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4025831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%27%20Church%2C%20Earls%20Barton | All Saints' Church, Earls Barton | All Saints' Church, Earls Barton is a noted Anglo-Saxon Church of England parish church in Earls Barton, Northamptonshire. It is estimated that the building dates from the later tenth century, shortly after Danish raids on England.
The tower
The tower at Earls Barton was probably originally a tower nave, the ground floor serving as the main body of the church with a small chancel annexed to it to the east, as at St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber, built at roughly the same period. A doorway on the south side of the tower, and originally another opening on the west face, allowed access to the outside. The upper floors possibly provided accommodation for the priest or acted as a safe-haven to house treasures, although it has been pointed out that such towers would have been deathtraps in a Viking raid, with their combustible wooden floors and multiple doors. There is a belfry at the uppermost storey.
The tower is constructed of stone rubble and rendered on the outside, and is decorated with vertical limestone pilaster strips and strapwork. At the corners of the tower, the walls are strengthened by long vertical quoin stones bedded on horizontal slabs, and hence is termed long and short work. The way in which the tower is decorated is unique to Anglo-Saxon architecture, and the decorated Anglo-Saxon tower itself is a phenomenon that occurs locally, including Barnack near Peterborough and Stowe Nine Churches in Northamptonshire.
The storeys are divided by projecting stone string courses, and at each successive storey, the walls become slightly thinner, creating a step at each string course. The vertical pilaster strips continue up the tower, and are interspersed with stone strip arches at lower level and triangular decoration at upper level, in some instances resulting in a criss-cross pattern.
In the 12th century the small Anglo-Saxon chancel, narrower than the tower, was razed and replaced by a nave so that the tower now stands at the west end. This nave was enlarged later in the 12th century and then renovated in the 13th and early 14th centuries. The east end of the chancel is 13th century.
The tower is 69 feet (21 metres) high from base to the battlements.
Architectural characteristics
The influence is very much Roman, and this can be seen by looking at the doors and windows of the tower. At the west doorway, pilaster strips run up the sides and continue over the head in an arch. Within this, there is an arched moulding springing from square imposts. These are decorated with vertical fluting. The jambs are of large flat stones, at right angles to the wall. The form of the jambs is Roman in origin. An example of this can be seen in the Bath House of Chesters Fort on Hadrian's Wall. Windows at low level on the south are mullioned with baluster shafts and arched lintels, and the window apertures themselves are cross-shaped. At high level, the belfry has arched five-light windows with baluster shaft mullions.
The blind arcading is purely decorative, since the arches and triangles spring from string courses rather than supporting them. In fact Warwick Rodwell has suggested that the "hopeless jumble" of the arcading at Earls Barton demonstrates it was mere ornament. Rodwell suggests that the design was based on timber framing but that the parts were then assembled wrongly. The position of openings in the tower makes use of this decoration by fitting within the triangles and pilaster strips.
The use of stone enabled sturdy towers to be built in this period, but the availability of stone that could be easily quarried and carved enabled towers as at Earls Barton to be decorated in such a way. The limestone at Barnack was quarried extensively from Anglo-Saxon times and throughout the Middle Ages to build churches and cathedrals including Peterborough and Ely. It is evident that Anglo-Saxon churches with long and short work and pilaster strips are distributed throughout England where this type of limestone was available, and in East Anglia where the stone was transported.
In 1935, Henry Bird painted the 15th century rood screen. Its upper parts contain butterfly species that are local to the area.
History
To the north of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, a mound and ditch almost abuts the church. Nikolaus Pevsner supposed that the lord of the manor regarded the church as an encroachment and planned to demolish it. Following the Norman conquest of England an Anglo-Saxon called Waltheof had become the first Earl of Northampton. He married the niece of William I, Judith, and she was granted land at Buarton, later named Earls Barton. The mound may have been part of a manor. It is reasonable to suggest that All Saints was originally linked to a manor, rather than to a monastery. Earthworks are also present adjacent to the church at Sulgrave in Northamptonshire, where the remains of an Anglo-Saxon hall have been discovered, so churches linked to manors were not unknown at the time of the building of All Saints.
References
Sources
External links
Church website
The Friends of All Saints
Religious buildings and structures completed in 970
10th-century church buildings in England
Towers completed in the 10th century
Standing Anglo-Saxon churches
Church of England church buildings in Northamptonshire |
4025839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babette%20Deutsch | Babette Deutsch | Babette Deutsch (September 22, 1895 – November 13, 1982) was an American poet, critic, translator, and novelist.
Biography
Born in New York City, the daughter of Michael and Melanie (Fisher) Deutsch, she matriculated from the Ethical Culture School and Barnard College, graduating in 1917 with a B.A. She published poems in magazines such as the North American Review and the New Republic while she was still a student at Barnard.
On April 29, 1921, Deutsch married Avrahm Yarmolinsky, chief of the Slavonic Division of The New York Public Library (1918–1955), also a writer and translator. They had two sons, Adam and Michael.
During the 1940s, 1950s and into the 1960s, Deutsch was teaching at Columbia University, where her students included poet/publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti. In 1946, she received an honorary D. Litt. from Columbia University.
She translated Pushkin's Eugene Onegin into English and also made some of the best English versions of Boris Pasternak's poems. Deutsch's own poems displayed what poet Marianne Moore called "her commanding stature as a poet."
Bibliography
Poetic collections
Banners (1919, George H. Doran)
Honey Out of the Rock (1925, B. Appleton)
Fire for the Night (1930, Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith)
Epistle to Prometheus (1931, Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith)
One Part Love (1939, Oxford University Press)
Take Them, Stranger (1944, Henry Holt)
Animal, Vegetable, Mineral (1954, E.P. Dutton)
Coming of Age: New & selected poems (1959, Indiana University Press)
Collected Poems, 1919–1962 (1963, Indiana University Press)
The Collected Poems of Babette Deutsch (1969, Doubleday & Co.)
Novels
A Brittle Heaven (1926, Greenberg)
In Such A Night (1927, Martin Secker)
Mask of Silenus: A Novel About Socrates (1933, Simon and Schuster)
Rogue's Legacy: A Novel About Francois Villon (1942, Coward-McCann)
Other works
Potable Gold: Some Notes on Poetry and This Age (1929, W. W. Norton)
This Modern Poetry (1936, Faber & Faber)
Walt Whitman: Builder for America (1941, Julian Messner)
The Reader's Shakespeare (1946, Julian Messner)
Poetry Handbook (1957, Funk & Wagnalls)
Poetry in Our Time (1958, Columbia University Press)
Poems – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Babette Deutsch, illus. Jacques Hnizkovsky (1967, Thomas Cromwell)
As translator
Modern Russian Poetry: an Anthology – trans. by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky (1921, John Lane)
Contemporary German Poetry: an Anthology – trans. by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky (1923, Harcourt Brace & Co.)
Eugene Onegin – Alexander Pushkin, illus. Fritz Eichenberg (1939, Heritage Society)
Heroes of the Kalevala – illus. Fritz Eichenberg (1940, Julian Messner)
Poems from the Book of Hours – Rainer Maria Rilke (1941, New Directions)
Selected Poems – Adam Mickiewicz, trans. Babetted Deutsch (alongside W. H. Auden, Louise Bogan, Rolfe Humphries and Robert Hillyer) (1955, The Noonday Press)
Two Centuries of Russian Verse – trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky (1966, Random House)
For juvenile audience
Crocodile – Korney Chukovsky, trans. Babette Deutsch (1931, J. Lippincott)
It's A Secret! – illus. Dorothy Bayley (1941, Harper & Bros.)
The Welcome – illus. Marc Simont (1942, Harper & Bros.)
The Steel Flea – Nikolas Leskov, trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, illus. Mstislav Dobufinsky (1943, Harper & Row) – revised 1964, illus. by Janina Domanska
Tales of Faraway Folk – trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, illus. Irena Lorentowicz (1952, Harper & Row)
More Tales of Faraway Folk – trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, illus. Janina Domanska (1963, Harper & Row)
I Often Wish (1966, Funk & Wagnalls)
References
External links
Babette Deutsch at FactMonster
Babette Deutsch in The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia at GeoCities.com
Babette Deutsch at The Literary Encyclopaedia (subscription required) – no text as of 2016-07-17
Penguin Translators A–G at Penguin First Editions – one book translated by Deutsch as of 2016-07-17
1895 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American novelists
Barnard College alumni
American women poets
Russian–English translators
American literary critics
Women literary critics
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
Women anthologists
20th-century American translators
Journalists from New York City
Novelists from New York (state)
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American women critics |
4025851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%C3%A9%20de%20l%27Est | Carré de l'Est | Carré de l'Est is a French cheese originating from Lorraine. Its place of origin and square shape give it its name (literally "square of the East").
Carré de l'Est is produced from cow's milk and is aged five weeks. It has a smokey bacon flavour.
References
French cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Lorraine |
4025870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20S.%20Fletcher | J. S. Fletcher | Joseph Smith Fletcher (7 February 1863 – 30 January 1935) was an English journalist and author. He wrote more than 230 books on a wide variety of subjects, both fiction and non-fiction, and was one of the most prolific English writers of detective fiction.
Early life and education
Fletcher was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, the son of a clergyman. His father died when he was eight months old, and after which his grandmother raised him on a farm in Darrington, near Pontefract. He was educated at Silcoates School in Wakefield, and after some study of law, he became a journalist.
Writing career
At age 20, Fletcher began working in journalism, as a sub-editor in London. He subsequently returned to his native Yorkshire, where he worked first on the Leeds Mercury using the pseudonym A Son of the Soil, and then as a special correspondent for the Yorkshire Post covering Edward VII's coronation in 1902.
Fletcher's first books published were poetry. He then moved on to write numerous works of historical fiction and history, many dealing with Yorkshire, which led to his selection as a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
Michael Sadleir stated that Fletcher's historical novel, When Charles I Was King (1892), was his best work. Fletcher wrote several novels of rural life in imitation of Richard Jefferies, beginning with The Wonderful Wapentake (1894).
In 1914, Fletcher wrote his first detective novel and went on to write over a hundred more, many featuring the private investigator Ronald Camberwell.
Fletcher published multiple crime fiction novels during the "Golden Age of Detective Fiction," namely his The Middle Temple Murder (1919) which served as the basic formulaic template for writing detective fiction novels; though, this particular novel (in addition to many of his others) did not share many general traits with those that characterize this particular literary era. On the contrary, it's argued that Fletcher is an almost exact contemporary of Conan Doyle. Most of his detective fiction works considerably pre-date that era, and even those few published within it do not conform to the closed form and strict rules professed, if not unfailingly observed, by the Golden Age writers.
Personal life
He was married to the Irish writer Rosamond Langbridge, with whom he had one son, Rev. Valentine Fletcher, who held various ministries across Yorkshire, including Bradford and Sedbergh, and was himself a writer, author of various children's books and of Chimney Pots and Stacks, on the British domestic chimney pot.
Death
Fletcher died in Surrey 1935, one week short of his 72nd birthday. He was survived by his wife Rosamond and son Valentine.
Works
Novels
Frank Carisbroke's Stratagem (1888)
Andrewlina (1889)
Mr. Spivey's Clerk (1890)
When Charles the First Was King (1892)
In the Days of Drake (1895)
Where Highways Cross (1895)
Mistress Spitfire (1896)
Baden Powell of Mafeking (1900)
Lucian the Dreamer (1903)
Perris of the Cherry-Trees (1913)
The King versus Wargrave (1915)
The Rayner-Slade Amalgamation (1917)
Paul Campenhaye (1918)
The Chestermarke Instinct (1918)
The Borough Treasurer (1919)
The Middle Temple Murder (1919)
The Talleyrand Maxim (1919)
Scarhaven Keep (1920)
The Herapath Property (1920)
The Lost Mr. Linthwaite (1920)
The Orange-Yellow Diamond (1920)
The Markenmore Mystery (1921)
The Root of All Evil (1921)
Wrychester Paradise (1921)
In the Mayor's Parlour (1922)
Ravensdene Court (1922)
The Middle of Things (1922)
The Million Dollar Diamond (1923)
The Charing Cross Mystery (1923)
The Kang-He Vase (1924)
The Safety Pin (1924)
Sea Fog (1925)
The Bedford Row Mystery (1925)
The Cartwright Gardens Murder (1925)
The Mill of Many Windows (1925)
Dead Men's Money (1928)
The Ransom for London (1929)
Murder at Wrides Park (1931)
Murder in Four Degrees (1931)
Murder of the Ninth Baronet (1932)
Murder in the Squire's Pew (1932)
The Borgia Cabinet (1932)
The Solution of a Mystery (1932)
Todmanhawe Grange (completed after his death by Edward Powys Mathers as Torquemada, 1937)
Short Stories
Miscellaneous Stories (1907)
Mr. Poskitt's Nightcaps (1910)
The Secret of the Barbican and Other Stories (1924)
Green Ink and other stories (1926)
Poetry The Juvenile Poems of Joseph S. Fletcher (1879)Early Poems by Joseph Smith Fletcher (1882)Anima Christi (1884)
References
Further reading
Ellis, Roger and Richard Williams, J. S. Fletcher: A Bibliographical Checklist of the British First Editions''. Dragonby Press, 2013.
External links
1863 births
1935 deaths
British male journalists
20th-century English novelists
British mystery writers
English historical novelists
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
People educated at Silcoates School
English male novelists
English crime fiction writers
Detective fiction writers
20th-century English male writers
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period |
4025877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagni%20di%20Lucca | Bagni di Lucca | Bagni di Lucca (formerly Bagno a Corsena) is a comune of Tuscany, Italy, in the Province of Lucca with a population of about 6,100. The comune has 27 named frazione (wards).
History
Bagni di Lucca has been known for its thermal springs since the Etruscan and Roman ages. The place was noted for the first time in an official document of 983 AD as "Corsena", with reference to a donation by the Bishop Teudogrimo of the territory of Bagni di Lucca to Fraolmo of Corvaresi. The area is rich in chestnut forests, mentioned by the Roman poet Virgil.
Some of the earliest accounts of occupation were by the Lombards. Their leader Alboin occupied the whole Serchio Valley for many years, building guard towers that were later converted to churches. One of them is Pieve di Controne.
Between the 10th and 11th centuries, the village became a feudal property of the Suffredinghi, then the Porcareschi, and later the Lupari families. In the 12th century, the commune of Lucca occupied the territory of Bagni di Lucca. In 1308 Lucca unified the community of Bagni di Lucca with those of the nearby villages, forming the "Vicarship of the Lima Valley" with each hamlet governed by a member of the Bagni di Lucca parish. These members are still responsible for the monitoring of religious festivals and preservation of old churches.
Lucca restored the town in the 14th century, recognising the revenue from visitors to the thermal springs of Bagni di Lucca. The commune developed it as a destination for visitors, including international figures.
Bagni di Lucca with its thermal baths reached its greatest fame during the 19th century, especially during the French occupation. The town became the summer residence of the court of Napoleon and his sister, Elisa Baciocchi. A casino was built, where gambling was part of social nightlife, as well as a large hall for dances.
At the Congress of Vienna (1814), the Duchy of Lucca was assigned to Maria-Louisa of Bourbon as ruler of Parma. Bagni de Lucca continued as a popular summer resort, particularly for the English, who built a Protestant church there. In 1847 Lucca with Bagni di Lucca was ceded to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under the domain of the Grand Duke Leopold II of Lorraine. His rule started a period of decline for the springs and casino as a destination, since he was used to a secluded life. In 1853 the casino was closed. It was reopened after 1861, when Lucca became part of the unified Kingdom of Italy.
World War II
During the German invasion of Italy in the 1940s, Bagni di Lucca was occupied along with many other towns along the Gothic Line in the Apennines. Several houses and mansions in the area were used as residences for German soldiers, and some residents born after 1940 in this region have German ancestry.
During the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state of Germany which existed from September 1943 until May 1945, a concentration camp for Jews was set up in Bagni di Lucca, where both Italian and foreign Jews were interned from December 1943 to January 1944. More than 100 people were interned in squalid conditions in the Hotel Le Terme. Some managed to escape, but most were sent to Auschwitz on 30 January 1944. Some Jews were moved between this camp and the Colle di Compecito (PG60) camp near Lucca.
Hot springs
The commune is known for its springs, in the valley of the Lima River, a tributary of the Serchio. The district is known in the early history of Lucca as the Vicaria di Val di Lima. Ponte Serraglio is the principal village of the warm spring area, but there are warm springs and baths also at Villa, Docce Bassi, and Bagno Caldo. The springs do not seem to have been known to the Romans. Bagno a Corsena is first mentioned in 1284 by Guidone de Corvaia, a Pisan historian (Muratori, R.I.S. vol. xxii.). Several writers and poets have since visited, including Dante on his way to Northern Italy.
Fallopius, who gave the springs credit for the cure of his own deafness, sounded their praises in 1569; and they have been more or less in fashion since. The temperature of the water varies from . In all cases, the springs give off carbonic acid gas and contain lime, magnesium and sodium products. The thermal springs were brought to much attention by natural medicinal doctor Montecatini of the University of Pisa in which "Montecatini Terme" is named after.
Main sights
In the valley of the Serchio, about below Ponte a Serraglio, is the medieval Ponte della Maddalena (circa 1100), with a lofty central arch. It is also known as Ponte del Diavolo. Il Ponte del Diavolo is known to have a few origins, however there is one main story. It is said that when a construction worker was working on the bridge late at night, the devil came up to him and offered assistance if he could claim the first passenger on the bridge. The agreement was made and when the bridge was finally built, a little dog wandered over the bridge and mysteriously disappeared. Many years later, another arch was added to the bridge for trains to pass by, this bridge is regarded as the most notable sight in the Bagni di Lucca area.
The Ponte delle Catene is a 19th-century suspension bridge.
The pieve (rural parish church) of San Cassiano was built before 722. It has the painting St. Martin Riding by Jacopo della Quercia and others from the Renaissance. More Renaissance works hang in the parish church of San Paolo a Vico Pancellorum, which dates back to the year 873.
The war memorial in San Cassiano is dedicated to the casualties of war from World Wars I and II from that town and its seven districts (Chiesa, Livizzano, Coccolaio, Capella, Cembroni, Vizzata, and Piazza).
Every year a festival is held at the parish church and in the town of Controne to honour the 16th-century miracle that nobody in the town was infected with plague. A cross is carried and people march around the village rejoicing.
The hospital in the frazione of Bagno Caldo was built in 1826 by the philanthropy of Nicholas Demidoff.
The English Protestant church has been converted to the Bagni di Lucca Bibiloteca (library), holding archives and records dating back several centuries.
Additionally, temporary villas of previous poets, writers, etc. are also main sights. One of the main villas is that of the poets Robert Browning and his wife, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who spent a lot of time in the town.
English Cemetery
The small English cemetery, recently restored, provides a final place of rest for the many foreign Protestant visitors who died in Bagni di Lucca. Some of the more notable graves, in order of the date of death, are of: Alexander Henry Haliday (1807-1870), Irish entomologist; Charles Isidore Hemans (1817-1876), English antiquary; Mahlon Dickerson Eyre (1821-1882), American art collector; English novelist Maria Louise Rame, better known as Ouida (1839-1908); Rose Cleveland (1846-1918), de facto First Lady of the United States; Nelly Erichsen (1862-1918), English illustrator and painter; Edward Perry Warren (1860-1928), English art collector; and Evangeline Marrs Whipple (1862-1930), American philanthropist and author.
Economy
The local economy is mainly based on tourism, attracted to the thermal springs, the historic architecture, and numerous quality hotels. Local industries produce paper and building materials, as well as machines. Many residents of the surrounding area produce their own and survive off local agriculture, however, there is a supermarket in the area, a few restaurants, cafes, and two weekend markets that bring foods and vegetable and fruits of all sorts to the public. Like many towns in Italy though, business has not been so great in Bagni di Lucca and local industries are moving to bigger areas and metropolises such as Milan. The population of the area is somewhat stable and the countryside is very quiet; tourism is and probably will be for a while the main source of income for Bagni di Lucca businessmen and workers.
Transportation
The main road that passes through Bagni di Lucca is SS12 which connected the Grand Duchy of Lucca to the Grand Duchy of Modena. There are several commuter buses that serve the commune of Lucca and Florence to the area. There is a train that goes through Bagni di Lucca and stops in the Fornoli section of town. It runs every hour or two and takes about 25 minutes from Lucca, or over 2 hours from Aulla Lunigiana. Automobile is the best way to travel through Bagni di Lucca and to other hamlets on the outskirts of Bagni di Lucca town central.
Sister cities
Bagni di Lucca is twinned with:
Longarone, Italy
References
Municipalities of the Province of Lucca |
4025878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical%20Fidelity | Musical Fidelity | Musical Fidelity is a British producer of high-end audio equipment focusing on streaming music players, and its core product range of amplifiers of various types (power, phono, headphone, integrated and pre-amplifiers). Other products have included headphones, Digital-Analog Converters (DACs), CD players, Bluetooth Receivers, ‘all-in-one systems’ (including Phono turntable). Founded in the United Kingdom in 1982, they are known for their unusual industrial design, Nuvistor tube use and Class-AB amplifiers.
History
Musical Fidelity was founded in 1982 by Antony Michaelson, a clarinettist and Hi-Fi enthusiast, following his exit from Michaelson & Austin, a predecessor company of which he was a partner.
Musical Fidelity's first product was "The Preamp", which incorporated moving coil and moving magnet pre-amplification and a single line-level ‘Tuner’ input. This was originally designed to overcome his dissatisfaction with the Michaelson & Austin TVP-1 pre- amplifier. The first batch of “The Preamp” were made on Michaelson's home kitchen table and sold out almost at once through a local dealer. The dealer asked for more product, which resulted in Michaelson making the decision to go into full-time production.
This was followed by the ‘Dr Thomas’ power amplifier, designed by Dr Martin Vaughan Thomas, capable of outputting 100-plus watts. Later products included the Preamp II, and the Typhoon Power amplifier.
From there, Michaelson commissioned a seemingly endless variety and range of new products using a wide variety of circuit concepts and technologies. Many of these became significant Hi-Fi milestones.
Significant products
Musical Fidelity is probably best known for its A1 integrated amplifier, a Class A/B amplifier, rated at 20W per channel these run very hot but produced, according to the manufacturer, a very sweet, authentic sound, reminiscent of tube amplifiers. This was launched in 1985 and sold over 100,000 units over its lifetime.
In 1986, the A370 power amplifier was launched – at that time unusual (in the UK) for being a rack-mountable domestic amplifier. It produced 185 Watts per channel. These were the first of their type to be made by a UK Hi-Fi company. Then followed a range of well received loudspeakers, the MC series (designed by Martin Colloms) and the Reference series, featuring 'TPX' polypropylene drivers.
A year later, the Digilog was launched, one of the first stand-alone production DACs.
In the late 1980s Musical Fidelity introduced further amplifiers, including the P170 and high-powered rack mount style amplifiers, including the P270, A370 (all featuring Hitachi lateral MOSFETs) and the SA470, SA570. In the early nineties, Musical Fidelity released the P180, with CRPS (Choke Regulated Power Supply). This was possibly the first time bifilar wound coils had been combined with transistor electronics. This design innovation helped suppress electro-magnetic radiation frequencies (EMF), reducing the amount of potential noise interference into the audio circuits .
In 1992, the A1000 was launched – one of the first 'super integrated' amplifiers, with a full range of line level inputs coupled to a Class AB power amplifier section producing 50W / channel into 8 ohms. Initially it was only made for Japan but later was well received around the world.
The X series was launched in 1997 consisting of a range of cute extruded cylindrical add-on components, which later spawned the XA series. The units consisted of various amplifiers, Digital-to-analogue converters, Phono stages, tuners and CD players and ancillary power supplies.
The NuVista preamp was introduced in 1997, the first modern, mass-produced audio product using Nuvistor tubes, which were miniature metal-ceramic enclosed vacuum tubes manufactured by RCA . These were followed by power and integrated amplifiers, with ancillary power supplies. Numerous products have descended from it, such as the Tri-Vista 21 ‘Super DAC’, introduced in 2002, culminating in the latest being the NuVista 800.
The kW Pre- and Power Amp was introduced in 2003. The power amplifier was then the highest power audiophile-grade power amp ever made commercially by a UK audiophile company, producing 1 kW of power per channel into 8 ohms. Notably, two mono-blocs and their power supply weighed in at 129 kG. It was followed by the Titan, an upgrade from the kW.
In 2015, the Merlin was released, a multi-format music system that came with a turntable, wireless streaming and a pair of unique speakers, allowing users to play vinyl records and stream digital music over high quality apt-X Bluetooth, in a very compact form factor.
As of 2018 , the products consist of the Nu-Vista, M8, M6, M5si, M3, MX, LX2, and V90 Series as well as the Encore Streaming Music servers. Most of the series provide a mix of Phono stages, integrated amplifiers, DACs, CD players and Headphone amplifiers. The Nu-Vista series continues in the tradition of using a mix of Nuvistor tubes, transistors and Digital technology.
Musical fidelity CDs
Michaelson was a professional clarinettist and on the Musical Fidelity label recorded a number of CDs of major works for the clarinet .
2004 Musical Fidelity CD - Mozart Clarinet Concerto K622 In A Major. Antony Michaelson, Michelangelo Chamber Orchestra, Leader Adrian Levine, Conducted by Robert Bailey
2002 Musical Fidelity CD - Mozart and Brahms Clarinet Quintets. Antony Michaelson, Adrian Levine, Kathy Andrew, Stephen Tees, Judith Serkin
2001 Musical Fidelity CD - Mozart And Brahms Clarinet Trios. Antony Michaelson, Stephen Tees, Andrea Hess, Ingrid Jacoby
2001 Musical Fidelity CD – Brahms Clarinet Sonatas. Antony Michaelson, Ingrid Jacoby
1999 Musical Fidelity CD - Weber Clarinet Quintet / Bärmann 3rd Clarinet Quintet . Antony Michaelson, Beverley Davison, Elizabeth Layton, Roger Chase, Jonathan Williams
1994 Musical Fidelity CD- Mozart Clarinet Quintet, Antony Michaelson, Adrian Levine, Colin Callow, Jeremy Williams, Robert Bailey
Sonic characteristics of Musical Fidelity products
Michaelson stressed that his most important design aim was accuracy and truthfulness to the music. Despite this, Musical Fidelity products generally displayed a sweet, easy going sound quality. Although most reviews identified this quality with MF's products, some did not approve of it.
Michaelson thought that for best results, Hi-Fi should not need much set-up and tweaking. He strongly disapproved of what he called 'cable madness'. His refusal to accept the prevailing zeitgeist of cable worship frequently landed him in disputes with a variety of Hi-Fi luminaries. He relished the disagreements. Over time, his view has been borne out by the waning of the market for high-end interconnect and speaker cables sold at very high prices.
Change of ownership
In 2017, Michaelson decided to retire. A search was conducted for a suitable partner to take over the brand name and continue with the heritage. Eventually he came to an agreement with Heinz Lichtenegger of Audio Tuning (also the owner of Pro-ject) and on 14 May 2018 they took over the brand and its intellectual property.
Product range timeline
1980s
The Preamp
The Preamp 2
Dr. Thomas power amplifier
Synthesis Integrated
3a/3b pre-amp
MVT
MVX
Studio T
A1 series
A100 series
B200 series
P140(x)
P150(x)
P170
P270
P180
A370
A470
Digilog
B1 series
MC loudspeaker series
Reference loudspeaker series
1990s
A1000
F series
Elektra series
X series
XA series
NuVista series
Michaelson Audio series
2000s
A3 series
A5 series
A308 series
kW series
TriVista series
Kelly Transducers
M1 turntable
V series
Titan
2010s
M1 series
M3 series
M5 series
M6 series
Quarkie headphones
Musical Fidelity EB and MF headphone series
Merlin
Round Table turntable
V90 series
MX series
LX series
NuVista series
See also
List of phonograph manufacturers
References
External links
http://www.musicalfidelity.com/
Audio amplifier manufacturers
Compact Disc player manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1982
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in London
Headphone amplifier manufacturers
Phonograph manufacturers
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom |
4025883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simol%C3%A2ndia | Simolândia | Simolândia is a municipality in northeast Goiás state, Brazil.
Location and Geography
Simolândia is situated in the northeast of Goiás, at kilometer 250 of the important BR-020 (Belém-Brasília highway). It forms boundaries with Posse, Alvorada do Norte and Buritinópolis. It belongs to the Vão do Paranã statistical micro-region.
The distance to Goiânia is 460 km. Highway connections are made by BR-153 / Anápolis / BR-060 / Alexânia / Sobradinho / Planaltina / Formosa / BR-020 / BR-030 / BR-020 / Vila Boa / Alvorada do Norte.
The municipality lies mainly on the slopes of the Serra da Chapadinha and the topography is broken by several rivers: the Corrente, Salobro and Buriti, which are popular with tourists. The climate is hot and dry. The vegetation is made up of 60% forest and 40% savanna. Hardwoods are exported or used in the furniture industry.
Demographic Information
Population density: 19.88 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban population: 5,735 (2007)
Rural population: 1,189 (2000)
Population growth: a gain of about 1,000 people since 1991
Economic Information
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising (19,100 head in 2006), services, public administration, and small transformation industries. There were no banks in 2007. There were 362 automobiles in 2007.
Motor vehicles: 443 (automobiles and pickup trucks)
Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 15
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 345
Total area: 23,174 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 255 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 723 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 14,657 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 7,432 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 950
Tractors: 33
Cattle herd: 19,100
Main crops: 540 hectares
Health and education
Schools: 15
Classrooms: 49
Teachers: 110
Students: 2,596 (2006)
Hospitals: 1 with 16 beds (2007)
Higher education: none
Adult literacy rate: 76.1% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)
Infant mortality rate: 33.48 (2000) (national average was 33.0)
Simolândia was ranked 233 out of 242 municipalities in the state of Goiás on the United Nations Human Development Index with a score of 0.657. Nationally it was ranked 3,649 out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000. (All data are from 2000.)
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions in Goiás
References
Municipalities in Goiás |
4025884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Download%20This%20Song | Download This Song | "Download This Song" is the second single from MC Lars' first studio album, The Graduate, and features Jaret Reddick of Bowling for Soup. The song uses sampling from Iggy Pop's "The Passenger".
In early 2006, this song was featured on the pop culture CBC Radio show Definitely Not the Opera during an exposé on geeks. It charted at number 29 on the Australia ARIA charts.
Fight versus RIAA
MC Lars, and the Nettwerk Music Group, became involved in a lawsuit that the RIAA filed against David Greubel, a man from Texas, United States, who allegedly had committed copyright infringement through peer-to-peer filesharing over 600 music files, including "Sk8r Boi" by Avril Lavigne, another Nettwerk client. Greubel's 15-year-old daughter Elisa contacted MC Lars, citing the "Download This Song" lyric, "they sue little kids downloading hit songs", and saying that she could identify with the song due to her family's situation. In response, Nettwerk, which denounced the suit, announced that it would pay all of the family's legal fees, as well as any fines should the family lose. Furthermore, they arranged for representation for the family by Chicago lawyer Charles Lee Mudd Jr., who had previously defended other people subpoenaed by the RIAA.
Music video
The music video was featured on TiVo in early 2007. Parts of the music video parody the common iTunes commercial with blacked out figures dancing on a color background. It also shows numerous people listening to music on iPods and Sony PSPs including a punk kid, skaters, and people at a gym.
Track listing
"Download This Song"
"Hot Topic Is Not Punk Rock" (featuring The Matches)
"Rockstar"
"Download This Song" (music video)
Charts
References
2006 singles
MC Lars songs
Intellectual property activism
Mass media about Internet culture
Nettwerk Records singles
2006 songs |
4025887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic%20Hill | Roderic Hill | Air Chief Marshal Sir Roderic Maxwell Hill, (1 March 1894 – 6 October 1954) was a senior Royal Air Force commander during the Second World War. He was a former Rector of Imperial College and Vice-Chancellor of London University. The Department of Aeronautics of Imperial College was situated in a building named after him.
Early life
Roderic Maxwell Hill was born in Hampstead, London, on 1 March 1894, the eldest of the three children of Michaiah John Muller Hill, professor of mathematics at University College, London, and his wife, Minnie. His brother was Geoffrey T. R. Hill and Sir George Francis Hill was their uncle. Roderic was educated at Bradfield College and, in 1912, went to the fine arts department of University College, London, with the ambition of becoming an architect. From 1909 onwards both he and Geoffrey became fascinated by aviation; with money earned by Roderic from drawings published in The Sphere, they built, and successfully flew, a glider of their own design in 1913.
RAF career
Hill was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in the 12th Northumberland Fusiliers in December 1914, and was posted to France in the second half of 1915. Hill first saw intensive combat in the Battle of Loos, where he earned a mention in despatches but suffered a wound in the side.
While recovering from his wounds, Hill successfully applied to join the Royal Flying Corps and by July 1916 he had transferred and qualified as a pilot. Demonstrating above average flying ability he was posted to No. 60 Squadron, then flying the tricky Morane-Saulnier N. He quickly proved himself a skilled pilot, making repeated patrols and engagements over the German lines and fighting in the air battles during the Somme offensive in November 1916. Shortly after this he was again mentioned in despatches and awarded the Military Cross, for "conspicuous skill and gallantry. Under very heavy fire he dived at an enemy balloon, and brought it down in flames." In December 1916 Hill became flight commander of No. 60 Squadron and was promoted captain.
In February 1917, Hill's reputation as an intelligent pilot with aerobatic skills led to his posting as the leader of the experimental flying department at Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough. There, his test flying contributed to the success of the S.E.5, the R.E.8, and the DH.9 (with the Napier Lion engine). On the formation of the Royal Air Force in April 1918, Hill was promoted to squadron leader. In August of that year he was awarded the Air Force Cross (AFC) for meritorious flying as an experimental pilot at Farnborough; he had flown into a barrage balloon cable to test a newly invented protective device. During this tour, he also carried out development work testing wireless direction finding, radio control; he experimented personally with early types of parachute. In recognition, he was awarded a Bar to his AFC in 1921. At the Hendon Pageant of 1922, he demonstrated the manoeuvrability of the Airco DH.10 Amiens twin-engined bomber in a mock dogfight with S.E 5 fighters. Also in that year, he won the R. M. Groves aeronautical research prize.
Hill remained at Farnborough until 1923, when he attended the RAF Staff College in Andover. After graduating in 1924, he was briefly employed on Air Staff duties at Inland and Area H.Q. then in September was posted as the commanding officer of No. 45 Squadron at Hinaidi. There he was instrumental in running the Cairo–Baghdad air route, flying Vickers Vernon transport aircraft, and in maintaining the security of Iraq. He wrote and illustrated a memoir of his time in Iraq and the Middle East: it gives a lively account of flying the large biplanes of the period over difficult desert terrain, and also provides a sharply focussed, and sometimes lyrical description of the landscape and people of the region.
Hill joined the Directing Staff at the RAF Staff College in 1927 and then went on to be the Officer Commanding the Oxford University Air Squadron in 1930, Deputy Director of Repair and Maintenance at the Air Ministry in 1932 and Air Officer Commanding Palestine & Transjordan Command in 1936.
During the Second World War Hill was Director-General of Research and Development at the Air Ministry and then Commandant of the RAF Staff College from 1942. He was appointed Air Officer Commanding No. 12 Group in 1943 and then served as Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command (also briefly called the Air Defence of Great Britain during his command) from 1943 to 1945. Under his command the RAF was able to deal a blow to the German Luftwaffe's strategic bombing campaign during Operation Steinbock.
After the war Hill was Air Member for Training and then Air Member for Technical Services before retiring in 1948. In retirement he became Rector of Imperial College. In 1953 he was nominated Vice-Chancellor of London University, before ill-health forced him to resign in the following year before completing his term of office.
Personal life
Befitting of his original ambition to be an architect, Hill was a talented illustrator. During the First World War, and for a time afterwards, he was a frequent contributor of drawings to Flight.
Hill married Mabel Helen Catherine Morton in 1917. They had two daughters and an only son who was killed in action in 1944. He died from a coronary thrombosis near St Bartholomew's Hospital.
See also
List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of London
Notes
References
External links
Imperial College London – Sir Roderic M. Hill
Obituary in Flight Magazine
|-
|-
|-
|-
1894 births
1954 deaths
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Alumni of University College London
Vice-Chancellors of the University of London
Rectors of Imperial College London
People educated at Bradfield College
British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers
People from Hampstead
Military personnel from London
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Flying Corps officers |
4025888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20Risks | Control Risks | Control Risks is a global risk and strategic consulting firm specializing in political, security and integrity risk.
History
Control Risks was formed in 1975, as a professional adviser to the insurance industry. A subsidiary of insurance broker Hogg Robinson, the firm aimed to minimize their exposure to kidnap and ransom payouts. The firm expanded its capabilities when these crisis management and incident response specialists were joined by political and security risk analysts, before becoming independent in 1982 following a management buyout.
See also
ArmorGroup
FTI Consulting
Navigant
Eurasia Group
Kroll
Le Beck International
Pinkerton
References
External links
Companies based in the London Borough of Southwark
Consulting firms established in 1975
Security consulting firms
Private intelligence agencies
1975 establishments in England |
4025909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation%20construction | Relation construction | In logic and mathematics, relation construction and relational constructibility have to do with the ways that one relation is determined by an indexed family or a sequence of other relations, called the relation dataset. The relation in the focus of consideration is called the faciendum. The relation dataset typically consists of a specified relation over sets of relations, called the constructor, the factor, or the method of construction, plus a specified set of other relations, called the faciens, the ingredients, or the makings.
Relation composition and relation reduction are special cases of relation constructions.
See also
Projection
Relation
Relation composition
Mathematical relations |
4025911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddaloni | Maddaloni | Maddaloni (Campanian: ) is a town and comune of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, about southeast of Caserta, with stations on the railways from Caserta to Benevento and from Caserta to Naples.
Main sights
The city is at the base of one of the Tifata hills, the towers of its medieval castle and the Church of San Michele crowning the heights above. The fine old palace of the Caraffa family (once dukes of Maddaloni), the old college now named after Giordano Bruno, and the institute for the sons of soldiers are the chief points of interest.
The Gothic church of Santa Margherita has a series of 15th-century frescoes by the Florentine painter Giovanni Balducci. The church of the Annunziata has a series of early 17th century paintings that decorate the rich wooden ceiling. Many of the works were patronized by the local feudal lords, the Carafa family.
The town has two museums, the Museo Civico and the Museo Archeologico, which contains pre-Roman tombs and objects from the ancient city of Calatia.
There are many important schools in Maddaloni. The "Convitto Nazionale Giordano Bruno" is the oldest public secondary school in the province of Caserta. It was founded in 1807 in the former Franciscan convent. The great hall has a ceiling, which is decorated with the largest canvas painting in the world spanning .
The "Villaggio dei Ragazzi" was originally a school for orphans founded in 1947 by local priest Don Salvatore D'Angelo. The private school has become an important centre of learning in the province and has been run by the religious order The Legion of Christ since its founder died in 2000.
Giulietta Sacco was born here in 1944 and continued to live here, is a prominent interpreter of Neapolitan songs in the late 1960s and 1970s.
About east of Valle di Maddaloni is the Ponte della Valle, an Aqueduct aqueduct built by the orders of Charles of Bourbon king of Naples and his son. It was built to convey the water of the Taburno to Caserta across the valley between Monte Longano and Monte Gargano. In that area, the aqueduct goes past a threefold series of arches rising to a height of nearly and measuring long.
References
References
Cities and towns in Campania |
4025914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20John-A%20Forensic%20Meditation | Bible John-A Forensic Meditation | Bible John - A Forensic Meditation was a story written by Grant Morrison and appeared in the anthology title Crisis #56-61 in 1991.
Publishing history
Bible John was an unidentified serial killer who killed in Glasgow in the late 1960s. Bible John - A Forensic Meditation is a study by Morrison into the nature of evil, as well as forming ideas as to why the killer committed his crimes.
The story was serialised in Crisis from issues #56-61 and has not been reprinted since.
Notes
References
Bible John at 2000 AD online
External links
Crime Library story on Bible John
Crisis (Fleetway) comic strips
Works about serial killers |
4025920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glou | Glou | Glou is the debut album from Puerto Rican reggaeton singer Glory. She composed almost all of the songs on the album.
Track listing
"Intro" – 0:46
"Perreo 101" (Glory) – 3:03
"Acelerá" (Glory, Alex Quiles) – 4:06
"La Traicionera" [featuring Don Omar] (Glory, Don Omar, Eduardo Reyes) – 4:10
"Dale, Dale" (José Miguel Velázquez) – 3:18
"Sin Freno" (Glory) – 3:35
"Un Paso" (Glory, Eric Pérez, Eduardo Reyes) – [ – 3:30
"Ahora Regresas" (Glory) – 3:31
"A Popolear" [feat Valentino] (Glory) – 3:31
"Flor del Barrio" [featuring Gallego] (Glory, José Raúl González, Alex Quiles) – 4:30
"Te Vas" (Glory) – 4:11
"Lento" (Glory, Marvin Rasario D., Eric Pérez) – 3:36
"La Popola" (Glory) – 3:13
"Outro" – 2:16
Singles
"La Popola", later re-released
"Perreo 101"
"La Tracionera" [featuring Don Omar]
"Acelerá"
"Lento"
"Un Paso"
Chart performance
Facts
"Te Vas" is featured on "Reggaeton Hitmakers Love Stories".
"Outro" is featured on "Reggaeton Best Remix".
She is signed to Don Omar's All Star Records
The song "La Popola" has been banned in many Latin American countries due to its vulgar lyrics. In the Dominican Republic "Popola" is slang for a woman's vagina.
References
External links
Listen to samples of the album
2005 debut albums
Reggaeton albums |
4025924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%20suis%20partout | Je suis partout | Je suis partout (, lit. I am everywhere) was a French newspaper founded by , first published on 29 November 1930. It was placed under the direction of Pierre Gaxotte until 1939. Journalists of the paper included Lucien Rebatet, , the illustrator Ralph Soupault, and the Belgian correspondent Pierre Daye.
Interwar
In its very beginning, Je suis partout was centered on covering international topics, without displaying extremism, antisemitism, or even a consistently right-wing approach. However, the group of editors was heavily influenced by the ideas of Charles Maurras and the integralist Action française, and the ideology quickly spilled into the editorial content, as the more moderate journalists quit in protest.
The paper became a staple of anti-parliamentarianism, nationalism, and criticism of "decadent" Third Republic institutions and culture, becoming close to fascist movements of the era, French and foreign alike. It clearly supported Benito Mussolini as of October 1932, when Italian politics were awarded a special issue. Je suis partout was favorable to the Spanish Falange, the Romanian Iron Guard, the Belgian Léon Degrelle's Rexism, as well as to Oswald Mosley and his British Union of Fascists. From 1936, it also opened to Nazism and Adolf Hitler.
Despite its international connections, Je suis partout did not recommend copying over local origin in establishing a Fascist régime: "We will regard foreign fascism only through French fascism, the only real fascism" (14 April 1939). Thus, it held Jacques Doriot in esteem for his attempts to unite the French far right into a single Front.
The antisemitic rhetoric of the paper greatly increased after the Stavisky Affair and the attempted coup d'état introduced by the far right rally in front of the Palais Bourbon on 6 February 1934 (see: 6 February 1934 crisis). It turned vitriolic after the forming of the left-wing Popular Front government under the Jewish Léon Blum (1936). From 1938 on, Je suis partout matched the racist propaganda in Nazi Germany by publishing two special issues, Les Juifs ("The Jews") and Les Juifs et la France ("The Jews and France"). The publisher Jean Fayard cut links with the paper in 1936, and it was sold to a new board – which included the Argentine Charles Lescat (who was, according to his own depiction, "a fascist as genuine as he is calm"). Shortly before World War II and the German occupation in 1940, the paper was banned.
Collaboration
It was published again from 1941, and its ultra-collaborationist stances attracted the harsh criticism of Maurras, who repudiated the paper. Je suis partout published calls for the murder of Jews and Third Republic political figures: "The death of men to which we owe so many mournings... all French people are demanding it" (6 September 1941). It exercised an influence over an intellectual and young audience, going from 46,000 issues in 1939 to 250,000 in 1942.
Robert Brasillach was its editor-in-chief from June 1937 to September 1943 (he was to be executed for treason in 1945). Brasillach was believed to be too lenient, and was replaced with Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, brother of Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau aligned Je suis partout with the Nazi leadership, went against its roots by adhering to Nazi anti-intellectualism, and opened itself to advertising for the Waffen-SS and the Légion des Volontaires Français. Several of its editors joined either the Parti Populaire Français or the Milice. It continued to be published as late as August 1944, the moment of the Liberation of Paris.
References
P.-M. Dioudonnat, "Je suis partout" (1930-1944). Les maurrassiens devant la tentation fasciste, éd. La Table ronde, 1973
Michel Dobry (ed.), Le Mythe de l'allergie française au fascisme, éd. Albin Michel, 2003
Pascal Ory, Les Collaborateurs, éd. du Seuil, "Points"-histoire, 1980
Eugen Weber, L'Action française, éd. Hachette, 1985
1930 establishments in France
1944 disestablishments in France
Newspapers established in 1930
Publications disestablished in 1944
Fascist newspapers and magazines
Defunct newspapers published in France
Far-right politics in France
Newspapers of the Vichy regime
French Integralism
French Third Republic
Antisemitic publications
Weekly newspapers published in France |
4025927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallarate | Gallarate | Gallarate (Lombard: Galaraa) is a city and comune of Alto Milanese of Lombardy and of Milan metropolitan area, northern Italy, in the Province of Varese. It has a population of some 54,000 people.
It is the junction of railways to Varese, Laveno and Arona (for the Simplon). Some to the west are the electric works of Vizzola, where 23,000 hp are derived from the river Ticino. Its territory is crossed by the river Arnetta and belongs to the Ticino River Natural Park.
The city had a strong textile industry in the first part of the 19th century.
In common with other nearby cities, such as Casorate Sempione and Samarate, its name comes from Latin.
History
Founded by the Gauls and later conquered by the Romans, Gallarate was mentioned as an important vicus or village in documents dating back to the Roman conquest of what was then called Gallia Cisalpina. After the Carolingian conquest of northern-central Italy, a castle was erected upon the remains of the original Roman fortifications located beside the still existing Basilica of Santa Maria. The castle has disappeared, but its ancient location is identified through the city's topography and by the street name Via Postcastello.
After the obliteration of Castelseprio by Ottone Visconti in 1287, Gallarate became the capital of the vast Seprio county. During these years, Gallarate saw a period of prosperity and economic growth that would last for the rest of Visconti control, until the beginning of French rule two centuries later (1498). Documents in the National Archives refer to Gallarate as an important centre of commercial exchange between both Italian and foreign markets, particularly for cotton, drapes, flax and textiles. Distinguished families such as the Rosnati, Reina, Masera, Palazzi, Macchi, Curioni, Mari and the Guenzati represented the nobility and the merchant classes. This period was also noted as a time of great civic improvement and the beginning of Gallarate as a centre of industrial activity.
In the late 15th century, the city fell under foreign domination, initially under the Spanish and then under the French (and then again Spanish and their Austrian successors), a condition which lasted until the 19th century. In between this political instability, Gallarate became a private fief of some of the competing noble Italian families such as the Bentivoglio, Pallavicino, Caracciolo, Altemps, Visconti, and Castelbarco.
Gallarate became a part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1859 and received the honorary title of city with a royal decree on 19 December 1860.
By the latter half of the 19th century, modern industry had begun to take over many areas of Italy. In a few decades, Gallarate became an important industrial city. This period was also marked by heavy social tensions brought about by the rapid political and economic changes wrought by Gallarate's own industrial revolution. Nowadays, Gallarate's industrial structure no longer includes these giant industrial powerhouses of the past. Their existence, however, is still marked out by the presence of the high chimneys, which are still visible along Gallarate's skyline. Many of the old Liberty style buildings, where thousands of Gallaratesi worked during the past century and a half, have been turned into new modern multi-level shopping centres and plazas.
Main sights
San Pietro: Romanesque church built in the 11th to 13th centuries, including some Gothic elements. The interior has a nave without aisles. The façade, the apse and the sides are characterized by arcades supported by small columns forming a fake loggia. It was declared a national monument in 1844.
Santa Maria Assunta: church located in the city centre and in autumn 2016 the local government started works of restoration
Baroque church of Sant'Antonio Abate
Sanctuary of Madonna di Campagna, dating to the early 17th century.
Church of San Zenone (18th century)
Church of San Rocco (16th century)
Historical pharmacy Dahò, where the carbonari used to hide in the 19th century, owned by Dott. Renata Minoli. The pharmacy is located in Piazza Garibaldi, in which there a statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Museo MAGA (Museo d’Arte Gallarate-Art Museum of Gallarate) museum which holds over 5,000 pieces of modern and contemporary art.
Economy
In the 19th and 20th centuries Gallarate was an important centre for the textile industry. Now it is a local hub for transport and high-tech industries.
Education
The Sistema Bibliotecario Consortile Antonio Panizzi has its main offices in Gallarate. The system operates the Biblioteca Civica " Luigi Majno " in Gallarate. Gallarate is also the seat of the Aloysianum, a former Jesuit college, which is now a Jesuit cultural centre with an important library. Carlo Maria Martini spent there the last years of his life.
In 2010 the local government built a modern art museum called Museo MAGA, hosting a Missoni exhibition in honour of the deceased Ottavio Missoni. MAGA is a focal point for local student research and adult education.
Transport
Gallarate railway station, opened in 1860, is the junction of the railway lines Domodossola–Milan, Luino–Milan and Porto Ceresio–Milan. The station is a stop for several long-running trains (EuroCity from Milan to Geneva and Basle), of regional trains from Milan to Domodossola, and of line S5 of Milan suburban railway service, and line S30 of Ticino railway network.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Lombardy |
4025932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Robb%20%28RAF%20officer%29 | James Robb (RAF officer) | Air Chief Marshal Sir James Milne Robb, (26 January 1895 – 18 December 1968) was a senior Royal Air Force commander. After early service in the First World War with the Northumberland Fusiliers, Robb joined the Royal Flying Corps and became a flying ace credited with seven aerial victories. He was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force in 1919 and commanded No. 30 Squadron RAF in the Iraqi revolt against the British. In 1939, Robb travelled to Canada to help establish the Empire Air Training Scheme, a massive training program that provided the Royal Air Force with trained aircrew from Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Southern Rhodesia. He commanded No. 2 Group RAF of RAF Bomber Command and No. 15 Group RAF of RAF Coastal Command.
Robb became Deputy Chief of Combined Operations under Lord Louis Mountbatten in 1942. During Operation Torch he was air advisor to the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight Eisenhower and in February 1943, Eisenhower appointed him Deputy Commander of the Northwest African Air Forces. When Eisenhower became Supreme Allied Commander in Europe in January 1944, he brought Robb to his Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force as Deputy Chief of Staff (Air). Robb became Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command in 1945 and learned to fly the Gloster Meteor, the RAF's first operational jet aircraft. He became Vice-Chief of the Air Staff in 1947, and then Commander in Chief of the Western Union's air forces in 1948. In 1951 he became Inspector General of the RAF.
Early life
James Milne Robb was born in Hexham, Northumberland on 26 January 1895, the third son of a draper, James Thomas Robb, and his wife Mary Elizabeth née Weir. He was educated at George Watson's School in Edinburgh and Durham University. He had two older brothers, one of whom, William, later became a major-general in the British Army.
First World War
Following the outbreak of the First World War, Robb enlisted in the 4th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers. He was commissioned into the Northumberland Fusiliers as a second lieutenant on 10 November 1914, and promoted to captain a year later. In August 1916 he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps.
After learning to fly, Robb was posted to No. 32 Squadron RFC, a fighter squadron on the Western Front equipped with Airco DH.2s. Robb was wounded in March 1917 and spent some time with a training unit in England before returning to the Western Front in May 1918 as a flight commander with No. 92 Squadron RFC, flying SE5as. Robb achieved the squadron's first air victory on 22 July, shooting down a Fokker D.VII. In February 1919 he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. His citation read:
Between the wars
In August 1919 he was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force as a captain. He joined No. 24 Squadron RAF in February 1920. In September 1922 he was posted to No. 6 Squadron RAF in Iraq flying Bristol F.2 Fighters. He was promoted to squadron leader in 1924 and assumed command of No. 30 Squadron RAF. Robb was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his service during operations in Kurdistan in 1925.
Returning to the United Kingdom in 1926, Robb became chief flying instructor at the Central Flying School at RAF Upavon in Wiltshire. He married Bessie Murray on 29 December 1927. Their marriage produced a son and a daughter. In 1932 he was promoted to the rank of wing commander and attended the Royal Naval Staff College in Greenwich, London. This was followed by a posting as senior air officer aboard the aircraft carrier in the Far East. In 1935 he became fleet aviation officer with the Mediterranean Fleet before returning to the Central Flying School as commandant. He was promoted to group captain in 1936.
Second World War
In 1939, Robb travelled to Canada to help establish the Empire Air Training Scheme, a massive training program that provided the Royal Air Force with trained aircrew from Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Southern Rhodesia throughout the Second World War. In January 1940 he was promoted to air commodore. He took command of No. 2 Group RAF in April. In July 1940 he was awarded the Air Force Cross, and in September he was promoted again, this time to air vice marshal. On 1 January 1941, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. However, he fell out with the head of RAF Bomber Command, Air Marshal Sir Richard Peirse, over the merits of sending Bristol Blenheims on unescorted daylight missions, which Robb regarded as suicidal. Robb was therefore transferred to RAF Coastal Command, where he command No. 15 Group RAF.
Robb became Deputy Chief of Combined Operations under Lord Louis Mountbatten in 1942. During Operation Torch he was air advisor to the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight Eisenhower. In February 1943, Eisenhower appointed him Deputy Commander of the Northwest African Air Forces under Major General Carl Spaatz. After Air Chief Marshal Tedder became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander in Europe in January 1944, he brought Robb to his Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force as Deputy Chief of Staff (Air). Robb was promoted to air marshal in October 1944 and created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in January 1945. In May 1945 he was appointed the head of RAF Fighter Command and learned to fly the Gloster Meteor, the RAF's first operational jet aircraft. He claimed to have flown over 150 different aircraft types in his career. In August 1945 he received the U.S. Distinguished Service Medal from the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman.
Post war
In 1947 Robb became Vice-Chief of the Air Staff. He then became Commander in Chief, Air Forces, Western Union Defence Organisation in 1948. Finally, in 1951 he became Inspector General of the RAF. He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in June 1949,
and in January 1951 was elevated to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. After retiring from the RAF on account of ill health he became King of Arms of the Order of the Bath on 21 March 1952, remaining in this appointment until 26 January 1965.
Robb was co-author of a volume of the official history of the Second World War, Victory in the West (1962), of which Major Lionel Ellis was the main author, with Captain G. R. G. Allen RN and Lieutenant Colonel A. E. Warhurst.
He died at a nursing home in Bognor Regis, Sussex on 18 December 1968.
Notes
References
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1895 births
1968 deaths
British World War I flying aces
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People educated at George Watson's College
People from Hexham
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Royal Aeronautical Society
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross
Royal Air Force air marshals
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers
Western Union (alliance) military appointments
Alumni of Armstrong College, Durham
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich
Military personnel from Northumberland |
4025940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Enthoven | Tom Enthoven | Henry John Enthoven (4 June 1903 – 29 June 1975) was an English first-class cricketer who was born in Cartagena, Spain, and was educated at Harrow School and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He played in 123 first-class matches for Middlesex County Cricket Club, as a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium bowler between 1923 and 1936, scoring 4478 runs and taking 100 wickets. He shared the county captaincy with Nigel Haig in 1933 and 1934. He later served as the club treasurer.
He died in Kensington, London aged 72.
References
External links
1903 births
1975 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Cambridge University cricketers
English cricketers
Free Foresters cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
English cricket captains
Middlesex cricket captains
People educated at Harrow School
Sportspeople from Cartagena, Spain |
4025942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20571%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | County Route 571 (New Jersey) | County Route 571 (CR 571) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Route 37 in Toms River Township to Route 27 in Princeton. Though it is designated a north–south county route by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), it is signed both as north–south and east–west inconsistently.
Route description
Ocean and Monmouth counties
CR 571 begins at an intersection with Route 37 in Toms River, Ocean County, heading north on four-lane divided Fischer Boulevard concurrent with CR 549 Spur. The road continues north through business areas, with the median turning into a center left-turn lane. The routes turn northwest through residential and commercial areas along with some marshland from the adjacent Barnegat Bay to the east, with alternating segments of median and center left-turn lane. CR 571 splits from CR 549 Spur by heading west onto two-lane undivided Bay Avenue into areas of homes. The road intersects CR 627 before turning more to the northwest and becoming four lanes at the CR 22 junction. The route widens into a divided highway as it passes between the Ocean County Mall to the north and the Seacourt Pavilion shopping center to the south and intersects CR 549 at an at-grade cloverleaf interchange. After this, CR 571 becomes Bey Lea Road and becomes undivided again as it passes through more wooded areas of development, with the northbound direction narrowing to one lane at the CR 18 junction as it turns west. After crossing CR 623, the road becomes three lanes, with two westbound lanes and one eastbound lane, as it heads northwest past more businesses on Indian Head Road. The route runs west near a few homes before passing under the Garden State Parkway and reaching the U.S. Route 9 (US 9) junction.
CR 571 becomes four lanes at this point and passes residences to the north and a shopping center to the south prior to intersecting CR 527. CR 571 turns northwest to join CR 527 on Whitesville Road, passing wooded areas of housing developments. CR 527 splits from CR 571 by turning north, and CR 571 continues northwest along Toms River Road, entering Manchester Township. The road continues through forested development as it comes to the Route 70 junction. At this point, the route narrows to two lanes and passes through more wooded areas with occasional residences, crossing Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Southern Secondary line. CR 571 crosses CR 547 before heading into Jackson Township. The route runs through forested areas of the Pine Barrens with intermittent residential development for several miles, eventually turning north and coming to the junction with CR 528 in the community of Cassville. The road becomes Cassville Road at this intersection and passes Cassville Lake as it comes to the CR 638 intersection. CR 571 continues north past more wooded areas of homes before coming to an intersection with CR 526. At this point, CR 526 turns north to form a concurrency with CR 571 and the two routes continue through forests on Trenton-Lakewood Road, passing under Interstate 195 (I-195) prior to coming to the CR 537 junction.
At the CR 537 intersection, CR 526/CR 571 continues into Millstone Township in Monmouth County and continues northwest through more forested areas of homes before CR 526 splits from CR 571 by heading west. CR 571 heads north along Millstone Road and comes to the junction with CR 524. Here, the route turns west to join CR 524 on Stage Coach Road, making a turn to the north at an intersection with Red Valley Road/Spring Road. The routes make a sharp turn to the southwest before CR 571 splits from CR 524 by heading north on Rising Sun Tavern Road. The route runs through forests with some homes and farms, curving to the northwest and entering Roosevelt, where it becomes Clarksburg Road and continues through wooded areas with some homes. CR 571 turns north onto South Rochdale Avenue and passes more residences. The route crosses back into Millstone Township and heads into areas of farmland and woodland, turning northwest at the CR 1 junction.
Mercer County
CR 571 enters East Windsor Township in Mercer County and becomes Etra Road in the community of Etra, as it continues through a mix of farms, woods, and homes. The route turns north before curving northwest near Etra Lake and passing over the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95). The road heads west into Hightstown and passes homes before reaching an intersection with CR 539. CR 571 turns north to follow CR 539 on South Main Street at this point. Upon reaching the commercial downtown of Hightstown, northbound CR 539/CR 571 join Route 33 as it merges from Mercer Street onto Main Street. Traveling southbound, CR 539/571 follow Route 33 onto Mercer Street for one block before turning east onto Ward Street and then south onto South Main Street; those wanting to travel west onto Route 33 from northbound CR 539/571 must also use Ward Street. CR 571 then leaves the concurrency by turning to the west on Stockton Street. The route passes more residences, the Stockton Street Historic District, before crossing back into East Windsor Township and intersecting US 130. The road heads northwest and becomes Hightstown Road at this point and passes through commercial areas with a few farms, widening to four lanes just before the junction with the western terminus of Route 133. A short distance later, CR 571 crosses CR 535 and heads west into West Windsor Township, passing through a mix of farmland, woodland, and residences. The road enters areas of residential subdivisions after it crosses Southfield Road, crosses Bear Brook, and then turns northwest as it comes to another junction with CR 526.
At this point, CR 526 forms a signed (but not officially designated) concurrency with CR 571 for the remainder of the route, with the road intersecting CR 607 prior to crossing CR 638. The route narrows to two lanes and turns north at this point, passing a mix of homes and businesses as it reaches the CR 615 junction. At this point, CR 571 becomes part of the state-maintained Route 64, a two-lane divided highway that carries the route over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor near the Princeton Junction Station at West Windsor. Past the terminus of Route 64, CR 571 continues northwest on two-lane undivided Washington Road, passing through wooded residential areas before intersecting US 1 at the modified Penns Neck Circle. Past the intersection, the road runs through the historic Washington Road Elm Allée, rows of Princeton elm trees that line both sides of the road. The road descends a hill before crossing the Delaware and Raritan Canal and Lake Carnegie into Princeton. At this point, CR 571 runs through the heart of the Princeton University campus, reaching its northern terminus at Route 27 (Nassau Street).
History
From Hightstown to Millstone Township, the road was built by the Hightstown and Perrineville Turnpike Company, chartered in 1859. Their road also extended east along what is now Perrineville Road.
When it was first designated in the early 1950s, CR 571 ran entirely in Ocean County from then-Dover Township to CR 526 in Jackson Township. The modern-day route north of there followed CR 526 to Carrs Tavern, CR 524 in Clarksburg, municipal and minor county routes in Monmouth and Mercer Counties, and from Hightstown to Princeton what was then designated CR 539. By 1962, the designation entered Monmouth County, and by 1976, CR 571 from Hightstown to Princeton was in-place.
In the summer of 2012, NJDOT installed barriers at the Penns Neck Circle to prevent "left-turning" traffic from US 1 in either direction onto CR 571. In conjunction with other blockades of nearby intersections, this 12-week pilot program was meant to improve traffic flows along the congested US 1. Though the project was improving travel times along US 1, motorists wanting to make the previously-allowed left turns were making U-turns and K-turns in the driveways of Penns Neck residences instead of using nearby interchanges to U-turn on US 1 itself. The project ended a month early after residents complaints and local politicians opposition to the project were heard.
NJDOT has proposed a realignment of CR 571 in the Penns Neck neighborhood of West Windsor. The various alternatives would have begun near the northern terminus of Route 64 at a new grade-separated interchange to provide access to the Princeton Junction Station and the existing Washington Road, run north of Penns Neck through the David Sarnoff Research, cross US 1 at a new grade-separated interchange, and return to the existing alignment south of the Millstone River.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
New Jersey County Route 571 and NJ 64
CR 571 (Greater New York Roads)
571
571
571
571 |
4025949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goito | Goito | Goito (Upper Mantovano: ) is a comune of 10,005 inhabitants in the Province of Mantua in Lombardy. Goito is north of Mantua on the road leading to Brescia and lake Garda, and straddles the old east–west Via Postumia between Cremona and Verona. The town is on the right bank of the Mincio River at a key crossing. The birthplace of Sordello, Goito is part of the historic region known as Alto Mantovano (Upper Mantuan) and was once the site of a fortress of note.
Etymology
The term "Goito" is generally taken to indicate an area of Gothic settlement and is a common toponym in Italy (such as in Godega). In 1902 Italian legal scholar Nino Tamassia published a legal document from 1045 (brought to his attention by the scholar F.C. Carreri) showing that at least some of the inhabitants of Goito claimed to live "according to Gothic law" ("qui professimus legem vivere Gothorum") even as late as the XI century. Local histories by Federico Amedei, Livio Calafassi and Giovanni Tassoni have all agreed on the Gothic origin of the toponym.
Historian Pietro Pelati has instead made the case for an etymology from "Guttus", a Latin term for a water vase, arguing the term often indicated a settlement by a river.
History
Antiquity
In pre-Roman antiquity, the area of present-day Goito stood on a crossing at the Mincio at a halfway point between the Celtic Cenomani towns of Brescia and Verona and the Etruscan and Boii settlement of Mantua. The Cenomani soon became Roman clients, but goodwill between them and the expanding Roman Republic did not last. Eventually, allied with the Insubres and Boi they took part in a series of revolts between 200 BCE and 197 BCE orchestrated and aided by a Carthaginian general named Hamilcar (modern historians argue Hamilcar's role was ultimately "minimal"). The Cenomani and Insubres was defeated at an unspecified crossing of the river Mincio in 197 BCE by the Roman consul Gaius Cornelius Cethegus (it is possible that in the course of the battle the Cenomani betrayed the Insubres). Roman rule of the upper Mantuan began as a result.
Goito was perhaps founded as a Roman waystation in the early 2nd century BCE when the Romans built a major road known as the Via Postumia to connect their colonies at Genoa, Piacenza and Cremona in Aemilia et Liguria to the newly conquered territories in the Eastern Po Valley. The middle section of the Postumia started in Cremona and ran eastwards to Bedriacum (then the major crossing on the river Oglio) crossing the Mincio at Goito (though nearby crossings existed at Valeggio and Mantua) before continuing eastwards to the former Cenomani town of Verona and to the capital of the new Roman province of Venetia at Aquileja.
Sections of the ancient Via Postumia have always remained visible in Goito: on the right bank of the Mincio at Corte Merlesca and at Torre di Goito, and on the left bank at Massimbona. These sections of the road are locally known as "la Levada", the raised earth-bank or the raised road. Further evidence of Roman-era settlement in the area is supplied by Roman remains found in the late XIXth century at localitá Castelvetere o Castelvetro indicating some kind of settlement (now in the collections of the Museo Civico at Mantua) and 21 Roman burials excavated in 1939 about 1.5 km south-east of the main town. In the tombs, a number of brooches or fibulae and a carved cameo jewel were retrieved, as well as pendants and elements of a glass-bead necklace. No Roman-era bridge has however been found anywhere on the Mincio, so it is likely the river was crossed by ferry or ford. Local historians have taken the toponym Corte Guá (farmstead at the ford) to indicate an old ford on the Mincio.
Early Middle Ages
After the fall of Rome, the territory of Goito emerges as a significant barbarian settlement. Excavations undertaken in 1968 and then again between 1990 and 1993 have unearthed two Late Antique and Early Medieval burial grounds in the territory of the comune. The burial grounds, situated on the road between Goito and Castellucchio at the locality known as "Sacca di Goito", contain at least 240 burials. Two small cross pendants, a number of short swords and daggers, pendants and other objects have been retrieved. Some of the graves at Sacca di Goito likely belonged to Ostrogoths (in so far as fibulae and mirrors found in the graves can be ascribed to the Chernyakhov culture) while the larger number of early medieval graves in the same burial ground are burials of Lombards or of the Lombard period.
High Middle Ages
Documents from XI century Goito show the population claimed to live according to multiple forms of personal law: Latin Law, Lombard Law and Gothic Law. Historian Carreri claimed the first mention of the town occurs in a small donation by a priest of "Latin law" Martin, son of Leo, to the monastery of Saint Genesius at Brescello from 1031. Two similar small donations are made to the Church of Saint Mary, a dependency of the monastery, by Manfred, "of Alemannian law", in 1042 and 1044. A more substantial donation by Matilda of Tuscany, who held comital power over the county of Mantua, records the town in 1099. Matilda donates 4 farmsteads in nearby Rivalta sul Mincio and 4 in Goito to the monastery of Saint Genesius.
The eighteenth-century historian Ippolito Donesmondi had found and published a document showing rights over a chapel in the castle in Goito were donated in 1123 by the Bishop of Mantua to the abbey of San Benedetto Polirone, a wealthy monastery patronized by Matilda of Tuscany. This donation shows that Goito was already a fortified place in 1123. Goito's connections with Matilda of Tuscany have led some local historians (including Carreri) to suppose that the 1080 battle of Volta Mantovana between pro-Imperial and pro-Papal forces actually took place in Goito rather than in nearby Volta, but their interpretation would rest on a completely different understanding of the accepted text of the Chronicon of Bernold of Constance (i.e. swapping "apud Guithum" for the accepted "apud Voltam").
The castle of Goito became more significant in the following years. In 1237 Frederick II received a delegation from Mantua at Goito and pardoned the Mantuans for their insubordination against the Holy Roman Empire. In 1250 the castle of Goito was chosen for a pro-Imperial diet by Conrad IV of Germany.
At some point in the late XIIth century, the celebrated troubadour Sordello was born in a knightly family in Goito, as testified by his almost contemporary anonymous Occitan biographer. Early modern Mantuan historians such as Bartolomeo Sacchi "il Platina" and Scipione Agnelli Maffei state he was of the Mantuan line of the Visconti family (a claim not accepted by modern historians) and the literary historian Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni even stated that Sordello, after his famous exile in Provence, returned and acquired the title of "de Goito" when he become lord of Goito. This claim is unsubstantiated and not accepted by modern historians: the elderly Sordello returned to Italy only as a member of Charles of Anjou's entourage in 1265. He was imprisoned at Novara for unknown reasons the following year, and in 1269 received the lordship of various lands and castles in Abruzzo.
According to historians the Bonacolsi family - de facto rulers of Mantua in the late XIII century - purchase a house to collect tolls at the bridge-head in Goito in the late XIII century. In 1318 the Bonacolsi's sworn enemy and the new ruler of Mantua, Gian Francesco Gonzaga granted Goito a tax exemption, and in 1353 Charles IV of Bohemia donated the down of Goito to the house of Gonzaga and the Marquisate of Mantua, confirming the town's status as a key fortress for the regime of the Gonzagas, one of the more significant signorie in the late-medieval Po Valley.
The Renaissance
In the 15th century, the town of Goito was embroiled in the wars opposing the Visconti of Milan to the rising Gonzaga of Mantua and the Republic of Venice. In 1453 Carlo Gonzaga, a claimant to the Gonzaga estates in Mantua sought to take control of the area with Venetian support. Carlo Gonzaga's troops were however defeated in battle at the farmstead of Villabona (a frazione of Goito) on 14 June 1453 by the forces of the marquis of Mantova Ludovico III Gonzaga. Ludovico Gonzaga, delighted by his victory, went on to build a residence in Goito (in which the painter Andrea Mantegna worked in 1463–64), restored the fortifications and built the Naviglio di Goito canal, and died here by plague in 1478. Goito maintained its prosperity under the later dukes of Mantua Guglielmo and Vincenzo I Gonzaga, becoming a wealthy market town on the road between Mantua and Venetian-held Verona.
The War of the Mantuan Succession
On 22 November 1629, during the war of the Mantuan succession Goito was surrendered by its Mantuan commander to Imperial forces then besieging Mantua. The capture of Goito was a key episode in the Imperial siege of Mantua, and its fall threatened communication and supply routes between the beleaguered city and its Venetian allies in Verona, Peschiera, and Valeggio sul Mincio. An attempt to lift the siege of Mantua failed on 29 May 1630 when French and Venetian troops were comprehensively defeated just outside Goito at the Battle of Villabuona in today's frazione of Villabona. The treaty of Cherasco restored Goito and the duchy of Mantua to Charles Gonzaga, duke of Mantua. In the wake of the war, the ensuing plague, and the general decline in Mantua's economic and political fortunes spelt the beginning of the town's decline. Goito was struck by an earthquake on 5 July 1693, and the castle was damaged.
The Eighteenth Century
In the Autumn of 1701, during the War of the Spanish succession Goito was surrounded and besieged by Imperial troops only to be relieved by French troops allied with the Duke of Mantua Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga in the spring of 1702. The town was again besieged unsuccessfully on Friday 19 May 1702 by another Imperial army. The French garrison at Goito was eventually driven out of the town on 19 August 1706 by Imperial forces under the command of the prince of Hesse. In the report of the battle the prince of Hesse specifies that Goito had "a large ditch, a thick wall, 4 bastions and a ravelin" and that he besieged it with 1,800 foot soldiers and 1,000 horse. After bombardment with a battery of eight guns was ineffective the prince had given orders to scale the walls, but the commander surrendered the night before the attack commenced, and was allowed to withdraw with his 200-strong garrison to Cremona. The taking of Goito was a key event in the lead up to the French victory at the battle of Castiglione, where the Imperial forces were defeated by a large French army that had reached too late to relieve Goito. Notwithstanding the defeat, Imperial forces went on to conquer Lombardy for Austria, entering Milan in triumph on 26 September 1706, ending a century and a half of Spanish rule in Lombardy.
Duke Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga's alliance with France and his betrayal of his Imperial suzerain during the course of the war was punished by an Imperial edict terminating his lordship over the Duchy of Mantua. The Duke died in exile in Padua before the news reached him, and so the Duchy and the town of Goito came to be incorporated into the domains of the Austrian Hapsburgs. Spanish Lombardy too became an Austrian domain, though it was administered separately from the former duchy of Mantua. The Austrian gains in Lombardy and Mantua were confirmed by the Treaty of Utrecht.
During the war of the Polish succession an allied Franco-Piedmontese army successfully invaded Austrian Lombardy and entered the Austrian duchy of Mantua. Imperial troops led by Count Königsegg had left a garrison of 100 men under Lieutenant Carrillo at Goito to either prevent the allies from crossing the Mincio or to slow down their advance. But fearing that the allied army had already crossed further upstream, Carillo quit Goito on 16 June 1735 without offering resistance, though he destroyed either partially or completely the bridge on the Mincio. Goito was then immediately occupied by 400 men under the Comte de Ségur. The main Austrian army and the Piedmontese-French allies then faced off against one another on the opposite banks of the Mincio, but count Königsegg, fearing that his position was no longer defensible decided to retreat from Lombardy altogether. In the armistice negotiations in October 1735, the French requested and were allowed to retain a garrison in Goito and free passage to resupply it. The French garrison was removed only when peace was officially concluded.
In 1745, during the War of the Austrian Succession the Austrian administration, seeking to simplify matters of governance and finance united the territories of the former Duchy of Mantua, including Goito, with Austrian Lombardy and the territories of the former Duchy of Milan. Goito has been a comune of Lombardy ever since. Taxes to fund the war then being fought in Western Lombardy, Piedmont and Liguria and across Germany were raised, and soldiers from the Mantuan countryside were recruited to Austrian regiments to fight. As shown by the historian Corrado Vivanti, after the wars, peasants and townsmen in declining Goito benefited only very partially from the judicial, administrative and revenue reforms associated with Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II of Austria's enlightened absolutism and the reformism of Lombard intellectuals, which contributed instead to consolidate large-scale landholding. The region experienced agrarian disturbances in 1761.
Napoleonic Wars
In 1796, during the course of operations leading to the Battle of Borghetto Goito was taken by French revolutionary troops and incorporated into the Cisalpine Republic. It was eventually recaptured by the Austrian colonel of Serbian descent Sebastian Prodanovich on 11 April 1799. On 25–26 December 1800 French troops moving to recapture the town clashed again with the Austrians at the bridge of Goito in the course of events connected with the Battle of Pozzolo. In the initial engagements undertaken by the French right-flank, general Dupont and the Division Watrin defeated an 8,000 strong Austrian force led by General D'Aspre' and seized the bridge on the Mincio and the town. The course of the battle involving the French right flank then shifted to nearby Monzambano. Following French victories in the Italian Campaign Goito and Lombardy became part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. On 8 February 1814, during the War of the Sixth Coalition, 34,000 French and Italian troops, led by Eugène de Beauharnais, and a similar number of Austrians, under Field Marshal Heinrich von Bellegarde, battled for control of the bridge on the Mincio the town of Goito and a number of surrounding localities and rural frazioni in a sprawling, indecisive, and bloody engagement known as the Battle of the Mincio River.
Risorgimento 1815-1861
After the Napoleonic wars, Goito and the Mantuan territories were returned to the Austrian crown and eventually incorporated into the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. The Piedmontese army won the opening engagement of the First Italian War of Independence at the bridge over the river Mincio by Goito on 8 the April 1848 - the first-ever military engagement of the Bersaglieri light infantry. In a short battle, the newly established light infantry unit commanded by Alessandro La Marmora successfully captured the bridge on the Mincio river and forced the small detachment of Austrian defenders to withdraw to the fortifications of the Austrian Qaudrilatero. Following Radetzsky's counter-offensive later in May and the defeat of Tuscan and Neapolitan volunteers at the Battle of Curtatone and Montanara the Austrian and Piedmontese armies clashed again on 30 May 1848 at the large-scale Battle of Goito, just outside the town: Radetzky was defeated and the Piedmontese army allowed to resume its offensive.
With the final defeat of the Piedmontese army at Custoza and the end of the war, Goito, however, returned to Austrian rule. As part of the Risorgimento nationalist movement locals in Goito continued to conspire against Austrian rule nonetheless, risking arrest and execution. The most notable case to occur in Mantua province was the January 1852 arrest and execution of the members of the underground nationalist circle founded by the Mantuan clergyman Enrico Tazzoli, a former student of Goito grammar school. Tazzoli and his followers eventually came to be known and celebrated as the Belfiore martyrs and became integral to the developing pantheon of Italian nationalism. Don Giuseppe Ottonelli, a Goito native and well-established local figure (the parish priest of San Silvestro church) was tried and sentenced to death in the same case, but escaped execution, as his sentence was commuted by Radetzky and he was later pardoned.
Goito as the border crossing between Italy and Austria 1861-1866
Goito became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859 (from 1861 known as the Kingdom of Italy), after the Second Italian War of Independence and was annexed to the newly constituted province of Brescia. 3/5ths of the territory of the former Mantua province (including Mantua) remained in Austrian-held territory. As a result of the partition of the erstwhile Mantua province between Italy and Austria the town of Goito came to be, briefly, between 1861 and 1866 an international border crossing between the kingdom of Italy on the right bank of the Mincio and Austria-Hungary on the left bank. Because according to the treaty of Zurich the border between Italian Lombardy on the one side and Austrian Mantua on the other was to follow the exact course of the river, the municipal territory of the town came to be divided into two, and houses on the river's left bank (for a total of 1.050 inhabitants) came to be part of Austria, separated by the bridge and river from the main, Italian-held town, where two-thirds of the population then lived. Crossing the border for locals for mass and for the weekly market could be difficult, though Goitesi were technically exempt from having to use a passport to do so. Italian police reports show a local schoolteacher sought to elude border patrols in order to meet every night with an Austrian police inspector in Austrian-held Villa Giraffa. The Austrian authorities on the other hand complained Goito parish priest Don Giuseppe Rondelli and his deputy Pietro Fortuna (a political refugee from Austrian-held Venetia) incited Italian nationalism and decided to try to prevent left-bank locals from crossing over the river to listen to the nationalist sermons at mass. Austrian suspicions were not without reason. Father Rondelli of Goito wrote and published in 1860 a book titled Sulle sventure di Mantova, Verona, Venezia lotto il gioco dell'Austria (On the misfortunes of Mantua, Verona and Venice under Austrian yoke) lamenting that one-third of his flock remained "under Austrian tyranny" and complaining of the "persecution suffered at every crossing of the bridge for being of one true colour, that of a true Italian" The international border crossing at Goito ceased to exist when Italy annexed Venetia following the Third war of Italian Independence.
Goito in Liberal Italy 1866-1919
Political and social life in Goito and in the Upper Mantuan was influenced by the agrarian struggles that culminated in the 1883 and 1885 tenant and farm-labourer strikes known as "Le Boje". These strikes started in the Lower Mantuan municipality of Gonzaga and interested a number of adjoining villages, and are widely recognized as Italy's first mass labour strike. No specific instance of peasant revolt is recorded in Goito, but labourers and tenants had formed in the late XIX century two cooperative associations to negotiate better wages from local landlords, such as one in Goito in 1873 ("La Cooperativa") and one in Cerlongo in 1893. These would later be dissolved during the Fascist period.
Fascism in Goito 1919-1943
During the Bienno Rosso Goito and the Upper Mantuan experienced considerable political and social unrest as left-wing activists and agricultural labourers sought to wrestle local political power from middle-class townspeople, rural notables and landlords gathered in the Confederazione Nazionale Agraria, and then, from 3 May 1921, in a local sezione of the new Partito Nazionale Fascista (then simply known as the "Fascio"). Local Goito agricultural entrepreneur and major landholder Giuseppe "Pino" Moschini emerged as the most significant organizer of Fascist squadrismo in Goito and nearby localities. Moschini's activism was key in crushing peasant agitation, putting an end to widespread rent-strikes and curtailing developing leftist political activism in the region. Ruthless violence (such as a three-day raid against Valeggio sul Mincio) also ensured that Moschini - popularly known as the local "Ras" - soon became one of the most prominent Fascist leaders in rural Mantua, and between 1922 and 1927 he "single-handedly controlled economic policy and all labour movement in the entire province" Moschini also took part, according to his obituary, in notorious Fascist expeditions against leftists in Parma, Cremona, Bolzano, Milano and Ferrara, leaving the description of some of the raids in his editorials, later collected by posthumous admirers in a 1934 volume. The official daily of the Mantuan federation of the National Fascist Party La Voce di Mantova at one point described him as a "the young-faced, red-bearded leader (...) who has chosen over considerable wealth this hard life of battle, revealing uncommon organizational capacity. Rough-tempered, with the character of a former officer of the Alpini, he is invariably forgiven his tremendous ragings by his subordinates who know the extent of his goodness and are deeply attached to him".
Party struggles internal to the Fascist Party and a rivalry with more "moderate" Fascist leaders such as the mayor of Mantua ensured Moschini's role diminished with time. His support for Corporatism and his dislike for those he considered opportunistic fascists of no true conviction led Moschini to vehemently criticize some of Italy's leading industrialists such as Agnelli and Olivetti, even challenging Adriano Olivetti to a duel. Marginalized at a national level by his own radicalism Moschini was removed from the Secretariat of the Provincial Section of the Fascist party in a 1927 reorganization of the local party led by Fascist leader Augusto Turati. Moschini nonetheless remained locally influential, founding the Mantuan legion of volunteer Blackshirts (the XXIII MVSN Legion "Mincio") and organizing the erection of the monument to the Bersagliere in town, for which Benito Mussolini contributed personally the sum of 1,000 Lira.
He died in 1934 in a car-crash and was buried in the family villa in Goito. Local authorities named the newly established kindergarten of Goito in his honor and organized a yearly bike race between Mantua and Milan (the "trofeo Moschini").
The Second World War and the Resistance
During the Second World War, in the wake of the armistice of the 8th of September and the subsequent German occupation of Northern Italy and creation of the fascist puppet-state known as the Italian Social Republic in nearby Salò a few locals from villages and towns across the provinces of Mantua and Verona joined local partisan formations to fight the Germans, while others signed up to local collaborationist units. Goito, a rural market town, appears to have only been significant for the Germans as an entrepôt for trucks carrying supplies to the Gothic line. Nevertheless, the skies above Goito saw some air combat as the Allied airforces sought to disrupt German supply lines and truck-stands between Verona and the Gothic line and as Allied planes flew to bomb industrial centres in German-occupied northern Italy.
On 2 April 1945 in air combat over Goito National Republican Air Force pilot and prominent Bologna fascist leader Aristide Sarti's Messerschmitt Bf109 was shot down by a USAF P-47 Thunderbolt from the 346th Fighter Squadron piloted by Lt. Richard Sulzbach, and crashed in a pond in the rural frazione of Corte Baronina. Sarti either died in the crash or drowned in the pond. The dogfight in which Sarti was shot down had begun when National Republican Air Force Bf109s from the 2nd gruppo caccia "Gigi Tre Osei" attacked a group of 57th Bombardment Wing B-25s and their P-47th escorts from the 346th and 347th fighter squadrons returning from a bombing run. The engagement turned out to be one of the most catastrophic air battles ever undertaken by the National Republican Air Force; 14 Bf109s belonging to the 2nd gruppo caccia were shot down and six Fascist pilots were killed. On the other hand, the Fascist airmen scored no kills.
On 11 April 1945, for just over two hours, USAF planes aiming to destroy German fuel cisterns hidden in and around the countryside town bombed Goito, damaging a number of homes. No one was killed in the air raid: some inhabitants attributed this to the Madonna della Salute, and a thanksgiving Mass was recited. Military historians have specified the town was never the objective of the raid, which targeted instead a large and partially hidden German fuel depot. In a first wave, 7 Flying Fortresses from the 483d bomber group, escorted by 36 Mustangs from the 52nd Fighter Group attacked the depot, but seem to have done little damage. A Luftwaffe Arado 234 was however damaged by the escorts and later crash-landed in Switzerland. The second wave of 24 Liberators from the 464th and 465th bomber group hit parts of the fuel depot, and a later third wave of 36 Liberators from the 454th, 455th and 456th bomber group reportedly destroyed 12 structures at the Goito fuel depot. German casualties at the fuel depot are not known.
The most prominent resistance unit operating locally in the upper Mantuan countryside was the Brigata Italia based in and around nearby Villafranca di Verona, which was responsible for operations in and around Goito. On 25 April 1945 Barbieri Gino, a resistance fighter of the brigade that had been captured was executed with no trial by retreating German soldiers in the town of Goito itself, and his corpse was left unburied on the wayside. Retreating German units were supposed to burn at least part of the town to the ground, but the act was not carried out - reportedly due to the actions of a friendly German officer - and the town was liberated by the Allies the following morning, on 26 April 1945.
Goito in the First Republic
After the war Goito, like other northern Italian localities, benefited from the Italian economic miracle and rising standards of living. New consumer goods, educational institutions and amenities transformed life in the small town. A Cinema for instance was opened in the "Sala Verde" in 1948.
Politically, after the war the population of Goito - primarily composed of agricultural labourers - organized in the Federbraccianti trade union began supporting the Italian Communist Party, transforming the small town into a left-wing stronghold. The national strike of agricultural labourers of 1949 was especially significant in Goito, and in the course of the labour unrest, some farmhouses were blown up with sticks of dynamite. 14 leftist activists, including the secretary of the Camera del Lavoro Angelo Vincenzi, were arrested for criminal conspiracy, illegal possession of firearms and criminal damage. In 1952 the charges against Vincenzi and six others were dismissed for lack of evidence, while seven others received jail sentences.
At municipal elections in 1949, the Communist trade unionist Gina Magnoni was elected mayor of Goito - the first woman to ever win a mayoral election in Mantua province. Local Communist leader Narciso Vaccari then won municipal elections in 1951 and 1956. The authorities of the newly democratic Republic of Italy were still often unsympathetic to labour unrest and political activism. On 27 July 1954 for instance the Prefect of Mantua suspended Vaccari from his mayor functions for three months after he had held political speeches and had incited working farm-labourers to join 15 June 1954 national farmhand's strike.
In 1959, to Vaccari's delight, the local team of Goito won the Italian championship of Tamburello, a ball game primarily played in Lombardy and Piedmont.
The hold of the Communist party declined in the following years. In local elections in 1960, the Communist Party suffered electoral defeat, and the town elected a mayor from the Italian Catholic Christian-Democrat party, dott. Aldo Pampuri. The town's Christian Democrats narrowly won municipal elections again on 22 November 1964, when Sereno Guindolini obtained the highest number of preferences. A Christian Democratic majority in the municipal council was again returned by the municipal elections of 7 June 1970. Elections in 1975 and 1980 and the lack of a clear win for either Christian Democrats or Communists consecrated instead as mayor the Partito Socialista Italiano candidate Rinaldo Rabbi (a former Christian Democrat ward councillor), first in alliance with the Communists, then with their Christian Democrat rivals. Mayor Rabbi was a controversial figure in local politics, and was widely believed to administer the municipality from an out-of-town pizzeria and ballroom named "Mocambo". Rabbi was eventually dropped from the Socialist Party mayoral candidacy following internal party disagreements but remained active and influential in local politics as an alderman. In 1985 a fragile local alliance headed by Christian Democrat Cesarino Marchioro run the municipality until political disagreement scuttled the municipal government in 1987. On 28 May 1989, new elections were held to provide the beleaguered town with a functioning municipal government. Communist leader Giancarlo Pajetta is supposed to have given one of his last political speeches during this municipal election. The Communist bid for power was unsuccessful, and the Socialist Ilario Chiaventi, brother of Communist President of the Province of Mantua and future MP Massimo Chiaventi, was eventually sworn in as mayor, with Cesarino Marchioro as deputy mayor.
Goito found itself at the heart of a national political scandal when in Autumn 1989 former mayor Rinaldo Rabbi - then an alderman - was arrested and charged with arms trafficking. Rabbi had been selling homemade submachine guns, manufactured by a local Goito gunsmith, to criminals in the Mantova and Verona area, and allegedly even to the Mafia. When another local politician, social-democratic former deputy mayor (from '75 to '80) and planning committee chairperson (from '85 to'88) Arnaldo Vincenzi was arrested and sentenced to one year and ten months for the crimes of extortion and abuse of public office, national daily Corriere della Sera asked if Goito deserved "the prize for being the most turbulent municipality in the region". Former mayor Rabbi was later arrested and imprisoned in the Canton Mombello Brescia jail on charges of paedophilia, and later released to house arrest.
Goito in the Second Republic
In the early 1990s Operation clean hands or "Mani Pulite" brought an end to the extant political system in Italy, and all extant Italian parties either disappeared or were founded anew. With established parties by and large discredited Enzo Cartapati, a former Communist leader was elected mayor of Goito in 1991 for the newly established social democratic Democratic Party of the Left. In 1994 he was re-elected mayor for the Democrats of the Left. In the late 1990s the political scene in northern Italy was transformed by the emergence of a new kind of regionalist and populist political force, the Lega Lombarda, which attracted considerable support in Mantua province and in Goito. In 1998 the former Christian Democrat Pietro Marcazzan led a coalition of new centre-right forces centred on the Lega to victory and became the first centre-right mayor of Goito. Marcazzan's tenure was successful and he was reconfirmed mayor in 2002. In 2007, as Marcazzan left to pursue national-level politics, Anita Marchetti ran for mayoral office supported by Lega and Forza Italia and won the municipal election. Marchetti made the national news when she insisted admissions at the municipal kindergarten would from then onwards be reserved exclusively for "the children of Christian parents". Marcazzan eventually returned to challenge Marchetti and was elected mayor for the third time in 2012. In 2017 the son of the late Socialist mayor Ilario Chiaventi, Pietro Chiaventi, was elected mayor at the head of a non-political, civic list promising to "turn a new page" for Goito.
From the early 2000s, a substantial number of immigrants have settled in Goito and found work in the town's local industries. Some have acquired Italian citizenship in the process. As of 1 January 2020, 1.249 foreign citizens resided in Goito, amounting to 12.4% of the entire population of the commune. This number does not include foreign-born citizens who acquired citizenship after settling in Italy. By far the largest group of immigrants to Goito has come from the Indian State of the Punjab, and as of 2020 536 Indian citizens resided in Goito. Most Indian immigrants to Goito are Sikh and are employed in the local dairy industry as either entrepreneurs or labouring farm-hands, and worship at a local gurdwara in Rivalta sul Mincio. In 2015 an amritdhari Sikh resident of Goito was fined for carrying a kirpan. The fine on the carrying of the kirpan was later upheld by Italy's higher appeal court, the Corte di Cassazione. The Court's sentence has been interpreted by some as an infringement on the religious liberties of Sikhs and widely reported in international media as a ban on the kirpan. In India, MP Gurjeet Singh Aulja met with Italian diplomats to discuss the affair and was assured no generalized ban on kirpans is operative.
Notable sites
Religious edifices of note
Church of Saint Peter the Apostle
Church of Massimbona
Church of St. Mary Virgin and Martyr at Solarolo
Military edifices of note
Castle of Goito
Castle of Cerlongo
Civic landmarks
Civic Tower
The bridge of Goito ("Ponte della Gloria")
Villa Giraffa
Villa Moschini
Corte Villabona
Monument to the Bersaglieri
Municipal Theater
Twin towns
Goito is twinned with:
Baienfurt, Germany, since 2005
References
Sources
Cities and towns in Lombardy |
4025952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Habbaniyah | Lake Habbaniyah | Lake Habbaniyah ( Baḥīra al-Ḥabbāniya) is a lake located halfway between Ramadi and Fallujah near Al-Taqaddum (TQ) Air Base in Al Habbaniyah in Anbar Province, Iraq.
In the late 1930s and 1940s Lake Habbaniyah was used by Imperial Airways as a refueling point and hotel for flying boats flying from the United Kingdom to India. Nearby on the banks of the Euphrates had already been established the Royal Air Force airbase of RAF Dhibban, later renamed RAF Habbaniya.
It was the scene of action during the Rashid Ali rebellion Anglo-Iraqi War when the RAF trainee aircrew and troops stationed there effectively saw off the besieging Iraqi troops and subsequent German aerial attacks.
See also
123 Signals Unit RAF
Al Taqaddum - TQ
RAF Habbaniya
Lake Tharthar
Lake Milh
Lake Qadisiyah
Mosul Dam
List of dams and reservoirs in Iraq
Wildlife of Iraq
References
Al Anbar Governorate
Lakes of Iraq
Euphrates |
4025953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldola | Meldola | Meldola () is a town and comune near Forlì, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
History
The area of Meldola was inhabited since very ancient times. The Romans built here a large aqueduct (still existing under the ground) which served the military port of Classis. To the 5th-6th century belongs a large patrician villa which is now under the historical centre.
In the Middle Ages a castle was present, the name Meldola first attested around the year 1000. The castle was a possession of the Montefeltro, Ordelaffi, Malatesta, the Borghese Aldobrandini and the Doria Pamphilj. It gained the status of city in 1862, soon after the unification of Italy.
Main sights
Rocca (castle)
Castle of Teodorano, outside the city. Of the originary fortified burgh, destroyed by Cesare Borgia, a tower and part of the walls remain.
Church of the Madonna del Sasso (1523). It is now home to the Ecology Museum.
Churches of San Cosimo and San Nicolò.
Ponte dei Veneziani (Venetians' Bridge), a 5-arch bridge dating from the early 16th-century.
Scardavilla Wood preserved area
Rocca delle Caminate fortress, which was a summer residence of Benito Mussolini
Government
List of mayors
Economy
In the late 19th century and in the first years of 20th century, Meldola was well known for its production of silk. The main activities include agriculture and the manufacture of furniture. A recently built oncology hospital provides research into cancer and care for cancer patients.
Notable people
The following notable persons were born in Meldola: the philosopher and theologian Bartolomeo Mastri; the patriot Felice Orsini; the painter Maria Giuditta Versari. Japan football coach
Alberto Zaccheroni was also born in Meldola.
References |
4025954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastling | Eastling | Eastling is a small village 4½ miles to the southwest of Faversham, Kent in England. It is set in a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty on the slope of the North Downs.
The village's Conservation Area boasts some excellent buildings and gardens, and the Eastling Manor House.
St Mary's Church
The village church of St Mary's is believed to have been built on the foundations of an earlier place of worship before the 11th century. The oldest surviving parts are the base of the southwest tower, the nave and the western part of the chancel.
The chancel was extended eastwards in the 14th century to create a sanctuary. About the same time, the St Katherine Chapel and an arcade was added to the southeast corner.
The nave, north aisle and south arcade were substantially rebuilt by the architect R.C. Hussey in 1855-56; the west porch added and the nave re-roofed. St Mary's box pews, pulpit, lectern, rector's stall and choir stalls all date from that era.
Eastling school
Eastling County Primary School opened on Kettle Hill on 7 February 1881 with 80 children. The first head was Bessie Higham; since February 2002 it has been Dave Walsh. It replaced a schoolhouse built before 1842 in Newnham Lane and which doubled as a church hall.
Currently (January 2020) the school has a roll fluctuating around 100 pupils with spaces for 15 new pupils each year at ages 4 and 5.
Transport
A public bus service (the number 660) links the village to Faversham, every day except Sundays.
References
External links
Eastling Village website
Villages in Kent
Borough of Swale
Civil parishes in Kent |
4025956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Flach | Doug Flach | Doug Flach (born August 10, 1970) is a former tennis player from the United States.
Flach won two doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on March 21, 1994, when he reached World No. 108. He defeated Andre Agassi (seeded third) in the first round at Wimbledon in 1996 but lost in the third round. He also defeated Agassi in 1997 at Washington, D.C.
Additionally, Flach had career wins over Ivan Lendl, Pat Rafter, Gustavo Kuerten, and Thomas Johansson. Flach won two doubles titles: one with Paul Annacone and the other with Sandon Stolle. He retired in 1999.
Flach was an All-American at the University of Tennessee in 1990. His older brother Ken was a prominent tour doubles player in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Career finals
Doubles: (2 titles, 4 runner-ups)
External links
1970 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Tennis players from St. Louis
Tennessee Volunteers men's tennis players |
4025957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASER | ASER | ASER may refer to:
Adelaide Station and Environs Redevelopment of Adelaide railway station
Appraisal subordination entitlement reduction |
4025962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Robb%20%28politician%29 | James Robb (politician) | James Alexander Robb, (10 August 1859 – November 11, 1929) was a Canadian Member of Parliament and cabinet minister. Robb was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.
He served as Liberal Party Whip from 1919 to 1921.
From 5 September 1925 to 28 June 1926 and again from 25 September 1926 until his death, he served as Minister of Finance in the administration of William Lyon Mackenzie King. He served briefly as Acting Minister of National Defence in October 1926.
References
External links
1859 births
1929 deaths
Canadian Ministers of Finance
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Laurier Liberals
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
People from Montérégie |
4025965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle%20of%20a%20Summer | Chronicle of a Summer | Chronicle of a Summer (French original title: Chronique d'un été) is a 1961 French documentary film shot during the summer of 1960 by sociologist Edgar Morin and anthropologist and filmmaker Jean Rouch, with the technical and aesthetic collaboration of Québécois director-cameraman Michel Brault.
The film is widely regarded as structurally innovative and an example of cinéma vérité and direct cinema. The term "cinéma vérité" was suggested by the film's publicist and coined by Rouch, highlighting a connection between film and its context, a fact Brault confirmed in an interview after a 2011 screening of Chronique d'un été at the TIFF Bell Lightbox in Toronto.
In a 2014 Sight & Sound poll, film critics voted Chronicle of a Summer the sixth-best documentary film of all time.
Synopsis
The film begins with Rouch and Morin discussing whether it is possible to act sincerely on camera. A cast of real-life individuals are then introduced and led by the filmmakers to discuss topics related to French society and working-class happiness. At the movie's end, the filmmakers show their subjects the footage and have them discuss the level of reality that they thought the movie achieved.
Production
Chronicle of a Summer was filmed in Paris and Saint-Tropez, France. Rouch used synchronized sound, using a 16 mm camera connected through pilottone with a prototype of Nagra III, a transistorized tape recorder with electronic speed control developed by Stefan Kudelski.
Cast
All cast members appear as themselves.
Jean Rouch
Edgar Morin
Marceline Loridan-Ivens
Marilù Parolini (as Mary Lou)
Angelo
Jean-Pierre Sergent
Jean (worker)
Nadine Ballot (student)
Régis Debray (student)
Céline (student)
Jean-Marc (student)
Landry (student)
Raymond (student)
Jacques (office workers)
Simone (office workers)
Henri (artist)
Madi (artist)
Catherine (artist)
Sophie (One cover girl)
Véro (young girl, uncredited)
Maxie (Jacques' wife, uncredited)
Jacques Rivette (cameo, scene deleted)
See also
Inquiring Nuns
References
External links
Chronicle of a Summer: Truth and Consequences an essay by Sam Di Iorio at the Criterion Collection
1961 documentary films
1961 films
French films
French documentary films
French avant-garde and experimental films
Self-reflexive films
Films directed by Jean Rouch
Films produced by Anatole Dauman
1960s French-language films |
4025968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesse%20%28cigarette%29 | Noblesse (cigarette) | Noblesse () is an Israeli brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Dubek. The name "Noblesse" comes from the French term Noblesse oblige, which means "nobility obliges".
History
Noblesse was first launched in 1952 in a distinct green, 80mm, 'soft-pack' which has never been dramatically changed. It is the oldest in Dubek's product line. The cigarette also has the highest tar (19 mg) and nicotine (1.3 mg) amounts available on the Israeli cigarette market.
Despite Dubek's original plans to make Nobblesse cigarettes a premium priced cigarette, its cheap price made it popular with generations of soldiers, Kibbutzniks and even prisoners who wanted to smoke but not burn too much money. However, in more recent times, the Noblesse brand is barely smoked in the Israel Defense Forces anymore, as it holds a 1% sale rate amongst the soldiers and other brands like Marlboro and Camel have become more popular over the years.
Dubek has since made three additions to the Noblesse family: A lower nicotine/tar blend branded Noblesse Virginia Blend, an even lower nicotine/tar blend in a flip-top pack branded American Blue and Noblesse Golden Virginia. Noblesse cigarettes are also distributed or sold by the Israel Defense Forces to imprisoned soldiers within Israeli military prisons.
Noblesse cigarettes have a special place in the Israeli history, as a feature of young people who want to realize the values of the 1960s "Sex and drugs and rock and roll phase" Apparently this place was given to the brand due to the distribution of free Noblesse cigarettes in Kibbutz, which has become a feature of the youth and the Nahal.
In March 2013, it was reported that Dubek contacted Ben Ezra, the Kosher supervisor, to approve their brands (which are Noblesse, Time and Golf) as Kosher for Passover. During the holiday, Jewish law forbids Chametz – anything consisting of grains that may have come in contact with water, starting the process of fermentation. Some Jews, including many who are not religiously observant the rest of the year, spend weeks before Passover cleaning their homes and belongings to rid them of any morsel of food considered to be Chametz.
In January 2015, as taxes on cigarettes were increased in Israel, Noblesse cigarettes were sold significantly less as consumers chose to buy cheaper brands.
Marketing
Noblesse has appeared in some Israeli newspapers via advertisements.
In 2015, limited edition packs were released, featuring a special camouflage pattern on all the pack variants.
Markets
Noblesse is or was sold in Israel, the Netherlands, Denmark (As Nobless), Switzerland, Canada and Argentina.
Products
Noblesse Filter: Full flavor, length: 80 mm, available in soft pack
Noblesse Golden Virginia: Medium flavor, length: 80 mm, available in soft pack
Noblesse Blend: Refined flavor, length: 80 mm, available in soft pack
See also
Dubek
References
Israeli cigarette brands
Products of Israel
Israeli brands
Dubek brands |
4025969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20in%20Argentina | 2006 in Argentina | Events in the year 2006 in Argentina.
Incumbents
President: Néstor Kirchner
Vice President: Daniel Scioli
Governors
Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Felipe Solá
Governor of Catamarca Province: Eduardo Brizuela del Moral
Governor of Chaco Province: Roy Nikisch
Governor of Chubut Province: Mario Das Neves
Governor of Córdoba: José Manuel De la Sota
Governor of Corrientes Province: Arturo Colombi
Governor of Entre Ríos Province: Jorge Busti
Governor of Formosa Province: Gildo Insfrán
Governor of Jujuy Province: Eduardo Fellner
Governor of La Pampa Province: Carlos Verna
Governor of La Rioja Province: Ángel Maza
Governor of Mendoza Province: Julio Cobos
Governor of Misiones Province: Carlos Rovira
Governor of Neuquén Province: Jorge Sobisch
Governor of Río Negro Province: Miguel Saiz
Governor of Salta Province: Juan Carlos Romero
Governor of San Juan Province: José Luis Gioja
Governor of San Luis Province: Alberto Rodríguez Saá
Governor of Santa Cruz Province: Sergio Acevedo (until 30 March); Carlos Sancho (starting 30 March)
Governor of Santa Fe Province: Jorge Obeid
Governor of Santiago del Estero: Gerardo Zamora
Governor of Tierra del Fuego: Jorge Colazo
Governor of Tucumán: José Alperovich
Vice Governors
Vice Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Graciela Giannettasio
Vice Governor of Catamarca Province: Hernán Colombo
Vice Governor of Chaco Province: Eduardo Aníbal Moro
Vice Governor of Corrientes Province: Tomás Rubén Pruyas
Vice Governor of Entre Rios Province: Pedro Guastavino
Vice Governor of Formosa Province: Floro Bogado
Vice Governor of Jujuy Province: Walter Barrionuevo
Vice Governor of La Pampa Province: Norma Durango
Vice Governor of La Rioja Province: Luis Beder Herrera
Vice Governor of Misiones Province: Pablo Tschirsch
Vice Governor of Nenquen Province: Federico Brollo
Vice Governor of Rio Negro Province: Mario de Rege
Vice Governor of Salta Province: Walter Wayar
Vice Governor of San Juan Province: Marcelo Lima
Vice Governor of San Luis Province: Blanca Pereyra
Vice Governor of Santa Cruz: Carlos Sancho (until 30 March); vacant thereafter (starting 30 March)
Vice Governor of Santa Fe Province: María Eugenia Bielsa
Vice Governor of Santiago del Estero: Blanca Porcel
Vice Governor of Tierra del Fuego: vacant
Events
January
3 January: Four years after defaulting on its external debt, Argentina pays its US$9.57 billion debt with the International Monetary Fund.
24 January: Venezuela buys an additional US$312 million of Argentina's national debt, adding to the US$1 billion already purchased. The government of Hugo Chávez says that the scheme will further South American integration.
31 January: After a meeting with executives of the main supermarket chains, the government announces an extension of price agreements until the end of the year (aimed at containing inflation).
Brazil and Argentina agree on trade barriers (exceptions to the free trade practices of Mercosur) to preserve local industries.
Santa Fe cancels its water service contract with Aguas Provinciales de Santa Fe, part of the French corporation Suez.
February
6 February: A protest of oil industry workers blocks Provincial Route 43 in Las Heras, Santa Cruz. A violent attempt to free an imprisoned protester results in the death of a policeman.
7 February: The National Food Safety and Quality Service announces the discovery of 70 head of cattle with foot-and-mouth disease in the San Luis del Palmar Department, Corrientes. Major buyers of Argentine meat (such as Chile, Russia, the European Union, Israel, Brazil and Uruguay) totally or partially suspend imports. Initial estimates are US$250 million in losses for the Argentine meat export sector.
12 February: A rainstorm causes widespread flooding in Jujuy, especially in the capital and the cities of Palpalá and Libertador General San Martín. Over the following days 1,300 people have to be evacuated, and seven die.
15 February: The Argentine branch of Telefónica withdraws a suit for US$2,384 million against Argentina at the CIADI (associated with the World Bank) and announces US$300 million in investments for 2006.
The EU announces it will restrict Argentine meat imports only from the parts of Corrientes where foot-and-mouth disease was found.
March
7 March: Mayor of Buenos Aires, Aníbal Ibarra, is removed from office by an impeachment jury on accusations related to the República Cromagnon nightclub fire. (ABC News)
8 March: After several weeks of persistent rises in the cost of red meat, the Minister of Economy announces a suspension of most beef exports for 180 days, attempting to increase internal offer. (Reuters)
8 March: An Argentine military aircraft crashes after takeoff from El Alto International Airport in La Paz, Bolivia, killing all six people on board. The aircraft was a Learjet 35A.
13 March: The ice bridge of the Perito Moreno Glacier ruptures approximately at 11 p.m., after several days of minor activity that attracted thousands of tourists. (La Nación)
15 March: Governor of Santa Cruz, Sergio Acevedo, resigns "for personal reasons" in the midst of a scandal over illegal detention of oil union workers. (La Nación)
19 March: Top officers of the Navy are found to be involved in a vast espionage operation that included dossiers on Minister of Defense Nilda Garré, her children and their regular activities, personal information on the President, data on social activists, etc., as well as files related to the last dictatorship that the Navy had previously denied to possess. The President orders the removal of several officers and shuts off the whole Intelligence Division of the Navy. (Página/12, La Nación, Clarín)
21 March: The Environmental Assembly of Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, lifts the blockade of Route 136 that leads to Uruguay, which had started 45 days before in protest for the installation of cellulose plants on the Uruguay River. (La Nación)
The national government cancels the concession with Aguas Argentinas (of the Suez Group) for the provision of water to Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area, over low quality of services and other contractual breaches. (Clarín)
24 March: Events throughout the country commemorate the 30th anniversary of the coup d'état that started the military dictatorship of the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional. The date was declared a public holiday this year.
Declassified documents in the U.S. reveal that the Argentine military acknowledged 22,000 kidnappings and/or killings between 1975 and mid-1978. (La Nación)
April
3 April: The government of Buenos Aires City shuts down 18 clandestine clothing sweatshops that employed around 300 Bolivian immigrants under conditions of near-slavery, following widespread accusations. (La Nación)
The city of Tartagal, Salta, becomes practically isolated from the rest of the province after weeks of increased rainfall cause the Tartagal River to destroy or severely damage access roads and bridges. (La Nación)
20 April: Around 60% of the population of San Salvador de Jujuy (some 200,000 inhabitants) are left without water by the collapse of a master pipe. The city government delivers bottled water to affected neighbourhoods. (La Nación)
24 April: A collision between a passenger bus and a truck kills 10 people, members of two different families, in Marcos Paz, Argentina.
30 April: The water service starts to return to San Salvador de Jujuy after 9 days. (Clarín)
May
4 May: Argentina accuses Uruguay, before the International Court of Justice, of violating the Uruguay River Statute by unilaterally authorizing the construction of two cellulose plants on its shore. (La Nación)
8 May: The national government announces the opening of bids for the construction of a high-speed railway that will link Buenos Aires, Rosario and Córdoba by 2009. (Clarín, La Capital, La Voz del Interior)
23 May: Agricultural and livestock producers of La Pampa protest the national government's measures restricting exports of beef and grains with a 1,600-vehicle parade down the streets of the capital Santa Rosa and a 2,500-people assembly. (Clarín)
25 May: Celebration of the 196th anniversary of the May Revolution. Before some 100,000 people gathered at the Plaza de Mayo, President Néstor Kirchner assesses the achievements of the 3rd year of his administration, avoiding partisan discourse. (Clarín, La Nación , Página/12)
26 May: The Ministry of Economy partially lifts the beef export ban set in March, allowing for a quota for June–November equivalent to 40% of the exports of the same period in 2005. (La Nación)
After large losses during the week due to fears that the U.S. Federal Reserve would raise interest rates, the MERVAL index of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange rebounds, going up by more than 6%. (La Nación)
June
21 – 26 June: Truckers boycott Chinese-owned stores after a truck driver is shot by a store manager
21 June: The trial begins of Miguel Etchecolatz, a former senior police officer accused of murder, torture and forced disappearance during the Dirty War. He is the first to be prosecuted after Congress repealed the Ley de Punto Final in 2003.
29 June: Argentina agrees to accept a 56% increase in the price of natural gas imported from Bolivia, to US$5 per million BTU until 31 December 2006, and then to be re-calculated. Bolivia promises to increase exports, eventually to reach 27.7 million m³. The agreement states that Argentina must use the gas for internal consumption only, ostensibly because Bolivia does not want it to be sold to Chile. (La Nación)
July
2 July: Sudden ice thawing and massive rain on the course of the rivers Grande and Turbio cause floodings in Tierra del Fuego, damaging parts of National Route 3 and leaving 65,000 people in Río Grande without drinking water. (La Nación)
The Argentine government calls the UK's decision to grant broad 25-year fishing licenses to Falklanders "illicit and unilateral", since the area is "subject to a sovereignty controversy". (La Nación)
20 July: The Summit of the Mercosur starts in Córdoba, for the first time with Venezuela as a full member, and with the presence of invited presidents Michelle Bachelet (Chile), Evo Morales (Bolivia) and Fidel Castro (Cuba). (Clarín)
22 July: Agricultural and livestock farmers go on strike, to last four days, against national government policies (lack of a development/assistance plan, exports taxes and restrictions, etc.). (Clarín)
24 July: The government launches a plan to expand the stock of cattle by 20% in 4 years, with subsidized credit and tax exemptions for farmers worth nearly 900 million pesos ($290/€225 million). (Clarín)
25 July: Argentina raises export taxes for natural gas from 20 to 45% and over a higher price, set by an agreement with Bolivia, in turn sharply increasing costs of imported gas for Chile. (La Nación)
26 July: A strong, unexpected 20-minute hailstorm in the Buenos Aires area leaves 15 wounded, hundreds of broken windows, and damage to thousands of vehicles. (Clarín, La Nación)
29 July: Union and business leaders negotiate a raise of the minimum monthly wage from 630 to 800 pesos ($260, €200) in three steps, ending in November. (Clarín)
A fire in a transformer station causes a blackout in Buenos Aires City, initially leaving 228,000 without power. (Clarín)
August
4 August: Julio Simón (aka "El Turco Julián") becomes the first Dirty War criminal to be convicted and sentenced by prosecution following the repeal of the Due Obedience and Full Stop laws. He was convicted of abducting the child of "disappeared" parents and passing it on for adoption. (La Nación)
5 August: An earthquake of magnitude 5.7 in the Richter scale, with its epicenter in Barrancas, 25 km from Mendoza City and the strongest in 20 years in the area, is felt in Mendoza, La Rioja, San Juan and Córdoba. A magnitude 3.7 earthquake happens the next day in the same area. Together they cause minor or moderate damage to about 600 buildings and injuries to several people. (La Nación, La Nación)
10 August: The Senate passes a law that authorizes the performance of tubal ligation and vasectomy without the need of medical reasons or spousal consent. The law mandates that surgical sterilization be done without charge in public hospitals and that it be included in labor union and private health insurance plans. (Clarín, Página/12, La Nación)
September
18 September: Argentina and Paraguay agree to settle Paraguay's debt of $11,000 million for the joint Yaciretá dam project. Paraguay will pay using its share of hydroelectricity, at the rate of "8000 gigawatts " per year for 40 years.
October
5 October: The Senate passes a law that makes sex education compulsory in all schools, private and public, starting at the initial level (5 years of age), to be implemented by each establishment respecting "its institutional body of ideas and the convictions of its members". (Clarín)
13 October: Cellulose plant conflict: Demonstrators again block border crossings between Argentina and Uruguay after the World Bank announces its decision to continue funding the disputed paper mills.
25 October: Argentine prosecutors formally charge the Iranian government and the Lebanese militia Hezbollah over the 1994 bombing of a Jewish centre which killed 85 people.
November
December
3 December: Russia wins the 2006 Davis Cup after a 3–2 victory over Argentina.
Deaths
8 January: José Luis Sánchez, 31, football (soccer) player, from injuries sustained in a biking accident.
9 February: José María Mainetti, physician, surgeon and oncologist.
10 March: Alberto Migré, telenovela screenwriter and producer.
5 April: Marcelo Real, 48, sportscaster.
14 April: Raúl Quijano, 82, former foreign minister.
1 May: Raúl Francisco Primatesta, Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Córdoba.
4 May: Alejandra Boero, actress and director.
16 May: Jorge Porcel, actor and comedian.
25 May: Aída Luz, theater and film actress.
28 May: Fermín Chávez, 82, historian, complications from renal failure. , ,
29 June: Fabián Bielinsky, film director.
8 July: Ana María Campoy, actress.
11 July: Oscar Moro, musician.
4 August: Leopoldo Bravo, politician and diplomat.
22 September: Enrique Gorriarán Merlo, revolutionary and guerrilla leader.
6 October: Eduardo Mignogna, 66, film director.
4 November: Delfor Medina, 78, actor.
16 November: Pablo Shilton, 38, actor, Car accident.
19 November: Julio Ramos, 71, journalist, director of Ámbito Financiero, leukemia.
20 November: Saúl Ubaldini, 69, labor leader and parliamentarian for the Peronist party, lung cancer.
22 December: Jorge Manuel López, Archbishop Emeritus of Rosario
26 December: Nelva Méndez de Falcone, 76, pioneering member of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, lung disease.
Sports
See worldwide 2006 in sports
7 May: Boca Juniors wins the 2006 Clausura Argentine Championship.
14 September: Boca Juniors wins the 2006 Recopa Sudamericana against São Paulo FC in the second match held in São Paulo.
See also
List of Argentine films of 2006
References
Years of the 21st century in Argentina |
4025987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artashumara | Artashumara | Artashumara (Mittani Aryan: ; Akkadian: ) was a pretender to the throne of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC.
Name
The name is the Akkadian form of the Mittani Aryan name , which is a cognate of the Vedic Sanskrit term (), meaning "he remembers Ṛta".
Reign
His reign was very short or non-existent before he was murdered, and his younger brother Tushratta, succeeded him.
See also
Mitanni
References
Hurrian kings
14th-century BC rulers |
4025990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Blochman | Lawrence Blochman | Lawrence Goldtree Blochman (February 17, 1900 – January 22, 1975) was an American detective story writer and translator.
Lawrence Blochman was born in San Diego, California, to Lucien A. Blochman, a banker, and his wife Haidee Goldtree. He began writing early. As a junior at San Diego High School, Blochman reported school sports for the San Diego Evening Tribune and, as a senior, he replaced the Tribune sports editor who had left to serve in World War I. Blochman then attended the University of California, Berkeley where he edited the college newspaper, the Daily Californian. In the summer he served as a police reporter for the Tribune and a courthouse reporter for the San Diego Sun. He graduated from college in 1921.
After graduation, he tried to write his "way around the world," working in Tokyo for the Japan Advertiser, in Hong Kong for the South China Morning Post, in Shanghai for the Far Eastern Review, in Calcutta for The Englishman, and in Paris for the Chicago Tribune. He returned to San Diego as city editor of the Sun in 1924. In 1926, he married Marguerite Maillard in Paris.
Writing as Lawrence G. Blochman, he published more than 50 books, including many mystery and detective novels, as well as several hundred short stories, novelettes, and articles. Several of his stories were made into films, television programs, and radio shows. He also translated more than a dozen books and detective stories from the French, including novels by the celebrated Belgian writer Georges Simenon.
In 1948, Blochman served as the fourth president of the Mystery Writers of America, following Baynard Kendrick, Ellery Queen, and Hugh Pentecost. In 1951, Blochman's "Diagnosis: Homicide" received an Edgar Award in the Best Short Story category. He was vice president of the Overseas Press Club and winner of its Meritorious Service Award in 1959. He died in New York City in 1975. His widow Marguerite died there in 1991. Blochman's family was of French Jewish origin and was among the pioneers in San Diego.
Bibliography
Bombay Mail (1934)
Bengal Fire (1937)
Red Snow at Darjeeling (1938)
Midnight Sailing (1939)
Blow Down (1940)
Wives to Burn (1940)
See You at the Morgue (1946)
Diagnosis: Homicide (1950)
Death Walks in Marble Halls aka Murder Walks in Marble Halls (1951)
Pursuit (1951)
Rather Cool for Mayhem (1952)
Recipe for Homicide (1952)
Clues for Dr. Coffee (1964)
External links and sources
"The Blochman Saga in San Diego" by Trudie Casper in the Journal of San Diego History, Winter 1977, Volume 23, Number 1
1900 births
1975 deaths
American mystery writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
Edgar Award winners
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American editors
20th-century American translators
American male novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers |
4025991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20569%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | County Route 569 (New Jersey) | County Route 569 (CR 569) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Quakerbridge Road (CR 533) in Lawrence Township to Broad Street (CR 518) in Hopewell Borough.
Route description
CR 569 begins at an intersection with CR 533 in Lawrence Township, heading to the west on Province Line Road, which quickly narrows from a divided highway into a two-lane undivided road. Passing through a residential neighborhood, the road turns northwest as it crosses the Delaware and Raritan Canal and comes into wooded areas with some homes. CR 569 reaches the CR 583 intersection, turning southwest onto that route before splitting and heading north on Fackler Road. Along this road, the route passes homes and farms before coming to a brief concurrency with US 206. Past US 206, CR 569 continues north on Carter Road and passes through mostly residential areas with some farms and corporate parks. The road intersects CR 604 before coming into Hopewell Township and meeting CR 625. From this point, the road continues north, with the surroundings becoming more rural as it comes into Hopewell Borough, where CR 569 becomes municipally-maintained Princeton Avenue. The route passes homes before reaching its northern terminus at an intersection with CR 518.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
569
569 |
4025994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooton | Hooton | Hooton may refer to:
Places in England
Hooton, Cheshire
Hooton Park, disused aerodrome
Hooton railway station
Hooton Levitt, South Yorkshire
Hooton Pagnell, South Yorkshire
Hooton Roberts, South Yorkshire
Other uses
Hooton (surname)
See also
Houghton (disambiguation) |
4025998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20Milligan | Luke Milligan | Luke Milligan (born 6 August 1976 in Barnet, London) is a former tennis player from the United Kingdom, who turned professional in 1995.
The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 8 July 1996, when he became the world number 217 just after he had won through to the third round of the Wimbledon tournament.
Also in 1996 he represented Great Britain in the Davis cup in an away tie vs Ghana, winning 2 singles matches.
Turning to coaching in 2003, Luke has coached several top British players including Laura Robson Arvind Parmar and Anne Keothavong.
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
English male tennis players
People from Chipping Barnet
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Greater London |
4026000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20McClements | Catherine McClements | Catherine McClements (born 1965, Melbourne) is an Australian actress.
Early life
McClements attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), graduating in 1985, alongside Baz Luhrmann, Sonia Todd and Justin Monjo. In 1988, McClements, along with a number of other people including Baz Luhrmann, set up an experimental theatre ensemble called 'Six Years Old', and they worked on expanding the play Strictly Ballroom, which was first produced in their second year of NIDA in 1984.
Career
In 1993 she had a role in The Girl from Tomorrow Part II: Tomorrow's End. McClements is best known for her starring role as Rachel Goldstein on the Australian police drama Water Rats from 1996 to 1999. She had a recurring guest role on The Secret Life of Us in 2001, for which she won the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Guest Role in a Television Drama. She later starred as Rosie in the 2003 drama series CrashBurn and appeared in the Network Ten telemovie Mary Bryant in 2005.
From 2008 she played Inspector/Superintendent Kerry Vincent, in the Australian police drama, Rush, and psychologist Christine Williams in the Showcase drama, Tangle. A second and third season of Tangle and Rush respectively were announced in 2009, and both aired in 2010. Tangle and Rush were commissioned for new seasons, both to start filming in mid-2011. In 2010, McClements won an AFI award for her role in Tangle. She has also won ASTRA awards for her role in Tangle in 2011 and 2013.
McClements is also an accomplished stage actress, who has appeared in stage productions for many theatre companies, including Belvoir St Theatre, the Melbourne Theatre Company, the Sydney Theatre Company, Bell Shakespeare and the Malthouse Theatre. In 1987, McClements worked in Adelaide with the South Australia Theatre Company.
In 2011, McClements guest starred in a YouTube and Facebook only show called Queer as F**k, playing Mel – a friend of main character Aaron (Gary Abrahams).
In 2012, McClements was cast as Meg Jackson in Wentworth, a contemporary reimagining of the Australian classic Prisoner. She was cast in a leading role for Season One of Wentworth, but her character did not appear beyond episode one. Also in 2013, McClements will return to the stage, in Sharr White's play The Other Place, for the Melbourne Theatre Company, and Phèdre for Bell Shakespeare.
Earlier in 2013, McClements was cast in new ABC telemovie The Broken Shore, alongside Don Hany, Dan Wyllie and Claudia Karvan. It premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival in October 2013, and aired on the ABC in early 2014.
In September 2013, McClements was cast in the film The Menkoff Method, directed by David Parker.
In 2019 she starred in Ms Fisher's Modern Murder Mysteries as Birdie Birnside.
Personal life
McClements' husband is actor Jacek Koman who also guest starred in The Secret Life of Us as Dominic, though they were not on the show at the same time. They met at the Anthill Theatre in Melbourne in the late 1980s, and have a daughter named Coco (born July 2001) and a son named Quincy (born May 2007). Her sister is Georgina McClements, a producer, who has credits in shows such as Summer Heights High and Real Stories. Her brother is Brendan McClements, who is the current CEO of Victorian Major Events Company. McClements is good friends with fellow actress Claudia Karvan, whom she met at the AFI awards in 1990 and starred with in the film Redheads in 1992.
Filmography
Self
Theatre work
Awards
References
External links
1965 births
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Melbourne
Australian film actresses
Australian stage actresses
Australian television actresses
Date of birth missing (living people)
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni
Living people
Logie Award winners
Best Actress AACTA Award winners |
4026003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippos%20Margaritis | Filippos Margaritis | Filippos Margaritis (1810–1892) is generally acknowledged to have been the first Greek photographer, whose earliest daguerreotypes, of the Acropolis of Athens, date from 1847. Having studied painting in lithography in Paris, he opened a studio in [Athens] in 1837 and began teaching at the School of Fine Arts in 1842. He learned the techniques of the daguerreotypes from the French photographer Philibert Perraud who arrived in Greece in 1847, and in turn passed on his knowledge to the students of Athens Polytechnic around 1850.
Later, he moved on to producing calotypes and albumen prints on paper, including views of the antiquities of Athens as well as formal portraits of Athenian society including members of the courts of King Otto and his successor George I.
He travelled abroad frequently, often to exhibit his work at international exhibitions and fairs. He died in his sister’s home in Würzburg on 1 April 1892.
References
Bibliography
Alkis Xanthakis, Filippos Margaritis, Fotografos Editions, Athens 1990 (64 pp.)
Greek educators
Greek photographers
1810 births
1892 deaths
Smyrniote Greeks |
4026004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20J.%20Houston | Edwin J. Houston | Edwin James Houston (July 9, 1847 – March 1, 1914) was an American electrical engineer, academic, businessman, inventor and writer.
Biography
Houston was born July 9, 1847, to John Mason and Mary (Lamour) Houston in Alexandria, Virginia. He graduated from Central High School of Philadelphia (a degree-granting institution rather than an ordinary high school) in 1864. He received both his Bachelor of Arts and master's degree from the same Central High School, where he then became professor of civil engineering for a short period before holding its chair of Natural Philosophy and Physical Geography. Princeton University awarded him an honorary doctoral degree. He also served as emeritus professor of physics at the Franklin Institute and professor of physics at the Medico-Chirurgical College.
While teaching physics at Central High School in Philadelphia, he helped design an arc light generator with his former student colleague Elihu Thomson. Together, they created the Thomson-Houston Electric Company in 1882 which soon after moved to Lynn, Massachusetts. He served as chief electrician of Philadelphia's International Electrical Exhibition in 1884.
In 1892, Thomson-Houston merged with the Edison General Electric Company to form General Electric, with management from Thomson-Houston largely running the new company. In 1894, Houston formed a consulting firm in electrical engineering with Arthur Kennelly. He and Kennelly had also jointly published a series called "Primers of Electricity" in 1884.
Houston was twice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1893–1895). He was a member of the United States Electrical Commission, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Philosophical Society and many others. He also authored books for a series called "The Wonder Books of Science" to include The Wonder Book of Volcanoes and Earthquakes, The Wonder Book of the Atmosphere, The Wonder Book of Light, and the Wonder Book of Magnetism. He died from heart failure in Philadelphia on March 1, 1914.
Works
Works by Houston
(Edited list, drawn from January 21, 1911 Electrical Review and Western Electrician p. 125)
Outlines of Natural Philosophy
Easy Lessons in Natural Philosophy
The Measurement of Electric Current
Recent Types of Dynamo-Electric Machinery
Elements of Physical Geology Eldredge & Brother (1878, 1901, 1904)
Intermediate Lessons in Natural Philosophy Eldredge & Brother (1881, 1884)
Elements of Chemistry: for the use of Schools, Academies, and Colleges Eldredge & Brother (1883, 1898)
Primers of Electricity (1884)
International Electric Exhibition of 1884
Short Course in Chemistry (1884)
Electric Furnaces (1888)
Electrical Measurements and Other Advanced Primers of Electricity W.J. Johnston Company, Limited (1893)
The Electric Transmission of Intelligence: and other Advanced Primers of Electricity W. J. Johnston Company, Limited (1893)
Primers of Forestry (1893)
Outlines of Forestry (1893)
Electricity One Hundred Years Ago and Today W.J. Johnston Company, Ltd. (1894)
A Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases (1894) (New York : P. F. Collier, 1902) Vol.1, Vol.2
Electrical Engineering Leaflets (1895)
Alternating Currents (1897, 1906)
Elements of Natural Philosophy (1897)
Arc Lighting (1897, 1906)
Incandescent Lighting (1897, 1906)
Electric Telegraphy McGraw Publishing Co. (1897, 1906)
Pocket Electrical Dictionary (1898)
Electricity and Magnetism: being a Series of Advanced Primers McGraw Publishing Co. (1899)
Electricity in Everyday Life (1904) Vol.3 (1905)
Franklin as a Man of Science (1906)
The Boy Geologist:at School and in Camp Henry Altemus Company (1907)
The Boy Electrician (1907)
The Wonder Book of Volcanoes and Earthquakes Frederick A. Stokes Company (1907, 1908)
The Wonder Book of the Atmosphere Frederick A. Stokes Company (1907)
The Search for the North Pole (1907)
The Discovery of the North Pole (1907)
Cast Away at the North Pole (1907)
In Captivity in the Pacific (1907)
The Wonder Book of the Light (1908)
The Wonder Book of the Magnetism (1908)
Five Months on a Derelict (1908)
Wrecked on a Coral Island (1908)
At School in the Cannibal Islands (1909)
A Chip of the Old Block (1910)
Works by Houston & Kennelly
Alternating Electric Currents The W.J. Johnston Company (1895)
Electrical Engineering Leaflets : Advanced Grade Electrical World & Engineer (1895)
Electrical Engineering Leaflets : Intermediate Grade Electrical World & Engineer (1895)
Electric Heating The W.J. Johnston Company (1895, 1897, 1906)
Electricity in Electro-Therapeutics McGraw Publishing Co. (1896, 1897, 1898, 1903, 1906)
Electric Incandescent Lighting The W.J. Johnston Company (1896)
The Electric Motor and the Transmission Power The W.J. Johnston Company (1896, 1906)
Electric Street Railways The W.J. Johnston Company (1896, 1897, 1906)
Electro-dynamic Machinery for Continuous Currents The W.J. Johnston Company (1896)
Algebra Made Easy American technical Book Company (1897, 1898)
Magnetism McGraw Publishing Company (1897, 1906)
The Electric Telephone McGraw Publishing Company (1897, 1902, 1906)
Electricity Made Easy: by Simple Language and Copious Illustration American Technical Book Company (1898)
Interpretation of Mathematical Formulæ McGraw Publishing Co. (1898, 1900)
Electric Arc Lighting Electrical World & Engineer (1902, 1906)
Works with other collaborators
Louis Gathmann, Rain Produced At Will Louis Gathmann (1891)
Alfred Newlin Seal, The Elements of Physics Hinds, Noble & Eldredge (1912)
See also
Thomson-Houston Electric Company
References
External links
1847 births
1914 deaths
American educators
American business writers
American chief executives
American civil engineers
American electrical engineers
American engineering writers
American inventors
Businesspeople from Alexandria, Virginia
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Engineers from Virginia
General Electric people
19th-century American businesspeople
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia) |
4026007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescent%20display | Electroluminescent display | Electroluminescent Displays (ELDs) are a type of flat panel display created by sandwiching a layer of electroluminescent material such as GaAs between two layers of conductors. When current flows, the layer of material emits radiation in the form of visible light. Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical and electrical phenomenon where a material emits light in response to an electric current passed through it, or to a strong electric field. The term "electroluminescent display" describes displays that use neither LED nor OLED devices, that instead use traditional electroluminescent materials. Beneq is the only manufacturer of TFEL (Thin Film Electroluminescent Display) and TAESL displays, which are branded as LUMINEQ Displays. The structure of a TFEL is similar to that of a passive matrix LCD or OLED display, and TAESL displays are essentially transparent TEFL displays with transparent electrodes. TAESL displays can have a transparency of 80%. Both TEFL and TAESL displays use chip-on-glass technology, which mounts the display driver IC directly on one of the edges of the display. TAESL displays can be embedded onto glass sheets. Unlike LCDs, TFELs are much more rugged and can operate at temperatures from −60 to 105°C and unlike OLEDs, TFELs can operate for 100,000 hours without considerable burn-in, retaining about 85% of their initial brightness. The electroluminescent material is deposited using atomic layer deposition, which is a process that deposits one 1-atom thick layer at a time.
Mechanism
EL works by exciting atoms by passing an electric current through them, causing them to emit photons. By varying the material being excited, the colour of the light emitted can be changed. The actual ELD is constructed using flat, opaque electrode strips running parallel to each other, covered by a layer of electroluminescent material, followed by another layer of electrodes, running perpendicular to the bottom layer. This top layer must be transparent in order to let light escape. At each intersection, the material lights, creating a pixel.
Abbreviations
AMEL Active Matrix Electroluminescence
TFEL Thin Film Electroluminescence
TDEL Thick Dielectric Electroluminescence
See also
Electroluminescence
Display examples
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
References
Electrical phenomena
Luminescence
Lighting
Display technology |
4026017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambit%20%28magazine%29 | Ambit (magazine) | Ambit is a quarterly literary periodical published in the United Kingdom. The magazine was founded in 1959 by Martin Bax, a London novelist and consultant paediatrician. The office of the magazine is in London, and the HQ is registered in Norfolk.
Uniting art, prose, poetry and reviews, the magazine appears quarterly and is distributed internationally. Notable Ambit contributors have included J. G. Ballard, Eduardo Paolozzi, Ralph Steadman, Carol Ann Duffy, Fleur Adcock, Peter Blake and David Hockney. Michael Foreman was art director for 50 years. Derek Birdsall, Alan Kitching and John Morgan Studio are notable designers. Despite the wealth of recognisable names, Ambit also features the work of new, unpublished writers.
In the sixties Ambit became well known for testing the boundaries and social conventions and published many anti-establishment pieces, including an issue with works written under the influence of drugs. Ballard became fiction editor alongside Geoff Nicholson, and Duffy joined Henry Graham as Poetry Editor.
In 2013, poet Briony Bax (and daughter of the poet Adrian Mitchell) became editor, successfully transitioning Ambit to gain charitable status, with the intention to continue Ambit's mission of using art and literature to expand upon the times. Kate Pemberton became fiction editor, with various poetry editors, and sculptor, Olivia Bax as art editor. The magazine held launches at the Tate Gallery and is a regular in Soho, although much of the legacy of Ambit began at the Chelsea Arts Club. After 7 years, Briony Bax stepped up as editor emeritus, after recruiting author, poet and performer, Kirsty Allison (who was first published in Ambit in 2007) first as managing editor, then as editor.
Kirsty Allison introduced Lias Saoudi (Fat White Family) as a guest editor for the first Ambit Pop issue, Ambit 243, which invited him to commission and expand on the Poems, Stories and Art legacy of Ambit. This issue published Rob Doyle, Jenni Fagan, Ben Myers, Wayne Horse, Neal Fox (Le Gun), Zaffar Kunial and more. After an introduction by illustration editor, Dr Mireille Fauchon, Ambit is now designed by Stephen Barrett (who also designed Kirsty Allison's debut novel, Psychomachia (Wrecking Ball Press).
Review
Ambit magazine was described by artist Ralph Steadman as "a surreptitious peek inside a private world. Without it such vital sparks of inspiration could well be lost forever.". The magazine professes not to include in its publication criticisms, essays, articles and lengthy reviews but prefers including real work, the likes and dislikes associated with the readers, creating never a dull moment and always sparking off feedbacks. To quote Carol Ann Duffy, "Ambit continues to surprise, exasperate and delight". Two issues of Ambit a year are put together entirely from unsolicited, previously unpublished poetry and short fiction submissions. One is now a Pop issue, with a guest editor. The other issue is created from winners of the Annual Ambit Awards for Poems, Stories and Art.
References
External links
Ambit website
Interview with Martin Bax on history of Ambit
Ambit statistics website
Ambit about website
1959 establishments in the United Kingdom
Literary magazines published in the United Kingdom
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London
Magazines established in 1959
Poetry literary magazines |
4026023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Soriano%20%28artist%29 | Juan Soriano (artist) | Juan Soriano (born Juan Francisco Rodríguez Montoya; August 18, 1920 – February 10, 2006) was a Mexican artist known for his paintings, sculptures and theater work. He was a child prodigy whose career began early as did his fame with various writers authoring works about him. He exhibited in the United States and Europe as well as major venues in Mexico such as the Museo de Arte Moderno and the Palacio de Bellas Artes. His monumental sculptures can be found in various parts of Mexico and in Europe as well. Recognitions of his work include Mexico's National Art Prize, the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres and membership in France's Legion of Honour.
Life
Soriano was born Juan Francisco Rodríguez Montoya in Guadalajara to Rafael Rodríguez Soriano and Amalia Montoya Navarro. Starting in childhood he began to call himself Juan Soriano, preferring the maternal surname of his father. He described his family of origin as “eccentric.”
He was a child prodigy, and in 1933, his sister introduced him to painter Alfonso Michel Martínez who taught him current modes of Expressionist and neo Baroque painting. He then studied under Francisco Rodríguez “Caracalla” at the Evolución Studio in Guadalajara, which also trained Raúl Anguiano and Jesús Guerrero Galván.
At this time he was also a regular visitor to the home and business of Jesús Reyes Ferreira. Reyes gave him work in his shop to make decorated wrapping paper as he did but Soriano found the work difficult. However, the time here allowed him to meet creators such as Luis Barragán and Roberto Montenegro, experience European art in books and magazines and discover portraits by José María Estrada, which Reyes collected. Soriano also went to his first museum and began to read classic books edited by José Vasconcelos.
His first exhibition of his work allowed him to meet artists such as José Chávez Morado, Lola Álvarez Bravo and María Izquierdo, who encouraged him to move to Mexico City, which he did in 1935 at the age of fifteen, along with his sister Martha. Here he continued a lifelong cultivation of friendships with artists, writers and intellectuals, which Soriano stated was one of the main treasures of his life. These included Xavier Villaurrutia, Carlos Pellicer, Octavio Paz (who wrote several essays about him), Lola and Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Rafael Solana (with whom he traveled to UC Berkeley in 1938), Isabel Villaseñor, Frida Kahlo, Lupe Marín and Salvador Novo. He was part of a regular social circle with Octavio G. Barreda as part of his love for poetry and writing, becoming involved in magazines such as El hijo prodigo and La Revista de la Universidad de México.
Soriano visited Rome for the first time in 1952 and in 1954 visited Crete where he painted Apolo y las musas. He returned to Rome again to live from 1969 to 1975, which allowed him to study classical art.
In 1963 he suffered an automobile accident which he documented in a painting called El accidente.
In 1974, Soriano met Polish dancer Marek Keller on a visit to Paris, introduced by writer Sergio Pitol. This was the beginning of an over thirty-year relationship. Soriano worked incessantly and cared only about his work, leaving the rest of his affairs in disorder. Keller stepped in to manage most of these and put some order in the artist's life. The two remained together, living in both Mexico City and Paris until Soriano's death. Since then, Keller has worked to promote the artist's legacy in various parts of the world.
Juan Soriano died in 2006 at the age of 85 at the Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán in Mexico City from multiple causes.
Career
Soriano began his career early in life and fame came early as well. Soriano's work was first exhibited at the Guadalajara Museum, which led to his move to Mexico City in 1935. From 1936 to 1937 he studied at the Escuela Noctura de Arte para Obreros under Emilio Caero and Santos Balmori. Balmori helped him to be accepted into the Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios (LEAR) and a small exhibition at the end of this course at the Palacio de Bellas Artes brought him to the attention of Inés Amor. However, he did not stay with LEAR for long, leaving in 1938 because he did not like its politics.
His first individual exhibition was in 1936 at the Galería de Arte Mexicano in Mexico City. This was followed by another at the Galería de Arte of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . During the rest of the 1940s, he exhibited in various venues in New York and Philadelphia and at the Galería de Arte Mexicano. In the 1950s the exhibited at the Schneider Gallery in Rome, the first of many individual shows in Europe, along with exhibitions in venues in Mexico such as the Antonio Souza Gallery, the Rutherford Gallery in San Francisco and his first retrospective and tribute at the Museo de Arte Moderno and Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1959. In the 1960s he had an important show at the Palacio de Bellas Artes (1966) as well as an exhibit of a series of portraits her created with only Lupe Marín as model at the Misrachi Gallery. In the 1970s, he received a grant from the Fundación Cultural Televisa to create thirty largescale works and thirty small ones which were then exhibited at the Museo de Arte Moderno. In 1993, he had an exhibit of sculpture at the Colegio de Jalisco and the Instituto Cultural de México in San Antonio. His last major exhibits before his death included the Centro Cultural Español de Cooperación Iberoamericana in Miami (2001), the Real Casa de Correos in Madrid (2002), the Meadows Museum and Southern Methodist University (2002), the Instituto Italo-Latino Americano in Rome (2003) and multiple exhibitions at the Instituto Mora in Mexico City (2005).
During his career, Soriano created a number of monumental sculptures which can be found in Mexico and Europe. These include El Toro at the Tomás Garrido Canabal Park in Villahermosa (1987), La Paloma at the MARCO Museum in Monterrey (1989), La Ola for the World Trade Center in Guadalajara (1989), El Caracol for the Amparo Museum in Puebla (1989), La Luna for the National Auditorium in Mexico City (1993), La Sirena for Plaza Loreto in Mexico City (1994), Dafne for the Arcos-Bosques Building (1995), Mano for the Herdez Group headquarters (1995), two sculptures for the Expo Hannover 2000 in Germany, six monumental sculptures for different parts of Mexico in 2003 and several of his works can be found in a park in Warsaw.
Soriano dedicated much of his career from the 1930s to 1960s to the theater, starting as a child working with puppetry. Much of this work was with a group he created with Jaime García Terrés, Leonora Carrington and others called Poesís en Voz Alta, noted by Carlos Monsiváis as a “liberating movement of the theater” in Mexico. Most of this work was in set and costume design, such as for the Teatro del Sindicato de Electricistas, Teatro Orientación (with Celestino Gorostiza), El Caballito Theater and Teatro Sullivan. In the 1940s he wrote and produced a ballet with Diego de Mesa called El pájaro y las doncellas, based on a painting by Carlos Mérida, with music by Carlos Jiménez Mabarak.
Soriano began teaching art soon after his arrival to Mexico City, starting with the Escuela Primaria de Arte with the Secretaría de Educación Pública. From 1939 to 1941 he gave classes in nude drawing at the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda", teaching students such as Tomás Parra. From 1961 to 1962 he taught ceramics at the Escuela De Diseño y Artesanias of the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes.
His affinity for poetry and association with many writers led to collaboration as an illustrator on a number of projects. In 1953 he illustrated the book Homenaje a Sor Juana edited by Juan José Arreola in the collection “Los Presentes.” In 1967 illustrated El Bestiario by Guillaume Apollinaire. In the 1979 he illustrated the cover of Octavio Paz's book Xavier Villarrutia en persona y en obra. In 1980 he created a collection of thirty two prints with text by Sergio Piton called El único argumento. In 1989 he began illustration for the book Antológico Animalía by Alfonso Reyes. In 2003 he illustrated La Fuerza del Destino by Julieta Campos and El Aguila o Sol by Octavio Paz.
The artist has received numerous awards and other recognitions for his art and career during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1950 he received the first prize at the Salón de Invierno, and in 1957 he received the José Clemente Orozco Award from the government of Jalisco. In 1963 the Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola in Mexico City held a tribute and retrospective of his theater work. In 1976, he received an award from the VII International Painting Festival in Cagnes-sur-Mer, France. In 1984 he received the Gold Medal from the Instituto Cultural Cabañas . In 1985, for his 50th year of artistic production, the Instituto Cultural Cabañas and the Palacio de Bellas Artes held retrospectives. In 1987 he received the Premio Nacional de Arte, France named him as a member of the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres and he received the Jalisco Art Prize. In 1990 a tribute was held for him at the National Museum of Mexican Art, and from 1995-1996 a retrospective of his graphic work toured the United States. In 1997 the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid held a retrospective. In 1998 Elena Poniatowska published “Juan Soriano, niño de mil años.” In 1999 the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana held a retrospective and in 2000, a collection of his monumental sculptures were placed on display at the Zócalo in Mexico City for his 80th birthday In 2001, Arturo Ripstein filmed a biography of Soriano called “Fecit-Dixit.” In 2004, he was made an officer in France's Legion of Honour, and in 2005 he received the Premio de Excelencia Universal, the Premio Velázquez de Artes Plásticas from the government of Spain, a gold medal from the Palacio de Bellas Artes and an honorary doctorate from the Universidad de Colima. His last award while alive was the Order of Merit from the Polish government. Since then, his work has been remembered in events such as a retrospective at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana in 2012 and a tribute sponsored by CONACULTA in 2013.
In 2004, shortly before his death, he founded with his partner the Fundación Juan Soriano and Marek Keller. Other institutions have been named after the artist such as the Galería Juan Soriano of Centro Nacional de las Artes and in 2012, the Juan Soriano Sculpting Prize was established.
Artistry
Classified as part of the second wave of the Mexican muralism movement, Soriano's work include painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic works, illustrations, tapestries and set and costume design for works such as those by Eugène Ionesco, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Juan Ibáñez and others. His work was highly prized by various writers including Octavio Paz, Carlos Pellicer and Elena Ponatowska, with art critic Luis Cardoza y Aragón quoted as saying he was “a poet, profound painter of visual parables.” Soriano did not believe that art should be political or solemn and Jesús Reyes Ferreira was an early influence on his work. His painting style did change almost abruptly in the mid 1950s, marked by works such as La Carrera de bicicletas, Apolo y las muas and Peces luminosos, along with a portrait of María Zambrano, showing probably influence from painter Roberto Matta. In the 1960s, he experimented briefly with abstract painting. He was a noted portrait painter with a style that Teresa del Conde called “always legible and at the same time strangely problematic.” Much of his very early work was portraits either by choice or by commission and similar to that of Julio Castellanos and Federico Cantú. One notable series of portraits were those of model and novelist Lupe Marín in the 1960s. Soriano stated that he did not believe that painting was an exact reflection of time or the artists, but rather a “form of intuition that goes beyond conscious life.”
From 1951 to 1953 he was in Rome where he worked on ceramics with Chileans Piero and Andrea Cacella and in the 1960s began to create works in bronze as well.
His graphic work is less known but he began creating them in 1944 and continued until 2001. In 1975, he received a commission to do graphic work at the Bramsen et Colt workshop in Paris, which caused him to divide his time between Paris and Mexico City. One notable series are interpretations of works by Juan Rulfo.
In 2003, he worked on tapestry design with a death theme for the Gobelinos Workshop in Guadalajara.
Juan Soriano Museum
The Museo Morelense de Arte Contemporáneo (MMAC) Juan Soriano opened on June 8, 2018, in Cuernavaca, Morelos. The MMAC is a project by JSa Arquitectura led by the architect Javier Sánchez Corral. Its location links Amatitlán, an emblematic town of Cuernavaca whose origins date back 1500 years, to the Historic Center of Cuernavaca, enriching the urban experience. It is the largest exhibition space in the state of Morelos, distributed in two galleries for temporary exhibitions: Central Gallery and Cube, in addition to an Open Forum, a multidisciplinary space. The museum includes a library, a sculptural garden, and workshops for public programs.
The museum covers and was built at a cost of MXN $300 million (). It houses 1,200 works by Soriano, including sculptures, paintings, drawing, and photographs.
The museum has not been without controversy. Before it opened, a group called Coordinadora Morelense de Movimientos Ciudadanos (Morelense Coordinator of Citizen Movements) sued, claiming the projected cost of $195,000,000 pesos had increased to $300 million pesos. Also, they complained because the museum is designed to highlight the work of an artist from the western part of the country while ignoring local artists. Then after the museum opened, members of the local artistic community complained that the new governor's choice of curator for the museum was based on politics (she had been the local animal control officer) rather than on qualifications.
Selected works
The moon, sculpture outside the National Auditorium in Mexico City
La Paloma, in Colima and Monterrey
La Capilla del Rosario () in Mexico City
References
Mexican potters
1920 births
2006 deaths
Modern painters
Modern sculptors
Artists from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda" faculty
20th-century Mexican painters
Mexican male painters
21st-century Mexican painters
20th-century Mexican sculptors
20th-century ceramists
21st-century ceramists
20th-century Mexican male artists
21st-century Mexican male artists |
4026024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Museum%20of%20Poland | National Museum of Poland | "National Museum of Poland" is the common name for several of the country's largest and most notable museums. Poland's National Museum comprises several independent branches, each operating a number of smaller museums. The main branch is the National Museum in Kraków (), established in 1879 with permanent collections consisting of several hundred thousand items – kept in big part at the Main Building (along the 3 Maja St.), but also in the eight of its divisions around the city.
Poland's national museums include
National Museum, Kraków (main branch of National Museum of Poland)
Czartoryski Foundation and Czartoryski Museum
Sukiennice
Jan Matejko Manor
Stanisław Wyspiański Museum
Józef Mehoffer House
Szołayski Family house
Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum and Palace
Villa Atma, Zakopane Karol Szymanowski Museum
National Museum, Warsaw (central branch)
Poster Museum at Wilanów
Królikarnia, Xawery Dunikowski Museum of Sculpture
Nieborów and Arkadia Museums
Otwock Museum of Design
Łowicz Regional Museum
Museum of Jerzy Dunin-Borkowski in Krośniewice
Łazienki Museum of Ignacy Jan Paderewski and the Polish Emigration to America
National Museum, Gdańsk (central branch)
Gdańsk–Oliwa Ethnographical Museum
Gdańsk-Oliwa Museum of Modern Art
Będomin Museum of the National Anthem
National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk
National Museum, Kielce at the Palace of the Kraków Bishops
National Museum, Poznań
National Museum, Szczecin (central branch)
The Museum of the History of the City of Szczecin
The Maritime Museum
Szczecin Gallery of Contemporary Art
National Museum, Wrocław (central branch)
Ethnographical Museum
The Racławice Panorama Museum
Lubiąż Museal Depot
National Museum, Lublin
Among the many Museums of Poland around the world, there is also the Polish Museum of America in Chicago, the Polish American Museum in New York City and the Polish National Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland.
References
Museums in Poland |
4026041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20R%C4%83dulescu | Alex Rădulescu | Alex Rădulescu (born 7 December 1974) is a former tennis player from Romania, who competed for Germany.
Rădulescu turned professional in 1995. The righthander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 10 March 1997, when he became World No. 51. At the 1996 Wimbledon tournament Rădulescu had his best finish at a Grand Slam tournament, where he reached the quarterfinals by defeating Arnaud Boetsch, Stefano Pescosolido, David Wheaton and Neville Godwin before losing to MaliVai Washington. He currently coaches at the Tennis-Company in Munich.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures Finals
Singles: 6 (4–2)
Doubles: 2 (2–0)
Performance timeline
Singles
External links
1974 births
Living people
German male tennis players
German tennis coaches
Romanian expatriates in Germany
Tennis players from Bucharest |
4026042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baratarna | Baratarna | Barattarna, Parattarna, Paršatar, or Parshatatar was the name of a Hurrian king of Mitanni and is considered to have reigned, as per middle chronology between c. 1510 and 1490 BC by J. A. Belmonte-Marin quoting H. Klengel.
Very few records of him are known as sources from Mitanni are rare. Most information we have about the kingdom, especially its early history and kings come from records outside of the state. Dates for the kings can be deduced by comparing the chronology of Mitanni and other states, especially ancient Egypt, at a later date and working back the figures. Information is found in the biography of Idrimi of Alalakh (or Alalah, which became the capital of Aleppo). Barattarna conquered the area and made Idrimi his vassal, Idrimi becoming king of Aleppo. Mitanni in his time probably extended as far as Arrapha in the east, Terqa in the south, and Kizzuwatna in the West. Barattarna may have been the Mitannian king the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmosis I met at the Euphrates River in a campaign early in his reign (around 1493). Information about his death is mentioned in a record from Nuzi dated to the death of king Barattarna, possibly around 1420, as per short chronology.
See also
Mitanni
References
15th-century BC deaths
15th-century BC rulers
Hurrian kings |
4026045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous%20monism | Anomalous monism | Anomalous monism is a philosophical thesis about the mind–body relationship. It was first proposed by Donald Davidson in his 1970 paper "Mental Events". The theory is twofold and states that mental events are identical with physical events, and that the mental is anomalous, i.e. under their mental descriptions, relationships between these mental events are not describable by strict physical laws. Hence, Davidson proposes an identity theory of mind without the reductive bridge laws associated with the type-identity theory. Since the publication of his paper, Davidson has refined his thesis and both critics and supporters of anomalous monism have come up with their own characterizations of the thesis, many of which appear to differ from Davidson's.
Overview
Considering views about the relation between the mental and the physical as distinguished first by whether or not mental entities are identical with physical entities, and second by whether or not there are strict psychophysical laws, we arrive at a fourfold classification: (1) nomological monism, which says there are strict correlating laws, and that the correlated entities are identical (this is usually called type physicalism); (2) nomological dualism, which holds that there are strict correlating laws, but that the correlated entities are not identical (parallelism, property dualism and pre-established harmony); (3) anomalous dualism, which holds there are no laws correlating the mental and the physical, that the substances are ontologically distinct, but nevertheless there is interaction between them (i.e. Cartesian dualism); and (4) anomalous monism, which allows only one class of entities, but denies the possibility of definitional and nomological reduction. Davidson put forth his theory of anomalous monism as a possible solution to the mind–body problem.
Since (in this theory) every mental event is some physical event or other, the idea is that someone's thinking at a certain time, for example, that snow is white, is a certain pattern of neural firing in their brain at that time, an event which can be characterized as both a thinking that snow is white (a type of mental event) and a pattern of neural firing (a type of physical event). There is just one event that can be characterized both in mental terms and in physical terms. If mental events are physical events, they can at least in principle be explained and predicted, like all physical events, on the basis of laws of physical science. However, according to anomalous monism, events cannot be so explained or predicted as described in mental terms (such as "thinking", "desiring" etc.), but only as described in physical terms: this is the distinctive feature of the thesis as a brand of physical monism.
Davidson's classic argument for AM
Davidson makes an argument for his version of non-reductive physicalism. The argument relies on the following three principles:
The principle of causal interaction: there exist both mental-to-physical as well as physical-to-mental causal interactions.
The principle of the nomological character of causality: all events are causally related through strict laws.
The principle of the anomalism of the mental: there are no psycho-physical laws which relate the mental and the physical as just that, mental and physical.
Causal interaction
The first principle follows from Davidson's view of the ontology of events and the nature of the relationship of mental events (specifically propositional attitudes) with physical actions. Davidson subscribes to an ontology of events where events (as opposed to objects or states of affairs) are the fundamental, irreducible entities of the mental and physical universe. His original position, as expressed in Actions and Events, was that event-individuation must be done on the basis of causal powers. He later abandoned this view in favour of the individuation of events on the basis of spatio-temporal localization, but his principle of causal interaction seems to imply some sort of, at least, implicit commitment to causal individuation. According to this view, all events are caused by and cause other events and this is the chief, defining characteristic of what an event is.
Another relevant aspect of Davidson's ontology of events for anomalous monism is that an event has an indefinite number of properties or aspects. An event such as "the turning on of the light-switch" is not fully described in the words of that particular phrase. Rather, "the turning on of the light-switch" also involves "the illumination of the room", "the alerting of the burglar in the kitchen", etc... Since a physical event, such as the action of turning on the light-switch can be associated with a very large variety of mental events (reasons) which are potentially capable of rationalizing the action a posteriori, how is it possible to choose the real cause of my turning on the light-switch (which event is the causal one)? Davidson says that the causal event, in such a case, is the particular reason that caused the action to occur. It was because I wanted to see better that I turned on the light-switch and not because I wanted to alert the burglar in the kitchen. The latter is just a sort of side effect. So, for Davidson, "reasons are causes" and this explains the causal efficacy of the mental.
Nomological character of causality
The principle of the nomological character of causality (or cause-law principle) requires that events be covered by so-called strict laws. Davidson originally assumed the validity of this principle but, in more recent years, he felt the need to provide a logical justification for it. So what is
a strict law?
Strict laws
Whenever a particular event E1 is causally related to a second particular event E2, there must be, according to Davidson, a law such that (C1 & D1) -> D2, where C1 represents a set of preliminary conditions, D1 is a description of E1 which is sufficient, given C1, for an occurrence of an event of the kind D2, which represents the description of E2. The cause-law principle was intended by Davidson to take in both laws of temporal succession as well as bridge laws. Since Davidson denies that any such laws can involve psychological predicates (including such laws as "(M1 & M2) -> M3" wherein the predicates are all psychological or mixed laws such as ((M1 & M2 -> P1) and ((P1 & P2 -> M1))), it follows that such bridge laws as "P1 -> M1", "M1 -> P1" or "M1 if and only if P1" are to be excluded.
However, mental predicates may be allowed in what are called "hedged laws" which are just strict laws qualified by ceteris paribus (all other things being equal) clauses. What this means is that while the generalization ((M1 & M2 -> P1) is justifiable ceteris paribus, it cannot be fully elaborated in terms of, e.g., (P2 & P3 & M1 & M2 & M3) -> P1.
Justification of cause-law
Davidson defended the cause-law principle by revising Curt John Ducasse's (1926) attempt to define singular causal relations without appealing to covering laws. Ducasse's account of cause was based on the notion of change. Some particular event C is the cause of some effect E if and only if C was the only change that occurred in the immediate environment of E just prior to the occurrence of E. So, for example, the striking of a match is the cause of the flaming of the match to the extent that the striking is the only change that occurs in the immediate vicinity of the match.
Davidson turns this around and asks if it is not the case that our notions of change do not, rather, appeal to a foundation of laws. Davidson first observes that 'change' is just shorthand for 'change of predicate', in that a change occurs when and only when a predicate that is true (false) of some object later becomes false (true) of that object. Second, and more importantly, the notion of change has itself changed over time: under Newtonian physics, continuous motion counts as change but not in Aristotelian physics. Hence, it could be argued that what we view as change is theory-dependent and presupposes a background notion of laws. Since change is fundamental to the concept of cause and change is dependent on laws, it follows that cause is also dependent on laws.
The anomalism of the mental
The third principle requires a different justification. It suggests that the mental cannot be linked up with the physical in a chain of psycho-physical laws such that mental events can be predicted and explained on the basis of such laws. This principle arises out of two further doctrines which Davidson espoused throughout his life: the normativity of the mental and semantic holism.
Normativity
Propositional attitude ascriptions are subject to the constraints of rationality and, so, in ascribing one belief to an individual, I must also ascribe to them all of the beliefs which are logical consequences of that ascription. All of this is in accordance with the principle of charity, according to which we must "try for a theory that finds them consistent, a believer of truths, and a lover of the good" (Davidson 1970). But we can never have all the possible evidence for the ascription of mental states for they are subject to the indeterminacy of translation and there is an enormous amount of subjectivity involved in the process. On the other hand, physical processes are deterministic and descriptive rather than normative. Therefore, their base of evidence is closed and law-governed.
Holism
Vincenzo Fano provides an illustration of the point that holism of the mental generates anomalism. Fano asks us to first consider the attribution of length to a table. To do this, we must assume a set of laws concerning the interaction between the table and the measuring apparatus: the length of the table doesn't vary significantly during the measurement, length must be an additive quantity, "longer than" must be an asymmetric, transitive relation and so forth. By assuming these laws and carrying out a few operations, we reach the result of the measurement. There is a certain amount of holism in this process. For example, during the measurement process, we might discover that the table is much hotter than the measuring device, in which case the length of the latter will have been modified by the contact. Consequently, we need to modify the temperature of the measuring device. In some cases, we will even have to reconsider and revise some of our laws. This process can continue for some time until we are fairly confident of the results obtained. But it is not only necessary to have a theory of the interactions between the table and the measuring device, it is also necessary to attribute a set of predicates to the table: a certain temperature, rigidity, electric charge, etc... And the attribution of each of these predicates presupposes, in turn, another theory. So, the attribution of F to x presupposes Px and the theory , but Px, in turn, presupposes P'x and and so on. As a result, we have a series of predicates F, P, , ... and a series of theories , , .... As Fano states it, "this process would seem like a regressus ad infinitum, if it weren't that converges toward a theory T which is nothing other than physics in its entirety." The same is true of the predicates, which converge toward the set of all the possible physical quantities. Fano calls this 'convergent holism'.
He asks us to then consider the attribution of a belief. We are seeking a good scientific theory of amorous relations. We ask ourselves if Thomas, who has recently been betrayed by his girlfriend Ffion, believes that it is possible that the relationship can continue. The way we can find out the answer to this question is simply by asking Thomas if he believes it is possible. Thomas says no. Does this authorize us to attribute to Thomas the belief that the relationship cannot continue? Of course not, since Thomas is probably angry and confuses his desire to break up with Ffion with his beliefs. So we ask him if he is angry with Ffion. He says that he is, but we cannot attribute to him the belief that the relationship can continue, because we don't really know if he's confusing his desires with his beliefs or vice versa. So now we ask Thomas if he will still retain the same opinion next month. Thomas pauses for a while and then says yes. At this point, we think we have a definitive confirmation of the fact that Thomas believes that the relation must be interrupted, since he reflected on the matter before answering. Just to be sure, we ask him what came to mind during that interval of reflection. Thomas answers that he thought of all the unhappy incidents between that took place between him and Ffion. So we return to our original hypothesis on the basis that Thomas is angry and therefore confuses his desires and his beliefs.
How can all this be formalized? At the beginning, we attributed the predicate "no" to Thomas as a direct response to our question. This is a physical predicate F. We can call the attribution of Thomas' belief that the relationship cannot continue m. From Fx, we cannot deduce mx. On the basis of the hypothesis that a person who is angry is not capable of examining their own opinions clearly, we asked Thomas if he was angry. We ascribed to him the mental predicate m1 and the physical predicate F1 (the answer "yes" to the question whether he is angry). Now, we can deduce m1 (the fact that he is angry) from F1. But from m1 and F1, we can deduce neither m (the fact that Thomas believes the relationship cannot continue) nor not m. So we continue by attributing the next physical predicate F2 (the positive answer to our question whether he will be of the same opinion in one month).
From F2, F1 and m1, we would like to deduce not m. But we weren't sure what Thomas was thinking about during his pause, so we asked him to tell us and, on the basis of this response F3, we deduce m2 (that Thomas confuses his desires with his beliefs). And so on ad infinitum. The conclusion is that the holism of the mental is non-convergent and therefore it is anomalous with respect to the physical.
Resolving the contradiction
So how are the three seemingly irreconcilable principles above resolved? Davidson distinguishes causal relations, which are an extensional matter and not influenced by the way they are described, from law-like relations, which are intensional and dependent on the manner of description. There is no law of nature under which events fall when they are described according to the order in which they appeared on the television news. When the earthquake caused the Church of Santa Maria dalla Chiesa to collapse, there is surely some physical law(s) which explains what happened, but not under the description in terms of the event on Channel 7 at six p.m. causing the events on Channel 8 at six fifteen. In the same way, mental and physical events are causally related but not qua mental events. The mental events have explanatory predicates which are physical as well as predicates which are irreducibly mental. Hence, AM is a form of predicate dualism which accompanies ontological monism.
Finally, for those who objected that this is not really a form of physicalism because there is no assurance that every mental event will have a physical base, Davidson formulated the thesis of supervenience. Mental properties are dependent on physical properties and there can be no change in higher-level properties without a corresponding change in lower-level properties.
Arguments against AM and replies
Ted Honderich has challenged the thesis of anomalous monism, forcing, in his words, the "inventor of anomalous monism to think again". To understand Honderich's argument, it is helpful to describe the example he uses to illustrate the thesis of AM itself: the event of two pears being put on a scale causes the event of the scale's moving to the two-pound mark. But if we describe the event as "the two French and green things caused the scale to move to the two-pound mark", then while this is true, there is no lawlike relation between the greenness and Frenchness of the pears and the pointers moving to the two-pound mark.
Honderich then points out that what we are really doing when we say that there is "no lawlike relationship between two things under certain descriptions" is taking certain properties and noting that the two things are not in relation in virtue of those particular properties. But this does not mean they are not in lawlike relation in virtue of certain other properties, such as weight in the pears example. On this basis, we can formulate the generalization that Honderich calls 'the Nomological Character of Causally-Relevant Properties'. Then we ask what the causally relevant properties of the mental events which cause physical events are.
Since Davidson believes that mental events are causally efficacious (i.e. he rejects epiphenomenalism), then it must be a mental event as such (mental properties of mental events) which are the causally relevant properties. But if we accept the first two claims of the argument for AM, along with the idea of the causal efficacy of the mental, and the Principle of Causally-Relevant properties, then the result is a denial of anomalous monism because there are indeed psycho-physical lawlike connections. On the other hand, if we wish to retain the principle of the anomalism of the mental then we must reject causal efficacy and embrace epiphenomenalism.
Davidson has responded to such arguments by reformulating anomalous monism and has defended the improved version in Thinking Causes. He points out that the defect in the so-called epiphenominalism problem lies in its confusion of the concept "by virtue of" (or necessary for) with the idea of an event's being responsible for another. Also, Honderich's example of the pears and the scale is jerry rigged in such a way that only a single effect is taken into consideration: the alteration on the scale. But the action of placing pears on a scale can have many different effects; it can attract the attention of a customer, for example. In this case, the causally relevant properties would be precisely the color, shape and other irrelevant properties of the fruit. What is relevant or irrelevant therefore depends, in part, on the context of explanatory interest.
See also
Biological naturalism
Neutral monism
Sources
References
Davidson, D. (1970) "Mental Events", in Actions and Events, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Davidson, D. (1993) "Thinking Causes", in J. Heil and A. Mele (eds) Mental Causation, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Honderich, T. (1982) "The Argument for Anomalous Monism", Analysis 42:59–64.
Honderich, T. (1984) "Smith and the Champion of Mauve", Analysis 44:86–89.
Fano, V. (1992) "Olismi non convergenti" (Non-convergent holisms) in Dell Utri, Massimo (ed). Olismo, Quodlibet. 1992.
Further reading
Child, W. (1993) "Anomalism, Uncodifiability, and Psychophysical Relations", Philosophical Review 102: 215–45.
Davidson, D. (1973) "The Material Mind", in Actions and Events, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Davidson, D. (1974) "Psychology as Philosophy", in Actions and Events, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Davidson, D. (1995) "Donald Davidson", in S. Guttenplan (ed.) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Oxford: Blackwell.
Ducasse, C.J. (1926) "On the Nature and Observability of the Causal Relation", Journal of Philosophy 23:57–68.
Honderich, T. (1981) "Psychophysical Lawlike Connections and their Problem", Inquiry 24: 277–303.
Kim, J. (1985) "Psychophysical Laws", in E. LePore and B.P. McLaughlin (eds) Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Oxford: Blackwell.
LePore, E. and McLaughlin, B.P. (1985) Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Oxford: Blackwell.
McLaughlin, B.P. (1985) "Anomalous Monism and the Irreducibility of the Mental", in E. LePore and B.P. McLaughlin (eds) Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Oxford: Blackwell.
Stanton, W.L. (1983) "Supervenience and Psychological Law in Anomalous Monism", Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64: 72–9.
External links
Anomalous Monism in A Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind
Bibliography on Anomalous Monism in Contemporary Philosophy of Mind: An Annotated Bibliography
Monism
Theory of mind |
4026054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Uzbekistan at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Uzbekistan competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
Kayrat Ermetov finished second-to-last in the men's slalom, seventeen seconds behind the event's winner, Benjamin Raich.
Figure skating
The 16th-place finish from the pairs team of Marina Aganina and Artem Knyazev was the highest for Uzbekistan in Turin.
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4026065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookside | Brookside | Brookside may refer to:
Geography
Canada
Brookside, Edmonton
Brookside, Newfoundland and Labrador
Brookside, Nova Scotia
United Kingdom
Brookside, Berkshire, England
Brookside, Telford, an area of Telford, England
United States
Brookside, Alabama
Brookside, Los Angeles
Brookside, Colorado
Brookside, Delaware
Brookside, Kansas City, a neighborhood in Kansas City, Missouri
Brookside, Kentucky
Brookside, New Jersey, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Morris County
Brookside, Ohio
Brookside, Adams County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Brookside, Oconto County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Brookside, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Brookside Gardens, public gardens located within Wheaton Regional Park, Silver Spring, Maryland
Brookside Village, Texas
Brookside Village, Westford, Vermont, an historic village of Westford, Vermont
Historic buildings
Brookside (Joshua Soulice House), an historic house in New Rochelle, New York
Brookside (Upper Nyack, New York), an historic home listed on the NRHP in Rockland County
Brookside Museum, sometimes known as the Aldridge House, in Ballston Spa, New York; listed on the NRHP in Saratoga County
People with the surname
Robbie Brookside, British professional wrestler
Xia Brookside, British professional wrestler
Other uses
Brookside (TV series), British soap opera that aired from 1982 to 2003
Brookside Capital, a former name of Bain Capital Public Equity
Brookside Dairy Limited, a dairy processing company in Kenya
Brookside Elementary School, San Anselmo, California
Brookside Chocolate, a division of Hershey Canada
See also
Brookside Park (disambiguation) |
4026078 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketnet | Ketnet | Ketnet is a Dutch-language public children's television channel in Belgium owned and operated by the VRT, Flemish public broadcaster. It broadcasts a mix of locally produced and imported productions on the VRT3 channel from 6am until 8pm.
On 1 December 1997, BRTN 2 was replaced by Canvas and Ketnet.
On 1 May 2012, Ketnet has been moved on a new channel, timesharing with Op 12. Op 12 closed on 31 December 2014.
The preschool programmes are broadcast on Ketnet Junior between 10am to 7pm on Canvas.
Its French-language counterpart is Ouftivi on La Trois.
Presenters
As with VRT's main television station één, Ketnet employs in-vision continuity announcers. In the case of Ketnet, the announcers also present various programmes for the station and are known as Ketnetwrappers.
Logos
Programming
Belgian
AbraKOdabra
Amika
Back to School met Zita
Bol & Smik, the Flemish version of Big & Small
Boris en Binti
Campus 12
D5R
Daar is Dobus
Dag Sinterklaas (every year November and early December)
De elfenheuvel
Galaxy Park
Go Go Stop
Go IV
Ghostrockers
Hopla
Ketnetpop
Kwiskwat, the Flemish version of Kerwhizz
LikeMe
Mega Mindy
Musti
NT van Ketnet - Presented by Peter and Heidi, the show is broadcast in Belgium and the Netherlands.
Piet Piraat
ROX
Samson en Gert
Sintressante Dingen (every year November and December)
Spring
Stafari
Tip en Tap
Van-a-1, Van-a-2 (formerly aired from BRTN TV2 until 1 December 1997 on Monday)
W817
International
6teen
Aladdin
Alfred J. Kwak
Angry Birds Toons
The Backyardigans
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
Code Lyoko
Degrassi: The Next Generation
The Emperor's New School
Famous 5: On the Case
Fish Hooks
FloopaLoo, Where Are You?
Gaspard and Lisa
George of the Jungle
Goof Troop
Goosebumps
Hercules
Hey Arnold!
Hubert and Takako
Jacob Two-Two
The Jungle Book
Kim Possible
Larva
Little Einsteins
The Little Prince
Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies
Max & Ruby
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
Miss BG
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Oggy and the Cockroaches
Pokémon
Phineas and Ferb
Pinkalicious & Peterrific
Ready or Not
Round the Twist
The Adventures of the Bush Patrol
The Sarah Jane Adventures
Scooter: Secret Agent
The Secret World of Alex Mack
Shaun the Sheep
SheZow
Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
The Smurfs
Spirou et Fantasio
Strawberry Shortcake
The Three Friends and Jerry
Tweenies
Vic the Viking
Wallace and Gromit
Wild Kratts
Zoé Kézako
Shorts
Crime Time
Pat & Stan
KetnetRadio
On 17 November 2007, Ketnet launched KetnetRadio, an online radio station consisting of a looped 3-hour programme, broadcast for 24 hours. A new programme is produced and broadcast every day. KetnetRadio is presented by Ketnet presenter and continuity announcer Kristien Maes. Listeners can tune in on Ketnet's website.
See also
BRTN TV2
References
External links
1997 establishments in Belgium
Children's television networks
Television channels in Flanders
Television channels in Belgium
Television channels and stations established in 1997 |
4026089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20Bottom%20Entertainment | Rock Bottom Entertainment | Rock Bottom Entertainment is an Indie record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in June 1997 by founder and C.E.O., Rafael "Rock" Howard. In 1997, the first album released was "From The Bottom Up", which had instant success. This album featured singles, Freak 4 Dollars and Pay Your Ticket. In 1999, Alligator City was released, which featured the hit singles, Gatored Up, Roll Wit Us ( which included a video) and Linwood to Woodrow. To date, Alligator City is one of the highest sold independent rap albums in Detroit history. In 2003, Rock Bottom Entertainment released the highly anticipated, Who is Rock Bottom, which featured, NO. The single, NO, was in heavy rotation on all local stations, which made it #1 across the country. Following this single, Ain't Nothing But A Party, is still a fan favorite to this day. In 2005, Rock Bottom Entertainment released, Blow: Based on True Stories, which introduced the Thug Division which featured singles, Go, Rock Bottom and We are on your Block. Rock Bottom Entertainment has always appreciated everyone who has supported them and has plans on dropping more music in the future.
Stay tuned......
Discography
From The Bottom Up (1997)
Alligator City (1999)
Who Is Rock Bottom? (2003
Blow: Based On True Stories (2005)
Singles
1997 "Freak 4 Dollars"
2001 "Roll Wit Us"
2000 "Gatored Up"
2003 "Ball Street"
2003 "Can We Party?"
2003 "No"
2005 "We On Ya Block"
2005 "Gangsta As A Wanna"
Current roster
Tango & Cash (Bathgate & Rod Dae)
Blackface
Tianna
J-Nutty
Screwface
Thug Division (including T dot, Duke, Flame, Squash, B. Foy)
7 Mile Naturalz
DJ G-Raw
Big Herk
References
External links
Rock Bottom Entertainment on Myspace
American record labels
Culture of Detroit
Record labels established in 1997
Companies based in Detroit
Hip hop record labels |
4026099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville%20Godwin | Neville Godwin | Neville Godwin (born 31 January 1975) is a former tennis player from South Africa.
Godwin turned professional in 1994. The right-hander won one singles title (2001 Newport) in his career, and reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour in March 1997, when he became World No. 90.
His highest world ranking for doubles was World No. 57.
At the 1996 Wimbledon tournament, Godwin had his best finish at a Grand Slam, when he reached the fourth round as a qualifier, defeating Cristiano Caratti, compatriot Grant Stafford and Boris Becker before losing to Alex Rădulescu.
He finished his career in 2003.
He now lives in his hometown of Johannesburg with his wife, Nicky and two sons, Oliver and James. He coached performance players out of the Wanderers Club for 5 years, before coaching South African player Kevin Anderson to a world top 10 ranking and a US Open final appearance in 2017. In 2017, he won ATP Coach of the Year award. On 12 November 2017 it was announced Godwin and Anderson had split. He came into limelight again during the Australian Open 2018 when Hyeon Chung, who was being coached by Godwin became the first player from South Korea to reach the semifinals of a grand slam.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Doubles: 3 (3 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 9 (2–7)
Doubles: 18 (11–7)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
External links
Neville Godwin at the Association of Tennis Professionals Coach profile
1975 births
Living people
South African male tennis players
Tennis players from Johannesburg
South African people of British descent
US Open (tennis) junior champions
White South African people
South African tennis coaches
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles |
4026104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Dove | One Dove | One Dove were a Scottish electronic music group active in the early 1990s, consisting of Dot Allison, Ian Carmichael and Jim McKinven, a former member of Berlin Blondes and Altered Images.
History
Originally called Dove, the group released its debut single, "Fallen", on the Glasgow-based label Soma in October 1991. It was a significant club hit and brought them a deal with the Junior Boy's Own label. Changing their name to avoid confusion with a similarly named group, in 1992 JBO issued a new recording of "Fallen", produced by Andrew Weatherall, which brought the group to greater attention from the British music press. The single was withdrawn one week after release however, due to an unlicensed sampling of a harmonica from a Supertramp song. Further critical acclaim followed with the release of the 12" single "Transient Truth".
At this stage, One Dove were still primarily a club-oriented group, but for the single "White Love", an attempt was made to make their music more radio-friendly by including a commercial remix by Stephen Hague. With this increasingly commercial sound, the band became a favourite with publications such as Select and Q, and were often favourably compared with Saint Etienne, another female-fronted group who were having success with pop-dance crossover recordings.
In 1993, One Dove released their only album, Morning Dove White, which included the Weatherall version of "Fallen" (minus the Supertramp sample) together with 12" mixes of "Transient Truth" and "White Love". The album was originally set for release in 1992 but was delayed for a full year through disputes between the band and their new record company - London Records had taken over the Boy's Own label. The band were unhappy about the commercialisation of their sound, and the disputes were only resolved when the band agreed to release singles mixed by Stephen Hague, if they could work with him in the studio during the remix sessions.
The album was preceded by the single "Breakdown", with remixes by Stephen Hague, William Orbit and Secret Knowledge and a further track from the album, "Why Don't You Take Me," was subsequently released as a single for the Christmas market. For the B-sides of the "Why Don't You Take Me" single (which included a reworking of Dolly Parton's song "Jolene"), the group expanded to a five-piece with the addition of Ed Higgins on percussion and Colin McIlroy on guitar, and showcased a more heavily dub-influenced sound. This line-up later went into the studio to begin work on a second album, but frustrated by record industry politics, split up midway through the sessions.
Discography
Albums
Morning Dove White (#30 UK, 1993)
Singles
"Fallen" (released by Dove, 1991)
"Fallen" (released by One Dove, 1991)
"Transient Truth" (1992)
"White Love" (#43 UK, July 1993)
"Breakdown" (#24 UK, October 1993)
"Why Don't You Take Me" (#30 UK, December 1993)
References
External links
Morning Dove Web, an unofficial website
British electronic music groups
British techno music groups
Trip hop groups
Musical groups from Glasgow
FFRR Records artists |
4026106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaina%20%281993%20film%29 | Aaina (1993 film) | Aaina () is a 1993 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Deepak Sareen, produced by Yash Chopra and independently produced by his wife Pamela Chopra. It stars Juhi Chawla, Jackie Shroff and Amrita Singh with Deepak Tijori in a supporting role. The film was a blockbuster hit in India, and solidified Chawla's career as a leading lady in the 1990s. Singh's performance in a negative role was highly appreciated and is regarded as one of her career-best performances. The film was remade in Telugu as Aayanaki Iddaru (1995), in Tamil as Kalyana Vaibhogam (1997) and in Kannada as Yare Nee Abhimani (2000).
Plot
Rajnesh Mathur, a wealthy businessman has two daughters. Roma, the elder one is very competitive and has always been spoiled. Beautiful and shy, Reema is quite reserved and usually lets Roma take the spotlight. Both grow up to be entirely different, and fall in love with Ravi Saxena.
Always the centre of attention, Roma catches his eye first. Reema is heartbroken but puts on a brave face.
Ravi and Roma's wedding is fixed. Unfortunately, Roma is ambitious to be star in a film and gets an offer on the marriage day. She accepts and leaves Ravi before their wedding. Furious, he marries Reema to save the honour of Mathurs. At first, they're quite uncomfortable. But Ravi eventually falls in love with Reema. Roma returns home in a rage and tells them they'll never be happy as she has been betrayed.
Determined to get Ravi back, Roma is willing to do anything including ruining Reema's life. She creates a lot of trouble like pretending to commit suicide etc. In the end, Reema gives in and leaves her house. Ravi furiously makes Roma understand what the difference is between her and Reema. Roma realises her mistake and reunites Ravi and Reema.
Cast
Jackie Shroff as Ravi Saxena
Amrita Singh as Roma Mathur
Juhi Chawla as Reema Mathur
Deepak Tijori as Vinay Saxena
Saeed Jaffrey as Mr. Mathur
Dina Pathak as grandmother
Maya Alagh as Mrs. Mohini Mathur
Rajesh Khattar as Sunil Bhatnagar
Vikas Anand as Bhatia
Yunus Parvez as Auctioneer
Virendra Saxena as Pradeep
Soundtrack
All the songs were composed by Dilip Sen and Sameer Sen and lyrics were penned by Sameer.
Awards
39th Filmfare Awards:
Won
Best Supporting Actress – Amrita Singh
References
External links
1993 films
Films scored by Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen
1990s Hindi-language films
Indian films
Yash Raj Films films
Hindi films remade in other languages
Films directed by Deepak Sareen |
4026110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet%20Greenbrier | Chevrolet Greenbrier | The name Chevrolet Greenbrier was used by Chevrolet for two vehicles. The first vehicles were a six to nine passenger window van version of the Corvair 95 van. The Corvair 95 series also included the Loadside pickup truck and Rampside pickup truck that featured a mid-body ramp on the right side. All used the Corvair powertrain in a truck body and were produced in the model years 1961 to 1965.
The Greenbrier name was used a second time from 1969 until 1972; for the mid-level Chevelle station wagon.
1961–1965 Corvair Greenbrier Sportswagon
Chevrolet introduced the Corvair lineup for the 1960 model year as the first of a series of generations of passenger compact cars. Chevrolet introduced a more utilitarian style of vehicle the following year under the model designation "Corvair 95". In appearance and design the vehicles were similar to the competing Volkswagen Transporter, which was essentially a bus-like adaptation of the Volkswagen Beetle that moved the driver over the front wheels (Forward control), also commonly defined as a cab over vehicle.
The air-cooled horizontally opposed Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine was located in the rear of the vehicle under a slightly raised cargo floor. It was similar in principle to the 4-cylinder engine of the Volkswagen, but unusual for most contemporary cars. The engine developed at 4,400 rpm. Engine size was increased to for the 1964 model year, raising output to . Unlike the Corvair cars, the Corvair Greenbrier had a wheelbase and were thus known as "95s." They came standard with a three-speed manual transmission but could be ordered with a two-speed Corvair Powerglide automatic transmission (distinct from the usual Powerglide); eventually a four-speed manual was also made available.
There were essentially two different bodies available in the 95 series: the van and the truck. The base version was the panel van (Corvan) with no side or rear windows. The van was named Greenbrier. The Greenbrier normally had windows all around and six doors, although an option was to have eight doors where there were opening double doors on both sides. The Greenbrier seated up to nine people with the available third-row seat. The 95s and cars had an optional heater using gasoline from the vehicle's tank. The Greenbrier also had a camper option.
A Corvair truck could be ordered as a "Loadside" or "Rampside". The Loadside was essentially a pickup truck with a standard tailgate. The Loadside was only produced two years and is the rarest of the Corvairs; production totaled 2,844 in 1961 and 369 in 1962. The Rampside had a side ramp to be used for loading and unloading cargo. These were used by the Bell Telephone Company because loading and unloading of cable drums was eased by the side ramp.
Ford and Chrysler introduced compact vans of their own (the Ford Econoline and Dodge A100), using a more conventional water-cooled engine mounted between the front seats. As these became successful, General Motors responded with its own design which placed the Chevy II sourced engine in a "doghouse" between and behind the front seats. The forward engine design allowed a flat rear floor with low deck heights in the rear of the van for loading/unloading cargo. General Motors stopped producing the truck versions of the Corvair in 1964 and the Greenbrier was the only remaining wheelbase Corvair for 1965. Eventually, Chevrolet and Volkswagen would abandon rear-engined vans in favor of conventional or front-wheel-drive water-cooled engines.
Although the Greenbriers were a limited success, passenger vans would continue to evolve through full-sized vans. The similarly sized 7–8 passenger would become a successful vehicle segment by the 1980s as alternatives to station wagons.
1969–1972 Chevelle Greenbrier
During the 1969 model year, the four-door station wagons of the mid-sized Chevrolet Chevelle, produced since 1964, were renamed: the standard-trim station wagon known as the Chevelle 300 was renamed as the Nomad, while the medium-trim Chevelle 300 Deluxe was now called the Greenbrier. The top-of-the-line model, the Chevelle Malibu 135/136, became the Concours and Concours Estate Wagon, the latter being distinguished by exterior woodgrain paneling. Except for the simplest Nomad line (which was only available in a six-seater form), all station wagons could be ordered with either six or nine seats. Standard engine was the inline-six (not available for nine-seaters).
For 1970, the Chevelle 300 Deluxe series was simply called Chevelle and the inline-six engine was no longer available in the station wagons. In 1972 the series' model code was changed to 1C. The Nomad, Greenbrier, and Concours names were all dropped for 1973 when the Chevelle was redesigned and the wagons all began sharing series names with other body styles.
References
External links
1960s cars
1970s cars
Cab over vehicles
Greenbrier
Mid-size cars
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Station wagons
Vans
Rear-engined vehicles |
4026112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalath | Adalath | An Adalath () is a lower Indian court.
See also
Indian Supreme Court
High Courts of India
Indian Penal Code
Judiciary of India
Hindi words and phrases |
4026116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Drybrough | Colin Drybrough | Colin David Drybrough (born 31 August 1938) is an Australian-born former cricketer who played all of his first-class cricket in England.
Born in East Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, Drybrough attended Highgate School in North London from 1950 to 1957 and scored 128 not out at Lord's for the Southern Schools against The Rest and captained the Public Schools against the Combined Services. In 1957 he was awarded the Cricket Society Prize for the most promising young cricketer of the year. Drybrough played for Middlesex Second XI in 1957, scoring 101 not out against Kent Second XI and 67 and 88 not out against Suffolk. He first appeared in first-class cricket for Middlesex in 1958 in matches against Oxford University and Cambridge University.
Drybrough was a student at Worcester College, Oxford, and from 1960 to 1962 he played for Oxford University, concentrating on bowling slow left-arm spinners to balance the Oxford attack. In 1961 and 1962 he was the Oxford captain, achieving draws each season against Cambridge sides that looked much stronger in batting than Oxford. He achieved his highest first-class score against the 1961 Australians with 88, and followed that up in the very next match with 7 for 35 in Leicestershire's second innings to give Oxford victory by 35 runs.
In university vacations he played for Middlesex. He was awarded his county cap in 1962 and then succeeded Ian Bedford as the county captain in 1963 when Middlesex came from 13th position in the County Championship in 1962 to 6th in 1963. He retired from first-class cricket in 1964 after two seasons in charge in which Middlesex finished sixth each time. In all he played in 92 first-class matches for Middlesex between 1958 and 1964 as a right-handed batsman and an orthodox slow left-arm bowler, taking 206 wickets at 27.77, with a personal best of 7 for 94, including a hat-trick, against Northamptonshire in 1964.
He also played for Melville CC in Western Australia.
References
External links
Colin Drybrough at Cricinfo
Colin Drybrough at Cricket Archive
1938 births
Living people
People educated at Highgate School
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
English cricketers
Middlesex cricket captains
Oxford University cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Middlesex cricketers |
4026126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Beebe | John Beebe | John Beebe (born June 24, 1939) is an American psychiatrist and Jungian analyst in practice in San Francisco.
Beebe was born in Washington, D.C. He received degrees from Harvard College and the University of Chicago medical school. He is a past president of the C. G. Jung Institute of San Francisco, where he is currently on the teaching faculty. He is a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association.
Professional interests and activities
A popular lecturer in the Jungian world, Beebe has spoken on topics related to the theory and practical applications of Analytical psychology to professional and lay audiences throughout the United States and around the world. He has been especially active in introducing training in Jungian psychology in China. Beebe is the founding editor of The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal, now called Jung Journal: Culture & Psyche. He was the first American co-editor of the London-based Journal of Analytical Psychology.
Beebe has also published in The Chiron Clinical Series, Fort Da, Harvest, The Inner Edge, Journal of Jungian Theory and Practice, Psychoanalytic Psychology, Psychological Perspectives, The Psychoanalytic Review, Quadrant, Spring, The Journal of Popular Film and Television, Theory and Psychology, and Tikkun among others. He has contributed book chapters to The Anne Rice Reader, The Cambridge Companion to Jung, From Tradition to Innovation, House, Humanizing Evil, Initiation, Jungian Perspectives on Clinical Supervision, New Approaches to Dream Interpretation, Post-Jungians Today, Psyche & City, The Psychology of Mature Spirituality, Same-Sex Love, The Soul of Popular Culture, and Teaching Jung.
With Donald Sandner, Beebe is the author of "Psychopathology and Analysis", an article on Jungian complex theory used in many training programs, and with Thomas Kirsch and Joe Cambray the author of "What Freudians Can Learn from Jung". He is the author of the book Integrity in Depth, a study of the archetype of integrity, and of Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type: The Reservoir of Consciousness.
An avid film buff, Beebe frequently draws upon American movies to illustrate how the various types of consciousness and unconsciousness interact to produce images of Self and shadow in the stories of our lives that Jung called individuation. His reviews and articles about movies have reached a wide audience. With Virginia Apperson, he is co-author of The Presence of the Feminine in Film. He can be seen discussing film in the documentary The Wisdom of the Dream. Among his better-known papers are “Attitudes Toward the Unconscious", "The Father's Anima as a Clinical and as a Symbolic Problem", "On Male Partnership", "Primary Ambivalence Toward the Self: Its Nature and Treatment", "Toward a Jungian Analysis of Character", and "The Trickster in the Arts".
Eight-function model
Beebe is particularly interested in the way an understanding of typology can foster the development of the capacity to take responsibility for our impact on others. Following up on Jung's theory of psychological types, where the contrasting attitudes of extraversion and introversion colored the judging (rational) functions of thinking and feeling, and the perceiving (irrational) functions of intuition and sensation, he developed an archetypal model of a dialogical self wherein conscious functions contend with more unconscious complexes in the shadow. A person's dominant (most preferred) function is the “hero” (or "heroine"), which is most closely allied with a semi-conscious complex called the “anima” (or "animus"). The hero is also challenged by an “opposing personality”. The next most preferred, or auxiliary, function is the good parent, which may be counteracted by a shadowy witch/senex complex; similarly the tertiary function (“child”) may be undermined by a more juvenile “trickster”. Finally, the anima may find itself forced to compete with a demonic personality function which threatens to destroy it. A discussion and explanation of this model can be found in C. G. Jung, Isabel Myers, John Beebe and the Guide Map to Becoming Who We Are, by Mark Hunziker (2017) and in Building Blocks of Personality Type, by Leona Haas and Mark Hunziker (2006) , pp. 177-179.
Publications
Psychiatric Treatment: Crisis, Clinic and Consultation, with C. Peter Rosenbaum (1975)
Money, Food, Drink, Fashion, and Analytic Training (the proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Analytical Psychology), editor (1983)
Aspects of the Masculine, a collection of Jung's essays, editor with a critical introduction (1989)
Integrity in Depth (1992) , online version
Terror, Violence and the Impulse to Destroy (a collection of papers from the North American Conference of Jungian Analysts and Candidates, San Francisco, September, 2002), editor (2003)
The Presence of the Feminine in Film, with Virginia Apperson (2008)
The Question of Psychological Types: The Correspondence of C. G. Jung and Hans Schmid-Guisan, 1915-1916, co-editor with Ernst Falzeder (2013).
Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type: The Reservoir of Consciousness (2017)
See also
Psychological Types
Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
Keirsey Temperament Sorter
References
Further reading
"John Beebe's Eight-Function Model"
"John Beebe – Integrity in Depth" (review)
"Understanding the Archetypes involving the eight functions of type (Beebe model)"
Angelo Spoto, Review of John Beebe's Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 62/2, March 2017.
1939 births
Living people
Writers from Washington, D.C.
American psychologists
Jungian psychologists
Harvard College alumni
Pritzker School of Medicine alumni
University of California, San Francisco faculty |
4026130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20of%20the%20Gentry | Home of the Gentry | Home of the Gentry ( Dvoryánskoye gnezdó ), also translated as A Nest of the Gentlefolk, A Nest of the Gentry and Liza , is a novel by Ivan Turgenev published in the January 1859 issue of Sovremennik. It was enthusiastically received by the Russian society and remained his least controversial and most widely read novel until the end of the 19th century.
Plot summary
The novel's protagonist is Fyodor Ivanych Lavretsky, a nobleman who shares many traits with Turgenev. The child of a distant, Anglophile father and a serf mother who dies when he is very young, Lavretsky is brought up at his family's country estate home by a severe maiden aunt, often thought to be based on Turgenev's own mother, who was known for her cruelty.
Lavretsky pursues an education in Moscow, and while he is studying there, he spies a beautiful young woman at the opera. Her name is Varvara Pavlovna, and he falls in love with her and asks for her hand in marriage. Following their wedding, the two move to Paris, where Varvara Pavlovna becomes a very popular salon hostess and begins an affair with one of her frequent visitors. Lavretsky learns of the affair only when he discovers a note written to her by her lover. Shocked by her betrayal, he severs all contact with her and returns to his family estate.
Upon returning to Russia, Lavretsky visits his cousin, Marya Dmitrievna Kalitina, who lives with her two daughters, Liza and Lenochka. Lavretsky is immediately drawn to Liza, whose serious nature and religious devotion stand in contrast to the coquettish Varvara Pavlovna's social consciousness. Lavretsky realizes that he is falling in love with Liza, and when he reads in a foreign journal that Varvara Pavlovna has died, he confesses his love to her and learns that she loves him in return.
After they confess their love to one another, Lavretsky returns home to find his supposedly dead wife waiting for him in his foyer. It turns out that the reports of her death were false, and that she has fallen out of favor with her friends and needs more money from Lavretsky.
Upon learning of Varvara Pavlovna's sudden appearance, Liza decides to join a remote convent and lives out the rest of her days as a nun. Lavretsky visits her at the convent one time and catches a glimpse of her as she is walking from choir to choir. The novel ends with an epilogue which takes place eight years later, in which Lavretsky returns to Liza's house and finds that, although many things have changed, there are elements such as the piano and the garden that are the same. Lavretsky finds comfort in his memories and is able to see the meaning and even the beauty in his personal pain.
Major themes
Ultimately, Turgenev concludes that the truth is best left unstated. He concludes the novel by stating that he could not possibly explain what Lavretsky and Liza felt, and that it is better to point out these individual tragedies and pass them by.
Turgenev wrote the novel shortly after his 40th birthday, and it expresses some of his feelings about middle age, as its protagonist is forced to confront the mistakes of his past and determine what options are left for his dwindling future.
Literary significance and criticism
The novel is often recognized for its musical elements and the quiet lull of its prose.
Screen adaptations
The novel was turned into a movie by Andrey Konchalovsky in 1969.
English translations
William Ralston Shedden-Ralston (1869, as Liza, or A Nest of Nobles)
Isabel Florence Hapgood (1903, as A Nobleman's Nest)
Franz Davidovitch Davis (Francis Myddleton Davis, 1914, as A Nest of Hereditary Legislators)
Constance Garnett (1917, as A House of Gentlefolk)
Bernard Isaacs (1947, as A Nest of the Gentry)
Jessie Coulson (1959, as A Nest Of Gentlefolk)
Richard Freeborn (1970, as Home of the Gentry)
Michael Pursglove (2016, as A Nest of the Gentry)
External links
A House of Gentlefolk and Fathers and Children, translated by C. Garnett, edited with notes and introduction by W. A. Neilson, with list of criticism and interpretations at the Internet Archive
1859 Russian novels
Novels by Ivan Turgenev
Russian political novels
Russian romance novels
Works originally published in Sovremennik |
4026133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Mronz | Alexander Mronz | Alexander Mronz (born 7 April 1965) is a former tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1987.
Mronz played right-handed, and won one doubles title (1988, Schenectady) in his career. Mronz reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on April 8, 1991, when he became the World No. 73.
Mronz is famous for being the opponent of Jeff Tarango in a third round match at 1995 Wimbledon, having already knocked out Sjeng Schalken and Kenneth Carlsen to get to that stage. Mronz was leading by a set and a break, when Tarango was defaulted after losing his temper with the umpire, Bruno Rebeuh, following a couple of code violations. Tarango walked off the court in anger. Tarango's wife, Benedict, later slapped Rebeuh across the face. Mronz then lost to the World No. 1, Andre Agassi, in the fourth round.
Mronz also reached the third round of the 1994 Australian Open, losing from 2 sets up against former World No. 1 and three-time Australian Open champion Mats Wilander (who was currently in the process of coming back to the sport), 6–4, 7–5, 3–6, 4–6, 3–6.
Career finals
Doubles (1 title, 4 runner-ups)
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
German male tennis players
Tennis players from Cologne
West German male tennis players |
4026139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least%20tern | Least tern | The least tern (Sternula antillarum) is a species of tern that breeds in North America and locally in northern South America. It is closely related to, and was formerly often considered conspecific with, the little tern of the Old World. Other close relatives include the yellow-billed tern and Peruvian tern, both from South America.
It is a small tern, long, with a wingspan of , and weighing . The upper parts are a fairly uniform pale gray, and the underparts white. The head is white, with a black cap and line through the eye to the base of the bill, and a small white forehead patch above the bill; in winter, the white forehead is more extensive, with a smaller and less sharply defined black cap. The bill is yellow with a small black tip in summer, all blackish in winter. The legs are yellowish. The wings are mostly pale gray, but with conspicuous black markings on their outermost primaries. It flies over water with fast, jerky wingbeats and a distinctive hunchback appearance, with the bill pointing slightly downward.
It is migratory, wintering in Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. Many spend their whole first year in their wintering area. It has occurred as a vagrant to Europe, with one record in Great Britain and one in Ireland.
It differs from the little tern mainly in that its rump and tail are gray, not white, and it has a different, more squeaking call; from the yellow-billed tern in being paler gray above and having a black tip to the bill; and from the Peruvian tern in being paler gray above and white (not pale gray) below and having a shorter black tip to the bill.
Subspecies
The differences among the three subspecies may not be as much as had been thought.
S. a. athalassos – (Burleigh & Lowery, 1942): Breeds on the rivers of the Arkansas River, Mississippi River, Brazos River, Trinity River, and Rio Grande basins; winters south to northern Brazil.
S. a. antillarum – (Lesson, 1847): nominate, Breeds on the Atlantic coast of North America, from Maine south along the east and south coasts of the United States, Bermuda, the Caribbean, and Venezuela; winters south to northern Brazil.
S. a. browni – (Mearns, 1916): California least tern. Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America, from central California south to western Mexico; winters mainly in Central America.
Additionally, least terns of an unknown subspecies were found in 2012 nesting on the Big Island of Hawaii.
Conservation and status
S. a. antillarum
The population is about 21,500 pairs; it is not currently considered federally threatened, though it is considered threatened in many of the states in which it breeds. Threats include egg and fledgling predators, high tides and recreational use of nesting beaches.
S. a. athalassos
The interior subspecies, with a current population of about 7000 pairs, was listed as an endangered subspecies in 1985 (estimated 1000 breeding pairs), due to loss of habitat caused by dams, reservoirs, channelization, and other changes to river systems. It was delisted on 13 January 2021.
S. a. browni
The western population, the California least tern, was listed as an endangered species in 1972 with a population of about 600 pairs. With aggressive management, mainly by exclusion of humans via fencing, the Californian population has rebounded in recent years to about 4500 pairs, a marked increase from 582 pairs in 1974 when census work began, though it is still listed as an endangered subspecies. The California subspecies breeds on beaches and bays of the Pacific Ocean within a very limited range of southern California, in San Francisco Bay and in northwestern Mexico. While numbers have gradually increased with its protected status, it is still vulnerable to predators, natural disasters or further disturbance by humans. Recent threats include the gull-billed tern (Sterna nilotica), which can decrease reproductive success in a colony to less than 10%.
Nesting and breeding behavior
The least tern arrives at its breeding grounds in late April. The breeding colonies are not dense and may appear along either marine or estuarine shores, or on sandbar islands in large rivers, in areas free from humans or predators. Courtship typically takes place removed from the nesting colony site, usually on an exposed tidal flat or beach. Only after courtship has confirmed mate selection does nesting begin by mid-May and is usually complete by mid-June. Courtship takes the form of either an aerial display in which the female follows the flight of the male or through courtship feeding. Nests are situated on barren to sparsely vegetated places near water, normally on sandy or gravelly substrates. In the southeastern United States, many breeding sites are on white gravel rooftops. In the San Francisco Bay region, breeding typically takes place on abandoned salt flats. Where the surface is hard, this species may use an artificial indentation (such as a deep dried footprint) to form the nest basin.
The nest density may be as low as several per acre, but in San Diego County, densities of 200 nests per acre have been observed. Most commonly the clutch size is two or three, but it is not rare to consist of either one or four eggs. Adults are known to wet themselves and shake off water over the eggs when arriving at the nest. Both female and male incubate the eggs for a period of about three weeks, and both parents tend the semiprecocial young. Young birds can fly at age four weeks. After formation of the new families, groupings of birds may appear at lacustrine settings in proximity to the coast. Late-season nesting may be renests or the result of late arrivals. In any case, the bulk of the population has left the breeding grounds by the end of August.
Feeding and roosting characteristics
The least tern hunts primarily in shallow estuaries and lagoons, where smaller fishes are abundant. It hovers until spotting prey, and then plunges into the water without full submersion to extract meal. The most common prey recently for both chicks and adults are silversides smelt (Atherinops spp.) and anchovy (Anchoa spp.) in southern California, as well as shiner perch, and small crustaceans elsewhere. Adults in southern California eat kelpfish (most likely giant kelpfish, Heterostichus rostratus). Insects are known to be eaten during El Niño events. In southern California, least terns feed in bays and lagoons, near shore, and more than from shore in the open ocean. Elsewhere, they feed in proximity to lagoons or bay mouths.
Adults do not require cover, so that they commonly roost and nest on the open ground. After young chicks are three days old, they are brooded less frequently by parents and require wind blocks and shade, and protection from predators. In some colonies in southern California, Spanish roof tiles are placed in colonies so chicks can hide there. Notable disruption of colonies can occur from predation by burrowing owls, gull-billed terns and American kestrels. Depredation by domestic cats has been observed in at least one colony. Predation on inland breeding terns by coyotes, bobcats, feral dogs and cats, great blue herons, Mississippi kites, and owls has also been documented.
References
Gary Deghi, C. Michael Hogan, et al., Biological Assessment for the Proposed Tijuana/San Diego Joint International Wastewater Treatment Plant, Publication of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IX, Earth Metrics Incorporated, Burlingame, CA with Harvey and Stanley, Alviso, CA
External links
Least tern Photo Field Guide on Flickr
Tern Colony: an individual-based model of Least Tern reproduction
least tern
Birds of the United States
Birds of Mexico
Birds of the Caribbean
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
least tern
Taxa named by René Lesson |
4026148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Food%20Safety%20and%20Quality%20Service | National Food Safety and Quality Service | The National Food Safety and Quality Service (, SENASA) is an independent agency of the Argentine government charged with surveillance, regulation and certification of products of animal and plant origin and the prevention, eradication and control of diseases and plagues that affect them .
SENASA formally comes under the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing and Food, a division of the Ministry of Economy.
SENASA has 24 regional and 1 metropolitan supervising offices in all the country; however, its head office is located in Buenos Aires.
See also
Food Administration
External links
Official website
Regulation in Argentina
Food safety organizations
Medical and health organisations based in Argentina
Phytosanitary authorities |
4026151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalastra | Chalastra | Chalastra () is a town and former municipality in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. Before 1926, it was known as Κουλουκιά - Kouloukia ( - Kulakiya). It was renamed to Chalastra in 1926, to Πύργος - Pyrgos in 1955 and back to Chalastra in 1980. Since the local government reform of 2011 it has been part of the municipality Delta, of which it is a municipal unit. The town is located 20 km west from the city of Thessaloniki, on the north side of Greek National Road 1, near the Axios river and the Thermaic Gulf. The municipal unit of Chalastra consists of the two communities of Chalastra itself and Anatoliko. The population was 9,859 inhabitants according to the 2011 census, most of them working in agriculture and small industry. The municipal unit Chalastra has an area of 121.415 km2, and the community Chalastra has an area of 98.449 km2.
History
[[File:KulakiaGospel.jpg|thumb|160px|The Kulakia Gospel, a Bible written in the native Slavic dialect of Chalastra in 1863 with the Greek alphabet. On the title page there is also inscription "written in Bulgarian language".<ref>Господново и сфетаго евангелио на бога нашаго голема црикфа христианоф, искарено на бугарцко изик тувашно збор на Вардариа за уф неделите сати за гудината и за сати празницити големите за цела година за литургиата. Са писало ут Евстатио Киприади уф селото Колакиа на 30 ноемврио месиц 1863.</ref> ]]
Chalastra (, Strabo vii.; , Herod. vii. 123; , Plut. Alex.'' 49; Plin. iv. 10. § 17, xxxi. 10. § 46) was known as a town of Mygdonia in ancient Macedonia, situated on the Thermaikos gulf at the mouth of the Axios river, which belonged to the Thracians and possessed a harbor. A large part of the population was absorbed in Thessaloniki when it was founded by Cassander.
The site of the ancient town is tentatively placed at Anchialos at
.
During the Byzantine Middle Ages, the name of the area was "Campania".
In the 19th century it was inhabited by a mixed Bulgarian and Greek-speaking population.
References
Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Populated places in ancient Macedonia
Cities in ancient Macedonia
Geography of ancient Mygdonia |
4026152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruninravur | Thiruninravur | Thirunindravur is a neighbourhood situated on the western part of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located around 29 km from Chennai Central railway station. Thirunindravur comes under Chennai Metropolitan Area. The neighbourhood is served by Thirunindravur railway station. It is famous for its temples. The Tiruninravur lake serves the neighbourhood for its water needs.
History
The name Thiruninravur comes from the Tamil words Thiru, nindra and vur. The Tamil word Thiru represents the name for the Hindu god Perumal. Nindra refers to stood and vur refers to a village or a place. It is said that Lakshmi was travelling through the sky and saw this beautiful village and stood here; she wondered how beautiful is this village. Thus the place came to be known as Thiru-ninra-vur, the village where Lakshmi-Narayana stood. Here there are two ancient temples which are written in the history of Tamil literature. As moonlight comes on to the temple Gopura it is special for many occasions.
This location is also the home town of Pusalar, the Nayanar saint.
Demographics
India census, Thiruninravur had a population of 37095. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Thirunindravur has an average literacy rate of 91%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 95%, and female literacy is 88.6%.
Famous places
Thiruninravur is famous for Hridayaleeswarar Temple and Bakthavatsala Perumal Temple is one of the 108 Divyadesams.
Hridayaleeswarar Temple Pusalar Nayanar constructed the temple in his heart that design is physically constructed by Mahindra Pallava 1500 years ago by the order of Lord Shiva. Both the temples were built in Pallava era.
Many devotees from in and around Chennai, Thiruvallur and Kanchipuram regularly visit these temples. We can find good rush in Bakthavatsala Perumal Temple on Vaikunta Ekadasi and Hridayaleeswarar Temple during Prathosham days. Both the temples are historic, and are well maintained.
Roadways
The Outer Ring Road which is being laid in order to connect Vandalur to Ennore is being routed via Thiruninravur (Nemilichery) and more other places. The present National Highway - NH205 passes through Thiruninravur and also referred to as MTH road or CTH road. The phase I from vandalur to nemelicherry (thirunindravur) has been completed and is available for the public. The new Outer Ring road makes commutation much faster and easier for the private vehicle drivers, avoiding many traffic, to reach Poonamallee, Tambaram, Airport center much sooner than before.
The Tamil Nadu Highways department issued a GO on 4 October 2013 to extending the entire Chennai - Tirutani highway to 6 lanes at a cost of 168 Cr. The first phase will involve extending the road to 4 lanes - 100 ft with center median and encroachments have already started to be removed. Residents and Resident welfare associations have welcomed this move..
Colleges and schools
Government Higher Secondary School, Gomatipuram
Amutha Matriculation School
Hindu College
Jaya Engineering College
Jaya College of Arts and Science
Jaya College of Pharmacy
Jaya Teacher Training Institute
Jaya Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Jaya Matriculation Higher Secondary school (Krishna Puram)
Grace Park Convent Matriculation Higher Secondary school
St.John's Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Angel Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Oxford Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Oxford Public School
Dasar Higher Secondary school
Claret Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Vivekananda Matriculation School.
Area developments
The new Tidel Park Phase II is the main highlight and new landmark near to this city.
References
External links
www.thiruninravur.org
www.thirunindravur.in
Neighbourhoods in Chennai |
4026158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Harris | Greg Harris | Greg' or Gregory Harris may refer to:
Greg Harris (Ohio politician), American community organizer and congressional candidate from Cincinnati, Ohio
Greg Harris (Illinois politician) (born 1955), American politician
Greg A. Harris (born 1955), former pitcher in MLB, 1981–1995
Greg S. Harris (born 1965), president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Greg W. Harris (born 1963), former pitcher in MLB, 1988–1995
Gregory N. Harris, United States Navy admiral
Gregory K. Harris, United States attorney nominee |
4026168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Greatest%20Songs%20of%20the%20Fifties | The Greatest Songs of the Fifties | The Greatest Songs of the Fifties is an album by American singer Barry Manilow, released in the United States on January 31, 2006. A significant album for Manilow, it finds the Brooklyn-born crooner taking on songs that were popular in his youth. The project also marked Manilow's return to his former label, Arista, with the company's founder, Clive Davis, setting the singer up with 1950s pop classics much in the way that he steered Rod Stewart in the direction of jazzy standards in his successful The Great American Songbook project.
The album was a hit in the United States. It entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, giving him the second chart-topping album of his career. His only other No. 1 album was Barry Manilow Live, in 1977. This is also the highest-debuting album of his career, selling over 150,000 copies in its opening week and besting the No. 3 opening of Ultimate Manilow in 2002.
Track listing
US Version
"Moments to Remember" - 3:34
"It's All in the Game" - 2:54
"Unchained Melody" - 3:45
"Venus" - 2:26
"It's Not for Me to Say" - 3:23
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing" - 2:42
"Rags to Riches" - 3:21
"Sincerely/Teach Me Tonight (Medley)" (Duet with Phyllis McGuire) - 3:18
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" - 2:57
"Young at Heart" - 3:35
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" - 2:48
"What a Diff'rence a Day Made" - 3:03
"Beyond the Sea" - 4:05
UK Version
"Moments to Remember" - 3:34
"It's All in the Game" - 2:54
"Unchained Melody" - 3:45
"Venus" - 2:26
"It's Not for Me to Say" - 3:23
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing" - 2:42
"Rags to Riches" - 3:21
"Sincerely/Teach Me Tonight (Medley)" (Duet with Phyllis McGuire) - 3:18
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" - 2:57
"Young at Heart" - 3:35
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" - 2:48
"What a Diff'rence a Day Made" - 3:03
"Beyond the Sea" - 4:05
"If You Love Me (Really Love Me)" - 3:49
"As Time Goes By" - 3:45
Japanese Version
"Moments to Remember" - 3:34
"It's All in the Game" - 2:54
"Unchained Melody" - 3:45
"Venus" - 2:26
"It's Not for Me to Say" - 3:23
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing" - 2:42
"Rags to Riches" - 3:21
"Sincerely/Teach Me Tonight (Medley)" (Duet with Hiromi Iwasaki) - 3:18
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" - 2:57
"Young at Heart" - 3:35
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" - 2:48
"What a Diff'rence a Day Made" - 3:03
"Beyond the Sea" - 4:05
"Have I Told You Lately" - 4:17
Musicians
Contractor: Joe Soldo
Piano: Barry Manilow, Ron Pedley, Joe Melotti, Steve Welch
Bass: Dave Carpenter, Dave Stone
Guitar: Ken Berry, Mike Lent
Drums: Russ McKinnon, John Robinson
Percussion: Dan Greco
Background Vocals: Randy Crenshaw (Contractor), Jon Joyce, Gary Stockdale
Heavenly Choir on "Venus": Connie Nassios
Violins: Assa Drori (Concert Master), Barbra Porter, Dynell Weber, Yan To, Liane Mautner, Johanna Krejci, Tereza Stanislav, Alyssa Park, David Stenske, Cynthia Moussas, Ronald Folsom, Irina Voloshina, Jennifer Munday, Charlie Bisharat, Ron Clark, Armen Garabedian, Jennifer Walton, Shari Zippert, Mario Deleon, Margaret Wooten, Olivia Tsui, Neel Hammond, Brian Benning, Yvette Devereaux, Rebecca Bunnell, Kevin Connolly
Violas: Ken Burward-Hoy, Harry Shirinian, Caroline Buckman, Miguel Ferguson, Carrie Holzman, Sam Formicola, Ray Tischer, Kazi Pitelka, Rodney Hurtz
Celli: Larry Corbett, Christina Soule, John Krovoza, David Speltz, Paula Hochhalter, Stephanie Fife, Vanessa F. Smith, Rowena Hammill
Harp: Gayle Levant, Marcia Dickstein
Saxophones / Woodwinds: Gary Foster, Dan Higgins, Gene Cipriano, Don Shelton, George Shelby, Greg Huckins
Trumpets: Warren Leuning, Wayne Bergeron, Charlie Davis, Larry McGuire, Larry Lunetta, Chris Gray
Trombones: Charles Loper, Chauncey Welsch, Stephen Baxter, Bryant Byers, Craig Gosnell
French Horns: Steve Becknell, Jim Atkinson, Brad Warnaar, Paul Klintworth, Danielle Ondarza, Mark Adams
Flute: Sheridan Stokes, Dave Shostac
Oboe: Joe Stone, Earl Dumler
Bassoon: John Mitchell
Harmonica: Tommy Morgan
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Barry Manilow albums
2006 albums
Covers albums
Arista Records albums |
4026170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Joyce%20%28tennis%29 | Michael Joyce (tennis) | Michael T. Joyce (born February 1, 1973) is an American former tennis player, who turned professional in 1991. The right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 64 in April 1996. He also became a coach of professional players, most notably former world number one Maria Sharapova from 2004 to 2011.
Tennis career
Juniors
He reached the final of the Wimbledon Jr event in 1991, where he was runner-up to Thomas Enqvist.
Professional tennis player
On the professional tour, Joyce won 3 Challenger events and reached the 4th round of the 1995 Wimbledon Championships. He won the men's singles in the Ojai Tennis Tournament in 2004.
He was the subject of an essay by David Foster Wallace in Esquire; the essay was later republished in Wallace's collections A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again and String Theory.
Throughout his time on the tour from 1991 to 2003, Joyce won against Pat Rafter, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Jim Courier and Michael Chang, and many more top players.
Overall, Joyce's win–loss record is 46–67. He went 1-10 versus top 10 players.
Coach
Joyce was the coach of Maria Sharapova, along with her father, Yuri Sharapov, from summer 2004 until January 2011, when he was replaced by Thomas Högstedt. During her cooperation with Joyce, Sharapova won three Grand Slam singles titles and reached the World No. 1 ranking.
Joyce coached American tennis player Jessica Pegula from 2012 to 2017. While with Joyce, in 2013 before suffering from an injury, Pegula reached a career high singles world ranking of 123 and a doubles world ranking of 92.
Joyce coached former world No. 1 Maria Sharapova for more than a decade. He has now joined USTA Player Development as the women's tennis national coach. In 2017, Joyce coached former world number one Victoria Azarenka for 8 months after she returned to competition following maternity leave. However, with family issues interrupting her schedule, the pair split at the end of the year, and Joyce took up the position of coach to Johanna Konta. In October 2018, Joyce split ways with Konta and began coaching Eugenie Bouchard. In April 2019, Joyce split ways with Bouchard; two months later he started to work with Tímea Babos.
Personal life
Joyce currently lives in Boca Raton, Florida, with his wife Jenna and their daughter (born May 2016).
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 10 (6–4)
Doubles: 11 (4–7)
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
References
External links
Esquire: "The String Theory," July 1996
1973 births
Living people
American male tennis players
American tennis coaches
Tennis people from California
Tennis players from Santa Monica, California |
4026171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20Vauxhall%20by-election | 1989 Vauxhall by-election | A by-election for the United Kingdom House of Commons was held in the constituency of Vauxhall on 15 June 1989, following the resignation of sitting Member of Parliament (MP) Stuart Holland.
The winner, Kate Hoey, was Minister for Sport in Tony Blair's Labour government from 1999 to 2001 before returning to the backbenches.
The 1989 by-election was caused by Stuart Holland's resignation to take up an academic job in preference to remaining in the Labour Party. There was controversy surrounding the Labour candidate selection process. Martha Osamor had the most nominations, with Hoey only having one, but the National Executive Committee declined to shortlist Osamor and imposed a shortlist on the constituency party. When the local party refused to choose from the shortlist, Hoey was imposed by the NEC as the Labour candidate.
Candidates
The by-election was contested by 14 candidates: one of the longest lists of serious candidates at any by-election in the 1980s. Don Milligan stood as the candidate of the Revolutionary Communist Party and made the struggle for gay equality the centrepiece of his campaign. Rev Hewie Andrew stood as "The People's Candidate", out of protest at the Labour Party's selection process for their candidate. There were two "Green" candidates: Henry Bewley (who represented the Green Party officially, and Dominic Allen (sponsored by a religious cult) who used the title "The Greens". This was the first time the Green Party saved its deposit in a UK Parliamentary election. There were two National Front candidates, from their warring "Official" and "Flag" factions.
At close of nominations, there had been 15 contenders, with rival candidates for the 'Social & Liberal Democrats' and 'Continuing Social Democratic Party'. However, the SDP candidate, Tom Edwards, withdrew his candidature before the notice of poll.
Result
See also
Lists of United Kingdom by-elections
References
Vauxhall by-election
Vauxhall by-election
Vauxhall,1989
Vauxhall,1989
Vauxhall by-election |
4026196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%20during%20World%20War%20II | Bulgaria during World War II | The history of Bulgaria during World War II encompasses an initial period of neutrality until 1 March 1941, a period of alliance with the Axis Powers until 8 September 1944, and a period of alignment with the Allies in the final year of the war. Bulgarian military forces occupied with German consent parts of the kingdoms of Greece and Yugoslavia which Bulgarian irredentism claimed on the basis of the 1878 Treaty of San Stefano. Bulgaria resisted Axis pressure to join the war against the Soviet Union, which began on 22 June 1941, but did declare war on Britain and the United States on 13 December 1941. The Red Army entered Bulgaria on 8 September 1944; Bulgaria declared war on Germany the next day.
As an ally of Nazi Germany, Bulgaria participated in the Holocaust, contributing to the deaths of 11,343 Jews, and though 48,000 Jews survived the war, they were subjected to forcible internal deportation, dispossession, and discrimination. However, during the war, German-allied Bulgaria did not deport Jews from the core provinces of Bulgaria. Bulgaria's wartime government was pro-German under Georgi Kyoseivanov, Bogdan Filov, Dobri Bozhilov, and Ivan Bagryanov. It joined the Allies under Konstantin Muraviev in early September 1944, then underwent a coup d'état a week later, and under Kimon Georgiev was pro-Soviet thereafter.
Initial neutrality (September 1939 – 1 March 1941)
The government of the Kingdom of Bulgaria under Prime Minister Georgi Kyoseivanov declared a position of neutrality upon the outbreak of World War II. Bulgaria was determined to observe it until the end of the war; but it hoped for bloodless territorial gains in order to recover the territories lost in the Second Balkan War and World War I, as well as gain other lands with a significant Bulgarian population in the neighbouring countries. Bulgaria had been the only defeated power of 1918 not to have received some territorial award by 1939. However, it was clear that the central geopolitical position of Bulgaria in the Balkans would inevitably lead to strong external pressure by both World War II factions. Turkey had a non-aggression pact with Bulgaria. This recovery of territory reinforced Bulgarian hopes for resolving other territorial problems without direct involvement in the War.
Bulgaria, as a potential beneficiary from the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939, had competed with other such nations to curry favour with Nazi Germany by gestures of antisemitic legislation. Bulgaria was economically dependent on Germany, with 65% Bulgaria's trade in 1939 accounted for by Germany, and militarily bound by an arms deal. Bulgarian extreme nationalists lobbied for a return to the enlarged borders of the 1878 Treaty of San Stefano. The Bulgarian officer class were mainly pro-German while the population at large was predominantly Russophile. On 7 September 1940, after the Second Vienna Award in August, Southern Dobruja, lost to Romania under the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest, was returned to Bulgarian control by the Treaty of Craiova, formulated under German pressure. A citizenship law followed on 21 November 1940, which transferred Bulgarian citizenship to the inhabitants of the annexed territory, including to around 500 Jews, alongside the territory's Roma, Greeks, Turks, and Romanians. Bulgaria had earlier briefly re-acquired Southern Dobruja between 1916 and 1918.
In October 1940 the Law for the Protection of the Nation was introduced to parliament. The bill made legislative progress through the winter of late 1940, with parliament reviewing it on the 15, 19, and 20 November. The week before the debates over the bill continued to second reading on 20 December 1940, a ship carrying 326 Bulgarian Jewish and other Jewish refugees heading to British-administered Palestine, the Salvador, was wrecked in the Sea of Marmara on 14 December with 230 lives lost. Of the 160 seats in the National Assembly, a majority of between 115 and 121 members voted with the government. The parliament ratified the bill on Christmas Eve, 1940. It received royal assent from Tsar Boris III on 15 January the following year, being published in the State Gazette on 23 January 1941. The law forbade the granting of Bulgarian citizenship to Jews as defined by the Law. The Law's second chapter ordered measures for the definition, identification, segregation, and economic and social marginalization of Jews. The law had been proposed to parliament by Petar Gabrovski, Interior Minister and former Ratnik leader in October 1940. His protégé, government lawyer and fellow Ratnik, Alexander Belev, had been sent to study the 1933 Nuremberg Laws in Germany and was closely involved in its drafting. Modelled on this precedent, the law targeted Jews, together with Freemasonry and other intentional organizations deemed "threatening" to Bulgarian national security.
The Law introduced restrictions on foreign Jews as well. In late 1938 and early 1939 Bulgarian police officials and the Interior Ministry were already increasingly opposed to the admittance of Jewish refugees from persecution in Central Europe. In response to a query by British diplomats in Sofia, the Foreign Ministry confirmed the policy that from April 1939, Jews from Germany, Romania, Poland, Italy, and what remained of Czechoslovakia (and later Hungary) would be required to obtain consent from the ministry to secure entry, transit, or passage visas. Nevertheless, at least 430 visas (and probably around 1,000) were issued by Bulgarian diplomats to foreign Jews, of which there were as many as 4,000 in Bulgaria in 1941. On 1 April 1941 the Police Directorate allowed the departure of 302 Jewish refugees, mostly underage, from Central Europe for the express purpose of Bulgaria "freeing itself from the foreign element". After April 1941, the Law's jurisdiction was extended beyond Bulgaria's pre-war borders to territories in Greece and Yugoslavia occupied by the Bulgarian army and claimed and administered by Bulgaria.
Bulgaria had been mooted as a possible member of the Soviet sphere in the Molotov-Ribbentrop discussions in November 1939; the significance of Bulgaria's position increased after the British Empire intervened in the Balkans campaign and Hitler's plans to invade the Soviet Union progressed. Pressure built on Boris to join the Axis, but he vacillated, and the government committed to joining – but at an unspecified date. In the planning of Operation Marita, the Germans sought to cross Bulgaria to invade Greece. Bogdan Filov travelled to Vienna to sign the Tripartite Pact at the beginning of March.
Axis Powers (1 March 1941 – 8 September 1944)
After the failure of the Italian invasion of Greece, Nazi Germany demanded that Bulgaria join the Tripartite Pact and permit German forces to pass through Bulgaria to attack Greece in order to help Italy. The Bulgarian prime minister signed the pact on the 1 March 1941; German forces crossed the Danube into Bulgaria the same day. The threat of a possible German invasion, as well as the promise of Greek and Yugoslavian territories, led the tsar and his government to sign the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. Tsar Boris III and prime minister Bogdan Filov were also both known to be fervent admirers of Adolf Hitler.
With the Soviet Union in a non-aggression pact with Germany, there was little popular opposition to the decision, and it was recognized with applause in the Parliament a couple of days later.
Annexation of Eastern Thrace, most of Macedonia and part of Pomoravlje
On 6 April 1941, despite having joined the Axis Powers, the Bulgarian military did not participate in the invasion of Yugoslavia or the invasion of Greece, but were ready to occupy their pre-arranged territorial gains immediately after the capitulation of each country. The Yugoslav government surrendered on 17 April; on 19 April, the Bulgarian Land Forces entered Yugoslavia. The Greek government surrendered on 30 April; the Bulgarian occupation began the same day. Bulgaria's contribution to Operation Marita and the Axis conquest of Greece was relatively minor; the Bulgarians and a Wehrmacht division guarded the left flank of the invasion. After Greece and Yugoslavia's capitulation, three Bulgarian divisions from the Second and Fifth Armies deployed to Thrace and Macedonia to relieve pressure on the Germans. In words chosen by Tsar Boris, Bulgaria announced the occupation of Macedonia and Thrace "to preserve order and stability in the territories taken over by Germany". Bulgarians, elated by the de facto unification of lost national irredenta, named Boris "King Unifier".
Bulgaria occupied most of Yugoslav Macedonia, Pomoravlje, Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace, which had already been captured by the forces of the Germans and their allies and which had been lost to Bulgaria in 1918. The Bulgarians occupied territory between the Struma River and a line of demarcation running through Alexandroupoli and Svilengrad west of the Maritsa river. Included in the area occupied were the cities of Alexandroupoli (), Komotini (), Serres (), Xanthi (), Drama () and Kavala () and the islands of Thasos and Samothrace in Greece, as well as almost all of what is today the Republic of North Macedonia and much of South-Eastern Serbia, then in Yugoslavia.
In the region of Macedonia, the majority initially welcomed union with Bulgaria as relief from Yugoslavian Serbianization, where pro-Bulgarian sentiments there still prevailed. After 1918, more than 1,700 Bulgarian churches and monasteries had been converted to Serbian or Greek Orthodoxy, and some 1,450 Bulgarian schools closed. Bulgarian had been forbidden in public life. Bulgarization was seen as necessary to strengthen Bulgaria's claim on the territory after a projected Axis victory, since Germany had not definitively indicated Bulgaria would keep it and no international treaty recognized Bulgaria's claims; "the Bulgarian nature of the territories had to be incontrovertible by the end of the war". Consequently, a university - Macedonia's first - bearing Boris III's name was instituted in Skopje, more than 800 new schools were built between 1941 and 1944, Macedonian schools were integrated into Bulgaria's education system, and Macedonian teachers were retrained in Bulgarian.
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church sought the integration of Bulgarian-ruled Macedonia with the Exarchate of Bulgaria. It was hoped the "national reunification" might lead to a restored Bulgarian Patriarchate representative of all Bulgarian communities, but Tsar Boris, wary of any new power-base in his kingdom, opposed the plan. At Easter in Skopje Cathedral the service was officiated by a Bulgarian cleric. Priests were encouraged out of retirement to preach in Macedonian parishes. The government in Sofia preferred to appoint Bulgarian bishops loyal to the Exarchate to sees in Macedonia than local candidates, a policy which disappointed Macedonians and Bulgarians alike. By 1944, Sofia's government was as unpopular in Macedonia as Belgrade's had been before the occupation, each government alienating Macedonians with over-centralization.
In Thrace, more opposition was encountered. Before June 1941 and the German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship, the Germans did not allow Bulgarian civilian administration for fear of antagonizing Turkey with Bulgarian expansion; separate Greek, German, and Bulgarian occupation zones prevailed until August 1941. Thereafter, pressure was applied to Turkish inhabitants of the region to emigrate. The demographics of western Thrace had been changed by the 1921 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, with the arrival of many Greeks from East Thrace in the Turkish Republic and the departure of many Turks. Most villages were assigned to the Nevrokop diocese of the Bulgarian Church as part of a wider Bulgarization policy in education and religion. The Bulgarian school system was introduced in September 1941 and by 1942's end there were 200 new primary schools and 34 gymnasia established for ethnic Bulgarians alone; Turks and Greeks had separate schools, and despite protests of Muslim teachers, children of Pomaks were sent to Bulgarian schools organized on Orthodox Christian lines. Also in September 1941, the suppression of the Drama uprising against Bulgarian rule on the night of the 28-'9 September resulted in the deaths of around 1,600 people.
The Bulgarian government hoped in Thrace to remove ethnic Greeks who had arrived in territory ceded to Greece after 1918, at which time Bulgarians had been the demographic plurality. Bulgarization was encouraged by a new law on internal migration and consolidation in June 1941, by a new land directorate to facilitate Bulgarian settlers set up in February 1942 with plots of land distributed to officials, and by incentives for ethnic Bulgarians from southern Macedonia to move to replace departing Greeks in Thrace. There was also a bias towards Bulgarians in the cooperative bank established to assist farmers there. By March 1942, resettlement permits issued to Bulgarians in Thrace numbered 18,925. After 1942, Allied victories and Greek and Turkish threats of reprisals caused a decrease in the rates of Bulgarians emigrating to Thrace. Because food was brought in from metropolitan Bulgaria, Bulgarian-occupied western Thrace was spared the famine that affected German and Italian occupation zones in Greece, even though Thrace was less developed than either Bulgaria or the rest of Greece.
Although Bulgarian citizenship had been granted jus soli to residents of newly annexed South Dobruja, the Law for the Protection of the Nation forbade to granting of citizenship to Jews in the subsequently occupied territories, and no action was taken to determine the status of any of the inhabitants at all until 1942. Jews were merely issued with identity cards in a different colour to non-Jews'. A decree-law issued on 10 June 1942 (Nerada za podantstvo v osvobodenite prez 1941 godina zemi) confirmed that the "liberated" territories' Jewish residents were ineligible for Bulgarian citizenship. This effectively made them stateless.
Occupation of most of Serbia
In Nedic's Serbia to secure the railroads, highways and other infrastructure, the Germans began to make use of Bulgarian occupation troops in large areas of the occupied territory, although these troops were under German command and control. This occurred in three phases, with the Bulgarian 1st Occupation Corps consisting of three divisions moving into the occupied territory on 31 December 1941. This corps was initially responsible for about 40% of the territory (excluding the Banat), bounded by the Ibar river in the west between Kosovska Mitrovica and Kraljevo, the West Morava river between Kraljevo and Čačak, and then a line running roughly east from Čačak through Kragujevac to the border with Bulgaria. They were therefore responsible for large sections of the Belgrade–Niš–Sofia and Niš–Skopje railway lines, as well as the main Belgrade–Niš–Skopje highway.
In January 1943, the Bulgarian area was expanded westwards to include all areas west of the Ibar river and south of a line running roughly west from Čačak to the border with occupied Montenegro and the NDH. This released the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen, which had been garrisoning this area over the winter, to deploy into the NDH and take part in Case White against the Partisans. Many members of the Volksdeutsche from Serbia and the Banat were serving in the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen. This division was responsible for war crimes committed against the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In July 1943, the Bulgarian occupation zone expanded northwards, with a fourth division, the 25th Division taking over from the 297th Infantry Division in the rest of the territory (excluding the Banat) that did not share a border with the NDH. From this point, German forces only directly occupied the immediate area of Belgrade, the northwest region of the territory that shared a border with the NDH, and the Banat.
International situation
Bulgaria did not join the German invasion of the Soviet Union that began on 22 June 1941 nor did it declare war on the Soviet Union. Bulgarian propaganda refrained from criticism of Stalin. The personal secretary to Tsar Boris noted that the country's strategy was to "conciliate Germany by making many comparatively unimportant concessions". Tsar Boris's position was that the Bulgarian army was not equipped properly or modernised sufficiently to face the Red Army, with conscript soldiers who would not fight effectively far from home against Bulgaria's former Russian allies. Moreover, Bulgaria's military was positioned to thwart any potential threat to the Axis from Turkey or an Allied landing in Greece. Boris resisted German pressure to allow Bulgarian soldiers or volunteers join the fight against the Soviets. Involvement by the navy was limited to escorting Axis convoys in the Black Sea. However, despite the lack of official declarations of war by both sides, the Bulgarian Navy was involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans battled various anti-Axis resistance groups and partisan movements. Additionally, in 1941 and 1942 the Bulgarian government sent multiple delegations of high-ranking officers that traveled to the occupied USSR; an instrumental role in this action was played by the Chief of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army, Lieutenant-General Konstantin Ludvig Lukash, who had kept a diary during the most important trip of November-December 1941. Although essentially symbolic gestures, these trips by senior officers provided a channel for intelligence but most importantly demonstrated Bulgaria's "investment" in Hitler and the Axis.
On 5 March 1941, after the start of Operation MARITA, Britain severed diplomatic relations with Bulgaria but neither side declared war. To show support for the Axis, the Bulgarian government declared a token war on the United Kingdom and the United States on 13 December 1941, an act which resulted in the bombing of Sofia and other Bulgarian cities by Allied aircraft from 1941. The Bulgarian military was able to destroy some Allied aircraft passing through Bulgarian airspace to attack Romania's oilfields. The first were on the return flight of Operation Tidal Wave air raid on Ploiești on 1 August 1943, part of the oil campaign; bombers flying back to airbases in North Africa over Bulgaria were intercepted by fighters of the Bulgarian Air Force and aircrew that reached the ground alive were interned as prisoners of war under the 1929 Geneva Convention. Most POWs were from the United States Army Air Forces and the Royal Air Force, with American, British, Canadian, Australian, Dutch, Greek, and Yugoslav airmen were all interned at a prisoner-of-war camp opened on 25 November 1943 under the control of the Bulgarian Army's garrison at Shumen and commended by an officer of lieutenant rank. Downed aircrew were usually captured and imprisoned locally, interrogated in the prison in Sofia, and then moved to the POW camp at Shumen; one American airman was liberated from a local jail by the Communist partisans, with whom he thereafter evaded capture. Allied POWs were ultimately interned at Shumen for ten months. The few Soviet POWs were interned at a camp at Sveti Kiri, together with over a hundred Soviet citizens resident in Bulgaria, under the authority of the State Security section of the Police Directorate (DPODS).
When Germany invaded the USSR in June 1941 (Operation BARBAROSSA), the underground Bulgarian Communist Party launched a guerrilla movement, which was repressed severely by the government. After BARBAROSSA failed to defeat the USSR, and the US joined the Allies, it seemed that the Axis might lose the war. In August 1942, the Communist Party, the Zveno movement, and some other groups formed the Fatherland Front to resist the pro-German government. Partisan detachments were particularly active in the mountain areas of western and southern Bulgaria.
Two weeks after a visit to Germany in August 1943, Bulgarian Tsar Boris III died suddenly on 28 August aged 49. There was speculation that he was poisoned - a recent meeting with Hitler had not been cordial - but no culprit was found. A motive for an assassination is difficult to establish: it would have been a great risk for Germans, Soviets, and British; it was uncertain who might replace Boris at the centre of the Bulgarian state. A post-mortem in the 1990s established that an infarction in the left side of the heart was the direct cause of death. According to the diary of the German attache in Sofia at the time, Colonel von Schoenebeck, the two German physicians who attended to the tsar – Sajitz and Hans Eppinger – both believed that Boris died from the same poison Dr. Eppinger had allegedly found two years earlier in the postmortem examination of the Greek prime minister Ioannis Metaxas. His six-year-old son Simeon II succeeded to the throne. Because of Simeon's age, a regency council was set up, headed by Prime Minister Bogdan Filov, who gave up that office on 9 September. The new Prime Minister from 14 September 1943, Dobri Bozhilov, was in most respects as pro-German. Boris had begun to seek Bulgaria's escape from war, and the regency, which lacked his authority abroad and at home, made similar designs. Bozhilov intensified negotiations with the western Allies, fearing the fate of Benito Mussolini's government.
On 19 November 1943 the first heavy bombing of Bulgarian cities by the Allies took place. After further raids and an even heavier attack on Sofia on 30 March 1944, many inhabitants fled the city. Major Frank Thompson of the Special Operations Executive was parachuted in to rendezvous with the Bulgarian Resistance, but was captured and executed for espionage in June 1944.
After April 1944, the Soviets increased pressure on Bulgaria to abandon the Axis alliance. Bulgaria had maintained diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union while being a member of the Axis Powers.
On 1 June 1944 Filov sacked Bozhilov, in the hope of placating internal opposition and the Allies. Filov had reluctantly decided the alliance with Germany should end. Ivan Bagryanov took over as prime minister. Filov tried to play for time, hoping that an Allied landing in the Balkans would allow Bulgaria to join the Allies without the loss of the new territories in Thrace and Macedonia, and avoid the German occupation of Bulgaria that would follow an immediate change in sides. But the invasion of Normandy on 6 June ended any possibility of a major western Allied offensive in the Balkans. Meanwhile, Soviet westward offensives continued apace. Also at this time, German forces were being withdrawn from Greece, and Bulgaria had lost its strategic significance to the western Allies.
Bagryanov had sympathies for the West, and hoped to disengage Bulgaria from the war before Soviet forces reached the Danube, thus avoiding Soviet occupation. By the middle of August, American diplomatic pressure and a report of the International Committee of the Red Cross which had detailed hardships of the inmates had caused conditions at the POW camp at Shumen to be improved; before this, the Allied POWs were allowed only limited water and suffered from malnutrition. Bagryanov repealed the antisemitic legislation of his predecessors on 17 August. He had success in negotiating the withdrawal of the German forces from Varna on the grounds that their presence invited an Allied attack, and blocked the arrival of any more German troops in Bulgaria.
But his plans went awry. On 20 August 1944, Soviet forces broke through Axis defenses in Romania, and approached the Balkans and Bulgaria. On 23 August, Romania left the Axis Powers and declared war on Germany, which
and allowed Soviet forces to cross its territory to reach Bulgaria. On 27 August, the Bulgarian government announced neutrality; Bagryanov handed over to the Germans 8,000 railway wagons to accelerate their withdrawal. The Fatherland Front, which had demanded full neutrality, decried this assistance. On the same date the Fatherland Front made the decision to incite an armed rebellion against the government.
On 30 August, Joseph Stalin declared the USSR would no longer recognize Bulgarian neutrality. Soviet pressure to declare war on Germany was intense. Bagryanov assured the Soviets that foreign troops in Bulgaria would be disarmed, ordered German troops to leave the country, and began to disarm German soldiers arriving in Dobruja, but refused to violate Bulgaria's own newly-declared neutrality by declaring war on Germany. But this was not enough. On 2 September, Bagryanov and his government were replaced by a government of Konstantin Muraviev and those opposition parties which were not in the Fatherland Front. Muraviev initially opposed war with Germany, arguing this would be used as pretext for a Soviet occupation of Bulgaria. Support for the government was withheld by the Fatherland Front, which described it as pro-Nazis attempting to hold on to power. On 4 September, the Fatherland Front organized popular strikes. On 5 September, Muraviev decided to break off diplomatic relations with Germany, but delayed announcing the move for two days at the urging of War Minister Lieut. Gen. Ivan Marinov to enable Bulgarian troops to withdraw from occupied Macedonia. When all German troops had left the country on the afternoon of 7 September, Bulgaria declared war on Germany, but earlier on the same day the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria, without consultation with either the USA or Britain, "to liberate Bulgaria". On 8 September Bulgaria was simultaneously at war with four major belligerents of the war: Germany, Britain, the USA, and the USSR. Soviet forces crossed the border on 8 September. They occupied the north-eastern part of Bulgaria along with the key port cities of Varna and Burgas by the next day. By order of the government, the Bulgarian Army offered no resistance .
Holocaust
During Bulgaria's alliance with Nazi Germany, the Bulgarian government introduced measures and legislation targeting Jews and other minorities; in September 1939 all Jews regarded as foreign nationals - some 4,000 - were expelled. Most fled eventually to Palestine, arriving there after considerable difficulty. Interior Minister Petar Gabrovski, and Alexander Belev, having studied the Nuremberg Laws, introduced in 1940 the Law for Protection of the Nation, in force from January 1941. By this means, Jews under Bulgaria's control were excluded from most professions, universities, and trades unions, from all government service, and from certain public areas. Moreover, Jews were required to carry special identity cards, were forbidden to bear "non-Jewish" names or marry Bulgarians.
The Bulgarian irredentist seizure in 1941 of coveted territory from Greece and Yugoslavia and the formation of the new oblasts of Skopje, Bitola, and Belomora increased Bulgaria's Jewish population to around 60,000. These were forbidden to have Bulgarian citizenship under the Law for the Protection of the Nation. From early in the war, Bulgarian occupation authorities in Greece and Yugoslavia handed over Jewish refugees fleeing from Axis Europe to the Gestapo. In October 1941 Bulgarian authorities demanded the registration of 213 Serbian Jews detected by the Gestapo in Bulgarian-administered Skopje; they were arrested on 24 November and 47 of these were taken to Banjica concentration camp in Belgrade, Serbia and killed on 3 December 1941.
The Law for the Protection of the Nation was followed by a decree-law (naredbi) on 26 August 1942, which tightened restrictions on Jews, widened the definition of Jewishness, and increased the burdens of proof required to prove non-Jewish status and exemptions (privilegii). Jews were thereafter required to wear yellow stars, excepting only those baptized who practised the Christian eucharist. Bulgarian Jews married to non-Jews by Christian rite before 1 September 1940 and baptized before the 23 January 1941 enforcement of the Law for the Protection of the Nation, rescinding the exemptions allowed to such cases allowed by the Law. Exemptions for war orphans, war widows, and the disabled veterans were henceforth applicable only "in the event of competition with other Jews", and all such privilegii could be revoked or denied if the individual were convicted of a crime or deemed "anti-government" or "communist". In February 1943 SS-Hauptsturmführer Theodor Dannecker and Belev - appointed by Gabrovski in 1942 to head the new "Office of the Commissar of Jewish Affairs" within the interior ministry - signed the Dannecker-Belev Agreement, in which Bulgaria agreed to supply Germany with 20,000 Jewish captives. Bulgaria is the only nation to have signed an agreement with Germany to supply Jews in this way; Bulgaria agreed to meet the cost of their expulsion and the document explicitly noted that Bulgaria, knowing their fate in German hands, would never request the Jews' repatriation.
The Law for the Protection of the Nation stipulated that Jews fulfil their compulsory military service in the labour battalions and not the regular army. Forced labour battalions were instituted in Bulgaria in 1920 as a way of circumventing the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, which limited the size of the Bulgarian military and ended conscription into the regular military. The forced labour service (trudova povinnost) set up by the government of Aleksandar Stamboliyski supplied cheap labour for government projects and employment for demobilised soldiers from the First World War. In the first decade of its existence, more than 150,000 Bulgarian subjects, "primarily minorities (particularly Muslims) and other poor segments of society" had been drafted to serve. In the 1930s, in the lead-up to the Second World War, the trudova povinnost were militarised: attached to the War Ministry in 1934, they were given military ranks in 1936. After the start of war, in 1940 "labour soldiers" (trudovi vojski) were established as a separate corps "used to enforce anti-Jewish policies during World War Two" as part of an overall "deprivation" plan.
In August 1941, at the request of Adolf-Heinz Beckerle - German Minister Plenipotentiary at Sofia - the War Ministry relinquished control of all Jewish forced labour to the Ministry of Buildings, Roads, and Public Works. Mandatory conscription applied from August 1941: initially men 20-44 were drafted, with the age limit rising to 45 in July 1942 and 50 a year later. Bulgarians replaced Jews in the commands of the Jewish labour units, which were no longer entitled to uniforms. On 29 January 1942, new all-Jewish forced labour battalions were announced; their number was doubled to twenty-four by the end of 1942. Jewish units were separated from the other ethnicities - three quarters of the forced labour battalions were from minorities: Turks, Russians, and residents of the territories occupied by Bulgaria - the rest were drawn from the Bulgarian unemployed. The Jews in forced labour were faced with discriminatory policies which became stricter as time went on; with increasing length of service and decreasing the allowance of food, rest, and days off. On 14 July 1942 a disciplinary unit was established to impose new punitive strictures: deprivation of mattresses or hot food, a "bread-and-water diet", and the barring of visitors for months at time. As the war progressed, and round-ups of Jews began in 1943, Jews made more numerous efforts to escape and punishments became increasingly harsh.
In March 1943 Bulgarian troops and military police rounded up the Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greek Macedonia and Vardar Macedonia in Yugoslavia - 7,122 from Macedonia and 4,221 from Thrace, and sent them to via transit concentration camps to the Bulgarian Danube port of Lom, where they were embarked and taken upriver to Vienna and thence to Treblinka; nearly all were killed. This was arranged by request of the German foreign ministry in spring 1942 to surrender all Jews under Bulgarian control to German custody, to which the Bulgarian government acceded, creating the "Jewish Affairs" commissariat under Belev to organize the genocide called for at the Wannsee Conference. By March 1943 Jewish Bulgarians were being concentrated at schools and train stations by the Bulgarian authorities within the country's pre-war borders. Subsequently, in spring 1943, protests led by parliamentarian Dimitar Peshev M.P. and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, concerned over the welfare of Jewish converts to Christianity as well as of a "national minority" generally, succeeded in first delaying, and then in May in finally preventing Belev's plan to meet the 20,000 figure by deporting some 8,000 Bulgarian Jews from Sofia, Kyustendil, and elsewhere to Nazi extermination camps in Poland, including all southwest Bulgaria's Jews; they were instead dispossessed of all their property, deported to the provinces, and the men aged 20–40 conscripted into forced labour, as were Jews from Stara Zagora and Kazanlak. On 21 May 1943 the Council of Ministers voted that Jews were to be expelled from Sofia to the countryside in three days' time. Belev ordered the expulsion on 24 May of Jews from the capital: 19,000 Sofia Jews were deported to specific rural areas and towns. Special trains were arranged and the Jews were assigned specific departures, separating family members. A maximum of 30 kg of property per person was allowed; the rest they were forced leave behind, to sell at "abusively low" prices, or which was otherwise pilfered or stolen. Bulgarian officials and neighbours benefited from the proceeds.
In April 1943 Joachim von Ribbentrop enquired of King Boris why more Jews had not been sent for extermination by Bulgaria; the response came that Boris would deport “only a small number of Bolshevik‐communist elements from Old Bulgaria [Bulgaria's pre-1941 borders] because he needed the rest of the Jews for road construction.” In May 1943, Bulgaria imprisoned prominent Jewish leaders in the Somivit concentration camp, later that month and the following month more than 20,000 Jews were deported from Sofia and their property seized. In 1934, Sofia had had around 25,000 Jewish inhabitants, close to a tenth of the city's total population. The German foreign ministry understood that Bulgaria feared the Allies and hoped to avoid antagonizing them. Nonetheless, the ghettoization and curfew of Bulgaria's Jewish population was completed in 1943 and antisemitic racial laws were not repealed until 30 August 1944.
Allies and Soviet occupation
On 8 September, Soviet forces crossed the Bulgarian-Romanian border and on the eve of 8 September garrison detachments, led by Zveno officers, overthrew the government after taking strategic points in Sofia and arresting government ministers. A new government of the Fatherland Front was appointed on 9 September with Kimon Georgiev as prime minister. War was declared on Germany and its allies at once and the divisions sent by the Axis Powers to invade Bulgaria were easily driven back.
A pro-Axis Bulgarian government-in-exile was formed in Vienna, under Aleksandar Tsankov and while it was able to muster a 600-strong Bulgarian SS regiment of Bulgarian anti-communist volunteers already in Germany under a German commander, they had little success. Soviet POWs and interned Soviet citizens were released from Sveti Kirik DPODS detention camp when the Fatherland Front took power. POWs of the western Allies were repatriated by way of Turkey, and the POW camp at Shumen closed on 25 September 1944. The concentration camp for Bulgarian communists and Soviet-sympathisers at Stavroupoli () in Greece was closed as the Bulgarians withdrew from occupied territory.
An armistice with the Allies was signed on the 28 October 1944 in Moscow. Signatories were George F. Kennan, Andrey Vyshinsky, and Sir Archibald Clark-Kerr represented by Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin and Lieut. Gen James Gammell for the Allies and the United Nations Organization, and for the Bulgarians the Foreign Minister Petko Stainov, Finance Minister Petko Stoyanov, and Nikola Petkov and Dobri Terpeshev as ministers without portfolio.
In Macedonia, the Bulgarian troops, surrounded by German forces, and betrayed by high-ranking military commanders, fought their way back to the old borders of Bulgaria. Unlike the Communist resistance, the right wing followers of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) saw the solution of the Macedonian Question in creating a pro-Bulgarian Independent Macedonian State. At this time the IMRO leader Ivan Mihailov arrived in German reoccupied Skopje, where the Germans hoped that he could form a Macedonian state on the base of former IMRO structures and Ohrana. Seeing that Germany had lost the war and to avoid further bloodshed, after two days he refused and set off. Under the leadership of a new Bulgarian pro-Communist government, three Bulgarian armies (some 455,000 strong in total) entered Yugoslavia in September 1944 and alongside Soviet and Yugoslav forces, moved to Niš and Skopje with the strategic task of blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. Southern and eastern Serbia and Macedonia were liberated within a month and the 130,000-strong Bulgarian First Army continued to Hungary, driving off the Germans and entering Austria in April 1945. Contact was established with the British Eighth Army in the town of Klagenfurt on 8 May 1945, the day the Nazi government in Germany capitulated. Then Gen. Vladimir Stoychev signed a demarcation agreement with British V Corps commander Charles Keightley.
Consequences and results
As a consequence of World War II, the Soviet Union invaded Bulgaria and a Communist regime was installed in 1946 with Georgi Dimitrov at the helm. The monarchy was abolished in 1946 and the tsar sent into exile. The People's Republic of Bulgaria was established, lasting until 1990. The Red Army remained in occupation of Bulgaria until 1947. Bulgaria later joined the Warsaw Pact in 1954 and 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Though the Bulgarian armistice with the Soviet Union had surrendered all territory occupied and claimed by Bulgaria in Greek and Yugoslavian Macedonia and Thrace, the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947 confirmed the incorporation of Southern Dobruja into Bulgaria during the War, thus making Bulgaria the only Axis country that increased its pre-war territory. The occupied parts of the Aegean region and Vardar Macedonia remaining within the borders of Bulgaria were returned, with 150,000 Bulgarians being expelled from Western Thrace.
Subsequent to their ordeal during the war, most of Bulgaria's remaining Jews, some 50,000 in September 1944 emigrated. About 35,000 left for Palestine during the British Mandate and the great majority of the remainder departed to the post-1948 State of Israel; by the first years of the 1950s some 45,000 Bulgarian Jews had left the post-war communist state.
Armed forces
By the end of the war, Bulgaria managed to mobilize about 450,000 men. Military equipment was mostly of German origin. By 1945, Bulgaria had also received stocks of Soviet weaponry, mostly small arms.
See also
Bulgarian irredentism
Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II
Bulgarian government-in-exile
Bulgaria–Russia relations
National Liberation War of Macedonia
Ohrana
Military of Bulgaria
References
Griehl, Manfred (2001). Junker Ju 87 Stuka. London/Stuttgart: Airlife Publishing/Motorbuch. .
External links
Axis History Factbook — Bulgaria
Map
Text of Declaration of War on Bulgaria - June 5, 1942
The Armistice Agreement with Bulgaria; October 28, 1944
Bulgaria
Bulgaria |
4026204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushicon | Ushicon | Ushicon is an annual three day anime convention held during February at the Courtyard by Marriott Austin Pflugerville and Pflugerville Conference Center in Pflugerville, Texas. The convention resumed operation in 2011 as an 18-and-older event. It was originally held in Austin, Texas, from 2002 to 2006 until ceasing operations due to changes in anime fandom and facility issues.
History
Ushicon did not return after 2006 due to issues with convention facilities in Austin not being able to handle 2,500-5,000 attendees and changes in the fandom that did not match with the goals of Ushicon. In 2007 an free "Block Party" was held to celebrate the American release of Princess Tutu with support from ADV Films. The event featured cast members from the American and Japanese releases, along with the series creator. In 2010, Chibi Ushicon was the convention's first 18 & older convention, with Ushicon returning as a full 18 & older convention in 2011.
Event history 2002-2006
Ushiko's Anime Block Party 2007
Chibi Ushicon 2010
Event history 2011-2020
References
External links
Ushicon official website
Anime conventions in the United States
Recurring events established in 2002
2002 establishments in Texas
Annual events in Texas
Conventions in Texas
Festivals in Texas
Japanese-American culture in Texas
Tourist attractions in Travis County, Texas |
4026209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungun%20copper%20mine | Sungun copper mine | The Sungun copper mine ( ) is located in Varzaqan county, East Azarbaijan, Iran, 75 km north west of the provincial town of Ahar. It is the most important geologic and industrial feature in the area and is the largest open-cast copper mine in Iran and is in the primary stages of extraction.
The reserves are estimated to be as much as 995 million tons of copper ore. The ore is processed directly at a concentration plant at the mine. The capacity of the concentration plant is 170,000 tons of copper concentrates, with plans to expand to 300,000 tons.
References
Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models, 2008. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1155.
Hezarkhani, A., and Williams-Jones, A.E. (1998): Controls of alteration and mineralization in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Iran; evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Economic Geology 93(5), 651–670.
Hezarkhani, A., Williams-Jones, A.E., and Gammons, C.H. (1999): Factors controlling copper solubility and chalcopyrite deposition in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Iran. Mineralium Deposita 34, 770–783.
Tahmasebi, P., Hezarkhani, A., and Mortazavi, M. (2010): Application of Discriminant Analysis for Alteration Separation; Sungun Copper Deposit, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6(4), 564–576.
Hezarkhani, A. (2006): Petrology of the intrusive rocks within the Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit, Azerbaijan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(3), 26–340.
See also
Mining in Iran
Copper mines in Iran
Varzaqan County |
4026210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20O%27Brien | Jesse O'Brien | Jesse O'Brien may refer to:
Jesse O'Brien (footballer) (born 1990), Australian rules football player
Jesse O'Brien, contestant with season 2 of New Zealand Idol
Jesse O'Brien, Australian film director of Arrowhead and Two Heads Creek |
4026216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%20Harrison | Hunter Harrison | Hunter Harrison may refer to:
E. Hunter Harrison (1944–2017), American railroad executive
Hunter Harrison (soccer) (born 1995), American soccer player |
4026219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Shelton | Bryan Shelton | Bryan Shelton (born December 22, 1965) is an American college tennis coach and former professional tennis player. Shelton played collegiately for Georgia Tech from 1985 to 1988, and then played professionally from 1989 to 1997. He subsequently returned to his alma mater to coach the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets women's tennis team, which won the NCAA Women's Tennis Championship in 2007. He is currently the head coach of the Florida Gators men's tennis team of the University of Florida, where he has coached the Gators to winning the 2021 NCAA Championship. He is the only head coach to have won an national championship in both men and women's NCAA Division I Tennis.
Early years
Shelton was born in Huntsville, Alabama. For high school, he attended Randolph School in Huntsville. He played for the Randolph Raiders men's tennis team, and won the Alabama high school singles championship as a senior in 1984.
Personal life
He is the father of tennis player Ben Shelton.
College career
Shelton accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, where he played for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's tennis team from 1985 to 1988. Shelton was the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) champion in singles in 1985, and he and teammate Richy Gilbert were the ACC champions in doubles 1986. He was recognized as an All-ACC selection during each of his four seasons as a Yellow Jacket, and was named an All-American in 1988. Shelton won the United States Amateur Championships in 1985. He graduated from Georgia Tech with a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial engineering in 1989, and was inducted into the Georgia Tech Athletics Hall of Fame in 1993.
Professional career
Shelton won two singles titles (Newport, 1991 and 1992) during his professional career. He also reached the mixed doubles final at the 1992 French Open, partnering Lori McNeil. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on March 23, 1992, when he became number 55 in the world; his highest doubles ranking, 52, occurred on February 28, 1994. He was inducted to the Huntsville-Madison County Athletic Hall of Fame in 2006.
Coaching
Shelton officially retired from the professional tour in 1997, and was named a United States Tennis Association (USTA) National Coach, a position he held from January 1998 until June 1999. Shelton coached MaliVai Washington, a 1996 Wimbledon finalist.
Shelton became head coach of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets women's tennis team in July 1999. In his first season as coach at Georgia Tech, his team went to the second round of the NCAA tournament, upsetting the No. 25 Washington Huskies before falling to the No. 9 UCLA Bruins. He was named ACC Coach of the Year in 2002, 2005, and 2007. His 2007 team won the Yellow Jackets' third-straight ACC Championship. They then won Georgia Tech's first NCAA-recognized team championship on May 22, 2007, by defeating UCLA in the finals of the NCAA Women's Tennis Championship. Prior to his coaching tenure, the Georgia tech women's tennis team had never qualified for the NCAA tournament. Shelton was named the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Coach of the Year in 2007.
On June 8, 2012, the University of Florida announced that Shelton had been hired as the new head coach of the Florida Gators men's tennis team.
Head coaching record
ATP career finals
Singles (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Doubles (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Singles performance timeline
See also
Florida Gators
History of the University of Florida
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
List of Georgia Institute of Technology athletes
Roland Thornqvist
University Athletic Association
References
External links
Bryan Shelton – Georgia Tech profile at RamblinWreck.com
1965 births
Living people
African-American tennis coaches
African-American male tennis players
American male tennis players
Florida Gators men's tennis coaches
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's tennis players
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets women's tennis coaches
Sportspeople from Huntsville, Alabama
Tennis people from Alabama
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople |
4026221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingersmith%20%28novel%29 | Fingersmith (novel) | Fingersmith is a 2002 historical crime novel set in Victorian-era Britain by Sarah Waters.
Plot summary
Part one
Sue Trinder, an orphan raised in "a Fagin-like den of thieves" by her adoptive mother, Mrs Sucksby, is sent to help Richard "Gentleman" Rivers seduce a wealthy heiress. Posing as a maid, Sue is to gain the trust of the lady, Maud Lilly, and eventually persuade her to elope with Gentleman. Once they are married, Gentleman plans to commit Maud to a madhouse and claim her fortune for himself.
Sue travels to Briar, Maud's secluded home in the country, where she lives a sheltered life under the care of her uncle, Christopher Lilly. Like Sue, Maud was orphaned at birth; her mother died in a mental asylum, and she has never known her father. Her uncle uses her as a secretary to assist him as he supposedly compiles a dictionary, and keeps her to the house, working with him in the silence of his library.
Sue and Maud forge an unlikely friendship, which develops into a mutual physical attraction. After a time, Sue realises she has fallen in love with Maud, and begins to regret her involvement in Gentleman's plot. Deeply distressed, but feeling she has no choice, Sue persuades Maud to marry Gentleman, and the trio flee from Briar to a nearby church, where Maud and Gentleman are hastily married in a midnight ceremony.
Making a temporary home in a local cottage, and telling Maud they are simply waiting for their affairs to be brought to order in London, Gentleman and a reluctant Sue make arrangements for Maud to be committed to an asylum for the insane. Her health has already waned as a result of the shock of leaving her quiet life at Briar, to Gentleman's delight. After a week, he and Sue escort an oblivious Maud to the asylum in a closed carriage. However, the doctors apprehend Sue on arrival, and from the cold reactions of Gentleman and the seemingly innocent Maud, Sue guesses that it is she who has been conned.
Part two
In the second part of the novel, Maud takes over the narrative. She describes her early life being raised by the nurses in the mental asylum where her mother died, and the sudden appearance of her uncle, who arrives when she is eleven to take her to Briar to be his secretary.
Her induction into his rigid way of life is brutal; Maud is made to wear gloves constantly to preserve the surfaces of the books she is working on, and is denied food when she tires of labouring with her uncle in his library. Distressed, and missing her previous home, Maud begins to demonstrate sadistic tendencies, biting and kicking her maid, Agnes, and her abusive carer, Mrs Stiles. She harbours a deep resentment toward her mother for abandoning her, and starts holding her mother's locket every night, and whispering to it how much she hates her.
Shockingly, Maud reveals that her uncle's work is not to compile a dictionary, but to assemble a bibliography of literary pornography, for the reference of future generations. In his own words, Christopher Lilly is a 'curator of poisons.' He introduces Maud to the keeping of the books—indexing them and such—when she is barely twelve, and deadens her reactions to the shocking material. As she grows older, Maud reads the material aloud for the appreciation of her uncle's colleagues. On one occasion, when asked by one of them how she can stand to curate such things, Maud answers, "I was bred to the task, as servants are."
She has resigned herself to a life serving her uncle's obscure ambition when Richard Rivers arrives at Briar. Although a heroin addict, he reveals to her a plan to help her escape her exile in Briar, a plan involving the deception of a commonplace girl who will believe she has been sent to Briar to trick Maud out of her inheritance. After initial hesitation, Maud agrees to the plan and receives her new maid, Sue, weeks later, pretending to know nothing about the plot.
Maud falls in love with Sue over time and, like Sue, begins to question whether she will be able to carry out Gentleman's plot. Though overcome with guilt, Maud does, and travels with Gentleman to London after committing Sue to the asylum, claiming to the doctors that Sue was the mad Mrs Maud Rivers who believed she was her own maid.
Instead of taking Maud to a house in Chelsea, as he had promised, Gentleman takes her to Mrs Sucksby in the Borough. It was, it turns out, Gentleman's plan to bring her here all along; and, Mrs Sucksby, who had orchestrated the entire plan, reveals to a stunned Maud that Marianne Lilly had come to Lant Street seventeen years earlier, pregnant and alone. When Marianne discovered her cruel father and brother had found her, she begged Mrs Sucksby to take her newborn child and give her one of her 'farmed' infants to take its place. Sue, it turns out, was Marianne Lilly's true daughter, and Maud one of the many orphaned infants who had been placed on Mrs Sucksby's care after being abandoned. Marianne revises her will on the night of the switch, entitling each of the two girls to half of Marianne Lilly's fortune. By having Sue committed, Mrs Sucksby could intercept one share; by keeping Maud a prisoner, she could take the other half. She had planned the switch of the two girls for seventeen years, and enlisted the help of Gentleman to bring Maud to her in the weeks before Sue's eighteenth birthday, when she would become legally entitled to the money. By setting Sue up as the 'mad Mrs Rivers', Gentleman could, by law, claim her fortune for himself.
Alone and friendless, Maud has no choice but to remain a prisoner at Lant Street. She makes one attempt to escape to the home of one of her uncle's friends, Mr Hawtrey, but he turns her away, appalled at the scandal that she has fallen into, and eager to preserve his own reputation. Maud returns to Lant Street and finally submits to the care of Mrs Sucksby. It is then that Mrs Sucksby reveals to her that Maud was not an orphan that she took into her care, as she and Gentleman had told her, but Mrs Sucksby's own daughter.
Part three
The novel resumes Sue's narrative, picking up where Maud and Gentleman had left her in the mental asylum. Sue is devastated at Maud's betrayal and furious that Gentleman double-crossed her. When she screams to the asylum doctors that she is not Mrs Rivers but her maid Susan, they ignore her, as Gentleman (helped by Maud) has convinced them that this is precisely her delusion, and that she is really Maud Lilly Rivers, his troubled wife.
Sue is treated appallingly by the nurses in the asylum, being subjected to beatings and taunts on a regular basis. Such is her maltreatment and loneliness that, after a time, she begins to fear that she truly has gone mad. She is sustained by the belief that Mrs Sucksby will find and rescue her. Sue dwells on Maud's betrayal, the devastation of which quickly turns to anger.
Sue's chance at freedom comes when Charles, a knife boy from Briar, comes to visit her. He is the son of Mr Way and, it turns out, the nephew of Mrs Cream. Charles, a simple boy, has been pining for the charming attentions of Gentleman to such an extent that Mr Way, the warden of Briar, had begun to beat him severely. Charles runs away, and has been directed to the asylum by Mrs Cream, who has no idea of the nature of the place.
With Charles' recognition of her helping Sue accept her own memories as fact, she quickly enlists his help in her escape, persuading him to purchase a blank key and a file to give to her on his next visit. This he does, and Sue, using the skills learnt growing up in the Borough, escapes from the asylum and travels with Charles to London, with the intention of returning to Mrs Sucksby and her home in Lant Street.
On arrival, an astonished Sue sees Maud at her bedroom window. After days of watching the activity of her old home from a nearby boarding house, Sue sends Charles with a letter explaining all to Mrs Sucksby, still believing that it was Maud and Gentleman alone who deceived her. Charles returns, saying Maud intercepted the letter, and sent Sue a playing card – the Two of Hearts, representing lovers – in reply. Sue takes the token as a joke, and storms into the house to confront Maud, half-mad with rage. She tells everything to Mrs Sucksby, who pretends to have known nothing, and despite Mrs Sucksby's repeated attempts to calm her, swears she will kill Maud for what she has done to her. Gentleman arrives, and though initially shocked at Sue's escape, laughingly begins to tell Sue how Mrs Sucksby played her for a fool. Maud physically tries to stop him, knowing how the truth would devastate Sue; a scuffle between Maud, Gentleman and Mrs Sucksby ensues, and in the confusion, Gentleman is stabbed by the knife Sue had brought with her to kill Maud. He bleeds to death. A hysterical Charles alerts the police. Mrs Sucksby, at last sorry for how she has deceived the two girls, immediately confesses to the murder: "Lord knows, I'm sorry for it now; but I done it. And these girls here are innocent girls, and know nothing at all about it; and have harmed no-one."
Mrs Sucksby is hanged for killing Gentleman; it is revealed that Richard Rivers was not a shamed gentleman at all, but a draper's son named Frederick Bunt, who had had ideas above his station. Maud disappears, though Sue sees her briefly at Mrs Sucksby's trial and gathers from the prison matrons that Maud had been visiting Mrs Sucksby in the days leading up to her death. Sue remains unaware of her true parentage until she finds the will of Marianne Lilly tucked in the folds of Mrs Sucksby's gown. Realising everything, an overwhelmed Sue sets out to find Maud, beginning by returning to Briar. It is there she finds Maud, and the nature of Christopher Lilly's work is finally revealed to Sue. It is further revealed that Maud is now writing erotic fiction to sustain herself financially, publishing her stories in The Pearl, a pornographic magazine run by one of her uncle's friends in London, William Lazenby. The two girls, still very much in love with each other despite everything, make peace and give vent to their feelings at last.
Characters
Susan Trinder - The protagonist of the novel
Maud Lilly - The heiress whom Sue plans to defraud
Richard 'Gentleman' Rivers - Partner in crime to both Sue and Maud
Mrs Sucksby - Adoptive mother of Sue; Maud's real mother
Mr Ibbs - The crooked pawn seller who runs the 'den of thieves' with Mrs Sucksby
Christopher Lilly - Maud's 'uncle', in reality Sue's uncle; brother of Marianne Lilly
Dainty - Sue's best friend in Lant Street; a petty thief and close friend of John Vroom
John Vroom - An ill-tempered boy; also a petty thief
Mrs Stiles - Maud's childhood carer; a bitter woman who never recovered from the loss of her own daughter
Charles Way - A knife boy at Briar, who becomes enamoured with Gentleman
Mr Way - A servant at Briar; father of Charles
Agnes - Maud's long-suffering maid, who is seduced by Gentleman in order to make a post available for Sue
Marianne Lilly - Susan's mother, whom Maud believed to be hers; her father and brother had her committed to an asylum after giving birth, where she died
Mrs Cream - The owner of the cottage in which Gentleman and Maud stayed in, on the night of their elopement, along with Sue; Charles' aunt.
Dr Christie - Head doctor at the mental asylum where Sue is kept
Nurse Spiller - One of the asylum's nurses who is particularly cruel to Sue
Nurse Bacon - The ward nurse at the asylum who is more lazy than cruel
Lesbian and feminist themes
The book is notable for its eroticism and depiction of pornography. Reviewers have praised Waters' negotiation of sexual themes; a review from The Guardian describes it as "erotic and unnerving", while the New York Times praises its "illicit undertow".
Literary critics have also focused on the novel's sexual themes, and identified its engagement with debates surrounding feminism and pornography. In Fingersmith, Waters uses her depiction of lesbian love between Maud and Sue to challenge a variety of hetero-patriarchal norms, and respond to different feminist arguments about pornography. Outside of discussions about sexuality, the struggles that Maud and Sue both face as women in Victorian society, and their often exploitative relationships with men are also of interest to feminist critics.
The novel's title is likely intended to reflect the erotic themes of the novel. Fingersmith is an archaic term for a petty thief, but given the content of the novel, it can also be assumed to have intentionally sexual connotations.
Waters is known for writing lesbian fiction, and is a lesbian herself.
Allusions/references to other works
In her Notes on the Text, Waters informs the reader that the book Christopher Lilly and Maud are working on is actually based on bibliographies published by Henry Spencer Ashbee, under the pseudonym Pisanus Fraxi, in the late 1870s. Waters makes it clear, however, that though Lilly's sentiments on bookkeeping echo those of Ashbee, he is in all other aspects entirely fictitious.
Waters also states in the Notes that all of the texts cited by Maud in Fingersmith actually existed, and lists their titles accordingly.
Awards and nominations
Shortlisted for the Orange Prize
Shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize
Winner of the CWA Historical Dagger for Historical Crime Fiction
Adaptations
The novel has been adapted for television, the stage and as a film.
Fingersmith, a BBC TV adaptation, was broadcast in 2005. Its cast included Sally Hawkins as Susan Trinder, Elaine Cassidy as Maud Lilly, Imelda Staunton as Mrs Sucksby, and Rupert Evans as Gentleman.
Alexa Junge wrote a stage adaptation (also titled Fingersmith) that premiered in March 2015 at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon. It starred Erica Sullivan as Maud, Sara Bruner as Sue, Elijah Alexander as Gentleman and Peter Frechette as Chris Lilly. The play had its New England premiere at the American Repertory Theater in December 2016. It was directed by Bill Rauch, and star Tracee Chimo as Sue, Christina Bennett Lind as Maud Lilly, Kristine Nielsen as Mrs Sucksby, and T. Ryder Smith as Christopher Lilly.
The South Korean director Park Chan-wook created a film adaptation titled, The Handmaiden (Korean title Agassi), set in 1930s colonial Korea and starring Ha Jung-woo, Kim Min-hee, Cho Jin-woong and Kim Tae-ri. The film ended production on 31 October 2015, and was released at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. The film received critical acclaim and was a box office success.
References
External links
Fingersmith tickles the palate: Review
BBC Drama page for the tv serial adaptation
Sarah Waters discusses Fingersmith - BBC Radio 4 Bookclub - 7 March 2004
2000s LGBT novels
2002 British novels
British crime novels
British Gothic novels
Novels by Sarah Waters
Lambda Literary Award-winning works
Novels about orphans
Novels set in Victorian England
British novels adapted into films
British LGBT novels
Novels with lesbian themes
British novels adapted into television shows
LGBT-related horror literature
Novels with bisexual themes
Virago Press books
British historical novels |
4026223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence%20length | Persistence length | The persistence length is a basic mechanical property quantifying the bending stiffness of a polymer.
The molecule behaves like a flexible elastic rod/beam (beam theory). Informally, for pieces of the polymer that are shorter than the persistence length, the molecule behaves like a rigid rod, while for pieces of the polymer that are much longer than the persistence length, the properties can only be described statistically, like a three-dimensional random walk.
Formally, the persistence length, P, is defined as the length over which correlations in the direction of the tangent are lost. In a more chemical based manner it can also be defined as the average sum of the projections of all bonds j ≥ i on bond i in an infinitely long chain.
Let us define the angle θ between a vector that is tangent to the polymer at position 0 (zero) and a tangent vector at a distance L away from position 0, along the contour of the chain. It can be shown that the expectation value of the cosine of the angle falls off exponentially with distance,
where P is the persistence length and the angled brackets denote the average over all starting positions.
The persistence length is considered to be one half of the Kuhn length, the length of hypothetical segments that the chain can be considered as freely joined. The persistence length equals the average projection of the end-to-end vector on the tangent to the chain contour at a chain end in the limit of infinite chain length.
The persistence length can be also expressed using the bending stiffness , the Young's modulus E and knowing the section of the polymer
chain.
where is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature.
In the case of a rigid and uniform rod, I can be expressed as:
where a is the radius.
For charged polymers the persistence length depends on the surrounding salt concentration due to electrostatic screening. The persistence length of a charged polymer is described by the OSF (Odijk, Skolnick and Fixman) model.
Examples
For example, a piece of uncooked spaghetti has a persistence length on the order of m (taking in consideration a Young modulus of 5 GPa and a radius of 1 mm). Double-helical DNA has a persistence length of about 390 ångströms. Such large persistent length for spaghetti does not mean that it is not flexible. It just means that its stiffness is such that it needs m of length for thermal fluctuations at 300K to bend it.
Another example:
Imagine a long cord that is slightly flexible. At short distance scales, the cord will basically be rigid. If you look at the direction the cord is pointing at two points that are very close together, the cord will likely be pointing in the same direction at those two points (i.e. the angles of the tangent vectors are highly correlated). If you choose two points on this flexible cord (imagine a piece of cooked spaghetti that you've just tossed on your plate) that are very far apart, however, the tangent to the cords at those locations will likely be pointing in different directions (i.e. the angles will be uncorrelated). If you plot out how correlated the tangent angles at two different points are as a function of the distance between the two points, you'll get a plot that starts out at 1 (perfect correlation) at a distance of zero and drops exponentially as distance increases. The persistence length is the characteristic length scale of that exponential decay.
For the case of a single molecule of DNA the persistence length can be measured using optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy.
Tools for measurement of persistence length
Persistence length measurement of single stranded DNA is viable by various tools. Most of them have been done by incorporation of the worm-like chain model. For example, two ends of single stranded DNA were tagged by donor and acceptor dyes to measure average end to end distance which is represented as FRET efficiency. It was converted to persistence length by comparing the FRET efficiency with calculated FRET efficiency based on models such as the worm-like chain model. The recent attempts to obtain persistence length is combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) with HYDRO program. HYDRO program is simply noted as the upgrade of Stokes–Einstein equation. The Stokes–Einstein equation calculates diffusion coefficient (which is inversely proportional to diffusion time) by assuming the molecules as pure sphere. However, the HYDRO program has no limitation regarding to the shape of molecule. For estimation of single stranded DNA persistence length, the diffusion time of number of worm-like chain polymer was generated and its diffusion time is calculated by the HYDRO program which is compared with the experiment diffusion time of FCS. The polymer property was adjusted to find the optimal persistence length.
See also
Polymer
Worm-like chain
Freely jointed chain
Kuhn length
Paul Flory
References
Physical quantities
Polymer physics |
4026233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%20contact | Full contact | Full contact may refer to:
Full-contact sport
Full contact karate
Full Contact, a 1992 Hong Kong action film directed by Ringo Lam
Full Contact (2015 film), a Dutch-Croatian film starring Grégoire Colin
Full Contact (video game), a 1991 beat 'em up videogame for Amiga by Team17
FullContact, a US-based technology company |
4026236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Smirnov%20%28composer%29 | Dmitri Smirnov (composer) | Dmitri Nikolaevich Smirnov (; 2 November 1948 – 9 April 2020) was a Russian-British composer and academic teacher, who also published as Dmitri N. Smirnov and D. Smirnov-Sadovsky. He wrote operas, symphonies, string quartets and other chamber music, and vocal music from song to oratorio. Many of his works were inspired by the art of William Blake.
Career
Smirnov was born in Minsk into a family of opera singers: his parents were Nikolay Senkin-Sadovsky and Eugenia Smirnova. His family moved to Ulan-Ude and then Bishkek, where he spent most of his childhood. He studied at the Moscow Conservatory from 1967 to 1972, composition with Nikolai Sidelnikov, instrumentation with Yuri Kholopov, and analysis with Edison Denisov. He also studied privately with Philip Herschkowitz, a pupil of Anton Webern.
He worked as an editor for the music publishing house Sovietski Kompositor from 1973 to 1980, and then turned to freelance composing. He received first prize for his composition Solo for Harp at a competition of the International Harp Week in Maastricht in 1976, which won him international recognition. In 1979, Smirnov was blacklisted as one of "Khrennikov's Seven" at the Sixth Congress of the Union of Soviet Composers for unapproved participation in some festivals of Soviet music in the West. Smirnov was one of the founders of Russia's new ACM - Association for Contemporary Music, established in Moscow in 1990. From 1991, he lived in England. He was composer in residence at the University of Cambridge's St John's College and at Dartington, and visiting professor at Keele University from 1993 to 1998. From 2003 he taught at Goldsmiths College at the University of London.
Many of Smirnov's works reflect his fascination with the poetry and art of William Blake. He composed a song cycle based on Blake's The Season (1979), which grew into his first symphony, subtitled The Seasons. His two operas Tiriel and Thel on text by William Blake were premiered in 1989, the first at the Freiburg Festival in Germany, and the second at the Almeida Theatre in London. His First Symphony was premiered the same year at the Tanglewood Festival and the Southbank Centre in London. His orchestral Mozart-Variations were staged as a ballet in Pforzheim in Germany in 1992. Other premieres include the oratorio A Song of Liberty in Leeds in 1993, played by the BBC Philharmonic, the Cello Concerto in Manchester in 1996, the cantata Song of Songs in Geneva in 2001, and the Triple Concerto No. 2 for violin, double bass and harp, which was performed at the Barbican Centre on 26 May 2004, combined with Mahler's Second Symphony "Resurrection", with Andrew Davis conducting the London Symphony Orchestra & Chorus.
His work has been performed by many notable conductors, including: Riccardo Muti, Sir Andrew Davis, Dennis Russell Davies, Peter Eötvös, Oliver Knussen, Vassily Sinaisky, Pavel Kogan, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Gunther Schuller, and Yan Pascal Tortelier. He composed Jacob's Ladder and River of Life for the London Sinfonietta, String Quartets Nos. 3 and 6 for the Brodsky Quartet, Song of Songs on a commission from the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, and Between Scylla and Charybdis for the string orchestras and the English String Orchestra.
Personal life
Smirnov was married to the composer Elena Firsova. They moved to the United Kingdom in 1991, living in St Albans near London from 1998. Their children are Philip Firsov (an artist and sculptor) and Alissa Firsova (a composer, pianist and conductor). He died on 9 April 2020 in Watford from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Works
Smirnov's works were published by Hans Sikorski in Hamburg, Boosey & Hawkes in London, and G. Schirmer in New York City.
Piano Sonata No. 1 (1967), No. 2 (1980), No. 3 (1992), No. 4 String of Destiny (2000), No. 5 (2001), No. 6 Blake-Sonata (2008)
Violin Sonata No. 1 (1969), No. 2 (1979), No. 3 "es ist .." in memory of Oleg Firsov (1998), No. 4 (2005)
Piano Concerto No. 1 (1971), No. 2 (1978)
Eternal Refuge for voice and piano trio (also orchestra version), text by Mikhail Bulgakov (1972)
String Quartet No. 1 (1974), No. 2 (1985), No. 3 (1993), No. 4 (1993), No. 5 (1994), No. 6 (1998), No. 7 (2005), No. 8 Inferno (2007)
Clarinet Concerto (1974)
Pastorale for orchestra (1975)
Mirages for saxophone quartet (1975)
Solo for Harp (1976)
The Sorrow of past Days for voice, flute, percussion, violin and cello, text by Alexander Pushkin (1976)
Triple Concerto No. 1 for saxophone, piano, double bass, strings & percussion (1977)
Piano Trio No. 1 (1977), No. 2 (1992), No. 3 "Tri-o-Tri" (2005)
Cello Sonata (1978)
The Seasons, song cycle for voice, flute, viola and harp, text by William Blake (1979)
Symphony No. 1 The Seasons (1980)
Symphony No. 2 Destiny for four soloists, mixed chorus & orchestra, text by Friedrich Hölderlin (1982)
The Night Rhymes cantata for voice & orchestra, text by Alexander Pushkin (1982)
Tiriel, opera after William Blake (1983–1985)
Thel (or The Lamentations of Thel), chamber opera after William Blake (1986)
Mozart-Variations for orchestra (1987)
The Visions of Coleridge for voice and 10 players, text by S. T. Coleridge (1987)
Songs of Love and Madness for voice, clarinet, celesta, harp & string trio, text by William Blake (1988)
The Seven Angels of William Blake for piano (1988)
Blake’s Pictures (ballet): The Moonlight Story (1988), Jacob's Ladder (1990), Abel (1991), The River of Life (1992)
Eight-line Poems for voice, flute, horn, harp and string trio, text by Osip Mandelstam
Violin Concerto No. 1 (1990), No. 2 (1995). No. 3 (1996)
A Song of Liberty, oratorio for four soloists, mixed chorus and orchestra, text by William Blake (1991)
Piano Quintet for piano, violin, viola, cello & double bass (1992)
Cello concerto (1992)
Ariel Songs for voice, 2 recorders, cello & harpsichord, text by William Shakespeare (1993)
The Guardians of Space for orchestra (1994)
Symphony No. 3 Voyages for orchestra (1995)
The Music of the Spheres for piano (1995)
The Bride in her Grave, opera, libretto by Ruth Fainlight (1995)
Elegy in memory of Edison Denisov, in two versions: (a) for solo cello, (b) for sixteen players (1997)
The Bird of Time for orchestra (1997)
Song of Songs, cantata for soprano, tenor, mixed chorus & orchestra, text by King Solomon (1997)
Between Scylla and Charybdis for string orchestra (1997)
Mass for mixed chorus (1998)
Opus 111 for clarinet, cello & piano (1998)
Twilight for soprano and six players, text by James Joyce (1998–2000)
Portrait in memory of Dmitri Shostakovich, for wind octet & double bass (1999)
Concerto Piccolo (to Mstislav Rostropovich) for cello and orchestra (2001)
Innocence of Experience for tape, text by William Blake (2001)
Metaplasm No. 1 for piano (also for orchestra, 2002), No. 2 for piano (2002)
Triple Concerto No. 2 for violin, harp, double bass and orchestra (2003)
Dream Journey for voice, flute clarinet, vln, cello and piano, text by Matsuo Bashō (2003–2004)
Red Bells in memory of Dmitri Shostakovich, the first movement of Family Concerto for piano and ensemble of seven players, composed jointly with his wife and daughter, Elena Firsova and Alissa Firsova (2005)
Requiem for four soloists, mixed chorus and orchestra (2006)
Amore sola for solo violin (2006)
Proverbs of Hell for voice and piano, text by William Blake (2006)
The Lonely Wanderer for voice and cello, text by Lermontov (2007)
Duo in Green for 2 violins (2008)
Space Odyssey for large orchestra (2008)
From the Pine to the Moon for voice and cello, text by Lermontov (2009)
The Book of Constellations for ensemble (2009–)
The Last Trumpet for trumpet and timpani (2010)
Kubla Khan: A Vision in a Dream for tenor (or soprano), bajan, violin and cello, text by S. T. Coleridge, composed jointly with Firsova and Firsova (2010/2011)
Zodiac for orchestra (2010–2013)
Canisi-Variations for violin and piano (2011)
Papageno-Variations for orchestra (after Beethoven's 12 Variations for cello & piano, Op. 66) (2012)
Visionary Heads (after Visionary Heads, pictures by William Blake) for piano (2013)
Farewell. In Memory of Alexander Ivashkin. For solo cello (2014)
Pro et contra, two pieces for viola and piano (2014)
The Silly Moon, 8 haiku for voice and piano, text and music by Smirnov (2014)
Solo for Viola (2014)
The China Travel, 20 songs for voice and piano on poems by Olga Sedakova, composed with V. Gorodetskaya (2014)
Four Eight-line Poems for voice and piano on poems by Sedakova (2014)
Recordings
Fish Ear FECD621. Peter Sheppard, Violin: Winter Journey / Smirnov: partita
Megadisc MDC 7818. an Introduction to Dmitri Smirnov. Elegy, String of Destiny, Es ist…, Piano Trio 1, Cello sonata, Postlude
Metier MSV CD92028. Peter Sheppard, Violin: Etude Philharmpnique / Smirnov: Two Fugues
Mobile Fidelity MFCD 906. Works by Modern Composers of Moscow / Smirnov: Solo for Harp
Olympia OCD 282. Moscow Contemporary Music Ensemble, Vol.2 / Smirnov: Sonata for fl and harp
Conifer 75605 51252-2 , reissued on RCA/Catalyst 82876 64283-2. Chilingirian Quartet / Smirnov: Second Quartet
Vanguard Classics 99154. Aurelia Saxophone Quartet: Four generations of Russian composers / Smirnov: Fantasia (also on Challenge Classics CC 72039)
Vanguard Classics 99212. Brodsky Quartet: Beethoven Op18 and six more / Smirnov: Quartet 6 (also reissued on Challenge Classics, CC 72009)
NBE CD 021 Nederland Blazers Ensemble: La ligubre gondola & Legende No. 2 / Liszt/Smirnov
Vista Vera VVCD-00232 by Lev Mikhailov and partners / Smirnov: Mirages for saxophone quartet
Visto: 2121 CD – Proyecto Mockba / Smirnov: Serenade op. 34, para obeo, saxofón alto y violonchelo. Tiriel op. 41b, para saxofón barítono y piano
Meridian CDE 84586: Primrose Piano Quartet / Smirnov Piano Quintet;
Vivat: 109: Russian Émigrés – Alissa Firsova, piano / Smirnov: Sonata No. 6 "Blake Sonata", Op. 157 (2008)
Bibliography
A Geometer of Sound Crystals: A Book on Philip Herschkowitz. (Ernst Kuhn, Berlin 2003)
The Anatomy of Theme in Beethoven's Piano Sonatas. (Ernst Kuhn, Berlin 2008)
References
Sources
Yuri Kholopov: Russians in England: Dmitri Smirnov, Elena Firsova. Article, in: Music From the Former USSR. Issue 2. Moscow: Composer, 1996, pp. 255–303 (in Russian); also in «Ex oriente...I» Ten Composers from the former USSR. Viktor Suslin, Dmitry Smirnov, Arvo Pärt, Yury Kasparov, Galina Ustvolskaya, Nikolai Sidelnikov, Elena Firsova Vladimir Martynov, Andrei Eshpai, Boris Chaikovsky. Edited by Valeria Tsenova (studia slavica musicologica, Bd. 25), Verlag Ernst Kuhn – Berlin. pp. 207–266 (in English)
Gerard McBurney: Dmitri Smirnov. Entry in Grove Dictionary of Music
External links
A Complete List of Works (in Russian)
Dmitri N. Smirnov at Recmusic (the texts of the vocal works)
Robert Hugill: Russian Emigres from Alissa Firsova planethugill.com 14 August 2015
1948 births
2020 deaths
20th-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century classical composers
21st-century British composers
21st-century British male musicians
21st-century classical composers
British classical composers
British male classical composers
British opera composers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in England
Male opera composers
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Russian male classical composers
Russian opera composers
Soviet emigrants to the United Kingdom |
4026258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Clarkson%20discography | Kelly Clarkson discography | American pop singer-songwriter Kelly Clarkson has released nine studio albums, seven extended plays, one compilation album, one remix album, and 48 singles (including six as a featured artist). In 2002, she won the inaugural season of the television competition American Idol and was immediately signed to a recording deal with 19 Recordings, S Records, and RCA Records. She made her chart debut in September 2002 with the double A-side single "Before Your Love"/"A Moment Like This", latter of which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart and eventually became the year's best-selling single in the United States. Her debut album, Thankful, was released in April 2003 and entered the US Billboard 200 chart at number one. Thankful produced the hit lead single "Miss Independent" and was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Released in 2004, Clarkson's second studio album Breakaway expanded her audience to international markets and currently remains as her most successful album to date with sales of 12 million copies worldwide. Aided by the commercial successes of its worldwide hit singles "Since U Been Gone", "Behind These Hazel Eyes", "Because of You", "Walk Away", and "Breakaway", Breakaway topped the Irish Albums Chart and the Dutch Album Top 100 chart and became the world's seventh best-selling album of 2005, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Clarkson released her third studio album My December in 2007 amidst a highly-publicized dispute with music mogul Clive Davis. Though its commercial performance paled in comparison to its predecessor's, it spawned the hit single "Never Again" and was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA. In 2009, she released her fourth studio album All I Ever Wanted, which became her second number one entry on Billboard 200 chart. Its lead single "My Life Would Suck Without You" currently maintains the record of the biggest jump to number one in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and was followed by the hit singles "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Already Gone".
In 2011, Clarkson released her fifth studio album Stronger, accompanied by the hit singles "Mr. Know It All" and "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)". Stronger was certified platinum by the RIAA, fueled by the success of "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)", which currently stands as her most successful single with number one peak positions on sixteen Billboard charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 2012, Clarkson commemorated her tenth career anniversary with her first greatest hits compilation, Greatest Hits – Chapter One. Accompanied by its hit lead single "Catch My Breath", Chapter One was certified gold by the RIAA. Released in 2013, her sixth studio album and first Christmas record Wrapped in Red became that year's best-selling holiday album in the United States. Its lead single "Underneath the Tree" recurrently charts as a popular Christmas hit song every holiday season since its release.
Clarkson completed her recording contract with 19 and RCA with the release of her seventh studio album Piece by Piece in 2015. Certified gold by the RIAA, it became her third number one album on Billboard 200 chart and produced the hit singles "Heartbeat Song" and "Piece by Piece", the latter of which celebrated her milestone 100th number one listing on the Billboard charts. A year later, she signed a long-term recording contract with Atlantic Records. Her first record on the label and her eighth studio album Meaning of Life was released in 2017 and produced the hit single "Love So Soft". This was followed by her second Christmas album, When Christmas Comes Around... in 2021, accompanied by the single "Christmas Isn't Canceled (Just You)". To date, Clarkson has sold over 25 million albums and 45 million singles worldwide. In the United States, she has accumulated over 100 Billboard chart number ones; and has sold over 18.6 million album-equivalent units (including 14.6 million in traditional album sales), 35 million digital tracks, 61 billion in cumulative radio audience, and 2.8 billion on-demand streams.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Remix albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As a featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
See also
Kelly Clarkson videography
References
Notes
Bibliography
Citations
External links
American Idol discographies
Discographies of American artists
Discography
Pop music discographies |
4026262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Zuber | Andreas Zuber | Andreas "Andi" Zuber (born 9 October 1983 in Judenburg, Austria) is a motor racing driver. An Austrian by birth, he is based in Dubai and once raced under a licence issued by the United Arab Emirates.
Career
Formula König
Despite beginning his karting career in 1998, 2000 saw his debut in the Formula König championship with Team Böhm Sport. Zuber finished twelfth in the championship with 39 points.
Formula Renault
The following season, Zuber competed in both the Formula Renault 2.0 Germany and Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 championships for Motopark Academy. He finished sixth in the German series standings. In the Eurocup, he took 54th place in the championship, with a best finish of seventeenth at the A1-Ring.
For 2002, the Austrian driver remained in the German championship with Motopark Academy. He finished second behind Dutch driver Ferdinand Kool in final standings. Also he was a guest driver at the Oschersleben round of the Eurocup.
Formula Three
Zuber moved on to new-for-2003 Formula 3 Euro Series with Team Rosberg. He finished in 24th place in the standings with two points scored for seventh place in the first race at Le Mans.
He continued in the F3 Euroseries in 2004 with Team Rosberg, finishing 21st without scoring a point, with a ninth place at Brno being his best result.
Formula Renault 3.5 Series
Zuber drove for Carlin Motorsport in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series in 2005, finishing sixth in the championship with one win at Estoril and pole position at Valencia apiece.
GP2 Series
He switched to the GP2 Series for 2006 for the new Trident Racing team, where he partnered Gianmaria Bruni. After a slow start to his championship, he took his first race victory in the formula at the penultimate race meeting of the season at the Istanbul Park track, in which he was the only driver to hold off Lewis Hamilton, after the eventual champion spun early in the race but climbed back up to second position. This win complemented Bruni's two triumphs earlier in the year and established Zuber in fourteenth position in the championship.
Zuber moved to iSport International for 2007, where he was paired with Timo Glock. He took a perfect result of pole position, win and fastest lap at the Silverstone feature race, but his overall season was inconsistent and he finished ninth in the championship, compared to Glock's championship-winning campaign. The team-mates also collided with one another when accelerating away from the grid at the start of the Magny-Cours feature race, after starting from the front row.
For 2008, Zuber switched to the Piquet Sports team alongside Pastor Maldonado. Four podium finishes saw him repeat his ninth place in the championship of the previous year, but he failed to achieve a race victory for the first time in the category. He was also outperformed by Maldonado, who finished fifth overall with almost double the number of points. He was not helped by failing to score any points in the final seven races of the season, a run which included disqualification from third place at the Spa-Francorchamps for a technical infringement that both he and the team considered to be particularly unfair. Zuber also drove in the first two rounds of the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season for the FMS International team, after which he was replaced by Rodolfo González.
Zuber returned to FMS for the 2009 GP2 Series season, where he was partnered by Luiz Razia. Despite scoring more podium finishes, the year was unstable off-track: first Giancarlo Fisichella's stake in the team was bought back by the Coloni family, its original founder and owner; then the outfit missed the eighth round of the championship after its cars were impounded as a result of court proceedings initiated by driver Andy Soucek, who had briefly been employed by FMS. Zuber eventually wound up in thirteenth place overall.
Superleague Formula
Zuber has also represented Al Ain in the Superleague Formula, a championship in which the cars represent different football teams.
Racing record
Career summary
Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key)
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Superleague Formula
* Al Ain FC overall standing. There is no drivers' championship in the Superleague Formula.
FIA GT competition results
GT1 World Championship results
FIA GT Series results
References
External links
Official site
Andreas Zuber career statistics at Driver Database
1983 births
Living people
People from Judenburg
GP2 Series drivers
German Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Austrian racing drivers
Emirati racing drivers
Superleague Formula drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
FIA GT1 World Championship drivers
ADAC GT Masters drivers
Carlin racing drivers
Trident Racing drivers
Sportspeople from Styria |
4026270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FullContact | FullContact | FullContact Inc. is a privately held technology company that provides a suite of cloud-based software products for businesses, developers, and brands. Their main focus is Identity Resolution. Their suite of offerings include products like Enrich and Resolve, and nine solutions, including Customer Recognition and Media Amplification.
FullContact is headquartered in Denver, Colorado, U.S., and Kochi (India).
History
FullContact was founded in 2010 by Bart Lorang, Travis Todd, and Dan Lynn and went through the Techstars Boulder accelerator in 2011. Over the history of the company, it has raised approximately $50 million in venture-capital financing. In 2015 Bart Lorang confirmed in an interview that FullContact indexed over 1.5 billion people.
In July 2012, FullContact announced a "Paid Paid Vacation" policy. As part of the policy, employees are awarded US$7,500 annually to use on vacation with the only stipulations being that the employee take a vacation, disconnect from technology, and not work while on vacation.
In 2014, FullContact acquired a Latvian startup company which developed Cobook.
In 2016, FullContact acquired an Indian startup company Profoundis Labs Pvt Ltd.
In 2017, FullContact acquired Mattermark, an aggregator of data about startups and other companies.
In February 2018, FullContact acquired Contacts+, a mobile contact management application.
In August 2020, Bart Lorang appointed Chris Harrison to succeed him as CEO.
The company has been criticized for linking users' mobile advertising IDs with their personal data., but the company disputes that it offers this service.
Recognition
November 2012, FullContact's CEO and co-founder Bart Lorang named Entrepreneur of the Year by the Colorado Technology Association.
June 2013, FullContact's CEO and co-founder Bart Lorang named finalist for Mountain Desert Region Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award.
October 2014, FullContact named to Outside's Best Places to Work 2014.
November 2015, FullContact named Best Mobile App for Business by the Mobby Awards.
November 2015, FullContact named to Outside's Best Places to Work 2015.
July 2016, FullContact named a two-time finalist to the SaaS Awards for Best Enterprise-Level SaaS Product and Best Data-Driven SaaS Product.
November 2016, FullContact named to Outside's Best Places to Work 2016.
February 2017, FullContact named to Entrepreneur's Top Company Cultures 2017.
November 2017, FullContact named to Outside's Best Places to Work 2017.
August 2018, FullContact named number 1100 on the Inc. 5000 fastest-growing private companies in America.
August 2019, FullContact's India office is certified as Great Place to Work® by the GPTW Institute.
October 2020, Jaison Abey Sabu, FullContact India's then Director of Customer Support, wins the "Great People Manager" from Great Manager Institute.
February 2021, FullContact divests of Contacts+.
References
External links
Companies based in Denver |
4026273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Bergstr%C3%B6m | Christian Bergström | Per Christian Bergström (born 19 July 1967) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who turned professional in 1985. He didn't win any titles (neither singles nor doubles) during his career, but reached three singles quarter-finals in Grand Slam tournaments: Wimbledon (1990, 1994) and Australian Open (1993). The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 27 January 1992, when he became World No. 32.
Career
1984–1985: Junior career
Bergström was the Swedish junior champion in 1984 and European junior champion in 1985. He reached the semi-finals of the 1985 U.S. Open Juniors, losing to Joey Blake. At the Junior French Open, he lost in the 3rd round to Thomas Muster. Bergström was ranked No. 2 in the ITF Junior world rankings and turned professional at the end of 1985.
Junior Slam results – Singles
French Open: 3R (1985)
US Open: SF (1985)
Junior Slam results – Doubles
French Open: QF (1985)
US Open: 2R (1985)
1986–1987
Bergström started the year ranked 410 in the world on the ATP rankings and mostly competed on the ATP Challenger Series. He reached the quarter-finals at the Parioli Challenger, the semi-finals at the Bergen Challenger and his best result was winning the Tampere Challenger. He also qualified for two Grand Slam events, the French Open and the US Open, losing in the first round of both.
In 1987 Bergström reached the quarter-finals at the Dortmund Challenger and won the Porto Challenger. On the Grand Prix Tour he reached the quarter-finals at the Lorraine Open in Nancy and also in Madrid. Bergström participated in three Grand Slam events, beating countrymen in the first round of each. At the French Open he beat Johan Carlsson in the first round, at Wimbledon, Peter Lundgren and at the US Open, Mikael Pernfors had to retire in the first round. Bergström lost in the second round at all three events and ended the year ranked number 69 in the world on the ATP rankings.
1988–1989
Bergström did not compete in any Challenger tournaments during the 1988 season. On the Grand Prix Tour he reached two quarter-finals, at Metz and Geneva and two semi-finals at Båstad and Toulouse. He had his first victory over a top ten player when he beat the world number 10, Henri Leconte at the Toulouse tournament.
The 1989 season was less successful as Bergström reaches three quarter-finals, at Milan, Båstad and Toulouse. In November he reached the semi-finals at the Copenhagen Challenger and finished the year ranked number 106 in the world.
1990–1991
During April 1990, Bergström reached the quarter-finals in Munich as a qualifier, losing to the eventual winner Karel Nováček. He also qualified for the French Open, losing in 5 sets in the 3rd round to the 11th-seeded Michael Chang. At Wimbledon he upset the tournament 11th seed and word number 21, Guy Forget in the fourth round and lost in the quarter-finals to Stefan Edberg. During October he reached the quarter-finals in Toulouse and in November the semi-finals at the London-indoor. As a result of his Wimbledon success, Bergström qualified as one of sixteen players for the Grand Slam Cup, where he lost in the first round to Ivan Lendl.
Bergström kicked off 1991 with a fair amount of success by reaching the semi-finals in Wellington and the quarter-finals in Auckland. He also reached the quarter-finals at Rotterdam, Copenhagen, Basel and Toulouse, where he upset world number 5, Michael Stich in the first round. Bergström also made two semi-finals, in Munich where he beat Thomas Muster and in Båstad. His best result in a Grand Slam, was once again at Wimbledon, where he beat Brad Gilbert on his route to the round of 16.
Bergström broke into the top 50 in the world for the first time on 22 April 1991 at number 48 on the ATP ranking and during October advanced to number 40 on the ATP rankings. He made his debut for the Swedish Davis Cup team in the World Group Qualifying Round against the Philippines in Manila. He won both his singles matches and teaming up with Rikard Bergh, won the doubles.
1992–1993
Bergström made his first ATP Tour final at the first tournament of the year in Adelaide losing to Goran Ivanišević in three sets. The following week he reached the quarter-finals in Sydney beating the world number 9, Petr Korda in the second round. He finished his 1992 Australian journey by beating world number 7, Guy Forget on route to the last 16 at the Australian Open. After the Australian Open he reached his highest individual ranking of 32, on the ATP ranking. Later in the year, he also reached the quarter-finals in Båstad and Toulouse.
Partnering fellow Swede, Magnus Gustafsson he reached his first and only doubles final on the ATP Tour at Båstad. He made his second Davis Cup appearance for Sweden in the World Group quarter-finals against Australia, when he replaced Gustafsson for the reverse singles and then defeated Richard Fromberg. Bergström ended 1992 ranked number 58 in the world.
Bergström begun 1993 by making the final in Adelaide for the second year running, losing to fellow Swede Nicklas Kulti. At the Australian Open he became the first player to defeat Ivan Lendl in the first round of the Australian Open, and by so doing breaking Lendl's record run of 40 consecutive first round victories in Grand Slam appearances. After defeating the eighth seeded Lendl in die first round, he also defeated the world number eleven and tournament tenth seed, Wayne Ferreira before losing to Stefan Edberg in the quarter-finals. Bergström also made the quarter-finals in Beijing and the semi-finals in Båstad and Toulouse and ended the year ranked number 52 in the world.
1994–1996
1994 started less successful for Bergström and he only reaches two quarter-finals prior to the French Open, where he lost in the second round of the qualifying event. His first quarter-final was at the South African Open in Sun City, where he defeated his compatriot and the world number 10, Magnus Gustafsson. His second quarter-final appearance was at the AT&T Challenge in Atlanta. Bergström's best result of the year was at Wimbledon where he reached the quarter-finals for the second time in his career, with victories over Diego Nargiso, Greg Rusedski, Jordi Burillo and Bryan Shelton, before losing to Boris Becker.
Bergström started 1995 with a ranking of 112, but struggled to gain any momentum on the 1995 ATP Tour. He finished the year with only two match victories on the Tour and with an ATP ranking of number 259 in world. His best result was on the Challenger Tour, where he had to qualify for the main draw at the Tampere Open, and then made the final before losing to Galo Blanco.
In 1996 Bergström participated on ITF Satellite circuit and during April won the Germany 1 Circuit. He made his last appearance at an ATP Tour event at his hometown tournament, the Swedish Open in Båstad where he made the main draw as a lucky loser and then lost in the first round to Richard Fromberg.
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (0–2)
Doubles: 1 (0–1)
Challenger titles
Singles: (2)
See also
List of Sweden Davis Cup team representatives
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Gothenburg |
4026278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfR%20Mannheim | VfR Mannheim | VfR Mannheim is a German association football club based in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg formed in 1911 out of the fusion of Mannheimer FG 1896, Mannheimer FG 1897 Union, and FC Viktoria 1897 Mannheim. The club captured the national title in 1949 with a victory over Borussia Dortmund. They have played through most of its recent history as an unheralded local amateur side and were, until 2015, part of the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (V).
History
Predecessor sides FG Mannheim, Mannheimer FG Union and Viktoria Mannheim were each founding members of the German Football Association in 1900. These various Mannheim teams were members of the VSFV (Verband Süddeutscher Fussball Vereine or Federation of South German Football Clubs) and after their merger in 1911 played as VfR through the 1910s and 1920s in the Westkreis-Liga. The club emerged as the league champions of the Kreisliga Odenwald in 1922 and the Bezirksliga Rhein in 1925. They took part in the national playoffs after their Bezirksliga title and subsequent regional Süddeutschland win, but went out in an eighth final to TuRu Düsseldorf. The club finished in mid-table throughout the late 1920s and early 1930s in the Bezirksliga Rhein-Saar.
Success through the 1930s and 1940s
After the 1933 re-organization of German football under the Third Reich into sixteen top flight regional leagues, Mannheim began play in the Gauliga Baden. The club performed well in the years leading up to World War II and the throughout the conflict, taking division titles in 1935, 1938, 1939, 1943 and 1944. However they could not translate this success in league play into success in the national playoffs with their best result being an advance to the 1943 quarterfinals where they were put out 2–3 by eventual vice-champions FV Saarbrücken.
Mannheim repeated as division champions in 1944. Wartime conditions made playing football increasingly difficult in the country, so much so that the national playoffs were initially abandoned and VfR declared champions by the sport's governing authority. However, this decision was revoked after protests from other clubs and the playoff competition reinstated. Mannheim advanced only as far as the eighth final before being eliminated by 1. FC Nürnberg.
Postwar national championship
After the war VfR Mannheim played in the first division Oberliga Süd where they earned unremarkable results until a surprising breakthrough in 1949 that saw the team transform a distant second-place finish in their division into a national championship. After thrashing Hamburger SV 5–0 in the opening round, they upset Kickers Offenbach, who had finished eleven points ahead of them in their Oberliga division that season, by a score of 2–1. VfR then earned a come from behind 3–2 overtime victory over Borussia Dortmund in front of 90,000 fans in the final. Between 1903 and 1944 German national champions were awarded the Viktoria trophy. The 1944 final between Dresdner SC and Luftwaffen-SV Hamburg was the last Viktoria match ever played as the trophy disappeared at war's end. The missing prize was replaced by the Meisterschale in 1949 and was first awarded to Mannheim despite 1. FC Nürnberg being Germany's first postwar champions in 1948. Today the Meisterschale recognizes the country's Bundesliga champions and is inscribed with the names of each national championship team since 1903. The Viktoria has since been recovered and is held by the German Football Association.
The next year they again met Dortmund in the playoffs, this time in the opening round, and once again eliminated them. However, they would themselves be put out in the next round by Preußen Dellbrück and begin a slide into anonymity.
Descent from the top flight
Mannheim played in the second tier Regionalliga Süd formed in 1963 at the same time as Germany's new professional league, the Bundesliga. After ten years near or at the bottom of the league table they fell to tier III football, the Amateurliga Nordbaden. Despite ongoing financial problems they rebuffed offers of a merger from SV Waldhof Mannheim in 1998 and again in 2003. They were denied a license that year and driven to the Verbandsliga Nordbaden (V). However, the side performed well enough to win their division the next season and promotion to Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV), where they play today. With a sixteenth place in 2007–08, they narrowly avoided relegation, being on equal points with the seventeenth team.
After suffering relegation in 2009, the club took two seasons to recover before returning to the Oberliga in 2011. In its first season back the club finished second in the league behind SSV Ulm 1846. In the 2014–15 season the club came second-last in the league and was relegated to the Verbandsliga.
Honours
The club's honours:
League
German football championship
Champions: 1949
Southern German championship
Champions: 1925
Regional
Westkreis-Liga (I)
Champions: 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914
Kreisliga Odenwald (I)
Champions: 1922
Runners-up: 1920, 1921
Bezirksliga Rhein (I)
Champions: 1925, 1926
Runners-up: 1924, 1927
Gauliga Baden (I)
Champions: 1935, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1944
Runners-up: 1934, 1937, 1940
Amateurliga Nordbaden (III)
Champions: 1973, 1976
Verbandsliga Nordbaden (V)
Champions: 2004
Runners-up: 2011
Southern German Cup
Winners: 1959
North Baden Cup (Tiers III-VII)
Winners: 1972, 1997, 2001
Runners-up: 2004
Other sports
The club has won the German championship in baseball in 1965, 1966 and 1970.
Recent managers
Recent managers of the club:
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.
References
External links
Official website
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
VfR Mannheim at Weltfussball.de
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Baden-Württemberg
Association football clubs established in 1911
1896 establishments in Germany |
4026312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terregles | Terregles | Terregles () is a village and civil parish near Dumfries, in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It lies in the former county of Kirkcudbrightshire.
The name Terregles, recorded as Travereglis in 1359, is from Cumbric *trev-ïr-eglẹ:s. *Trev refers to a settlement and *eglẹ:s is a borrowing of Latin ecclesia, 'church building'. (Modern Welsh Tref yr Eglwys/ Tref Eglwys). James argues that the name dates to no earlier than the 10th century.
The parish contains the ruins of Lincluden Collegiate Church and the site of Terregles House, once the seat of William Maxwell, last Earl of Nithsdale.
Confert Lord Herries of Terregles.
To travel to Terregles from Dumfries the main artery out of the town is Terregles Street. Terregles Street is home to Queen of the South F.C.'s football ground, Palmerston Park. Terregles Street become Terregles Road at the Summerhill area on the edge of Dumfries. As the name suggests Terregles Road is the road to the village of Terregles, around a further 2 miles away.
List of listed buildings
List of listed buildings in Terregles, Dumfries and Galloway
References
Villages in Dumfries and Galloway
Parishes in Dumfries and Galloway
Kirkcudbrightshire |
4026324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKP%20class%20Ok1 | PKP class Ok1 | Ok1 is the Polish designation of a Prussian steam locomotive, the Prussian P 8, used on Polish State Railways. Production of the P 8 lasted from 1908 until 1928 and this locomotive was used on practically all European railway lines.
After the end of World War I, 192 Class P 8 engines were handed over as a reparation to Poland, including two machines for Free City of Danzig, where they were re-designated as Class Ok1 locomotives (numbers: Ok1-1 to Ok1-190 and Ok1-1Dz and 2Dz for Danzig machines). Since the class was considered successful, further 65 locomotives were built in Germany at Polish order in 1922-1923 (designated Ok1-201 to 265).
During World War II all the locomotives were captured by the Germans or Soviets and most were pressed into the German Railways. After the war, along with new war reparations, Poland received 429 locomotives P 8 (numbers Ok1-1 to 429), what made it by far the most numerous passenger locomotive in the country. They were used until the late 1970s - last locomotive was withdrawn from line service in 1981. A few engines were preserved, including Ok1-359 (see the photograph), which is stabled at the Wolsztyn museum.
See also
PKP classification system
References
External links
Railway locomotives introduced in 1908
4-6-0 locomotives
Ok01
Berliner locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
pl:Ok1 |
4026334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20A.%20Allen%20%28American%20football%29 | Charles A. Allen (American football) | Charles A. Allen was an American football coach. Allen was the head football coach at Alma College in Alma, Michigan. He held that position for the 1900 season. His coaching record at Alma was 7–2–1.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Alma Scots football coaches |
4026352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl%20Fordyce | Daryl Fordyce | Daryl Thomas Fordyce (born 2 January 1987) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Canadian club Valour FC.
Club career
Early career
Fordyce played for St Andrews and Lisburn Youth in Northern Ireland, winning major trophies with both teams when he was younger. He later joined Portsmouth. Working his way up through the club's youth ranks, Fordyce spent the second half of the 2005–06 season on loan at AFC Bournemouth before going back to Portsmouth.
Glentoran
In July 2007, he signed for Glentoran in Northern Ireland. At the beginning of the Irish League 2010/11 season he scored five goals against Lisburn Distillery in the first game of the season in a 6-1 win. Fordyce agreed a deal with Linfield just after the end of 2010/11 season, although he was in contract re-negotiations with Glentoran.
Linfield
In 2012, Fordyce won the league title with Linfield after defeating Portadown 2–1 on 7 April. The team also won the Irish Cup for a record 42nd time, defeating Crusaders 4–1 in the final. Though Fordyce did not score in the final, he did score in Linfield's 5-1 defeat over Carrick Rangers.
FC Edmonton
On 18 January 2013, it was announced that Fordyce, along with his teammate Albert Watson, would not return to Linfield in the following season, instead seeking new playing opportunities in Canada. On 25 February 2013, it was reported that both would join FC Edmonton. After four seasons in Edmonton, Fordyce left the club as its all-time leading scorer, a title which he still holds to this day.
FC Cincinnati
The United Soccer League club FC Cincinnati announced that it had signed Fordyce on 16 January 2017. After little playing time with FC Cincinnati, Fordyce was released by the club in June 2017.
Return to Edmonton
Shortly after, Fordyce re-signed with FC Edmonton. After the 2017 season, with the future of FC Edmonton and the NASL in doubt, Fordyce was released from FC Edmonton.
Sligo Rovers
On 8 February 2019, Fordyce signed a one-year contract with the League of Ireland Premier Division side Sligo Rovers. That season, he made 29 league appearances, scoring two goals, while making two appearances in the FAI Cup and one in the League of Ireland Cup.
Valour FC
On 10 January 2020, Fordyce signed with the Canadian Premier League side Valour FC. He made his debut for Valour in their season opener on August 16 against Cavalry FC. He scored his first goal for Valour against his former club FC Edmonton on August 29, helping his team to a 2-1 victory.
International career
Fordyce has represented Northern Ireland at Under-19 level, scoring both goals in the 2–1 European U19 Championship victory over Moldova in October 2005. He also scored four goals for Northern Ireland U-19 against Serbia & Montenegro.
He has made five appearances for the Northern Ireland national under-21 football team, scoring against Germany in November 2006.
Career statistics
References
External links
BBC profile
NIFG profile
1987 births
Living people
Association football forwards
Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Association footballers from Belfast
Expatriate association footballers from Northern Ireland
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate soccer players in Canada
Expatriate sportspeople from Northern Ireland in Canada
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate sportspeople from Northern Ireland in the United States
Expatriate association footballers in the Republic of Ireland
Portsmouth F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Glentoran F.C. players
Linfield F.C. players
FC Edmonton players
FC Cincinnati (2016–18) players
Sligo Rovers F.C. players
Valour FC players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League players
USL Championship players
League of Ireland players
Canadian Premier League players
Northern Ireland under-21 international footballers |
4026359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Garner%20%28tennis%29 | Chris Garner (tennis) | Chris Garner (born April 7, 1969, in) is an American former tennis player.
Born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, Garner turned professional in 1988. He did not win any titles (singles and/or doubles) during his career. Garner, a right-hander, reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on August 26, 1991, when he became the world No. 120.
While on tour, Garner resided in Bay Shore, New York.
Garner currently is the head coach of the U.S. Naval Academy men's tennis team. Previously, he was head coach at Amherst College.
External links
1969 births
Living people
People from Bellefonte, Pennsylvania
American male tennis players
Georgia Bulldogs tennis players
People from Bay Shore, New York
Tennis people from New York (state)
Tennis people from Pennsylvania
Navy Midshipmen men's tennis coaches
American tennis coaches |
4026383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena%20Firsova | Elena Firsova | Elena Olegovna Firsova (; also Yelena or Jelena Firssowa; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian composer.
Life
Firsova was born in Leningrad into the family of physicists Oleg Firsov and Viktoria Lichko. She studied music in Moscow with Alexander Pirumov, Yuri Kholopov, Edison Denisov and Philip Herschkowitz. In 1979 she was blacklisted as one of the "Khrennikov's Seven" at the Sixth Congress of the Union of Soviet Composers for unapproved participation in some festivals of Soviet music in the West. She was married to the composer Dmitri Smirnov and lives in the United Kingdom. Their children are Philip Firsov (an artist and sculptor), and Alissa Firsova (a composer, pianist and conductor).
She has composed more than a hundred compositions in many different genres including chamber opera The Nightingale and the Rose after Oscar Wilde and Christina Rossetti (premiered at the 1994 Almeida Opera Festival, London), an orchestra work Augury, (premiered at the 1992 BBC Proms) that includes a choral setting of William Blake's famous lines "To see the world in a grain of sand..." and Requiem to Anna Akhmatova's poem for soprano, chorus and orchestra (premiered at the Konzerthaus Berlin in September 2003).
Her favourite genre is a chamber cantata for solo voice and ensemble (or orchestra). Some of them are written to the poems by Alexander Pushkin, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak and Oleg Prokofiev. However, most of them are setting the poems by her favourite poet Osip Mandelstam that include Earthly Life, Tristia, The Stone, Forest Walks, Before the Thunderstorm, Stygian Song, Secret Way, Seashell, Whirlpool, Silentium, Winter Songs, and Petrarch's Sonnets (in Russian translation by Osip Mandelstam).
She received commissions from many music festivals, orchestras and ensembles including the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Brodsky Quartet, Manchester Wind Orchestra, Schubert Ensemble, Freden Festival, BBC Proms, Asiago Festival, and Expo 2000 (Hanover). Her music is available through publishers Boosey & Hawkes, London; Hans Sikorski, Hamburg; G. Schirmer, New York.
Works
Concerto
Cello Concerto No. 1 (1973)
Chamber Concerto No. 1 for flute and strings (1978)
Chamber Concerto No. 2 (Cello Concerto No. 2, 1982)
Violin Concerto No. 2 (1983)
Chamber Concerto No. 3 (Piano Concerto No. 1, 1985)
Chamber Concerto No. 4 for horn and ensemble (1987)
Chamber Concerto No. 5 (Cello Concerto No. 3, 1996)
Chamber Concerto No. 6 (Piano Concerto No. 2, 1996)
Ensembles
Odyssey for 7 players (1990)
Petrarch's Sonnets (translated by Osip Mandelstam) for voice and ensemble (1976)
Music for 12 for ensemble (1986)
Insomnia, for four singers (Pushkin, 1993)
The Night for voice and saxophone quartet (Boris Pasternak, 1978)
Stygian Song for soprano and chamber ensemble (Mandelstam, 1989)
Before the Thunderstorm, cantata for soprano and ensemble (Mandelstam, 1994)
Black Bells for piano and ensemble (2005)
Piano Trio, Op. 8 (1972) 9'. Trio, cl, vn, pfn, 1990, 9'. Boosey & Hawkes.
Quartet
Amoroso, String Quartet No. 4 (1989)
Misterioso, String Quartet No. 3 (1980)
Compassione, String Quartet No. 7 (1995)
The Stone Guest, String Quartet No. 8 (1995)
Purgatorio, String Quartet No. 11, completed in 2008
Silentium for voice and string quartet (Mandelstam, 1991)
The Door is Closed, String Quartet No. 9 (1996)
La malinconia, String Quartet No. 10 (1998)
Lagrimoso, String Quartet No. 5 (1992)
String Quartet No. 6 (1994)
Farewell, String Quartet No. 12 (2005)
Cantata
The Stone, cantata for voice and symphony orchestra (Mandelstam, 1983)
Earthly Life, chamber cantata for soprano and ensemble (Mandelstam, 1984)
Forest walks, cantata for soprano and ensemble (Mandelstam, 1987)
Orchestral
Augury for chorus and orchestra (William Blake 1988)
Nostalgia for orchestra (1989)
Tristia, cantata for voice and chamber orchestra (Mandelstam, 1979)
The River of Time for chorus and chamber orchestra in memory of Edison Denisov (Gavrila Derzhavin, 1997)
Captivity for wind orchestra (1998)
Leaving for string orchestra (1998)
Cassandra, for orchestra (1992)
Secret Way for voice and orchestra (Mandelstam, 1992)
Das erste ist vergangen (Christushymnus 2000) (The Former Things are Passed Away) for soprano, bass, mixed choir, and chamber orchestra (Franz Kafka, Bible, etc., 1999)
Requiem for soprano, chorus and orchestra (Anna Akhmatova, 2001)
The Garden of Dreams, Homage to Dmitri Shostakovich for orchestra (2004)
Opera
A Feast in Time of Plague, chamber opera after Alexander Pushkin (1973)
The Nightingale and the Rose, chamber opera after Oscar Wilde and Christina Rossetti (1991)
Vocal
Three Poems of Osip Mandelstam, for voice and piano (1980)
Shakespeare's Sonnets for voice and organ (or saxophone quartet, 1981)
Seashell for soprano and ensemble (Mandelstam, 1991)
Whirlpool for voice, flute and percussion (Mandelstam, 1991)
Distance for voice, clarinet and string quartet (Marina Tsvetaeva, 1992)
No, it is not a Migraine for baritone and piano (Mandelstam, 1995)
The Scent of Absence for bass, flute and harp (Oleg Prokofiev, 1998)
Winter Songs for soprano and cello (Mandelstam, 2003)
Solo
Suite for viola solo, Op. 2 (1967)
For Slava for solo cello (2007)
Discography
Misterioso, String Quartet No.3 Op.24 in: Lydian Quartet in Moscow: E. Firsova, Chaushian, Child, Lee Art and Electronics: AED 10108 Stereo
Amoroso, String Quartet No.4 Op.40 in: Chilingirian Quartet: Stravinsky, Schnittke, Smirnov, Roslavets, E. Firsova: Music for String Quartet, Conifer Classics 75605 512522
La Malinconia, String Quartet No.10 Op.84 in: Brodsky Quartet: Beethoven Op.18 and six more: Alvarez, Beamish, E. Firsova, Jegede, Smirnov, Tanaka, Vanguard Classics 99212
Chamber Concerto No.1 for Flute and Strings Op.19 in: Works by modern composers of Moscow: Smirnov, Bobilev, E. Firsova, Pavlenko, Artiomov, Mobile Fidelity MFCD 906
Cassandra for symphony orchestra Op.60 (1992) together with Sofia Gubaidulina: Pro et contra BIS CD-668 STEREO
The Mandelstam Cantatas (Forest Walks, Earthly Life, Before the Thunderstorm) Studio for New Music Moscow, Igor Dronov, conductor; Ekaterina Kichigina, soprano Megadisc MDC 7816
For Alissa Op. 102 (2002) in: RUSSIAN ÉMIGRÉS: Rachmaninov, Smirnov, E. Firsova, A. Firsova: Alissa Firsova, piano: Vivat 109 DDD
Homage to Canisy, Op.129 for Cello & Piano
Lost Vision, Op. 137 for Piano Solo
A Triple Portrait, Op.132, commissioned by Marsyas Trio (2011)
Night Songs, Op.125 for Mezzo-Soprano, Flute & Cello
Spring Sonata, Op.27 for Flute & Piano
For Slava, Op.120 for Solo Cello
Meditation in the Japanese Garden, Op.54 for Flute, Cello & Piano
Three Poems of Osip Mandelstam, Op.23 for Soprano & Piano
Tender is the Sorrow, Op.130 for Flute, String Trio and Piano in: A Triple Portrait. Chamber Music by Elena Firsova – Marsyas Trio, Meridian: CDE84635
Bibliography
Elena Firsova: On Music; in Sovjetische Music in Licht der Perestroika, pp. 337–8, Laaber-Verlag, Germany, (German translation by Hannelore Gerlach and Jürgen Köchel) 1990
References
Sources
Yuri Kholopov: Russians in England: Dmitri Smirnov, Elena Firsova. Article, in: Music From the Former USSR. Issue 2. Moscow: Composer, 1996, pp. 255–303; Ex oriente...: Ten Composers from the Former USSR. Berlin: Verlag Ernst Kuhn, 2002, pp. 207–266
Firsova, Yelena Olegovna by Stephen Johnson, in the New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992)
External links
A Complete List of Works
Brief biography at Boosey & Hawkes site
Composer's home page
Texts of her vocal works at "Recmusic"
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Russian women classical composers
Russian classical composers
British women classical composers
Soviet emigrants to the United Kingdom
British opera composers
1950 births
Living people
People from Saint Petersburg
20th-century British composers
21st-century British composers
Women opera composers
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers |
4026384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olonkinbyen | Olonkinbyen | Olonkinbyen (literally The Olonkin Town) is the only settlement on the Norwegian island of Jan Mayen (aside from isolated cottage huts such as Puppebu). It was named after Russian-Norwegian explorer Gennady Olonkin.
The only inhabitants on the island are the 18 personnel, 14 working for the Norwegian Armed Forces and 4 for the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Olonkinbyen houses the staff that operate the meteorological observation station, Loran-C station, Jan Mayensfield air field and other infrastructure. The meteorological observation service staff are responsible for the radiosonde releases and synoptic weather observations. The crew of the meteorological station is engaged for six months at a time.
Supplies are delivered eight times a year by aircraft. Fuel and heavy goods are transported by boat during the summer. The settlement generates its own electrical power via three generators.
In January 2021, two employees of the Armed Forces died in an avalanche.
Climate
Olonkinbyen has a tundra climate (Köppen classified as ET), the warmest month is August and the coldest month is March.
References
External links
INA Station at Olonkinbyen
View of Olonkinbyen
Aerial view of Olonkinbyen
Geography of Jan Mayen
Populated places of Arctic Norway |
4026390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20and%20Roberta%20Smith | Bob and Roberta Smith | Patrick Brill (born 1963), better known by his pseudonym Bob and Roberta Smith, is a British contemporary artist, writer, author, musician, art education advocate, and keynote speaker. He is known for his "slogan" art, is an associate professor at the School of Art, Architecture and Design at London Metropolitan University and has been curator of public art projects, like Art U Need. He was curator for the 2006 Peace Camp and created the 2013 Art Party to promote contemporary art and advocacy. His works have been exhibited and are in collections in Europe and the United States. Brill co-founded The Ken Ardley Playboys and hosts the Make Your Own Damn Music radio show.
His father is the landscape painter Frederick Brill who was head of the Chelsea School of Art from 1965 to 1979. His wife is the contemporary artist and lecturer, Jessica Voorsanger.
Life and work
Patrick Brill is the son of Frederick Brill (1920–1984), who was the Chelsea Art School head and his wife, the artist Deirdre Borlase. He has a sister who is a psychiatric nurse, Roberta. He graduated from the University of Reading and received a scholarship during that time to The British School at Rome. He then obtained his Master of Arts at Goldsmiths College, London.
Brill is married to fellow artist and Goldsmiths College alumna, Jessica Voorsanger.
Brill was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to the arts.
Career
Art
Brill is commonly known as Bob and Roberta Smith in his artistic career. The pseudonym has been retained from the short lived period when he worked with his sister Roberta.
Smith paints slogans in a brightly coloured lettering style on banners and discarded boards of wood and exhibits them in galleries of contemporary art across the world. The slogans are usually humorous musing on art, politics, popular culture, Britain and the world in general and they often support his activist campaigns, such as his 2002 amnesty on bad art at Pierogi Gallery, New York.
Noted for sign painting, Smith also makes sculpture using cement, as in his 2005 Cement Soup Kitchen at Beaconsfield Gallery, London. A sculpture he proposed was shortlisted for the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square, London.
In March 2005 he was commissioned to act as curator on a series of five public art projects in the Thames Gateway housing estates of Essex. The projects were collectively named Art U Need and were documented in a diary-format book by Smith in 2007. Writing of a "glittering Notting Hill Gate" event to introduce the project, Lynn Barber said of Smith: "It was a startlingly unsuitable subject for such a glossy audience, but he held them spellbound. I see him as a sort of Ian Dury of the art world, someone who keeps on trucking, doing his own thing, making absolutely no concessions to fashion or marketability, but generally giving pleasure to everyone who comes across him."
A feature documentary about the work of Bob and Roberta Smith, Make Your Own Damn Art: the world of Bob and Roberta Smith, directed by John Rogers, premiered at the East End Film Festival in 2012.
In 2013, he was on the UK Museum of the Year selection panel. He is on the Tate board as an artist member.
In October 2021, Brill contributed to WWF's campaign, Art For Your World.
Speaker, writer and advocate
He has spoken as an advocate for art education and the arts and has been a keynote speaker at symposia and conferences. A recent example of his gift for merging art and politics was illustrated in the 2006 exhibition, "Peace Camp." Smith took part in and curated the show held at The Brick Lane Gallery that explored artists perceptions on Peace. Gavin Turk, Wolfgang Tillmans, and more than 100 other artists were featured. He created a project, the Art Party, in 2013 to make contemporary art more accessible, demonstrate its ability to influence meaningful conversation and political thought. It was launched at the Pierogi Gallery in New York and at the Hales Gallery. An Arts Council sponsored a two-day conference at Crescent Arts in North Yorkshire that year. It brought more than 2000 people who attended discussions of art education in schools and lectures, listened to music and attended performances.
Brill writes for The Guardian.
Educator
Brill is an associate professor at the School of Art, Architecture and Design at London Metropolitan University, teaching bachelor and graduate students. He is also a course leader for the Master of Fine Arts program, researcher and co-lead with Oriana Fox of the Public Acts studio and tutors in fine art.
Musician
Brill performs music, often with a group he co-founded, The Ken Ardley Playboys, who had their first 45 released by Billy Childish on his label Hangman Records. Brill hosts The Bob & Roberta Smith Radio Show called Make Your Own Damn Music on Resonance FM.
Exhibitions
2002 – Bunch of Cowards, Collective Gallery, Edinburgh
2002 – It's not easy being a famous Artist, Galerie Praz Delavallade, Paris
2002 – The Art Amnesty, Deptford X, London
2002 – The New York Art Amnesty, Pierogi 2000, New York
2002 – Useless men and Stupid Women, Anthony Wilkinson Gallery, London
2003 – The Mobile Reality Creator, Compton Verney
2004 – Help Build The Ruins of Democracy, The Baltic
2005/06 – Make Your Own Damn Art, Stanley Picker Gallery, Kingston, UK
2005/06 – Should I Stay Or Should I Go? (Dilemmas For Margate), Margate High Street, Turner Contemporary
2005/06 – The Beautiful Poetry of Bob and Roberta Smith, Hales Gallery, London
2007 – Peace Camp, The Brick Lane Gallery, London
2008 – Fourth Plinth, The National Gallery, London
2008 – Tate Christmas Tree, Tate Britain, London
2009 – Altermodern, Tate Triennial exhibition, Tate Britain, London
2014/15 – Art Amnesty, MoMA PS1, Long Island City, NY
2017 – Folkestone Is An Art School, Folkestone Triennial, Kent
2018 – La Panacée-MoCo, Montpellier
Collections
Arts Council Collection, London
British Council, London
Goss Michael Foundation, Dallas, Texas
Sammlung Fiede, Aschaffenburg, Germany
Southampton City Museum & Art Gallery, Southampton, England
Tate Collection, London
The New Art Gallery Walsall, Walsall, UK
Published works
Author
Co-author
References
External links
The Official Bob and Roberta Smith Website
Gerhard Bissell, Brill, Patrick, in: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (Artists of the World), Suppl. IV, Saur, Munich 2010, from p. 3 (in German).
Interview with Myartspace
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
Bob and Roberta Smith for WWF Art For Your World
1963 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Reading
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Artists from Reading, Berkshire
English contemporary artists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Pseudonymous artists
Royal Academicians |
4026398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-tower%20church | Round-tower church | Round-tower churches are a type of church found mainly in England, mostly in East Anglia; of about 185 surviving examples in the country, 124 are in Norfolk, 38 in Suffolk, six in Essex, three in Sussex and two each in Cambridgeshire and Berkshire. There is evidence of about 20 round-tower churches in Germany, of similar design and construction to those in East Anglia. Countries with at least one round-tower church include Andorra, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Poland and South Africa.
There is no consensus between experts for why the distribution of round-tower churches in England is concentrated in the East of England:
Round-tower churches are found in areas lacking normal building stone, and are therefore built of knapped flint. Corners are difficult to construct in flint, hence the thick, round walls of the towers.
The churches are found in areas subject to raids from, for example, the Vikings, and were built as defensive structures, churches being added later. In fact, however, the towers are generally too short to have been of much use defensively, and the towers were often added to existing churches, having flat walls where they joined the main structure.
In 937 King Athelstan (924–939), the first King of all England, decrees that a bell tower be built on the land of every thane; an existing trend of building bell towers on to existing churches was thus accelerated.
Many other (less likely) explanations are offered in communities containing the churches, including appeals to ancient stone circles and the remains of wells.
Round-tower churches should not be confused with similarly shaped structures such as the Irish round towers found in Ireland and Scotland, or with round churches, which have a circular plan and are often found in Denmark or Sweden.
List of round tower churches in England
Berkshire
Great Shefford, St Mary
Welford, St Gregory
Cambridgeshire
Bartlow, St Mary
Snailwell, St Peter
Essex
Norfolk
Suffolk
Sussex
Lewes, St Michael
Piddinghoe, St John
Southease, St Peter
List of round tower churches in Sweden
Scania
Blentarp
Bollerup
Dagstorp (demolished in 19th century)
Hammarlöv
Hammarlunda
Önnarp (demolished in 19th century)
Sources
Round Tower Churches Society
Focus on Round Tower – by John Worrall
W. J. Goode, Round Tower Churches of South East England (Round Tower Churches Society)
Lyn Stilgoe and Dorothy Shreeve, The Round Tower Churches of Norfolk, Canterbury Press, Norwich;
External links
The Roundtowerchurches in Europe
Interactive map and gazetteer of the round tower churches in England by The Temple Trail
Church architecture
Anglo-Saxon architecture
! |
4026400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20railway%20station | Warren railway station | Warren railway station was located near New Brighton, Wirral, England. The station was built on the New Brighton branch of the Seacombe, Hoylake and Deeside Railway, between Wallasey Grove Road and New Brighton stations, opening on 30 March 1888. The branch became part of the Wirral Railway on 1 July 1891.
Remotely situated, the station only ever served a small part of the community (and the local golf course). This, combined with an infrequent service, and the later introduction of a tram service on Warren Drive, meant the station was little used, and it was closed on 1 October 1915. The station had one siding nearby, on the seaward side, which was possibly used for the transportation of sand. The foundations of the up platform are extant, and were revealed during engineering work in 2006. The line past the station site remains in use as part of the Wirral Line, now operated by Merseyrail.
References
Sources
Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Former Wirral Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1888
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1915
New Brighton, Merseyside |
4026410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mirror%20%281913%20film%29 | The Mirror (1913 film) | The Mirror is a 1913 short silent film directed by Anthony O'Sullivan.
Cast
Henry B. Walthall – The Station Agent
Claire McDowell – Daisy
Lionel Barrymore – Daisy's Father
Harry Carey – First Tramp
Charles West – Second Tramp
John T. Dillon – Third Tramp
See also
Harry Carey filmography
Lionel Barrymore Filmography
External links
1913 films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Anthony O'Sullivan
Films with screenplays by Frank E. Woods |
4026435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mirror%20%281967%20film%29 | The Mirror (1967 film) | The Mirror () is a 1967 horror film directed by Doe Ching.
It Was Lin Dai's Last Film
Plot
Property company chairman Hu Zian was attracted to his secretary Sun Yuxia's beauty and competence. One day after dinner when Hu was escorting Sun home, he received from a child on the street a box containing a mirror and two silver coins engraved with dragons. He was so frightened that he was absent from the office the following day.
Sun went to visit him at home and Hu asked her to stay. Sun refused and left. In another occasion Hu asked Sun to follow him to inspection outside, during which there was a heavy downpour which soaked them both. They were forced to stay in a hotel, where Hu tried to force his intentions on Sun. Sun resisted with vigour and threatened to resign from office.
Enraged at Sun's stubbornness, Hu urged his driver to spread the rumour in the office that Sun had stayed with him in a hotel. As Sun was annoyed and embarrassed, Hu proposed to her. Sun laid down a list of conditions and demanded his acceptance before marriage. Hu agreed.
On the first night of their wedding Hu found that Sun had divided their bedroom into two partitions with an unlocked sliding door. Hu and Sun lived in one of these, and Sun's partition was decorated with mirrors. This frightened Hu so much that he remembered an early episode of his life:
More than two decades ago, when the Second Sino-Japanese War was still going on, Hu worked in an inn under the name Hu Amao. One day he picked up two silver coins engraved with dragons and took them in possession, without knowing that they actually belonged to a traitor. One day a friend of the inn owner Tao Ajiu came and stayed in the inn. The inner owner and Hu collaborated to put him in trouble so that they could grab his valuables.
As the police were tracking down the traitor, they found the two silver coins under Tao's pillow. Tao could not prove his innocence but plunged to his death. Hu was so horrified that he could never forget Tao's dead face as reflected in a mirror. At midnight Hu escaped with the inn owner, who wanted to kill Hu but was instead injured badly. Seeing that Hu was so panicked, Sun asked him to tell her what happened, but Hu did not utter a word.
On the second night Hu made his way to Sun's partition, where he heard a terrible voice calling his old name. Hu was so scared that he fell and fainted.
When Hu recovered consciousness he was suspicious of Sun. He made an excuse to send her out and investigated into the matter. Finally he found that it was all Sun's plot and locked her up in the basement. Knowing that she could conceal no more, Sun admitted that she had approached Hu in revenge for her father, Tao. Furious at her plot, Hu wanted to kill her but Uncle Fan, the inn owner, appeared and fought with him. Eventually both men die, leaving Sun lost in her thoughts in front of the mirror.
Cast
Lin Dai as Sun Yuxia
Kwan Shan as Hu Zian
External links
1967 films
Hong Kong films
Hong Kong horror films
Shaw Brothers Studio films
1960s Mandarin-language films
1967 horror films |
4026450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20People%27s%20Assembly | National People's Assembly | National People's Assembly may refer to:
National People's Assembly of Guinea-Bissau, the unicameral legislative body of Guinea-Bissau
National People's Assembly of Thailand, an citizens' assembly in Thailand concerned with electing members of the Constitution Drafting Assembly
People's National Assembly, the lower house of the Algerian parliament
See also
National Assembly, a legislature or house of a bicameral legislature in some countries
People's Assembly (disambiguation) |
4026451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier%20Daufresne | Xavier Daufresne | Xavier Daufresne (born 24 December 1968 in Lasne) is a former tennis player from Belgium.
Daufresne turned professional in 1988. He did not win any Grand Prix tennis or ATP Tour titles (in either singles or doubles) during his career. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 21 March 1994, when he was ranked World No. 109.
External links
1968 births
Living people
Belgian male tennis players
People from Lasne
Sportspeople from Walloon Brabant |
4026453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming%20unit | Colony-forming unit | A colony-forming unit (CFU, cfu, Cfu) is a unit used in microbiology. It estimates the number of bacteria or fungal cells in a sample which are viable, able to multiply via binary fission under the controlled conditions. Counting with colony-forming units requires culturing the microbes and counts only viable cells, in contrast with microscopic examination which counts all cells, living or dead. The visual appearance of a colony in a cell culture requires significant growth, and when counting colonies it is uncertain if the colony arose from one cell or a group of cells. Expressing results as colony-forming units reflects this uncertainty.
Theory
The purpose of plate counting is to estimate the number of cells present based on their ability to give rise to colonies under specific conditions of nutrient medium, temperature and time. Theoretically, one viable cell can give rise to a colony through replication. However, solitary cells are the exception in nature, and most likely the progenitor of the colony was a mass of cells deposited together. In addition, many bacteria grow in chains (e.g. Streptococcus) or clumps (e.g., Staphylococcus). Estimation of microbial numbers by CFU will, in most cases, undercount the number of living cells present in a sample for these reasons. This is because the counting of CFU assumes that every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell.
The plate count is linear for E. coli over the range of 30 to 300 CFU on a standard sized Petri dish. Therefore, to ensure that a sample will yield CFU in this range requires dilution of the sample and plating of several dilutions. Typically, ten-fold dilutions are used, and the dilution series is plated in replicates of 2 or 3 over the chosen range of dilutions. Often 100µl are plated but also larger amounts up to 1ml are used. Higher plating volumes increase drying times but often don't result in higher accuracy, since additional dilution steps may be needed. The CFU/plate is read from a plate in the linear range, and then the CFU/g (or CFU/mL) of the original is deduced mathematically, factoring in the amount plated and its dilution factor (e.g. CLSI VET01S).
An advantage to this method is that different microbial species may give rise to colonies that are clearly different from each other, both microscopically and macroscopically. The colony morphology can be of great use in the identification of the microorganism present.
A prior understanding of the microscopic anatomy of the organism can give a better understanding of how the observed CFU/mL relates to the number of viable cells per milliliter. Alternatively it is possible to decrease the average number of cells per CFU in some cases by vortexing the sample before conducting the dilution. However many microorganisms are delicate and would suffer a decrease in the proportion of cells that are viable when placed in a vortex.
Log notation
Concentrations of colony-forming units can be expressed using logarithmic notation, where the value shown is the base 10 logarithm of the concentration. This allows the log reduction of a decontamination process to be computed as a simple subtraction.
Uses
Colony-forming units are used to quantify results in many microbiological plating and counting methods, including:
The Pour Plate method wherein the sample is suspended in a Petri dish using molten agar cooled to approximately 40–45 °C (just above the point of solidification to minimize heat-induced cell death). After the nutrient agar solidifies the plate is incubated.
The Spread Plate method wherein the sample (in a small volume) is spread across the surface of a nutrient agar plate and allowed to dry before incubation for counting.
The Membrane Filter method wherein the sample is filtered through a membrane filter, then the filter placed on the surface of a nutrient agar plate (bacteria side up). During incubation nutrients leach up through the filter to support the growing cells. As the surface area of most filters is less than that of a standard Petri dish, the linear range of the plate count will be less.
The Miles and Misra Methods or drop-plate method wherein a very small aliquot (usually about 10 microliters) of sample from each dilution in series is dropped onto a Petri dish. The drop dish must be read while the colonies are very small to prevent the loss of CFU as they grow together.
However, with the techniques that require the use of an agar plate, no fluid solution can be used because the purity of the specimen cannot be unidentified and it is not possible to count the cells one by one in the liquid.
Tools for counting colonies
Counting colonies is traditionally performed manually using a pen and a click-counter. This is generally a straightforward task, but can become very laborious and time-consuming when many plates have to be enumerated. Alternatively semi-automatic (software) and automatic (hardware + software) solutions can be used.
Software for counting CFUs
Colonies can be enumerated from pictures of plates using software tools. The experimenters would generally take a picture of each plate they need to count and then analyse all the pictures (this can be done with a simple digital camera or even a webcam). Since it takes less than 10 seconds to take a single picture, as opposed to several minutes to count CFU manually, this approach generally saves a lot of time. In addition, it is more objective and allows extraction of other variables such as the size and colour of the colonies.
OpenCFU is a free and open-source program designed to optimise user friendliness, speed and robustness. It offers a wide range of filters and control as well as a modern user interface. OpenCFU is written in C++ and uses OpenCV for image analysis.
NICE is a program written in MATLAB that provides an easy way to count colonies from images.
ImageJ and CellProfiler: Some ImageJ macros and plugins and some CellProfiler pipelines can be used to count colonies. This often requires the user to change the code in order to achieve an efficient work-flow, but can prove useful and flexible. One main issue is the absence of specific GUI which can make the interaction with the processing algorithms tedious.
In addition to software based on traditional desktop computers, apps for both Android and iOS devices are available for semi-automated and automated colony counting. The integrated camera is used to take pictures of the agar plate and either an internal or an external algorithm is used to process the picture data and to estimate the number of colonies.
Automated systems
Many of the automated systems are used to counteract human error as many of the research techniques done by humans counting individual cells have a high chance of error involved. Due to the fact that researchers regularly manually count the cells with the assistance of a transmitted light, this error prone technique can have a significant effect on the calculated concentration in the main liquid medium when the cells are in low numbers.
Completely automated systems are also available from some biotechnology manufacturers. They are generally expensive and not as flexible as standalone software since the hardware and software are designed to work together for a specific set-up.
Alternatively, some automatic systems use the spiral plating paradigm.
Some of the automated systems such as the systems from MATLAB allow the cells to be counted without having to stain them. This lets the colonies to be reused for other experiments without the risk of killing the microorganisms with stains. However, a disadvantage to these automated systems is that it is extremely difficult to differentiate between the microorganisms with dust or scratches on blood agar plates because both the dust and scratches can create a highly diverse combination of shapes and appearances.
Alternative units
Instead of colony-forming units, the parameters Most Probable Number (MPN) and Modified Fishman Units (MFU) can be used. The Most Probable Number method counts viable cells and is useful when enumerating low concentrations of cells or enumerating microbes in products where particulates make plate counting impractical. Modified Fishman Units take into account bacteria which are viable, but non-culturable.
See also
Cell counting
Growth medium
Miles and Misra method
Most probable number
Replica plating
Viral plaque
References
Further reading
Microbiology terms
Biostatistics |
4026463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa%20Bergman | Teresa Bergman | Teresa Anne Bergman (born 1986) is a New Zealand-born singer-songwriter-guitarist based in Berlin since 2009. She finished fifth on New Zealand Idol in 2005. Bergman has released two studio albums, Bird of a Feather (2014) and Apart (2019).
Biography
Teresa Anne Bergman was born in Lower Hutt and grew up in neighbouring Wellington with two siblings. While a student at Chilton Saint James School she was taught by her father, Les, and was recorded on a CD, Take Note (1997), which included fellow students performing. She was a busker on the streets of Wellington and sang in a barbershop quartet from the age of 14. In 2004 she was the dux in her final year of secondary school at Sacred Heart College, where her mother, Judith, was a mathematics teacher. Also in that year she finished in the top 20 for the Play It Strange secondary schools songwriting competition with her track, "There You Go", which was recorded for the related CD.
From July to September 2005 Bergman was a contestant on the second season of New Zealand Idol. She originally missed out on a place in the Final 10 but was brought back for the Wildcard Special and received the last position into the finals and was eliminated after reaching the top 5. She graduated from Victoria University of Wellington with a Bachelor of Arts in anthropology and German language in 2007.
In 2008 she travelled to Breslau, Poland to study social sciences, then moved to Leipzig, Germany and has been based in Berlin, initially as a busker, from 2009. In October 2011 she issued a self-titled six-trsck extended play via local label, Musszo Records. Zitty (a Berlin magazine) journalist Joe Metzroff rated her as the best busker in the city in 2012. He described, "her crystal clear voice" as she presented "her songs [which] are self-written, full of soul, without being tearful."
Bergman released her debut studio album, Bird of a Feather, in November 2014 via Musszo Records. She returned to Wellington in December to promote the album. In the following month she travelled to Melbourne to busk and perform shows, and then went back to Berlin. Sirens of Stages writer described how she "has created an eclectic stylistic fusion of acoustic-folk, funk and jazz... From soaring heights to soul dripping depths, the dynamism of [her] music and live performances is infectious."
Her second album, Apart, was issued in September 2019 via Jazzhaus Records. It was co-produced with Sebastian Adam; while her backing band both in the studio and on tour were Pier Ciaccio on drums, Tobias Kabiersch on bass guitar and Matt Paull on keyboards. Herbert of We Got Music observed, "[it] is extremely complex and very groovy, a pop-soul album at its best. After just a few bars, the listener realizes: A fantastic singer and composer is at work here - with good songwriting, a good dose of soul, lots of energy and her own personality and charisma." During October and November she toured Germany in support of its release.
New Zealand Idol performances (2005)
Discography
Studio albums
Bird of a Feather (14 November 2014) – Musszo Records
Apart (27 September 2019) – Jazzhaus Records
Extended plays
Teresa Bergman (1 October 2011) – Musszo Records
Singles
"Tui Sings Blue" (March 2017) – KTF Records/Musszo Records
References
External links
"NZ Idol" Bio retrieved from the original on 27 December 2005, accessed 4 January 2021
1986 births
21st-century New Zealand women singers
Living people
New Zealand women singer-songwriters
New Zealand expatriates in Germany
People educated at Sacred Heart College, Lower Hutt
People from Wellington City
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
People educated at Chilton Saint James School |
4026465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan%20Health | Franciscan Health | Franciscan Health is the name under which the Franciscan Alliance, a Catholic healthcare system, operates. It operates hospitals serving Indiana and one hospital in Illinois and employs over 18,000 full- and part-time employees. Franciscan Alliance is under the sponsorship of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration, Inc.
History
Mother Maria Theresia Bonzel founded the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration in 1863 in Olpe, Germany. Drawn to the ideals of St. Francis, Mother Theresia cared for poor and neglected children and for persons in need of healthcare. In 1875, she sent sisters to Indiana where the mission grew to include hospitals, schools, orphanages and homes for the aged. St. Elizabeth Hospital, now Franciscan Health Lafayette Central in Lafayette, was the first facility founded by the sisters in America. In 1931 the sisters divided into eastern and western provinces, the eastern centered at Mishawaka, Indiana.
In 1974, the sisters of the eastern province incorporated their healthcare ministry under the name of the Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc. All related healthcare activities were consolidated into this corporation with a separate board and management staff. In 1986, the corporate offices were moved to their current location on the provincialate grounds in Mishawaka.
In November 2010, Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc., changed its name to Franciscan Alliance, Inc. In September 2016, Franciscan Alliance renamed its healthcare facilities using “Franciscan Health” and location, rather than the names of saints.
Franciscan Alliance Inc. v. Burwell
The group joined with eight states in filing a lawsuit against the federal government to vacate portions of Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which provided protections from discrimination on the basis of gender identity or reproductive choices. They alleged the rule compelled them to "to provide gender transition services and abortion services against their religious beliefs and medical judgment."
Facilities
Healthcare facilities
Franciscan Health Carmel — Carmel, Indiana (founded 2012)
Franciscan Health Crawfordsville — Crawfordsville, Indiana (founded 1902)
Franciscan Health Crown Point — Crown Point, Indiana (founded 1974)
Franciscan Health Dyer — Dyer, Indiana (founded 1898)
Franciscan Health Hammond — Hammond, Indiana (founded 1898)
Franciscan Health Indianapolis — Indianapolis, Indiana (founded 1995)
Franciscan Health Lafayette East — Lafayette, Indiana (founded 2010)
Franciscan Health Michigan City — Michigan City, Indiana (founded 1903)
Franciscan Health Mooresville — Mooresville, Indiana (founded 1881)
Franciscan Health Munster — Munster, Indiana (founded 1994)
Franciscan Health Olympia Fields — Olympia Fields, Illinois (founded 1978)
Franciscan Health Rensselaer — Rensselaer, Indiana (founded 1917)
Support facilities
Franciscan Health Information Services — Beech Grove, Indiana
Tonn & Blank Construction — Michigan City, Indiana
Corporate office
The corporate office for Franciscan Health is located at 1515 West Dragoon Trail in Mishawaka, Indiana.
References
External links
Franciscan Health website
Health care companies based in Indiana
Health care companies established in 1974
American companies established in 1974
1974 establishments in Indiana |
4026480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Wainwright | Harry Wainwright | Harry Smith Wainwright (16 November 1864 – 19 September 1925) was an English railway engineer, and was the Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway from 1899 to 1913. He is best known for a series of simple but competent locomotives produced under his direction at the company's Ashford railway works in the early years of the twentieth century. Many of these survived in service until the end of steam traction in Britain in 1968, and are regarded as some of the most elegant designs of the period.
Biography
Wainwright was born at Worcester on 16 November 1864, the third son of William Wainwright.
In 1896, he was appointed Carriage & Wagon Superintendent of the South Eastern Railway (SER), in succession to his father.
On 1 January 1899, the SER entered into a working union with the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR); their respective Locomotive Superintendents, James Stirling and William Kirtley, both retired, and the newly formed South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR) decided to combine the locomotive, carriage and wagon departments of the two railways, and appoint Wainwright as the Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent. Robert Surtees, the former LCDR Chief Draughtsman, became Chief Draughtsman of the SECR.
Wainwright retired on 30 November 1913.
Wainwright died on 19 September 1925.
Locomotives
The first locomotives to be placed in service by the SECR under Wainwright's supervision were not of his design. Until new standard designs could be prepared, which would be acceptable on both the SER and LCDR sections of the SECR, it was necessary to fulfil immediate locomotive requirements in other ways. Existing locomotive orders were allowed to stand; further orders were placed for existing designs (in some cases design modifications were made); and locomotives built to the designs of an entirely different company were purchased from a manufacturer's unsold stock.
Five 4-4-0 express passenger engines of Kirtley's M3 class, which had been introduced on the LCDR in 1891, were built at Longhedge between May 1899 and May 1901. Two of these were the balance of an outstanding LCDR order; the remainder formed part of an order for ten placed by the SECR, of which seven were later cancelled.
Five 4-4-0 express passenger engines of Stirling's B class, which had been introduced on the SER in 1898, were built at Ashford in June and July 1899.
Five 0-6-0 goods engines of Stirling's O class, which had been introduced on the SER in 1878, were built at Ashford in August and September 1899.
The locomotive manufacturer Neilson, Reid and Company had built ten 4-4-0 express passenger engines in late 1899 to the design of William Pickersgill for the Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR) where they formed Class V. After the GNoSR decided that only five were required, Neilson's were left with the remainder on their hands, and were asked by the GNoSR to sell them for the best possible price. They were offered to the SECR, which agreed to take the five engines which the GNoSR did not need, subject to certain modifications being made. They were delivered to the SECR in January and February 1900, where they formed the G class.
Fifteen 0-4-4T suburban passenger engines, the R1 class (based on Kirtley's R class of 1891) were built by Sharp, Stewart & Co in November and December 1900.
The first designs which credited Wainwright as designer began to appear in 1900. In almost all cases, the actual design work was supervised by Surtees, with Wainwright specifying broad requirements and also deciding the finish and livery.
The C class of 0-6-0 goods engines comprised 109 locomotives built between 1900 and 1908, of which 15 each were built by the contractors Neilson, Reid and Sharp, Stewart; the remainder were built by the SECR, 60 at Ashford and 9 at Longhedge.
The D class of 4-4-0 express passenger engines comprised 51 locomotives built between 1901 and 1907, of which 30 were built by four different contractors, and 21 were built by the SECR at Ashford.
The H class of 0-4-4T suburban passenger engines comprised 64 locomotives built at Ashford between 1904 and 1909, with a final two completed in 1915 after Wainwright's retirement.
Eight steam railcars were bought from Kitson & Co. in 1905-6 for use on local passenger services.
The E class of 4-4-0 express passenger engines comprised 26 locomotives built at Ashford between 1905 and 1909.
The P class of 0-6-0T local passenger engines comprised eight locomotives built at Ashford in 1909-10.
The J class of 0-6-4T passenger engines comprised five locomotives built at Ashford in 1913.
The L class of 4-4-0 express passenger engines comprised 22 locomotives built by contractors in 1914. Although the specification was drawn up by Wainwright, and the design work supervised by Surtees, the order was not placed until after Wainwright's retirement; his successor, Richard Maunsell, specified some design changes. 12 came from Beyer, Peacock & Co., whilst the other ten were built in Berlin by A. Borsig; these were delivered before the outbreak of war on 3 August 1914, but were not paid for until May 1920.
Patents
GB190322276, published 28 April 1904, Improved draught producing and spark arresting apparatus for locomotive engines
GB190718258 (with Walter Reuben Preston), published 6 August 1908, Improvements in means for securing doors or flaps of railway trucks, horse boxes or the like
Notes
References
Simmons, Jack and Biddle, Gordon (Eds) (1997) The Oxford companion to British railway history : from 1602 to the 1990s, Oxford University Press,
1864 births
1925 deaths
People from Worcester, England
Locomotive builders and designers
English railway mechanical engineers
South Eastern and Chatham Railway people |
4026495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskresenie | Voskresenie | The Voskresenie (Resurrection or Sunday) was a left-leaning, quasi-Masonic sect, which existed in Petrograd between 1918 and 1928. The group, which consisted of philosophers, professionals, and members of the Religious Philosophical Society, sought to support the Bolsheviks' economic policy but oppose their atheistic culture, and in so doing to 'renew humanity and the construction of communism' (as seen in Brandist 2002, p. 28).
First gathering
In December 1917, several employees of the Imperial Public Library gathered at the flat of philosopher Georgy Fedotov to discuss the recent October Revolution and the manner with which the intelligentsia should respond to the social revolution. Continuing in traditions of the masonic Religious-Philosophic Society, which had been run by their mentors - Dmitry Merezhkovsky and his wife Zinaida Gippius - the group critically accepted the revolution, but urged that people be free to express their spiritual beliefs.
Leadership and themes
By March 1918, the circle included at least 18 formally recognised members. The leaders were Fedorov and Alexander Meyer, who argued for the union (smychka) of Christianity and social revolution (ibid.). The majority of participants of the circle were skeptical about the official position of the Russian Orthodox Church, believing that free development of Christian ideas within the Church was impossible. Meetings were held in the apartments of the Free Philosophical Association, though after they were closed in 1923, the meetings were held in the flats of K.A. Polovtsova (7 Maly Avenue of Petrogradskaya Side) and P.F. Smotritsky (18 Geslerovsky Lane); in 1917-28, no fewer than 150 people attended these meetings.
The main discussion themes included revolution and power, religion, and society. The painter Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin occasionally visited the circle's meetings, as did philologists M.M Bakhtin and Lev Pumpyansky, although Bakhtin and Pumpyansky appeared not to have any formal connection to the group (Hirschkop 1999: p. 168). In 1918, members of the circle issued a periodical, Free Voices, although it proved to be short lived, it was published only twice, having been discontinued after opposition from Merezhkovsky.
The name Voskresenie
By the end of 1919, the group officially assumed the name of Voskresenie, which is the Russian word both for "Sunday" and for "Resurrection". The name reflected their hopes to see the social revolution resurrect spiritual freedoms. By this time eleven people formed the core of Voskresenie, and they organized the fraternity "Christ and Freedom", which secretly convened on Tuesdays and discussed the possibility of facilitating the merger of social revolution and Christianity. The fraternity was disbanded in 1923, on account of disagreements between its members.
Disbanded
After Fedorov emigrated two years later, the society came to be dominated by Meyer, who used his charismatic aura and rhetorical skill to turn the circle into a sort of religious sect or masonic lodge. On 8 December 1928, when the society was about to mark its 10th anniversary, Meyer, Bakhtin, and (about 100) other individuals associated with Voskresenie were apprehended by the OGPU (Hirschkop 1999: p. 168). The subsequent trial resulted in the Voskresenie leaders being sentenced up to ten years in labour camps. Bakhtin was found guilty for his association with the circle and on 1929-07-22 he was sentenced to five years in Siberia. Approximately 70 people were sentenced by Decree of the Collegium of the Joint State Political Administration Board on 22 July 1929.
References
Craig Brandist (2002) The Bakhtin Circle: Philosophy, Culture and Politics, London, Pluto Press
Ken Hirschkop (1999) Mikhail Bakhtin: An Aesthetic for Democracy, Oxford, Oxford University Press
Анциферов Н. П. Из дум о былом: Воспоминания. М., 1992; Антонов В. В. Воскресенье Мейера и воскресники Назарова: Духов. поиски петрогр. интеллигенции 1920-х гг. // Невский архив: Ист.-краевед. сб. СПб., 1999. [Вып.] 4. С. 288-324. T. V. Morgacheva, I. A. Flige.
External links
A chapter on Voskresenie from Viktor Brachev's book Masons in Russia
Dmitry Likhachev's memoirs on Meyer
Biography of Meyer
Biography of Pumpiansky
Russian Revolution
Soviet culture
Russian philosophers |
4026496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20J%C3%B6nsson%20%28tennis%29 | Lars Jönsson (tennis) | Lars Jönsson (born 27 June 1970) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who turned professional in 1988. He did not win any ATP title (singles and/or doubles) during his career, best result was a singles final in Wellington. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 7 October 1991, when he became ranked 67th in the world.
Career finals
Singles (1 loss)
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Gothenburg |
Subsets and Splits
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