strings), conductor (strings)
Michael Lee – drums
Ed Shearmur – piano on "Nothing Lasts Forever"
London Metropolitan Orchestra – strings
Liam Gallagher - backing vocals on "Nothing Lasts Forever"
Technical
Echo & the Bunnymen – producer
Mark Phythian – engineer
Cenzo Townshend – engineer
Markus Butler – assistant engineer
Clif Norrell – mixing
Richard Woodcraft – mixing assistant
Don C. Tyler – digital editing
Stephen Marcussen – mastering
Guy Massey – recording (strings)
Alex Scannell – recording assistant (strings)
Norman Watson – photography
References
Adams, Chris. 2002. Turquoise Days: The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen. New York: Soft Skull.
Footnotes
1997 albums
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
London Records albums |
4024984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Vredeman%20de%20Vries | Hans Vredeman de Vries | Hans Vredeman de Vries (1527 – c. 1607) was a Dutch Renaissance architect, painter, and engineer. Vredeman de Vries is known for his publication in 1583 on garden design and his books with many examples on ornaments (1565) and perspective (1604).
The Vredeman de Vries family included a number of artists and musicians.
Biography
Born in Leeuwarden and raised in Friesland, in 1546 Vredeman de Vries went to Amsterdam and Kampen. In 1549 he moved to Mechelen where the Superior Court was seating. Sebastian, his brother, was the organist in the local church. Vredeman de Vries designed ornaments for merry parades of Charles V and Philip II. Studying Vitruvius and Sebastiano Serlio, (translated by his teacher Pieter Coecke van Aelst), he became an internationally known specialist in perspective.
He continued his career in Antwerp, where he was appointed city architect and fortification engineer. After 1585 he fled the city because of the Spanish occupation by Alessandro Farnese. As a Protestant, he had to leave the city within two years. Vredeman de Vries moved to Frankfurt and worked in Wolfenbüttel, designing a fortification and a new lay-out of the city for Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. After his death the project was cancelled and Hans worked in Hamburg, Danzig (1592), Prague (1596) and Amsterdam (1600). On his trips Vredeman was accompanied by his son Paul and Hendrick Aerts, both painters. Vredeman de Vries tried to get an appointment at the University of Leiden in 1604.
Vredeman de Vries designed the Great Bed of Ware which is now housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The bed is famously large, at around twice the size of a modern double-bed.
His son Salomon was also a painter; Jacob Vredeman de Vries a kapellmeister and composer. It is not known when and where Hans Vredeman de Vries died; however, it is recorded that his son Paul was living in Hamburg when he inherited.
References
Bibliography
Hans Jantzen, Das Niederländische Architekturbild, Braunschweig, Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1910
Bernard G. Maillet, La Peinture Architecturale des Ecoles du Nord: les Intérieurs d'Eglises 1580-1720, Pandora Publishers Wijnegem, 2012,
Christopher P. Heue, The City Rehearsed Object, architecture, and print in the worlds of Hans Vredeman de Vries ,
External links
Architectura website of the Centre d'études supérieures de la Renaissance at Tours (France)
The Delft University on Vredeman de Vries
University of Heidelberg 28 Prints from "Pictores, statuarii, architecti, latomi, et quicunque principum magnificorumque virorum memoriae aeternae inservitis, adeste" (1620)
Ornaments by Vredeman de Vries in a museum in Schleswig-Holstein
Hans Vredeman de Vries on Artcyclopedia
Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Hans Vredeman de Vries
1527 births
1600s deaths
16th-century Dutch architects
People from Leeuwarden
Renaissance architects
Dutch Mannerist painters
Frisian painters
Mannerist architects |
4024998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansgrohe | Hansgrohe | Hansgrohe SE is a German sanitary fittings manufacturer. It was founded by Hans Grohe in 1901, in Schiltach, Germany. Hansgrohe is one of the world's largest shower head, hand shower and tap suppliers, next to competitors such as Grohe and Kohler. Principal shareholder is the Masco Corporation, Taylor, Michigan, United States.
Hansgrohe is not to be confused with the Grohe AG, another German sanitary fittings manufacturer, which was founded by Hans Grohe's son Friedrich.
Background
Hansgrohe has two major shareholders: The family of Klaus Grohe, the founders’ youngest son, holds 32%, Masco Corporation 68%. Hans Jürgen Kalmbach became chairman of Hansgrohe in 2018. The company sells its products under two brand names: Axor and hansgrohe.
In 2017, Hansgrohe reported sales of 1.077 billion Euro (2016: 1.029 billion Euro). The company employs about 4,962 people, 40% outside of Germany. Hansgrohe manufactures its products in factories in the United States, Germany, France and China. With 34 subsidiaries and 21 sales offices the company is present all over the world. Hansgrohe exports its products into more than 140 countries.
Foundation and history
In 1901, Hans Grohe, born in Luckenwalde near Berlin on May 14, 1871, founded the company in Schiltach, in the German Black Forest region. As a three-man operation, the company began producing metal pressing products, e.g. parts of watches, brass pans and sheet metal showers, but soon concentrated on sanitary metal ware. Export started with the first delivery to Amsterdam, Netherlands in January 1907. By 1919, 3 office clerks and 48 production employees worked for the company.
Hans Grohe started to use a new brass pressing procedure in 1929 and began to chromium-plate his products in 1930. Four years later, his son Friedrich Grohe left the company and took over a company in Hemer, North Rhine-Westphalia, in 1936. While his father Hans concentrated on showers and draining technology, Friedrich Grohe focused on fittings. The company today is known as Grohe AG.
In 1968, Klaus Grohe, the youngest son of Hans Grohe, joined the father's company and took over its management in 1975. In 1977, he introduced the word and figurative mark Hansgrohe. Under his company leadership, Hansgrohe started to work with external designers in the late 1960s, including Hartmut Esslinger (frog design) and later on Phoenix Design and Philippe Starck. Klaus Grohe also reached out to explore new market segments: In 1981 Hansgrohe began producing faucets and introduced a greywater recycling system in 2001.
In 1984, the Friedrich Grohe family, one of the three shareholders at the time, together with the Hans Grohe Junior family, and the Klaus Grohe family, sold their third of shares to the US investment company Masco Corporation from Taylor, Michigan. In 1999, the Hans Grohe Junior family equally sold their shares to the Masco Corporation, making them majority shareholder, and leaving the Klaus Grohe family as the only family shareholder of the company with today 32% of the shares. In 2012, Hansgrohe became a European stock corporation (Societas Europaea SE), which is not listed on the stock exchange.
After having been member of the management board for 33 years, Klaus Grohe took over the position as director of the supervisory board in 2008. Since 2015, he has been honorary chairman of the board. In August 2018, Hans Jürgen Kalmbach became chairman of Hansgrohe, following Thorsten Klapproth. Two grandsons of company founder Hans Grohe, Richard and Philippe Grohe, were active in the operative business until October 2016. Since then, the founding family supports the company exclusively from a shareholder position, through their representation in the supervisory board of Hansgrohe SE.
Hansgrohe in the United States
Products
The product range of Hansgrohe includes:
Fittings
Showers and Shower heads
Kitchen and Bathroom Faucets
Bathroom accessories
Hansgrohe products have been awarded several design awards, including the prestigious iF Design Award 2016, the red dot design award: product design 2016 and the Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany 2012.
Hansgrohe has registered about 2500 patents until the end of 2015. Among the most important inventions are: automatical drainage systems (1934), the wallbar (1953), the hand shower with an adjustable water jet (1968), the kitchen faucet with pull-out handspray (1984) as well as technologies to reduce the waterflow through air addition (2004) and activating / deactivating the water flow with a push-button (2011). In 2015, Hansgrohe held 24 patents, 180 designs and 93 brands.
Designer
Antonio Citterio
Jean-Marie Massaud
Philippe Starck
Patricia Urquiola
Phoenix Design
Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec
Nendo Design
Front Design
Barber & Osgerby
Museum and Aquademie
Hansgrohe established a museum for water, bathrooms and design in 1997, at its German headquarters in Schiltach. It displays the evolution of private bathrooms over the past 100 years and shows the company's development in the course of historical events.
At its US headquarters in Alpharetta, Georgia, Hansgrohe runs a training and interactive product center, the Aquademie.
Sponsoring
Together with extractor manufacturer Bora, Hansgrohe supports the cycling worldtour team Bora-Hansgrohe as one of the main sponsors beginning in 2017.
See also
Grohe, another German plumbing manufacturer, founded by Hans Grohe's son Friedrich
References
External links
Hansgrohe USA
Hansgrohe Group
Hansgrohe SE, Hansgrohe Annual Report, Reaching New Heights, facts & figures 2015, Schiltach 2015
Hansgrohe SE, The True Fairytale Of Clever Hans, Illustrated company history, Schiltach 2011
Manufacturing companies of Germany
German brands
Societates Europaeae
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Bathroom fixture companies
Companies established in 1901 |
4025000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matachines | Matachines | Matachines (Spanish singular matachín; sword dancers dressed in ritual attire called bouffon) are a carnivalesque dance troupe that emerged in Spain in the early 17th century inspired by similar European traditions such as the moresca. The term danza de matachines is also used to refer to their characteristic dance and music. The dance was documented in the 1642 treatise Discursos sobre el arte del dançado by Juan de Esquivel Navarro. The tradition was imported into Latin American countries such as Mexico and Peru.
In America
Currently, the matachines are societies of North and South American Native dancers who perform ritual dances. They are found from Peru up to northern New Mexico where the Spanish first influenced the New World and introduced Christianity. In Bernalillo, New Mexico, the Matachines de San Lorenzo have been performing for more than 300 years.
The Danza de Matachines is explained by oral tradition among most Indian Tribes as the Dance of the Moors and Christians and is the first masked dance introduced by the Spaniards, though its practice outside of the Iberian peninsula changed its cultural and spiritual significance. The dance was adopted by the people, and today many forms of this dance still exist — though the dance steps vary among peoples, the dance formations are all similar. Masks continue to be used, but the style changes from village to village, or people to people. Its meaning is as a celebration of native peoples in the Americas and Philippines, and their salvation through the unity of their faith and culture.
The Matachines dance for a deeper religious purpose, since most of them join to venerate either Mother Mary (Our Lady of Guadalupe, Our Lady of Lourdes, Immaculate conception, etc.), a saint (the group usually chooses the saint that pertains to the church they belong to), or simply to worship Christ or God the Holy Trinity, demonstrated by the three forked item symbolized as a "Sword of the Holy Trinity".
Dressed in traditional ceremonial dress and clothing, the chief characters are El Monarca (typically Moctezuma or other tribal leader), the captains (usually consist of 2-4 and are Moctezuma's main generals), La Malinche or Malintzín, the Native or Mestizo woman; and El Toro, the malevolent comic man of the play (also symbolizes Satan, or the Devil, according to Roman Catholic religious interpretations), dressed with the skins of the buffalo and wearing the horns of this sacred ancestor; Abuelo, the grandfather, and Abuela, grandmother. With the help of a chorus of dancers they portray the desertion of his people by Moctezuma, the luring of him back by the wiles and smiles of La Malinche, the final reunion of king and people and the killing of El Toro, who is supposed to have made all the mischief. Much symbolism is seen in these groups. The basic symbolism of the dance is good vs. evil, with good prevailing.
All of the cultural artifacts associated with the dance are blessed by a priest.
Hampton Court, 1604
A sword dance was performed at Hampton Court on 6 January 1604 by Scottish courtiers for Anne of Denmark in her presence chamber, before James VI and I, and the French ambassador, the Comte de Beaumont. Dudley Carleton wrote that the Scottish masquerade resembled a matachin and was "cleanly" performed.
See also
Moresca
References
External links
Los Matachines
Video of New Mexico Matachines Dancing
Video of Yaqui Matachines Dancing
Spanish dances
Dance in Mexico
Dance in Peru |
4025004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matross | Matross | A matross was a soldier of artillery, who ranked next below a gunner.
The duty of a matross was to assist the gunners in loading, firing and sponging the guns. They were provided with firelocks, and marched with the store-wagons, acting as guards. In the United States Army, a matross ranked as a private of artillery.
The word is probably derived from French matelot, a sailor. The OED states that the word is borrowed from the Dutch Matroos ('a sailor of the lowest rank'), and is cognate with similar terms in German, Danish and Swedish.
References
Military ranks
Artillery speciality |
4025014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve%20Queler | Eve Queler | Eve Queler (born January 11, 1931) is an American conductor and the emerita Artistic Director of the Opera Orchestra of New York (OONY). She founded the OONY in 1971, after having worked on the staff of the Metropolitan Opera and the New York City Opera. She is notable for her advocacy for, and conducting of, lesser known and less-frequently performed operas, such as Rienzi and Jenůfa.
Born Eve Rabin in New York City, Queler attended The High School of Music & Art, graduating in 1948. She then matriculated in the Mannes School of Music, where she studied piano and conducting. A Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund grant enabled her to pursue further studies in conducting with Joseph Rosenstock and accompaniment with Paul Ulanowsky and Paul Berl. She also participated in master classes with Walter Susskind and Leonard Slatkin in St. Louis and Igor Markevich and Herbert Blomstedt in Europe.
Although primarily dedicated to the OONY, she has appeared as a guest conductor with numerous opera companies and orchestras internationally, including the Mariinsky Theatre, Opera Australia, the Hamburg State Opera, the National Theatre in Prague, the Frankfurt Opera, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, and the Honolulu Symphony Orchestra among others.
Eve Queler is the recipient of a 2010 National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honors Award. In 2017, New Amsterdam Opera presented Mo. Queler with its first-ever Pathfinder Award.
Personal life
Her husband was Stanley Queler, a lawyer, who died on January 30, 2013, at age 83.
References
Eve Rabin Queler, Women's History
External links
Biography of Eve Queler, Opera Orchestra of New York
Eve Queler's official web site
"An Interview with Eve Queler" in Kalliope: A Journal of Women's Literature and Art
1931 births
The High School of Music & Art alumni
The New School alumni
Living people
Women conductors (music)
Musicians from New York City
Classical musicians from New York (state)
21st-century American conductors (music) |
4025015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0akotis | Šakotis | Lithuanian šakotis or raguolis ("tree cake"; literally "branchy"), Polish sękacz, Belarusian bankucha () is a Polish, Lithuanian and Belarusian traditional spit cake. It is a cake made of butter, egg whites and yolks, flour, sugar, and cream, cooked on a rotating spit in an oven or over an open fire.
History
The cake became popular during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1791). Its origins are attributed to either the Polish Queen Bona Sforza or the Baltic tribe of Yotvingians. The Yotvingians, first mentioned in 5th century B.C. as neuri, well known as great warriors and hunters, while Bona Sforza is known to have implemented many agriculture, infrastructure and manufacture reforms.
Its name means "branched tree" or "tree with many branches" due to its distinctive shape (it is often conical, like a pine tree, and with the drips as branches). It is baked in a time- and labor-intensive process, by painting layers of batter onto a rotating spit in a special open oven or over an open fire.
It can be decorated with chocolate and flower ornaments, but it is often served plain. Šakotis is one of the most important desserts in Lithuanian celebrations, especially at weddings or other special occasions such as Christmas. It was the sweet chosen to represent Lithuania in the Café Europe initiative of the Austrian presidency of the European Union, on Europe Day 2006.
In May 2015, in Druskininkai, Lithuania the record of the biggest šakotis was broken with height and weight.
In 2006, Masurian sękacz was included in the list of traditional products of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland.
In 2019, the bankucha recipe from Porazava was included in the official list of historical and cultural heritage of Belarus. In north-western Belarus, bankucha is known as a wedding cake made of 60 egg yolks
Other regional varieties
Austria – Prügelkrapfen
Belarus – bankucha (derived from the German word Baumkuchen meaning "Tree cake")
Czech Republic – Trdelnik
France – Gâteau à la broche
Luxembourg – Baamkuch has become a traditional dish served mostly on special occasions, such as weddings, christenings, etc. Yet, the cake is available all year around in certain supermarkets.
Poland – Sękacz
Lithuania – Šakotis or Raguolis (known as Bankuchenas in Western Lithuania, the word is borrowed from German Baumkuchen) is a similar cake also cooked on a spit, normally over an open fire
Sweden – Spettekaka with the protected geographical indication (PGI) registered by the EU
Hungary – Kürtőskalács is a similar cake also cooked on a spit
Slovakia – Skalický trdelník with the protected geographical indication (PGI) registered by the EU
Turkey – Makara tatlısı is a similar cake also cooked on a spit.
Indonesia – Spekkoek (kue lapis legit or spekuk） was developed during colonial times in the Dutch East Indies. The firm-textured cake is an Indo (Dutch-Indonesian) version of the European multi-layered spit cake.
Gallery
See also
Lithuanian cuisine
Podlaskie cuisine
List of desserts
List of Polish desserts
List of spit-roasted foods
References
Lithuanian desserts
Polish desserts
Belarusian desserts
Spit cakes |
4025018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20for%20the%20Aegean | Ministry for the Aegean | The Ministry for the Aegean () was a government department of Greece. It was founded in 1985 (Law 1558/1985), with Mytilene as its seat, and tasked with supervising the development of the long-neglected Aegean Islands.
In 2007 it was merged with the Ministry for Mercantile Marine to form the Ministry for Mercantile Marine, the Aegean and Island Policy. The new ministry retained a Deputy Minister with seat at Mytilene. In 2009 the ministry was split up, with the Mercantile Marine sector being absorbed by the Ministry for the Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping and the former Ministry for the Aegean department merged into the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks as the General Secretariat for the Aegean and Island Policy. In September 2010, the General Secretariat was absorbed by the Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Islands and Fisheries.
List of Ministers for the Aegean (1985–2007)
List of Ministers for Mercantile Marine, the Aegean and Island Policy (2007–2009)
See also
Cabinet of Greece
References
Defunct government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
1985 establishments in Greece
Aegean Sea
Greece, Aegean
Andreas Papandreou |
4025023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prathapa%20Mudaliar%20Charithram | Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram | Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram (), written in 1857 and published in 1879, was the first novel in the Tamil language. Penned by Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai (1826-1889), it was a landmark in Tamil literature, which had hitherto seen writings only in poetry. The book gave birth to a new literary genre and Tamil prose began to be recognized as an increasingly important part of the language.
The author was the munsif (a 'Village President' with some judicial powers) of Mayuram (present day Mayiladuthurai near Thanjavur). Influenced by Western ideas of women's liberation and secularism, he set out to publish works that projected his ideals. His first publication was Pen Kalvi ("Female Education"), which he addressed to his daughters. After witnessing the explosion of novels in Western literature, he set out to publish his groundbreaking novel that would showcase the heroine of the novel as an equal of the hero, if not more savvy and righteous. The story revolves around the protagonist, Prathapa Mudaliar and his travails.
Plot introduction
The story is a loose collection of events and narratives centered on a naive but good-natured hero and his life and adventures. It begins in a typical forward caste family setting, with the young Prathapa Mudhaliar, from Tuluva Vellala Mudaliar family of Arcot indulging in hunting and enjoying himself. The plot also introduces the heroine as a rather intelligent and morally upright girl who marries the hero through a myriad of events.
Plot summary
The novel is narrated in first person.
Soon they are separated and the wife is found wandering in the forest. In order to safeguard herself, she dresses up as a man and roams through the jungle. Meanwhile, a nearby kingdom loses its heir to the throne and as per custom, requires that a new king be chosen at random by the royal elephant. The elephant wanders into the forest and decides to put the flower garland on the unsuspecting young lady. Soon, she is proclaimed the chief of the region and carried to the royal palace.
The hero, meanwhile, is despondent after losing his wife and goes in search of her. En route to a city, the hero's sandals get torn, and he decides to repair them using the services of a cobbler. He promises the cobbler that if he stitches the footwear properly and the hero is satisfied, he will reward him with happiness. In a few minutes Prathapa's sandals are mended to his satisfaction and he in turn gives the cobbler one rupee (a princely amount in the era in which the novel is set). The cobbler, however, says he is not satisfied with the rupee and demands his "happiness", since that was the promise of Prathap. Perplexed at this sudden turn of events, a crowd soon gathers and no one is able to resolve the issue. Soon, the matter reaches the court of the new "King," who recognizes her husband despite his dishevelled and bewildered face. Prathap, however is unable to recognize the disguise of his wife and addresses her as the King.
She decides to settle this dispute by asking the cobbler if he was happy to see the kingdom's new king. He responds positively, to which she replies that since this quarrel with the young man resulted in his visit to the new king, which ultimately made the cobbler happy, he should go back to his duties, since "happiness" was provided. The cobbler, finding that he has no other way of needlessly harassing the young hero, returns. The "King" soon reveals herself to her husband in private quarters and, after entrusting the kingdom to a young apprentice in the court, leaves the kingdom. Both return to their house and live happily ever after.
Characters
Prathapa Mudhaliar - protagonist of the novel
Gnanambal - Prathap's wife
Literary significance and criticism
The idea of a novel in Tamil language was an instant hit. Though the level of literacy was still abysmal in late 19th century Tamil Nadu, sales of the book were still higher than expected. The novelty and success of this novel prompted many other writers to produce more such works. The novel was followed by Kamalambal Charitram by B. R. Rajam Iyer in 1893 and Padmavathi Charitram by A. Madhaviah in 1898, and set the trend for Tamil books.
Translations
The book was translated in various other languages including Dravidian languages and in English. The English translation was done by Meenakshi Tyagarajan in 2005. This also convinced many other writers in other Indian languages to write more prose-oriented books. Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram is still translated and published, with Amar Chitra Katha even creating a comic book adaptation of this novel.
References
External links
1879 novels
Tamil novels
Novels set in Tamil Nadu
19th-century Indian novels
Indian historical novels in Tamil
Novels adapted into comics |
4025036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Berland | Gary Berland | Gary "Bones" Berland (May 9, 1950 – February 6, 1988) was an American professional poker player who won five World Series of Poker bracelets.
Early life
Berland was born and raised in Gardena, California. He moved to Las Vegas, Nevada with his family in 1968 and attended UNLV. He dropped out of college after two years to become a full-time professional poker player. He also worked as a poker dealer during his early years as a poker player to supplement his income and help build his bankroll.
Poker career
Berland finished runner-up to Doyle Brunson in the 1977 World Series of Poker (WSOP) $10,000 no limit Texas hold'em main event, but did not cash because the tournament had a winner-take-all format until 1978. In 1978, Berland won the $500 Seven Card Stud and the $1,000 Seven Card Razz events. His total winnings for these were more than $36,000. Berland also finished third in the 1986 Main Event. His total lifetime tournament winnings exceeded $300,000. Berland's 11 cashes at the World Series of Poker totaled $220,390.
According to Brunson, he died of a rare blood disorder.
World Series Of Poker Bracelets
References
External links
Legends of Poker: Gary "Bones" Berland
1950 births
1988 deaths
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
People from Gardena, California
People from the Las Vegas Valley |
4025041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasqualini | Pasqualini | Pasqualini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alessandro Pasqualini (1493–1559), Italian Renaissance architect
Jean Pasqualini, French, Corsican and Chinese journalist
Marc'Antonio Pasqualini (1614–1691), Italian castrato opera singer
Lorenzo Pasqualini (born 1989), Italian footballer
See also
Pascal (disambiguation)
Pasqual (disambiguation)
Pascual (disambiguation)
Pasquale (disambiguation) |
4025053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Are%20You%20Going%20to%20Do%20with%20Your%20Life%3F | What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? | What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen. The album saw the departure of bassist Les Pattinson from the group, partly due to disagreements with vocalist Ian McCulloch; McCulloch and the remaining band member, guitarist Will Sergeant, subsequently recorded the record with session musicians. The London Metropolitan Orchestra provided backing music and the American alternative hip hop band Fun Lovin' Criminals appeared as guest musicians on two tracks. The album was produced by Alan Douglas and Echo & the Bunnymen and it was recorded at various locations throughout England. Feeling sidelined during the recording of the album, Sergeant described it as "probably the worst time in my whole life".
What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? was released on 16 April 1999 through London Records following the release of the first single from the album, "Rust", the previous month. One further single, "Get in the Car", followed the album's release. The album received mixed reviews from the music press, being described as both flawless and having no appeal. The album was not as popular with the public as earlier releases from Echo & the Bunnymen; the album peaked at number twenty-one on the UK Albums Chart.
Background and recording
After the release of Echo & the Bunnymen's previous album, Evergreen (1997), and its three singles, the only new material by the band in 1998 was the song "Fools Like Us". It was released only on the soundtrack for the romantic comedy film Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence. Vocalist Ian McCulloch wrote the official song for England's 1998 football World Cup campaign, which he recorded with the Spice Girls and Ocean Colour Scene as England United. Although McCulloch was proud of the song, it was not popular with the fans, peaking number nine on the UK Singles Chart. It was beaten to the number one position by the unofficial song, "Three Lions '98", released by David Baddiel, Frank Skinner and The Lightning Seeds.
When Echo & the Bunnymen entered the studio to record What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?, bassist Les Pattinson received news that his mother was unwell. That, coupled with Pattinson's perception that McCulloch wanted everything his way, led to Pattinson announcing his retirement from the band. McCulloch and guitarist Will Sergeant were determined to continue as Echo & the Bunnymen and recruited session musicians so they could record the album. The album was produced by Alan Douglas and Echo & the Bunnymen and was recorded at Doghouse Studios in Henley-on-Thames, Parr Street Studios in Liverpool, and Olympic Studios, Maida Vale Studios and CTS in London.
As with previous Echo & the Bunnymen albums, What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? used the London Metropolitan Orchestra to provide backing music. American alternative hip hop band Fun Lovin' Criminals appeared on the album as guest musicians on two tracks. Sergeant's guitar-work on the album was understated and he later said, "It was probably the worst time in my whole life, doing that LP—I hated it [...] I'm on all the tracks here and there, but generally I just stayed in the tent! It was a horrible experience." The album is a collection of ballads and has been described as a follow-up to McCulloch's 1989 solo album, Candleland. In a 2005 interview for Record Collector magazine, McCulloch said, "Will [Sergeant] hated the album, and I can understand why. He'd ask me where his guitar was supposed to go on certain songs and I'd say, 'Well, nowhere, it doesn't really have a place'."
Release and reception
Released in March 1999, "Rust" was the first single to come from What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?. The single peaked at number twenty-two on the UK Singles Chart, and NME magazine named it their Single of the Week. The album was released the following month on 16 April and, having failed to appeal to the public as much as the band's previous albums, peaked at number twenty-one on the UK Albums Chart. "Get in the Car", one of the tracks recorded with Fun Lovin' Criminals, was later released as a single.
Having awarded the album a score of nine out of ten, the reviewer for NME said, "At no point does [the album] rock. It glides with a beautiful, uninhibited momentum." The reviewer described McCulloch's voice as an "instrument honed by years of life, love and all the shitty bits in between to a ravishing state of molten cashmere" and the album as "flawless" for every "second of its defiantly brief 38-and-a-half minutes". M. Tye Comer for CMJ said, "[Echo & the Bunnymen] revisit the melancholia they've tussled with for nearly 20 years with a mature soul and a romantic urgency, having grown up without growing old." Awarding the album four out of five stars, Stephen Thomas Erlewine writing for Allmusic said the album "feels of a piece with their earlier albums, not only sonically, but in terms of quality." Mark Richard-San for Pitchfork Media said, "The over-the-top, bass-driven rockers of yore have been replaced with an album of introspective, acoustic songs appropriate for these aging geezers." Richard-San also described McCulloch as having a "rich, resonant voice", adding "the quality of his singing is perfect – a weary voice transmitting from some abandoned studio of yesteryear."
Andy Gill for The Independent newspaper took a less favourable view when he said, "[The album] has, as its title suggests, all the appeal of a discussion with a career adviser." When he described the style of the album, Gill said, "It doesn't really help matters that as they get more mature, the band appear to be indulging their interest in Burt Bacharach and Jimmy Webb rather more openly, despite lacking either songwriter's way with a winning melody." In his 2003 book The Rough Guide to Rock, Peter Buckley described the album as "a little gushing and overall disappointing".
Echo & the Bunnymen left London Records in early 2000. McCulloch said, "What they said is, 'We'll keep you on if you don't take as much money as in the contract,' and we had no intention of staying anyway, so it was kind of 'were we pushed or did we fall?'" There was also a change in the band's management with Toogood departing to start his own record label. With the session musicians who recorded What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? moving on, McCulloch and Sergeant recruited a new band, with whom they would go on to record the 2000 EP, Avalanche, which was only available to buy over the internet.
Track listing
All tracks written by Ian McCulloch and Will Sergeant.
"What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?" – 5:11
"Rust" – 5:09
"Get in the Car" – 4:21
"Baby Rain" – 4:17
"History Chimes" – 3:25
"Lost on You" – 4:50
"Morning Sun" – 4:12
"When It All Blows Over" – 2:57
"Fools Like Us" – 4:02
Personnel
Echo & the Bunnymen
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar, piano
Will Sergeant – lead guitar
with:
Guy Pratt – bass
Jeremy Stacey – drums
Harry Morgan – percussion
Mark Taylor - keyboards
Paul Williams – backing vocals
Les Pattinson – bass ("Fools Like Us")
Michael Lee – drums ("Baby Rain" and "Morning Sun")
London Metropolitan Orchestra – strings, woodwind, brass
Fun Lovin' Criminals – guest musicians ("Get in the Car" and "When It All Blows Over")
Technical
Echo & the Bunnymen – producer
Alan Douglas – producer, mixer
Mark Stent – mixer ("Rust" and "Baby Rain")
Nick Ingman – string arrangement
Ed Shearmur – string arrangement ("Fools Like Us")
Andrew Douglas — photography (cover)
Kevin Westenberg – photography (liner notes)
References
Adams, Chris (2002). Turquoise Days: The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen. New York: Soft Skull.
Roberts, David, editor (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th edition). HiT Entertainment.
Footnotes
1999 albums
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
London Records albums |
4025067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunkett%20%26%20Macleane | Plunkett & Macleane | Plunkett & Macleane is a 1999 British historical action comedy film directed by Jake Scott, and starring Robert Carlyle, Jonny Lee Miller and Liv Tyler. Gary Oldman was executive producer.
The story was co-written by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade. It follows the story of Captain James Macleane (Miller) and Will Plunkett (Carlyle), two men in eighteenth century Britain who are both struggling to survive. The characters are loosely based on two genuine highwaymen of the eighteenth century, James MacLaine and William Plunkett, although the story bears little relation to their actual lives.
Plot
1748 England is infested with highwaymen — men such as Will Plunkett (Robert Carlyle), a London-based criminal working with his partner Rob (Iain Robertson). When Rob is killed by Thief Taker General Chance (Ken Stott) after a botched heist outside debtor's prison, Plunkett must find a way to retrieve a large ruby that his partner had swallowed. What he doesn't know is that the incident was witnessed by James Macleane (Jonny Lee Miller), a socialite from the upper echelons of society, who had found himself in debtor's prison. Macleane sees the same ruby as his ticket out of debtors' prison and decides to steal it.
Plunkett ambushes Macleane and forces him to give up the ruby, but when they are discovered by Chance's men, Plunkett swallows it. While in Newgate Prison, the two form a partnership that utilizes Plunkett's criminal know-how and Macleane's social status to bribe their way out of prison. This tentative partnership leads to an unlikely alliance, deemed "The Gentlemen Highwaymen", where they gladly relieve the gentry of their possessions.
When Macleane falls for the beautiful Lady Rebecca (Liv Tyler), the niece of the powerful Lord Gibson (Michael Gambon), their plans to escape to America go awry. The pair part ways after a disastrous attempt to rescue Lady Rebecca from forced exodus, which leads to the death of Lord Gibson, and the discovery that Macleane has gambled away all of their funds.
Macleane is eventually captured and tried for Lord Gibson's murder, earning him a date with the gallows. Plunkett orchestrates a daring escape, aided by Lady Rebecca and the flamboyant Lord Rochester (Alan Cumming). After a tense chase through the city sewers that sees Plunkett exact revenge upon Chance, the three escape to freedom.
Cast
Jonny Lee Miller as Captain James Macleane
Robert Carlyle as Will Plunkett
Liv Tyler as Lady Rebecca Gibson
Ken Stott as Thief Taker General Chance
Alan Cumming as Lord Rochester
Michael Gambon as Lord Gibson
Tommy Flanagan as Eddie
David Walliams as Viscount Bilston
Matt Lucas as Sir Oswald
Ben Miller as Dixon
Stephen Walters as Dennis
Alexander Armstrong as Winterburn
Noel Fielding as Brothel Gent
Nicholas Farrell as M.P.'s Secretary
Iain Robertson as Rob
Claire Rushbrook as Lady Estelle
Tom Ward as a member of parliament
Release and reception
Plunkett & Macleane underperformed at the US box office. The film opened on 1 October 1999 in 475 U.S. theaters, taking in $244,765 during its first three days; total US earnings stand at $474,900.
The film received mainly negative reviews from critics, Rotten Tomatoes lists a 24% critic rating from 29 critics, while Metacritic's Metascore is 44 from 27 reviews (indicating "mixed or average reviews").
Derek Elley of Variety wrote, "[T]he script and dialogue are nowhere near well-tooled enough, and the film's generally dark, cold look and baroque design play against the lighter touch required. Though he certainly puts the reported $15 million budget up on the screen, helmer Jake Scott (son of Ridley Scott) seems happiest when pushing ahead to his next montage sequence, each of which has the brio that should have informed the whole movie. [¶] Carlyle, with a convincing cockney accent, and Lee Miller, as the rumpled pretender, are strong, with considerable chemistry between them. Though she's clearly spent time on her English vowels, Tyler is only adequate as Rebecca, a well-bred young lady who's intrigued by Macleane's derring-do. Making the biggest impression, in smaller roles, are Stott as the P&M's vicious nemesis and Cumming as the wildly camp Rochester, who manages to give even the so-so dialogue a classy touch."
Despite being panned by the critics, it was acclaimed by worldwide audiences and has gained a cult following.
References
External links
1999 films
1990s action adventure films
1990s crime comedy films
1990s black comedy films
1990s historical comedy films
British films
British action adventure films
British crime comedy films
British historical comedy films
Czech films
Czech historical films
Czech action films
Czech adventure films
Czech comedy films
Czech crime films
1990s English-language films
Working Title Films films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films set in the 1740s
Films set in the 1750s
Films with screenplays by Charles McKeown
Films shot in the Czech Republic
Films scored by Craig Armstrong (composer)
Films produced by Eric Fellner
Films produced by Tim Bevan
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Films directed by Jake Scott (director)
Films with screenplays by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
British black comedy films
1999 directorial debut films
USA Films films
Films about highwaymen |
4025098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outskirts | Outskirts | Outskirts may refer to:
Outskirts (1933 film), a 1933 Soviet film by Boris Barnet
The Outskirts (1998 film), a 1998 Russian satirical film by Pyotr Lutsik, loosely based on the 1933 film
The Outcasts (2017 film) (working title The Outskirts), an American high school comedy film
Outskirts (album), a 1987 album by Blue Rodeo
Outskirts (journal), a feminist journal published by the University of Western Australia
Rural–urban fringe or outskirts, a transition zone where urban and rural uses mix |
4025103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora%20Levin | Nora Levin | Nora Levin (September 20, 1916 – October 26, 1989) was a historian of the Holocaust and a writer. She was most interested in the topics of the Jewish Labor Bund, social Zionists, and Jews during the Holocaust.
Biography
Levin was born on September 20, 1916 in Philadelphia, where she lived most of her life. She received her B.S. in education from Temple University and her M.L.S. from Drexel University. She served as the executive director of the Philadelphia Council of Pioneer Women, the women’s Labor Zionist organization from 1948 to 1953.
She worked as a librarian and teacher and later became professor of history of Gratz College in Philadelphia, where she was the founding director of the Holocaust Oral History Archive.
She also was a member of the Advisory Editorial Board of the Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe journal (OPREE) from its inception to her death.
Apart from various articles, Levin wrote three comprehensive books about her main topics as a historian: the Holocaust; Jewish socialist and labour movements; and Jewish life in Europe in general, with a focus on Eastern Europe.
Levin also served on the executive boards of the Soviet Jewry Council, the Philadelphia Jewish Community Relations Council, the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and the Hebrew Immigration Aid Society. She died on October 26, 1989.
Works
The Holocaust : the destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945 (1968; reprint in 1990 as The Holocaust years)
Jewish socialist movements, 1871-1917 : while Messiah tarried (1977)
The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 : paradox of survival (two volumes) (1988/1989)
Articles by Levin are available on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive, including:
“Tolerating the Nazis among us”, Sh'ma: A Journal of Jewish Responsibility, Vol. 9, no. 163 (1978)
“Jewish social work, a rejoinder”, Sh'ma: A Journal of Jewish Responsibility, Vol. 9, no. 166 (1979)
“Gratz Holocaust archive of Soviet Jews”, Sh'ma: A Journal of Jewish Responsibility, Vol. 20, no. 391 (1990)
Awards
1969: National Jewish Book Awards in the Holocaust category for The holocaust : the destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945
References
External links
"In Memoriam of Nora Levin" - Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
The New York Times Obituary
Historians of the Holocaust
1916 births
1989 deaths
Gratz College
American women academics
Jewish American historians
20th-century American historians
Drexel University alumni
Temple University alumni
Writers from Philadelphia |
4025113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Stirton | David Stirton | David Stirton (June 13, 1816 – August 16, 1908) was a Liberal member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Wellington South from 1867 to 1876.
He was born in Angus, Scotland in 1816, the son of James Stirton. His family settled near the current site of Guelph, Ontario in Upper Canada around 1827. Stirton bought his own farm in 1841. He served as reeve for Puslinch Township from 1853 to 1857 and was captain in the local militia. He represented South Wellington in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1858 to 1867. He was elected in the same riding following Confederation and served until 1876, when he was appointed postmaster for Guelph. Stirton died in Guelph at the age of 92.
Electoral record
|-
|Liberal
| David STIRTON
|align="right"| acclaimed
|}
References
1816 births
1908 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
People from Guelph |
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