id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
4015816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo%20bluet | Arroyo bluet | The arroyo bluet (Enallagma praevarum) is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae, native to the western United States, south to southern Mexico. It is associated with slow-flowing streams or lake margins with emergent vegetation.
References
External links
Enallagma praevarum at AzOdes
Coenagrionidae
Odonata of North America
Insects of Mexico
Insects of the United States
Fauna of the Southwestern United States
Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula
Fauna of California
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
Insects described in 1861
Taxa named by Hermann August Hagen |
4015820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gage%20Street | Gage Street | Gage Street () is a street in Central, Hong Kong. It is on the lower hill and between the junction with Cochrane Street and Lyndhurst Terrace, Graham Street and Aberdeen Street. The street is mainly a market.
It is named after William Hall Gage.
The 2013 novel Gage Street Courtesan by Christopher New depicts the European courtesans who lived in that street in the 19th century.
The 2009 film Bodyguards and Assassins begins with the assassination of Chinese revolutionary Yeung Ku-wan on Gage Street. The site of the assassination, 52 Gage Street, is stop 7 on the Dr Sun Yat Sen Historical Trail
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
Google Maps of Gage Street
Roads in Hong Kong
Central, Hong Kong
Street markets in Hong Kong |
4015827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable%20Server%20Pooling | Reliable Server Pooling | Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) is a computer protocol framework for management of and access to multiple, coordinated (pooled) servers. RSerPool is an IETF standard, which has been developed by the IETF RSerPool Working Group and documented in RFC 5351, RFC 5352, RFC 5353, RFC 5354, RFC 5355 and RFC 5356.
Introduction
In the terminology of RSerPool a server is denoted as a Pool Element (PE). In its Pool, it is identified by its Pool Element Identifier (PE ID), a 32-bit number. The PE ID is randomly chosen upon a PE's registration to its pool. The set of all pools is denoted as the Handlespace. In older literature, it may be denoted as Namespace. This denomination has been dropped in order to avoid confusion with the Domain Name System (DNS). Each pool in a handlespace is identified by a unique Pool Handle (PH), which is represented by an arbitrary byte vector. Usually, this is an ASCII or Unicode name of the pool, e.g. "DownloadPool" or "WebServerPool".
Each handlespace has a certain scope (e.g. an organization or company), denoted as Operation Scope. It is explicitly not a goal of RSerPool to manage the global Internet's pools within a single handlespace. Due to the localisation of Operation Scopes, it is possible to keep the handlespace "flat". That is, PHs do not have any hierarchy in contrast to the Domain Name System with its top-level and sub-domains. This constraint results in a significant simplification of handlespace management.
Within an operation scope, the handlespace is managed by redundant Pool Registrars (PR), also denoted as ENRP servers or Name Servers (NS). PRs have to be redundant in order to avoid a PR to become a Single Point of Failure (SPoF). Each PR of an operation scope is identified by its Registrar ID (PR ID), which is a 32-bit random number. It is not necessary to ensure uniqueness of PR IDs. A PR contains a complete copy of the operation scope's handlespace. PRs of an operation scope synchronize their view of the handlespace using the Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP). Older versions of this protocol use the term Endpoint Namespace Redundancy Protocol; this naming has been replaced to avoid confusion with DNS, but the abbreviation has been kept. Due to handlespace synchronization by ENRP, PRs of an operation scope are functionally equal. That is, if any of the PRs fails, each other PR is able to seamlessly replace it.
Using the Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP), a PE can add itself to a pool or remove it from by requesting a registration or deregistration from an arbitrary PR of the operation scope. In case of successful registration, the PR chosen for registration becomes the PE's Home-PR (PR-H). A PR-H not only informs the other PRs of the operation scope about the registration or deregistration of its PEs, it also monitors the availability of its PEs by ASAP Keep-Alive messages. A keep-alive message by a PR-H has to be acknowledged by the PE within a certain time interval. If the PE fails to answer within a certain timeout, it is assumed to be dead and immediately removed from the handlespace. Furthermore, a PE is expected to re-register regularly. At a re-registration, it is also possible for the PE to change its list of transport addresses or its policy information.
To use the service of a pool, a client — called Pool User (PU) in RSerPool terminology — first has to request the resolution of the pool's PH to a list of PE identities at an arbitrary PR of the operation scope. This selection procedure is denoted as Handle Resolution. For the case that the requested pool is existing, the PR will select a list of PE identities according to the pool's Pool Member Selection Policy, also simply denoted as Pool Policy.
Possible pool policies are e.g. a random selection (Random) or the least-loaded PE (Least Used). While in the first case it is not necessary to have any selection information (PEs are selected randomly), it is required to maintain up-to-date load information in the second case of selecting the least-loaded PE. Using an appropriate selection policy, it is e.g. possible to equally distribute the request load onto the pool's PEs.
After reception of a list of PE identities from a PR, a PU will write the PE information into its local cache. This cache is denoted as PU-side Cache. Out of its cache, the PU will select exactly one PE — again using the pool's selection policy — and establish a connection to it using the application's protocol, e.g. HTTP over SCTP or TCP in case of a web server. Using this connection, the service provided by the server is used. For the case that the establishment of the connection fails or the connection is aborted during service usage, a new PE can be selected by repeating the described selection procedure. If the information in the PU-side cache is not outdated, a PE identity may be directly selected from cache, skipping the effort of asking a PR for handle resolution. After re-establishing a connection with a new PE, the state of the application session has to be re-instantiated on the new PE. The procedure necessary for session resumption is denoted as Failover Procedure and is of course application-specific. For an FTP download for example, the failover procedure could mean to tell the new FTP server the file name and the last received data position. By that, the FTP server will be able to resume the download session. Since the failover procedure is highly application-dependent, it is not part of RSerPool itself, though RSerPool provides far reaching support for the implementation of arbitrary failover schemes by its Session Layer mechanisms.
To make it possible for RSerPool components to configure automatically, PRs can announce themselves via UDP over IP multicast. These announces can be received by PEs, PUs and other PRs, allowing them to learn the list of PRs currently available in the operation scope. The advantage of using IP multicast instead of broadcast is that this mechanism will also work over routers (e.g. LANs inter-connected via a VPN) and the announces will — for the case of e.g. a switched Ethernet — only be heard and processed by stations actually interested in this information. For the case that IP multicast is not available, it is of course possible to statically configure PR addresses.
Implementations
The following implementations are known:
RSPLIB Project by the University of Duisburg-Essen (is also reference implementation of the IETF RSerPool WG)
Motorola
Cisco
Münster University of Applied Sciences
Standards documents
RFCs
- Requirements for Reliable Server Pooling
- An Overview of Reliable Server Pooling Protocols
- Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP)
- Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP)
- Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) and Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) Parameters
- Threats Introduced by Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) and Requirements for Security in Response to Threats
- Reliable Server Pooling Policies
- Reliable Server Pooling MIB Module Definition
Working Group Drafts
Architecture for Reliable Server Pooling
Comparison of Protocols for Reliable Server Pooling
TCP Mapping for Reliable Server Pooling Enhanced Mode
Services Provided By Reliable Server Pooling
Reliable Server Pooling Sockets API Extensions
Other Drafts
Handle Resolution Option for ASAP
Least-Used Policy for Reliable Server Pooling
Reliable Server Pooling Applicability for IP Flow Information Exchange
Applicability of Reliable Server Pooling for Real-Time Distributed Computing
Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) Bakeoff Scoring
Applicability of Reliable Server Pooling for SCTP-Based Endpoint Mobility
Takeover Suggestion Flag for the ENRP Handle Update Message
The Applicability of Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) for Virtual Network Function Resource Pooling (VNFPOOL)
Ideas for a Next Generation of the Reliable Server Pooling Framework
References
External links
Thomas Dreibholz's Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) Page
IETF RSerPool Working Group
Internet protocols
Internet Standards
Session layer protocols |
4015828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%27s%20Wafers | Captain's Wafers | Captain's Wafers is an American brand of crackers that is made by Lance Inc. They are light buttery crackers typically served with soups and salads. They are mentioned specifically in the song "Camel Walk" by Southern Culture on the Skids. Captain's Wafers' most notable claim to fame is winning the North Dakota "Best Cracker in Show" contest for 14 consecutive years.
According to David Beard, the director of training at Lance, Inc., the name of the Captain's Wafers came from the idea that "on a ship, the captains always had the best of everything when it came to meals. So the name Captain's Wafers was used to show they were the very best wafers."
The name was submitted by Joe M. Logan, (executive vice president of sales and marketing at Lance, retired from Lance in 1975). Mr. Logan had returned from World War II service in the South Pacific with the US Army's 7th Infantry Division in 1946. It was his experience on board a merchant vessel going home, during which he was asked to dine at the Captain's table, that produced the idea for the crackers' name.
Sandwich cracker varieties
Cream Cheese & Chives on Captain's Wafers
Peanut Butter with Honey on Captain's Wafers
Grilled Cheese on Captain's Wafers
Captain's Choice Variety Pack
Four Cheese on Captain's Wafers
Jalapeño Cheddar
BOLDS Buffalo Ranch
BOLDS Smokehouse Cheddar
References
External links
Captain's Wafers nutritional data
Brand name crackers
Lance Inc. brands |
4015830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asotsiatsiya%20Haydiv%20Ukra%C3%AFni | Asotsiatsiya Haydiv Ukraïni | The Asotsiatsiya Haydiv Ukraïni (Асоціація Гайдів України, Association of Ukrainian Guides) is the national Guiding organization of Ukraine. Guiding in Ukraine began in 1911 and, after being banned in the 1920s, it was restarted in 1992. It became an associate member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) in 1999 and a full member in 2020. The girls-only association has 1,000 members, as of 2003.
History
Guiding in Ukraine started in 1911 as part of Plast. However, in the 1920s, Scouting and Guiding was banned and the groups were incorporated in the Pioneer Movement.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Guiding was reintroduced to Ukraine in 1992. With support by the Norwegian Speidernes Fellesorganisasjon, a national association was formed on November 25, 1995. It became an associate member of WAGGGS in 1999 and a full member in 2020.
Program and ideals
The association is divided in three age groups:
Swallows (ages 7 to 11)
Guides (ages 11 to 16)
Rangers (ages 16 to 20)
The Girl Guide emblem incorporates a brownie as well as grapes.
See also
Scouting in Ukraine
References
Official web-site
Former homepage at web.archive.org
worldguiding.net (pdf)
Norwegian-Ukrainian partnership merit badge
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts member organizations
Scouting and Guiding in Ukraine
Youth organizations established in 1992 |
4015831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hitz | David Hitz | David Hitz is an American engineer. In 1992, he, James Lau, and Michael Malcolm founded NetApp, where he became an executive vice president.
A graduate of Deep Springs College, Hitz earned a BSE from Princeton University and went on to work as an engineer at MIPS Computer Systems and as a senior engineer at Auspex Systems.
He is co-recipient (with James Lau) of the 2007 IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award.
In February 2019, Hitz announced his retirement as executive vice president of NetApp.
References
External links
Dave Hitz' blog
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American computer businesspeople
Deep Springs College alumni
Princeton University alumni
Swarthmore College alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4015846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton%20twirling | Baton twirling | Baton twirling involves using the body to spin a metal rod in a coordinated routine. It is similar to rhythmic gymnastics or color guard.
Description
Twirling combines dance, agility, coordination and flexibility while manipulating a single baton or multiple batons. It is a sport that is played worldwide. A performance is typically accompanied by music. There are multiple types of baton twirlers. Majorettes twirl in a group for a high school or college with its marching band. A twirler may perform as part of a group which marches in a parade or in front of an audience. Competitive twirlers may compete solo or as part of a group. Twirlers start learning the skills as early as age 2, but usually in grade school age, although some begin as late as high school age.
Baton twirling requires specific knowledge of how to manipulate the baton and where to hold the baton. The baton can be described as a rod, usually a lightweight metal such as aluminum, with weighted, resilient ends, typically rubber. The baton's rubber ends attach to the rod and can be replaced. On one end, there is a large tip that is called the ball. On the other end, there is a small tip simply called the tip. The baton must be balanced at its center point. The rod can be one of several thicknesses. Thicker, heavier rods are said to be better for rolling, while thinner ones are better for finger rolls. The rubber ends can have different designs or weights depending on the manufacturer. Common types are the star, tulip and simple round tips. The length of the baton from tip to tip should be one inch longer than the distance from the user's armpit to the tip of the user's middle finger. The baton is manipulated from three positions, depending on the trick: from the ball, one hand from the tip, and mostly from the center of the baton. The rod of the baton wrapped with tape, either for decoration or for added grip, using tape specially employed for that purpose. The tape can be anything from electrical tape to tennis tape.
In addition to twirling baton(s), twirlers are known for manipulating multiple pieces of equipment including fire baton(s), machetes, fire machetes, hoop baton, streamer, flag baton, swing baton, rifle, lighted baton, double flag baton, and sabers. All equipment that is used by twirlers of the NBTA, USTA, and WBTF are show quality pieces of equipment that are engineered to be easily manipulated in a twirling routine. Therefore, the rifle, sabre, and machetes are not real weapons, as they are props created specifically for twirling. However, fire batons are, in fact, real flaming batons. The twirler will soak the ends of the fire batons overnight in a flammable substance, commonly kerosene, tiki oil, or gasoline. After the ends have finished soaking, it is important that the twirler shakes off any excess liquid. Finally, the ends of the baton can be set on fire using a lighter. After the twirler has finished performing, the flames can be put out through tossing the baton very fast and hard or by placing it in a fire blanket.
Baton twirling requires skillful coordination and extraordinary control of the human body. Additionally, it requires a great amount of flexibility in order to properly execute baton, dance, and gymnastics elements.
The foundation of baton twirling is the thumb toss. This trick is accomplished from the middle of the baton. The baton is held in one hand at the waist. The baton is rolled over the thumb and a slight hand movement lifts it into the air. The thumb toss can be increased in difficulty with one or more spins done under the toss, cartwheels, front walkovers, illusions or many more tricks. The baton can be tosses from either hand, but proficiency in both hands is preferable. The baton can be caught blind behind the head, at the side, under a kick, under one or both legs or in an illusion. Other tosses include the open hand toss and flat spin toss.
The sport of baton twirling has many tricks common to all twirlers. The elbow roll is a common trick. Continuous elbow rolls go over one elbow, dip, go over the second elbow, dip at the back, and over the first elbow again. This process can keep going as long as the baton stays in motion. Other common tricks include fishtails, open throats, open neck rolls, mouth rolls and more.
The routines have a predictable pattern of organization, despite a unique organization of tricks based on ability. Typically, the twirler has an initial routine constructed in each type of routine as they are ready. That routine is changed over and over during the course of their career. In Basic March, the twirler places one hand on their left hip and cradles the baton in the other. The twirler lifts the leg up into a chair height bend leg and lowers the foot back to the ground to the beat of "Stars and Stripes". Strut is an expansion off of Basic March. It also counts the hitting of the foot off the ground based on the beat of "Stars and Stripes", but other dance moves w/ the coordinated baton are incorporated into its X pattern. Solo routines don't have a specific music or beat to follow. The twirler attempts to constantly improve the routine with greater consistent speed, difficult tricks and improved bodywork. The routine has specific sections from the vertical, horizontal, finger and roll sections. It can include a walk up and walk back with poses, but the walk can be a Tour Jete, leaps, skip, Step ball changes or a simple march. Modeling is completed in a T pattern with slow, graceful spins/turns. The routine can be done in a short/party/long dress or costume depending on contest rules. Modeling can also include an interview depending on the contest. Other routines can include 2 baton, 3 baton, flag baton, show routine or hoop. Pageants are a large part of competitive baton twirling. Basic Skills pageants are the introductory level where the contestant performs Basic March, Modeling and Solo. Beginner and Intermediate pageants include Modeling/Interview, Strut and Solo. Advanced pageants include Modeling/Interview, Show twirl, and solo.
Baton twirlers perform at football games, basketball games, competitions, parades, and other events where entertainment is needed. It is commonly known that after a twirling season has come to an end, each twirling company/studio will host a recital to showcase the talents obtained over the season.
Competitive solo twirlers in the United States compete through several organizations. These organization include United States Twirling Association, Twirling Unlimited, Twirltacular, National Baton Twirling Association and more. Each of these organizations have their own rules. The United States Twirling Association (USTA) offers competitive routines that are unique to this association only. Moreover, these routines include L military marching, 32 count presentation, rhythm twirl, freestyle, and show twirl. Twirling Unlimited, TU, has restrictions on number of turns and continuous elbow rolls in developmental levels, but they allow gymnastics moves. TU separates the age groups as 0-6, 7-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15+. The 0-6 and 7-8 age groups are combined for certain events. National Baton Twirling Association, NBTA, does not have developmental restrictions, but it does not permit gymnastics. NBTA age groups are 0-4, 0-6, 7-9, 10-12. 13-15, 16+. NBTA nations are called America's Youth on Parade, which has been held for 50 years. AYOP has been held at Notre Dame's Joyce Center for 46 years. The event allows the soloists and groups to qualify for world competition. AYOP is a week long event with a mixture of open events and pageants, which the twirler has to qualify for at Miss Majorette state/regional events. The solo events of both organizations are also divided into Novice, Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced, and Elite levels. Advancement is based on a set number of wins.
History
Baton twirling started in Western Europe and Asia. The sport came to North America when Major Reuben Webster Millsaps created baton twirling when he established Millsaps College in Mississippi after the US Civil War.
While many member countries have their own national organizations, at the world level, three governing bodies are recognized:
the World Baton Twirling Federation (WBTF), the World Twirling Association (WTA), and The Global Alliance of National Baton Twirling & Majorette Associations (NBTA). The WBTF and NBTA host World Championships and International Cup (WBTF), while the WTA continues to honor the origins of the sport with additional events that WBTF does not include. The WTA was founded in 1960, by champion baton twirler Victor Faber.
Founded in 1977, current member countries of the WBTF include Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Catalonia (Spain), Croatia, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Scotland, Seychelles, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.
Current member countries of the NBTA include Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United States. Under consideration are: Australia, Estonia, Japan, Slovenia, and South Africa.
Competitive baton twirling
Competitive baton twirling is classified by two factors, skill and age. The NBTA, USTA, and WBTF separate twirlers by their skill levels, which range from novice, beginner, intermediate, to advanced; advancement to the next skill level is determined through the number of first place wins that the twirler has accomplished against other twirlers.
Wins obtained with no competitors in said division typically do not count towards advancement. Next, the twirlers are classified by their age through a standard scale that is as follows: 0-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-21 22+. This classification scale ensures that the competition between twirlers in each division is fair.
When competing, a twirlers attire will typically be a leotard or a skater dress that is embellished with sequins, rhinestones, fringe, and other ornate designs. Twirlers are judged on their attire during competition, especially in events such as best in costume, so it is important that they wear a costume that fits properly and looks good during competition. Footwear ranges from instep cougars, jazz shoes, to majorette boots. Typically, instep cougars are seen on both the competition floor and during practice. Jazz shoes are primarily used during competition, as the soft bottoms can easily be torn during practice. It is common to see the heels of jazz shoes covered in rhinestones. Majorette boots can be seen during competition; however, high school and college majorettes typically wear these on the football field and during other performances.
One of the most competitive titles in the twirling field, Miss Majorette, is a title that is given to the top baton twirlers of each state. As mentioned earlier, twirlers will be classified based on their skill and age, which allows for a Miss Majorette title in each rank. When competing for this title, twirlers will begin by competing in T or Circle T Modelling, Interview, Solo, and X- Strut. After a twirler has been named Miss Majorette of their state, they will advance to compete for the title of Miss Majorette of America in their division.
Every year, the ESPN Wide World of Sports hosts Twirlmania international championship competition at Walt Disney World. Competition is available for soloists, teams, high schools, colleges, and recreational groups of any age or gender. Some countries that have participated in the past include U.S, Japan, Russia, Australia, and England. Competing ranges from baton twirling to pompom and dance. Competitors also get to march in a Disney parade as well as participate in a fun, family oriented weekend. Awards range from trophies to plush stuffed animals to cash (up to $4,000) and gifts by sponsors. Some categories include Dance Line Team, Collegiate Team, Pom Pom Team, Drill Team, Basic & Military, and Miss Twirl Mania Pageant, to name a few.
The World Championships have the following events:
Freestyle Senior Women & Men
Junior Women and Men
Event accompanied by a compulsory/short programme event
strut
solo
dancetwirl
pairs
trios
show choir
Single baton, 2 batons, 3 batons
Teams, pairs, trios, and show choir can be co-ed.
For several years, the powerhouse countries (France, Italy, Japan, and the United States) have dominated the world championships. In order to promote more events and other smaller countries' ability to have international champions, the International Cup was introduced. Athletes are categorized into B-level athletes, A-level athletes, and elite. The power house countries don't take B-level athletes so as to the give the smaller countries an opportunity to have international champions. Because every country doesn't have dancetwirl as an event, and because of the variety within the freestyle event, the artistic twirl was introduced to replace freestyle and dancetwirl at the International Cup.
Since 2005, the two competitions have been run concurrently over a week. In 2009, the competitions began running separately, with the International Cup falling on uneven years and the World Championships on even years. New events such as Freestyle and Pairs across different age levels and divisions were added to the International Cup.
The following cities have previously hosted the competitions:
Solo one baton to music, novice beginner intermediate advanced (levels) 0-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16+
Two baton to music, novice beginner intermediate advanced 0-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16+
Showtwirl multiple batons with a prop and music novice beginner intermediate advanced 0-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16+
Basic march novice beginner intermediate advanced 0-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16+
Military march novice beginner intermediate advanced 0-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16+
Modeling novice beginner intermediate advanced 0-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16+
Events and age divisions and levels may vary due to baton association.
International Cup
Special Athlete's Award
In 1998, the WBTF introduced the Special Athlete's Award of Recognition for athletes that competed at 10+ World Championships. Not all are Champions.
References
External links
World Baton Twirling Federation
Confédération Européenne de Twirling Bâton
United States Baton Twirling Association
National Baton Twirling Association
https://wfnbta.com/
Individual sports
Circus skills
Twirling
Cheerleading
Articles containing video clips |
4015851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Roush | John A. Roush | John Allen Roush is an American academic administrator and football coach who served as the 20th president of Centre College from 1998 to 2020.
Early life and education
An Ohio native, Roush graduated from Fairmont High School and holds a bachelor's degree in English with Omicron Delta Kappa honors from Ohio University, and a Master's and PhD from Miami University.
Career
Roush began his career at Miami University as an assistant football coach, and later became Executive Assistant to the President in 1976. After Miami University, Roush joined the staff of the University of Richmond in 1982.
During his twenty-two year presidency, Centre College established the Brown Fellows Program, the Bonner Scholars Program, and the Centre Scholars Program. Several buildings on campus were renovated, including the Campus Center, Sutcliffe Hall, Stuart Hall, Ruby Cheek House, the Norton Center for the Arts, and Young Hall. Several new buildings were added, including Cowan, Pearl Hall, and the Student Center. Roush also launched several successful fundraising campaigns, including A More Perfect Centre, which raised nearly $170 million. Enrollment also increased significantly during the time Roush was in the role.
In January 2021, Centre announced the addition of Roush to the football staff as the Colonels' running backs coach.
References
External links
Biography from Centre College
Living people
Miami University alumni
Miami RedHawks football coaches
Presidents of Centre College
Centre Colonels football coaches
Centre College faculty
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4015859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%20Park%20%28Columbus%2C%20Ohio%29 | Huntington Park (Columbus, Ohio) | Huntington Park is a baseball stadium located in Columbus, Ohio, United States. It primarily serves as the home of the Columbus Clippers of the International League, the Triple-A minor league affiliate of the Cleveland Guardians since 2009.
Groundbreaking for the ballpark took place on August 2, 2007, with construction being completed in April 2009. Designed by 360 Architecture and developed by Nationwide Realty Investors, the 10,100-seat stadium is part of a $70 million project. The stadium is at the corner of Neil Avenue and Nationwide Boulevard in the Arena District of Columbus and replaced the Clippers' former home, Cooper Stadium.
In February 2006, the naming rights for the park were purchased by Huntington Bancshares Inc. for $12 million over 23 years. On April 18, 2009, the park opened to the public, with the Columbus Clippers playing the Toledo Mud Hens in the stadium's first game.
On August 12, 2009, Huntington Park was named the Ballpark of the Year by Baseballparks.com, beating out all other new or significantly renovated baseball stadiums in the country, including such Major League parks as the new Yankee Stadium and Citi Field. The award is given to the new stadium with the "best combination of superior design, attractive site selection and fan amenities."
The ballpark's attendance record was set on July 26, 2010 when 12,517 fans saw the Clippers defeat the Pawtucket Red Sox, 11–7.
The coldest game played in the history of the stadium saw Clippers take on the Pawtucket Red Sox on April 16, 2018, amidst snow flurries and 35 degree weather.
The ballpark was built adjacent to the old Ohio Penitentiary site.
Construction issues
The selection of the construction firms to build the ballpark was a contentious issue. On November 5, 2007, Lithko Contracting of Hamilton filed suit against Franklin County. At issue was the fact that the contract for pouring concrete was awarded to Baker Construction despite Lithko's bid coming in $17,500 lower. It was alleged that the Franklin County Commissioners had favored Baker over Lithko because Baker employed union labor and Lithko did not. Because the Commissioners did not want to face delays due to a lawsuit, they awarded the contract to Lithko on November 9, 2007.
The county was subsequently sued two more times by firms after they were denied the contracts despite being low bidders. In those cases, the county rejected the low bid due to allegations of "prevailing wage" violations by the low bidders. State Representative Larry Wolpert (R-23) had asked the state controlling board not to release $7 million in funds until the low bidders were selected.
Features
The ballpark includes 32 suites, 42 loge boxes, and 650 club seats. The Left Field Building includes a 110-foot bar with six open patios overlooking the field on the second story. The third story is The AEP Power Pavilion, an open air rooftop with bleachers reminiscent of Wrigley Field. The Picnic Terrace in left field will offer fans a place to relax and take in a ballgame 325 feet down the line. The Pedialyte Porch in right field overlooks a 22-foot wall that is only 318 feet down the line.
Other uses
The park hosted the 2009, 2011, and 2012 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournaments.
The park has also hosted the OHSAA High School Baseball state championship games since its opening in 2009.
The stadium hosted both the Triple-A All-Star Game and the Triple-A National Championship Game in 2018.
Concerts
On June 22, 2010 Huntington Park held its first major concert. Dave Matthews Band performed on a stage in center field.
On June 14, 2012 REO Speedwagon performed a concert at Huntington Park.
See also
The Father of Columbus Baseball (2009)
References
External links
Columbus Clippers: Huntington Park
2009 establishments in Ohio
Arena District
Baseball venues in Ohio
Columbus Clippers
Sports venues completed in 2009
Sports venues in Columbus, Ohio
International League ballparks |
4015868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign%20Against%20Censorship | Campaign Against Censorship | The Campaign Against Censorship (CAC) is a non-party political pressure group that opposes censorship and promotes freedom of expression in the United Kingdom. The group is based in Fareham, England. It was formerly named the Defence of Literature and the Arts Society (DLAS). It was founded in 1968 with the publisher John Calder as a prime mover behind it as a direct result of the Last Exit to Brooklyn novel publication trial. In 1976 it sent a delegation to see the Home Secretary to argue that "films are subject to unjust discrimination and should be placed on the same legal basis as books and plays as far as content is concerned", and that "the common law offences on indecency should come to an end".
In 1983, the group was relaunched as the Campaign Against Censorship.
Guiding principles
The guiding principles of the Campaign are:
The right to obtain and impart knowledge
Freedom from censorship
Freedom for creative artists to present their perceptions, interpretations and ideas
Freedom from discrimination on the grounds of sex, sexual orientation, race, politics or religion.
Officers
Officers of the CAC are Edward Goodman (Chair) a lawyer and former local councillor, Dr Nigel Meek (Publications and Website Officer) and Mary Hayward (Hon. Secretary/Treasurer).
Informal links
Campaign Against Censorship have informal links with Liberty, Backlash and the Open Rights Group. In recent years, the CAC has also made formal submissions to the Deputy Prime Minister's 2010 Law Review and the 2013 proposals on press regulation. In December 2014, CAC absorbed the remnant of the late David Webb's National Campaign for the Reform of the Obscene Publications Acts.
See also
National Campaign for the Reform of the Obscene Publications Acts
References
Bibliography
External links
Official website
Civil liberties advocacy groups
Censorship in the United Kingdom
Fareham
Freedom of expression organizations
Lobbying organisations in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Hampshire
1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
Civil rights organisations in the United Kingdom |
4015870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire%20B%20Junior%20C%20Hockey%20League | Empire B Junior C Hockey League | The Empire B Junior C Hockey League is a former Junior "C" ice hockey league in Ontario, Canada, sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Association. The league was merged into the Provincial Junior Hockey League as the Tod Division in the summer of 2016.
Eastern Ontario Junior "C" Hockey League 1989-1996
Empire B Junior "C" Hockey League 1996-2016
History
Formed in 1989 as the Eastern Ontario Junior C Hockey League, the league had to change its name in 1995 to avoid ongoing confusion with the neighbouring Ottawa District Hockey Association's long running Eastern Ontario Junior C Hockey League. The forerunner of the EBJCHL was the Quinte-St. Lawrence Junior C Hockey League, which merged into the Central Junior C Hockey League in 1986.
The league features six franchises, which are located through Central-eastern Ontario in Amherstview, Campbellford, Gananoque, Napanee, Port Hope, and Picton. The Port Hope Panthers is the new name of the transferred Colborne Cobras franchise.
The teams play a 40-game regular season, with four home and away dates against each of the other Empire B teams. The top four teams make the playoffs — two rounds of best-of-seven play. The Empire playoff champions advance to the OHA quarterfinals against the Central champions and compete for an All-Ontario Championship and the Clarence Schmalz Cup. In its 20-year history, two Empire B teams have won the Schmalz Cup. Napanee Raiders were the first in 1993. On May 1, 2013, the Picton Pirates became the second team in Empire league history to win the Clarence Schmalz Cup as OHA Junior C champions, defeating the Essex 73's of the Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League 4-games-to-1.
The Empire league has had a number of winners of the OHA Junior C Player of the Year award. Most recently, Napanee's Pete Sergeant took the honours in 2008-2009. Among the previous winners are Jason Sutton (Napanee), Adam Walsh (Picton), Joe Curry (Campbellford), and Ryan Zufelt (Amherstview).
At the conclusion of the 2014-15 hockey season the Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League announced a re-organization which saw them remove six teams from the league. One of those teams, the Gananoque Islanders immediately petitioned and was accepted into the Empire B Junior C League.
Following the 2015-16 seasons the Empire B Junior C Hockey League amalgamated with the other southern Ontario junior "C" hockey leagues and became a division within the Provincial Junior Hockey League.
Teams
2015-2016 League Playoffs
For the Ontario Hockey Association "All-Ontario Jr. "C" Championship", please go to the Clarence Schmalz Cup.
Tod Trophy Playoff Champions
Regular season champions
(*) At times in the 1960s, the Junior B and C leagues in Eastern Ontario played as a single league. In those years, listed is the best Junior C team in the joint standings.
Former teams
Brighton Buzz
Frontenac Flyers
Deseronto Storm
Madoc Wildcats
Trenton Golden Hawks
Quinte-St. Lawrence teams
Bancroft Juniors
Brighton Bruins
Campbellford Merchants
Clayton Thunderbirds
Ernestown Dynamiters
Frankford Huskies
Gananoque G-Men
Madoc Hurricanes
Napanee Warriors
Wellington Dukes
Professional alumni
The league has had a few graduates make it to the NHL. In 2006, Carolina's Justin Williams became the league's first graduate to hoist the Stanley Cup. He played with the former Colborne/Brighton franchise. Former Amherstview Jets defencemen Jay McKee (Pittsburgh Penguins), Bryan Allen (Florida Panthers), and Kip Brennan (New York Islanders) have also skated in the pro league.
National Hockey League
Bryan Allen (Ernestown 1995-96)
Steve Bancroft (Madoc 1985-86)
Jay McKee (Ernestown 1992-93)
Justin Williams (Colborne 1997-98)
References
External links
Empire B Junior C Hockey League website
C
C |
4015871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Eppstein | David Eppstein | David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow.
Biography
Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer.
Research interests
In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics.
Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009.
Selected publications
Republished in
Books
See also
Eppstein's algorithm
References
External links
David Eppstein's profile at the University of California, Irvine
1963 births
Living people
American computer scientists
British emigrants to the United States
Cellular automatists
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Graph drawing people
Graph theorists
Palo Alto High School alumni
People from Irvine, California
Recreational mathematicians
Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences alumni
Researchers in geometric algorithms
University of California, Irvine faculty
Science bloggers
Scientists at PARC (company)
American Wikimedians |
4015872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo%20hashing | Cuckoo hashing | Cuckoo hashing is a scheme in computer programming for resolving hash collisions of values of hash functions in a table, with worst-case constant lookup time. The name derives from the behavior of some species of cuckoo, where the cuckoo chick pushes the other eggs or young out of the nest when it hatches; analogously, inserting a new key into a cuckoo hashing table may push an older key to a different location in the table.
History
Cuckoo hashing was first described by Rasmus Pagh and Flemming Friche Rodler in a 2001 conference paper. The paper was awarded the European Symposium on Algorithms Test-of-Time award in 2020.
Operations
Cuckoo hashing is a form of open addressing in which each non-empty cell of a hash table contains a key or key–value pair. A hash function is used to determine the location for each key, and its presence in the table (or the value associated with it) can be found by examining that cell of the table. However, open addressing suffers from collisions, which happens when more than one key is mapped to the same cell.
The basic idea of cuckoo hashing is to resolve collisions by using two hash functions instead of only one. This provides two possible locations in the hash table for each key. In one of the commonly used variants of the algorithm, the hash table is split into two smaller tables of equal size, and each hash function provides an index into one of these two tables. It is also possible for both hash functions to provide indexes into a single table.
Lookup
Cuckoo hashing uses two hash tables, and and assuming be the length of each tables, the hash functions for the two tables is defined as, and where be the key and be the set whose keys are stored in of or of . The lookup operation is as follows:
The logical or () denotes that, the value of the key is found in either or , which is in worst case.
Deletion
Deletion is performed in since there isn't involvement of probing—not consideration the cost of shrinking operation if table is too sparse.
Insertion
Insertion of a new item, the first step involves examining if the slot of the table is occupied; if it is not, the item is inserted at that cell. However, if the slot is occupied, the preoccupied item gets removed—let it be —and is inserted at . The removed item is inserted into the table by following the same procedure; the process continues until an empty position is found to insert the key. To avoid the possible infinite iteration in the process loop, a is specified such that if the iterations exceeds the fixed threshold, the hash tables—both and —are rehashed with newer hash functions and the insertion procedure repeats. Following is a pseudocode for insertion:
On lines 10 and 15, the "cuckoo approach" of kicking other keys—which was preoccupied at —takes place until every key has its own "nest" i.e. the item is inserted into a spot on either one of the two tables; the notation expresses the process of swapping.
Theory
Insertions succeed in expected constant time, even considering the possibility of having to rebuild the table, as long as the number of keys is kept below half of the capacity of the hash table, i.e., the load factor is below 50%.
One method of proving this uses the theory of random graphs: one may form an undirected graph called the "cuckoo graph" that has a vertex for each hash table location, and an edge for each hashed value, with the endpoints of the edge being the two possible locations of the value. Then, the greedy insertion algorithm for adding a set of values to a cuckoo hash table succeeds if and only if the cuckoo graph for this set of values is a pseudoforest, a graph with at most one cycle in each of its connected components. Any vertex-induced subgraph with more edges than vertices corresponds to a set of keys for which there are an insufficient number of slots in the hash table. When the hash function is chosen randomly, the cuckoo graph is a random graph in the Erdős–Rényi model. With high probability, for load factor less than 1/2 (corresponding to a random graph in which the ratio of the number of edges to the number of vertices is bounded below 1/2), the graph is a pseudoforest and the cuckoo hashing algorithm succeeds in placing all keys. The same theory also proves that the expected size of a connected component of the cuckoo graph is small, ensuring that each insertion takes constant expected time. However, also with high probability, a load factor greater than 1/2 will lead to a giant component with two or more cycles, causing the data structure to fail and need to be resized.
Since a theoretical random hash function requires too much space for practical usage, an important theoretical question is which practical hash functions suffice for Cuckoo hashing. One approach is to use k-independent hashing. In 2009 it was shown that -independence suffices, and at least 6-independence is needed. Another approach is to use Tabulation hashing, which is not 6-independent, but was shown in 2012 to have other properties sufficient for Cuckoo hashing.
A third approach from 2014 is to slightly modify the cuckoo hashtable with a so-called stash, which makes it possible to use nothing more than 2-independent hash functions.
Practice
In practice, cuckoo hashing is about 20–30% slower than linear probing, which is the fastest of the common approaches.
The reason is that cuckoo hashing often causes two cache misses per search, to check the two locations where a key might be stored, while linear probing usually causes only one cache miss per search.
However, because of its worst case guarantees on search time, cuckoo hashing can still be valuable when real-time response rates are required. One advantage of cuckoo hashing is its link-list free property, which fits GPU processing well.
Example
The following hash functions are given:
The following two tables show the insertion of some example elements. Each column corresponds to the state of the two hash tables over time. The possible insertion locations for each new value are highlighted.
Cycle
If you now attempt to insert the element 6, then you get into a cycle, and fail. In the last row of the table we find the same initial situation as at the beginning again.
Variations
Several variations of cuckoo hashing have been studied, primarily with the aim of improving its space usage by increasing the load factor that it can tolerate to a number greater than the 50% threshold of the basic algorithm. Some of these methods can also be used to reduce the failure rate of cuckoo hashing, causing rebuilds of the data structure to be much less frequent.
Generalizations of cuckoo hashing that use more than two alternative hash functions can be expected to utilize a larger part of the capacity of the hash table efficiently while sacrificing some lookup and insertion speed. Using just three hash functions increases the load to 91%.
Another generalization of cuckoo hashing, called blocked cuckoo hashing consists in using more than one key per bucket. Using just 2 keys per bucket permits a load factor above 80%.
Another variation of cuckoo hashing that has been studied is cuckoo hashing with a stash. The stash, in this data structure, is an array of a constant number of keys, used to store keys that cannot successfully be inserted into the main hash table of the structure. This modification reduces the failure rate of cuckoo hashing to an inverse-polynomial function with an exponent that can be made arbitrarily large by increasing the stash size. However, larger stashes also mean slower searches for keys that are not present or are in the stash. A stash can be used in combination with more than two hash functions or with blocked cuckoo hashing to achieve both high load factors and small failure rates. The analysis of cuckoo hashing with a stash extends to practical hash functions, not just to the random hash function model commonly used in theoretical analysis of hashing.
Some people recommend a simplified generalization of cuckoo hashing called skewed-associative cache in some CPU caches.
Another variation of a cuckoo hash table, called a cuckoo filter, replaces the stored keys of a cuckoo hash table with much shorter fingerprints, computed by applying another hash function to the keys. In order to allow these fingerprints to be moved around within the cuckoo filter, without knowing the keys that they came from, the two locations of each fingerprint may be computed from each other by a bitwise exclusive or operation with the fingerprint, or with a hash of the fingerprint. This data structure forms an approximate set membership data structure with much the same properties as a Bloom filter: it can store the members of a set of keys, and test whether a query key is a member, with some chance of false positives (queries that are incorrectly reported as being part of the set) but no false negatives. However, it improves on a Bloom filter in multiple respects: its memory usage is smaller by a constant factor, it has better locality of reference, and (unlike Bloom filters) it allows for fast deletion of set elements with no additional storage penalty.
Comparison with related structures
A study by Zukowski et al. has shown that cuckoo hashing is much faster than chained hashing for small, cache-resident hash tables on modern processors. Kenneth Ross has shown bucketized versions of cuckoo hashing (variants that use buckets that contain more than one key) to be faster than conventional methods also for large hash tables, when space utilization is high. The performance of the bucketized cuckoo hash table was investigated further by Askitis,
with its performance compared against alternative hashing schemes.
A survey by Mitzenmacher presents open problems related to cuckoo hashing as of 2009.
See also
Perfect hashing
Double hashing
Quadratic probing
Hopscotch hashing
References
External links
A cool and practical alternative to traditional hash tables, U. Erlingsson, M. Manasse, F. Mcsherry, 2006.
Cuckoo Hashing for Undergraduates, 2006, R. Pagh, 2006.
Cuckoo Hashing, Theory and Practice (Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3), Michael Mitzenmacher, 2007.
Algorithmic Improvements for Fast Concurrent Cuckoo Hashing, X. Li, D. Andersen, M. Kaminsky, M. Freedman. EuroSys 2014.
Examples
Concurrent high-performance Cuckoo hashtable written in C++
Cuckoo hash map written in C++
Static cuckoo hashtable generator for C/C++
Cuckoo hash table written in Haskell
Cuckoo hashing for Go
Search algorithms
Hashing
pl:Tablica mieszająca#Haszowanie kuku.C5.82cze |
4015873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20Warren%20Wagar | W. Warren Wagar | Walter Warren Wagar (June 5, 1932 Baltimore, Maryland – November 16, 2004 Vestal, New York), better known as W. Warren Wagar, was an American historian and futures studies scholar.
Life
A specialist in alternative society futures and an expert in the work of pioneering science fiction writer H.G. Wells, Wagar served as history professor at Binghamton University, State University of New York, for 31 years, after graduating from Yale University. His courses on the history of the future and World War III earned him the title of Distinguished Teaching Professor at Binghamton.
Wagar began writing science fiction in 1984, publishing nine stories in various magazines and anthologies. He wrote four articles for The Futurist, contributed to a discussion on terrorism in the January–February 2002 issue, served on the editorial board for Futures Research Quarterly, and spoke at several World Future Society conferences.
Wagar published 18 books.
Work on H. G. Wells
Wagar's work on H. G. Wells began with his doctoral dissertation, which was published as H. G. Wells and the World State (1961), a study of Wells's political philosophy. He subsequently collected a volume of Wells essays and extracts in H. G. Wells: Journalism and Prophecy (1963), edited a critical edition of Wells's The Open Conspiracy (2001) and finally published H.G. Wells: Traversing Time, which traces Wells’s philosophies on utopia, war, romance, education, and modernism, focusing on his nonfiction and general fiction as well as his science fiction. For these, and many essays on Wells in such scholarly journals as Science Fiction Studies and The Wellsian, Wagar was made a vice-president of the H. G. Wells Society.
Single works
The City of Man
The City of Man (1963) sees the imminent collapse of world civilization, which he regarded as an excellent opportunity: "There is no more opportune moment for radical change than in the aftermath of a world catastrophe".
A Short History of the Future
In A Short History of the Future (1989), a narrative account of the imagined events of the next 200 years, Wagar foresaw the Soviet Union enjoying another 200 years of existence. In the second edition of the book he ruefully recounted how the first edition had only just gone to press when the Soviet Union collapsed.
Quote
Editions
(Entry at World Cat)
(Entry at World Cat)
Literature
References
External links
Photographs of Wagar and his family
See also
The H. G. Wells Society
1932 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Baltimore
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Binghamton University faculty
American futurologists
State University of New York faculty
Historians from Maryland
20th-century American male writers |
4015886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20and%20I%20%281956%20film%29 | The King and I (1956 film) | The King and I is a 1956 American musical film made by 20th Century-Fox, directed by Walter Lang and produced by Charles Brackett and Darryl F. Zanuck. The screenplay by Ernest Lehman is based on the 1951 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I, based in turn on the 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon. That novel in turn was based on memoirs written by Anna Leonowens, who became school teacher to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s. Leonowens' stories were autobiographical, although various elements of them have been called into question. The film stars Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner.
The film was a critical and commercial success, and was nominated for 9 Oscars, winning 5, including Best Actor for Brynner.
An animated film adaptation of the same musical was released in 1999. In February 12, 2021 announced that Paramount Pictures and Temple Hill Entertainment another live-action film version was in development.
Plot
A widowed schoolteacher, Anna, arrives in Bangkok with her young son, Louis, after being summoned to tutor the many children of King Mongkut. Both are introduced to the intimidating Kralahome, Siam's prime minister, who escorts them to the Royal Palace, where they will live, although Anna had been promised her own house. The King ignores her objections and introduces her to his head wife, Lady Thiang. Anna also meets a recent concubine, a young Burmese, Tuptim, and the fifteen children she will tutor, including his son and heir, Prince Chulalongkorn. In conversation with the other wives, Anna learns Tuptim is in love with Lun Tha, who brought her to Siam.
Anna still wants her own house and teaches the children about the virtues of home life, to the King's irritation, who disapproves of the influence of other cultures. She comes across Lun Tha and learns that he has been meeting Tuptim in secret. He asks her to arrange a rendezvous. The lovers meet under cover of darkness, and Lun Tha promises he will one day return to Siam and that they will escape together.
King Mongkut becomes troubled over rumors that the British regard him as a barbaric leader and are sending a delegation, including Anna's old lover, Sir Edward, possibly to turn Siam into a protectorate. Anna persuades the King to receive them in European style by hosting a banquet with European food and music. In return, the King promises to give Anna her own house.
Sir Edward reminisces with Anna in an attempt to bring her back to British society. The King presents Tuptim's version of Uncle Tom's Cabin as a traditional Siamese ballet. However, the King and the Kralahome are not impressed, as the play involves slavery and shows the slaveholding King drowning in the river. During the show, Tuptim left the room to run away with Lun Tha.
After the guests have departed, the king reveals that Tuptim is missing. Anna explains that Tuptim is unhappy because she is just another woman in his eyes. The King retorts that men are entitled to a plenitude of wives, although women must remain faithful. Anna explains the reality of one man loving only one woman and recalls her first dance before she teaches the King how to dance the polka, but the touching moment is shattered when the Kralahome bursts into the room with the news Tuptim has been captured. For her dishonor, the King prepares to whip her despite Anna's pleas. She implies he is indeed a barbarian. The King then crumples, puts his hand over his heart, and runs out of the room. The Kralahome blames Anna for ruining him as Tuptim is led away in tears after learning Lun Tha was found dead and dumped into the river. That causes Anna to sever all ties as a governess and declare she will leave on the next boat from Siam.
On the night of her departure, Anna learns that the King is dying. Lady Thiang gives Anna his unfinished letter stating his deep gratitude and respect for her, despite their differences. Moments before the ship departs, he gives Anna his ring, as she has always spoken the truth to him, and persuades her and Louis to stay in Bangkok. He passes his title to Prince Chulalongkorn, who then issues a proclamation that ends slavery and states that all subjects will no longer bow down to him. The King dies, satisfied that his kingdom will be all right, and Anna lovingly presses her cheek to his hand.
Cast
Deborah Kerr as Anna Leonowens
Yul Brynner as King Mongkut of Siam
Rita Moreno as Tuptim
Terry Saunders as Lady Thiang
Martin Benson as Kralahome
Rex Thompson as Louis Leonowens
Patrick Adiarte as Prince Chulalongkorn
Alan Mowbray as Sir John Hay
Geoffrey Toone as Sir Edward Ramsay
Carlos Rivas as Lun Tha
Judy Dan as Royal Wife (uncredited)
Voice only
Three actors in the film had their singing voices dubbed by other people. The dubbed voices belonged to:
Marni Nixon as Anna (for which she was paid $10,000)
Leona Gordon as Tuptim
Reuben Fuentes as Lun Tha
Musical numbers
Overture – Played by the 20th Century-Fox Orchestra
I Whistle a Happy Tune – Sung by Deborah Kerr (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Rex Thompson
The March of the Siamese Children – Played by the 20th Century-Fox Orchestra
Hello, Young Lovers – Sung by Deborah Kerr (dubbed by Marni Nixon)
A Puzzlement – Sung by Yul Brynner
Getting to Know You – Sung by Deborah Kerr (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Chorus
We Kiss in a Shadow/I Have Dreamed – Sung by Carlos Rivas (dubbed by Reuben Fuentes) and Rita Moreno (dubbed by Leona Gordon)
Something Wonderful – Sung by Terry Saunders
Finale, Act I – Sung by Yul Brynner and Chorus
Entr'acte – Played by the 20th Century-Fox Orchestra
The Small House of Uncle Thomas (Ballet) – Narrated by Rita Moreno, Sung and Danced by Chorus and Dancers
Song of the King – Sung by Yul Brynner
Shall We Dance? – Sung and Danced by Deborah Kerr (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Yul Brynner
Finale (Something Wonderful) – Sung by Chorus
Production
The musical was written for Gertrude Lawrence, and her appearance in the film was contractually guaranteed. However, she was diagnosed with cancer while playing the role on Broadway and died during the run. Dinah Shore, a singer as well as an actress, was considered for the role of Anna in the movie. Maureen O'Hara, who had a pleasant soprano voice, was originally cast, but Richard Rodgers did not agree to the casting. It was Yul Brynner who pressed for Deborah Kerr to play the role. Marni Nixon provided Kerr's singing for the film. Nixon and Kerr worked side-by-side in the recording studio for songs which combined speaking and singing. Nixon would also dub Kerr's singing the following year, for the film An Affair to Remember.
Donald Bogle's biography of Dorothy Dandridge claims that Dandridge was offered the role of Tuptim in partial fulfillment of her three-picture contract with 20th Century-Fox, but that Dandridge allowed Otto Preminger (her former director and then-lover) to talk her out of it because it was not the lead role. Rumors also circulated that Dandridge, as an African American, did not want to play a slave. Rita Moreno, who was under contract to Fox, was invited merely for a test, but impressed the producers enough to be selected for the part. Moreno later stated in an interview that France Nuyen was also up for the part, and Moreno believed Nuyen would get it, but since Nuyen was not a contract player with the studio, she was not cast.
Reprising their Broadway stage roles, Saunders played Thiang, Adiarte was Chulalongkorn and Benson was the Kralahome, and dancers Yuriko and de Lappe also reprised their stage roles. Alan Mowbray appeared in the new role of the British Ambassador, while Sir Edward Ramsey (demoted to the Ambassador's aide) was played by Geoffrey Toone. The cinematography was by Leon Shamroy, the art direction by John DeCuir and Lyle R. Wheeler and the costume design by Irene Sharaff. The choreography used for the film was the choreography developed by Jerome Robbins for the original stage production.
Three songs from the original stage production were recorded for, and appeared on, the film's soundtrack, but do not appear in the motion picture: "Shall I Tell You What I Think of You?", "I Have Dreamed" and "My Lord and Master". "I Have Dreamed" and another song that was not used in the film, "Western People Funny", survive in the released film only as orchestral underscoring. In the film, the first half of the "Song of the King" was turned into ordinary spoken dialogue, with only some of the words sung, minus the king's opening lyrics, but it survives as it was actually written on the soundtrack album.
A special 50th Anniversary edition was released in 2006, which promised to restore the lost numbers, but it included only the audio and some still photographs for "Shall I Tell You?" This would seem to indicate that no footage exists of these numbers. An off-screen choral reprise of "Something Wonderful" was added to serve as the film's finale; the stage version ends with musical underscoring, but no singing. None of the other reprises of the songs were retained in the film version.
The film was one of the only two films shot in the then-new 55 mm CinemaScope 55 format, the other being Carousel, which was released several months earlier. Although the promotion for the film made much of it being shot in CinemaScope 55, it was only released in the standard 35 mm CinemaScope format, with 4-channel stereo instead of the 6-channel stereo originally promised. CinemaScope 55 was never used or promoted again after this production, and Fox would later invest in Todd-AO and adopt its 65/70mm process, after changing it to the more conventional 24 frames/second, and contracting with Mitchell Camera for all-new FC ("Fox Camera") and BFC ("Blimped Fox Camera") cameras, and with Bausch & Lomb for all-new "Super Baltar" lenses. Numerous features were made in the Fox-revised Todd-AO process.
In 1961, it was re-released for the first time in a 70 mm format, under Fox's "Grandeur 70" trademark. For this release, the six-channel version of the stereo soundtrack was finally used. In 1966, it was re-released again, this time in Cinemascope, before being sold to television in 1967.
Reception
The film premiered at New York's Roxy Theatre on June 28, 1956. It was a big success upon release, both critically and financially, becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 1956 with rentals of $8.5 million. Some reviewers criticized the film for its changes in dialogue from the Broadway production and the omission of some songs. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 93% rating based on reviews from 27 critics.
The King and I has been banned in Thailand because of its representation of King Mongkut. The same is the case with most other adaptations of Anna and the King.
Soundtrack album
The film soundtrack album was first released on Capitol Records. It restored three songs recorded for the film but not included in the final release print: "My Lord and Master", "I Have Dreamed", and "Shall I Tell You What I Think of You?". The latter two were filmed but no footage survives. Added to the original LP and CD releases of the film was a seven-minute overture not heard at the beginning of the film. The album was first issued only in mono in 1956, but, as with the Rodgers and Hammerstein films Oklahoma (1955) and Carousel (1956), the sound on the film had been recorded in what was then state-of-the-art stereo, which made it possible, with the advent of stereo on records, for Capitol to release a stereo version of the soundtrack album in 1958. As with Oklahoma! and Carousel, the recording lathes of that time made it necessary for part of the album to be omitted in the stereo version, so half of "Getting To Know You" was cut in that edition.
The film soundtrack album of The King and I was issued on CD first by Capitol and then by Angel Records. The first two editions of the CD were exact duplicates of the LP, but in 2001, as with the Oklahoma! and Carousel soundtracks, Angel issued a new, expanded edition of the album, which not only featured all the songs (including the ballet "The Small House of Uncle Thomas"), but some of the film's incidental music, as well as the original main title music. The Overture heard on the LP version and on the first two editions of the CD was included as a bonus track.
Chart positions
Awards and nominations
American Film Institute
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions - #31
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
Anna Leonowens - Nominated (Hero)
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Getting to Know You" - Nominated
"Shall We Dance?" - #54
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"Et cetera, et cetera, et cetera." - Nominated
AFI's 100 Years of Musicals - #11
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - Nominated
Remake
On February 12, 2021, it was announced that Paramount Pictures acquired the rights to produce a new live-action film version of the musical, with Temple Hill Entertainment's Marty Bowen and Wyck Godfrey producing. Concord, who owns the Rodgers and Hammerstein catalog, will also serve in a producing capacity. A director and writer have yet to be attached.
See also
List of American films of 1956
References
Sources
Hischak, Thomas S. The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. .
External links
The King and I
1956 musical films
1950s romantic musical films
1956 films
1956 soundtrack albums
20th Century Fox films
American films
American romantic drama films
American romantic musical films
Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners
English-language films
Films about royalty
Films adapted into television shows
Films based on adaptations
Films based on musicals
Films directed by Walter Lang
Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films produced by Charles Brackett
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Films scored by Ken Darby
Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award
Films set in the 1860s
Films set in Thailand
Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Ernest Lehman
Musical films based on actual events
Cultural depictions of Anna Leonowens
Cultural depictions of Mongkut
Censored films
CinemaScope films
Film controversies in Thailand |
4015896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agility | Agility | Agility or nimbleness is an ability to change the body's position quickly and requires the integration of isolated movement skills using a combination of balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength, and endurance. More specifically, it is dependent on:
Balance – The ability to maintain equilibrium when stationary or moving (i.e. not to fall over) through the coordinated actions of our sensory functions (eyes, ears and the proprioceptive organs in our joints);
Static balance – The ability to retain the center of mass above the base of support in a stationary position;
Dynamic balance – The ability to maintain balance with body movement;
Speed - The ability to move all or part of the body quickly;
Strength - The ability of a muscle or muscle group to overcome a resistance; and lastly,
Coordination – The ability to control the movement of the body in co-operation with the body's sensory functions (e.g., in catching a ball [ball, hand, and eye coordination]).
In sports, agility is often defined in terms of an individual sport, due to it being an integration of many components each used differently (specific to all of sorts of different sports). Sheppard and Young (2006) defined agility as a "rapid whole body movement with change of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus".
Agility is also an important attribute in many role playing games, both video games such as Pokémon, and tabletop games such as Dungeons & Dragons. Agility may affect the character's ability to evade an enemy's attack or land their own, or pickpocket and pick locks.
In modern-day psychology, author, psychologist, and executive coach Susan David introduces a concept that she terms “emotional agility,” defined as: “being flexible with your thoughts and feelings so that you can respond optimally to everyday situations.”
The concept has also been applied to higher education management and leadership, where it was used to accelerate slower traditional and deliberative processes and to replace them with corporate decision-making.
History
See also
Illinois agility test
Agility drill
References
Physical exercise
Physical fitness |
4015902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegated%20meadowhawk | Variegated meadowhawk | The variegated meadowhawk (Sympetrum corruptum) is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to North America.
Description
The variegated meadowhawk is a small to medium-sized dragonfly with a slender abdomen, often reaching a length of 15/8" (41 mm) to 111/12" (49 mm). The male is commonly dark brownish black with an abdomen of bright red, pink, and golden brown. The thorax may be marked with a pair of yellow dots on each side. The leading edges of the wings are marked with pinkish.
The females are similar in color but not as brightly colored, with gray and yellow replacing the red of the male. Young variegated meadowhawks are much paler and mottled with pale green, pale yellow, golden brown, and orange.
Range and migration
This species is found from British Columbia and Ontario areas south through much of the United States to southern California and Florida. It migrates as far south as Honduras, and as far west as eastern Asia.
Variegated meadowhawks live near ponds, lakes, and swamps.
References
External links
Variegated meadowhawk at AzOdes
Variegated meadowhawk photo and profile
Libellulidae
Odonata of North America
Insects described in 1861 |
4015904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipiranga%20%28district%20of%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo%29 | Ipiranga (district of São Paulo) | Ipiranga (, from the Tupi (y, river; pirang, red) for "red river") is an historical district located in the subprefecture of the same name of São Paulo, Brazil. The name Ipiranga comes from the river (which now is a brook) of the same name located in the region, which means "red river" in a Tupí–Guaraní language. The Independence Park (Parque da Independência), where supposedly the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil proclaimed the independence of Brazil, the Paulista Museum, which exhibits classic architecture and a collection of Brazilian colonial artifacts, and the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo, are also located in Ipiranga.
The Ipiranga Brook is perhaps one of the most famous Brazilian brooks, because it is mentioned in the first line of the Brazilian National Anthem.
The region near the Tamanduateí River had industrial characteristics, to the point where buses and trams heading there had the destination labeled "Factory". The area next to Nazaré Avenue, in contrast, is filled with mansions of wealthy families and a number of colleges, like Unesp and São Camilo, and workers of the factory's houses.
The commercial center of Ipiranga concentrates on Silva Bueno Street. There are banks, clothes stores and grocery stores like the famous Chocolândia.
In 2007, this neighborhood was served with the installation of a new metro whose station is named Alto do Ipiranga. It is located at Gentil de Moura Street and connects passengers with the green line of São Paulo Metro. Paulista Avenue - one of the most important avenues in São Paulo - is about 5 or 6 stations distant from Alto do Ipiranga depending on the precise destination.
References
Districts of São Paulo |
4015907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Ontario%20Junior%20C%20Hockey%20League | Central Ontario Junior C Hockey League | The Central Ontario Junior C Hockey League was a junior ice hockey league in Ontario, Canada, sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Association. The "Central" played inter-league games with the Empire Junior "C" League. The champion of the Central competed for the All-Ontario Championship and the Clarence Schmalz Cup. The league is now a division in the Provincial Junior Hockey League.
History
In 1970, the Suburban Junior C Hockey League divided into two leagues. Most of the westerly teams formed the Mid-Ontario Junior B Hockey League, while most of the easterly teams formed the Central Lakeshore Junior C League. In 1972, the Eastern Junior B Hockey League was also divided up, half to the Metro Junior B Hockey League and the other half to the Central League. With this, the Eastern Junior C Loop became the Quinte-St. Lawrence Junior C Hockey League, the Central League's main territorial rival until 1986.
In 1986, the Quinte-St. Lawrence League folded. The Wellington Dukes fled to the Central League and the Gananoque Islanders joined the Ottawa District Hockey Association's Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League.
With a plethora of major towns in the league: Trenton, Ajax, Bowmanville, Port Hope, Lindsay, Cobourg, and the retirement community-backed Wellington Dukes; the Central Junior B Hockey League absorbed many of these franchises over the course of a couple years in their run to Junior A status—obtained in 1993.
Since losing half of their teams, the Central Ontario League has survived with the likes of Georgina, Lakefield, Little Britain, Port Perry, and Uxbridge. A sixth team has failed to stick in most cases, in towns like Bobcaygeon and Madoc. Due to retraction in the Ontario Junior Hockey League, the Bowmanville Eagles have returned in 2011 in the form of the Clarington Eagles but Ajax remains unserviced after their team left Junior A, both having folded in 2010.
Following the 2015-16 seasons the Central Ontario Junior C Hockey League amalgamated with the other southern Ontario junior "C" hockey leagues and became a division within the Provincial Junior Hockey League.
The teams
2015-2016 league playoffs
For the Ontario Hockey Association "All-Ontario Jr. "C" Championship", please go to the Clarence Schmalz Cup.
Cougar Cup champions
Regular season champions
Former member teams
Ajax Axemen
Bobcaygeon Bullets
Bowmanville Eagles
Brighton Bruins
Cobourg Cougars
Lindsay Muskies
Madoc Hurricanes
Port Hope Panthers
Stouffville Clippers
Trenton Golden Hawks
Wellington Dukes
See also
Provincial Junior Hockey League, for the PJHL Orr Division
Clarence Schmalz Cup, for the Ontario Hockey Association All-Ontario Jr. "C" Championship
External links
OHA Website
Ice hockey leagues in Ontario
C
Sports leagues established in 1970
1970 establishments in Ontario |
4015918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane%20Street | Cochrane Street | Cochrane Street () is a hilly street between Queen's Road Central and the junction with Gage Street and Lyndhurst Terrace in Central, Hong Kong. The whole street hosts the Central–Mid-Levels escalators.
Name
The street was named after Thomas John Cochrane, a Rear Admiral of Second in Command (1842–44) and commander-in-chief (1844–46) in East Indies and China Station of Royal Navy. At the time, he stayed in Hong Kong.
History
The street is near the Central Market across the Queen's Road. Cochrane Street was at the build-up area of Cantonese residents. It was re-zoned in 1844 under the administration of Henry Pottinger to improve the hygiene condition of water supply. The Cantonese residents was later removed to Tai Ping Shan area.
At about 11pm on 14 August 1901, two houses at No. 32 and 34 of Cochrane Street collapsed suddenly, claiming 43 lives.
Features
The street runs uphill and many restaurants are on this street.
See also
List of restaurant districts and streets
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
Roads in Hong Kong
Central, Hong Kong
Restaurant districts and streets in Hong Kong |
4015920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengcheng%2C%20Jiangxi | Fengcheng, Jiangxi | Fengcheng () is a county-level city in northern Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China, under the administration of Yichun, located along China National Highway 105 and on the eastern (right) bank of the Gan River about south of Nanchang, the provincial capital. The literal translation of the name is "Abundance City", due to its importance as a major commercial hub for agricultural products. There are 26 towns and 7 sub-districts comprising a total area of and its population is around 1,370,000. The 2005 GDP was more than 9.1 billion RMB.
In 210 AD, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was founded as Jianyi County ().
Administrative divisions
In the present,Fengcheng City has 5 subdistricts, 20 towns and 7 townships.
5 subdistricts
20 towns
7 townships
Notable people
Hu Xiaomei (Chinese: 胡晓梅), radio personality and former host of the show At Night You're Not Lonely (Chinese: 夜空不寂寞)
Climate
References
External links
Fengcheng Web (Chinese)
County-level divisions of Jiangxi
Cities in Jiangxi |
4015928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid%20Sobolev | Leonid Sobolev | Leonid Nikolayevich Sobolev () (9 June 1844 – 13 October 1913) was an Imperial Russian Army general and politician.
A veteran of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, General Sobolev was the main proponent of the strand of Russian foreign and military policy that saw for the Russians a duty to expel the Ottoman Empire from Europe and to take the Bosphorus for Russia in order to ensure full access to the Mediterranean Sea. Recognising that the United Kingdom maintained a policy of preventing this Sobolev advocated mobilising forces near Afghanistan and British India in order to distract British attention from the Ottomans and give a Russia a free hand in that region.
Sobolev was one of two young Russian generals appointed to the Bulgarian cabinet in April 1882 by Alexander. Sobolev was appointed both Prime Minister of Bulgaria and Minister of the Interior, with his fellow Russian general Aleksandr Kaulbars as Minister of War. Sobolev awarded the other cabinet posts to members of the Conservative Party and won their favour by endorsing laws to reduce the size of the National Assembly of Bulgaria and limit the franchise to educated property owners, measures that ensured the Liberals were all but eliminated.
Sobolev however irked his Bulgarian allies when he dismissed the state as "just another Khanate", comparing it to the Khanate of Bukhara where he had been governor. He further annoyed the newly elected Conservative Assembly members with his aristocratic manner and his over-the-top attempts to bribe them, which even included leaving confectionery on each member's desk. Soon Sobolev was at loggerheads with the Assembly over the presence of a force of Russian Dragoons in Bulgaria and over ownership of the railways.
Eventually, with the aid of pro-Russian Orthodox leader Metropolitan Mileti of Sofia, Sobolev forced the resignation of his nemesis Konstantin Stoilov, the Minister for Foreign and Religious Affairs, although Stoilov's departure prompted two other leading Conservatives to also quit the cabinet. With the government in ruins Sobolev turned to the Liberal leader Dragan Tsankov for a new coalition but he had another agenda in mind. Tsankov won the support of both Alexander and the assembly for a constitutional restoration after convincing all parties that Russian influence had become too strong. Outmanoeuvred Sobolev resigned on 7 September along with Kaulbars leaving the premiership to Tsankov.
References
1844 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Russian people
19th-century Bulgarian people
Imperial Russian Army generals
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Finance ministers of Bulgaria
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Bulgaria
Bulgarian people of Russian descent |
4015932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20Arbitration%20Act | Uniform Arbitration Act | The Uniform Arbitration Act was a United States act from 1955 which specified arbitration in the United States law. It was created by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. The law is currently preempted in almost all contexts by the 1925 FAA.
The act was drafted as a model arbitration statute to allow each U.S. state to adopt a uniform law of arbitration, instead of having each state enact a unique arbitration statute. The act was updated by the Uniform Law Commission in the year 2000. The new act, called the "Revised Uniform Arbitration Act" has been adopted by eighteen states. Thirty-five states have adopted some version of the Uniform Arbitration Act.
References
Arbitration
Arbitration law |
4015968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation%20Z | Generation Z | Generation Z (or Gen Z for short), colloquially known as zoomers, is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha. Researchers and popular media use the mid to late 1990s as starting birth years and the 2010s as ending birth years. Most members of Generation Z are children of Generation X.
As the first social generation to have grown up with access to the Internet and portable digital technology from a young age, members of Generation Z have been dubbed "digital natives", even though they are not necessarily digitally literate. Moreover, the negative effects of screen time are most pronounced on adolescents compared to younger children. Compared to previous generations, members of Generation Z in some developed nations tend to be well-behaved, abstemious, and risk-averse. They tend to live more slowly than their predecessors when they were their age, have lower rates of teenage pregnancies, and consume alcohol less often, but not necessarily other psychoactive drugs. Generation Z teenagers are more concerned than older generations with academic performance and job prospects, and are better at delaying gratification than their counterparts from the 1960s, despite concerns to the contrary. Sexting among adolescents has grown in prevalence, though the consequences of this remain poorly understood. Meanwhile, youth subcultures have been quieter, though they have not necessarily disappeared.
Globally, there is evidence that the average age of pubertal onset among girls has decreased considerably compared to the 20th century, with implications for their welfare and their future. In addition, adolescents and young adults in Generation Z have higher rates of allergies, higher awareness and diagnoses of mental health problems, and are more likely to be sleep-deprived. In many countries, Gen Z youth are more likely to have diagnosed intellectual disabilities and psychiatric disorders than older generations.
Around the world, members of Generation Z are spending more time on electronic devices and less time reading books than before, with implications for their attention span, their vocabulary and thus their school grades, as well as their future in the modern economy. In Asia, educators in the 2000s and 2010s typically sought out and nourished top students whereas in Western Europe and the United States, the emphasis was on low-performers. In addition, East Asian and Singaporean students consistently earned the top spots in international standardized tests during the 2010s.
Etymology and nomenclature
The name Generation Z is a reference to the fact that it is the second generation after Generation X, continuing the alphabetical sequence from Generation Y (Millennials).
Other proposed names for the generation include iGeneration, Homeland Generation, Net Gen, Digital Natives, Neo-Digital Natives, Pluralist Generation, Internet Generation, Centennials, and Post-Millennials. The term Internet Generation is in reference to the fact that the generation is the first to have been born after the mass-adoption of the Internet.
Psychology professor and author Jean Twenge used the term iGeneration (or iGen for short), originally intending to use it as the title of her 2006 book about Millennials, Generation Me, before being overruled by her publisher, Atria Publishing Group. At that time, there were iPods and iMac computers but no iPhones or iPads. Twenge later used the term for her 2017 book iGen. The name has also been asserted to have been created by demographer Cheryl Russell in 2009.
In 2014, author Neil Howe coined the term Homeland Generation as a continuation of the Strauss–Howe generational theory with William Strauss. The term Homeland refers to being the first generation to enter childhood after protective surveillance state measures, like the Department of Homeland Security, were put into effect following the September 11 attacks.
The Pew Research Center surveyed the various names for this cohort on Google Trends in 2019 and found that in the U.S., the term Generation Z was overwhelmingly the most popular. The Merriam-Webster and Oxford dictionaries both have official entries for Generation Z.
In Japan, the cohort is described as Neo-Digital Natives, a step beyond the previous cohort described as Digital Natives. Digital Natives primarily communicate by text or voice, while Neo-Digital Natives use video, video-telephony, and movies. This emphasizes the shift from PC to mobile and text to video among the Neo-Digital population.
Zoomer is an informal term used to refer to members of Generation Z, often in an ironic, humorous, or mocking tone. It combines the shorthand boomer, referring to baby boomers, with the "Z" from Generation Z. Prior to this, zoomer was used in the 2000s to describe particularly active baby boomers. Zoomer in its current incarnation skyrocketed in popularity in 2018, when it was used in a 4chan internet meme mocking Gen Z adolescents via a Wojak caricature dubbed a "Zoomer". Merriam-Webster's records suggest the use of the term zoomer in the sense of Generation Z dates back at least as far as 2016. It was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in October 2021.
Date and age range
The Oxford Dictionaries describes Generation Z as "the generation reaching adulthood in the second decade of the 21st century." The Oxford Learner's Dictionaries describes Gen Z as "the group of people who were born between the late 1990s and the early 2010s". The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines Generation Z as "the generation of people born in the late 1990s and early 2000s."
Psychologist Jean Twenge has defined Generation Z as the "iGeneration" using a range of those born between 1995 and 2012. Australia's McCrindle Research Centre defines Generation Z as those born between 1995 and 2009. Various media outlets have used 1995 as the starting birth year to describe Gen Z, including United Press International, Financial Times, CNBC, Fortune, Forbes, CBS News, Inc., and Bloomberg Law. The World Economic Forum, Deloitte, and PricewaterhouseCoopers also use 1995 as the starting point for Gen Z. The Center for Generational Kinetics defines Generation Z as those born from 1996 onward.
The Pew Research Center specified 1997 as their starting birth year for Generation Z, choosing this date for "different formative experiences", such as new technological developments and socioeconomic trends, as well as growing up in a world after the September 11 attacks. Pew has not specified an endpoint for Generation Z, but used 2012 as a tentative endpoint for their 2019 report. Major media outlets have cited Pew's definition including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, PBS, NBC News, The Washington Post, and Axios. Statistics Canada cites Pew Research Center and describes Generation Z as spanning from 1997 to 2012. The United States Library of Congress explains that "defining generations is not an exact science" although cites Pew to define Generation Z. William H. Frey, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, defines Generation Z as those born from 1997 to 2012. Gallup and Ipsos MORI start Generation Z at 1997; the Associated Press also uses 1997 as the starting point for Gen Z. A US Census publication in 2020 described Generation Z as the “young and mobile” population with oldest members of the cohort born after 1996.
Individuals born in the Millennial and Generation Z cusp years have been identified as a "microgeneration" with characteristics of both generations. Names given for these cuspers include Zillennials and Zennials.
Arts and culture
Happiness and personal values
The Economist has described Generation Z as a more educated, well-behaved, stressed and depressed generation in comparison to previous generations. In 2016, the Varkey Foundation and Populus conducted an international study examining the attitudes of over 20,000 people aged 15 to 21 in twenty countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They found that Gen Z youth were happy overall with the states of affairs in their personal lives (59%). The most unhappy young people were from South Korea (29%) and Japan (28%) while the happiest hailed from Indonesia (90%) and Nigeria (78%) (see right). In order to determine the overall 'happiness score' for each country, researchers subtracted the percentage of people who said they were unhappy from that of those who said they were happy. The most important sources of happiness were being physically and mentally healthy (94%), having a good relationship with one's family (92%), and one's friends (91%). In general, respondents who were younger and male tended to be happier. Religious faith came in last at 44%. Nevertheless, religion was a major source of happiness for Gen Z youth from Indonesia (93%), Nigeria (86%), Turkey (71%), China, and Brazil (both 70%). The top reasons for anxiety and stress were money (51%) and school (46%); social media and having access to basic resources (such as food and water) finished the list, both at 10%. Concerns over food and water were most serious in China (19%), India (16%), and Indonesia (16%); young Indians were also more likely than average to report stress due to social media (19%).
According to the aforementioned study by the Varkey Foundation, the most important personal values to these people were helping their families and themselves get ahead in life (both 27%), followed by honesty (26%). Looking beyond their local communities came last at 6%. Familial values were especially strong in South America (34%) while individualism and the entrepreneurial spirit proved popular in Africa (37%). People who influenced youths the most were parents (89%), friends (79%), and teachers (70%). Celebrities (30%) and politicians (17%) came last. In general, young men were more likely to be influenced by athletes and politicians than young women, who preferred books and fictional characters. Celebrity culture was especially influential in China (60%) and Nigeria (71%) and particularly irrelevant in Argentina and Turkey (both 19%). For young people, the most important factors for their current or future careers were the possibility of honing their skills (24%), and income (23%) while the most unimportant factors were fame (3%) and whether or not the organization they worked for made a positive impact on the world (13%). The most important factors for young people when thinking about their futures were their families (47%) and their health (21%); the welfare of the world at large (4%) and their local communities (1%) bottomed the list.
Common culture
During the 2000s and especially the 2010s, youth subcultures that were as influential as what existed during the late 20th century became scarcer and quieter, at least in real life though not necessarily on the Internet, and more ridden with irony and self-consciousness due to the awareness of incessant peer surveillance. In Germany, for instance, youth appears more interested in a more mainstream lifestyle with goals such as finishing school, owning a home in the suburbs, maintaining friendships and family relationships, and stable employment, rather than popular culture, glamor, or consumerism.
Boundaries between the different youth subcultures appear to have been blurred, and nostalgic sentiments have risen. Although an aesthetic dubbed 'cottagecore' in 2018 has been around for many years, it has become a subculture of Generation Z, especially on various social media networks in the wake of the mass lockdowns imposed to combat the spread of COVID-19. It is a form of escapism and aspirational nostalgia. Cottagecore became even more popular thanks to the commercial success of the 2020 album Folklore by singer and songwriter Taylor Swift.
Nostalgia culture among Generation Z even extends to the usage of automobiles; in some countries, such as Indonesia, there are social media communities surrounding the purchasing used cars from earlier decades.
A survey conducted by OnePoll in 2018 found that while museums and heritage sites remained popular among Britons between the ages of 18 and 30, 19% did not visit one in the previous year. There was a big gender gap in attitudes, with 16% of female respondents and 26% of male respondents saying they never visited museums. Generation Z preferred staying home and watching television or browsing social media networks to visiting museums or galleries. The researchers also found that cheaper tickets, more interactive exhibitions, a greater variety of events, more food and beverage options, more convenient opening hours, and greater online presence could attract the attention of more young people. On the other hand, vintage fashion is growing in popularity among Millennial and Generation Z consumers.
A 2019 report by Childwise found that children between the ages of five and sixteen in the U.K. spent an average of three hours each day online. Around 70% watched Netflix in the past week and only 10% watched their favorite programs on television. Among those who watched on-demand shows, 58% did so on a mobile phone, 51% on a television set, 40% via a tablet, 35% on a gaming console, and 27% on a laptop. About one out of four came from families with voice-command computer assistants such as Alexa. YouTube and Snapchat are the most popular gateways for music and video discovery. Childwise also found that certain television series aired between the 1990s and early 2000s, such as Friends, proved popular among young people of the 2010s.
Figures from Nielsen and Magna Global revealed that the viewership of children's cable television channels such as Disney Channel, Cartoon Network, and Nickelodeon continued their steady decline from the early 2010s, with little to no alleviating effects due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced many parents and their children to stay at home. On the other hand, streaming services saw healthy growth. Disney Channel in particular lost a third of their viewers in 2020, leading to closures in Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Southeast Asia.
During the first two decades of the 21st century, writing and reading fan fiction became a prevalent activity worldwide. Demographic data from various depositories revealed that those who read and wrote fan fiction were overwhelmingly young, in their teens and twenties, and female. For example, an analysis published in 2019 by data scientists Cecilia Aragon and Katie Davis of the site fanfiction.net showed that some 60 billion words of contents were added during the previous 20 years by 10 million English-speaking people whose median age was 15½ years. Fan fiction writers base their work on various internationally popular cultural phenomena such as K-pop, Star Trek, Harry Potter, Twilight, Doctor Who, Star Wars, and various works of Walt Disney, known as 'canon', as well as other things they considered important to their lives, like natural disasters. Much of fan fiction concerns the romantic pairing of fictional characters of interest, or 'shipping'. Aragon and Davis argued that writing fan fiction stories could help young people combat social isolation and hone their writing skills outside of school in an environment of like-minded people where they can receive (anonymous) constructive feedback, what they call 'distributed mentoring'. Informatics specialist Rebecca Black added that fan fiction writing could also be a useful resource for English-language learners. Indeed, the analysis of Aragon and Davis showed that for every 650 reviews a fan fiction writer receives, their vocabulary improved by one year of age, though this may not generalize to older cohorts. On the other hand, children browsing fan fiction contents might be exposed to cyberbullying, crude comments, and other inappropriate materials.
Generation Z has a plethora of options when it comes to music consumption, allowing for a highly personalized experience. According to digital media company Sweety High's 2018 Gen Z Music Consumption & Spending Report, Spotify ranked first for music listening among Gen Z females, terrestrial radio ranked second, while YouTube was reported to be the preferred platform for music discovery. Additional research showed that within the past few decades, popular music has gotten slower; that majorities of listeners young and old preferred older songs rather than keeping up with new ones; that the language of popular songs was becoming more negative psychologically; and that lyrics were becoming simpler and more repetitive, approaching one-word sheets, something measurable by observing how efficiently lossless compression algorithms (such as the LZ algorithm) handled them. Sad music is quite popular among adolescents, though it can dampen their moods, especially among girls.
A 2020 survey conducted by The Center for Generational Kinetics, on 1000 members of Generation Z and 1000 Millennials, suggests that Generation Z still would like to travel, despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the recession it induced. However, Generation Z is more likely to look carefully for package deals that would bring them the most value for their money, as many of them are already saving money for buying a house and for retirement, and they prefer more physically active trips. Mobile-friendly websites and social-media engagements are both important.
Reading habits
In New Zealand, child development psychologist Tom Nicholson noted a marked decline in vocabulary usage and reading among schoolchildren, many of whom are reluctant to use the dictionary. According to a 2008 survey by the National Education Monitoring Project, about one in five four-year and eight-year pupils read books as a hobby, a ten-percent drop from 2000.
In the United Kingdom, a survey of 2,000 parents and children from 2013 by Nielsen Book found that 36% of children read books for pleasure on a daily basis, 60% on a weekly basis, and 72% were read to by their parents at least once per week. Among British children, the most popular leisure activities were watching television (36%), reading (32%), social networking (20%), watching YouTube videos (17%), and playing games on mobile phones (16%). Between 2012 and 2013, children reported spending more time with video games, YouTube, and texting but less time reading (down eight percent). Among children between the ages of 11 and 17, the share of non-readers grew from 13% to 27% between 2012 and 2013, those who read once to thrice a month (occasional readers) dropped from 45% to 38%, those who read for no more than an average of 15 minutes per week (light readers) rose from 23% to 27%, those who read between 15 and 45 minutes per week (medium readers) declined from 23% to 17%, and those who read at least 45 minutes a week (heavy readers) grew slightly from 15% to 16%.
A survey by the National Literacy Trust from 2019 showed that only 26% of people below the age of 18 spent at least some time each day reading, the lowest level since records began in 2005. Interest in reading for pleasure declined with age, with five- to eight-year-olds being twice as likely to say they enjoyed reading compared to fourteen- to sixteen-year-olds. There was a significant gender gap in voluntary reading, with only 47% of boys compared to 60% of girls said they read for pleasure. One in three children reported having trouble finding something interesting to read.
The aforementioned Nielsen Book survey found that the share of British households with at least one electronic tablet rose from 24% to 50% between 2012 and 2013. According to a 2020 Childwise report based on interviews with 2,200 British children between the ages of five and sixteen, young people today are highly dependent on their mobile phones. Most now get their first device at the age of seven. By the age of eleven, having a cell phone became almost universal. Among those aged seven to sixteen, the average time spent on the phone each day is three and a third hours. 57% said they went to bed with their phones beside them and 44% told the interviewers they felt "uncomfortable" in the absence of their phones. Due to the nature of this technology—cell phones are personal and private devices—it can be difficult for parents to monitor their children's activities and shield them from inappropriate content.
Demographics
Although many countries have aging populations and declining birth rates, Generation Z is currently the largest generation on Earth. Bloomberg's analysis of United Nations data predicted that, in 2019, members of Generation Z accounted for 2.47 billion (32%) of the 7.7 billion inhabitants of Earth, surpassing the Millennial population of 2.43 billion. The generational cutoff of Generation Z and Millennials for this analysis was placed at 2000 to 2001.
Africa
Generation Z currently comprises the majority of the population of Africa. In 2017, 60% of the 1.2 billion people living in Africa fell below the age of 25.
In 2019, 46% of the South African population, or 27.5 million people, are members of Generation Z.
Statistical projections from the United Nations in 2019 suggest that, in 2020, the people of Niger had a median age of 15.2, Mali 16.3, Chad 16.6, Somalia, Uganda, and Angola all 16.7, the Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.0, Burundi 17.3, Mozambique and Zambia both 17.6. This means that more than half of their populations were born in the first two decades of the 21st century. These are the world's youngest countries by median age.
Asia
According to a 2020 McKinsey & Company analysis, Generation Z (defined as born from 1996 to 2012) will account for a quarter of the population of the Asia-Pacific region by 2025.
As a result of cultural ideals, government policy, and modern medicine, there have been severe gender population imbalances in China and India. According to the United Nations, in 2018, there were 112 Chinese males for every hundred females ages 15 to 29; in India, there were 111 males for every hundred females in that age group. China had a total of 34 million excess males and India 37 million, more than the entire population of Malaysia. Together, China and India had a combined 50 million excess males under the age of 20. Such a discrepancy fuels loneliness epidemics, human trafficking (from elsewhere in Asia, such as Cambodia and Vietnam), and prostitution, among other societal problems.
Europe
Out of the approximately 66.8 million people of the UK in 2019, there were approximately 12.6 million people (18.8%) in Generation Z, if defined as those born from 1997 to 2012.
Generation Z is the most diverse generation in the European Union in regards to national origin. In Europe generally, 13.9% of those ages 14 and younger in 2019 (which includes older Generation Alpha) were born in another EU Member State, and 6.6% were born outside the EU. In Luxembourg, 20.5% were born in another country, largely within the EU (6.6% outside the EU compared to 13.9% in another member state); in Ireland, 12.0% were born in another country; in Sweden, 9.4% were born in another country, largely outside the EU (7.8% outside the EU compared to 1.6% in another member state). In Finland, 4.4% of people aged 14 and younger were born abroad and 10.1% had a foreign-background in 2020. However, Gen Z from eastern Europe is much more homogenous: in Croatia, only 0.7% of those aged 14 and younger were foreign-born; in the Czech Republic, 1.1% aged 14 and younger were foreign-born.
Higher portions of those ages 15 to 29 in 2019 (which includes younger Millennials) were foreign born in Europe. Luxembourg had the highest share of young people (41.9%) born in a foreign country. More than 20% of this age group were foreign-born in Cyprus, Malta, Austria and Sweden. The highest shares of non-EU born young adults were found in Sweden, Spain and Luxemburg. Like with those under age 14, countries in eastern Europe generally have much smaller populations of foreign-born young adults. Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Latvia had the lowest shares of foreign-born young people, at 1.4 to 2.5% of the total age group.
North America
Data from Statistics Canada published in 2017 showed that Generation Z comprised 17.6% of the Canadian population.A report by demographer William Frey of the Brookings Institution stated that in the United States, the Millennials are a bridge between the largely white pre-Millennials (Generation X and their predecessors) and the more diverse post-Millennials (Generation Z and their successors). Frey's analysis of U.S. Census data suggests that as of 2019, 50.9% of Generation Z is white, 13.8% is black, 25.0% Hispanic, and 5.3% Asian. 29% of Generation Z are children of immigrants or immigrants themselves, compared to 23% of Millennials when they were at the same age.
Members of Generation Z are slightly less likely to be foreign-born than Millennials; the fact that more American Latinos were born in the U.S. rather than abroad plays a role in making the first wave of Generation Z appear better educated than their predecessors. However, researchers warn that this trend could be altered by changing immigration patterns and the younger members of Generation Z choosing alternate educational paths. As a demographic cohort, Generation Z is smaller than the Baby Boomers and their children, the Millennials. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Generation Z makes up about one quarter of the U.S. population, as of 2015. There was an 'echo boom' in the 2000s, which certainly increased the absolute number of future young adults, but did not significantly change the relative sizes of this cohort compared to their parents.
According to a 2022 Gallup survey, 20.8%, or about one in five, members of Gen Z identify as LGBTQ+.
Education
Since the mid-20th century, enrollment rates in primary schools has increased significantly in developing countries. In 2019, the OECD completed a study showing that while education spending was up 15% over the previous decade, academic performance had stagnated. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study organization showed that the highest-scoring students in mathematics came from Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. In science, the highest-scoring countries were Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Russia, and Hong Kong.
Health issues
Mental
Data from the British National Health Service (NHS) showed that between 1999 and 2017, the number of children below the age of 16 experiencing at least one mental disorder increased from 11.4% to 13.6%. The researcher interviewed older adolescents (aged 17–19) for the first time in 2017 and found that girls were two-thirds more likely than younger girls and twice more likely than boys from the same age group to have a mental disorder. In England, hospitalizations for self-harm doubled among teenage girls between 1997 and 2018, but there was no parallel development among boys. While the number of children receiving medical attention for mental health problems has clearly gone up, this is not necessarily an epidemic as the number of self-reports went up even faster possibly due to the diminution of stigma. Furthermore, doctors are more likely than before to diagnose a case of self-harm when previously they only treated the physical injuries.
A 2020 meta-analysis found that the most common psychiatric disorders among adolescents were ADHD, anxiety disorders, behavioral disorders, and depression, consistent with a previous one from 2015.
A 2021 UNICEF report stated that 13% of ten to nineteen year olds around the world had a diagnosed mental health disorder whilst suicide was the fourth most common cause of death among fifteen to nineteen year olds. It commented that "disruption to routines, education, recreation, as well as concern for family income, health and increase in stress and anxiety, [caused by the COVID-19 pandemic] is leaving many children and young people feeling afraid, angry and concerned for their future." It also noted that the pandemic had widely disrupted mental health services.
Sleep deprivation
Sleep deprivation is on the rise among contemporary youths, thanks to a combination of poor sleep hygiene (having one's sleep disrupted by noise, light, and electronic devices), caffeine intake, beds that are too warm, a mismatch between biologically preferred sleep schedules at around puberty and social demands, insomnia, growing homework load, and having too many extracurricular activities. Consequences of sleep deprivation include low mood, worse emotional regulation, anxiety, depression, increased likelihood of self-harm, suicidal ideation, and impaired cognitive functioning. In addition, teenagers and young adults who prefer to stay up late tend to have high levels of anxiety, impulsivity, alcohol intake, and tobacco smoking.
A study by Glasgow University found that the number of schoolchildren in Scotland reporting sleep difficulties increased from 23% in 2014 to 30% in 2018. 37% of teenagers were deemed to have low mood (33% males and 41% females), and 14% were at risk of depression (11% males and 17% females). Older girls faced high pressure from schoolwork, friendships, family, career preparation, maintaining a good body image and good health.
In Canada, teenagers sleep on average between 6.5 and 7.5 hours each night, much less than what the Canadian Paediatric Society recommends, 10 hours. According to the Canadian Mental Health Association, only one out of five children who needed mental health services received it. In Ontario, for instance, the number of teenagers getting medical treatment for self-harm doubled in 2019 compared to ten years prior. The number of suicides has also gone up. Various factors that increased youth anxiety and depression include over-parenting, perfectionism (especially with regards to schoolwork), social isolation, social-media use, financial problems, housing worries, and concern over some global issues such as climate change.
Cognitive abilities
A 2010 meta-analysis by an international team of mental health experts found that the worldwide prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) was around one percent. But the share of individuals with such a condition in low- to middle-income countries were up to twice as high as their wealthier counterparts because they lacked the sources needed to tackle the problem, such as preventing children from being born with ID due to hereditary conditions with antenatal genetic screening, poor child and maternal care facilities, and inadequate nutrition, leading to, for instance, iodine deficiency. The researchers also found that ID was more common among children and adolescents than adults. A 2020 literature review and meta-analysis confirmed that the incidence of ID was indeed more common than estimates from the early 2000s.
In 2013, a team of neuroscientists from the University College London published a paper on how neurodevelopmental disorders can affect a child's educational outcome. They found that up to 10% of the human population have specific learning disabilities or about two to three children in a (Western) classroom. Such conditions include dyscalculia, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder. They are caused by abnormal brain development due to complicated environmental and genetic factors. A child may have multiple learning disorders at the same time. For example, among children with ADHD, 33-45% also have dyslexia and 11% have dyscalculia. Normal or high levels of intelligence offer no protection. Each child has a unique cognitive and genetic profile and would benefit from a flexible education system.
A 2017 study from the Dominican Republic suggests that students from all sectors of the educational system utilize the Internet for academic purposes, yet those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tend to rank the lowest in terms of reading comprehension skills.
A 2020 report by psychologist John Protzko analyzed over 30 studies and found that children have become better at delaying gratification over the previous 50 years, corresponding to an average increase of 0.18 standard deviations per decade on the IQ scale. This is contrary to the opinion of the majority of the 260 cognitive experts polled (84%), who thought this ability was deteriorating. Researchers test this ability using the Marshmallow Test. Children are offered treats: if they are willing to wait, they get two; if not, they only get one. The ability to delay gratification is associated with positive life outcomes, such as better academic performance, lower rates of substance use, and healthier body weights. Possible reasons for improvements in the delaying gratification include higher standards of living, better-educated parents, improved nutrition, higher preschool attendance rates, more test awareness, and environmental or genetic changes. This development does not mean that children from the early 20th century were worse at delaying gratification and those from the late 21st will be better at it, however. Moreover, some other cognitive abilities, such as simple reaction time, color acuity, working memory, the complexity of vocabulary usage, and three-dimensional visuospatial reasoning have shown signs of secular decline.
In a 2018 paper, cognitive scientists James R. Flynn and Michael Shayer argued that the observed gains in IQ during the 20th century—commonly known as the Flynn effect—had either stagnated or reversed, as can be seen from a combination of IQ and Piagetian tests. In the Nordic nations, there was a clear decline in general intelligence starting in the 1990s, an average of 6.85 IQ points if projected over 30 years. In Australia and France, the data remained ambiguous; more research was needed. In the United Kingdom, young children experienced a decline in the ability to perceive weight and heaviness, with heavy losses among top scorers. In German-speaking countries, young people saw a fall in spatial reasoning ability but an increase in verbal reasoning skills. In the Netherlands, preschoolers and perhaps schoolchildren stagnated (but seniors gained) in cognitive skills. What this means is that people were gradually moving away from abstraction to concrete thought. On the other hand, the United States continued its historic march towards higher IQ, a rate of 0.38 per decade, at least up until 2014. South Korea saw its IQ scores growing at twice the average U.S. rate. The secular decline of cognitive abilities observed in many developed countries might be caused by diminishing marginal returns due to industrialization and to intellectually stimulating environments for preschoolers, the cultural shifts that led to frequent use of electronic devices, the fall in cognitively demanding tasks in the job market in contrast to the 20th century, and possibly dysgenic fertility.
Physical
A 2015 study found that the frequency of nearsightedness has doubled in the United Kingdom within the last 50 years. Ophthalmologist Steve Schallhorn, chairman of the Optical Express International Medical Advisory Board, noted that research has pointed to a link between the regular use of handheld electronic devices and eyestrain. The American Optometric Association sounded the alarm in a similar vein. According to a spokeswoman, digital eyestrain, or computer vision syndrome, is "rampant, especially as we move toward smaller devices and the prominence of devices increase in our everyday lives." Symptoms include dry and irritated eyes, fatigue, eye strain, blurry vision, difficulty focusing, headaches. However, the syndrome does not cause vision loss or any other permanent damage. To alleviate or prevent eyestrain, the Vision Council recommends that people limit screen time, take frequent breaks, adjust the screen brightness, change the background from bright colors to gray, increase text sizes, and blinking more often. Parents should not only limit their children's screen time but should also lead by example.
While food allergies have been observed by doctors since ancient times and virtually all foods can be allergens, research by the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota found they are becoming increasingly common since the early 2000s. Today, one in twelve American children has a food allergy, with peanut allergy being the most prevalent type. Reasons for this remain poorly understood. Nut allergies in general have quadrupled and shellfish allergies have increased 40% between 2004 and 2019. In all, about 36% of American children have some kind of allergy. By comparison, this number among the Amish in Indiana is 7%. Allergies have also risen ominously in other Western countries. In the United Kingdom, for example, the number of children hospitalized for allergic reactions increased by a factor of five between 1990 and the late 2010s, as did the number of British children allergic to peanuts. In general, the better developed the country, the higher the rates of allergies. Reasons for this remain poorly understood. One possible explanation, supported by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, is that parents keep their children "too clean for their own good". They recommend exposing newborn babies to a variety of potentially allergenic foods, such as peanut butter before they reach the age of six months. According to this "hygiene hypothesis", such exposures give the infant's immune system some exercise, making it less likely to overreact. Evidence for this includes the fact that children living on a farm are consistently less likely to be allergic than their counterparts who are raised in the city, and that children born in a developed country to parents who immigrated from developing nations are more likely to be allergic than their parents are.
A research article published in 2019 in the journal The Lancet reported that the number of South Africans aged 15 to 19 being treated for HIV increased by a factor of ten between 2010 and 2019. This is partly due to improved detection and treatment programs. However, less than 50% of the people diagnosed with HIV went onto receive antiviral medication due to social stigma, concerns about clinical confidentiality, and domestic responsibilities. While the annual number of deaths worldwide due to HIV/AIDS has declined from its peak in the early 2000s, experts warned that this venereal disease could rebound if the world's booming adolescent population is left unprotected.
Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics reveal that 46% of Australians aged 18 to 24, about a million people, were overweight in 2017 and 2018. That number was 39% in 2014 and 2015. Obese individuals face higher risks of type II diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and stroke. The Australian Medical Associated and Obesity Coalition have urged the federal government to levy a tax on sugary drinks, to require health ratings, and to regulate the advertisement of fast foods. In all, the number of Australian adults who are overweight or obese rose from 63% in 2014–15 to 67% in 2017–18.
Puberty
In Europe and the United States, the average age of the onset of puberty among girls was around 13 in the early 21st century, down from about 16 a hundred years earlier. Early puberty is associated with a variety of mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression (as people at this age tend to strongly desire conformity with their peers), early sexual activity, substance use, tobacco smoking, eating disorders, and disruptive behavioral disorders. Girls who mature early also face higher risks of sexual harassment. Moreover, in some cultures, pubertal onset remains a marker of readiness for marriage, for, in their point of view, a girl who shows signs of puberty might engage in sexual intercourse or risks being assaulted, and marrying her off is how she might be 'protected'. To compound matters, factors known for prompting mental health problems are themselves linked to early pubertal onset; these are early childhood stress, absent fathers, domestic conflict, and low socioeconomic status. Possible causes of early puberty could be positive, namely improved nutrition, or negative, such as obesity and stress. Other triggers include genetic factors, high body-mass index (BMI), exposure to endocrine-disrupting substances that remain in use, such as Bisphenol A (found in some plastics) and dichlorobenzene (used in mothballs and air deodorants), and to banned but persistent chemicals, such as dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and perhaps a combination thereof (the 'cocktail effect').
A 2019 meta-analysis and review of the research literature from all inhabited continents found that between 1977 and 2013, the age of pubertal onset among girls has fallen by an average of almost three months per decade, but with significant regional variations, ranging from 10.1 to 13.2 years in Africa to 8.8 to 10.3 years in the United States. This investigation relies on measurements of thelarche (initiation of breast tissue development) using the Tanner scale rather than self-reported menarche (first menstruation) and MRI brain scans for signs of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis being reactivated. Furthermore, there is evidence that sexual maturity and psychosocial maturity no longer coincide; 21st-century youth appears to be reaching the former before the latter. Neither adolescents nor societies are prepared for this mismatch.
Political views and participation
In the late 2010s, in tandem with more members of Generation Z being able to vote in elections, the youth vote has increased. Generation Z tends to be more progressive than its predecessors, and exhibits many trends seen with Millennials, such as its trend towards left-wing progressivism (particularly in the US and UK).
Members of Generation Z in G20 countries prefer a nationalist to a globalist approach to public policy by a clear margin: 51% to 32%. In some European democracies, such as France, national-populist politicians and political parties tend to be the most popular among voters below the age of 40. Generation Z is more likely than other generations to believe that climate change is real and to support climate change mitigation. Gen Z were most likely to support the Greens or Free Democratic Party in Germany, the Labour Party in the UK and the Democrats in the US in recent elections. The age divide between left-wing and right-wing has particularly grown in the last decade.
One of the earliest political movements primarily driven by Generation Z was School Strike for Climate in the late 2010s. The movement saw millions of young people around the world, inspired by the activities of Swedish teenage activist Greta Thunberg, protest for greater action on climate change.
Religious tendencies
A 2016 survey by Varkey Foundation and Populus conducted on 20,000 people aged 15 to 21 from twenty countries from all inhabited continents revealed that religious faith was influential to 42% of the respondents and inconsequential to 39%. There was, however, a clear difference between the age subgroups, with people 15-16 slightly more likely to value religion as important than those aged 19–21 (47% vs. 43%). Nevertheless, for 53%, religion influenced the values they hold. In order to further determine the role of religion in young people's lives, the pollsters asked them (1) whether or not it was important to them personally, (2) to their parents, (3) whether their parents' religion determined whom they would marry, and (4) if religion helps them decide whether to be friends with someone. Overall, religion was important to 11% of respondents. But there was a large gap among countries with Nigeria at one end (32%) and Germany and Japan at the other (3%). (See above.)
The 2016 British Social Attitudes Survey found that 71% of people between the ages of 18 and 24 had no religion, compared to 62% the year before. A 2018 ComRes survey found that slightly more than one in two of those aged 18 to 24 reported a positive experience with Christians and Christianity. Two-thirds of the same age group have never attended church; among the remaining third, 20% went a few times a year, and 2% multiple times per week. 12% of respondents aged 18 to 24 agreed with the claim that Christians were a bad influence on society, compared to just over half who disagreed. For comparison, 14% of those aged 25 to 34 agreed. In all, 51% of Britons disagreed with the same while 10% agreed. Results from the 2018 ComRes survey were released a day after the Church of England announced it was going to establish more than a hundred churches, mainly in urban areas, to attract new followers.
Globally, religion is in decline in the Euro-American countries but is growing in the rest of the world. Although the number of atheists, agnostics, and people not affiliated with organized religion continues to grow in Europe and the United States, their percentage of the world population is falling because of their comparatively low fertility rate (1.7). In general, the growth or decline of a given religion is due more to age and fertility rather than conversion. Besides the level of education and income, how religious a woman is determines how many children she will bear in her lifetime. For example, in the cities of the Middle East, women who supported Sharia law had a 50% fertility advantage over those who opposed it the most at the turn of the century. According to the World Religious Database, the proportion of the human population identifying with a religion increased from 81% in 1970 to 85% in 2000 and is predicted to rise to 87% in 2025. In addition, the Catholic Church has gained 12% additional followers between 2000 and 2010, mainly from Asia and Africa. In 2018, Muslims had a median age of 23, Hindus 26, Christians 30, Buddhists and the religiously unaffiliated 34, and Jews 36. For comparison, the median age of the global population was 28 in 2018. Overall, Christians have a fertility rate of 2.6, and Muslims 2.9. Islam is the world's fastest-growing religion. Meanwhile, the expansion of secularism will slow in Europe as the 21st century progresses.
But religion can grow even in otherwise secular societies. For example, in Israel, the ultra-Orthodox Jews comprised just about five percent of the nation's primary schoolchildren in 1960, but by the start of the 21st century, one-third of Jewish first graders in Israel came from this religious sect. Ultra-Orthodox Jewish women in Israel had on average 7.5 children compared to their more mainstream counterparts with just over two in the early 2000s. In Europe, immigration from the Middle East and Africa is an engine of religious growth. Children of immigrants tend to be about as religious as their parents and consider their religion to be a marker of their ethnic identity, thereby insulating themselves from the secularizing forces of the host society. The other engine is comparatively high fertility and religious endogamy. In France, a white Catholic woman had half a child more than her secular counterparts in the early 2000s; in Spain, that number was 0.77. In the Netherlands, the youngest villages belong to Orthodox Calvinists, who comprised 7% of the Dutch population by the early 2000s. In Austria, the number of people below the age of 15 who were Muslims rose past the 10%-mark in the first decade of the 21st century. In the United Kingdom, over 90% of Muslims married other Muslims by the turn of the millennium, and it is well known that children born into an interfaith marriage tend to be less religious than their parents. Interfaith marriage is in fact a vehicle of secularization. Ultra-Orthodox Jews comprised just 12% of the British Jewish population but three-quarters of Jewish births at the start of the 21st century. (This group is projected to make up the majority of Anglo-American Jews by 2050.) In the United States, Catholicism will become the largest religion by 2040 despite considerable losses to secularization and conversion to Protestantism thanks in no small part to the fact that Latino Catholics had a fertility rate of 2.83 compared to the national average of 2.03 in 2003. Such religious demographic changes will bring about social and political ramifications later in the century.
Risky behaviors
Adolescent pregnancy
American adolescents maintained their abstinence from alcohol and sexual intercourse through early adulthood. More broadly, adolescent pregnancy was in decline during the early 21st century all across the industrialized world, due to the widespread availability of contraception and the growing avoidance of sexual intercourse among teenagers. In New Zealand, the pregnancy rate for females aged 15 to 19 dropped from 33 per 1,000 in 2008 to 16 in 2016. Highly urbanized regions had adolescent pregnancy rates well below the national average whereas Maori communities had much higher than average rates. In Australia, it was 15 per 1,000 in 2015.
Alcoholism and substance use
2020 data from the U.K. Office for National Statistics (ONS) showed on a per-capita basis, members of Generation Z binged on alcohol 20% less often than Millennials. However, 9.9% of people aged 16 to 24 consumed at least one drug in the past month, usually cannabis, or more than twice the share of the population between the ages of 16 and 59. "Cannabis has now taken over from the opiates in terms of the most people in treatment for addiction," psychopharmacologist Val Curran of the University College London (UCL) told The Telegraph. Moreover, the quality and affordability of various addictive drugs have improved in recent years, making them an appealing alternative to alcoholic beverages for many young people, who now have the ability to arrange a meeting with a deal via social media. Addiction psychiatrist Adam Winstock of UCL found using his Global Drug Survey that young people rated cocaine more highly than alcohol on the basis of value for money, 4.8 compared to 4.7 out of 10.
As of 2019, cannabis was legal for both medical and recreational use in Uruguay, Canada, and 33 states in the US. In the United States, Generation Z is the first to be born into a time when the legalization of marijuana at the federal level is being seriously considered. While adolescents (people aged 12 to 17) in the late 2010s were more likely to avoid both alcohol and marijuana compared to their predecessors from 20 years before, college-aged youths are more likely than their elders to consume marijuana. Shortly before the full legalization of marijuana, the Government of Canada commissioned a study from health-policy analyst Fiona Clement and her colleagues at the University of Calgary in order to guide their regulations of the substance. After surveying the literature, Clement and her team found that pregnant women, teenagers, and people prone to mental illnesses are especially vulnerable to the negative effects of marijuana usage, including, among other things, impaired driving, higher risks of stroke, testicular cancer, memory loss, and certain mental illnesses, such as psychosis. Compared to those who do not use cannabis or those who start after they reach 16 years, people who start before that age experience reduced cognitive functioning (including planning and decision-making skills), and higher levels of impulsivity. According to the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse, heavy use of marijuana is linked to low life satisfaction, mental health issues, and relationship problems; second-hand smoke could harm children and people with asthma. Heavy use is also correlated with schizophrenia, but a causal link has not been established. About one in ten marijuana users developed a substance use disorder, meaning they continue to use it even though it causes problems in their lives, and those who use it before the age of 18 are more likely to develop it. A 2016 analysis of two longitudinal studies of twins ( and ) reveals a noticeable decline in crystallized intelligence between pre-adolescence and late adolescence among marijuana smokers but no significant effects on IQ, as those can be attributed to other factors, namely genetics and familial environments conducive to low intellectual achievement and marijuana use initiation.
Youth crime
During the 2010s, when most of Generation Z experienced some or all of their adolescence, reductions in youth crime were seen in some Western countries. A report looking at statistics from 2018 to 2019 noted that the numbers of young people aged ten to seventeen in England and Wales being cautioned or sentenced for criminal activity had fallen by 83% over the previous decade, while those entering the youth justice system for the first time had fallen by 85%. In 2006, 3,000 youths in England and Wales were detained for criminal activity; ten years later, that number fell below 1,000. In Europe, teenagers were less likely to fight than before. Research from Australia suggested that crime rates among adolescents had consistently declined between 2010 and 2019. In a 2014 report, Statistics Canada stated that police-reported crimes committed by persons between the ages of 12 and 17 had been falling steadily since 2006 as part of a larger trend of decline from a peak in 1991. Between 2000 and 2014, youth crimes plummeted 42%, above the drop for overall crime of 34%. In fact, between the late 2000s and mid-2010s, the fall was especially rapid. This was primarily driven by a 51% drop in theft of items worth no more than CAN$5,000 and burglary. The most common types of crime committed by Canadian adolescents were theft and violence. At school, the most frequent offenses were possession of cannabis, common assault, and uttering threats. Overall, although they made up only 7% of the population, adolescents stood accused of 13% of all crimes in Canada. In addition, mid- to late-teens were more likely to be accused of crimes than any other age group in the country.
Pornography viewing
A 2020 report by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC)—available only by request due to the presence of graphic materials—suggests that parents are either in denial or are completely oblivious to the prevalence of pornography viewership by adolescents, with three quarters telling researchers they do not believe their children consumed such materials. Meanwhile, teenagers are increasingly turning to pornography as a source of information on sexuality, especially what to do during a sexual encounter, as teachers tend to focus on contraception. Over half of the teenagers interviewed told researchers they had viewed pornography, though the actual number is likely higher due to the sensitivity of this topic. While parents generally believe adolescents who view pornography for pleasure tend to be boys, surveys and interviews reveal that this behavior is also common among girls. Most teenagers encounter pornography on a dedicated website, but an increasing number watch it on social media platforms such as Snapchat and WhatsApp. Many told researchers they felt anxious about their body image and the expectations of their potential sexual partners as a result of viewing, and their concerns over violent behavior. About one-third of the U.K. population watches these films, according to industry estimates. This report came as part of an ill-fated attempt by the U.K. government to introduce age verification to pornographic websites.
Family and social life
Upbringing
Sociologists Judith Treas and Giulia M. Dotti Sani analyzed the diaries of 122,271 parents (68,532 mothers and 53,739 fathers) aged 18 to 65 in households with at least one child below the age of 13 from 1965 to 2012 in eleven Western countries—Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway, and Slovenia—and discovered that in general, parents had been spending more and more time with their children. In 1965, a mother spent on average 54 minutes on childcare activities each day whereas one from 2012 spent almost twice as much 104 minutes. Among fathers, the amount of time spent on childcare roughly quadrupled, from 16 minutes in 1965 to 59 in 2012. Parents of all education levels were represented, though those with higher education typically spent much more time with their children, especially university-educated mothers. France was the only exception. French mothers were spending less time with their children whereas fathers were spending more time. This overall trend reflected the dominant ideology of "intensive parenting" the idea that the time parents spend with children is crucial for their development in various areas and the fact that fathers developed more egalitarian views with regards to gender roles over time and became more likely to want to play an active role in their children's lives.
In the United Kingdom, there was a widespread belief in the early 21st century that rising parental, societal and state concern for the safety of children was leaving them increasingly mollycoddled and slowing the pace they took on responsibilities. The same period saw a rise in child-rearing's position in the public discourse with parenting manuals and reality TV programs focused on family life, such as Supernanny, providing specific guidelines for how children should be cared for and disciplined.
According to Statistics Canada, the number of households with both grandparents and grandchildren remained rare but grew in the early 21st century. In 2011, five percent of Canadian children below the age of ten lived with a grandparent, up from 3.3% in the previous decade. This is in part because Canadian parents in the early 21st century couldn't (or believe they couldn't) afford childcare and often find themselves having to work long hours or irregular shifts. Meanwhile, many grandparents struggled to keep up with their highly active grandchildren on a regular basis due to their age. Because Millennials and members of Generation X tend to have fewer children than their parents the Baby Boomers, each child typically receives more attention from his or her grandparents and parents compared to previous generations.
Friendships and socialisation
According to the OECD PISA surveys, 15-year-olds in 2015 had a tougher time making friends at school than ten years prior. European teenagers were becoming more and more like their Japanese and South Korean counterparts in social isolation. This might be due to intrusive parenting, heavy use of electronic devices, and concerns over academic performance and job prospects.
A study of social interaction among American teenagers found that the amount of time young people spent with their friends had been trending downwards since the 1970s but fallen into especially sharp decline after 2010. The percentage of students in the 12th grade (typically 17 to 18 years old) who said they met with their friends almost every day fell from 52% in 1976 to 28% in 2017. The percentage of that age group who said they often felt lonely (which had fallen during the early 2000s) increased from 26% in 2012 to 39% in 2017 whilst the percentage who often felt left out increased from 30% to 38% over the same period. Statistics for slightly younger teenagers suggested that parties had become significantly less common since the 1980s.
Romance and marriage
According to a 2014 report from UNICEF, some 250 million females were forced into marriage before the age of 15, especially in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Problems faced by child brides include loss of educational opportunity, less access to medical care, higher childbirth mortality rates, depression, and suicidal ideation.
In Australia, it was reported in 2017 that growing numbers of older teenage boys and young men were avoiding romantic relationships altogether, citing concerns over the traumatic experiences of older male family members, including false accusations of sexual misconduct or loss of assets and money after a divorce. This social trend—Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW)—is an outgrowth of the men's rights movement, but one that emphasizes detachment from women as a way to deal with the issues men face. "Both sexes have different challenges; we've lost sight of that. We're stuck in a gender war and it's harming our children," psychologist Meredith Fuller told News.com.au.
In China, young people nowadays are much more likely to deem marriage and children sources of stress rather than fulfillment, going against the Central Government's attempts to increase the birth rate. Women born between the mid-1990s to about 2010 are less interested in getting married than men their own age. As a result of the one-child policy, young Chinese women have become more educated and financially independent than ever before, and this has led to a shift in public attitudes towards career-oriented women. The "lying flat" movement, popular among Chinese youths, also extends to the domain of marriage and child-rearing.
Children and parenthood
In line with a fall in adolescent pregnancy in the developed world, which is discussed in more detail elsewhere in this article, there has also been a reduction in the percentage of the youngest adults with children. The Office for National Statistics has reported that the number of babies being born in the United Kingdom to 18 year old mothers had fallen by 58% from 2000 to 2016 and the amount being born to 18 year old fathers had fallen by 41% over the same period. Pew Research reports that in 2016, 88% of American women aged 18 to 21 were childless as opposed to 80% of Generation X and 79% of millennial female youth at a similar age.
A 2020 survey conducted by PensionBee in the United Kingdom found that about 10% of non-parents aged 18 to 23 were considering not having children in order to be able to retire earlier. Those in the arts and those in the income bracket £25,001 to £55,000 were most likely to say no to having children.
Use of information and communications technologies (ICT)
Use of ICT in general
Generation Z is one of the first cohorts to have Internet technology readily available at a young age. With the Web 2.0 revolution that occurred throughout the mid-late 2000s and 2010s, they have been exposed to an unprecedented amount of technology in their upbringing, with the use of mobile devices growing exponentially over time. Anthony Turner characterizes Generation Z as having a "digital bond to the Internet", and argues that it may help youth to escape from emotional and mental struggles they face offline.
According to U.S. consultants Sparks and Honey in 2014, 41% of Generation Z spend more than three hours per day using computers for purposes other than schoolwork, compared with 22% in 2004. In 2015, an estimated 150,000 apps, 10% of apps in Apple's App Store, were educational and aimed at children up to college level, though opinions are mixed as to whether the net result will be deeper involvement in learning and more individualized instruction, or impairment through greater technology dependence and a lack of self-regulation that may hinder child development. Parents of Gen Zers fear the overuse of the Internet, and dislike the ease of access to inappropriate information and images, as well as social networking sites where children can gain access to people worldwide. Children reversely feel annoyed with their parents and complain about parents being overly controlling when it comes to their Internet usage.
A 2015 study by Microsoft found that 77% of respondents aged 18 to 24 said yes to the statement, "When nothing is occupying my attention, the first thing I do is reach for my phone," compared to just 10% for those aged 65 and over.
In a TEDxHouston talk, Jason Dorsey of the Center for Generational Kinetics stressed the notable differences in the way that Millennials and Generation Z consume technology, with 18% of Generation Z feeling that it is okay for a 13-year-old to have a smartphone, compared with just 4% for the previous generation. An online newspaper about texting, SMS and MMS writes that teens own cellphones without necessarily needing them; that receiving a phone is considered a rite of passage in some countries, allowing the owner to be further connected with their peers, and it is now a social norm to have one at an early age. An article from the Pew Research Center stated that "nearly three-quarters of teens have or have access to a smartphone and 30% have a basic phone, while just 12% of teens 13 to 15 say they have no cell phone of any type". These numbers are only on the rise and the fact that the majority own a cell phone has become one of this generation's defining characteristics. Consequently, "24% of teens go online 'almost constantly'."
A survey of students from 79 countries by the OECD found that the amount of time spent using an electronic device has increased, from under two hours per weekday in 2012 to close to three in 2019, at the expense of extracurricular reading.
Psychologists have observed that sexting—or the transmission of sexually explicit content via electronic devices—has seen noticeable growth among contemporary adolescents. Older teenagers are more likely to participate in sexting. Besides some cultural and social factors such as the desire for acceptance and popularity among peers, the falling age at which a child receives a smartphone may contribute to the growth in this activity. However, while it is clear that sexting has an emotional impact on adolescents, it is still not clear how it precisely affects them. Some consider it a high-risk behavior because of the ease of dissemination to third parties leading to reputational damage and the link to various psychological conditions including depression and even suicidal ideation. Others defend youths' freedom of expression over the Internet. In any case, there is some evidence that at least in the short run, sexting brings positive feelings of liveliness or satisfaction. However, girls are more likely than boys to be receiving insults, social rejections, or reputational damage as a result of sexting.
Digital literacy
Despite being labeled as 'digital natives', the 2018 International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS), conducted on 42,000 eighth-graders (or equivalents) from 14 countries and education systems, found that only two percent of these people were sufficiently proficient with information devices to justify that description, and only 19% could work independently with computers to gather information and to manage their work. ICILS assesses students on two main categories: Computer and Information Literacy (CIL), and Computational Thinking (CT). For CIL, there are four levels, one to four, with Level 4 being the highest. Although at least 80% of students from most countries tested reached Level 1, only two percent on average reached Level 4. Countries or education systems whose students scored near or above the international average of 496 in CIL were, in increasing order, France, North Rhine-Westphalia, Portugal, Germany, the United States, Finland, South Korea, Moscow, and Denmark. CT is divided into four levels, the Upper, Middle, and Lower Regions. International averages for the proportions of students reaching each of these were 18%, 50%, and 32%, respectively. Countries or education systems whose students scored near or above the international average of 500 were, in increasing order, the United States, France, Finland, Denmark, and South Korea. In general, female eighth-graders outperformed their male counterparts in CIL by an international average of 18 points but were narrowly outclassed by their male counterparts in CT. (Narrow gaps made estimates of averages have higher coefficients of variation.) In the United States, where the computer-based tests were administered by the National Center for Education Statistics, 72% of eighth-graders said they searched for information on the Internet at least once a week or every school day, and 65% reported they were autodidactic information finders on the Internet.
Use of social media networks
The use of social media has become integrated into the daily lives of most Gen Zers with access to mobile technology, who use it primarily to keep in contact with friends and family. As a result, mobile technology has caused online relationship development to become a new generational norm. Gen Z uses social media and other sites to strengthen bonds with friends and to develop new ones. They interact with people who they otherwise would not have met in the real world, becoming a tool for identity creation. The negative side to mobile devices for Generation Z, according to Twenge, is they are less "face to face", and thus feel more lonely and left out.
Focus group testing found that while teens may be annoyed by many aspects of Facebook, they continue to use it because participation is important in terms of socializing with friends and peers. Twitter and Instagram are seen to be gaining popularity among members of Generation Z, with 24% (and growing) of teens with access to the Internet having Twitter accounts. This is, in part, due to parents not typically using these social networking sites. Snapchat is also seen to have gained attraction in Generation Z because videos, pictures, and messages send much faster on it than in regular messaging. TikTok has gained increasing popularity among Gen Z users, surpassing Instagram in 2021. So as of 2022, TikTok has around 689 million active users, 43% of whom are from Gen Z. Based on current growth figures, it is predicted that by the end of 2023, TikTok audience will grow by 1.5 billion active users, 70% of whom will be from Generation Z. Speed and reliability are important factors in members of Generation Z's choice of social networking platform. This need for quick communication is presented in popular Generation Z apps like Vine and the prevalent use of emojis.
A study by Gabrielle Borca, et al found that teenagers in 2012 were more likely to share different types of information than teenagers in 2006. However, they will take steps to protect information that they do not want being shared, and are more likely to "follow" others on social media than "share". A survey of U.S. teenagers from advertising agency J. Walter Thomson likewise found that the majority of teenagers are concerned about how their posting will be perceived by people or their friends. 72% of respondents said they were using social media on a daily basis, and 82% said they thought carefully about what they post on social media. Moreover, 43% said they had regrets about previous posts.
A 2019 Childwise survey of 2,000 British children aged five to sixteen found that the popularity of Facebook halved compared to the previous year. Children of the older age group, fifteen to sixteen, reported signs of online fatigue, with about three of ten saying they wanted to spend less time on the Internet.
Effects of screen time
In his 2017 book Irresistible, professor of marketing Adam Alter explained that not only are children addicted to electronic gadgets, but their addiction jeopardizes their ability to read non-verbal social cues.
A 2019 meta-analysis of thousands of studies from almost two dozen countries suggests that while as a whole, there is no association between screen time and academic performance, when the relation between individual screen-time activity and academic performance is examined, negative associations are found. Watching television is negatively correlated with overall school grades, language fluency, and mathematical ability while playing video games was negatively associated with overall school grades only. According to previous research, screen activities not only take away the time that could be spent on homework, physical activities, verbal communication, and sleep (the time-displacement hypothesis) but also diminish mental activities (the passivity hypothesis). Furthermore, excessive television viewing is known for harming the ability to pay attention as well as other cognitive functions; it also causes behavioral disorders, such as having unhealthy diets, which could damage academic performance. Excessive video gaming, on the other hand, is known for impairing social skills and mental health, and as such could also damage academic performance. However, depending on the nature of the game, playing it could be beneficial for the child; for instance, the child could be motivated to learn the language of the game in order to play it better. Among adolescents, excessive Internet surfing is well known for being negatively associated with school grades, though previous research does not distinguish between the various devices used. Nevertheless, one study indicates that Internet access, if used for schoolwork, is positively associated with school grades but if used for leisure, is negatively associated with it. Overall, the effects of screen time are stronger among adolescents than children.
Research conducted in 2017 reports that the social media usage patterns of this generation may be associated with loneliness, anxiety, and fragility and that girls may be more affected than boys by social media. According to 2018 CDC reports, girls are disproportionately affected by the negative aspects of social media than boys. Researchers at the University of Essex analyzed data from 10,000 families, from 2010 to 2015, assessing their mental health utilizing two perspectives: Happiness and Well-being throughout social, familial, and educational perspectives. Within each family, they examined children who had grown from 10 to 15 during these years. At age 10, 10% of female subjects reported social media use, while this was only true for 7% of the male subjects. By age 15, this variation jumped to 53% for girls, and 41% for boys. This percentage influx may explain why more girls reported experiencing cyberbullying, decreased self-esteem, and emotional instability more than their male counterparts.
Other researchers hypothesize that girls are more affected by social media usage because of how they use it. In a study conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2015, researchers discovered that while 78% of girls reported making a friend through social media, only 52% of boys could say the same. However, boys are not explicitly less affected by this statistic. They also found that 57% of boys claimed to make friends through video gaming, while this was only true for 13% of girls. Another Pew Research Center survey conducted in April 2015, reported that women are more likely to use Pinterest, Facebook, and Instagram than men. In counterpoint, men were more likely to utilize online forums, e-chat groups, and Reddit than women.
Cyberbullying is more common now than among Millennials, the previous generation. It is more common among girls, 22% compared to 10% for boys. This results in young girls feeling more vulnerable to being excluded and undermined.
According to a 2020 report by the British Board of Film Classification, "many young people felt that the way they viewed their overall body image was more likely the result of the kinds of body images they saw on Instagram."
See also
9X Generation (Vietnam)
Boomerang Generation
Cusper
Generation gap
Generation Z in the United States
Post-90s and Little Emperor Syndrome (China)
Strawberry Generation (Taiwan)
Thumb tribe
Puriteen
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
The Downside of Diversity. Michael Jonas. The New York Times. August 5, 2007.
The Next America: Modern Family. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2014. (Video, 2:16)
Meet Generation Z: Forget Everything You Learned About Millennials – 2014 presentation by Sparks and Honey
Is a University Degree a Waste of Money? CBC News: The National. March 1, 2017. (Video, 14:39)
A Generation Z Exploration. (Web version) Rubin Postaer and Associates (RPA). 2018.
We asked teenagers what adults are missing about technology. This was the best response. Taylor Fang. MIT Technology Review. December 21, 2019.
The Amish use tech differently than you think. We should emulate them. Jeff Smith. The Washington Post. February 17, 2020.
Generation Z
20th century
21st century
Z
1990s neologisms |
4015972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Ontario%20Hockey%20League | Western Ontario Hockey League | The Western Ontario Hockey League (WOHL) was a junior ice hockey league in Ontario, Canada, sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Association from 1969 until 2007. In 2007, the league became a division of the newly formed Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League along with the Mid-Western Junior Hockey League and Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League.
History
The Western had been a part of the Big '10' until 1956, when the Eastern and Western conference were split into separate leagues—the Eastern becoming the Central, the Western becoming the Western League.
In 1968, the St. Thomas Barons, Sarnia Legionnaires, Guelph Imperials, Chatham Maroons and Brantford Foresters broke away from the Ontario Hockey Association to form a Junior "A" League known as the Western Ontario Junior A Hockey League. A year later, the OHA pulled together a bunch of local teams (the Waterloo Siskins, Stratford Warriors, Sarnia Bees, St.Marys Lincolns and the London Squires) as well as the return of the Strathroy Rockets (who had joined the Central Junior B league for a season) and formed a new Western Ontario Junior "B" Hockey League.
According to the WOJHL history, a re-organization of Ontario's Jr. B hockey teams occurred prior to the 1978/79 with the folding of the short lived Southwestern Junior B Hockey League and the Mid-Ontario Junior B Hockey League. The realignment meant that the OHA had consolidated the Southern Ontario region from 7 to 5 Junior "B" leagues. Although this marks the birth of the modern Western Ontario Jr. B league, the teams in the league did not change. In 1989, the Metro league went renegade and eventually became a Tier II Junior "A" league. In 1993, the Central league was promoted to Tier II Junior "A" as well. Since then, the OHA has operated with 3 Junior "B" leagues, but due to the talent level of these 3 league there has been a recent push to bring all three leagues to the Tier II Junior "A" level and allow for a new realignment.
From 1999 until 2001, the league changed its name to the Greater Ontario Hockey League in an attempt to drop the "Junior B" designation . The league has since referred to itself as the Western Ontario Hockey League.
In 2007, the WOHL merged with the Mid-Western Junior Hockey League and the Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League to become the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.
Final teams
These are the teams that were in the league during its final independent season (2006-07).
Chatham Maroons
Leamington Flyers
London Nationals
Petrolia Jets
St. Marys Lincolns
St. Thomas Stars
Sarnia Blast
Strathroy Rockets
Tecumseh Chiefs
Other former members
Aylmer Aces
Belle River Bulldogs
Michigan Americans
Port Huron Flags
Stratford Warriors
Playoff Champions
Records
Records taken from Official Website.
Best record: 1981-82 Sarnia Bees (36-4-2)
Worst record: 1988-89 Tillsonburg Titans (1-39-2)
Largest margin of victory: Leamington Flyers 30 - Windsor Bulldogs 3 on January 20, 1995
Most goals, one season: Bill Lochead (73) -- 1970-71 Sarnia Bees
Most assists, one season: Brian Wiseman (77) -- 1989-90 Chatham Maroons / Greg Day (77) -- 1996-97 Tecumseh Chiefs
Most points, one season: Brian Wiseman (147) -- 1989-90 Chatham Maroons
Most goals, career: Brent Rumble (137) -- 1995-99 Chatham Maroons
Most assists, career: Brian Wiseman (179) -- 1987-90 Chatham Maroons
Most points, career: Jason Baclig (324) -- 1998-2003 Leamington Flyers
Most penalty minutes, season: Shawn Harris (408) -- 1994-95 Sarnia Bees
Most penalty minutes, career: Tim Lantz (859) -- 1997-2000 Leamington Flyers
Most wins by goalie, season: Scott Talbot (29) -- 2002-03 Sarnia Blast
Most shutouts, season: Kyle Funkenhauser (8) -- 2005-06 Chatham Maroons
Most games played by goalie, career: Paul Gibson (132) -- 2000-07 St. Thomas Stars
Most wins by goalie, career: Paul Gibson (66) -- 2000-07 St. Thomas Stars
Most shutouts, career: Kyle Funkenhauser (12) -- 2004-06 Chatham Maroons
External links
WOHL Website
OHA Website
Defunct ice hockey leagues in Ontario |
4015984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caverna%20dos%20Ecos | Caverna dos Ecos | Caverna dos Ecos (GO-018), also called "Gruta dos Ecos" (English: Echo Cave), is a mica schist cavern in central Goiás, Brazil. It is located between Cocalzinho de Goiás and Brasília, 134 km from Goiânia. It is near the settlement of Girassol, just after the boundary with the Federal District.
Geology
It was discovered in March 1975 and is 1,380 meters long with a descent of 142 meters deep. The entrance is located at an elevation of 1050 meters. It contains a lake formed by rain water called Lago dos Ecos, the largest subterranean lake in South America, which is approximately 300 meters long, 50 wide and between 10 and 15 meters deep, being one of the longest in the world. It is formed by mica and schist, which explains the absence of speleothems.
Caverna dos Ecos is a remarkable subterranean karstic feature as no other Brazilian cave of similar size is known from similar lithologies, mica schist, quartzite, and marble, with 70% of its volume developed in schists and quartzite. This cave, a geological curiosity, developed originally in limestone, but migrated to overlying mica-schists due to breakdown. Visits can only be made with an experienced guide.
See also
List of caves in Brazil
References
External links
Scientific paper on the cave at Caves.org
Caves of Goiás
Wild caves
Limestone caves |
4015989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmannsdorf%2C%20Mittelsachsen | Hartmannsdorf, Mittelsachsen | Hartmannsdorf (Hartmannsdorf bei Chemnitz) is a small municipality in the district Mittweida, Free State of Saxony, Germany, near the town Chemnitz. As of 2005 it has a population of 4,805.
Economy
The Diamant works in Hartmannsdorf are the oldest producing bicycle factory in Germany. Since 2004 it has been the site for the European production of Trek Bicycle Corporation. Trek took over the Villiger-Diamant production facility which they had purchased in 2003.
Twin towns
Schönaich, Germany
References
External links
Official website
Mittelsachsen |
4015992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%20the%20Masses | For the Masses | For the Masses is a 1998 tribute album to the British band Depeche Mode, specifically the works of Martin Gore. The album charted in America and reached the Top 20 in Germany, making it the most successful Depeche Mode tribute album of all time. The album title is taken from Depeche Mode's 1987 album Music for the Masses. The album cover was photographed by Martyn Atkins who shot and designed early Depeche Mode artwork; the whole album artwork is consistent with the past Depeche Mode albums.
Background
The project was started by the band members of God Lives Underwater, David Reilly in particular, in collaboration with their manager Gary Richards and Philip Blaine of 1500 Records (an A&M Records label until 2001), featuring a wide array of bands including The Cure, Smashing Pumpkins, Deftones, Rammstein, and Meat Beat Manifesto. Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Manson, and Foo Fighters wanted to do tracks but schedule complications prevented them. Manson, who wanted to cover "Personal Jesus," eventually did so for his greatest hits album Lest We Forget: The Best of in 2004. Credited executive producers for the album are Philip Blaine and Gary Richards.
Release
The compact disc release features a notoriously poor use of HDCD encoding. When decoded as HDCD, one channel signals a -4 dB gain adjustment throughout, making it noticeably quieter than the other. If played as a regular CD, however, the gain adjustment information is ignored.
The Smashing Pumpkins version of "Never Let Me Down Again" was originally released a few years previously as a b-side for "Rocket". Billy Corgan of the Smashing Pumpkins performed the song "Never Let Me Down Again" with Depeche Mode at the KROQ Acoustic Christmas concert in 1998. The "World in My Eyes" cover by The Cure also appears on the Cure box set Join the Dots.
Rammstein released their cover of "Stripped" as a single, accompanied by a controversial music video, directed by Philipp Stölzl, which uses excerpts from Olympia, a Leni Riefenstahl documentary film covering the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. The single charted at No. 14 in Germany. A live version is available on the Völkerball DVD.
Reception
In his critical review for Allmusic, Stephen Erlewine writes that Depeche Mode songs are "difficult to cover without replicating the original arrangements" and that only a few bands succeeded in making the songs their own. He singles out the versions from Smashing Pumpkins, The Cure, Gus Gus, and Rammstein, stating that "they're almost good enough to make the overall mediocrity of the album worthwhile."
NME states that this tribute album is "not about investigating Depeche Mode's legacy, but massaging swollen egos". The Smashing Pumpkins and The Cure are commended for attempting something different while the rest of the entries fail in adding their own twist to the songs and are hoping for "some controversy-free exposure".
Track listing
References
External links
For the Masses EPK featuring Depeche Mode, God Lives Underwater, and Robert Smith of The Cure
Depeche Mode tribute albums
1998 compilation albums
A&M Records compilation albums
Alternative rock compilation albums |
4016004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar%20Grekov | Dimitar Grekov | Dimitar Panayotov Grekov () (14 September 1847 – 7 May 1901) was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician who also served as Prime Minister.
A native of Bolgrad in Bessarabia (now Bolhrad, Ukraine), Grekov was educated at a French legal school.
Grekov, at the time a Conservative, was a member of the Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly convened in February 1879, a body that formed the basis of the national parliament of the newly independent state. In the 1879 cabinet of Todor Burmov he served as Minister of Justice, the first of an independent Bulgaria.
In 1886 prime minister and regent Stefan Stambolov chose Grekov, along with Konstantin Kanchev and Konstantin Stoilov, to travel around Europe in order to find a prince suitable for the throne of Bulgaria. The three man team searched in Belgrade and Vienna and were refused entry into Russia before settling on Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, to whom they offered the crown.
Grekov was appointed prime minister on 30 January 1899 and was removed from office on 13 October that same year after a brief and unremarkable tenure.
References
1847 births
1901 deaths
Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Bulgaria
People from Bolhrad
Bessarabian Bulgarians
Conservative Party (Bulgaria) politicians
People's Liberal Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
19th-century Bulgarian people
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Justice ministers of Bulgaria |
4016016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Tour%20de%20Langkawi | 2002 Tour de Langkawi | The 2002 Tour de Langkawi was the 7th edition of the Tour de Langkawi, a cycling stage race that took place in Malaysia. It started on 1 February in Putrajaya and ended on 10 February in Kuala Lumpur. In fact, this race was rated by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) as a 2.3 category race.
Hernán Darío Muñoz of Colombia won the race. Robert Hunter of South Africa won the point classification and Ruber Marín of Colombia won the mountains classification. won the team classification.
Stages
The cyclists competed in 10 stages, covering a distance of 1,312.6 kilometres.
Classification leadership
Final standings
General classification
Points classification
Mountains classification
Asian rider classification
Team classification
Asian team classification
List of teams and riders
A total of 22 teams were invited to participate in the 2002 Tour de Langkawi. Out of the 151 riders, a total of 128 riders made it to the finish in Kuala Lumpur.
Paolo Lanfranchi
Marco Battiston
Alberto Elli
Daniele Galli
Antonio Salomone
Eddy Serri
Andris Reiss
Andrea Tafi
Davide Bramati
Paolo Fornaciari
Robert Hunter
Charly Wegelius
Luca Scinto
David Cañada
Jens Voigt
Yohann Charpenteau
Christophe Le Mével
Ludovic Martin
Benoît Poilvet
Yan Tournier
Kyrylo Pospyeyev
Michele Scarponi
Rubén Lobato
Agustin Pena Gago
Cesare Di Cintio
Lorenzo Cardellini
Linas Balčiūnas
Laurent Estadieu
Andy Flickinger
Alexandre Grux
Nicolas Inaudi
Innar Mändoja
Nicolas Portal
Nathan O'Neill
Nicola Chesini
Enrico Degano
Stefano Guerrini
Sergiy Matveyev
Graeme Brown
Cristiano Parrinello
Mario Aerts
Frédéric Amorison
Kurt van Lancker
Kevin van Impe
Fulco van Gulik
Stive Vermaut
Wesley van Speybroeck
Telekom Malaysia
Graeme Miller
Wong Kam-po
Ghader Mizbani
Ahad Kazemi
Tonton Susanto
Mohamad Fauzi Shafihi
Nor Affendy Rosli
Max Becker
Tony Bracke
Eric De Clercq
Hans De Meester
Björn Leukemans
Karl Pauwels
Hendrik Van Dyck
Mario Traversoni
Moreno Di Biase
Alessandro Brendolin
Samuel Vecchi
Antoni Rizzi
Uros Murn
Denis Bondarenko
Jorge Capitan Peregrina
David Fernández Domingo
César Garcia Calvo
Oscar Laguna Garcia
German Nieto Fernandez
David Vazquez Garcia
José Manuel Vázquez Palomo
Team Fakta
Lennie Kristensen
Morten Sonne
Bjørnar Vestøl
René Jørgensen
Jorgen Bo Petersen
Lars Bak
Allan Bo Andresen
Anthony Charteau
Anthony Geslin
Charles Guilbert
Jimmy Engoulvent
Mickaël Pichon
Jérôme Pineau
Thomas Voeckler
Malaysia
Shahrulneeza Razali
Tsen Seong Hoong
Mohd Yusof Abd. Nasir
Muhd. Jasmin Ruslan
Shahrizan Selamat
Wong Ah Thiam
Suhardi Hassan
Hernán Darío Muñoz
Juan Diego Ramírez
Fortunato Baliani
Andris Naudužs
Leonardo Scarselli
Mikhaylo Khalilov
Ruber Marín
Nürnberger
Artour Babaitsev
Ronny Lauke
Jürgen Pauritsch
Dirk Schumann
Holger Sievers
Lubor Tesar
Jurgen Werner
iTeamNova.com
Jamie Drew
Russell Downing
Scott Guyton
Dominique Perras
Brett Lancaster
Trent Wilson
Allan Iacuone
South Africa
Douglas Ryder
David George
Rodney Green
Daniel Spence
Jacques Fullard
James Ball
Jeremy Maartens
Philippines
Victor Espiritu
Warren Davadilla
Arnel Quirimit
Enrique Domingo
Merculio Ramos
Villamor Baluyut
Emilito Atilano
Japan
Makoto Iijima
Koji Fukushima
Shinichi Fukushima
Tomoya Kano
Mitsuteru Tanaka
Kazuya Okazaki
Shinri Suzuki
Canada
Glan Rendall
Mark Ernsting
Andrew Pinfold
Geoff Kabush
Josh Hall
Eric Wohlberg
Ryder Hesjedal
China
Hui Guo
Wang Guozhang
Song Shuhai
Li Hongwei
Zhu Yongbiao
Jiang Xueli
References
2002
2002 in road cycling
2002 in Malaysian sport |
4016018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lenka | Pálenka | In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, pálenka is any kind of distilled beverage but especially fruit brandy. The term is often used generically for all kinds of liquors, including vodka, gin and borovička. The word derives from the Slavic verb *paliti (, ) 'to burn; to distill'.
Similar products exist in Austria and Hungary under the name pálinka, and in Romania, palincă.
Most traditional types of pálenka in Moravia and Slovakia are slivovica (plum spirit), ražná (grain spirit), borovička (a special kind of liquor distilled from the berries of Juniperus communis), hruškovica (pear spirit), jablkovica (apple spirit). Popular are also čerešňovica (cherry spirit) and marhuľovica (apricot spirit). Very distinctive among pálenkas are the ones distilled from fermented forest berries, including raspberries, blueberries, wild black thorn (planá trnka) and cranberries. Drienkovica (a spirit distilled from Cornelian cherries (Cornus mas) was popularized by the former Slovak president Rudolf Schuster.
Less common now but historically popular distillates include jeřabinka (made from Rowan berries) and (made from vodka, and flavoured with star anise and other spices, and sweetened with honey). The latter was quite popular prior to the First World War, and features prominently in the works of Jaroslav Hašek, Petr Bezruč and Sigmund Freud.
It was the title of a 2014 award-winning novel by Matěj Hořava, about a Czech-speaking minority community in a village in Romania in Banat.
See also
Slivovitz (slivovica, slivovice) - a plum spirit, the most famous among fruit spirits
Pálinka, name of the same liquor as pálenka adopted in Hungary
Rakia, a similar spirit made throughout Southeastern Europe
Țuică, an alcoholic drink in Romania, quite similar to Slivovitz.
References
Fruit brandies
Czech distilled drinks |
4016021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Hill%20Capital%20Partners | Oak Hill Capital Partners | Oak Hill Capital Partners is a private equity firm headquartered in New York City, with more than $19 billion of committed capital from entrepreneurs, endowments, foundations, corporations, pension funds and global financial institutions. Robert Bass is the lead investor.
Oak Hill Capital is one of several Oak Hill partnerships, each of which has an independent management team. These Oak Hill partnerships comprise over $18 billion of investment capital across multiple asset classes, including private equity, special situations, high yield and bank debt, venture capital, real estate and a public equity exchange fund.
On April 20, 2010 the company announced acquisition of Denver-based data center company ViaWest Inc. for an undisclosed amount.
In 2017 the company sold Wave Broadband for more than $2.3 billion.
Notable investors
Robert Bass, who was an early investor in leveraged buyouts in the 1980s and employed David Bonderman and Jim Coulter the founders of Texas Pacific Group, is the lead investor in Oak Hill Capital Partners.
The company has garnered widespread media attention due to its addition of investors Bill Gates and Nike founder Phil Knight.
Other investors include the Country of Singapore and Stanford University.
Notable investments
Over a period of nearly twenty years, Oak Hill Capital has invested in more than fifty significant private equity transactions, including:
Imagine Group
Ariel
Atlantic Broadband
Genpact
The Container Store
Butler Animal Health Supply
EXL Service
Progressive Moulded Products
TravelCenters of America
WideOpenWest
Blackboard Inc.
American Savings Bank (Washington Mutual)
Bell & Howell (ProQuest)
Oreck Corporation
Vertex Data Science
eGain
Wometco Cable Corporation
MetroNet
Alibris
Dave & Buster's
Local TV LLC
Checkers and Rally's
Safe Fleet
Invisalign
Blackboard
Burger King
Recent acquisitions
In October 2014, Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired Berlin Packaging for a fee of $1.43 billion from Investcorp.
In January 2018, Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired Safe Fleet from The Sterling Group. No value of the deal was mentioned.
On June 15, 2018, Oak Hill Capital Partners acquired a majority stake in VetCor Group Holdings Corp. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed.
Investment professionals
Managing Partners
Tyler Wolfram
Brian Cherry
Steven Puccinelli
Partners
Scott Baker
Benjamin Diesbach
Stratton R. Heath III
John R. Monsky
John Rachwalski
Micah Meisel
Mark Pinho
Principals
Adam Hahn
Peter Armstrong
Jeffery Mettam
Christopher Williams
Nico Theofanidis
Jennifer Jun
References
Notes
Gates Joins a Dream Team Fund
Bass' Oak Hill II raises $1.3B
External links
American companies established in 1986
Financial services companies established in 1986
Private equity firms of the United States
Privately held companies based in Connecticut
Companies based in Stamford, Connecticut |
4016023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Western%20Junior%20Hockey%20League | Mid-Western Junior Hockey League | The Mid-Western Junior Hockey League (MWJHL) was a junior ice hockey league in Ontario, Canada, sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Association from 1973 until 2007. In 2007, the league became a division of the newly formed Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League along with the Western Ontario Hockey League and Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League.
Southwestern Junior "B" Hockey League 1973 - 1974
Waterloo-Wellington Junior "B" Hockey League 1974 - 1977
Mid-Western Junior "B" Hockey League 1977 - 2007
History
The Mid-Western "B" was known as the Waterloo-Wellington Junior "B" Hockey League until 1977 when it donned its current name. Before 1974, the league was known as the Southwestern Junior "B" Hockey League for one season. The league was founded in 1973, taking aboard Kitchener Ranger Bs, Waterloo Siskins from the Western Jr. B league, and expansion teams the Caledonia Corvairs and Brantford Diamond Kings. A year later the Stratford Warriors joined the Waterloo-Wellington league, along with the Preston Raiders, Hespeler Shamrocks and Elmira Sugar Kings.
As there is little information about the league pre-1977, it is easy to say that the Mid-Western "B" was easily dominated by the Stratford Cullitons and the Waterloo Siskins for the first fourteen years of its current existence. Stratford won 8 championships in the league's early years, with Waterloo close behind with 6, but all other charter members were left without glory until the Kitchener Dutchmen won their first championship in 1992. Since then, the Cullitons have won 5 league championships and the Siskins have won only once, making way for other teams like the Elmira Sugar Kings, the Dutchmen, and the Cambridge Winterhawks.
In 2007, the MWJHL merged with the Western Ontario Hockey League and the Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League to create the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.
2007-08 Season
For information on the 2007-08 season, please see: Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.
Final teams
These are the teams that were in the league during its final independent season (2006-07).
Brantford Golden Eagles
Cambridge Winterhawks
Elmira Sugar Kings
Guelph Dominators
Kitchener Dutchmen
Listowel Cyclones
Owen Sound Greys
Stratford Cullitons
Waterloo Siskins
Other former members
Brantford Diamond Kings
Caledonia Corvairs
Guelph Holody Platers
New Hamburg Hahns
Orangeville Crushers
Preston Raiders
Cherrey Cup Playoff Champions
Records
Taken from league 25th Anniversary Program.
Best record: 1985-86 Stratford Cullitons (36-3-1)
Worst record: 1997-98 Ohsweken Golden Eagles (0-47-1)
Largest margin of victory: Waterloo Siskins 23 - Listowel Cyclones 3 on December 11, 1983
Most goals, one season: Jason Mervyn (79) -- 1991-92 Stratford Cullitons
Most assists, one season: Dan Haylow (98) -- 1989-90 Owen Sound Greys
Most points, one season: Erik Anderson (145) -- 1996-97 Stratford Cullitons
Most goals, career: Ron White (163) -- 143 games with the Stratford Cullitons
Most assists, career: Jamie Hartnett (212) -- 188 games with Stratford Cullitons
Most points, career: Jamie Hartnett (371) -- 188 games with Stratford Cullitons
Most penalty minutes, season: Chris Brine (398) -- 1993-94 Cambridge Winterhawks
Lowest goals against average, one season: Greg Dreveny (1.96) -- 1988-89 Waterloo Siskins
Most shutouts, one season: Matt Barnes (6) -- 1993-94 Stratford Cullitons
External links
Midwestern Junior B Website
OHA Website
Pointstreak
Defunct ice hockey leagues in Ontario |
4016030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Frederick%20Shaw%2C%203rd%20Baronet | Sir Frederick Shaw, 3rd Baronet | Sir Frederick Shaw, 3rd Baronet (11 December 1799 – 30 June 1876) was an Irish Conservative MP in the United Kingdom Parliament. He was the second son of Colonel Sir Robert Shaw, Bt of Bushy Park, County Dublin and Maria Wilkinson. He became a member of the Privy Council of Ireland on 15 January 1835. Shaw became the 3rd Baronet on 19 February 1869.
He attended Trinity College Dublin (BA and MA 1832, LLB and LLD 1841), and subsequently Brasenose College, University of Oxford (BA). He became a member of King's Inns, Dublin and was called to the Irish Bar in 1822. He held the judicial offices of Recorder, (a part-time municipal judge) of Dublin and Dundalk.
He married on 16 March 1819, Thomasine Emily, the daughter of Hon. George Jocelyn, MP, of Newport, co. Tipperary, Member of Parliament for Dundalk.
He was MP for Dublin City in 1830–1831 and 1832. He represented Dublin University 1832–1848. He resigned his seat by becoming Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds.
He lived in Kimmage Manor right up to his death in 1876, upon succeeding to the Baronet he decided to stay in Kimmage which he had extended and develop rather than move to the other family residence in Terenure Castle. Whitehall Road, was known by the Profession of the Baron as Recorder's Road, or Bothair an Racadair, still the modern name in Irish of the road.
He was a distant relative of the writer George Bernard Shaw, whose father was a cousin of Frederick Shaw.
He is buried in Saint Mary's Church Crumlin Dublin. On his death his eldest son Robert Shaw (1821–95) succeeded to his baronetcy. Flora Shaw was a grandchild.
References
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. I 1832–1885, edited by Michael Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
External links
1799 births
1876 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
Irish Conservative Party MPs
People from Templeogue
Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium
Recorders of Dublin
Kimmage
Alumni of King's Inns |
4016070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koff | Koff | Koff may refer to:
Koff (beer), a Finnish beer brewed by Sinebrychoff
Clea Koff (forensic anthropologist) (born 1972)
Offutt Air Force Base (ICAO code KOFF)
Koff (ship type), a historical type of sailing vessel in the North Sea |
4016092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrina%20mulungu | Erythrina mulungu | Erythrina mulungu (Mulungu) is a Brazilian ornamental tree and medicinal plant native to the cerrado and caatinga ecoregions in Brazil, South America.
Description
This tree reaches up to 15 meters in height.
Seeds
The red-orange seeds germinate in organo-sandy substrates covered with a layer between 0.5 – 2 cm of the same, being irrigated daily, emerging between 7 and 16 days having high germination rate. Breaking dormancy is not usually necessary. But when it is needed, it is performed through germinative treatments consisting of mechanical scarification of the area opposite to the hilum and immersion in water for 24 hours.
The seeds are considered very toxic. Ingestion should be avoided and there is a danger of death.
Herbal medicine
Several Erythrina tree species are used by indigenous peoples in the Amazon as medicines, insecticides, and fish poisons. Tinctures and decoctions made from the leaves or barks of Mulungu are often used in Brazilian traditional medicine as a sedative, to calm an overexcited nervous system, to lower blood pressure, and for insomnia and depression.
Commercial preparations of Mulungu are available in Brazilian drugstores, but is not very widely known in North America and almost unknown in Europe, appearing mostly as an ingredient in only a few herbal formulas for anxiety or depression.
Mulungu extract composition
Chemical compounds found in Mulungu extract include the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxy-erythravine.
See also
List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil
Bark isolates
References
External links
University of São Paulo: Erythrina mulungu photos
mulungu
Trees of Brazil
Medicinal plants of South America |
4016098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal%20%28video%20game%29 | Baal (video game) | Baal is a platform-based shoot 'em up video game published in 1988 by Psygnosis. The player takes on the role of a "Time Warrior" sent into the recesses of hell to recover pieces of "The War Machine", which has been stolen by the evil minion Baal. The game was ported to MS-DOS by Tim Ansell of The Creative Assembly.
Plot
On June 6, 1999, a team of archaeologists discovered an ancient doorway that, when unintentionally opened, awakened Baal, a forgotten demonic entity, and his army of evil creatures. Baal's army storms the humans and manages to seize a weapon of war that allows their master to rule over and enslave humanity. In desperation, humanity holds a council of war that plans a counterattack to recover the stolen weapon and eliminate Baal. It is decided to create the Time Warriors, a futuristic combat unit that must infiltrate, by teleportation, the enemy's lair. The stolen weapon has been scattered there and must be found because the fate of humanity depends on it.
Gameplay
The player takes on the role of the Time Warriors' leader and must progress through levels in multi-directional scrolling profile view. The player must eliminate monsters with a laser gun while avoiding traps, including landmines, energy barriers and precipices that hinder progress. To advance through the levels, the player must disable the energy barriers by first destroying the energy generators that power them. This involves memorizing the locations to be destroyed and performing the appropriate action sequences to progress through the game. In addition, progressing through the enemy lair requires collecting the components of the stolen weapon that have been scattered throughout the levels. Progression is also achieved by controlling a Back Reactor vehicle.
Other items are also scattered throughout the game and can be collected. This is particularly the case for the laser rifle, whose power can be increased by collecting power units. The laser rifle may also need to be recharged at a terminal after intensive use.
Development
The cover artwork was created by Melvyn Grant, and the logo was designed by Roger Dean.
Reception
French magazine Tilt praised the quality of achievement, the labyrinth-like progression system of the game, its Satanic atmosphere, as well as the richness of the bestiary. The gameplay is compared to Obliterator, an action-adventure title developed by Psygnosis and released in 1988.
Computer and Video Games considered that the search for and deactivation of the energy doors gives the game puzzle elements. Julian Rignall described the soundtrack as one of the best ever heard on the Atari ST. The game's save system, which was not very common at the time, was also praised.
References
External links
Baal at the Amiga Hall of Light
Game manual
1988 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Psygnosis games
Platform games
Creative Assembly games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom |
4016108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet%20Bennett | Comet Bennett | Comet Bennett, formally known as C/1969 Y1 (old style 1970 II and 1969i), was one of two comets to pass earth in the 1970s, along with Comet West. The name is also borne by an altogether different comet, C/1974 V2. Discovered by John Caister Bennett on December 28, 1969 while still almost two AUs from the Sun, it reached perihelion on March 20, passing closest to Earth on March 26, 1970 as it receded, peaking at magnitude 0. It was last observed on February 27, 1971.
Apollo 13 attempted photograph
Comet Bennett was intended to be photographed by the crew of Apollo 13 during their journey to the Moon. Their first attempt on April 13, 1970 was unsuccessful. On April 14, 1970, after completing the maneuver to orient the spacecraft for a second attempt, Odysseys service module ruptured, forcing the cancellation of the mission's scientific objectives and touchdown on the lunar surface.
References
External links
Cometography.com
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
Non-periodic comets
1969 in science
1970 in science |
4016117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellow%20%28Donovan%20album%29 | Mellow (Donovan album) | Mellow is a 2CD compilation album by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan, released on 1 November 1997 (Recall 158).
History
In 1997, Recall Records reissued a large portion of Donovan's 1965 Pye Records catalogue with Mellow. It excluded several songs from those recordings, however, including "Turquoise" and "Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)".
Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.
Disc one
"Colours" – 2:47
"To Try for the Sun" – 3:39
"Sunny Goodge Street" – 2:58
"Oh Deed I Do" (Bert Jansch) – 2:10
"Circus of Sour" (Paul Bernath) – 1:53
"Summer Day Reflection Song" – 2:13
"Candy Man" (Traditional; arranged by Donovan) – 3:28
"Jersey Thursday" – 2:15
"Belated Forgiveness Plea" – 2:57
"Ballad of a Crystal Man" – 3:54
"The Little Tin Soldier" (Shawn Phillips) – 3:05
"Ballad of Geraldine" – 4:41
"Universal Soldier" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 2:14
"Do You Hear Me Now" (Jansch) – 1:49
"The War Drags On" (Mick Softley) – 3:43
Disc two
"Josie" – 3:29
"Catch the Wind" – 2:57
"Remember the Alamo" (Jane Bowers) – 3:05
"Cuttin' Out" – 2:20
"Car Car" (Woody Guthrie) – 1:32
"Keep On Truckin'" (Traditional; arranged by Donovan) – 1:51
"Gold Watch Blues" (Softley) – 2:33
"To Sing for You" – 2:44
"You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond" (Traditional; arranged by Donovan) – 4:04
"Tangerine Puppet" – 1:52
"Donna Donna" (Aaron Zeitlin, Sholom Secunda, Arthur S. Kevess, Teddi Schwartz) – 2:57
"Ramblin' Boy" – 2:34
"Catch the Wind" – 2:19
"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?" – 2:56
External links
Mellow – Donovan Unofficial Site
1997 compilation albums
Recall Records albums
Donovan compilation albums |
4016124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20McKinnon | Barry McKinnon | Barry Benjamin McKinnon (born 1944) is a Canadian poet.
Born in Calgary, Alberta, he taught English at the College of New Caledonia in Prince George, British Columbia.
Bibliography
The Golden Daybreak Hair. Toronto, ON: Aliquondo Press, 1967.
The Carcasses of Spring. Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks, 1971.
I Wanted to Say Something. Prince George, BC: Caledonia Writing Series, 1975.
Death of a Lyric Poet. Prince George, BC: Caledonia Writing Series, 1975.
Songs & Speeches. Prince George, BC: Caledonia Writing Series, 1976.
Sex at Thirty One. Prince George, BC: Caledonia Writing Series, 1977.
The The. (Fragments). Prince George, BC: Repository /Gorse Press, 1979.
The The. Toronto, ON: Coach House Press, 1980. (Nominated for the 1981 Governor General's Award)
Thoughts/Sketches. North Vancouver, BC: Tatlow/Gorse, 1985.
I Wanted to Say Something. Red Deer, AB: Red Deer College Press, 1990.
Pulplog. Prince George, BC: Caitlin Press, 1991.
Four Realities: poets from northern BC. Prince George, BC: Caitlin Press, 1992.
Arrythmia. Prince George, BC: Gorse Press, 1994.
The Centre. Prince George, BC: Caitlin Press, 1995.
Awards
bp Nichol Chap-Book Award, 2004. Bolivia/Peru
bp Nichol Chap-Book Award, 1995. Arrythmia
Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize, 1992. Pulplog
Governor General's Literary Award, 1981 (finalist) The The
References
External links
Records of Barry McKinnon are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books
Barry McKinnon fonds (2000.6) at Northern BC Archives
1944 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
Writers from Calgary
20th-century Canadian male writers |
4016132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flambeau%20%28character%29 | Flambeau (character) | Hercule Flambeau is a fictional character created by English novelist G. K. Chesterton, who appears in 48 short stories about the character Father Brown. A master criminal, his surname "Flambeau" is an alias, the French word for a flaming torch.
He first appeared in the story "The Blue Cross" as a jewel thief. Father Brown foiled his attempted crimes in this and several other stories. As a notorious and elusive criminal, Flambeau is a worry for law-enforcers. He is exposed by Father Brown, and later becomes a detective himself. His last appearance as a thief occurs in "The Flying Stars", in which Father Brown persuades him to return his loot and to give up the criminal life. As a reformed criminal, Flambeau assists Father Brown in a number of other short stories, beginning with "The Invisible Man".
Although Brown and Flambeau spend much of the day together in "The Blue Cross", when they meet again in "The Queer Feet", Brown recognizes Flambeau but the thief has no recollection of the priest.
He becomes Flambeau's friend before he reforms him, and uses this friendship to transform him. In "The Secret of Flambeau", Flambeau credits Father Brown for his reformation when he says, "Have I not heard the sermons of the righteous? […] Do you think all that ever did anything but make me laugh? Only my friend told me that he knew exactly why I stole, and I have never stolen since."
Flambeau's fate is revealed in "The Secret of Father Brown". Retiring as a detective, he marries and settles in a Spanish castle, raises a large family and lives in a blissful state of domesticity. Flambeau gives up his assumed name and returns to using his birth name, Duroc.
It has been suggested that Agatha Christie's famous detective Hercule Poirot was inspired by the character.
Flambeau has appeared in several film, television and radio adaptations. Actors who have portrayed him include:
Paul Lukas – Father Brown, Detective (1934 film)
Bill Griffis – The Adventures of Father Brown (1945 radio series)
Peter Finch – Father Brown/The Detective (US title) (1954 film)
Siegfried Lowitz – Das schwarze Schaf (The Black Sheep) (1960 film)
Dennis Burgess – Father Brown (1974 TV series)
Olivier Pierre – Father Brown Stories (1984–1986 BBC Radio series)
John Light – Father Brown (2013 TV series) (Episodes: 1.10 "The Blue Cross", 2.5 "The Mysteries of the Rosary", 3.10 "The Judgment of Man", 4.5 "The Daughter of Autolycus", 5.15 "The Penitent Man", 6.10 "The Two Deaths of Hercule Flambeau", 7.10 "The Honourable Thief", 8.5 "The Folly of Jephthah", 9.5 "The Final Devotion")
References
External links
Online text of "The Blue Cross".
Fictional French people in literature
Fictional gentleman thieves
Literary characters introduced in 1910
G. K. Chesterton |
4016139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20plant%20systematics | History of plant systematics | The history of plant systematics—the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists. As a field of science, plant systematics came into being only slowly, early plant lore usually being treated as part of the study of medicine. Later, classification and description was driven by natural history and natural theology. Until the advent of the theory of evolution, nearly all classification was based on the scala naturae. The professionalization of botany in the 18th and 19th century marked a shift toward more holistic classification methods, eventually based on evolutionary relationships.
Antiquity
The peripatetic philosopher Theophrastus (372–287 BC), as a student of Aristotle in Ancient Greece, wrote Historia Plantarum, the earliest surviving treatise on plants, where he listed the names of over 500 plant species. He did not articulate a formal classification scheme, but relied on the common groupings of folk taxonomy combined with growth form: tree shrub; undershrub; or herb.
The De Materia Medica of Dioscorides was an important early compendium of plant descriptions (over five hundred), classifying plants chiefly by their medicinal effects.
Medieval
The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII sent a copy of Dioscorides' pharmacopeia to the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Rahman III who ruled Córdoba in the 9th century, and also sent a monk named Nicolas to translate the book into Arabic. It was in use from its publication in the 1st century until the 16th century, making it one of the major herbals throughout the Middle Ages. The taxonomy criteria of medieval texts is different from what is used today. Plants with similar external appearance were usually grouped under the same species name, though in modern taxonomy they are considered different.
Abū l-Khayr's botanical work is the most complete Andalusi botanical text known to modern scholars. It is noted for its detailed descriptions of plant morphology and phenology.
Early modern period
In the 16th century, works by Otto Brunfels, Hieronymus Bock, and Leonhart Fuchs helped to revive interest in natural history based on first-hand observation; Bock in particular included environmental and life cycle information in his descriptions. With the influx of exotic species in the Age of Exploration, the number of known species expanded rapidly, but most authors were far more interested in the medicinal properties of individual plants than an overarching classification system. Later influential Renaissance books include those of Caspar Bauhin and Andrea Cesalpino. Bauhin described over 6000 plants, which he arranged into 12 books and 72 sections based on a wide range of common characteristics. Cesalpino based his system on the structure of the organs of fructification, using the Aristotelian technique of logical division.
In the late 17th century, the most influential classification schemes were those of English botanist and natural theologian John Ray and French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort. Ray, who listed over 18,000 plant species in his works, is credited with establishing the monocot/dicot division and some of his groups — mustards, mints, legumes and grasses — stand today (though under modern family names). Tournefort used an artificial system based on logical division which was widely adopted in France and elsewhere in Europe up until Linnaeus.
The book that had an enormous accelerating effect on the science of plant systematics was Species Plantarum (1753) by Linnaeus. It presented a complete list of the plant species then known to Europe, ordered for the purpose of easy identification using the number and arrangement of the male and female sexual organs of the plants. Of the groups in this book, the highest rank that continues to be used today is the genus. The consistent use of binomial nomenclature along with a complete listing of all plants provided a huge stimulus for the field.
Although meticulous, the classification of Linnaeus served merely as an identification manual; it was based on phenetics and did not regard evolutionary relationships among species. It assumed that plant species were given by God and that what remained for humans was to recognise them and use them (a Christian reformulation of the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being). Linnaeus was quite aware that the arrangement of species in the Species Plantarum was not a natural system, i.e. did not express relationships. However he did present some ideas of plant relationships elsewhere.
Modern and Contemporary periods
Significant contributions to plant classification came from de Jussieu (inspired by the work of Michel Adanson) in 1789 and the early nineteenth century saw the start of work by de Candolle, culminating in the Prodromus.
A major influence on plant systematics was the theory of evolution (Charles Darwin published Origin of Species in 1859), resulting in the aim to group plants by their phylogenetic relationships. To this was added the interest in plant anatomy, aided by the use of the light microscope and the rise of chemistry, allowing the analysis of secondary metabolites.
Currently, the strict use of epithets in botany, although regulated by international codes, is considered unpractical and outdated. The very notion of species, the fundamental classification unit, is often up to subjective intuition and thus can not be well defined. As a result, estimate of the total number of existing "species" (ranging from 2 million to 100 million) becomes a matter of preference.
While scientists have agreed for some time that a functional and objective classification system must reflect actual evolutionary processes and genetic relationships, the technological means for creating such a system did not exist until recently. In the 1990s DNA technology saw immense progress, resulting in unprecedented accumulation of DNA sequence data from various genes present in compartments of plant cells. In 1998 a ground-breaking classification of the angiosperms (the APG system) consolidated molecular phylogenetics (and especially cladistics or phylogenetic systematics) as the best available method. For the first time relatedness could be measured in real terms, namely similarity of the molecules comprising the genetic code.
Timeline of publications
(In English, with list of systems since 1703 (John Ray) until 1845)
See also
History of botany
Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais
Conservation movement
Environmental protection
Ethnobotany
Automated species identification
Pl@ntNet
References
History of botany
Plant systematics |
4016150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Plate%20%28Mars%29 | Home Plate (Mars) | Home Plate is a plateau roughly 90 m across within the Columbia Hills, Mars. It is informally named for its similarity in shape to a baseball home plate. Home Plate is a rocky outcrop that appears to show layered features.
The plateau has been extensively studied by Spirit, one of the Mars Exploration Rovers, since 2006. The rover became stuck in loose granular material alongside the northeast side of the plateau. The rover last communicated with Earth on March 22, 2010.
Exploration
Spirit arrived at Home Plate on sol 744 (February 7, 2006) and has completed a scientific investigation with her robotic arm before moving to Low Ridge Haven due to power concerns. She returned on sol 1126 to resume those studies.
Spirit spent her third Martian winter on Home Plate's north edge.
Origins
Scientists now believe that Home Plate is an explosive volcanic deposit. It is surrounded by deposits of basalt, which are believed to have exploded on contact with water. The presence of brine is further supported by the high concentration of chloride ions in the surrounding rocks. The presence of bomb sags (laminae typically found in beds of volcanish ash) seems to confirm this hypothesis.
A patch of 90% pure opaline silicon dioxide was unearthed by Spirit in the vicinity of Home Plate. The patch is believed to be formed in acidic hydrothermal conditions, which supports the theory that Home Plate is of an explosive volcanic origin. Water is also present as mineral hydrates.
Since 2008, scientists believe that this formation is an example of an eroded, ancient, and extinct fumarole.
Gallery
See also
List of rocks on Mars
References
External links
Nasa's Mars Exploration Program
Current position of the Mars rovers - Home Plate is visible, with Spirits journey around it.
The Planetary Society Weblog: Home, Sweet Home for Spirit
Official Mars Rovers site
Rocks on Mars
Fumaroles
Mars Exploration Rover mission |
4016152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan%20Republic | Neapolitan Republic | Neapolitan Republic can refer to two different rebellions of Naples and its neighbourhood against the king's rule:
the Neapolitan Republic of 1647.
the Neapolitan Republic of 1799. |
4016155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Horseshoe%20Junior%20Hockey%20League | Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League | The Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League (GHL) was a junior ice hockey league in Ontario, Canada, sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Association from 1974 until 2007. In 2007, the league became a division of the newly formed Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League along with the Mid-Western Junior Hockey League and Western Ontario Hockey League.
History
The year 1974 saw the founding of the Golden Horseshoe Junior B Hockey League. The league consisted mostly of "inner ring" teams from the Niagara District Junior B Hockey League. The "outer ring" teams maintained with the Niagara league. In 1978, the Golden Horseshoe league jumped from six to nine teams by swallowing the majority of the short-lived Southwestern Junior B Hockey League. A season later, the Niagara District league folded and their final champion, the Fort Erie Meteors, came aboard as the GHL's tenth team.
In 1995-96 and 1996–97, the GHL played an interlocking schedule with USA Hockey's North Eastern Junior Hockey League. In 1997-98, the league even allowed the expansion of one of the NEJHL's teams, the Rochester Jr. Americans for a single season.
In 2005-06, the GHL allowed another former NEJHL team, the Wheatfield Jr. Blades, to participate in the league.
In 2007, the league merged with the Western Ontario Hockey League and the Mid-Western Junior Hockey League to form the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.
2007-08 Season
For information on the 2007-08 season, please see: Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.
Final teams
These are the teams that were in the league during its final independent season (2006-07).
Fort Erie Meteors
Niagara Falls Canucks
Port Colborne Sailors
St. Catharines Falcons
Stoney Creek Warriors
Thorold Blackhawks
Welland Jr. Canadians
Wheatfield Jr. Blades
Other former members
Brantford Classics
Buffalo Jr. Sabres
Caledonia Corvairs
Dundas Blues
Dunnville Terriers
Grimsby Peach Kings
Hamilton Mountain Bees
Hamilton Red Wings
Simcoe Jets
Tillsonburg Mavericks
Former interleague opponents
Pittsburgh Renegades
Rochester Jr. Americans
Springfield Jr. Indians
Playoff Champions
Records
Records taken from Official Website.
Best record: 1997-98 Niagara Falls Canucks (43-3-3)
Worst record: 1993-94 Fort Erie Meteors (1-38-1)
External links
Golden Horseshoe Junior B Website
OHA Website
Defunct ice hockey leagues in Ontario |
4016170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Thomas%20%28author%29 | Bill Thomas (author) | Bill Thomas (November 11, 1934 – June 3, 2009) was an American author and photojournalist, the son of William Roy Thomas and Margaret Elizabeth (Crabtree) Thomas born on the family farm near Glendale, Kentucky.
Biography
Thomas reported for the Park City Daily News, while attending Western Kentucky University. Upon graduation, he accepted a commission in the US Army Reserve, and trained in 1958 at Ft. Holobird, Maryland. Thomas was later employed by United Press International in Louisville, Kentucky, and then The Cincinnati Enquirer in 1962. He was promoted to Travel Editor at the Enquirer.
Thomas left the Enquirer in 1966, to freelance for a number of newspapers and magazines. His work focused in the areas of outdoors, travel, and human interest, and was published in Field & Stream, Woodall's Trailer Travel, Outdoor Life, The Saturday Evening Post, and many other periodicals.
In 1976, Thomas received the National Geographic Award for Photography. Thomas published his first book in 1974.
Books
Tripping in America: Off the Beaten Track (1974)
Eastern Trips & Trails (1975)
Mid-America Trips and Trails (1975)
The Swamp (1976)
The Complete World of Kites (1977)
Lakeside Recreation Areas (1977)
American Rivers: A Natural History (1978)
The Island (1981)
The Brown County Book (1981)
Talking with the Animals: How to Communicate with Wildlife (1985)
How You Can Make $50,000 a Year as a Nature Photojournalist (1986)
Natural Chicago, with Phyllis Thomas (1986)
Natural New York, with Phyllis Thomas (1988)
Indiana Off the Beaten Path (1989)
Natural Los Angeles, with Phyllis Thomas (1989)
Natural Washington (1991)
Wild Woodlands: The Old-Growth Forests of America (1992)
Travel America's Past and Future: The Travel Guide to Americas Living Restorations and Futuristic Attractions (1993)
The River Purple (2002)
American male journalists
American travel writers
American photojournalists
1934 births
2009 deaths
Writers from Kentucky
People from Hardin County, Kentucky
The Cincinnati Enquirer people |
4016177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor%20Ivanchov | Todor Ivanchov | Todor Ivanchov () (1858 – 1906) was a supporter of Vasil Radoslavov who served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 13 October 1899 to 25 January 1901.
Born in Veliko Tarnovo, he was educated at Robert College and in Montpellier, specializing in economics. He served as the editor of a number of Bulgarian newspapers and joined the Cabinet in 1885 under Petko Karavelov, serving as Minister of National Enlightenment. He was Minister of Education when he was chosen to be Prime Minister in 1899. During his own Premiership Ivanchov also held the role of Minister of Finance. He enacted a series of reforms to improve the civil service. He was, however, considered a weak leader.
In 1903 he was put on trial by the State Court for constitutional violations whilst a member of Radoslavov's cabinet. Sentenced to eight months' imprisonment, he was later pardoned.
References
1858 births
1906 deaths
People from Veliko Tarnovo
Liberal Party (Bulgaria) politicians
Liberal Party (Radoslavists) politicians
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Finance ministers of Bulgaria
Robert College alumni
19th-century Bulgarian people |
4016195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wives%20of%20Bath | The Wives of Bath | The Wives of Bath is a novel by Susan Swan, inspired by her own childhood experiences at Havergal College in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Plot introduction
In late 1963, Mary 'Mouse' Bradford is sent to boarding school by her unsympathetic father and jealous stepmother. There, she meets the rebellious Paulie, and together they embark upon a quest to discover what, fundamentally, separates men from women.
Explanation of the novel's title
In Swan's own words, "... the teachers and matrons of the boarding school remind [Mouse] of Chaucer's Wife of Bath because they are the only women she has met who live by their own rules. Yet even their power is limited, and Mouse concludes near the end of the novel:
Plot summary
Part one
Mouse introduces herself, and mentions her involvement in Paulie's "weird, Napoleonic act of self-assertion", though she does not specify exactly what it was that Paulie did, or even who she is. Mouse speaks of her distracted father, Morley, and her critical stepmother, Sal. She also tells the reader of the hump she has in her left shoulder as a result of a childhood bout of polio, which developed into kyphosis. Mouse has named the hump Alice, after her dead mother, and says that the hump is like a friend to her. Throughout the novel, Mouse's conversations with Alice provide comic relief and exposition on the story's dark events. In the second chapter, Mouse pauses the narrative and recounts details from Paulie's trial, something she continues to do sporadically throughout the novel. It emerges that Paulie committed a murder of some kind.
Mouse recalls how she was sent to the boarding school in Toronto- Bath Ladies' College- because her father had "an unfortunate inferiority complex about bringing up females" and because its headmistress, Vera Vaughan, was a distant cousin of Morley's. Mouse is nervous, keenly aware of her shyness and her physical shortcomings, and is bewildered by the strange atmosphere of the old-fashioned school. She meets the friendly janitor, Sergeant (who is a dwarf), and Paulie's brother, Lewis, whom she later catches shaving in her new dorm bathroom. Mouse meets Tory and Paulie that evening, immediately warming to the friendly Tory and taken aback by Paulie's brash manner. It is clear that, different as they are, the two have a very close friendship. Tory tells Mouse that Paulie's brother, Lewis, is her boyfriend, and that they are in love.
Mouse settles quickly, but not comfortably, into the school, picking up the lexicon and the consensus regarding the staff of the school amongst the students. The intensity of her fixation with John F. Kennedy is evident in the long, familiar letters that she sends him on a regular basis.
To both Mouse and Paulie's chagrin, Tory breaks her leg in a field hockey accident and is sent home for the rest of the winter term. Tiring of Paulie's volatile behaviour, Miss Vaughan orders Paulie to 'walk off' her frustrations at the school every evening after class, and assigns Mouse to accompany her. The two form a kind of bond, and Paulie soon reveals to Mouse that she doesn't have a brother named Lewis; it is actually her, masquerading as a boy, and that she has everyone fooled, even Tory. She takes Mouse to the shrine she has made to the 1933 film King Kong, and sets Mouse a series of bizarre tests to prove that she, too, can 'be' a boy. These include: eating six bowls of tapioca pudding without vomiting, letting a match burn to the skin without crying, and managing to urinate whilst standing up.
After Mouse completes these 'preliminaries', she embarks upon three major tests: mastery over other men, mastery over women and mastery over nature; in the first, Mouse creates her male alter-ego 'Nick the Greek', and dresses as a boy for the first time. Mouse and Paulie pick a fight with boys from the nearby King's College, one of whom is Tory's elder brother, Rick. In the second, Paulie challenges Mouse to seduce an overweight girl from the local convent school, which she does, though the outcome borders on comical; the girl in question, Josie, is found to have known all along that 'Nick' was a girl, and bursts into tears when Mouse hesitates to caress her. In the third test, Paulie challenges Mouse to kill a pigeon.
Mouse's reluctance to do these tasks emphasises that her wish to be a man is not founded on a genuine desire to become one, or even on an attraction to girls. Rather, Mouse longs for the freedom that the men of the time enjoyed, which she believes she will never be able to experience as a woman.
In Tory's absence, teacher's pet Ismay Thom moves into Mouse and Paulie's dorm room. Her pushy presence aggravates Paulie, but Mouse warms to Ismay's eccentric but likeable character.
Paulie leads Mouse in a break-in to Mrs Peddie's private quarters, where they stumble upon correspondence between Miss Vaughan and Mrs Peddie, written years before. The letters detail an incident in which Miss Vaughan was assaulted by a police officer, who had seen her kissing Mrs Peddie. Paulie steals them, and hides them in Mouse's bedside drawer. When Mouse checks on them in the morning, they have disappeared.
In Tory's absence, Paulie's behaviour worsens, and she is banned from attending the Visitor's Luncheon at King's College. Mouse is taken there by her Uncle Winnie (her mother's brother) and his wife. Whilst there, she sees Tory with Lewis in the yard outside. Lewis is chased from the school, after being seen vandalising a statue. Amidst the uproar, the news is broken that President Kennedy has been assassinated.
Mouse is devastated by the news of the President's death, but is cheered by letters from Jack O'Malley, a King's College student she met at the Luncheon. Paulie's behaviour becomes increasingly sinister; she instructs Mouse to beat her with an old cane, and when she hesitates, Paulie beats her with it instead, hard enough to draw blood. Mouse admits that she continued to go along with Paulie's tests because Paulie's evil character absolves her of all the things in her life that she cannot change (i.e., not being worthy of Morley's love, not having any friends) and makes her even more innocent.
After performing in the Christmas show, Mouse is summoned to Miss Vaughan's office, where she is told that Morley has died from a sudden heart attack.
Part two
Mouse returns to her home in Madoc's Landing to bury her father. Though she seems cold and distant to the reality of his death, it is obvious that she is devastated. Her stepmother Sal, who is frequently heard as Mouse's voice of conscience, is revealed to be an alcoholic. Miss Vaughan attends the funeral, bringing Paulie, who tells Mouse that Rick is trying to stop Tory from seeing Lewis. Miss Vaughan asks Mouse to keep what she has discovered in her and Mrs Peddie's letters to herself.
Mouse resolves to never dress as a boy again, and meditates on her father's lack of affection for her. She concludes that he loved his work too much. Mouse returns to Bath College with keepsakes of his, one of them being a book on anatomy (he was a surgeon) and his old doctor's bag.
Part three
On returning to school, Mouse discovers that Paulie has been removed from her dorm room, replaced by Asa Abrams, and that Tory has returned. To her surprise, she receives quiet sympathy from her peers as well as her teachers, and is particularly touched by Tory's gift of a New Testament bible. Paulie has been forced to take Asa's old cubicle. Her exile makes her noticeably friendlier to Mouse. Paulie discloses that she (as Lewis) got into a fight with Rick and injured him with a knife, and that Tory was upset with her for doing it. Ismay tells Mouse that Paulie has been carving lurid stick figures on her bedstead and stealing her music scores, which Paulie laughingly denies.
Lewis drives Mouse to King's College on the evening of the Christmas dance, to pick up Jack O'Malley. The two make awkward conversation as Lewis drives to Canon Quinn's house to pick Tory up. Mouse sees Rick and Lewis arguing and scuffling at the door of the Quinns' house; Lewis returns to the van noticeably upset and without Tory. Once alone, Lewis reveals to Mouse that Rick had challenged Lewis to prove he was a boy by showing him his penis, and begins to cry.
Mouse eventually leaves Paulie, and joins Jack inside. They become involved in the festivities, drinking gin and "fooling around for the longest time standing up". Toward the end of the evening, Mouse breaks away and searches for Paulie, finally finding her in the tower washroom, her hair shorn and her face cut and bleeding. Paulie angrily brushes Mouse away when she tries to comfort her, and says that she's not giving up on Tory. They are distracted by Sergeant, who has dressed up as the school's dead founder, Miss Higgs, for the evening, and is tearing round the school on an antiquated Victorian bicycle. The girls try to follow him, but Mouse loses Paulie in the darkness. She looks for her in her room, and discovers Ismay's musical scores in there, along with pages ripped from her father's Gray's Anatomy; the pages depict the male penis, and have been annotated by Paulie. Tired, and tipsy from the alcohol Jack gave her, Mouse goes to bed.
Mouse wakes early the next morning and, worried by Paulie's prolonged absence, goes to look for her in the tunnels beneath the school. She finds Paulie distressed, saying that Sergeant has fallen against one of the heating pipes and hurt himself. She takes Mouse to his prone body, then sends her to get the Czech groundskeeper, Willy. Sergeant is unconscious, and badly burned from falling against the scalding pipes. When Mouse returns with him, she finds Sergeant dead, and Paulie gone. Remembering what she found the evening before, a horrified Mouse suspects what Paulie has done. Lifting his costume skirts, Mouse sees that Sergeant has been castrated.
Mouse recalls details from Paulie's trial, and informs the reader what happened next; after removing Sergeant's genitals with one of Morley's scalpels, Paulie had stuck them to herself with tire glue, and presented herself to Rick Quinn in her chilling garb. She was arrested shortly after, and found to be too mentally unstable to take full responsibility for her actions; eluding jail, Paulie was sent to a mental institution for "rehabilitation". Tory was sent to another school (though the court heard that she continued to see Paulie whilst she was in custody), and Mouse was sent home to Madoc's Landing until the furor over her involvement in Paulie's crime had died down. She recalls a dream she had about Sergeant after his memorial service, and says she's glad that he didn't know it was not his friend Lewis who had killed him, but Paulie.
Now sixteen, Mouse looks back on her time at Bath's College, crediting the girls and women there who inspired her to be herself, and signs herself off as 'M.B.'
Characters in The Wives of Bath
Main characters
Mary Beatrice 'Mouse' Bradford
Deep-thinking, shy and intelligent. Mouse's adoration of her father, Morley, and her idolization of John F. Kennedy suggests that she, like Paulie, longs for the freedom and status of becoming a man. However, when presented with confrontational situations that test her 'masculinity', Mouse's 'feminine' instincts (i.e. passivity, fear and obedience) take precedence.
Pauline 'Paulie' Sykes/Lewis
Rebellious, troubled and wild. Paulie resents the status females have been given by society, and constantly challenges one to consider exactly what it is that makes a man characteristically 'masculine', (i.e. strong, self-assured, and resourceful). Paulie finds a freedom in masquerading as a boy. Though mainly unsympathetic and at times even violent toward Mouse, Paulie harbours an idealistic and devoted love for Tory. The horrific murder Paulie commits at the climax of the novel acts as the dénouement for the story.
Victoria 'Tory' Quinn
Kind, beautiful and vulnerable, Tory could be described as being acceptably 'feminine'. Though not as subversive as Paulie, Tory is rebellious in her own way. She frequently breaks school rules, and does not respond seriously to discipline when she doesn't manage to evade it. Most importantly, the nature of her relationship with Paulie prevents her from being described as a typical girl of the time. Mouse questions, toward the end of the novel, whether Tory was aware that Lewis and Paulie were the same person; there is evidence for both arguments, but the intensity of their relationship suggests that she was.
Other characters
Vera 'The Virgin' Vaughan
Mrs Peddie
Morley Bradford
Sal Bradford
Sergeant
Richard 'Rick' Quinn
Ismay Thom
Major themes, symbols and motifs
Gender issues and stereotypes
Repressive atmosphere of the 1960s
Forbidden love
Freudian/Psychoanalytic theories of sexuality and gender identity
King Kong as a masculine hero
Allusions/references to other works/authors
Geoffrey Chaucer's The Wife of Bath
Charlotte Brontë's criticism of Jane Austen
The character and suicide of Virginia Woolf
Allusions/references to actual history and current science
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy
The Holocaust
MacDonald Triad
Awards and nominations
Shortlisted for the 1993 Guardian Fiction Award
Shortlisted for the 1993 Trillium Award
Winner of the 1993 Toronto Arts Council Award for Fiction
Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
The Wives of Bath was made into the independent film Lost and Delirious in 2001, directed by Léa Pool and adapted for the screen by Judith Thompson. The Film stars Piper Perabo as Paulie, Jessica Paré as Tory, and a young Mischa Barton as Mouse.
Susan Swan has recently written a foreword for the new edition of The Wives of Bath praising Lost and Delirious, though she states that it is, superficially, "vastly different" from the original novel. The film was listed in the Official Selection for the Sundance Film Festival in 2001.
The last names of the main characters differ in Lost and Delirious to those in The Wives of Bath; Paulie's was changed from "Sykes" to "Oster"; Tory's from "Quinn" to "Moller"; and Mouse's from "Bradford" to "Bedford".
The murder that serves as the dénouement for the story was not included in the Lost and Delirious screenplay by Judith Thompson, who felt that the grotesque nature of Paulie's crime would not translate properly on-screen. Instead, the film ends with the character of Paulie committing suicide.
Sources and external links
Official Susan Swan site
The new foreword for The Wives of Bath
1993 Canadian novels
Canadian novels adapted into films
Novels set in Toronto
Fiction set in 1963
Books with cover art by Chip Kidd |
4016207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engler%20system | Engler system | One of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler (1844–1930), and is featured in two major taxonomic texts he authored or coauthored. His influence is reflected in the use of the terms "Engler School" and "Engler Era". Engler's starting point was that of Eichler who had been the first to use phylogenetic principles, although Engler himself did not think that his was.
Engler's works
His modified Eichler schema first appeared in 1886 in his Guide to Breslau Botanic Garden (of which he was the director) and was expanded in his Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien in 1892. This reflected the new post-Darwinian perspective. Engler's Syllabus first appeared in 1892 with the title Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik. Many subsequent editions have appeared since, and it was continued after Engler's death in 1930. The most recent edition was the 13th in 2009.
The other major work was Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (1887-1915) written with Karl Anton Prantl in 23 volumes. An incomplete second edition was issued in 28 parts (1924-1980). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien consisted of a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien is still considered one of the few true World Floras. Finally there was the also incomplete Das Pflanzenreich (1900–1968), a multi-authored work which attempted to provide a modern version of Linnaeus' Species Plantarum (1753). The Engler system rapidly became the most widely used system in the world.
References to the Engler system may imply an edition of the Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien or Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. The different approaches between the two works and the different editions has resulted in inconsistencies in the descriptions of the system. A number of references to the Engler system actually refer to later revisions ('modified Engler system') undertaken by Melchior and colleagues, the 12th edition of the Syllabus (1964). Many of the world's herbaria have been organised on the Engler system, particularly in North America and in Europe other than Britain. The Engler system is also reflected in his multi-volume collaborative work, begun in 1900, Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus.
Plants were considered to form a number of divisions (Abteilung), the number of which continually changed but initially (1886) was four and in 1919 was thirteen. Many of these referred to lower life forms such as bacteria and algae that would not necessarily be considered as plants today. Initially higher plants (Embryophyta or terrestrial plants) were considered in two divisions, Embryophyta Asiphonogama (bryophytes, pteridophytes) and Embryophyta Siphonogama (Spermatophytes: gymnosperms, angiosperms), but were later subdivided. Embryophyta Siphonogama replaced the older term Phanerogamae, and the classes were further divided into groups of families, called orders. Engler followed Eichler's phylogeny, placing the monocotyledons before the dicotyledons, and within the latter the Archichlamydeae before the Metachlamydeae. While the groupings were largely based on those of Bentham and Hooker, the ordering was very much based on the concept of the primitive plant and those that were derived from these.
Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten (Engler 1886)
Synopsis
Division Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes)
Division Thallophyta
Subdivision Schizophyta
Subdivision Algae
Class Bacilleriaceae (Diatomaceae)
Class Chlorophyceae
Class Phaeophyceae
Class Rhodophyceae (Florideae)
Subdivision Fungi
Class Phycomycetes
Class Ustilagineae
Class Ascomycetes (Lichenes)
Subdivision Characeae
Division Zoidogamae (Archegoniatae)
Subdivision Bryophyta
Class Hepaticae
Class Musci frondosi
Subdivision Pteridophyta
Class Filicinae (2 orders) p. 11
Class Equisetinae
Class Lycopodinae
Division Siphonogamae (Phanerogamae, Anthophyta)
Subdivision Gymnospermae (Archispermae)
Class Cycadinae
Class Coniferae
Class Gnetales
Subdivision Angiospermae (Metaspermae)
Class Monocotyledoneae (10 orders) p. 18
Class Dicotyledoneae
Subclass Archichlamydeae (Choripetalae, Apetalae) (25 orders) p. 30
Subclass Sympetalae (10 orders) p. 57
Division Zoidogamae (Archegoniatae)
Subdivision Bryophyta
Class Hepaticae
Class Musci frondosi
Subdivision Pteridophyta
Class Filicinae (2 orders)
Order Filices p. 11
Order Hydropterides p. 13
Class Equisetinae
Class Lycopodinae
Division Siphonogamae (Phanerogamae, Anthophyta)
Subdivision Gymnospermae (Archispermae)
Class Cycadinae
Class Coniferae
Class Gnetales
Subdivision Angiospermae (Metaspermae)
Class Monocotyledoneae (10 orders) p. 18
Class Monocotyledoneae
Order Pandanales (3 families) p. 18
Order Helobiae (Fluviales) (9 families) p. 18
Order Glumiflorae (2 families) p. 18
Family Gramineae
Family Cyperaceae p. 21
Order Principes (1 family) p. 21
Order Synanthae (1 family) p. 22
Order Spathiflorae (2 families) p. 22
Order Farinosae (11 families) p. 23
Order Liliiflorae (Solido-albuminatae) (8 families) p. 23
Family Juncaceae p. 23
Family Liliaceae (10 subfamilies) p. 23
Subfamily Melanthioideae p. 24
Subfamily Herrerioideae
Subfamily Asphodeloideae
Subfamily Allioideae p. 25
Subfamily Liliodeae p. 25
Subfamily Dracaenoideae
Subfamily Asparagoideae p. 26
Subfamily Ophiopogonoideae
Subfamily Luzuriagoideae
Subfamily Smilacoideae p. 26
Family Haemodoraceae
Family Amaryllidaceae (3 subfalies) p. 26
Subfamily Amaryllidoideae p. 26
Subfamily Agavoideae p. 26
Subfamily Hypoxidoideae
Family Velloziaceae p. 27
Family Taccaceae
Family Dioscoreaceae
Family Iridaceae (3 subfamilies) p. 27
Subfamily Crocoideae
Subfamily Iridoideae
Subfamily Ixioideae
Order Scitamineae p. 28
Order Microspermae
Class Dicotyledoneae
Subclass Archichlamydeae (Choripetalae, Apetalae) (25 orders) p. 30
Subclass Sympetalae (10 orders) p. 57
Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Engler and Prantl 1887–1915)
Synopsis of first edition
Myxothallophyta (Myxomycetes) [I (1)] 1897
Euthallophyta
Embryophyta Zoidiogama (Archegoniatae) (later Embryophyta Asiphonogama) [I (3)] 1909
Embryophyta Siphonogama [II (1)] 1889
Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (Engler ed. 1892–)
Synopsis of first edition
Myxothallophyta
Euthallophyta
Embryophyta Zoidiogama (Archegoniatae)
Embryophyta Siphonogama (Phanerogamae)
Gymnospermae
Angiospermae
Das Pflanzerreich (Engler ed. 1900–)
In the foreword included in the first part of this monumental work, Engler explained the need for a more detailed monograph than in Pflanzenfamilien.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Works by Engler
Google Books
Works about Engler
External links
Engler & Prantl system
Bhandary, J. Engler & Prantl system of classification. 2013 Slide show
George H. M. Lawrence TAXONOMY OF VASCULAR PLANTS: Part One 03. History of Classification: Theories
system, Engler
Systems of bacterial taxonomy
Systems of fungus taxonomy
Systems of algal taxonomy |
4016218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karisoke%20Research%20Center | Karisoke Research Center | The Karisoke Research Center is a research institute in Rwanda's Volcanoes National Park. It was founded by Dian Fossey on 24 September 1967 to study endangered mountain gorillas. Fossey located the camp in Rwanda's Virunga volcanic mountain range, between Mount Karisimbi and Mount Bisoke, and named it by combining the names of the two mountains.
After Fossey's murder in December 1985, the camp continued to function under the auspices of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. In 2012, Karisoke moved its headquarters to a more modern facility in Musanze.
At the time Fossey founded Karisoke, she feared that the mountain gorilla might become extinct by the end of the 20th century, as her mentor, Dr. Louis Leakey, had warned. A census published in 1981 found that the population had fallen to 242 individuals, from a 1960 estimate of 400–500. , 45 years later, some 480 mountain gorillas are known to inhabit the Virunga mountains (according to a census), a significant increase. Karisoke survived Fossey's murder in 1985 as well as years of civil strife and also expanded tremendously over the past few decades.
History
Karisoke Under Dian Fossey
In A FOREST IN THE CLOUDS: MY YEAR AMONG THE MOUNTAIN GORILLAS IN THE REMOTE ENCLAVE OF DIAN FOSSEY (Pegasus Books, 2018) John Fowler describes Fossey's remote mountain gorilla camp, Karisoke Research Center, a few years prior to her gruesome murder, telling the often-shocking story of the unraveling of Fossey’s Rwandan facility as pressures mount in an effort to extricate Fossey from her domain. Instead of the intrepid scientist many admired in the pages of National Geographic magazine, Fowler shows Fossey as a chain-smoking, hard-drinking woman bullying her staff and students into submission in her efforts to hold onto to her reputation as scientist and savior of the mountain gorillas.[6]
Rwandan Genocide
The site was closed down during the genocide and civil war in Rwanda when most of the workers became refugees in neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire). Most Karisoke trackers lost their homes and possessions in the war, and some saw family members murdered. Some were imprisoned when they returned home. Rwandan staff continued to monitor the gorillas during this period whenever possible.
By 1998 Karisoke’s expatriate staff had evacuated five times. The facility was destroyed three times, rebuilt twice, and eventually relocated to Musanze (formerly Ruhengeri). Despite the constant threat of war, Karisoke continued to upgrade its capacity for scientific research through new technology and new partnerships with local authorities and other conservation organizations. The gorillas survived the war years in good condition, despite the greatly increased number of snares set by poachers. The buildings, now in ruins and overgrown by vegetation, are still a monument to Fossey, her work and the first camp dedicated exclusively to the study of mountain gorillas. The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund continues to operate the Karisoke Research Center, from its Regional Research Center headquarters in Musanze.
Current
Thanks to Karisoke Research Center's active conservation program, the mountain gorillas of the Virungas are the only great ape species to have increased in number in recent decades.
Karisoke conducts extensive daily protection and monitoring of the mountain gorillas, numerous science and research projects, various education initiatives, and community health and development projects. Since its establishment in 1967, Karisoke has produced an unparalleled amount of information about the mountain gorillas and their habitat and attracts scientists and science students from around the world.
Karisoke is also a significant resource for the people who live near the gorillas, employing more than 100 staff members, the great majority of whom are Rwandan. Over half of these are involved in research, protection, and monitoring of the gorillas. Others are engaged in biodiversity and socioeconomic research, education, health, and administration. In addition, Karisoke provides the human communities in the area with education, health, and economic development programs. Staff members provide conservation education to primary and secondary school students and to adult community members through a variety of media. The Fossey Fund supports and has helped renovate schools and a health clinic near the park and supports clean water, parasite treatment, and prevention programs that reduce transmission of disease from people to gorillas as well as improving the quality of life for the communities.
Ellen DeGeneres plans to help build a permanent home in Rwanda for the work of the Fossey Fund to protect critically endangered mountain gorillas. The Ellen DeGeneres Campus of the Fossey Gorilla Fund is to be a permanent, specially designed facility for scientists who are helping to save mountain gorillas.
References
6. Fowler, John (2018). A Forest in the Clouds: My Year Among the Mountain Gorillas in the Remote Enclave of Dian Fossey. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681776330.
Bibliography
External links
Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International
Research institutes established in 1967
Primate research centers
Nature conservation organisations based in Rwanda
1967 establishments in Rwanda
Research institutes in Rwanda |
4016222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kruj%C3%AB%20%281450%29 | Siege of Krujë (1450) | {{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = First siege of Krujë
| partof = Ottoman wars in Europe
| image =
| caption = The first siege of Krujë by Jost Amman (1578)
| date = 14 May 145023 November 1450
| place = Krujë, Albania
| result = Albanian victory
| combatant1= League of Lezhë
| combatant2= Ottoman Empire
| commander1= Skanderbeg Vrana Konti
| commander2= Murad II Mehmed II
| strength1=8,000 men, a quarter of which was infantry; 1,500 to 4,000 garrisoned in Krujë under the command of Vrana Konti
|strength2=100,000Hodkinson p. 107.Ten gunsHodgkinson p. 109.
| casualties1=1,000 killed, wounded, or demobilised
| casualties2=20,000 casualties during the siege, many more casualties as Murad escaped from Albania
}}
The first siege of Krujë' occurred in 1450 when an Ottoman army of approximately 100,000 men laid siege to the Albanian town of Krujë. The League of Lezhë, led by Skanderbeg, experienced low morale after losing Svetigrad and Berat between 1448 and 1450. Nevertheless, Skanderbeg's exhortations and the support of the clergy, who claimed to have had visions of angels and victory, motivated the Albanians to defend the capital of the League, Krujë, at all costs. After leaving a protective garrison of 4,000 men under his trusted lieutenant Vrana Konti (also known as Kont Urani), Skanderbeg harassed the Ottoman camps around Krujë and attacked the supply caravans of Sultan Murad II's army. By September the Ottoman camp was in disarray as morale sank and disease ran rampant. The Ottoman army acknowledged that the castle of Krujë would not fall by strength of arms, lifted the siege, and made its way to Edirne. Soon thereafter, in the winter of 1450–51, Murad died in Edirne and was succeeded by his son, Mehmed II.
Campaigns of 1448 and early 1450
After several failed invasions of Albania by Ottoman captains, Murad II laid siege to the fortress of Svetigrad (which is thought to be today's Demir Hisar) on May 14, 1448, with a force of 80,000 men. Svetigrad was an important strategic point, since it controlled the routes from Macedonia into Albania. The small garrison, composed of Albanians, Bulgarians, and other Europeans, held the fortress while Scanderbeg attacked the Ottoman camp from outside. After the Ottomans poisoned the wells, a group of defenders decided to open the gates and let the Turks in, thus giving control of the fortress to the Ottomans.Francione p. 80. The Sultan retired from Albania and Skanderbeg laid siege to Svetigrad on September 23, 1448. After several failed assaults, Skanderbeg lifted the siege and retreated. In early 1450, Berat was captured by the pasha of Gjirokastër through a night attack, causing Gjergj Arianit to desert Skandebeg's cause.
Prelude
Albanian morale before the siege
The morale of the Albanians sank after the losses in the previous years. When the Turks began marching towards Krujë on April 5, 1450, the people claimed to have seen cherubims and angels flying over Albania. Skanderbeg himself claimed that he had received a vision of St. George handing him a flaming sword to "destroy the enemies of true religion (Christianity)." This speech, along with many other visions of the clergy, raised Albanians' morale, motivating them to fight.
Albanian dispositions and preparations
Before the siege began, Skanderbeg exited Krujë with 8,000 men—among whom were many Slavs, Italians, Frenchmen, and Germans. 2,000 of these were infantry and 6,000 were cavalry. Skanderbeg found Mount Tumenishta (now known as Mount Skënderbeu) to be a suitable position from which to attack the Ottomans. Krujë was left with a garrison of 4,000 men under the command of Vrana Konti. Vrana had under his command several Germans, Italians, and Frenchmen, to whom he emphasized the importance of the siege and also ordered them to their positions. Krujë had enough supplies for a sixteen-month siege. The women and children of Krujë were sent for protection to Venetian possessed cities, whereas the others were ordered to burn their crops and move into the mountains and fortresses.
Ottoman dispositions and preparations
Murad reached Krujë on May 14 with approximately 100,000 of his best soldiers (60,000 of which was cavalry) . Murad proposed to Vrana that he should hand over the fortress, but Vrana refused. After receiving the refusal, Murad set his army to cast ten cannons, one of which could fire rocks weighing 400 pounds and another 200 pounds.Hodgkinson p. 109. Despite the firepower, the Turkish firing positions were at a disadvantage, since Krujë "was almost part of the mountain which it had been built." The cannons could fire two or three times a day and were not accurate. Two large and four smaller guns were placed on the Tirana side, and the remainder were aimed at the main gateway.
Siege
First phase
Murad fired on Krujë for four days until a breach was finally made. The Sultan believed that he had the advantage and ordered his troops through the walls. The garrison managed to push the assault back, thus gaining time to repair the walls. Murad, fearing a counterattack from Skanderbeg, sent a scouting patrol towards the surrounding mountains to watch for an attack. Skanderbeg still managed to lead, at dusk, a raid on the Turkish encampment, killing several hundred men, capturing and destroying Turkish supplies, and almost losing his own life. When Skanderbeg returned to his men, his "shield was so battered that its shape was scarce to be discerned." The raid cost Skanderbeg ten dead and even more wounded. The assault continued however, with the guns sounding from time to time. The defenders were not facing great difficulty, however. Sixty of them sallied forth to do whatever damage they could, and those at the walls repelled all attempts to enter. The main weight of the attack had come from the Tirana side, where the Turkish losses had been heavy.
Second phase
When the second assault began, the Turks tried to break through the gate with their lances. After heavy casualties, the attackers retreated and Murad held for the next two days a council of all his generals. An immediate precaution was to guard the camp against another surprise attack, which was responded to by placing a force of men, under the command of Prince Mehmed, where the first attack had taken place. Moisi Arianit Golemi feigned an attack with about 500 horsemen: the alarm was given and the Turks prepared for his attack. Meanwhile, Skanderbeg and his forces moved around the camp and broke in where least expected. Before an organized counterattack could be made, Skanderbeg retreated from the camp. The attacks made by Skanderbeg caused the Turks to aim some of their cannons towards the expected guerrilla forces, instead of the fortress. A large force of Turkish cavalry was sent out, which Skanderbeg followed up to the mouth of the Ishëm River, until they turned back to Krujë.
While Skanderbeg had been away, a large Ottoman assault was made on Krujë from the Tirana side, but inadvertent friendly fire from the Turks forced them to call off the assault. The Ottomans then attempted to mine the fortress, but could not succeed, since the fortress had been built on rock. Since the food supplies were beginning to run out, the Turks received provisions from Venice, as did the Albanians.Francione p. 91 The Turkish attacks had made no headway and the Ottoman army had lost many dead or wounded, whereas Skanderbeg's force had lost 1,000 men thus far. Moisi Golemi and Tanush Thopia raised a couple thousand more and the force was split between the three, making attacks on the Turkish camp easier. Skanderbeg began to move towards the camp as the Turks had assembled 8,000 men which began to move towards him. Skanderbeg slowly retired, while Moisi and Tanush broke into the camp. The Turkish force sent against Skanderbeg was lured towards the foothills and the next morning (July 25) they were surrounded and completely destroyed.Francione p. 90. The next day, Skanderbeg was seen above the rocks of Krujë, in conference with Vrana Konti, surprising Murad.
Final phase
After Vrana had returned to the castle, a pasha was chosen to have a conference with Vrana bringing him many rich presents. The pasha tried to convince the count that Murad would be a more suitable master than Skanderbeg was, and that the siege was almost over, but Vrana refused to surrender. As a result, a fresh Ottoman assault began. Meanwhile, Murad sent an envoy trying to convince Skanderbeg to capitulate by offering 10,000 crowns annually. Skanderbeg also refused replying: "Nay if Murad did divide with me and make me co-partner with all his empire, I would never suffer the name of Albania to be stained and blemished with this blot of disgrace and infamy." The assault continued, and the Albanian positions seemed desperate. On October 14, Skanderbeg offered Krujë to the Venetians, threatening to capitulate the fortress to the Turks if they did not accept it. After Murad lifted the siege on October 26, because of the arriving winter, the Venetians replied to Skanderbeg's offer rejecting it and offered to help Skanderbeg to harmonize his relationship with Ottomans.Hodgkinson p. 114.
Aftermath
The siege cost 20,000 Ottoman casualties and over 1,000 Albanian casualties. Marin Barleti claims that Murad died of disease under the fortress of Krujë, but Murad in fact died in Edirne in 1451. Murad began to retire from Albania out of fear of losing even more men from the Albanian winter, however the retreat itself caused the loss of thousands of Ottoman troops due to attacks from local Albanian militias. Skanderbeg was at the end of his resources. He travelled to Ragusa, urging for assistance, and the Ragusans informed Pope Nicholas V. Through financial assistance, Skanderbeg managed to hold Krujë and regain much of his territory. Skanderbeg's success brought praise from all over Europe and ambassadors were sent to him from Rome, Naples, Hungary, and Burgundy. Skanderbeg then became a vassal of Alfonso V, on March 26, 1451, by the Treaty of Gaeta, gaining much needed men and supplies from the crown of Aragon.
According to legend, one night during the siege Skanderbeg sent out a herd of goats with a candle on each of the goats' horns. The encamped Turks believed it to be an Albanian attack and made a movement against the herd. When the Turks advanced far enough, Skanderbeg launched an attack against the force, destroying it. After the siege was lifted, Skanderbeg commemorated his victory by designing a helmet with the head of a goat on it, as a reference to his "ingenious tactics" used that night.
Legacy
Naim Frashëri, a prominent Albanian poet, wrote of how the siege of Krujë had saved Europe from Ottoman invasion. Today, Albanians take pride in the actions performed during the siege. The Skanderbeg Museum, in Krujë, has many commemorations to the siege and the film Skënderbeu (1953) stages the siege. It is the setting of the novel The Siege by Albanian writer Ismail Kadare.
See also
Second Siege of Krujë
Third Siege of Krujë
Fourth Siege of Krujë
References
Sources
Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Ed. Hart Milman. Vol VI. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier & Son, 1957.
Hodgkinson, Harry. Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero. London: Centre for Albanian Studies, 1999. .
Housley, Norman. The Later Crusades, 1274-1580. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. .
Jacques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. .
Setton, Kenneth Meyer. The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571)''. Vol. II. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing, 1978. .
1450 in the Ottoman Empire
Angelic apparitions
Battles involving Albania
Conflicts in 1450
Ottoman Albania
Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
Warfare by Skanderbeg |
4016236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kruj%C3%AB%20%281466%E2%80%931467%29 | Siege of Krujë (1466–1467) | The second siege of Krujë took place from 1466 to 1467. Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire led an army into Albania to defeat Skanderbeg, the leader of the League of Lezhë, which was created in 1444 after he began his war against the Ottomans. During the almost year-long siege, Skanderbeg's main fortress, Krujë, withstood the siege while Skanderbeg roamed Albania to gather forces and facilitate the flight of refugees from the civilian areas that were attacked by the Ottomans. Krujë managed to withstand the siege put on it by Ballaban Badera, sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid, an Albanian brought up in the Ottoman army through the devşirme. By 23 April 1467, the Ottoman army had been defeated and Skanderbeg entered Krujë.
Mehmed had decided to construct a fortress in what is now Elbasan which would provide a perennial base for future Ottoman assaults on Skanderbeg's domains. The fortress especially worried Venice since Elbasan was constructed on the banks of the Shkumbin River which would allow the Ottomans to send ships into the Adriatic and threaten Venetian colonies. Seeing that his situation had become unfavorable, Skanderbeg made a trip to Italy where he would try to convince Pope Paul II and Ferdinand I of Naples to give him aid for his war. Despite many promises from the pope, Skanderbeg received little due to the fear of a Neapolitan war with Rome and infighting in the Roman Curia. Ferdinand and the Republic of Venice likewise deferred Skanderbeg's requests to the pope. By the time he left Italy, the League of Lezhë had been weakened and needed his intervention.
After his return the Venetians decided to send troops against the Ottoman advances. Skanderbeg gathered 13,400 men, among whom were many Venetians, to launch an assault on the Ottoman besieging camp, who had taken command once Mehmed left Albania after the construction of Elbasan. Skanderbeg had split his army into three parts and surrounded the besiegers. Ballaban was killed during the fighting and the Ottoman forces were left without a commander and a depleted force which was surrounded. Afterwards the Albanian-Venetian forces completed the rout by killing the remaining Ottoman forces before they could escape by way of Dibër. The victory was well received by both Albanians and Italians. This did not signal the end of the war, however, as soon after, Skanderbeg took up some assaults on Elbasan after being urged to by Venice, but was not able to take the fortress due to lack of artillery. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors, which led Mehmed to begin another campaign against the Albanians. This would result in another siege on Krujë.
Background
Skanderbeg had been an Ottoman sanjakbey, who defected from the empire and united several Albanian princes under the League of Lezhë. From Krujë, his main fort, he led the league in the Ottoman-Albanian wars. Having defeated the Ottomans in many battles he allied with Western Christian states and leaders, especially with Alfonso V of Aragon and the Papal States. On 14 August 1464, Pope Pius II, one of Skanderbeg's major benefactors, died and his plans for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire disintegrated. The alliances and promises for help from the major Christian powers were canceled with the exception of the Kingdom of Hungary under Matthias Corvinus and the Republic of Venice. Sultan Mehmed II realized the power vacuum created after Pius died and he tried to take advantage of the situation. He thus attempted to sign a peace agreement with Hungary and Venice so that his forces could focus on Albania to gain a base for future campaigns in the Italian peninsula. His efforts were unsuccessful, however, since neither Venice nor Hungary accepted his proposed treaty. Mehmed thus kept his armies stationed in the Balkans, one force near Jajce in Bosnia, one in Ohrid, and another one in the Morea.
Skanderbeg led an incursion into Ottoman territory near Ohrid with the aid of Venetian forces under a condottiero named Antonio da Cosenza, also known as Cimarosto, on 6 September 1464. Together, they defeated the Ottoman forces under Şeremet bey stationed there on 14 or 15 September. The Venetian Senate informed the Hungarians of the joint Albanian-Venetian success on 29 September. Mehmed, sensing the weakness in his frontier, assigned Ballaban Badera as commander, replacing Şeremet. Ballaban was an Albanian by birth who had been incorporated into the Ottoman army through the devşirme system and was sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid in 1464 and 1465. In the meantime, Pope Paul II began planning his own crusade, but with means different from his predecessor. He planned to get the major European states to help fund the crusade while Venice, Hungary, and Albania would do the fighting. He also wanted to aid the Albanians as much as possible and urged the Kingdom of Naples to supply Skanderbeg with able forces. Venice began to consider peace with the Ottomans since its resources had significantly decreased, while Hungary adopted a defensive strategy, however, pressure from the Pope and Skanderbeg forced them to abort their efforts.
The Ottoman-Albanian war continued through 1465 with Ballaban Badera meeting Skanderbeg at Vaikal, Meçad, Vaikal again, and Kashari. In the meantime, Mehmed continued to negotiate peace with Hungary and Venice. Skanderbeg found himself isolated during these negotiations, even if they did not succeed, as the conflicting powers temporarily ceased conflict. Furthermore, Ferdinand I of Naples did not send his promised forces and the Venetian forces under Cimarosto left Albania. During the autumn of 1465, Ottoman forces moved from the Morea and Bosnia in order to speed up the peace negotiations. Venice, however, refused peace and Skanderbeg believed that a new Albanian-Venetian campaign would begin. He kept Pal Engjëlli, his ambassador, in constant correspondence with the Signoria (Venetian Senate), which sent him to Albania to inform Skanderbeg that troops were being raised, although only 300 had been recruited at the time, with Cimarosto as the commander. Venice was also in the process of sending its provveditores in Albania Veneta 3,000 ducats to recruit men. They would also send four cannons, ten springalds, and ten barrels of gunpowder. Throughout April, rumors spread that the Ottomans were preparing to march into Albania. By 18 April 1466, Venice received knowledge that the Ottomans were heading towards Albania.
Campaign
Once news of the Ottoman approach arrived, Venice sent reinforcements to its cities along Albania; Durazzo (Durrës) had already garrisoned 3,000 men. The Scutari Fortress was also reinforced after Skanderbeg's counsel and the walls were rebuilt. On 19 April 1466, news spread that the sultan was going to march into Avlonya (Vlorë) with an army of 100,000 men although the Ragusans reported that the number was 30,000. Ottoman forces were ready to enter the Kingdom of Naples and pressured Ferdinand to form an alliance with Mehmed. The situation was not clear in the Balkans, however, as it was thought that the Ottomans could march against Bosnia, Serbia, Dalmatia, Negroponte, or Albania. By the beginning of May, however, it was clear that the Ottomans would attack Albania because of the approach of Mehmed's troops towards Albania after the end of his campaigns in Wallachia, Karaman, and the Morea. None of the promised reinforcements from Naples and Venice arrived and Skanderbeg was thus left to fight Ottoman forces only with the league's troops.
Ottoman activities in Albania
News arrived from eastern Albania that the Ottomans had initiated massacres in the area. The pope was distressed by this and called on the Christian princes of Europe to aid Skanderbeg. Soon after, Mehmed's men marched into Albania. Unlike his father Murad II, Mehmed considered that the only way Albania could be conquered would be through isolating Krujë, the main Albanian fortress, by reducing Skanderbeg's manpower, supplies, and political and moral backing. Afterwards, Krujë would be put under siege. The Ottoman campaign was thus sent in two directions: one through the Shkumbin River valley and another through the Black Drin River valley. Both fielded men in the frontier regions, right and left of both valleys, and would engage in massacring the local populations, raiding inhabited areas, and burning every village which offered resistance. The populations thus decided to flee into safe areas.
Skanderbeg did not expect such a campaign and his army was not ready to halt the advances. According to an act released Monopoli in Apulia, an army of 300,000 soldiers (a figure considered to be exaggerated) had marched into Albania, massacred 7,000 people, and sacked many populated areas, while Skanderbeg was preparing to flee to Italy. However, Skanderbeg had remained in Albania but he had sent twelve ships with many inhabitants of Krujë to Italy as refugees. With them, he sent his wife, Donika, and his son, Gjon. They were headed to Monte Sant'Angelo, a castle awarded to Skanderbeg after his campaigns to restore Ferdinand's rule. The arrival of Albanian refugees further distressed the pope and many Italians who had come to believe that Albania had been conquered and that Mehmed was now preparing to march into Italy. News to the contrary also reached Rome saying that the League of Lezhë had not been broken and that Krujë still stood.
The League of Lezhë saw a massive struggle against Ottoman forces and its front was expanded throughout Albania. Skanderbeg retreated to the mountains surrounding Scutari (Shkodër) where he collected men to relieve Krujë. Mehmed's akıncı were allowed to raid the country, a decision which, according to scholar Mehmed Neshriu, was an act of reprisal regarding Skanderbeg's raids in Macedonia in 1464, which interrupted his siege on Jajce. Idris Bitlisi, however, says that Mehmed's campaign was a response to the breaking of the ceasefire in 1463 when Skanderbeg learned that the crusade against the Ottomans organized by Pius II was ready to set off from Ancona. The resistance itself was described by Tursun Bey: the Albanians had gained control of the mountaintops and valleys where they had their kulle (fortified towers) which were dismantled when captured; those inside, especially the young men and women, were sold to slavery for 3,000–4,000 akçe each. Michael Critobulus, a Greek historian for the sultan, also describes the resistance and its aftermath. The Albanians in his chronicle had likewise gained the mountaintops; the light Ottoman infantry climbed up the heights where they cornered the Albanians behind a cliff and fell on them. Many Albanians jumped from the cliffs to escape massacre. The soldiers then spread throughout the mountains and captured many as slaves while also taking anything of value. Furthermore, in order to secure future marches into Albania, Mehmed ordered forests through which the main roads ran through to be cut down. In this way, he created wide military roads which were secure.
Siege
The first phase of the Ottoman campaign to isolate Krujë lasted for two months. According to Marin Barleti, Skanderbeg's main biographer, Skanderbeg had placed 4,400 men under Tanush Thopia as defenders of the castle. This force included 1,000 Venetian infantry under Baldassare Perducci and 200 Neapolitan marksmen. Skanderbeg removed his men from the fortress of Krujë in a manner similar to the first siege. Mehmed had marched into Albania with Ballaban Badera under his command. He offered rewards to the garrison if they surrendered, but the garrison responded by bombarding the Ottoman positions. The Ottomans then began to heavily bombard the fortress but this came to no effect. According to documentary sources, the siege began in mid-June, one month after Mehmed began his campaign to force the eastern regions of Albania into submission. Mehmed's campaigns there had put Skanderbeg under massive strain while the latter had yet to receive financial aid from abroad.
In the beginning of July, Skanderbeg sent Pal Engjëlli to Venice. On 7 July, Engjëlli informed the Venetians that the League of Lezhë continued and Krujë still stood, contrary to rumors that said otherwise. He thus requested the arrival of promised Venetian forces when they signed a treaty of alliance on 20 August 1463 and the promised contribution of 3,000 ducats. The Venetians responded that they were already in a difficult situation due to the Ottoman threat in Dalmatia and the Aegean where they possessed territories. They also responded that they had had difficulty recruiting new soldiers due to financial trouble and could only send 1,000 ducats to its provveditores in Albania. Despite these difficulties, Skanderbeg and his men continued fighting. After becoming convinced that Krujë would not be taken, Mehmed left 18,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under Ballaban and in June 1466 withdrew with his main army. He withdrew from the siege to Durazzo where he pillaged the area in rage. When Mehmed withdrew from Albania, he deposed Dorotheos, the Archbishop of Ohrid, and expatriated him together with his clerks and boyars and a considerable number of citizens of Ohrid to Istanbul, probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's campaigns since many of them supported Skanderbeg and his fight. He took with him 3,000 Albanian prisoners.
Construction of Elbasan Fortress
Despite his inability to subdue Krujë, Mehmed decided that the Ottoman presence would not depart from Albania. He organized a timar in eastern Albania to weaken Skanderbeg's domains. The new Ottoman possessions were collected and placed under the administration of the Sanjak of Dibra. He also decided to build a powerful fortress in central Albania to counterbalance Krujë's position and to form a base for further Ottoman campaigns. The fortress would be called Ilbasan (Elbasan). According to Ottoman chronicler Kemal Pashazade, the sultan would place several hundred men to patrol the area and defend the fortress. The foundations were built upon a field called Jundi, located in a Shkumbin valley, where the geographic conditions were regarded as favorable. Since the resources had been gathered and stored beforehand, Elbasan was built within a short time (one month) and Franz Babinger believes the work to have begun in July. Critobulus, who accompanied Mehmed in this campaign, describes that the men stationed in Elbasan would constantly harass the Albanians, to leave them no place for refuge, and to repel any Albanian force which descended from the mountains. Due to his personal guidance, Mehmed was able to see the construction finish before the summer ended. There would also be inhabitants inside to serve the 400 soldiers stationed there along with cannons and catapults; the fortress would be under the command of Ballaban Badera.
The personal care and attention Mehmed paid to Elbasan's construction testifies its importance in the sultan's plans. This is further testified by the message Mehmed gave to his son, the future Bayezid II, describing how he had devastated the country and at its center built a powerful fortress. Upon his exit from Albania, Marin Barleti says that Mehmed passed through Dibra and massacred 8,000 people, a figure close to the number given by the Ottoman chronicler Oruc ben Adil of 7,500. The importance of the fortress was further underscored by its position on the ancient Via Egnatia and its central position in the Shkumbin valley from where the Ottomans could travel to the coast. Elbasan concerned not only the Albanians, but also the Venetians, who considered its proximity to Durazzo () alarmant. On 16 August, around the time that the building of Elbasan was completed, Venice urged its proveditors in Albania to cooperate with the Italian and native forces in their proposed siege on Elbasan. Venetian faith in Skanderbeg began to subside, however, since the sultan took a much more aggressive approach in his relations with Venice. Since the Signoria still had not delivered its promised aid, Skanderbeg sent his son John to Venice. Even though the war was at its apogee, John returned from Venice empty-handed. This forced Skanderbeg to look towards Rome and Naples for aid.
Skanderbeg in Rome
During October 1466, Skanderbeg travelled to Italy to reach an agreement with Ferdinand of Naples and Pope Paul II over the provisions, which they would be willing to provide. As a result of the inter-Italian rivalries, the possibility of a crusade was abandoned. Since Paul was Venetian, Ferdinand was also worried that his interests could be inhibited by the pope and eventually he didn't send any resources to Skanderbeg until disagreements with his neighbors were resolved. Thus, Skanderbeg departed from Naples without any definitive agreement on the aid that would be provided by Napes. Venice offered the same and Skanderbeg went to Paul after the latter had declared that the Christian League had raised 100,000 ducats for the planned crusade. Skanderbeg reached Rome on 12 December 1466 where he was greeted by the cardinals and their families. Here they received the impression of Skanderbeg as a poor old man, dressed as an ordinary soldier. He was offered residence in Palazzo di San Marco, in what is now called Piazza Venezia but refused it and instead wanted to stay with another Albanian whose house later took the name Palazzo Scanderbeg. He was greeted by Italian ambassadors from the various states who offered "aid and favors" and by several bishops and prelates. Paul, however, was still wary of giving Skanderbeg aid because he reasoned that the Neapolitan threat was more powerful than the Ottoman one. Unlike his predecessors, Paul never attempted to form a crusade against the Ottomans and instead preferred the use of pacification methods. Nevertheless, Skanderbeg continued to stay in Rome, hoping that Paul would allocate part of his funds (of about 500,000 ducats) to Albania. Paul asserted to Skanderbeg that Venice's refusal to cooperate with him prevented him from directly helping Skanderbeg. Thus, Skanderbeg was sent to the Signoria to negotiate their stance.
During the last weeks of the year in Albania, there was no fighting since the Ottomans did not normally engage in battle during the winter. But Krujë was still under siege and Ottoman garrisons in other areas remained. Life became harder for the population after the destruction of crops and villages and the masses of refugees. By 22 November, news came to Venice about the campaigns of Sinan bey against Albania Veneta in order to pressure the Republic to accept a peace or a ceasefire. The Signoria was slow to come to terms with Mehmed due to the pressure put on it by Pope Paul, Hungary, and Naples to remain at war. The attempt to sway the Venetians failed and the campaign was cancelled. This had an adverse effect for the Ottomans since Lekë Dukagjini, Skanderbeg's ally in northern Albania, decided to work without reservation with Skanderbeg against the Ottomans. In Rome, the pope continued to hold Skanderbeg and would only give him 300 ducats to support his stay. On Christmas Eve, Paul invited Skanderbeg to a ceremony where he was awarded with a sword and helmet and referred to him as Alexander, king of the Epirotes. By 7 January 1467, a consistory convened where Skanderbeg and the pope were present. According to Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, the pope's appeal to fund Skanderbeg with only 5,000 ducats was heard and when the Cardinals responded that the fund was minimal, Paul explained that he would send more once Italy was pacified. Paul's decision led to a fierce debate on Italy's future which left Albania's fate undiscussed. A second consistory was called on 12 January but did not result in anything favorable for Skanderbeg. Contemporaries were critical of the pope's delays but he explained that he was waiting to see what Ferdinand of Naples was willing to offer before offering anything himself, in order not to waste funds.
Skanderbeg's view of the situation worsened with news coming from Albania, which strengthened his opinion that his time in Italy was becoming more and more irrational. His pessimism grew once he found out that Venice was now pressuring Paul into refusing Skanderbeg aid since they wished to put an end to the war and capitulate Krujë. During the first days of February, news arrived from the Republic of Ragusa that the campaign was nearing its end and that if the necessary actions were not brought up to speed, Albania would fall along with Venice's possessions. Skanderbeg's requests for proper aid were continually rejected on the basis that Italy's peace must first be secured and instead Paul ordered Ferdinand to award to Skanderbeg what tribute would have been given to Rome. Skanderbeg lost all hope and decided to return to Albania before pleas from several cardinals convinced to stay, offering aid from their own pockets and hope in persuading Paul. A third consistory was convened on 13 February 1467 which, like the other two, came to nothing regarding aid to Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg thus began his departure from Rome. Paul met with Skanderbeg and gave him the authority to pull 7,500 ducats from Ferdinand's aforementioned tribute to Rome. This amount had not been gathered, however, and Paul thus offered Skanderbeg 2,300 ducats. Skanderbeg departed from Rome on 14 February and soon received news from Albania: the war was nearing its end and needed Skanderbeg to return; an Ottoman force sent to defeat the League of Lezhë definitively, however, had been defeated. He met with Giosafat Barbaro in Scutari, the Venetian provveditore in Albania Veneta, where he gathered help from Venetian nobles.
Final battles
The defeat of the Ottoman forces showed that the League of Lezhë had yet to be fully defeated. This allowed Skanderbeg to visit Ferdinand before his departure from Italy, but he received only 1,000 ducats, 300 carts of grain, and 500 ducats to support Krujë's munitions. While Skanderbeg was in his court, Ferdinand received an ambassador from Mehmed offering peace, signaling that the Ottomans did not have any aggressive intentions towards Naples. Ferdinand accepted the proposal and Skanderbeg thus began his return to Albania. Ballaban continued to strengthen the siege against Krujë. Upon returning to Albania, the political situation began to change. The once distant Albanian nobles, among them Dukagjini, were now convinced of their impending defeat and allied themselves with Skanderbeg. Meanwhile, the Venetians ended their attempts to negotiate peace with Mehmed and accepted cooperation with Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg met with Dukagjini and other northern Albanian nobles in Alessio (Lezhë) where they gathered an army to assault Ballaban's forces. Together with 400 of Dukagjini's cavalry and a large number of infantry, 600 heavily armed Italian soldiers, and 4,000 locals from Durazzo, Scutari, Alessio, Drivast (Drisht), and Antivari (Bar), Skanderbeg commanded 13,400 men to relieve Krujë as reported by Demetrio Franco, one of Skanderbeg's primary biographers and personal associates, who also served in Skanderbeg's ranks. Among those who joined Skanderbeg was Nicolo Moneta, a lord of Scutari and wealthy Venetian patrician.
Ballaban's camp was located on the hills southwest of Krujë and at the bottom of the mountain nowadays known as Mt. Sarisalltëk, he placed a guarding force. The rest of his army surrounded Krujë. Skanderbeg and his allies marched through the mouth of the Mat River and cut through the woods of Jonima to the boundaries of Krujë. Skanderbeg's commanders were assigned different groups for an assault on the main Ottoman camp: northern Albanian forces would be put under Dukagjini's command, Venetian battalions were under the command of Moneta, and Skanderbeg's most trusted forces would be assigned to another group under his command; Krujë's garrison would continue to defend the fortress. Moneta's and Dukagjini's men would attack the besieging forces from the north and Skanderbeg's men would attack from south of Krujë while also blocking any possible Ottoman reinforcements from the east. Skanderbeg first assaulted the guarding force which Ballaban had left and he gained control of this strategic point. Skanderbeg then managed to defeat the Ottoman relief forces under Ballaban's brother, Jonuz, and captured him and his son. Four days later, an organized attack from Skanderbeg and the forces from Krujë was carried during which Ballaban forces retreated and he himself was killed in the resulting clashes by Gjergj Lleshi (Georgius Alexius).
With the death of Ballaban, Ottoman forces were left surrounded and according to Bernandino de Geraldinis, a Neapolitan functionary, 10,000 men remained in the besieging camp. Those inside the encirclement asked to leave freely to Ottoman territory, offering to surrender all that was within the camp to the Albanians. Skanderbeg was prepared to accept, but many nobles refused. Among them was Dukagjini, who wanted to attack and destroy the Turkish camp. Demetrio Franco described Dukagjini's proposal with the Albanian word Embetha which in modern Albanian means Mbë ta or in English Upon them. The Albanians thus began to annihilate the surrounded army before the Ottomans cut a narrow path through their opponents and fled through Dibra. On 23 April 1467, Skanderbeg entered Krujë. Meanwhile, the Venetians had taken advantage of Mehmed's absence in Albania and sent a fleet under Vettore Capello into the Aegean. Capello attacked and occupied the islands of Imbros and Lemnos after which he sailed back and laid siege to Patras. Ömer Bey, the Ottoman commander in Greece, led a relief force to Patras where he was initially repelled before turning on his pursuers, forcing them to flee, terminating their campaign.
The victory was well received among the Albanians, and Skanderbeg's recruits increased as documented by Geraldini: Skanderbeg was in his camp with 16,000 men and every day his camp grows with young warriors. The victory was also well received in Italy with contemporaries hoping for more such news. But, despite the Ottoman loss, the victory did not signal an end to the war. Skanderbeg's damaged forces, however, had been renewed with northern warriors and Venetian battalions. The situation remained critical, however, due to the economic hardships suffered during the siege. Skanderbeg's only expectancy was for help to come from Italy, but the Italian states, despite sending congratulatory messages, sent no financial aid. Hungary continued its defensive war and thus Skanderbeg's only remaining ally was Venice. Even Venice became skeptical of continuing the war and was alone in allying with Skanderbeg. Venice reported to Hungary that Mehmed had offered peace and was willing to accept it. Hungary also opted for peace, but Mehmed only sought peace with Venice in order to isolate Skanderbeg and thus peace was not signed. Skanderbeg and Venice continually began to worry about the Ottoman garrison in Elbasan. Skanderbeg led some assaults on the fortress after being urged to by Venice but failed to capture it due to lack of artillery. According to Critobulos, Mehmed was troubled after learning of the Ottoman defeat and began preparations for a new campaign. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors who had grown wary of its increasing influence in the Balkans. With the western powers fighting among themselves, the road to Albania was open. Mehmed thus decided to send a force to subdue Albania conclusively which resulted in a new siege on Krujë.
References
Sources
1466 in the Ottoman Empire
1467 in the Ottoman Empire
Angelic apparitions
Battles involving Albania
Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror
Conflicts in 1466
Ottoman Albania
Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
Sieges involving the Republic of Venice
Warfare by Skanderbeg |
4016240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kruj%C3%AB%20%281467%29 | Siege of Krujë (1467) | The third siege of Krujë by the Ottoman Empire occurred in 1467 at Krujë in Albania.
The destruction of Ballaban Pasha's army and the siege of Elbasan during the previous siege of Krujë forced Mehmed II to re-attack Skanderbeg in the summer of 1467, only 2 months after the latter's victory at the 2nd siege of Krujë. This time Skanderbeg didn't retreat immediately to the mountains, but decided for the first time(source) to confront the great Ottoman army at Burshek, on the Shkumbin River's valley in order to give time for the civil population to retreat into the mountains. The battle was carried in such a way as to not result with winners or defeated; Skanderbeg then retreated while Ottoman grand vizier Mahmud Pasha Angelović pursued him but Skanderbeg succeeded in fleeing to the coast and then to the mountains. Meanwhile, Mehmed II sent detachments to raid the Venetian possessions (especially Durrës which was also put under siege and bombarded for a short period) and to keep them isolated. He besieged Krujë for several days but when he realized that he could not take it by assault, he lifted the siege. Although Ottomans did not capture Krujë, they managed to plunder areas around Durres and Scutari.
See also
First siege of Krujë
Second siege of Krujë
References
Sources
Warfare by Skanderbeg
Kruje
Kruje
Conflicts in 1467
Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror
1467 in the Ottoman Empire |
4016247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kruj%C3%AB%20%281478%29 | Siege of Krujë (1478) | The fourth siege of Krujë by the Ottoman Empire of Krujë in Albania occurred in 1478, ten years after the death of the Skanderbeg, and resulted in the town's capture after the failure of three prior sieges.
Demoralized and severely weakened by hunger and lack of supplies from the year-long siege, the defenders surrendered to Sultan Mehmed II, who had promised them they could leave unharmed in exchange.
One of the important historical sources about this siege is the fourth volume of the Annali Veneti e del Mondo manuscript written by Stefano Magno.
See also
Siege of Krujë (1450)
Siege of Krujë (1466)
Siege of Krujë (1467)
Koca Davud Pasha
References
Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy . History of the Ottoman Turks
Kruje
Kruje
Medieval Albania
Kruje
Conflicts in 1478
Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror
1478 in the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Albania
Kruje |
4016262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceva | Ceva | Ceva, the ancient Ceba, is a small Italian town in the province of Cuneo, region of Piedmont, east of Cuneo. It lies on the right bank of the Tanaro on a wedge of land between that river and the Cevetta stream.
History
In the pre-Roman period the territory around Ceva was inhabited by the branch of the mountain Ligures known as Epanterii.
The upper Val Tanaro was Romanized in the second century BC and it is known that the area was organized around a municipium. However, it is not certain that this was Ceba: Mombasiglio is also regarded as a candidate. In the first century AD Columella referred to a particular breed of cattle raised here, and Pliny the Elder praised its sheep's milk cheese in his Natural History. The town is on the site of the old Roman road from Augusta Taurinorum via Pollentia to the coast and it is probable that there was a market here from which the cheese produced in the region was exported with Rome via the Ligurian ports of Vada Sabatia (the modern Vado Ligure) and/or Albingaunum (Albenga).
In the Middle Ages it was the seat of a small marquisate, which lasted until the late 15th century when it was acquired by Savoy. Ceva was home to a fortress defending the confines of Piedmont towards Liguria, but the fortifications on the rock above the town were demolished in 1800 by the French, to whom it had been ceded in 1796.
Ceva was heavily damaged by a flood of the Tanaro, Cevetta and Bovina rivers.
Main sights
The 16th century castle of the Pallavicino stands in an area of green parkland between the Tanaro and the Cevetta and comprises two small palaces: the original, red palazzina rossa and the later, white palazzina bianca. Remains of the 16th century fort are also present.
The Duomo of Ceva, also known as the Collegiata dell'Assunzione della Beata Vergine Maria, was completed in 1605.
Twin towns — sister cities
Ceva is twinned with:
Le Val, France (1992)
See also
Marquisate of Ceva
Ceva Grimaldi family
Aloysius Bertrand
Notes
External links
Pliny on the cheese of Ceba in Book 11 of the Natural History:
at Perseus
at LacusCurtius (Search for ‘Cebanum’)
Comunità Montana Valli Mongia, Cevetta e Langa Cebana |
4016275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes%20Peak%20International%20Hill%20Climb | Pikes Peak International Hill Climb | The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb (PPIHC), also known as The Race to the Clouds, is an annual automobile hillclimb to the summit of Pikes Peak in Colorado, USA. The track measures and has over 156 turns, climbing from the start at Mile 7 on Pikes Peak Highway, to the finish at , on grades averaging 7.2%. It used to consist of both gravel and paved sections, but as of August 2011, the highway is fully paved; as a result, all subsequent events will be run on asphalt from start to finish.
The race is self-sanctioned and has taken place since 1916. It is currently contested by a variety of classes vehicles. The PPIHC operates as the Pikes Peak Auto Hill Climb Educational Museum to organize the annual motorsports event.
History
Early history
The first Pikes Peak Hill Climb was promoted by Spencer Penrose, who had converted the narrow carriage road into the much wider Pikes Peak Highway.
The first Penrose Trophy was awarded in 1916 to Rea Lentz with a time of 20:55.60. In the same year Floyd Clymer won the motorcycle class with a time of 21:58.41. In 1924 the final Penrose Trophy was awarded to Otto Loesche in his Lexington Special. In the years following, Glen Scultz and Louis Unser shared a rivalry and won the event 12 times between them. In 1929 the popular stock car class was added to the event.
Following World War Two, Louis Unser returned to his winning ways at Pikes Peak, winning three more times between 1946 and 1970; these wins were tightly contended with rival Al Rogers. During this time the event was part of the AAA and USAC IndyCar championship. In 1953, the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) sponsored the event, bringing with it an influx of sports cars. In this period the course record was broken every year from 1953 until 1962, this is the largest string of record breaking runs in the event's history. The majority of these records were set by Louis' nephew, Bobby Unser. In 1954 motorcycles returned to the event, the first time since its inception in 1916. The motorcycle overall victory that year went to Bill Meier riding a Harley-Davidson motorcycle.
In 1971 the event was won by the first non-gasoline vehicle (propane), this was also the first overall victory from the stock car class (1970 Ford Mustang), the car was driven by the Danish-American Ak Miller.
European involvement
In 1984 the first European racers took part in the PPIHC with Norwegian Rallycrosser Martin Schanche (Ford Escort Mk3 4x4) and French Rally driver Michèle Mouton (Audi Sport quattro), thereby starting a new era for European teams in the almost unknown American hillclimb. While Schanche failed to set a new track record, due to a flat right front tire, Mouton (together with her World Rally Championship co-driver Fabrizia Pons from Italy) won the Open Rally category, but failed to win the event overall. Mouton achieved the overall victory and course record in the following year.
In 1989, an award-winning short film about the 1988 event was released by French director Jean-Louis Mourey. The film, titled Climb Dance, captured the efforts of Finnish former World Rally Champion Ari Vatanen, as he won the event in a record-breaking time with his turbocharged Peugeot 405 Turbo 16.
Paving of the highway
The City of Colorado Springs began to pave the highway in 2002 after losing a lawsuit against the Sierra Club, which sued on account of erosion damage to streams, reservoirs, vegetation and wetlands downstream from the 1.5 million tons of road gravel deposited over several decades. The local authority paved approximately 10% of the route each year after the order. The 2011 event was the last race with dirt sections, comprising approximately 25% of the course.
During this evolutionary period of the event, the Japanese driver Nobuhiro Tajima with Suzuki cars scored 6 overall victories (2006 - 2011) and two course records. His 2011 record was the first to break the 10 minute barrier.
Hill Climb champion Rod Millen warned at the time that paving the road would put an end to the race. However, the 2012 race saw over 170 racer registrations by December 2011, compared with 46 at the same time the previous year.
The 90th running of the event happened in 2012 and saw a larger field and a longer race day than ever before. This was the first time the race has been run on all asphalt leading to the breaking of several records, notably the overall record, which fell numerous times during the event finally falling to Rhys Millen the son of previous event winner Rod Millen, in the Time Attack Division. During the event Mike Ryan spun his big rig in a hairpin in a section called the "W"s, hitting the guard rail, he then managed to execute a three-point turn and continued on course, at which point he broke his old record by 5 seconds. This highlighted the change that a fully paved course made to the speed of the event. The 2012 event also saw the first motorcycle to achieve a sub 10 minute time with the late Carlin Dunne in the 1205 Division riding a Ducati with a time of 9:52.819 which was only 1.5 seconds slower than the previous year's overall record.
2013 saw the nine-minute barrier shattered by WRC legend Sébastien Loeb (Peugeot 208 T16 Pikes Peak), with a time of 8:13.878, while Rhys Millen ended up second with 9:02.192, beating his own record by more than 44 seconds. Jean-Philippe Dayrault finished third with a time of 9:42.740, and Paul Dallenbach fourth with a time of 9:46.001, making it four drivers to beat the overall record set only the previous year.
Emergence of electric vehicles
Electric cars have featured on and off in the PPIHC since the early 1980s. In 1981 Joe Ball took a Sears Electric Car to the top in 32:07.410, in 1994 Katy Endicott brought her Honda to the top in 15:44.710 and in 2013 Nobuhiro Tajima broke the 10 minute barrier with a time of 9:46.530 in his E-RUNNER Pikes Peak Special. In the following years electric entries would become more common, steadily breaking their powertrain records and eventually the overall record in 2018.
For hill-climb events and this event in particular it is reasonable to suggest that a modern, well designed electric car will be at an advantage over internal combustion engined cars. The issue of limited range does not apply to short sprints and the twisty nature of the Pikes Peak course lends itself well to the almost instant torque delivery of electric motors. In addition to this, the lowering air density of high altitudes does not reduce the power available to the driver as it does with air breathing engines.
Although the 2014 event was won by a gasoline powered car; second (Greg Tracy), third (Hiroshi Masuoka) and fourth (Nobuhiro Tajima) places overall were taken by electric cars.
In 2015, electric cars placed first (Rhys Millen) and second (Nobuhiro Tajima) overall. In an interview with Rhys Millen, he said that he had lost power to the car's rear motor pack before the halfway point. Had this not happened he had expected his run to be 30 seconds faster.
In 2016 gasoline again took top honours but electric completed the podium taking second (Rhys Millen) and third (Tetsuya Yamano) as well as fifth (Nobuhiro Tajima) places overall.
At the 2018 event, an electric car set a new overall record for the first time in the event's history. Frenchman Romain Dumas completed the course in the all-electric Volkswagen I.D. R with a time of 7:57.148, breaking the 8 minute barrier for the first time.
The death of motorcyclist Carlin Dunne during the 2019 race, forced the organisation to postpone all motorcycle racing at the event. This decision will be reviewed following the 2021 running of the event.
Racing divisions
The Pikes Peak International Hill climb currently consists of six divisions.
Unlimited
Anything goes in the Unlimited Division as long as it passes safety inspection and meets the PPIHC's general rules. The Unlimited Division features the most exotic vehicles, most of them built specifically for this race. These race cars have the best chance of setting a new overall race record. In 2018, Romain Dumas set a new record of 7 minutes 57.148 seconds in the all-electric Volkswagen I.D. R Pikes Peak, beating Sébastien Loeb's previous record by over 15 seconds.
Time Attack 1
A division for production based two- and four-wheel drive vehicles. Only closed cockpit four-wheeled vehicles are allowed to participate.
Porsche Pikes Peak Trophy by Yokohama
Making its debut at the 2018 event was the first official one-make Porsche category, exclusive to the Porsche Cayman GT4 Clubsport in four variants — Clubsport, Clubsport Trophy Specification, Clubsport MR, and Clubsport 2017 IMSA GS.
Open Wheel
The traditional Pikes Peak single-seater race cars with designs ranging from Indy style sprinters to dune buggies. Open-wheel cars have competed in every event since the inaugural race in 1916.
Pikes Peak Open
Production based vehicles with unlimited permitted modifications.
Exhibition Class
In keeping with the mission statement of the event, specifically to "demonstrate advancements in the practical application of motor sports technology", the race encourages competitors with vehicles that do not meet the technical specifications of PPIHC sanctioned divisions to enter in the Exhibition Class. While there are no class records for this class because of its exhibition status, entries are eligible for recording an overall course record as well as an attempt at records achieved by former classes.
Race records
Below follows all currently recognised records. Records set during the most recent running of the event are in bold type.
Division and class records
Non-division and class records
There is 7mm:70 s:032 between the first and the last stopwatch
Winners
The overall honours have always fallen to vehicles in car divisions, however motorcycles have their own divisions, records and winners. Cars have entered the event every year since its inception in 1916 (with the exception of years during the world wars) whereas motorcycles have only entered in a limited number of years.
Overall winners
Overall winners can compete under any division, although the majority come from the open wheel and more recently the unlimited division. A time in italics indicates this was a previous course record, a time in bold indicates the current course record.
Motorcycle winners
Motorcycle winners can compete under any division, although the majority come from open or large displacement classes. A time in italics indicates this was a previous motorcycle record, a time in bold indicates the current motorcycle record.
On 30 June 2019, four-time Pikes Peak International Hill Climb winner Carlin Dunne was killed in a crash at the race. He crashed less than a quarter of a mile from the finish line.
See also
Mont Ventoux Hill Climb, started in 1902
Silverstone Race to the Sky (now the longest gravel hill climb in the world)
Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb (one of the oldest motorsport events in the world)
Giants Despair Hillclimb and Rest and Be Thankful Speed Hill Climb, both started in 1906
Mount Washington Hillclimb Auto Race (one of the oldest auto races in the United States)
Notes
References
External links
Official Website
All Time Kings of the Mountain (1916-2019)
Hillclimbs
Sports competitions in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Pikes Peak
Rally America
Motorsport in Colorado
Green racing |
4016280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar%20Petkov | Dimitar Petkov | Dimitar Nikolov Petkov () (2 November 1858, Tulcea – 11 March 1907, Sofia) was a leading member of the Bulgarian People's Liberal Party and the country's Prime Minister from 5 November 1906 until he was assassinated in Sofia the following year.
A veteran of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 he fought for the Russian Imperial Army at the Battle of Shipka Pass where he lost an arm during the combat.
Petkov spent five years (1888–1893) as mayor of Sofia and during his time in charge he undertook an extensive redevelopment of the city.
Following the death of Stefan Stambolov in 1895 he took over as leader of People's Liberal Party, a role he held until his own death when Nikola Genadiev succeeded him. Petkov's party took office in 1903 following the resignation of Stoyan Danev but Ferdinand I of Bulgaria chose a non-party Prime Minister, his close friend Racho Petrov, instead of Petkov. He was finally appointed Prime Minister in November 1906 but held the post for only a few months as he was murdered by an anarchist in Sofia's Boulevard Alexander II on 11 March 1907.
His son Nikola Petkov was also a politician in post-war Bulgaria before being put to death in 1947.
References
1856 births
1907 deaths
Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Bulgaria
People from Tulcea
Liberal Party (Bulgaria) politicians
People's Liberal Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
Mayors of Sofia
Bulgarian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Assassinated Bulgarian politicians
People murdered in Bulgaria
Assassinated heads of government
20th-century Bulgarian politicians
19th-century Bulgarian politicians
Deaths by firearm in Bulgaria
Battle of Shipka Pass |
4016302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20meadowhawk | Western meadowhawk | The Western Meadowhawk (Sympetrum occidentale) is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to western North America. In adult form, the Meadowhawk has a length of 1 1/4 to 1 5/8 inches (31 to 40 mm). The key distinguishing feature is a cloudy, orange-brown band that covers the inner half of each wing. The band may appear darker towards the outside. Males have a yellowish thorax, marked with wavy black lines on each side, and a red to reddish brown abdomen, marked with black along the bottom edge of each side. Females are olive to golden brown and marked similarly.
References
Libellulidae
Insects described in 1915 |
4016303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate%20Server%20Access%20Protocol | Aggregate Server Access Protocol | As a communications protocol the Aggregate Server Access Protocol is used by the Reliable server pooling (RSerPool) framework for the communication between
Pool Elements and Pool Registrars (Application Layer)
Pool Users and Pool Registrars (Application Layer)
Pool Users and Pool Elements (Session Layer)
Standards Documents
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP)
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) and Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) Parameters
Threats Introduced by Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) and Requirements for Security in Response to Threats
Reliable Server Pooling Policies
External links
Thomas Dreibholz's Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) Page
IETF RSerPool Working Group
Internet protocols
Internet Standards
Session layer protocols |
4016305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal%20immigration%20to%20Malaysia | Illegal immigration to Malaysia | Illegal immigration to Malaysia is the cross-border movement of people to Malaysia under conditions where official authorisation is lacking, breached, expired, fraudulent, or irregular. The cross-border movement of workers has become well-established in Southeast Asia, with Malaysia a major labour-receiving country and Indonesia and the Philippines the region's main labour-sending states. Managing cross-border migration (labour, refugee and human trafficking) has become an issue of increasing concern in Malaysia and its international relations.
Definitions
The term "illegal", when applied to "migration" and "migrant", has been replaced in recent years by "irregular" and "undocumented" on the grounds that "illegal" is inaccurate, degrading, and prejudicial. Key institutions have adopted the new terms: the UN General Assembly (1975), the International Labour Organization (2004), the European Parliament (2009), and the Associated Press (2013) and other US news agencies.
The new terms are rarely used in official and academic discourse in Malaysia, where the popular term is "illegal immigrant". The term "illegals", elsewhere perceived as outdated and pejorative, is regularly used in Malaysian media.
The terminology is also obscure because Malaysian law (Immigration Act 1959/63) does not distinguish between undocumented economic migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and trafficked people; all are designated as illegal immigrants. The term "illegal immigrant" designates a variety of groups who are all liable to arrest, detention and deportation for immigration offences:
People who enter clandestinely, without travel authorisation
Children born to immigrants whose births have not been registered
Those seeking asylum, refugees, and trafficked victims
Those admitted with proper authorisation but who breach the terms of admission (e.g., by entering on student or tourist visas and then working)
Those admitted with authorisation to work, but who breach the terms of that authorisation (e.g., by changing their work or employer)
Those admitted with authorisation to work, but whose work permit is wrongfully cancelled by employers in a labour dispute
Those admitted with proper authorisation, but whose authorisation to stay has expired
Those admitted with authorisation to work but whose work authorisation has expired
Refugees in Sabah who were admitted for a temporary stay under the IMM13P (which must be renewed annually), but who fail to renew
Those possessing counterfeit or forged authorisation
Those possessing official authorisation which was obtained fraudulently
Background
Patterns of migration and the roles and responses of governments in the region concerning migration are rooted in the region's history. Present-day Malaysia has been a migration crossroads, where borders were lacking or permeable.
Pre-colonial migration
Malaysia's first generations of migrants were indigenous peoples, the Orang Asli, believed to have been part of the first wave of migration from Africa about 50,000 years ago or more-recent Asian evolution.
The Malay Peninsula developed from port towns which thrived on trade routes from China to India and hosted the next migrants as merchants settled in the ports, some assimilating into the local communities. By the fifth century AD, networks of these towns had evolved into organised political spheres of influence defined by their centre rather than their borders. At the periphery, control is less certain. Borders may be permeable and control sometimes overlaps; areas might be under several powers, or none.
During the second-century Langkasuka kingdoms, the eighth-century Srivijaya empire and the 15th-century Malacca Sultanate, the centre of power shifted between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. In addition to their link by political rule, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula were also linked by intermarriage between the Sumatran and Peninsular ruling elite (which led to the migration of their followers).
Other significant early migrants are those now classified as Melayu Anak Dagang (non-Malays who migrated to the region and later assimilated into Malay culture, distinct from Melayu Anak Jati: ethnic Malays who are native to the region, including the Minangkabau people from Sumatra and the Bugis people from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on Malaysia's long history as a society of migrants, researchers at University Sains Malaysia say: "It is, however, pertinent to put the record straight that migration of people to the artificially created enclave known as Malaysia today dated back to centuries. Malaysia like many ex-colonies is artificial ..."
Researcher Anthony Reid draws another conclusion from this history – that Malaysia, like the US and Australia, is best viewed as an immigrant society:
Refugees and asylum-seekers
Malaysia, like most of its Southeast Asian neighbours, did not sign the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and maintains that newly-arrived aliens are illegal immigrants rather than refugees. However, since the early 1970s it has allowed Muslims involved in a conflict in their own country (especially the Moro people of the southern Philippines) to seek refuge in Malaysia. In 1975, Malaysia accepted thousands of Cambodian Muslims who had fled the Pol Pot regime. During the Indochina refugee crisis, Malaysia allowed a small number of Cambodian Muslims to immigrate (assisted by the Malaysian Muslim Welfare Organisation, funded by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Malaysian government. In 1980, Malaysia began admitting Rohingya and Acehnese Muslims who were fleeing the persecution in Myanmar and insurgency in Indonesia.
Malaysian Deputy Minister of Home Affairs Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar said in 2015 that his ministry has told the UNHCR several times that "Malaysia is not a signatory to its convention on refugees", and the United Nations should send refugees to another Third-World nation. Jaafar also said that refugees and migrant workers needed to observe Malaysian law in the country. According to Deputy Foreign Minister Reezal Merican Naina Merican,
Immigration management
Domestic politics
According to a National Registration Department (NRD) official, 60,000 illegal immigrants in the east Malaysian state of Sabah received Malaysian identity cards (MyKads); such allegations are known as Project IC. This was done through an ethnic connection to people in certain Malaysian occupations (such as the NRD, politics or security forces). A syndicate from Pakistan has mainly Pakistani clients, and syndicates from Myanmar and Indonesia have their own clients. Filipinos with identity documents brought family members to Sabah. An officer of the Eastern Sabah Security Command said that the corruption of local authorities and the issuance of fraudulent identity cards played an important role in the increase of crime in Sabah. Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad has said that illegal immigrants long resident in Malaysia should not be barred from citizenship.
According to researchers Myfel Joseph Paluga and Andrea Malaya Ragragio of the University of the Philippines Mindanao, the flood of migrants from Mindanao to Sabah was partly encouraged by Sabah politicians who "wanted to be the Sultan of Sulu" after the fall of the United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) and Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) administrations. Following the rampant Islamisation and Muslims migration led by USNO chief Mustapha Harun, the Muslim population in Sabah drastically increased with negative perception from the native indigenous towards the Islamic religion also increased as it have been endangering the local culture and practice of the indigenous. As part of the Islamisation of Sabah state, Malaysia affords shelter around Sabah to Filipino Muslims escaping from the conflicts between Philippine government and their fellow separatists in their homeland of Mindanao. The Eastern Sabah Security Command Security Coordinating Intelligence Officer said that although the foreigners remained in Sabah, their loyalty to their homeland (Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago) in the Philippines never swayed and they brought drugs, smuggling and piracy. The Filipinos from this region are reportedly vengeful and ill-tempered and disputes often result in shooting and bloody feuds ("a culture they call Rido").
During the influx of the Vietnamese boat people, the Malaysian government felt that they would threaten its national security and racial balance; most refugees resemble Malaysian Chinese, resulting in quick repatriation. The Malaysian government blamed the United States, accusing it of causing the Vietnam War and a massive influx of refugees to Vietnam's neighbours. Some Sabah Muslim MPs and State Assembly members, such as Rosnah Shirlin and Abdul Rahim Ismail, were aware of the Filipino Muslim problem. According to Shirlin,
Ismail agreed:
The Royal Commission of Inquiry on illegal immigrants in Sabah investigated the granting of citizenship to illegal immigrants. Former National Registration Director Mohd Nasir Sugip said that he was part of a secret operation, Ops Durian Buruk (Operation Rotten Durian), during the early 1990s in which the Election Commission of Malaysia and former Deputy Home Minister Megat Junid Megat Ayub instructed his department to issue national identity cards to foreigners to change Sabah's voting demographics. The names of 16,000 illegal immigrants were changed by the instruction of the Sabah Election Commission. Former Sabah NRD director Ramli Kamarudin said that former Sabah Chief Minister Osu Sukam was present when Megat Junid gave instructions to carry out the project IC exercise.
A Filipino man said that he received an identity card without applying for it, and Indian and Pakistani immigrants said that they received identity cards less than 10 years after they arrived in Sabah during the 1980s. The irregularities reportedly angered Sabahan natives, including those in neighbouring Sarawak. The Christian Dayak people are stateless, without birth certificates, while the newly-arrived illegal immigrants can obtain Malaysian identity cards in a short time. The Malaysian government reportedly favours Muslim asylum-seekers.
National security
In 2008, the Sabah deputy chief minister said that some illegal immigrants attempted to become Malaysian security-force members with fake identity cards. A Sulu militant in Sabah was a Malaysian police corporal with family in the southern Philippines who was believed to have aided militants in illegally entering and leaving the state. A security guard from Tawau in Sabah killed a bank officer in Subang Jaya, Selangor during a robbery. The security guard had a fake identity card, and was later identified as an Indonesian from Sulawesi. Lim Kit Siang asked how the security guard obtained a MyKad, enabling him to work at the bank:
In addition to Sabah, the border in the Straits of Malacca between Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra enabled Indonesian immigrants to illegally enter the country; in 2014, an overloaded migrant boat sank.
Human trafficking
Malaysia, Thailand and Venezuela were listed in the third and lowest tier of the US Department of State's 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report. The country has made little progress to combat the exploitation of foreign migrant workers subjected to forced labour and those recruited under false pretenses and coerced into sex work. Rohingya refugees, seeking a better life in Malaysia, are frequently victimised by human traffickers who confine, beat and starve them and demand ransoms from their families. Many Filipinas, promised good jobs in other countries by brokers in the Philippines, have been trafficked to Malaysia and are vulnerable to detention by Malaysian authorities for illegal entry. Vietnamese and Chinese traffickers have shifted their prostitution rings to Malaysia, making Vietnamese women the largest number of foreign prostitutes in the country (followed by Cambodian women). Traffickers usually offer victims good-paying jobs in Malaysia; when they meet a trafficker (posing as a manager), they are imprisoned, raped and forced into sex work. Chinese traffickers kidnapped children, maimed them and used them to beg in the streets of Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysia is an electrical-parts manufacturing centre, and large companies such as Panasonic and Samsung (as well as the McDonald's fast-food chain) were accused of poor treatment of workers. Cambodian housemaids have reportedly been poorly treated, and a Cambodian maid detained in a Malaysian immigration centre said that she saw three Cambodian and Vietnamese women die after severe abuse; Thai, Indonesian and Laotian prisoners were also reportedly abused. This however refuted by Malaysian Deputy Home Minister Nur Jazlan Mohamed who said the matter has been investigated and no deaths are actually occurred. Nevertheless, a Malaysian couple were sentenced to death for starving their Cambodian maid to death.
Child-selling is ongoing, with babies brought from countries such as Thailand and Cambodia. Some are bought by infertile couples, but the less fortunate are sold to traffickers and forced to become sex slaves or beggars. Prostitution rings also offer babies from their foreign sex workers who become pregnant; some sex workers contact couples to offer their babies, since Malaysian law forbids migrant workers from having children in the country.
Social impact
In 1986, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) attempted to integrate Filipino refugees in Sabah with local communities if it could not repatriate them to the Philippines; however, this was opposed by the Sabah state government and local residents. The UNHCR tried a similar solution in 2015, issuing refugee cards in West Malaysia without government approval.
Policy
The Immigration Department of Malaysia has promised that Malaysia will be free from illegal immigrants in 2020.
Amnesty programme
In 2011, Malaysia introduced Program 6P to reduce the number of illegal immigrants. The 6P is shorthand for six Malay words beginning with p: pendaftaran (registration), pemutihan (legalisation), pengampunan (amnesty), pemantauan (supervision), penguatkuasaan (enforcement) and pengusiran (deportation). Illegal immigrants were given three weeks to accept the offer or face legal penalties if found without a valid travel document or work permit. There was a call to strengthen the programme by monitoring management companies appointed as intermediaries between employers and illegal foreign workers.
Enforcement
Malaysian authorities have frequently cracked down on illegal immigrants (sometimes without notice), with more frequent enforcement since 2014. Illegal immigrants are imprisoned, caned and deported. In early 2017, a former employee of the Malaysian Registration Department (JPN) was sentenced to 156 years in prison for giving illegal citizenship to Filipino immigrants in Sabah.
Regional co-operation
A joint border commission has been formed with the Philippines to patrol from the southern Philippines to East Malaysia, and Thailand has agreed to lengthen its border wall along the Malaysian state of Kedah to curb the flow of illegal workers across the Malay–Thai border. Spanish Ambassador to Malaysia María Bassols Delgado has urged the country to develop closer ties with other ASEAN nations to solve the immigrant problem: "Close understanding between Asean countries would result in a more effective approach to identify the individuals who entered the country illegally and without identification papers. This would facilitate the process of sending them back to their countries of origin". Malaysia received two Bay-class patrol boats from Australia in 2015, and said that the vessels would be used to protect their maritime borders from illegal migration across the Straits of Malacca. Before a November 2016 meeting between Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak in Putrajaya, both leaders agreed to deport illegal Filipino migrants and refugees in Sabah back to the Philippines and signed agreements to improve the social conditions of legal Filipino migrants and expatriates in the state with a school, hospital, and consulate. That month, Thai Defence Minister Prawit Wongsuwan announced a plan to replace the southern Malay–Thai border fence with a wall; Wongsuwan got the idea from a meeting in Laos with his Malaysian counterparts.
See also
Pendatang asing, a term used by Malaysians for immigrants or foreigners
References
Further reading
Laws regarding to Immigration in Malaysia (PDF) – Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Immigration to Malaysia |
4016325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Birthplace | The Birthplace | "The Birthplace" is a short story by Henry James, first published in his collection The Better Sort in 1903. A witty satire on the excesses of bardolatry, the story reflects James's skepticism about the authorship of Shakespeare's plays. Beyond the narrow scholarly issue, the story also shows a typically imaginative Jamesian protagonist inventing an alternative reality in his lecture on the Bard's supposed childhood activities.
Plot summary
Morris Gedge is a librarian at a dull provincial library in England that is "all granite, fog and female fiction." He gets a welcome offer to become the custodian of the Shakespeare house at Stratford-on-Avon. Although Shakespeare's name is never mentioned in the story (James used the name twice in his Notebooks when he was planning the tale) it's obvious to whom "the supreme Mecca of the English-speaking race" is devoted.
Once installed as the custodian, Morris begins to doubt the chatter he is forced to give to tourists who visit the home. He starts to qualify and hesitate in his spiel. This brings anguish to his wife and a warning from the shrine's proprietors. Gedge finally decides that if silliness is what's wanted, he'll supply it abundantly. The last section of the story shows him delivering a hilarious lecture on how the child Shakespeare played around the house. Of course, receipts from tourists increase and Gedge gets a raise.
Major themes
This story is a superbly humorous play on James' common theme of how the imaginative "children of light" inevitably find trouble in the real, unforgiving world. Morris is something of an exception in that he triumphs over the world's attempts to grind him down...by giving the world exactly what it wants. The story illustrates T. S. Eliot's dictum that humankind cannot bear very much reality.
But the story does not read at all as a grim reminder of how people would rather hear sweet fiction than sour fact. James clearly sympathizes with the amusing way Gedge devises a more appealing "reality" in his great parodic lecture on Shakespeare's imagined childhood. As for the authorship question itself, James found it very hard to believe that the "Stratford man" wrote the plays and sonnets. But he had found it almost as difficult to believe in any of the other supposed authors, such as Sir Francis Bacon. The final message of The Birthplace seems to be that Shakespeare's works themselves are far more important than the biographical details of whoever wrote them.
Critical evaluation
Some critics have seen Morris' compromise not as the development of an artist but rather as the prostitution of an honest man. To some extent this view has validity because Gedge is forced to sacrifice scholarly scruples in favor of a more entertaining presentation. But the story's light touch indicates that James probably admired Morris' ability to construct a clever and detailed fantasy. After all, that's what James himself did in his own fiction.
Most critics agree that the story is delightfully told, no matter what the verdict may be on Gedge's intellectual integrity. Morris' final lecture is particularly memorable for its brilliant satire of tourist-trap hucksterism:
Across that threshold He habitually passed; through those low windows, in childhood, He peered out into the world that He was to make much happier by the gift to it of His genius; over the boards of this floor...His little feet often pattered; and the beams of this ceiling...He endeavoured, in boyish strife, to jump up and touch.
References
The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1984)
A Henry James Encyclopedia by Robert L. Gale (New York: Greenwood Press 1989)
External links
Original book publication of The Birthplace (1903)
Author's preface to the New York Edition text of The Birthplace (1909)
Note on the texts of The Birthplace at the Library of America web site
1903 short stories
Short stories by Henry James |
4016333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaecide | Algaecide | Algaecide or algicide is a biocide used for killing and preventing the growth of algae.
Natural algicides
Barley straw, in England, is placed in mesh bags and floated in fish ponds or water gardens to help reduce algal growth without harming pond plants and animals. Barley straw has not been approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use as a pesticide and its effectiveness as an algaecide in ponds has produced mixed results during university testing in the United States and England.
Synthetic algicides
Synthetic algicides include:
benzalkonium chloride
bethoxazin
copper sulfate
cybutryne
dichlone
dichlorophen
diuron
endothal
fentin
hydrated lime
isoproturon
methabenzthiazuron
nabam
oxyfluorfen
pentachlorophenyl laurate
quinoclamine
quinonamid
simazine
terbutryn
Tiodonium
References
External links
National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) Information about pesticide-related topics. |
4016351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20mammal%20observer | Marine mammal observer | A marine mammal observer (MMO) is a professional in environmental consulting who specializes in whales and dolphins.
In recent years there has been increased concern for the effect of man-made noise pollution in the ocean, particularly upon cetaceans - which are known to be sensitive to sound. As a result, environmental regulations have been introduced in an attempt to minimise negative impacts on marine wildlife. These guidelines have focused on the oil industry's seismic exploration for offshore oil. They center on the practice of delaying or shutting down the use of air-guns if a whale or dolphin is sighted nearby. An MMO will implement these regulations in the field.
When on board the seismic vessel, the MMO's job is two-fold:
To spot sensitive wildlife species
To monitor adherence to the guidelines.
Spotting, and identifying, animals involves long hours of visual surveys. Detecting cetaceans with hydrophones is known as Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), and this is an increasingly common technique used in addition to visual surveys. Ensuring adherence to guidelines requires a thorough knowledge of the regulations, understanding of the operations and the ability to communicate effectively with the crew. MMOs usually have a strong background in marine biology and conservation. Increasingly, the oil industry is employing a 'best practice' attitude to environmental commitment and voluntarily taking on MMOs as independent observers in areas where no government regulations exist. In some circumstances guidelines may be open to interpretation or the environmental conditions unique and the MMO will be called upon to advise on a sensible mitigation protocol.
As well as the seismic exploration industry, MMOs may also be required during; oil rig decommissioning, where disused oil platform pilings on the seabed are removed by large amounts of explosives, marine construction projects and; military trials of powerful new active sonar systems.
Typically MMO duties are funded by the company surveying.
Noise from human activity in the ocean environment is likely to increase - and become a bigger environmental issue. Discussion of how to minimize the negative effects of noise upon whales, dolphins and other marine-life will no doubt continue between industry, government agencies, military, environmental organizations and academics. It will be the MMO who puts this into practice in the field.
References
External links
Marine Mammal Observer Association
http://www.jncc.gov.uk
https://web.archive.org/web/20130603091423/http://www.decc.gov.uk/
http://www.boem.gov
http://www.iagc.org
https://www.intelligentocean.com
https://www.seiche.com
Guidelines for Mitigation Measures during seismic surveys
ACCOBAMS https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005307/http://www.accobams.org/new_accobams/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/GL_impact_anthropogenic_noise.pdf
United Kingdom http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1534
Ireland http://www.npws.ie/en/media/NPWS/Publications/Marine/Media,5176,en.pdf
New Zealand http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conservation/native-animals/marine-mammals/2013-seismic-survey-code-of-conduct.pdf
Canada https://web.archive.org/web/20100515113709/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans-habitat/oceans/im-gi/seismic-sismique/statement-enonce_e.asp
Australia https://web.archive.org/web/20110315132927/http://environment.gov.au/epbc/publications/pubs/seismic-whales.rtf
Gulf of Mexico http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/regs/ntls/2007NTLs/07-g02.pdf
International Association of Oil and Gas Producers: https://www.iogp.org/bookstore/product/recommended-monitoring-and-mitigation-measures-for-cetaceans-during-marine-seismic-survey-geophysical-operations/
* The worst company supplying mmo's in the UK is osc.co.uk (ocean science consulting) they underpay their consultants, use inexperienced and unqualified staff. Do not work for them or with them.
Marine mammals |
4016353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienberg | Marienberg | Marienberg is a town in Germany. It was the district capital of the Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis (Central Ore Mountains district) in the southern part of Saxony, and since August 2008 it has been part of the new district of Erzgebirgskreis. As of 2020, the town had 16,716 inhabitants.
Location and design
The town is situated on a plateau north of the Ore Mountain ridge, at an elevation between 460 and 891 metres above sea level. It is approximately 31 kilometres south of Chemnitz, to which it is connected via the Flöha Valley Railway.
The historical town centre follows a rectangular plan, imitating Italian renaissance. The centre is the market square, a square of 1.7 hectares in area.
Marienberg and Pobershau were merged into the administrative unit (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Marienberg, Pobershau has been incorporated into Marienberg with effect from 1 January 2012.
Town districts
Marienberg's districts are:
Marienberg
Ansprung
Gebirge
Gelobtland
Grundau
Kühnhaide
Lauta
Lauterbach
Niederlauterstein
Pobershau
Reitzenhain
Rittersberg
Rübenau
Satzung
Sorgau
Zöblitz
History
Villages of Gebirge, Gelobtland and Hüttengrund
The first documented evidence relating to Marienberg is a mention of the village of Wüstenschletta as Sletyn in 1323. But by 1481 it was being referred as wüste Schlette ("abandoned Schlette"). The owner of the eponymous glassworks in 1486 was Barthol Preußler. On 17 July 1519, silver was first discovered as the entrance to the Hüttengrund by Clemens Schiffel and, on 11 May 1520, the first ore mine (Fundgrube), St. Fabian Sebastian, was leased to Schiffel. The town was founded on 27 April 1521 by Henry the Pious, Duke of Saxony. The town plan was designed by Ulrich Rülein von Calw. Marienberg was granted town rights in 1523 and was given its own mining office (Bergamt) in 1525. A grammar school (Lateinschule) was first mentioned in 1530. The village of Wüstenschletta was subordinated to the jurisdiction of the town in 1533. With the Protestant Reformation reaching the town in 1536/37, Marienberg became an independent parish. Mining reached its peak in 1540. From 1541 to 1566, the town walls were erected. In 1555, there were more than a thousand pits in the Marienberg mining area. The Late Gothic hall church of St. Mary's was built from 1558 to 1564.
On 31 August 1610, the town suffered in a devastating fire in which almost all its 550 houses were destroyed. Following the end of silver mining, the extraction of copper and tin began in 1612. In 1696 troops were first quartered in the town, and from 1753 to 1858, it was a garrison town for the cavalry. Around 1755, Gelobtland (literally: "Promised Land") was mentioned for the first time in the records ("... in the Gelobten Land ..."). In the wake of a fever (Faulfieber) epidemic, an orphanage was founded in 1772, which was expanded into a school (Freischule) in 1805. To improve the food situation of the mining employees a miner's grain store (Bergmagazin) was built from 1806 to 1809 on the recommendation of mining director Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich von Trebra. In 1810, a school was built in the village of Gebirge. In 1813 Marienberg became a staging post for the allied armies facing Napoleon.
In 1821, the village of Gelobtland was created as a settlement for forest workers. In 1835, the dilapidated town wall was taken down, with the exception of the Zschopau Gate (Zschopauer Tor) and the Red Tower (Roter Turm). In 1842, Marienberg became the seat of the church parish. In 1847, the mining office was closed; that same year a kindergarten was opened in the presence of Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. From 1858 to 1873 Marienberg served as a garrison town for the infantry.
The volunteer fire service was founded in 1862. From 1873 to 1920, there was an NCO school and preschool in Marienberg; in 1874 work on the construction of the barracks was begun. In the same year construction started on a gas works and the installation of gas lanterns. In 1875 Marienberg was given a connection to the railway network with the construction of the Flöha Valley Railway with stations in Marienberg itself, Gebirge, and Gelobtland. In 1882, volunteer fire services were established in Gelobtland and Gebirge. In 1889 the town hospital opened. A water works was built in 1891/1892 and the Central School (Zentralschule, now the gymnasium) was inaugurated in 1893. In 1899 the Rudolf shaft mine closed and, with that, the last mine was gone. In 1910, a power station was built and, in 1913, Marienberg connected to the main electricity supply. In 1914, the church, the Red Tower and the Zschopau Gate were placed under protection by a local by-law. In 1917, work began on the building of the district court. At Gallows Hill (Galgenberg) in 1927 a ski jump was opened. A junior high school and Progymnasium was founded in 1918 and was housed until 1940 within the barracks. With the construction of twelve semi-detached houses from 1933 to 1937, the district of Moosheide was formed.
Between 1924 and 1937, the Marienberg Triangle Race (Marienberger Dreieckrennen) took place ten times. The 17 km route ran from Marienberg, via the Heinzebank and Wolkenstein and back to Marienberg. At that time it was the fastest motorcycle road racing circuit in Germany and has hosted rounds of the German motorcycle road championship.
Towards the end of World War II, 154 concentration camp prisoners from the subcamp of Wille in Tröglitz/Rehmsdorf were murdered during a death march by members of the SS. They had escaped from transport trains at Gelobtland and Reitzenhain stations during enemy strafing attacks between 15 and 17 April 1945 into the surrounding forests, but were recaptured.
From 1874 to 1939, Marienberg was the seat of the eponymous Amtshauptmannschaft which became the county of Marienberg in 1939. The latter was absorbed into the county of Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis in 1994 and, in 2008, the county of Erzgebirgskreis at which point the town lost its status as the county town. Since 2013, there are no more scheduled passenger trains to Marienberg,<ref>Freie Presse Online: Fahrplanwechsel bei der Bahn: Marienberg rollt aufs Abstellgleis, retrieved 02 July 2015</ref> while the section of the railway line to Reitzenhain was already closed in 1998.
From 1994 to 2012, several surrounding municipalities were merged with Marienberg. These were in chronological order Lauta (1 January 1994), Niederlauterstein (1 January 1996), Lauterbach (1 January 1998), Hirtstein (1 January 2003), Pobershau (1 January 2012), and the town of Zöblitz (31 December 2012).
Culture and sights
The historic old town (Altstadt) of Marienberg and the mining country near Lauta is the UNESCO World Heritage Site as a part of the Ore Mountain Mining Region (Montanregion Erzgebirge).
Structures
St. Mary's – a Late Gothic hall church
Town hall built in the Renaissance style
Red Tower (Roter Turm) – the last of originally 4 corner towers in the town wall
Zschopau Gate (Zschopauer Tor) – last of originally 5 town gates
Old Mining Store (Bergmagazin) – built 1806-1809
Rectangular town plan with a square market place (the Marktplatz)
Saxon post milestone (Kursächsische Postmeilensäule) from the Zschopau Gate; part of the coat of arms of a Saxon post milestone from the Annaberg Gate in the museum, electoral Saxon full milestone from the High Bridge (Hohe Brücke) as a monument at the Bergmagazin, parts of a Saxon half-milestone walled into the archway of Haus Reiter and two quarter-milestones on the original post road near Reitzenhain and, as the Wettin Oak monument (Wettin Eiche), on Eisenstraße in the Marienberg Forest (Marienberger Forst)
Royal Saxon milestones as sentinel stones from the Wolkenstein Gate on Wolkensteiner Straße and converted in 1900 to kilometre stones at the old Freiberg Gate and at the Lauterbach junction on the B 171 federal road.
Museums
Museum of the Saxon-Bohemian Ore Mountains (Museum sächsisch-böhmisches Erzgebirge) in the BergmagazinMemorials
Memorial site created in 1952 at Marienberg-Gelobtland station in memory of the murdered concentration camp prisoners
Memorial plaque for 23 French and 34 Soviet prisoners of the Flöha subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp, who were also murdered by the SS in spring 1945
Memorial site created in 1950 on the B 174 in a wood near Reitzenhain for 218 prisoners executed by SS guards
Gravesite dug in 1945 at the cemetery for Italian military internees
Memorial plaque on the staircase of the town hall to the social democrat resistance fighter, Walter Mehnert, who was murdered on 18 October 1943 in the gaol at Brandenburg-Görden (not in Moabit as stated on the plaque)
Major events
26 to 29 July 2001: German Christian Endeavour (Entschieden für Christus) conference (Christian youth conference)
1 to 3 September 2006: 15th Day of Saxony in Marienberg
Culinary specialities
Lauterbacher Tropfen
Economy and infrastructure
Marienberg is developing its tourism offer; one aspect of that being the Silver Road which runs through the town. A German armoured infantry unit, the Panzergrenadierbataillon 371, is based in the Bundeswehr barracks called Erzgebirgskaserne. The barracks lies on the edge of the old town. In 1996 the unit was given the honorary title the "Marienberg Rifles" (Marienberger Jäger'') by the town council.
Transport
The Flöha Valley Railway, opened in 1875 and now operated by the DB Erzgebirgsbahn, provided a connection to Chemnitz (via Pockau-Lengefeld and Flöha) until 2013. The section between Pockau-Lengefeld and Marienberg is still in use for freight trains, the section between Marienberg and Reitzenhain was closed in 1998 and has been lifted in 2013. It is to be converted into a cycling and hiking path.
The B 174 federal highway from Chemnitz runs through the town towards Reitzenhain (border of Czech Republic), and crosses B 171 from Wolkenstein to Dippoldiswalde near Hüttengrund. The Reitzenhain Pass is the lowest pass in the Ore Mountains and was therefore one of the most important communication links between central Germany and Bohemia in the Middle Ages. State roads connect Marienberg with Annaberg-Buchholz, Pockau, and Lengefeld.
The construction of the ring road, planned for many years, which routes the B 174 east of Marienberg, was started in 2005. It was opened on 29 November 2007 in the presence of Federal Transport Minister, Wolfgang Tiefensee.
Public transport is provided by VMS with scheduled cross-country buses to Annaberg-Buchholz, Brand-Erbisdorf, Chemnitz, Freiberg, Niederschmiedeberg, Olbernhau, Wolkenstein, and Zschopau as well as local buses connecting the various parts of the town.
Media
MEF (Mittel-Erzgebirgs-Fernsehen), a TV station, has been operating since 1989 and aims to provide a broadcasting platform for the community of the county of Mittlerer Erzgebirgkreis.
Twin towns – sister cities
Marienberg is twinned with:
Bad Marienberg, Germany
Dorog, Hungary
Lingen, Germany
Most, Czech Republic
Gallery
References
External links
City and tourist information
Official website
Populated places established in 1521
Towns in the Ore Mountains
Erzgebirgskreis
Kingdom of Saxony
1521 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire |
4016356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Bywater | Michael Bywater | Michael Bywater (born 11 May 1953) is an English non-fiction writer and broadcaster. He has worked for many London newspapers and periodicals and contributed to the design of computer games.
Biography
Bywater was educated at the independent Nottingham High School and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He was a long-running columnist for The Independent on Sunday and an early futurist for The Observer. He spent ten years on the staff of Punch, where he wrote a regular computer column and the anonymous "Bargepole" column. He wrote regularly for The Times and had been a contributing editor to Cosmopolitan and Woman's Journal. He also writes regularly on high-tech subjects for The Daily Telegraph and a wide variety of technology magazines. He is termed a cultural critic for the New Statesman. In 1998 he was part of BBC Radio 4's five-part political satire programme Cartoons, Lampoons, and Buffoons. He also supervises on the Tragedy paper for a number of Cambridge colleges and in 2006 was Writer-in-Residence at Magdalene College, Cambridge. Bywater was the inspiration for his close friend Douglas Adams's character Dirk Gently.
Bywater was previously identified as a young fogey. In The Young Fogey Handbook (Poole, Dorset: Javelin Books, 1985), author Suzanne Lowry writes: "Michael Bywater, 30-year old Punch columnist and former trendy who once worked in films, made bold to criticise Burberrys for the inferior quality of their product - the trench coats are not what they were in the days of the trenches. Burberrys riposted that indeed they could live up to their past, and made Bywater a coat to the 1915 design devised by Kitchener and Burberry – complete with camel hair lining to protect a gentleman officer's flesh on the field..."
Games, books, music
In the mid-1980s, Bywater co-designed and co-wrote several interactive fiction games. He collaborated with Douglas Adams on Bureaucracy and the never-completed Milliways: The Restaurant At The End Of The Universe for Infocom, and with Anita Sinclair on Jinxter for Magnetic Scrolls. He revisited computer games in the late 1990s as a member of the writing team on another Douglas Adams project, Starship Titanic.
Bywater's book Lost Worlds, on the human tendency to nostalgia, appeared in 2004. His subsequent Big Babies, on the infantilisation of Western culture, was published in November 2006. A book on his journeys round the Australian Outback in a Cessna 172 continues to be a work in progress, due out "soon".
Bywater is a certified pilot and harpsichordist. He has one daughter, Benedicta, who played church organ with Gary Brooker for the "Within Our House" charity concert, also released on CD.
References
External links
Essay taken from Bywater's book, "Big Babies"
1953 births
British writers
Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Living people
People educated at Nottingham High School |
4016366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean%20Mountains | Crimean Mountains | The Crimean Mountains (, translit. Krymski hory; , translit. Krymskie gory; ) are a range of mountains running parallel to the south-eastern coast of Crimea, between about from the sea. Toward the west, the mountains drop steeply to the Black Sea, and to the east, they change slowly into a steppe landscape.
The Crimean Mountains consist of three subranges. The highest is the Main range. The Main range is subdivided into several masses, known as yaylas or mountain plateaus (Yayla is Crimean Tatar for "Alpine Meadow"). They are:
Baydar Yayla
Ay-Petri Yayla
Yalta Yayla
Nikita Yayla
Hurzuf Yayla
Babugan Yayla
Chatyr-Dag Yayla
Dologorukovskaya (Subatkan) Yayla
Demirji Yayla
Karabi Yayla
Highest peaks
The Crimea's highest peak is the Roman-Kosh (; , ) on the Babugan Yayla at . Other important peaks over 1,200 metres include:
Demir-Kapu (, , ) 1,540 m in the Babugan Yayla;
Zeytin-Kosh (; , ) 1,537 m in the Babugan Yayla;
Kemal-Egerek (, , ) 1,529 m in the Babugan Yayla;
Eklizi-Burun (, , ) 1,527 m in the Chatyrdag Yayla;
Lapata (; , ) 1,406 m in the Yaltynska Yayla, Yalta Yaylası;
Northern Demirji (, , ) 1,356 m in the Demirci Yayla;
Ai-Petri (, , ) 1,234 m in the Ay Petri Yaylası.
Passes and rivers
The passes over the Crimean Mountains are:
Angarskyi Pass near Perevalne, on a road from Alushta to Simferopol
Baydar Gate near Foros, connecting Baydar Valley and the sea coast
Laspi Pass near Cape Aya, on a road from Yalta to Sevastopol.
Rivers of the Crimean Mountains include the Alma River, Chernaya River, and Salhir River on the northern slope and Uchan-su River on the southern slope which forms the Uchan-su waterfall, and the highest waterfall in Crimea.
History
Archaeologists have found the earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe in the Crimean mountains' Buran-Kaya caves. The fossils are 32,000 years old, with the artifacts linked to the Gravettian culture. The fossils have cut marks suggesting a post-mortem defleshing ritual.
Gallery
See also
Crimea
References
External links
Crimean mountains - view on all parts of mountains of Crimea
Mountains of Crimea - Great collection of Crimean mountains from private mountain guide Sergey Sorokin
Landforms of Crimea
Mountain ranges of Ukraine |
4016383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioiosa%20Ionica | Gioiosa Ionica | Gioiosa Ionica (Calabrian: ) is a town and comune in Italy in the province of Reggio Calabria, region of Calabria. It lies near the east coast of Calabria and covers an area of .
The remains of a theatre belonging to the Roman period were discovered in 1883. The ruins of an ancient building called the Naviglio, the nature of which does not seem clear, are described (ib. 1884, p. 252).
References
Cities and towns in Calabria |
4016386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannalal%20Girdharlal%20Dayanand%20Anglo%20Vedic%20College | Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo Vedic College | Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (P.G.D.A.V) College is a constituent college of University of Delhi. Established in 1957, it offers various courses at the undergraduate, postgraduate level and open schooling.
The College is situated in Nehru Nagar, near Lajpat Nagar, in New Delhi. The College complex has two seminar halls, a Computer Centre, a Bank, a library, laboratories, and playgrounds for Cricket, Football, Badminton, Basketball and Volleyball.
Courses offered
Undergraduate courses
B.A. Programme
B.Com. Programme
B.Com. (Hons.)
B.A.(Hons) Economics
B.A. (Hons.) English
B.A. (Hons.) History
B.A. (Hons.) Hindi
B.A. (Hons.) Political Science
B.A. (Hons.) Sanskrit
B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics
B.Sc.(Hons) Statistics
B.Sc.(Hons) Computer Science
B.Sc. Mathematical Science
Ref:
Postgraduate courses
M.A./M.Sc.Maths
M.A. Hindi
M.Com.
M.A. Political Science
Ref:
Departments
The college has twelve Departments which conduct B.Sc. / B.A. / B.Com. Honors as well as B.Sc. / B.A. / B.Com. Programme Courses.
List of Departments:
Commerce
Computer Science
Economics
English
Hindi
History
Statistics
Mathematics
Physical Education
Environmental Studies
Political Science
Sanskrit
Cultural societies of morning shift
"Hyperion". It resembles the cultural diversity in its structure, being composed of multiple different societies, including:
Information Technology Society: "Tech-Wiz" was established in year 2013. Members of Tech-Wiz deals with all technical projects for P.G.D.A.V. College.
The Photography Society: "IRIS- The Film and Photography Society"
The Theatre and Film Making Society: "Navrang" has been awarded with the P.G.D.A.V Society of the year award for its amazing performance during the year 2016–17. Its most famous play "JAN-E-MAN" won 32 awards in total across delhi and also won 1st prize at Mood Indigo –The annual cultural fest of IIT Bombay. It also won best production award at Sahitya Kala Parishad's annual theatre fest.
Dramatics Society: "Rudra" with its famous street play "YEH GANDI BAAT HAI" won the prize for the best play at 2012 IIT MUMBAI festival – Mood Indigo, second best play at Kamla Nehru college, 3rd best play at Dyal Singh evening college, best play at Jamia Millia Islamia and second best play at Faculty of Management Studies. The Society came into controversy with its play 'Dilli Desh Hai' in 2011 pointing out the flaws in federal funding structure of India, which focused on metros and big cities at cost of smaller cities and towns.
"Rapbeats"-"The Hip Hop Music Society" is the only Hip Hop Music Society in the whole of Delhi University.
"Impressions": the impact on the cultural arts society, which is responsible for decoration in all the events held within the College major or minor be it the cultural fest or freshers talent hunt.
Indian Music Society: "Raagaa"
Dance Society: "SPUNK" – morning "RIEVA" – evening
Intellectual Society: "Chanakya" The Intellectual Society is one of the prominent societies of Hyperion, which in itself holds 4 different societies, including:
The Grey Matter: Debating Society As the name resembles it means matters which cannot be classified under the stereotyped 'black' or white and holds debatable aspects
Buzzer: (Quiz Society)
Qaafiya: A poetry forum was started in the year 2011.
Western Music Society: "Conundrum" secured the first prize in the college band competition at Mood Indigo 2013 (IIT Bombay) apart from having won prizes at many other colleges including Kirori Mal College, Faculty of Law (Delhi), Dyal Singh College, SGND Khalsa College and JIMS (Rohini) the very same year.
Notable alumni
Manoj Prabhakar – Former cricketer
Dheeraj Verma – Comic book artist/creator
Arvind Babbal – Director and producer
Vijay Raaz – Actor
Parvinder Awana – Cricketer
Mukund Thakur - IAS 2020 Batch
See also
Arya Samaj
Education in India
Literacy in India
List of institutions of higher education in Delhi
References
External links
Official College Website
Universities and colleges in Delhi
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Arya Samaj
1957 establishments in Delhi
Educational institutions established in 1957 |
4016390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20USFA%20Division%20I%20National%20Champions | List of USFA Division I National Champions | This is a list of USA Fencing (USFA) Division I national champions. The Division I National Championship in each weapon was contested at Summer Nationals until recently, when it started taking place during the April North American Cup.
Men's Fencing Division I National Champions
Women's Fencing Division I National Champions
Other
References
Fencing competitions
Fencing in the United States |
4016392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endpoint%20Handlespace%20Redundancy%20Protocol | Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol | The Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol is used by the Reliable server pooling (RSerPool) framework for the communication between Pool Registrars to maintain and synchronize a handlespace.
It is allocated on the application layer like the Aggregate Server Access Protocol. It is a work in progress within the IETF.
External links
Thomas Dreibholz's Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) Page
IETF RSerPool Working Group
Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP)
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) and Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) Parameters
Threats Introduced by Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) and Requirements for Security in Response to Threats
Reliable Server Pooling Policies
Internet protocols
Internet Standards
Session layer protocols |
4016398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20taxonomy | Plant taxonomy | Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things).
Plant taxonomy is closely allied to plant systematics, and there is no sharp boundary between the two. In practice, "plant systematics" involves relationships between plants and their evolution, especially at the higher levels, whereas "plant taxonomy" deals with the actual handling of plant specimens. The precise relationship between taxonomy and systematics, however, has changed along with the goals and methods employed.
Plant taxonomy is well known for being turbulent, and traditionally not having any close agreement on circumscription and placement of taxa. See the list of systems of plant taxonomy.
Background
Classification systems serve the purpose of grouping organisms by characteristics common to each group. Plants are distinguished from animals by various traits: they have cell walls made of cellulose, polyploidy, and they exhibit sedentary growth. Where animals have to eat organic molecules, plants are able to change energy from light into organic energy by the process of photosynthesis. The basic unit of classification is species, a group able to breed amongst themselves and bearing mutual resemblance, a broader classification is the genus. Several genera make up a family, and several families an order.
Plantae, the Plant Kingdom
The plant kingdom is divided according to the following:
Identification, classification and description of plants
Three goals of plant taxonomy are the identification, classification and description of plants. The distinction between these three goals is important and often overlooked.
1.Plant identification is a determination of the identity of an unknown plant by comparison with previously collected specimens or with the aid of books or identification manuals. The process of identification connects the specimen with a published name. Once a plant specimen has been identified, its name and properties are known.
2.Plant classification is the placing of known plants into groups or categories to show some relationship. Scientific classification follows a system of rules that standardizes the results, and groups successive categories into a hierarchy. For example, the family to which the lilies belong is classified as follows:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
The classification of plants results in an organized system for the naming and cataloging of future specimens, and ideally reflects scientific ideas about inter-relationships between plants. The set of rules and recommendations for formal botanical nomenclature, including plants, is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants abbreviated as ICN.
3.Plant description is a formal description of a newly discovered species, usually in the form of a scientific paper using ICN guidelines. The names of these plants are then registered on the International Plant Names Index along with all other validly published names.
Classification systems
These include;
APG system (angiosperm phylogeny group)
APG II system (angiosperm phylogeny group II)
APG III system (angiosperm phylogeny group III)
APG IV system (angiosperm phylogeny group IV)
Bessey system (a system of plant taxonomy)
Cronquist system (taxonomic classification of flowering plants)
Melchior system
Online databases
Ecocrop
EPPO Code
GRIN
See Category: Online botany databases
See also
American Society of Plant Taxonomists
Biophysical environment
Botanical nomenclature
Citrus taxonomy
Environmental protection
Herbarium
History of plant systematics
International Association for Plant Taxonomy
Taxonomy of cultivated plants
References
External links
Plant systematics
Tracking Plant Taxonomy Updates discussion group |
4016401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20Stafford%20rail%20crash | 1990 Stafford rail crash | The train crash at Stafford on 4 August 1990, resulted in the death of a train driver and injuries to 36 people.
The 11:36 pm empty coaching stock train from Stoke-on-Trent to Birmingham Soho TMD ran into the rear of the 10:18 pm express passenger train from Manchester Piccadilly to Penzance, which was standing in platform 4 at Stafford station. The empty train was signalled to draw up behind the express in order to clear the way for another train.
The driver of the empty train, who was the only fatality, was considered not to have kept a good lookout. This was possibly compounded by excessive working hours and by the alcohol that was subsequently found in his bloodstream.
The Rule Book was changed to avoid this situation. Now if a train is to be signalled into an occupied section and that train is not booked to call at that location, the driver must be first advised. Also before a train can be signalled behind another, the signal ahead of the stationary train must be at danger until the second train has come to a stand, to avoid potential 'over-reading' of the signal by the second driver.
See also
List of British rail accidents
References
External links
Official accident report, courtesy of The Railways Archive
Railway accidents and incidents in Staffordshire
Railway accidents in 1990
1990 in England
Stafford
1990s in Staffordshire
Train collisions in England |
4016402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Townshend%2C%201st%20Baroness%20Greenwich | Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich | Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich (née Campbell, 17 November 1717 – 11 January 1794) was a British peeress, the daughter and eldest child of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, and his wife, the former Jane Warburton. She was a sister of the diarist Lady Mary Coke.
On 2 October 1742, she married Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (a son of the 2nd Duke of Buccleuch), and took the courtesy title of Countess of Dalkeith. They became parents of the Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch (1746–1812). Henry was styled Lord Scott of Whitchester after his brother's death, and Earl of Dalkeith after his father's death and succeeded his grandfather as Duke of Buccleuch in 1751. Their other children were:
Caroline Scott (1743–1753)
John Scott, styled Lord Scott of Whitchester (1745–1749)
Campbell Scott (1747–1766)
James Scott (1748–1758)
Frances Scott (1750–1817), who married, as his second wife, Archibald Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas, and had children, including the novelist Caroline Lucy Scott
Francis died in 1750; on 15 August 1755, Caroline married Charles Townshend (a son of the 3rd Viscount Townshend). They had one child, the Hon. Anne Townshend (1756 – after 1786), who married twice and had children.
On 28 August 1767, Caroline was created Baroness Greenwich (a nod to her deceased father's title, Duke of Greenwich) in her own right, with a special remainder to her male issue by Townshend. As there were no surviving sons from her second marriage, the title became extinct upon her death in 1794, aged 76.
An excoriating sketch of Lady Greenwich's character and unkindness to her daughter was recorded by Lady Louisa Stuart in her Memoire of Frances, Lady Douglas.
A drawing of Caroline by Thomas Bardwell is held by the National Gallery of Scotland.
References
1717 births
1794 deaths
18th-century Scottish women
Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain
Dalkeith
Caroline
Caroline
Hereditary peeresses of Great Britain created by George III
Daughters of British dukes
Caroline |
4016405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collierville%20High%20School | Collierville High School | Collierville High School is a public high school (grades 9–12) located in Collierville, Tennessee which operates under the administration of Collierville Schools. It was previously under the authority of Shelby County Schools until Collierville Schools splintered from it in 2014. Its school colors are maroon and white—formerly black and gold—and its mascot is the dragon, originally designed by elementary art teacher Lisa Ackerman as "Blister the Dragon".
Collierville High School is fully accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and holds memberships in NASSP, the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association (TSSAA), NACAC, and SACAC.
History
The original campus was built in 1905, with expansions and additions being made in 1911, 1924, and 1926; the last was a large gymnasium. In the 1930s, the school became one of the first buildings in Tennessee to be aided by the Civilian Conservation Corps, and it was given a $250,000 grant by the CWA in the winter of 1933–34. Hundreds of workers were brought in from Memphis, Tennessee to build an auditorium, library, and study hall in later years.
The second campus sat at the intersection of Byhalia and Frank Road on the same property that once held the Bellevue High-Security Correctional Facility. Collierville High School transitioned there in the autumn of 1995, after ninety years at its original campus. The site received a $14,500,000 addition that made it the largest school facility in Shelby County. In 2014, Collierville High School became the central high school of the newly-created Collierville Schools district after its formation from Shelby County Schools.
The third and current campus, first opened for the 2018–19 school year, was built on land south of State Route 385 and east of Sycamore Road on Shelby Drive at a cost of $94 million due to overcrowding at the previous campus. The former building at Byhalia and Frank Road became the location of the West Collierville Middle School.
Academics
Academically, the school offers 25 dual enrollment courses, 34 Honors courses, and 26 Advanced Placement courses, and the school reports an ACT average of 25.3. It was listed on Newsweek’s America’s Best High Schools list from 2008-2013, has the largest PTSA in the state of Tennessee, and has had 21 United States Presidential Scholar candidates in the past fourteen years with two Presidential Scholar winners (in 2002 and 2014). Collierville High School has numerous National Merit Scholarship Program finalists every year.
Robotics
The school has a team participating in First Robotics Competition. Founded in 2014 under the name of Dragon Robotics, they are team number 5002. They have won numerous awards at competitions, including the Highest Rookie Seed and Rookie All-Star awards in their rookie year. Along with these, they have earned the Team Spirit Award in and First Dean's List Finalist Award in 2018, the Safety Award in 2019, and the Regional Finalists award in 2022.
Awards and recognition
Collierville High School is the only public high school in Tennessee that was offered a charter from the Cum Laude Society. CHS ranks in the "Top 10 High Schools in Tennessee" by U.S. News & World Report and Newsweek's "America's Best High Schools". CHS is also recognized annually as a winner in The Washington Post'''s "High School Challenge."
Notable alumni
Zack Cozart, professional baseball shortstop and third baseman for the San Francisco Giants
Nikki McCray, coach, former professional women's basketball player, 2-time Olympic Gold medalist (1996, 2000)
Drew Pomeranz, professional baseball pitcher
Hunter Bradley, American professional football long snapper for the Green Bay Packers
Olan Rogers, YouTube star and creator of Final Space'' on TBS
References
External links
Collierville High School
School History
Robotics Website
Band Website
Newspaper Website
CHS-TV 19 Website
Dragon Football Website
Dragon PTSO Website
CHS Alumni Association
Public high schools in Tennessee
Schools in Shelby County, Tennessee
Collierville, Tennessee
1905 establishments in Tennessee
Educational institutions established in 1905 |
4016408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Industrial%20Relations%20Court | National Industrial Relations Court | The National Industrial Relations Court (NIRC) was established on 1 December 1971 under Section 99 of the Industrial Relations Act 1971. The NIRC was created by the Conservative government of Ted Heath as a way to limit the power of trades union in the United Kingdom. It was empowered to grant injunctions as necessary to prevent injurious strikes and also to settle a variety of labour disputes. It also heard appeals from the Industrial tribunals. Unusually, its jurisdiction extended throughout the UK, making no distinction between England and Wales or Scotland.
Its first and only President was John Donaldson, supported by John Brightman (both High Court judges who later became Law Lords) and Lord Thomson, a judge of the Scottish Court of Session. The court also had nine appointed lay members, and one of the three judges sat with a lay panel. The court hearings were in public, but its procedure was relatively informal, with neither the judge nor barristers wearing wigs or gowns.
The NIRC was controversial throughout its short life. Donaldson, the president of the court, was known to have Conservative leanings, having stood as a Parliamentary candidate for the Conservative party and, indeed, having contributed to the drafting of the Industrial Relations Act. Many cases were decided against the trades unions, although the unions had a policy of not co-operating with, and in many cases ignoring, the court. In July 1972, a dispute involving the dock workers union led to five shop stewards being imprisoned in Pentonville Prison for contempt of court. Unofficial strike action in support of the Pentonville Five created a national crisis, only averted when the Official Solicitor (advised by John Vinelott, later a High Court judge) appealed the arrests to the Court of Appeal, who ordered their release. A dispute involving the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers also led to a finding of contempt of court, a substantial fine, and an order for the sequestration of the assets of the union (although the fine was ultimately paid anonymously).
The NIRC was abolished by the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 soon after the Labour government of Harold Wilson came to power in 1974.
One of the leading legal decisions of the NIRC was Norton Tool Co Ltd v Tewson [1972] ICR, in which Donaldson J ruled that damages for wrongful dismissal only extended to financial loss, and that compensation was not available for non-pecuniary losses, such as injury to pride or feelings. This position was doubted by Lord Hoffmann in Johnson v Unisys Ltd [2003] 1 AC 518, but upheld in Dunnachie v Kingston-upon-Hull City Council [2004] UKHL 36.
External links
Catalogue of the Papers of the Trades Union Congress
Single or Return - the official history of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association, Chapter Twenty-Seven
In the Cause of Labour - Chapter 21 - The Road to Pentonville
Labour relations in the United Kingdom
Former courts and tribunals in the United Kingdom
1971 establishments in the United Kingdom
Courts and tribunals established in 1971
Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1974 |
4016427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajdhani%20College | Rajdhani College | Rajdhani College is a constituent College of the University of Delhi. It was established in 1964 by the Delhi Administration under the name of Government College. The College acquired its new name when the Delhi Administration vested its governance in an autonomous governing body. Rajdhani College is a West Campus College.
The College is situated on Mahatma Gandhi Marg (Ring Road), near Rajouri Garden and Raja Garden in west Delhi. Its new building was constructed around 1976–77. The College complex has all facilities such as seminar room, auditorium, library, laboratories, playgrounds for cricket, football, hockey, and volleyball etc. It is a co-educational institution.
Departments
Chemistry
Industrial Chemistry
Commerce
Computer Science
Economics
English
Hindi
History
Life Science
Linguistics
Mathematics
Physical Education
Physics and Electronics
Political Science
Sanskrit
Courses Offered
B.Com. (Hons.)
B.A. (Hons.) English
B.A. (Hons.) Hindi
B.A. (Hons.) Sanskrit
B.A. (Hons.) History
B.A. (Hons.) Political Science
B.A. (Hons.) Economics
BSc (Hons.) Chemistry
BSc (APS) Industrial Chemistry
BSc (Hons.) Physics
BSc (Hons.) Mathematics
BSc (Hons.) Electronics
B.A. Program
BSc Program in Physical Sciences
BSc Program in Applied Physical Sciences
At Post Graduate level, Rajdhani College offers courses in English, Hindi, History and Commerce.
Notable people
Notable alumni
Kartik Chaudhary, Flying Officer, IAF
Ashish Nehra, Cricketer, National Cricket Team
Devendra Sharma, Cricket Umpire
Aakash Chopra, Cricketer – Duleep Trophy, Ranji Trophy, National Cricket Team.
Dibang, Anchor at NDTV, STAR News, ABP News
Balbir Punj, A Member of Parliament
Mala Ram Gangwal, Member of Legislative Assembly, Delhi
Notable faculty
Ram Babu Gupta, (Cricket Umpire – International)
Rama Kant Shukla, Sanskrit poet
See also
Education in Delhi
List of colleges under Delhi University
List of alumni of the University of Delhi
Educational Institutions in Delhi
Delhi University Community Radio
DUSU
References
Universities and colleges in Delhi
1964 establishments in Delhi
Educational institutions established in 1964 |
4016432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool%20Registrar | Pool Registrar | In computing, a Pool Registrar (PR) is a component of the reliable server pooling (RSerPool) framework which manages a handlespace. PRs are also denoted as ENRP server or Name Server (NS).
The responsibilities of a PR are the following:
Register Pool Elements into a handlespace,
Deregister Pool Elements from a handlespace,
Monitor Pool Elements by keep-alive messages,
Provide handle resolution (i.e. server selection) to Pool Users,
Audit the consistency of a handlespace between multiple PRs,
Synchronize a handlespace with another PR.
Standards Documents
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP)
Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP)
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) and Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) Parameters
Reliable Server Pooling Policies
External links
Thomas Dreibholz's Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) Page
IETF RSerPool Working Group
Internet protocols
Internet Standards |
4016435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor%20Teodorov | Teodor Teodorov | Teodor Ivanov Teodorov (; 8 April 1859, Elena – 5 August 1924) was a leading Bulgarian politician and legal expert who served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria immediately after the First World War.
He was Minister of Finance from 1897 to 1899 and from 1911 to 1913.
Teodorov first came to prominence through his support for reform of the Bulgarian legal system and took part in a Commission set up in 1911 that eventually produced the Administrative Justice Law that established a Supreme Court.
He was called in to head a coalition government after the resignation of Aleksandar Malinov on 28 November 1918 and struggled to keep order in the defeated country. Initially an opponent of Aleksandar Stamboliyski, he was later forced to admit the Agrarian Peoples Union leader into the Cabinet and was ultimately succeeded as Prime Minister by him. Teodorov was to play no further role in Bulgarian politics.
Notes
1859 births
1924 deaths
Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Bulgaria
People from Elena, Bulgaria
People's Party (Bulgaria) politicians
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Finance ministers of Bulgaria
20th-century Bulgarian politicians |
4016437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%27s%20Choice%20%28film%29 | Sophie's Choice (film) | Sophie's Choice is a 1982 American drama directed and written by Alan J. Pakula, adapted from William Styron's 1979 novel of the same name. The film stars Meryl Streep as Zofia "Sophie" Zawistowski, a Polish immigrant with a dark secret from her past who shares a boarding house in Brooklyn with her tempestuous lover Nathan and young writer Stingo. It also stars Kevin Kline (in his feature film debut), Peter MacNicol, Rita Karin, Stephen D. Newman, and Josh Mostel.
Sophie's Choice premiered in Los Angeles on December 8, 1982, and was theatrically released on December 10 by Universal Pictures. It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $30 million.
Streep's titular performance was almost unanimously praised. The film received five nominations at the 55th Academy Awards; Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Costume Design, and Best Original Score, with Streep winning Best Actress.
Plot
In 1947, Stingo moves to Brooklyn to write a novel, and is befriended by Sophie Zawistowska, a Polish immigrant, and her emotionally unstable lover, Nathan Landau. Nathan is constantly jealous, and when he is in one of his violent mood swings, he convinces himself that Sophie is unfaithful to him, and he abuses and harasses her. A flashback shows how Nathan first met Sophie after her immigration to the U.S. when she nearly died due to anemia.
Sophie tells Stingo that before she came to the U.S., her husband and father were killed in a German work camp, and that she was interned in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Stingo later learns from a college professor that Sophie's father was a Nazi sympathizer. When Stingo confronts Sophie with this, she admits the truth and tells him about her war-time lover, Józef, who lived with his half-sister, Wanda, and was a leader in the Resistance. Wanda tried to convince Sophie to translate some stolen Gestapo documents, but Sophie declined, fearing she might endanger her children. Two weeks later, Józef was murdered by the Gestapo, and Sophie was arrested and sent to Auschwitz with her two children Jan and Eva.
Nathan tells Sophie and Stingo that he is doing groundbreaking research at a pharmaceutical company, but Nathan's physician brother tells Stingo that Nathan has paranoid schizophrenia, and that all of the schools that Nathan attended were "expensive funny farms". Nathan is not a biologist as he claims. He does have a job at a pharmaceutical firm, which his brother obtained for him, but it is in the library, and he only occasionally assists with research.
After Nathan believes Sophie has betrayed him again, he calls Sophie and Stingo on the telephone and fires a gun in a violent rage. Sophie and Stingo flee to a hotel. She reveals to him that, upon arrival at Auschwitz, she was forced to choose which one of her two children would be gassed and which would proceed to the labor camp. To avoid having both children killed, she chose Jan to be sent to the children's camp and Eva to be murdered in the gas chamber.
Sophie and Stingo have sex, but while Stingo is sleeping, Sophie returns to Nathan. Sophie and Nathan commit suicide by taking cyanide. Stingo recites the poem "Ample Make This Bed" by Emily Dickinson — the American poet that Sophie was fond of reading.
Stingo moves to a small farm that his father recently inherited in southern Virginia to finish writing his novel.
Cast
Meryl Streep as Zofia "Sophie" Zawistowski
Kevin Kline as Nathan Landau
Peter MacNicol as Stingo
Rita Karin as Yetta Zimmerman
Stephen D. Newman as Larry Landau
Josh Mostel as Morris Fink
Marcell Rosenblatt as Astrid Weinstein
Moishe Rosenfeld as Moishe Rosenblum
Robin Bartlett as Lillian Grossman
Eugene Lipinski as Polish professor
John Rothman as Librarian
Neddim Prohic as Józef
Katharina Thalbach as Wanda
Jennifer Lawn as Eva Zawistowski
Adrian Kalitka as Jan Zawistowski
Joseph Leon as Dr. Blackstock
David Wohl as English teacher
Nina Polan as Woman in English Class
Vida Jerman as female SS guard
Josef Sommer as the Narrator (Stingo as an adult)
Karlheinz Hackl as SS doctor
Günther Maria Halmer (de) as Rudolf Höss
Production
Styron wrote the novel with Ursula Andress in mind for the part of Sophie, and Slovak actress Magdaléna Vášáryová was also considered. Streep was very determined to get the role. After obtaining a bootlegged copy of the script, she went after Pakula, and threw herself on the ground, begging him to give her the part. Pakula's first choice was Liv Ullmann, for her ability to project the foreignness that would add to her appeal in the eyes of an impressionable, romantic Southerner.
The film was mostly shot in New York City, with Sophie's flashback scenes shot afterwards in Zagreb, Yugoslavia.
Production for the film, at times, was more like a theatrical set than a film set. Pakula allowed the cast to rehearse for three weeks, and was open to improvisation from the actors, "spontaneous things", according to Streep. Streep had to lose a lot of weight to film the scenes in Yugoslavia at the concentration camp.
Release
The film had its premiere at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Los Angeles on Wednesday, December 8, 1982 and then opened December 10 in nine theatres in New York City (Cinema 1 and 3); Los Angeles (Avco 2); San Francisco; San Jose, California; Chicago; Dallas; Washington D.C.; and Toronto.
Reception
Critical reception
Sophie's Choice received positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 78% rating based on 41 reviews, with an average score of 7.00/10. The consensus reads, "Sophie's Choice may be more sobering than stirring, but Meryl Streep's Oscar-winning performance holds this postwar period drama together." On Metacritic, the film has a 68 out of 100 rating based on 9 critics, signifying "generally favorable reviews"."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, calling it "a fine, absorbing, wonderfully acted, heartbreaking movie. It is about three people who are faced with a series of choices, some frivolous, some tragic. As they flounder in the bewilderment of being human in an age of madness, they become our friends, and we love them."
Gene Siskel of The Chicago Tribune gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, finding it "not as powerful or as involving" as the novel but praising Streep for a "striking performance."
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "Though it's far from a flawless movie, 'Sophie's Choice' is a unified and deeply affecting one. Thanks in large part to Miss Streep's bravura performance, it's a film that casts a powerful, uninterrupted spell."
Gary Arnold of The Washington Post stated, "There is greatness in the extraordinary performances of Meryl Streep, Kevin Kline and Peter MacNicol, who endow the principal characters of 'Sophie's Choice' with appealing, ultimately heartbreaking individuality and romantic glamor."
Not all reviews were positive. Todd McCarthy at Variety called it "a handsome, doggedly faithful and astoundingly tedious adaptation of William Styron's best-seller. Despite earnest intentions and top talent involved, lack of chemistry among the three leading players and over-elaborated screenplay make this a trying experience to sit through."
Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Although many of the book's characters have been cut away, and with them some of its torrent of words, the film feels claustrophobic, prolix and airless to the point of stupefaction ... Yet, whatever the film's overall problems, the role of Sophie, its beautiful, complex, worldly heroine, gives Meryl Streep the chance at bravura performance and she is, in a word, incandescent."
Boston Globe film critic Michael Blowen wrote, "Pakula's literal adaptation of Styron's Sophie's Choice is an admirable, if reverential, movie that crams this triangle into a -hour character study enriched by Meryl Streep and Kevin Kline, and nearly destroyed by Peter MacNicol."
Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote that it "is, I think, an infuriatingly bad movie ... The whole plot is based on a connection that isn't there—the connection between Sophie and Nathan's relationship and what the Nazis did to the Jews. Eventually, we get to the Mystery—to Sophie's Choice—and discover that the incident is garish rather than illuminating, and too particular to demonstrate anything general."
Streep's characterization was voted the third-greatest movie performance of all time by Premiere Magazine. The film was also ranked number one in Roger Ebert's Top Ten List for 1982, and was listed on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) at number 91.
Accolades
See also
1982 in film
List of Holocaust films
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
1982 films
1982 drama films
American films
American drama films
English-language films
German-language films
Polish-language films
Films scored by Marvin Hamlisch
Films directed by Alan J. Pakula
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films based on American novels
Films set in Brooklyn
Films set in 1947
Films shot in Croatia
Women and death
ITC Entertainment films
Controversies
Films about Nazism
Films about the aftermath of the Holocaust |
4016448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare%20reproductive%20loss%20syndrome | Mare reproductive loss syndrome | Mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) is a syndrome consisting of equine abortions and three related nonreproductive syndromes which occur in horses of all breeds, sexes, and ages. MRLS was first observed in the U.S. state of Kentucky in a three-week period around May 5, 2001, when about 20% to 30% of Kentucky's pregnant mares suffered abortions. A primary infectious cause was rapidly ruled out, and the search began for a candidate toxin. No abortifacient toxins were identified.
In the spring of 2001, Kentucky had experienced an extraordinarily heavy infestation of eastern tent caterpillars (ETCs). An epidemiological study showed ETCs to be associated with MRLS. When ETCs returned to Kentucky in the spring of 2002, equine exposure to caterpillars was immediately shown to produce abortions. Research then focused on how the ETCs produced the abortions. Reviewing the speed with which ETCs produced late-term abortions in 2002 experiments, the nonspecific bacterial infections in the placenta/fetus were assigned a primary driving role. The question then became how exposure to the caterpillars produced these non-specific bacterial infections of the affected placenta/fetus and also the uveitis and pericarditis cases.
Reviewing the barbed nature of ETC hairs (setae), intestinal blood vessel penetration by barbed setal fragments was shown to introduce barbed setal fragments and associated bacterial contaminants into intestinal collecting blood vessels (septic penetrating setae). Distribution of these materials following cardiac output would deliver these materials to all tissues in the body (septic penetrating setal emboli). About 15% of cardiac output goes to the late-term fetus, at which point the septic barbed setal fragments are positioned to penetrate placental tissues which lack an immune response. Bacterial proliferation, therefore, proceeds unchecked and the late-term fetus is rapidly aborted.
Similar events occur with the early-term fetus, but as a much smaller target receiving an equivalently smaller fraction of cardiac output, the early-term fetus is less likely to be "hit" by a randomly distributing setal fragment. Since this MRLS pathogenesis model was first proposed in 2002, other caterpillar-related abortion syndromes have been recognized, most notably equine amnionitis and fetal loss in Australia, and more recently, a long-recognized relationship between pregnant camels eating caterpillars and abortions among the camel pastoralists in the western Sahara.
History
What became MRLS was first noted on April 26, 2001, by Dr. Thomas Riddle of Lexington, Kentucky, who observed an unusual number of equine in utero early fetal deaths in 60-day-old fetuses he was examining by ultrasound for sex determination. These early fetal losses were soon followed by a sequence of numerous early and late fetal losses and, recognized somewhat later, coincident and relatively small numbers of pericarditis, unilateral uveitis, and encephalitis syndromes occurring in horses of all ages and sexes.
The fetal loss numbers were large. During the three weeks around the first of May, 2001, about 20% to 30% of Kentucky's pregnant mares suffered abortions. Of foals conceived in the spring of 2001, about 2000 were lost, the so-called early fetal losses (EFLs). Of foals conceived during the spring of 2000, and then close to term, at least 600 were lost, the so-called late fetal losses (LFLs). Based on these overwhelming reproductive losses, the syndrome was named the mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS).
MRLS was defined as including four syndromes: (1) EFLs, (2) LFLs, (3) unique unilateral uveitis, and (4) pericarditis syndrome. An associated encephalitis syndrome was not included in the original case definition. The unusual pericarditis cases and the unique single-eye uveitis cases were observed in horses of all ages, breeds, and sexes, were independent of any state of pregnancy, and that they occurred at the same time as the early and late fetal loss syndromes. From the first, therefore, MRLS was clearly not simply a pregnancy-related syndrome.
The total economic loss to Kentucky and the racing industry for the 2001 MRLS season has been estimated at $336-$500 million.
Coincident with the MRLS syndrome in May 2001, Kentucky was experiencing an extraordinarily heavy infestation of eastern tent caterpillars (ETCs). As part of an extensive and multifaceted investigation spearheaded by the University of Kentucky, a rigorous epidemiological survey by Dr. Roberta Dwyer and her associates soon confirmed an association of MRLS with the presence of the caterpillar. Yet to come, however, was scientific proof that the caterpillars were the cause of MRLS, and the proposed mechanism by which they affected horses.
Clinical signs
MRLS was initially characterized by four syndromes: (1) EFLs, (2) LFLs and the nonreproductive syndromes, (3) unilateral uveitis, (4) pericarditis, and later (5) Actinobacillus encephalitis. MRLS was observed in mares of all breeds and ages. Early and late fetal losses were observed within the first and last trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. For EFLs, clinical signs from the sick mares included pus-like discharge from the vulva and fetal membranes protruding from the vulva, as the fetuses were located in either the vagina or vulva. One to three days prior to the EFLs, several mares showed mild colic symptoms, abdominal straining, or low-grade fever. Within a week of abortion, inspections indicated moderate to severe inflammation within the uterine region. Performing ultrasounds revealed either dead fetuses or live fetuses with slow heart rates and lethargic movements. All the fetuses, both alive and dead, were surrounded by cloudy amniotic fluid.
Clinical signs for LFLs included explosive parturition, dystocia, foaling while standing, premature placenta separation, and foals either stillborn or born weak. Placentas were observed to carry a pale brown hue as opposed to their usual dark reddish-brown color. The umbilical cords were thick, dull, yellowish, and inflamed. The weak foals were often incapable of breathing on their own and required resuscitation. These foals were also observed to be dehydrated and hypothermic, with irregular heartbeat and respiration. The majority of these foals did not survive past four days.
One finding observed exclusively in MRLS was unilateral uveitis; initially, affected horses expressed inflammation around a single eye, along with fluid accumulation on the corneas, anterior and posterior chambers due to the inflammation. The fluid in the anterior chambers exhibited tan to yellow hues, and often was accompanied by hemorrhaging around the surface of the iris.
Cause
The eastern tent caterpillar infestation in the spring of 2001 was extraordinary. It was not uncommon to observe more than a dozen caterpillars per square foot of lawn or pasture. One photograph shows a water bucket completely engulfed with ETCs. The pasture presence of ETCs was thought to be related to the MRLS abortions, leading to ETC epidemiological studies. ETC eggs are preferentially laid in webs on black cherry trees, and the primary food for ETCs is black cherry tree leaves.
By June 2001, Kentucky ETCs were no longer available for research, and would not reappear until the following April/May. MRLS research in the interim focused on the possible role of black cherry tree-related cyanide as the proximal cause of MRLS. The leaves of black cherry trees are known to be toxic due to their production of cyanide. Cyanide conveyed to mares via the caterpillars was initially thought to be the causative agent. Administration of both cyanide and mandelonitrile (a cyanide-containing chemical in cherry leaves) to horses demonstrated cyanide does not cause MRLS.
When the caterpillars returned to central Kentucky in late April 2002, they were readily shown to cause both the early and late fetal losses.
In 2002, investigators' attention was drawn to the highly toxic Brazilian Lonomia obliqua caterpillar setae and their enzymatic fibrinolysin toxin. A caterpillar defense mechanism based on specific setal toxins made more biological sense than a defense based on intestinal cyanide content. More importantly, if the ETC abortions were due to an enzyme or toxin, it should be possible to vaccinate horses against the toxin, an approach already explored with reference to the Lonomia toxin. In June 2002, conception of this ETC enzymatic setal toxin hypothesis was recorded as an intellectual property (IP) disclosure with the University of Kentucky IP office in which creation of an anti-ETC abortifacient toxin vaccine was proposed.
Following these initiatives, when ETCs again became available in 2002, a number of experiments on pregnant mice seeking to evaluate the use of pregnant mice as a laboratory model of MRLS and to develop experimental support for a filterable protein ETC toxin. These experiments showed intact ETC setae appeared to cause fetal resorption in mice, but frozen ETC setae and ETC setal filtrates failed to produce fetal resorptions in mice.
Mechanism of action
The septic penetrating setal emboli (SPSE) hypothesis is the most probable mechanism of action for ETC exposure leading to MRLS. SPSE is believed to be a completely novel hypothesis, without precedent in biology or medicine.
Reviewing the speed with which ETC dosing produced LFLs in controlled experiments and the barbed nature of ETC hairs (setae), and thereafter) intestinal blood vessel penetration by barbed ETC setal fragments, followed by their systemic distribution following cardiac output (SPSE) and then distant tissue penetration by these distributed fragments to tissues with reduced immune responses, i.e., the early- and late-term fetus, the eye, and the heart/pericardial space/fluid, followed by bacterial proliferation in the reduced immune response tissue (fetus, eye, pericardial fluid) would both quantitatively account for and mechanistically link all four MRLS syndromes, including most particularly the unique and unprecedented single-eye lesions.
In this probabilistic model, the number of actual distributing setal fragments is assumed to be small, on the order of tens per day, but the probability of a clinically observed adverse event in a poorly immune-protected tissue penetrated by a setal fragment was assumed to be close to 1.0, leading to the numerous EFL and LFL events and the rare but essentially unique single-eye events of MRLS. A poor immune response in affected tissues is an integral part of the SPSE hypothesis. ETC setal fragments distributing bacteria to immune competent tissues, as occurred in all horses in central Kentucky during the ETC/MRLS do not appear to produce any observable clinical responses. However, the fetus is well known to be poorly immune protected, as is the eye, and extracellular tissue fluids such as the pericardial fluid are also less well immune protected, i.e., the four tissues in which clinical lesions of MRLS were observed.
The pericardial and single-eye events, occurring at the same time as the reproductive loss events, but in horses of all ages and sexes, meant the MRLS factor "went through" essentially all central Kentucky horses at the time of the MRLS reproductive events. However, only in pregnant mares were the most numerous, dramatic and commercially significant events observed.
The probability of an MRLS event is, all other things being equal, directly related to the proportion of cardiac output delivered to the tissue in question. This accounts for the very rapid (36-hr) onset of the high-dose LFL events, the much slower rate of onset of EFL events, due to the much smaller size and correspondingly smaller portion of cardiac output going to the early term fetus. The proportion of cardiac output going to a single eye is clearly very small, accounting for the very small incidence (estimated at one per 60,000 equine eyes in central Kentucky) of the unique single-eye events. In fact, based on the incidence of single-eye events, estimates of the actual number of circulating setal fragments on the order of ten per day, the small number of which accounts for the lack of clinical signs in ETC MRLS horses and the difficulty in culturing bacteria from the bloodstream of MRLS mares.
The pathogenesis of MRLS was found to depend simply on the mechanical properties of the barbed setal fragments and their ability to transport bacterial pathogens through the cardiovascular system and distribute them by tissue penetration to poorly immune-protected tissues such as the early and late fetus, the eye, and the pericardial fluid. As such, setal fragment penetration could well be an ancient defense mechanism of caterpillars, and given that possibility, MRLS-like syndromes might well be found in association with other caterpillar species.
This proposed pathogenesis, SPSE hypothesis of MRLS, was communicated privately among colleagues and university administrators, and then publicly at the Bain Fallon lectures, the Gold Coast, Australia, July 2002, and the following month to participants the First International Symposium on the Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome.
In 2003 (Memorial Day Weekend), compelling statistical evidence in support of this probabilistic mechanism developed when a combined analysis of 2012 and 2013 LFL abortion rate data showed their time courses closely followed a probabilistic mathematical equation called accelerated failure time model (AFT). This AFT analysis was immediately written up as a toxicokinetic analysis of MRLS, shared in draft form with colleagues prior to submission for publication, and the full SPSE hypothesis was next written up and published immediately thereafter.
At about this time during the fall of 2003, colleagues who had been provided the prepublication draft of the AFT analysis paper were performing necropsies on pigs that had been dosed with ETCs. They noted the intestinal tracts of these pigs showed large numbers of intestinal microgranulomas, each encasing an ETC setal fragment. Discussing rumors of these findings with Dr. Terry Fitzgerald, he noted that similar intestinal microgranulomas had been observed previously in ETC-dosed rats by colleagues experimenting with ETCs, and he shared some H and E section of such a rat intestinal ETC setal microgranuloma slides for inclusion in a second paper.
The SPSE hypothesis included intestinal penetration and presumably lethal peritonitis as one logical outcome of intestinal exposure to ETC septic penetrating setal fragments. One may reasonably assume that all living possessors of intestinal tracts have an evolutionarily well-developed and effective defense to intestinal exposure to insult such as ETC setal fragments and/or equivalent structures. The completely consistent and logical nature of the defense mechanism, namely encapsulation of the penetrating fragment in connective tissue so that the tissue movements driving fragment movement are effectively minimized and peristalsis-driven migration of the fragment is thereby prevented.
The AFT model, while first developed to describe mechanical failure, has been applied frequently to biological and medical situations. In most toxicological models, the effect is proportional to concentration of toxin or amount of insult. However, in the AFT model, both effect (abortion) and the time to effect are dependent on concentration. This statistical model fit MRLS data which showed abortions occurred rapidly and in higher frequencies at high doses of ETCs, and the onset of abortions was delayed and abortions occurred with lower frequency at low doses.
A simple intuitive model of AFT analysis is to imagine what happens when a person armed with a machine gun appears at the door of a crowded ballroom and shoots randomly into the room. Sooner or later, everybody in the ballroom will be killed. However, if the shooter just happens to be shooting very slowly, then the time to the first death will be relatively longer and the frequency of hits is low, which is of course the longer "lag time period" and low frequency one sees with MRLS in a normal year when the caterpillars are rare (or an experimental dose of caterpillars is small). However, if the shooter is shooting very fast, then the time to first death is very short and frequency of death is high, equivalent to the very short time to first abortions and high frequency of abortions when caterpillar exposure is unusually high, as happened in Kentucky in 2001 (or if the experimental dose of caterpillars is high). When exposure to the caterpillars is high, the first abortions occur very soon after first exposure, drawing immediate attention to the link between the caterpillars and the abortions. This random shooting model is also relevant to the single eyes. A disease of the eyes will usually affect both eyes, but single-eye events were seen with MRLS. With the gun analogy, the probability of any individual being hit in an eye is small; however, the probability of an individual being hit in both eyes is vanishingly small. The shooting model, therefore, explains the unique single-eye events of MRLS, perhaps the single most unusual and initially confounding characteristic of the entire MRLS syndrome.
MRLS-related syndromes around the world
When the SPSE mechanism explaining MRLS was identified, it was immediately apparent that the model might be an ancient defensive mechanism of caterpillars, and that MRLS-like syndromes might well exist and be identified elsewhere. In 2004, Dr. Thomas Tobin was contacted by a horse farmer in NSW, Australia, who was faced with what she believed were caterpillar-related abortions on her farm in eastern Australia. She put Tobin in touch with the investigating veterinarian, Dr. Nigel Perkins, who at that time understood the Kentucky MRLS outbreak to be black cherry tree/cyanide-driven. Advice to Dr. Perkins was brief and unequivocal—given the similarities between MRLS and the syndrome he was describing and the possible role of caterpillars in his syndrome, his experimental approaches should be to first test the caterpillars, any and all other abortigenic candidates, test second. Following this advice, the recommended caterpillar administration experiments were performed and the local processionary caterpillar was identified as the cause of the Australian caterpillar-driven abortion syndrome, which was named "Equine Amnionitis and Fetal Loss."
A further indication of the possible ubiquity of caterpillar-related abortions comes from the western Sahara, where traditional camel pastoralists/herders have long known that pregnant camels exposed to caterpillars are at high likelihood of abortion or birth in a condition similar to the late-term MRLS fetuses. In the western Sahara, the condition is known as duda, the local term for caterpillar, and the link to the caterpillar is very well understood in the local Saharan camel pastoralist cultures. Considering the difficulty that certain groups in Kentucky had in accepting the theory of caterpillars causing MRLS, the long-time familiarity of a traditional camel-herding culture with the concept of caterpillar-driven abortions is interesting.
Prevention and treatment
Because the black cherry tree is the preferred host tree for the eastern tent caterpillar, one approach to prevention is to simply remove the trees from the vicinity of horse farms, which was one of the first recommendations made concerning MRLS. Next, because the brief time for which the full-grown ETCs are on the ground in the vicinity of pregnant mares, simply keeping pregnant mares out of contact with them is also an effective preventative mechanism. In this regard, one Kentucky horse farm took the approach of simply muzzling mares during an ETC exposure period, an approach which was reportedly effective.
No effective treatment for MRLS is apparent. Mares which aborted are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to avoid bacterial infections. The foals born from mares infected with MRLS are given supportive care and supplied with medication to reduce inflammatory response and improve blood flow, but none of the treatments appears to be effective, as the majority of the foals do not survive. Unilateral uveitis is treated symptomatically with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs.
References
Horse breeding and studs
Syndromes in horses |
4016453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Iron%20Farm%20Show | Big Iron Farm Show | The Big Iron Farm Show is a large farm show held on the grounds of the Red River Valley Fairgrounds in West Fargo, North Dakota. The show started in 1980 in Casselton, North Dakota, but moved to West Fargo in 1981.
Crowds were much smaller in 2020. Since that year, attendees had to obey strict measures, such as wearing masks & social distancing.
External links
Big Iron Farm Show website
North Dakota culture
Agricultural shows in the United States
West Fargo, North Dakota
Recurring events established in 1980
Tourist attractions in Cass County, North Dakota |
4016455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool%20Element | Pool Element | A Pool Element (PE) is a server in the Reliable server pooling (RSerPool) framework.
The responsibilities for a PE are the following:
Register into a handlespace at a Pool Registrar,
Answer keep-alive messages from its Pool Registrar,
Deregister from a handlespace at a Pool Registrar upon end of service,
Provide the actual application service.
Standards Documents
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP)
Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP)
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) and Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) Parameters
Reliable Server Pooling Policies
External links
Thomas Dreibholz's Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) Page
IETF RSerPool Working Group
Internet protocols
Internet Standards |
4016458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterwood | Waterwood | Waterwood is the name used by the locals of Fayette County, Georgia, to describe a swamp approximately in area. It is located .47 miles northeast of Inman Road Beach City, Georgia
Wildlife
Waterwood is home to a stunning variety of flora and fauna. The following animals have been observed in the area: white-tailed deer, split-fin minnow, honeybee, great horned owl, bluejay, black rat snake, water moccasin, copperhead snake. Waterwood is also home to many species of semi-aquatic shrubs, including blue-lance and river crowns. The area is full of trees drowned during the swamp's forming. The trees have fallen to form bridges traversing the entire area. The trees decaying in the swamp's water results in the water taking in on a color similar to dark tea. The water is also rich in nutrients, allowing it to support a large population of microscopic life forms.
References
Karlyle, James. "Fayette County Oposunt 2002".
Copyright 2002. Routon Publishing, Beaufort, Sc.
Landforms of Fayette County, Georgia
Swamps of Georgia (U.S. state) |
4016474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool%20User | Pool User | A Pool User (PU) is a client in the Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) framework.
In order to use the service provided by a pool, a PU has to proceed the following steps:
Ask a Pool Registrar for server selection (the Pool Registrar will return a list of servers, called Pool Elements),
Select one Pool Element, establish a connection and use the actual service,
Repeat the server selection and connection establishment procedure in case of server failures,
Perform an application-specific session failover to a new server to resume an interrupted session,
Report failed servers to the Pool Registrar.
Standards Documents
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP)
Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP)
Aggregate Server Access Protocol (ASAP) and Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol (ENRP) Parameters
Reliable Server Pooling Policies
External links
Thomas Dreibholz's Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool) Page
IETF RSerPool Working Group
Internet protocols
Internet Standards |
4016475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuyoshi%20Funaki | Kazuyoshi Funaki | (born 27 April 1975) is a Japanese former ski jumper. He ranked among the most successful sportsmen of its discipline, particularly in the 1990s. Funaki is known for his special variant of the V-style, in which the body lies flatter between the skis than usual.
Career
Funaki began ski jumping at the age of eleven. His birthplace Yoichi is also the home of Yukio Kasaya, who was a Japanese national hero with his Normal Hill victory in the 1972 Winter Olympics at Sapporo. Kasaya was also Funaki's role model.
Funaki had his first World Cup appearance on December 20, 1992 in Sapporo. His first World Cup victory was achieved on December 10, 1994 in the normal hill at Planica, Slovenia. Several weeks later, he was leading the Four Hills Tournament in total tour points after the third event. In the second part of the last event at Bischofshofen, he had the longest jump of 131.5 meters, but fell during the landing - and the overall tour victory went to Austrian Andreas Goldberger, and Funaki finished second.
Altogether Funaki won 15 World Cup career victories, his last on February 5, 2005 at Sapporo. He achieved his best results in the 1997/98 season with a second rank in the World Cup rankings. In that season he also won the Four Hills Tournament.
In 1997, Funaki won the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival. He also won the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 1998 in Oberstdorf.
The high point of his career was in the 1998 Winter Olympic Games at Nagano. In front of his local crowd, Funaki won the individual gold medal on the individual large Hill, which was the first Olympic ski jumping gold for Japan since 1972, the team large hill gold medal, and the individual normal hill silver medal behind the Finn Jani Soininen. During those games, he became only the second person to ever achieve perfect marks from all five judges (20 points is the highest attainable mark), following Toni Innauer who had achieved this masterpiece already in 1976 and preceding Sven Hannawald (2003), Hideharu Miyahira (2003) and Wolfgang Loitzl (2009). In honor of these achievements, he represented Asia in carrying the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremonies of the next Winter Olympics, in Salt Lake City.
At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, he became the world champion of the individual normal hill in 1999 at Ramsau, Austria. And together with the Japanese team, he placed 2nd in the Team large hill in 1997, 1999 and 2003.
For his ski jumping successes, Funaki received the Holmenkollen medal in 1999.
While he does not compete in World Cup or Continental Cup events, Funaki still takes part in local Japanese competitions. In March 2019 he finished 10th and 42nd in FIS Race events in Sapporo.
World Cup
Standings
Wins
See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
References
External links
1975 births
Holmenkollen medalists
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Japanese male ski jumpers
Living people
Olympic ski jumpers of Japan
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Olympic silver medalists for Japan
Ski jumpers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ski jumpers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Hokkaido
People from Yoichi, Hokkaido
Olympic medalists in ski jumping
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in ski jumping
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in ski jumping
Ski jumpers at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Ski jumpers at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games |
4016485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahata%2C%20Fukuoka | Yahata, Fukuoka | was a city in Japan until it was absorbed into the newly created city of Kitakyushu in 1963. Its former area is as of 2007 part of two distinct wards: Yahata Higashi-ku and Yahata Nishi-ku.
The city was fire-bombed in World War II, between June 1944 and early August 1945, around the same time that factory workers in the nearby town of Kokura suspected their city would be a target for the atomic bombs and decided to release large amounts of black smoke into the air. The resulting combined smoke clouds obscured Kokura, causing the planes en route to turn and head to their secondary target, Nagasaki, where the bomber Bockscar would drop the atomic weapon "Fat Man".
References
Kitakyushu
Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture |
4016506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokuto%2C%20Hokkaido | Hokuto, Hokkaido | is a city in the center of the Oshima Subprefecture in Japan's northern island of Hokkaido. It serves as a bedroom community for Hakodate, to the east of the city. Hokuto was formed on February 1, 2006 from merging the town of Kamiiso, from Kamiiso District, and the town of Ōno, from Kameda District. Hokuto is the third city to be established in Oshima. (The second, Kameda, no longer exists being dissolved just two years after its founding in 1971). Hokuto is the second largest city in Oshima by population after Hakodate.
Geography
Hokuto is in the middle of Oshima, a peninsula in Hokkaido's south. The southeast portion is mostly plains and the western part is more mountainous. The south borders the Hakodate Bay. The Ōno River runs north and south through the middle of Hokuto.
Mountain: Katsuratake (734m)
Rivers: Ōno, Hekirichi
Lake: Kamiiso
Forest parks: Hachirounuma Koen
Neighboring regions
Oshima Subprefecture
Hakodate City
Kamiiso District: Kikonai Town
Kameda District: Nanae Town
Kayabe District: Mori Town
Hiyama Subprefecture
Hiyama District: Assabu Town
Climate
History
1900: Kamiiso village and Ono village were founded.
1918: Kamiiso village became Kamiiso town.
1955: Mobetsu village was merged into Kamiiso town.
1957: Ono village became Ono town.
2006: Kamiiso town and Ono town were merged to form Hokuto city.
Transportation
Rail
Oshima-Ōno Station was scheduled to be rebuilt and renamed Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station by the time the Hokkaido Shinkansen in March 2016.
Esashi Line: Nanaehama - Higashi-Kunebetsu - Kunebetsu - Kiyokawaguchi - Kamiiso - Moheji - Oshima-Tōbetsu
Hakodate Main Line: Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto
Hokkaido Shinkansen: Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto
Road
Hakodate-Esashi Expressway: Hokuto-Oiwake IC - Hokuto-chūō IC - Hokuto-Tomigawa IC - Hokuto-Moheji IC
Education
High schools
Hokkaido Kamiiso High School
Hokkaido Ono Agricultural High School
Hokkaido Hakodate fisheries High School
References
External links
Official Website
Cities in Hokkaido |
4016512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Fenno | Richard Fenno | Richard Francis Fenno Jr. (December 12, 1926 – April 21, 2020) was an American political scientist known for his pioneering work on the U.S. Congress and its members. He was Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at the University of Rochester. He published numerous books and scholarly articles focused on how members of Congress interacted with each other, with committees, and with constituents. Political scientists considered the research groundbreaking and startlingly original and gave him numerous awards. Many followed his research design on how to follow members from Washington back to their home districts. Fenno was best known for identifying the tendency — dubbed "Fenno's Paradox" — of how most voters say they dislike Congress as a whole, but they trust and reelect their local Congressman.
Biography
Fenno grew up in Boston and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. After the war, he graduated from Amherst College in 1948 and completed a Ph.D. degree in political science under William Yandell Elliott at Harvard University in 1956. Fenno moved in 1958 to the University of Rochester where he spent his career. He wrote about Republicans and Democrats and explored rural, urban and African American congressional districts in depth. An independent who never publicized his personal political views, he never endorsed any candidates.
Fenno's books Congressmen in Committees (1973) and Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (1978) (for which he won the first D. B. Hardeman Prize) established him as a leading scholar of American politics. With William Riker, Fenno built the reputation of Rochester's political science department. Riker focused on positive political science, while Fenno focused on establishing Rochester as a center for congressional studies. He built the first internship program for undergraduates to work in Congress.
Fenno's trademark style of political science research is sometimes referred to as "Soak and Poke" (see Fenno 1986). Rather than relying primarily on data sets or rational choice theory, Fenno undertook empirical observation of the movements of political actors on the stage of politics. His most famous book Home Style is written in this fashion.
Fenno won the American Political Science Association's (APSA) Woodrow Wilson Award for the best book in political science in 1978 for Home Style. In 1996, the Association for Budgeting & Financial Management awarded Fenno its Aaron Wildavsky Award for Lifetime Scholarly Achievement in Public Budgeting, for his work on Congress and appropriations. Congress at the Grassroots won the 2001 V. O. Key Award for the best book on southern politics.
Fenno served as book review editor of the American Political Science Review (1968–1971), as a director of the Social Science Research Council, and as president of APSA (1984–1985). He was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the American Philosophical Society. Since 1986, APSA's Legislative Studies Section has awarded the Richard F. Fenno Jr. Prize for the best book on legislative studies.
Fenno's archival collection is housed at the University of Rochester's River Campus Libraries Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation. Research interview and oral history notes are also housed at the National Archives and Records Administration's Center for Legislative Activities.
According to Norman J. Ornstein:
Fenno was hands down the most significant student of Congress of the last half of the 20th century. He was the first to note that voters loved their congressman while hating Congress, he wrote the definitive study of the appropriations process (“The Power of the Purse”) and a series of books where he explored the relationship between legislators at home and in Washington.
Fenno died in Mount Kisco, New York on April 21, 2020, from the effects of COVID-19.
Selected publications
The President's Cabinet: An Analysis in the Period from Wilson to Eisenhower. 1959. Harvard University Press. online no charge to borrow
The Power of the Purse: Appropriations Politics in Congress. 1966. Little, Brown. online
Congressmen in Committees. 1973. Little, Brown.
Home Style: House Members in their Districts. 1978. Little, Brown. online
The United States Senate: a bicameral perspective (1982) online
"Observation, Context, and Sequence in the Study of Politics." 1986. American Political Science Review 80(1): 3–15. online
The making of a senator: Dan Quayle (1989) online
The presidential odyssey of John Glenn (1990) online
Learning to legislate : the Senate education of Arlen Specter (1991) online
The emergence of a Senate leader: Pete Domenici and the Reagan budget (1991) online
"Strategy and Sophisticated Voting in the Senate." 1994. Journal of Politics 56(2): 349–376. (with Randall L. Calvert). DOI: 10.2307/2132143 online
Senators on the Campaign Trail: The Politics of Representation. 1996. University of Oklahoma Press.
Congress at the Grassroots: Representational Change in the South, 1970–1998. 2000. University of North Carolina Press.
Going Home: Black Representatives and their Constituents. 2003. University of Chicago Press online.
Congressional Travels: Places, Connections, and Authenticity. 2007. Pearson/Longman.
See also
Fenno's paradox
References
Further reading
Schudel, Matt. "Richard F. Fenno Jr., preeminent scholar of Congress, dies at 93" Washington Post April 30, 2020
External links
richardfenno.com
Summary of Home Style
University of Rochester bio
1926 births
2020 deaths
Writers from Boston
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Amherst College alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
American political scientists
University of Rochester faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
United States Navy sailors
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
4016524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq%20Presario | Compaq Presario | Presario is a discontinued series of desktop computers and notebooks from Compaq. The Presario family of computers was launched for the consumer marketplace in September 1993. In the mid-1990s, Compaq began manufacturing PC monitors as part of the Presario brand. A series of all-in one units, containing both the PC and the monitor in the same case, were also released. Although HP acquired Compaq in 2002, the Presario name was used until the Compaq brand was discontinued in 2013 by HP, due to its marketability issues.
Desktop PC series
Compaq Presario 2100
Compaq Presario 2200
Compaq Presario 2240
Compaq Presario 2285V
Compaq Presario 2286
Compaq Presario 2288
Compaq Presario 4108
Compaq Presario 4110
Compaq Presario 4160
Compaq Presario 4505
Compaq Presario 4600
Compaq Presario 4800
Compaq Presario 5000
Compaq Presario 5050
Compaq Presario 5200
Compaq Presario 5360
Compaq Presario 5400
Compaq Presario 5460
Compaq Presario 5500
Compaq Presario 5599
Compaq Presario 5600
Compaq Presario 5700N
Compaq Presario 5726
Compaq Presario 6000 series
Compaq Presario 6300US
Compaq Presario 6310US
Compaq Presario 6320US
Compaq Presario CQ3180AN
Compaq Presario CQ5814
Compaq Presario SG1008IL
Compaq Presario SG3730IL
Compaq Presario SR1000 series
SR1000 Series
SR1100 Series
SR1200 Series
SR1300 Series
SR1400 Series
SR1500 Series
SR1600 Series
SR1700 Series
SR1800 Series
SR1900 Series
Compaq Presario SR2000 series
Compaq Presario SR5000 series
Presario SR5605F
Presario SR5550F
Presario SR5710Y
Presario SR5520AN
Compaq Presario CDS 924
Compaq Presario CDS 942
Compaq Presario CDS 972
Compaq Presario CDS 982
Notebook series
Compaq Presario 300
Compaq Presario 700
Compaq Presario 800
Compaq Presario 900
Compaq Presario 1000
Compaq Presario 1200
Compaq Presario 1400
Compaq Presario 1500
Compaq Presario 1600
Compaq Presario 1700
Compaq Presario 1800
Compaq Presario 1900
Compaq Presario 2100
Compaq Presario 2200
Compaq Presario 2500
Compaq Presario 2700
Compaq Presario 2800
Compaq Presario 3000
Compaq Presario A900
Compaq Presario C300
Compaq Presario C500
Compaq Presario C700
Compaq Presario CQ20
Compaq Presario CQ35
Compaq Presario CQ40
Compaq Presario CQ41
Compaq Presario CQ42
Compaq Presario CQ43
Compaq Presario CQ45
Compaq Presario CQ50
Compaq Presario CQ56
Compaq Presario CQ57
Compaq Presario CQ58
Compaq Presario CQ60
Compaq Presario CQ61
Compaq Presario CQ62
Compaq Presario CQ70
Compaq Presario CQ71
Compaq Presario F500
Compaq Presario F700
Compaq Presario M2000
Compaq Presario R3000
Compaq Presario R4000
Compaq Presario V1000
Compaq Presario V2000
Compaq Presario V3000
Compaq Presario V3500
Compaq Presario V4000
Compaq Presario V5000
Compaq Presario V6000
Compaq Presario X1000
Compaq Presario X6001
All-in-one
These are all-in-one computers containing the PC and monitor in the same unit.
Compaq Presario 425
Compaq Presario 433
Compaq Presario 460
Compaq Presario 3020
Compaq Presario 3060
Compaq Presario 4402
Compaq Presario 4410
Compaq Presario 5520
Compaq Presario 5522
Compaq Presario 5528
Compaq Presario 5536
Compaq Presario CDS 510
Compaq Presario CDS 520
Compaq Presario CDS 524
Compaq Presario CDTV 520
Compaq Presario CDTV 524
Compaq Presario CDTV 528
Monitors
The MVX00 and FPX00 monitors were designed to be sold with the Series 3 Designed Compaq towers. These retained the original spaceship shape of the second generation Compaq Presario towers, except most had smoked-black plastic flip-up doors and a slightly squatter design that was more rounded. The Generation 2 Presario towers lacked the smoked plastic "easy access" door with USB and audio ports behind it, and had black smoked CD bezel covers.
FP meant "Flat panel display", one of the first offered for a home PC.
Compaq Presario MV500
Compaq Presario MV700
Compaq Presario MV900
Compaq Presario FP500
Compaq Presario FP700
Compaq Presario FP5315
The 1X25 monitors were paired with the Presario 4500, 4600, 4800 and a few other series 2 designed Compaq Presarios, which were the originators of the rocket ship shape of tower faceplate. The monitors shared the same design cues: All of them had a split lower bezel which ran down the middle, just like the towers they were meant to match. There is a very rare set of monitors (the FX series) which have built-in speakers and a subwoofer, and three extra USB ports. These are designed to go with the 4800 series Presario multimedia towers—specifically the 4830 to 4882, as they were all black like the FX monitor.
Compaq Presario 1425
Compaq Presario 1525
Compaq Presario 1725
Compaq Presario 1725b
Compaq Presario FX500
Compaq Presario FX700
All these monitors came with JBL Pro speakers which could mount to the side of the monitor. The FX is the only exception, having built-in JBL Pro powered speakers with a subwoofer in the rear of the casing.
Image gallery
See also
List of Hewlett-Packard products
External links
Archive of Official Compaq website
Official Hewlett-Packard website
References
Compaq Presario Reviews, CNET
Compaq Presario Notebook main info page
User reviews, Compaq Notebooks at Notebookreview.com
Presario
Presario
Presario
Discontinued products
IBM PC compatibles
All-in-one desktop computers
Computer-related introductions in 1993 |
4016525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%20Misharin | Georgi Misharin | Georgi Misharin (born 11 May 1985 in Yekaterinburg, Soviet Union) is a Russian professional ice hockey defenseman who is currently playing for Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
Playing career
Misharin played with Dynamo Yekaterinburg in Russia before opting to play a junior season after he was selected by the Saginaw Spirit, 56th overall in the 2003 CHL Import draft. As a result he was drafted by the Minnesota Wild in the seventh round, 207th overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft.
Misharin returned to CSKA Moscow, signing a two-year contract, after two and a half seasons with Metallurg Magnitogorsk on May 13, 2013.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1985 births
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg players
HC CSKA Moscow players
HC Dynamo Moscow players
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
Metallurg Magnitogorsk players
Living people
Minnesota Wild draft picks
Russian ice hockey defencemen
Saginaw Spirit players
HC Sibir Novosibirsk players
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod players |
4016531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20%28student%20magazine%29 | Impact (student magazine) | Impact Magazine is the official student magazine of the University of Nottingham, it has been published in various forms and various names since 1939. Run on a voluntary basis using funds from the Students' Union, the magazine is available free to students. Impact also publishes a website, which has been online since 8 January 2006, and an app, which was launched in 2016.
Awards
Impact journalist Nicola Byrom was designated Mind's Student Journalist of the Year 2009 for her "outstanding contribution to mental health awareness".
Impact Magazine has also won several awards at the annual Guardian Student Media Awards. It won "Student Magazine of the Year" in 2001 and was runner-up in this category in 2005 and 2007. It was also runner-up in the category for "Student Publication Design of the Year" for the 2006 awards. In 2014, Impact won The Guardian's Best Website award. In 2017, the magazine won Best Magazine Design at the national Student Publication Awards.
Writers for the magazine have also won individual awards, including Amy Franks for "Student columnist of the year" and Nosheen Asghar for "Student diversity writer of the year" in 2002, and Paul Robins for "Sports Writer of the Year" in 2004.
The Guardian panel in 2001 described Impact as having "great design and great articles that brilliantly reflected its student readership but could have been a real stand-alone magazine".
History
The Gong, launched in 1895 was the University of Nottingham's first foray into the world of student journalism. A polished literary pamphlet, it published the students’ own stories, poems and literary reviews. The Granddad of the students’ creative voice continued for decades alongside its news-based rival, The Gongster, which was launched in 1939 and after several image changes eventually became our very own Impact. The paper suffered many teething problems, coming under fire for being "too serious and stodgy".
The publication also faced difficulties when war broke out, resulting in a print reduction as the country encountered a serious paper shortage. In 1941 Gongster was suspended throughout the summer months due to a lack of funding, given the restrictions imposed on all societies by the SU as the full effects of rationing took their toll. It was only by 1947 that the paper finally found its feet, selling 100% of copies.
As the paper hit the 1980s it was decided that Gongster was long due a shake-up and soon became Bias. The new name, coupled with an edgier, aesthetically pleasing design, lasted only five years when someone concluded the paper would be better served as Impact. Still a newspaper and still partially funding itself, at ten pence a copy, Impact promised to be more adventurous.
Impact subsequently changed into a magazine, which remains in the same format with an ever increasing number of pages.
Impact released its 200th issue during its 70th birthday year on 30 November 2009.
Alumni
Impacts most notable alumni include:
Jeff Randall, Editor-at-Large of The Daily Telegraph and presenter of Jeff Randall Live on Sky News. Jeff was also BBC Political Editor from 2001 to 2005.
Jeremy Browne (previous Editor), Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Taunton Deane.
References
External links
Impact Magazine
Student magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1939
Mass media in Nottingham
University of Nottingham |
4016533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Assembly%20%28Azerbaijan%29 | National Assembly (Azerbaijan) | The National Assembly (), also transliterated as Milli Mejlis, is the legislative branch of government in Azerbaijan. The unicameral National Assembly has 125 deputies: previously 100 members were elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies and 25 were members elected by proportional representation; as of the latest election, however, all 125 deputies are returned from single-member constituencies.
Power in Azerbaijan is heavily concentrated in Ilham Aliyev, the President of Azerbaijan. Parliamentary elections in Azerbaijan are not free and fair.
History
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)
Following the Russian Revolution in February 1917, a special committee consisting of deputies from Transcaucasian State Duma was created. In November, Transcaucasian Commissariat was created as the first government of independent Transcaucasia. The Sejm made up of representatives of three nations did not have a solid political platform as each nation looked after its own interests. This subsequently led to the dissolution of the Sejm on 25 May 1918.
On 27 May, 44 Muslim deputies of the Sejm gathered in Tbilisi and established Azerbaijan National Council to form the government of Azerbaijan. Mammad Emin Rasulzade was elected its chairman. On 28 May, the National Council passed a resolution proclaiming the independence of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. On 16 June, the National Council and the Azerbaijani government moved to Ganja. At the seventh session of the council in Ganja chaired by Mammad Emin Rasulzade, it was decided to dissolve the council and transfer all legislative and executive power to the interim government of Azerbaijan headed by Fatali Khan Khoyski. Once the government was established, Azerbaijani was made the official state language. One of the priorities of the government before moving to Baku was to liberate Baku from Centrocaspian Dictatorship then in control of the city which took place on 15 September 1918. On 16 November when the National Council reconvenes and on 19 November, Rasulzade announces that all nationalities of Azerbaijan will be represented in the Azerbaijani Parliament to consist of 120 deputies.
Therefore, basing on 24 thousand representatives of nationalities of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani parliament made up of 80 Muslims, 21 Armenians, 10 Russians, 1 German, and 1 Jew was established on 29 November and convened on 7 December 1918. Thus, the first session of the parliament took place in the building of former Zeynalabdin Tagiyev Russian Muslim School located on present-day Istiglaliyyat Street of Baku and was chaired by Rasulzade. Alimardan Topchubashov was elected the Speaker of the Parliament, Hasanbey Agayev – Deputy Speaker.
By the end of 1919, there were 11 various political party factions in the parliament represented by 96 deputies. During its 17-month existence, the parliament held 145 sessions with the last session being convened on 27 April 1920 on the eve of the Russian occupation of Azerbaijan. A total of 270 resolutions were sponsored, 230 of which were passed. Parliamentary delegations of Azerbaijan signed several friendship treaties with Turkey, Iran, Great Britain, and the US and a defense pact with Georgia; attended Paris Peace Conference several times requesting recognition from Western countries. In January 1920, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was de facto recognized by the Peace Conference.
Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR
During the last session of the Azerbaijani Parliament on 27 April 1920 under the pressure of the Bolshevik Russian 11th Red Army and an ultimatum from the Caucasian Committee of the Russian Communist Party which invaded Azerbaijan, the deputies decided to disband the government in favor of the Bolsheviks to avoid bloodshed.
Once the Bolsheviks took over, they abolished all structures of the Azerbaijani government and established the Azerbaijan Interim Revolutionary Committee administered by Azerbaijani communists Nariman Narimanov, Aliheydar Garayev, Gazanfar Musabekov, Hamid Sultanov and Dadash Bunyadzade. The Bolsheviks dissolved the Azerbaijani Army, executed its generals and officers, and nationalized private industries.
In May 1921, the first All-Azerbaijan Soviet Session made up of newly elected deputies from all regions of Azerbaijan convened in Baku. The elected deputies were mainly drawn from poor, uneducated, unprepared factory workers and villagers which facilitated complete rule from Moscow. The first session established the Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee consisting of 75 members and its board with 13 members. From 1921 through 1937, nine sessions of All-Azerbaijan Soviets were convened.
In 1937, during the 9th session of the All-Azerbaijani Soviets a new Azerbaijan SSR Constitution was ratified and the new legislative body the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR was established.
The first elections to Supreme Soviet took place on 24 June 1938. Out of 310 deputies elected, 107 were workers, 88 collective farmers and 115 educated civil servants. Seventy-two of the deputies were women. Due to the authoritarian nature of Soviet rule where most new initiatives were met as conspiracies against the state, the parliament was virtually ineffective.
Due to multiple reforms and restructuring in the government of the Azerbaijan SSR in the 1970s–1980s, the role of the Supreme Soviet increased. Many legislative reforms including the ratification of the new Azerbaijan SSR Constitution of 1977 took place. After the demands of the Armenian SSR to transfer the NKAO region of Azerbaijan to Armenia, the parliament was largely passive and indifferent.
On 18 October 1991 the Supreme Soviet passed a resolution confirming the restoration of the independence of Azerbaijan.
Parliament of the Republic of Azerbaijan
The first Azerbaijani parliamentary election was held in late 1990, when the Supreme Soviet already held discussions on independence of Azerbaijan from the Soviet Union. The 1995 parliamentary election was the first to be held after the restoration of Azerbaijan's independence.
The assembly is headed by its Speaker assisted by the First Deputy Speaker and two deputy speakers. Sahiba Gafarova is the current speaker of the assembly, Ali Huseynli is the First Deputy Speaker and, and Adil Aliyev are deputy speakers. The work at the parliament is administered by the Parliament Apparatus headed by Sefa Mirzayev, aided by Assistant Manager Elkhan Ahmadov. The Parliament Apparatus is subdivided into Department of State Roster for Territorial Units and Municipalities, and Codification Sector Department.
In the 2010 parliamentary elections, the ruling New Azerbaijan Party strengthened its grasp on the legislature, securing a majority of 73 out of 125 seats. The other seats went to nominally independent, government-leaning candidates, and to "soft opposition" parties. The two major opposition parties (Musavat and the Parties of the People's Front of Azerbaijan) lost their previous eight seats, thus resulting in an opposition-free Parliament. The Central Election Commission said turnout was 50.1%, out of a total 4.9 million people eligible to vote. Opposition leaders suggested the low turnout was due to candidate disqualifications by the CEC, and consequent discouragements to vote after their choice of candidate was excluded.
The United States declared that the elections "did not meet international standards", while the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, EU and Council of Europe highlighted some positive aspects, while stating that "the conduct of the elections did not represent significant progress in the process of the country’s democratic development".
2015 Parliamentary elections resulted in 72 seats won by the ruling party. Currently, Parliament consists of 15 parliamentary committees:
Legal Policies and State Structuring Committee, chaired by first deputy speaker of the parliament, MP Ali Huseynli
Defense and Security Committee, chaired by MP Ziyafet Asgarov
Economic Policies Committee, chaired by MP Tahir Mirkishili
Committee on Natural Resources, Energy and Ecology, chaired by MP Sadig Gurbanov
Committee on Agrarian Policies, chaired by MP Tahir Rzayev
Social Policies Committee, chaired by MP Musa Guliyev
Committee on Regional Issues, chaired by MP Siyavush Novruzov
Committee on Science and Education, chaired by MP Bakhtiyar Aliyev
Committee on Cultural Issues, chaired by MP Ganira Pashayeva
Committee on Public Unions and Religious entities, chaired by deputy speaker of the Parliament, MP Fazail Ibrahimli
Committee on Youth and Sport, chaired by deputy speaker of the Parliament, MP Adil Aliyev
Committee on Health Issues, chaired by MP Ahliman Emiraslanov
Committee on Family, Women and Children Affairs, chaired by MP Hijran Huseynova
International and Interparliamentary Relations Committee, chaired by MP Samad Seyidov
Human Rights Committee, chaired by MP Zahid Oruj
In addition to the parliamentary committees, Milli Majlis has a Chamber of Accounting, Toponyms and Disciplinary Commissions. The Disciplinary Commission is chaired by MP Eldar Ibrahimov. The parliament publishes its own newspaper, Azərbaycan qəzeti (Azerbaijan newspaper), widely distributed around the country.
Parliament also established more than 80 "Interparliamentary working groups" with the parliaments of more than 80 states in the world.
Chairmen of the National Assembly (Supreme Soviet to 1991, National Council 1991–1992) of Azerbaijan
Elmira Gafarova 5 February 1991 – 5 March 1992.
Yagub Mammadov 5 March 1992 – 18 May 1992
Isa Gambar 18 May 1992 – 13 June 1993
Heydar Aliyev 24 June 1993 – 5 November 1993
Rasul Guliyev 5 November 1993 – 11 September 1996
Murtuz Alasgarov 16 October 1996 – 2 December 2005
Ogtay Asadov 2 December 2005– 10 March 2020
Sahiba Gafarova 10 March 2020–today
See also
Politics of Azerbaijan
Government of Azerbaijan
Cabinet of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani parliamentary election, 2010
List of legislatures by country
List of political parties in Azerbaijan
Constitution of Azerbaijan
References
External links
Official website of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan
History of the Milli Mejlis of Azerbaijan
Official page dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Milli Mejlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan
1918 establishments in Azerbaijan
Buildings and structures in Baku
Government of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan |
4016536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa%20Barbarorum | Europa Barbarorum | Europa Barbarorum (), or EB, is a modification of the PC game Rome: Total War (RTW) based on the desire to provide Rome: Total War players with a more historically accurate game experience.
The basic gameplay mechanics of the original game remain the same. The player controls an empire with the goal of conquering as much territory as possible and eliminating rival factions, which are controlled by the computer, or AI. The main campaign is split between two gameplay modes: a turn-based strategy map for moving whole armies and managing the empire, and a real-time battle map for fighting battles on the ground between two or more armies. The two game modes are linked, with success or failure in one game mode influencing the chances of success or failure in the other.
Although set in a similar historical period and geographical area to the unmodified game (covering a timespan of 272 BC to 14 AD, compared to the original game's 270 BC to 14 AD), Europa Barbarorum is a total conversion modification as it replaces all the aspects of the original Rome: Total War game that can be replaced, such as unit models, statistics and the musical score. The modification has received favourable reviews in a number of computer gaming magazines. PC Gamer magazine ranks Europa Barbarorum as the best mod for any of the seven Total War games released for the PC at that time.
Gameplay
In the original Rome: Total War, the player took control of an empire, or "faction", of classical Europe, North Africa or the Middle East, with the aim of expanding their faction's territory and eliminating rival empires through military conquest and city-building. Europa Barbarorum retains this basic gameplay mechanic and sets itself in a similar time period and geographical area to the original game. However, as a total conversion the mod replaces the particular factions, military units, buildings, and other elements present in the original game, and adds a new soundtrack and several brand-new gameplay mechanics not present in the original, such as the installation of puppet rulers. The modification's development team's stated aim in making the changes that they have to Rome: Total War is to make the player's experience of the ancient world more historically accurate. For this reason, numerous parameters of the game at the start of the campaign in 272 BC, such as generals' names, the diplomatic relations between factions, and the particular understanding of the outside world that each faction has, have been set to correspond to the actual political situation in that year.
Also for reasons of historical verisimilitude, factions, provinces on the campaign map and factions' family members have been given vernacular names in Europa Barbarorum, rather than having Latinised or Anglicised ones, as in Rome: Total War. So, for instance, the original game's Armenia faction is known as Hayasdan in Europa Barbarorum, and Germania as the Sweboz. Instead of having to play one's first campaign as a Roman faction and only subsequently unlock playable campaigns as non-Romans by defeating them in the Roman campaign, all twenty of Europa Barbarorums playable factions can be accessed by the player from the start. Furthermore, the one unplayable and three playable Roman factions of the original have been combined into a single playable faction in Europa Barbarorum, the Romani. Dissatisfied with the homogeneity of the factions of the original Rome: Total War, the Europa Barbarorum development team have sought to differentiate the playing experiences of the game's different factions. So, for example, Rome: Total Wars trait-acquisition system, where the player's faction's family members acquire certain characteristics and talents which make them more or less adept at certain tasks such as city management or military leadership, has been made more faction-specific in Europa Barbarorum, with Hellenic characters' traits, for instance, being based on Theophrastos' Characters and Aristotle's teachings on the Golden Mean, and Romans' traits being partially based on the moral tales of Valerius Maximus. There are sometimes additional requirements for a family member to be able to gain a new trait: in order for them to compete in one of the Panhellenic Games, for instance, the player must ensure that they are stationed in the appropriate city on the campaign map in the year that the competition is scheduled to take place. One reviewer has commented that Europa Barbarorums expansions upon the original Rome: Total Wars trait system have served to add a role-playing element to the game.
Campaign
As in the original Rome: Total War, Europa Barbarorums strategic campaign sees the player take control of a particular faction and then compete for territory and resources against all the other factions, which are controlled by the game's artificial intelligence. The player is presented with a map of Europe, North Africa and the Near East in which territory is divided into 200 provinces, each of which contains a province capital, which will at any given point be controlled either by the player's faction, a rival playable faction, or the non-playable Eleutheroi faction, which represents the world's minor kingdoms, regional powers and rebel states. If a faction should at any point find itself not in control of any provinces, it is eliminated from the game. Gameplay is turn-based, each turn representing the passage of three months on the campaign map (unlike the six months of the original Rome: Total War) and alternating between the player managing their empire and the artificial intelligence making all the other factions' moves. A key game mechanic of the campaign map is the annexation of territory, which is done province-by-province, either by successfully besieging the province capital, or by acquiring it from another faction through diplomacy. Once a faction has acquired a province, they may construct buildings in the province capital that either enable the recruitment of certain military units or grant various bonuses to the city, such as greater resilience during a siege or a decreased likelihood of the province rebelling. Provided the city contains the appropriate buildings, the player may recruit military units in the city at the same time as undertaking construction projects. The aim of the game is to acquire a specified number of provinces and/or eliminate specified rival factions (in Europa Barbarorum particular victory conditions differ for each faction), whilst avoiding being eliminated by the other factions.
The campaign map itself of Europa Barbarorum covers a wider geographical area than that of Rome: Total War, expanding into areas such as the Arabian Peninsula, India, Central Asia, and Scandinavia. Relief, province boundaries, snow boundaries, vegetation types, coastlines and areas prone to natural disaster in 272 BC have all been researched and implemented into the campaign map. The Nile–Red Sea canal linking the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea has been added to the map, as have the great trade routes of the ancient world, such as the Amber and Silk Roads, which can be captured and exploited by the player or by the artificial intelligence.
The selection of factions present in the original Rome: Total War has been overhauled in Europa Barbarorum. The original game's Gaul faction has been replaced with two new factions, the Aedui and the Arverni. The Scythia faction has been replaced by the Sauromatae, and the Greek Cities faction (which included various city-states) has been replaced by the Koinon Hellenon (), a faction which represents the Chremonidean League of Athens, Sparta and Rhodes. Entirely new factions include Baktria, a Central Asian Hellenic empire, and Epeiros, a western Greek faction famous for producing Pyrrhos of Epiros. On the other hand, the Numidia faction of Rome: Total War was removed entirely.
The way in which factions enhance the provinces they own through the construction of new buildings in their province capitals has changed in Europa Barbarorum. The process of assimilating a newly conquered province into one's empire has become more differentiated in the modification than it was in the original game through the introduction of so-called "government buildings" and military–industrial complexes. Government buildings represent different degrees of central State intervention in a province, and range from a homeland government, which can only be built in a faction's traditional ethnic homeland and represents the highest possible degree of central State control, to an allied state government, which makes the province in question semi-autonomous and installs a puppet ruler to govern it on the controlling faction's behalf. The choice of government building in a province affects what other buildings can be constructed there: the greater the degree of autonomy granted to a province, the greater the shift in the make-up of the pool of buildings available for construction from the controlling faction's own buildings to native buildings; that is, buildings which are more closely associated with the faction that would make its traditional home in the province in question, rather than the one currently occupying it. Nomadic, desert- and steppe-dwelling factions have their own government buildings, which some say has helped differentiate between Europa Barbarorums factions and make the differences between Europa Barbarorum and the original Rome: Total War more than just cosmetic. These government buildings also affect unit recruitment options in a province, through the mod's introduction of military–industrial complex ("MIC") buildings. The original Rome: Total Wars system of constructing and subsequently upgrading different types of building in order to recruit different types of soldier (stables for horses, ranges for archers, and so on) has been replaced in Europa Barbarorum by the "factional MIC", which enables the recruitment of all the province-controlling faction's units, and the "regional MIC", which enables the recruitment of native types of soldier. How far the two types of complexes can be upgraded depends on the government of the province: the greater the autonomy of the province, the more the native MIC may be upgraded, and the less the factional MIC may be upgraded; and vice versa. In addition to buildings that can be constructed by the player, Europa Barbarorum also introduces a number of unique buildings or "wonders", which can either be man-made structures or features of the landscape, and which provide unique bonuses to the province.
Warfare
If, during their turn on the campaign map, the player should engage one of their armies in combat with another faction's army, or if their troops should be engaged by another faction during the AI's turn, the player then has the option of fighting a real-time battle or siege. In this gameplay mode, the player directs the troops they had brought with them on the campaign map to the engagement, ordering them to manoeuvre and attack the enemy's troops on a three-dimensional battlefield. Troops can either be killed outright on the battlefield or made to rout and flee the field if their morale falls below a certain threshold. Reviewers have noted of Rome: Total War that, during a battle, troop numbers do not outweigh all other considerations; other factors such as individual unit types' strengths and soldiers' morale and fatigue at the point of fighting are also taken into account. A battle is won when one side kills or routs the entire enemy army; a siege may be won by the attacking side through either dispatching the opposing forces or gaining control of the besieged city's central plaza for a certain number of minutes, and by the defending side either by killing the attackers or by destroying their siege equipment before they have managed to breach the city's defences.
The make-up of the game's units is one of the areas in which the most change can be seen going from the original game to the mod. Reviewers have commented that the differences between Europa Barbarorum and its parent game are "immediate" and "striking" and that the modification is different from its parent game "in look and in play". Another reviewer described the mod as having a more "gritty, realistic look" than the original Rome: Total War. All the units that were present in the original game have been removed and replaced in Europa Barbarorum. Specific examples include the removal of several units that the Europa Barbarorum team considered to be historically doubtful or only marginally used in warfare, such as Arcani, incendiary pigs and Celtic head-hurlers from the original Rome: Total War. Nor was the modding team happy with the way more conventional forces were portrayed in the original game, for instance calling Rome: Total Wars Egyptian soldiers "Mummy Returns Egyptians" and hence creating a new unit roster for the Egyptian faction in the game (named Egypt in the original Rome: Total War and the Ptolemaioi in Europa Barbarorum), in order to better correspond with the Ptolemaic period of history. The mod also features new custom battle formations in order to encourage more realistic behaviour from the AI.
Audio
Europa Barbarorum features its own soundtrack, distinct from that of Rome: Total War. Some of its tracks were composed especially by Morgan Casey and Nick Wylie; others are examples of authentic music, the Celtic factions' tracks, for example, having been recorded by early music ensemble Prehistoric Music Ireland. Europa Barbarorum also includes its own "voicemod", an attempt by the developers to replace the English cries of Rome: Total Wars soldiers with ones in their native languages, which include classical Latin, Celtic, and ancient Greek.
Development
The Europa Barbarorum project began in January 2004, eight months before Rome: Total Wars release, when the Europa Barbarorum development team who were following the game's development became concerned that its "barbarian" factions such as the Gauls were being portrayed inaccurately. The Europa Barbarorum team felt that such factions' representations in Rome: Total War conformed more to a Hollywood stereotype than to historical fact, and wished to see a more realistic portrayal of such factions in the game. The modding team tried to convince the Creative Assembly (CA), the developers of Rome: Total War, to alter their depiction of the period in line with the team's research, but the developers failed to take them up on their offer. Having exhausted this avenue for change, the Europa Barbarorum members then resolved to modify the game themselves upon its release.
Release
Europa Barbarorum was first released to the public as an open beta in December 2005. After several more minor releases throughout 2006, which mostly fixed bugs and made small adjustments to the modification, the next major release of Europa Barbarorum was version 0.80 in December 2006. Its changes included the addition of the Sabaean faction, new music, and the inclusion of a new military–industrial complex system. There were three more 0.8-series releases during the first half of 2007, which primarily made minor adjustments to the modification and fixed bugs. In total, over 135,000 downloads of the 0.80–0.81 versions were tracked.
The next major release was version 1.0, which was released in October 2007 and included new units, new government options for the Pahlava and Hayasdan factions, the addition of a new type of wall to the battle map and new music from prehistoric music group Prehistoric Music Ireland. The 1.0 version was downloaded over 90,000 times in the six months following its release. This was followed by version 1.1, which was released in April 2008 and included new battle map landscapes, new units, the addition of the Pahlavi voicemod and the inclusion of an introduction video for the Saka Rauka faction. The current release is version 1.2, which contains the addition of the Punic voicemod and bug fixes; the development team had previously stated that future releases of Europa Barbarorum for the Rome: Total War engine will not include any major gameplay changes.
Europa Barbarorum has seen some significant changes to its campaign over the course of its development. The Yuezhi faction, included in early releases of the modification, was subsequently dropped. Earlier releases of Europa Barbarorum also featured player alerts representing the major stages of the breakup of the Seleukid faction, if that collapse occurred in the game. However, such features became impossible to implement after the SPQR faction of the original game, used in Europa Barbarorum for scripting purposes, was removed from the mod in exchange for the kingdom of Saba.
Following the main modification's release, a number of customisations of Europa Barbarorum have been created, such as porting it to run using the Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion executable, or Feral Interactive's Mac OS X version of Rome: Total War. There had been plans to release a version of the mod for the PC game Europa Universalis: Rome, but no Europa Barbarorum mod has yet been released for the strategy title.
Europa Barbarorum II
The Europa Barbarorum development team also developed a new version of the modification for the Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms engine, which was named Europa Barbarorum II. The modification was designed to take advantage of the improved graphics of Medieval II: Total War and of its engine's additional features, such as the possibility of different soldiers within the same unit to have different appearances, as opposed to the "clones" criticised by some reviewers of Rome: Total War. Europa Barbarorum II includes new government, unit recruitment and trait systems, and new playable factions such as the kingdom of Gandhara, which has its own Sanskrit voicemod.
An initial version of Europa Barbarorum II v2.0 was released on 25 August 2014, with a second version (v2.01) released on 12 September 2014. On 21 December 2015, a third version (2.1b) was released and provided a number of improvements, such as an improved campaign AI/battle AI, remodelled battle map settlements, battle map vegetation, and new units with military reforms for various factions. Version 2.2b, which was released on 4 June 2016, contained the same new improvements.
Reception
Europa Barbarorum was featured and reviewed in a number of video game magazines. It has been reviewed in PC Gamer UK twice, in March 2005 and February 2008. The 2008 review was overwhelmingly positive, saying that "EB feels like a whole new Total War game", and going on to praise the modification's "stunning" scope and the "striking" extent of the differences between it and Rome: Total War. The review was somewhat critical of the modification's graphical user interfaces which "[occasionally]" had a "home-made" feel to them, as well as its lack of accessibility and steep learning curve, although it adds that the second point is not a large problem as the modification is largely a "master's challenge for accomplished Rome players". The review finished on a positive note, summing Europa Barbarorum up as a "superior game". In 2010, the same magazine's website named Europa Barbarorum the best mod of any Total War game.
A number of non-English language magazines have also reviewed Europa Barbarorum. The Italian PC Gaming magazine Giochi per il mio computer reviewed the modification in April 2005 and March 2008. The 2005 review reported that the modification, whose development team included two historians, was to replace the "economic system, [soldiers'] equipment and the provinces" of Rome: Total War; the latter review praised the mod for having "altered and deepened" the gameplay of the original title, and wrote that Europa Barbarorum was the best substitute for a Rome 2: Total War game prior to the actual release of such a title. Dutch magazine , reviewing the mod in March 2008, also wrote that the mod was "perhaps the best candidate for the title Rome: Total War II" "until the official announcement" and went on to note that the list of changes that the modification had made to the original game almost constituted "a history book of its own". The German magazine GameStar wrote in April 2007 that the Europa Barbarorum team had "banned all historical mistakes from the game"; in January 2011, another German publication, PC Games, also noted the mod's historical accuracy, singling out its "more realistic, more [challenging]" battles for praise, although it did note that the mod was squarely aimed at experienced Rome: Total War players. Reviewing version 0.74 of the mod in November 2006, Romanian publication LeveL concurred that the mod was aimed at experienced players, adding that the modified version of the game put greater demands on the player's computer than the original Rome: Total War, requiring 512 MB of RAM, up from the original's 256. Despite this, the reviewer praised the mod's complexity, the "painstaking detail" that went into making the units and the mod's soundtrack.
Europa Barbarorum has also received several online reviews. The modification received a review early into its development process on gaming website HeavenGames, which said that it was an "ambitious" project and praised its commitment to historical accuracy, even stating that the Europa Barbarorum development team was going to use satellite imagery and climate change statistics to accurately portray the world as it was in 272 BC. Later, in 2008, the modification has been reviewed on Boomtown, which praised the modification's "incredibly well-researched and -devised" unit stats system, as well as its "legion of historians". The modification has sometimes been mentioned as a recommended complement to Rome: Total War in reviews of the original title – for instance, by Norwegian gaming website Gamereactor in 2007.
In addition, Europa Barbarorum was singled out for praise by the Creative Assembly themselves in 2011, when they called the mod "breathtaking" in an official statement.
See also
Rome: Total Realism
References
External links
Official Rome: Total War Website
Official Europa Barbarorum Website
2005 video games
MacOS games
Real-time tactics video games
Video games set in antiquity
Video games set in Greece
Total War (video game series)
Turn-based strategy video games
Video game mods
Windows games
Multiplayer and single-player video games |
4016545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working%20Stiffs | Working Stiffs | Working Stiffs (or Working Stiff) may refer to:
Working stiff, an American slang term for a member of the working class
Working Stiffs (TV series), a 1979 television series starring Jim Belushi and Michael Keaton
Working Stiff: Two Years, 262 Bodies, and the Making of a Medical Examiner, a 2014 non-fiction book |
4016549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Ilie | Andrew Ilie | Andrew Ilie (born 18 April 1976) is a former tennis player. Ilie fled Romania at age 10 with his family, spending a year at a refugee camp in Austria before emigrating to Australia. He turned professional in 1994 and became a citizen of Australia. He
was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. He won two ATP Tour singles titles (Coral Springs in 1998 and Atlanta in 2000), as well as five Challenger Series tournaments. Ilie reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 38 on 29 May 2000.
Career
Juniors
He reached the finals of the Australian Open Jrs in 1994.
Pro Tour
Ilie never progressed past the fourth round of a Grand Slam tournament, but was a fan-favorite, especially in Australia. Described in 2001 by tennis writer Jon Wertheim as "an emerging cult hero", Ilie developed an avid following whenever he played at the Australian Open in Melbourne. He became well known for adventurous and occasionally outrageous shots, and by ripping his shirt in glee whenever he won a particularly important or hard-fought match. The latter ritual began at the French Open in 1999, as Ilie celebrated his first-round victory in five sets over Jonas Bjorkman, and then repeated the gesture after his second-round victory, also in five sets, over Martin Rodriguez.
The last years of Ilie's career were marred by persistent injuries, including chronic osteitis pubis, which hampered his play. Ilie retired in November 2004. Following retirement, Ilie married and settled in Hong Kong.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP career finals
Singles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 8 (6–2)
Doubles: 2 (0–2)
Performance timeline
Singles
References
External links
Australian expatriates in Hong Kong
Australian male tennis players
Australian people of Romanian descent
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Naturalised tennis players
Olympic tennis players of Australia
Tennis players from Bucharest
Romanian emigrants to Australia
Romanian refugees
Tennis players from Melbourne
Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Living people
1976 births
People educated at Mentone Grammar School
Australian Institute of Sport tennis players |
4016551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Anton | River Anton | The River Anton is a chalk stream in Hampshire in south east England. It rises in Andover and flows southwards for approximately to meet the River Test near Chilbolton. The principal tributary of the Anton, the Pillhill Brook, joins the river at Upper Clatford.
Course
The river rises in Anton Lakes nature reserve, in north Andover, just below King Arthur's Way, and flows through the centre of the town. It then flows in a southerly direction through the villages of Upper Clatford, Goodworth Clatford and Cottonworth before meeting the Test just below Chilbolton.
It is a chalk stream with failing quality water and supports a wide variety of wildlife. The river is the subject of the "River Anton Enhancement Strategy", a partnership with several agencies and local organisations to improve the river.
Leisure facilities
The Anton has some very good trout fishing with frequent catches of large specimens; fly fishing is the only method allowed. The fishing rights are private.
Created as part of its Enhancement Scheme, the River Anton Way was originally a scenic walk along the river from Charlton Lakes in the north, via the town centre to Rooksbury Mill Local Nature Reserve in the south. In 2015, proposed by the Andover Ramblers and sponsored by Test Valley Borough Council, the way was extended by through the parishes of Upper Clatford, Goodworth Clatford, Wherwell and Chilbolton.
Watermills
There were five watermills along the river; Anton Mill, Town Mill, and Rooksbury Mill, all in Andover, along with Copthall Place Mill at Clatford and Fullerton Mill. Flour is still milled in Andover but at the electrically powered Junction Mills.
Water quality
The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.
Water quality of the River Anton in 2019:
References
Rivers of Hampshire
1Anton |
4016553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Miguel%20do%20Passa%20Quatro | São Miguel do Passa Quatro | São Miguel do Passa Quatro is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil.
Location
São Miguel is located in the Pires do Rio Microregion, at a distance of 112 kilometers from the state capital of Goiânia.
Highway connections from Goiânia are made by BR-352 / Bela Vista de Goiás / Cristianópolis / GO-139. See Sepin for all the distances.
It has boundaries with Bela Vista de Goiás, Cristianópolis, Silvânia and Vianópolis.
Climate
The climate is tropical humid with an average annual temperature of 21 °C. From May to October are the lowest temperatures, between 18 °C and 21 °C, with an average minimum of 9 °C to 13 °C. The hottest months, from September to November, register maximum temperatures of 36 °C to 38 °C. The annual rainfall is around 1,400 millimeters.
The elevation varies between 600 and 900 meters above sea level.
Political information
Mayor: Eleusa França de Melo (January 2005-January 2009)
City council: 09 members
Eligible voters: 3,033 (December/2007)
Demographics
Population density: 6.84 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban population: 1,870 (2007)
Rural population: 1,810 (2007)
Population growth: a gain of about 1,000 people since 1991
The economy
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries.
Industrial units: 6 (2007)
Commercial units: 29 (2007)
Cattle herd: 32,400 head (5,400 milk cows) (2006)
Main crops: rice, beans, manioc, guava, oranges, tangerines, corn (1,500 hectares), sorghum, tomatoes, and soybeans (11,000 hectares).
Agricultural data 2006
Number of farms: 524
Total area: 30,427 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 90 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 5,724 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 16,939 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 6,835 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 1,300
Farms with tractors: 69
Number of tractors: 105
Cattle herd: 127,000 head IBGE
Education (2006)
Schools: 5
Students: 1,040
Higher education: none
Adult literacy rate: 90.0% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)
Health (2007)
Hospitals: 1
Hospital beds: 20
Ambulatory clinics: 3
Infant mortality rate: 19.70 (2000) (national average was 33.0)
Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.767
State ranking: 45 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 1,413 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000) For the complete list see Frigoletto.com
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Sepin
Municipalities in Goiás |
4016556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolfazl%20Jalili | Abolfazl Jalili | Abolfazl Jalili (, born 1957 in Saveh, Iran) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter. He belongs to the Iranian new wave movement.
Jalili studied directing at the Iranian College of Dramatic Arts, then worked for national television (IRIB), where he produced several children's films. His 'Det' Means Girl (1994) won prizes in Venice film festival and Nantes. He was one of Rotterdam's Film Makers in Focus in 1999.
Filmography
1983 Milad
1985 Spring
1987 Scabies
1994 Det Means Girl
1996 A True Story
1992-1998 Dance of Dust
1998 Don
1999 Tales of Kish (The Ring)
2001 Delbaran
2003 Abjad
2005 Full or Empty
2007 Hafez (Iran-Japan / 35 mm / colour / 98min.)
Representative awards and honors
Golden Montgolfiere, Nantes Three Continents Festival, 2001.
Golden Palm, nominated, 1999 Cannes Film Festival.
Don Quixote Award, Locarno International Film Festival, 1999.
Silver Leopard, 51st Locarno International Film Festival, 1998.
Solidarity Prize, San Sebastián International Film Festival, 1998.
Golden Montgolfiere, Nantes Three Continents Festival, 1996.
Golden Osella, Venice Film Festival, 1995.
Golden Lion, nominated, Venice Film Festival, 1991.
References
External links
Delbaran - Diamond in the Rough (TCM's Movie Morlocks)
Iranian film directors
1957 births
Living people
Persian-language film directors
People from Saveh |
4016558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Dever | River Dever | The River Dever is a chalk stream in Hampshire in the south of England. It rises at West Stratton near Micheldever and flows westwards for to meet the River Test at Wherwell.
Course
The source is at Above Ordnance Datum (AOD) alongside the A33, the main road north-east from Winchester, of Roman origin, and meanders west through the village of Micheldever, three hamlets: Weston Colley, Stoke Charity and Wonston, then its largest village, Sutton Scotney, followed by Upper and Lower Bullington. The river skirts to the north of Barton Stacey and through the hamlet of Bransbury, meeting the Test on Bransbury Common, opposite the east fields of Wherwell on the multi-channel Test's West Bank at AOD.
Etymology
From Old English times some records have Myceldefer. The likely first sound-meaning denoted by the scribe is , that means "great", and the latter part, if from the Common Brittonic, "water, river" as in Andover or the Candover Brook nearby.
Alternatively the Old Welsh for "bog" is suggested by the earliest-known form, from 862, Mycendefr, not relatively prevalent due to the gradient and alkaline water.
Attributes
It is essentially fed by very close chalk aquifers, likewise to its continuation the Test, a highly abundant watercourse in Europe for large trout. It includes two trout farms, at the otherwise almost wholly green locality of Bransbury, and at Difford, north of Barton Stacey. The watermill at Weston Colley is a Grade II listed building/. The mill at Bransbury is also Grade II listed.
Water quality
The Environment Agency measures the water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.
Water quality of the River Dever in 2019:
References
References
Notes
External links
River Dever Valley Floor
Dever, River
1Dever |
4016559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaming%20Gorge%20Dam | Flaming Gorge Dam | Flaming Gorge Dam is a concrete thin-arch dam on the Green River, a major tributary of the Colorado River, in northern Utah in the United States. Flaming Gorge Dam forms the Flaming Gorge Reservoir, which extends into southern Wyoming, submerging four distinct gorges of the Green River. The dam is a major component of the Colorado River Storage Project, which stores and distributes upper Colorado River Basin water.
The dam takes its name from a nearby section of the Green River canyon, named by John Wesley Powell in 1869. It was built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation between 1958 and 1964. The dam is high and long, and its reservoir has a capacity of more than , or about twice the annual flow of the upper Green. Operated to provide long-term storage for downstream water-rights commitments, the dam is also a major source of hydroelectricity and is the main flood-control facility for the Green River system.
The dam and reservoir have fragmented the upper Green River, blocking fish migration and significantly impacting many native species. Water released from the dam is generally cold and clear, as compared to the river's natural warm and silty flow, further changing the local riverine ecology. However, the cold water from Flaming Gorge has transformed about of the Green into a "Blue Ribbon Trout Fishery". The Flaming Gorge Reservoir, largely situated in Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area, is also considered one of Utah and Wyoming's greatest fisheries.
History and location
Contrary to its namesake, Flaming Gorge, the dam actually lies in steep, rapid-strewn Red Canyon in northeastern Utah, close to where the Green River cuts through the Uinta Mountains. The canyon, for which the dam is named, is buried under the reservoir almost upstream. Red Canyon is the narrowest and deepest of the four on the Green in the area (Horseshoe, Kingfisher, Red and Flaming Gorge) which made it the best site for the building of a dam. Flaming Gorge, on the other hand, was named by John Wesley Powell on his 1869 expedition down the Green and Colorado rivers for the "brilliant, flaming red of its rocks [when the sun shone upon them]."
Flaming Gorge Dam is one of six that make up the Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP), a massive system of reservoirs created in the upper Colorado River Basin by the Bureau of Reclamation from the 1950s to the 1970s. The project itself was the indirect result of a system of agreements signed by the seven U.S. states and two Mexican provinces in the early 20th century dividing the flow of the Colorado River among them. Among the terms stated in the 1922 Colorado River Compact reserved for the Upper Basin states of Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico and an equal amount for the Lower Basin states of Arizona, Nevada and California. Due to the Colorado's high year-to-year variations in flow, the upper basin could not fulfill the lower basin's allotments in dry years, and much water was wasted during wet years because of the lack of a means to impound it.
Well before the CRSP's inception in 1956, the Bureau had begun to look for suitable reservoir sites along the upper Colorado and tributaries such as the Green, San Juan and Gunnison Rivers. One of the earlier proposals was called Echo Park Dam, at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers within the Dinosaur National Monument in northwestern Colorado. The Sierra Club, led by David Brower, rallied against the proposal in the media and later in the courts. When the Bureau backed down from the Echo Park proposal, it was seen as one of the environmentalism movement's early victories – but it came with a compromise. A dam would still be built on the Green River, just upstream near a brilliant red-rock canyon called Flaming Gorge. A common misconception is that the building of the controversial Glen Canyon Dam was part of this "compromise for Echo Park", but in reality the Bureau had always planned to build a dam at Glen Canyon regardless of the outcome of the Echo Park debate.
Climate
Construction
The building of Flaming Gorge Dam started just a few months after the CRSP was approved in Congress, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower pressed a button on his desk in the White House and set off the first blast in Red Canyon. Site preparations and geologic inspections continued as Dutch John, the company town that provided housing for the workers, was completed just northeast of the dam site by 1958. More than 3000 people would inhabit Dutch John at the peak of construction. The main contract for dam construction was awarded to Arch Dam Constructors, a conglomerate of Peter Kiewit Sons, Morrison-Knudsen Company, Mid-Valley Utility Constructors Inc. and Coker Construction Company. Actual construction at the dam site did not begin until late 1958, when work began on the diversion tunnel that would send the Green River around the dam site in order to clear it.
By April 1959, excavation of the diversion tunnel had been completed and concrete lining was finished on August 17. Work on a pair of earthen cofferdams above and below the dam site commenced when the tunnel was ready and the river was channeled around the dam site on November 19 with the completion of the upper cofferdam. Keyway (foundation) excavations for the dam on the right abutment and construction of the spillway inlet works in the left abutment was begun in September, and all preliminary canyon wall structures were complete by early 1960. The lower cofferdam was finished in February, allowing workers to pump water out of the space between the two barriers. The silt and sediment that comprised the riverbed had to be removed in order to reach solid rock where foundations could be drilled; this was completed in August 1960, allowing work on the main dam foundations to begin.
Flaming Gorge was built in block-shaped stages of concrete called "forms". The first concrete for the powerhouse was placed on September 8, and construction of the main dam wall began ten days later. In order to accelerate hardening of the concrete, cold water was pumped through metal tubing, or "coils", embedded in the structure. Concrete placement continued until November 15, 1962, when workers topped out the dam. By the end of 1962, both the river outlet works and the spillway tunnel were completed, and the diversion tunnel was closed, allowing water to begin rising behind the dam. The dam's hydroelectric generators were installed by mid–August 1963 and the first unit went into operation on September 27 at the press of a switch by President John F. Kennedy. The dam was officially dedicated by Lady Bird Johnson on August 17 of the following year.
Dimensions and operations
Dam and reservoir
The Flaming Gorge Dam stands high above its foundations and above the Green River. It measures long along its crest, with a maximum base thickness of , while its crest thickness is . The dam contains about of concrete. The reservoir first reached its maximum elevation of in August 1974, with a maximum surface area of . The conservation storage capacity is , of which is active capacity, useful for release and power generation. During floods the reservoir can go about higher, for a total of , spreading over .
Power plant
The dam's hydroelectric power plant is located at its base. It consists of three 50,650 kilowatt generators, powered by three Francis design turbines of . The total nameplate generating capacity of the Flaming Gorge Dam is 151,950 kilowatts. Three diameter penstocks feed water to the power plant. The Bureau of Reclamation operates the power plant, and the Western Area Power Administration markets the power generated by the dam. The original 1963 capacity of the powerplant was 108,000 kilowatts, or 36,000 kilowatts per generator. The generators were uprated to their present capacity between August 1990 and April 1992.
The power plant originally operated on a peaking basis which caused large daily fluctuations in river flow, with sharp peaks in the daytime and extremely low flows at night. In 1992, the release patterns from the dam were placed under legal constraints due to a biological opinion to protect endangered fish species. In 2006 the release patterns were further modified under an "Action Alternative" designed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in order to mimic natural flows. The power plant now releases water based on the natural seasonal hydrograph of the Green River before damming. In addition, water flows must be maintained above at all times.
On August 11, 1977, the Unit 2 turbine jammed after one of the sealing rings on the penstock failed. This event led to the seal rings on all three penstocks being replaced. These seal rings also failed, and were replaced again. However, no major structural damage to the dam occurred.
Spillways
The spillway consists of a long tunnel that runs through the left abutment of the dam. Two gates at the tunnel entrance will pass up to of floodwater. At its upstream end the tunnel is in diameter, and at the discharge point is in diameter. The dam's outlet works consist of two diameter steel pipes through the dam. The discharge capacity of the outlet works is . Due to the large storage capacity of the reservoir, the tunnel spillway is rarely used, except for high water years such as 1983–84. As originally built, the spillway suffered cavitation damage caused by the high velocity of water rushing over the concrete lining. The installation of an aeration slot in the spillway in the mid-1980s remediated these problems.
Environmental impacts
By halting floods and artificially increasing low flows, Flaming Gorge Dam has changed the characteristics of the Green River tremendously, especially above its confluence with the Yampa River: "The deafening roar of the spring flood through the Canyon of Lodore in Dinosaur National Monument is subdued to the point that the sound no longer conveys a sense of the power that created this very place."
River regulation has led to the growth of riparian zones along the Green River where they would not have developed naturally because of the erosive effects of floods. The reduction in flow changes has also caused a decline in amphibian habitat along the river. The dam traps the river's high sediment loads, which has been detrimental to many native fish stocks. The cold and clear water releases have caused loss of sandbars, bank erosion, and as a result crucial habitat of four species of native fish in parts of the Green River have been lost. On August 28, 2008, the Bureau of Reclamation prepared an EIS (Environmental Impact Statement) on the operation of the dam to meet the river flow required by Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. The four native fishes affected are the razorback sucker, Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, and bonytail chub.
The cold water, however, has allowed the proliferation of introduced trout populations. About of the Green River below the dam is designated as a "Blue Ribbon Trout Fishery", below which the water tends to be warmer and more suitable for native species. In addition, Flaming Gorge Reservoir has become "nationally known for the spectacular fishing available in the reservoir's cool clear water which is ideal for growing large trout".
Proposed water diversion
In the early 21st century, the Colorado River system has come under stress due to a severe drought. Colorado's fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor, which is not situated in the Colorado River basin but receives water from it via diversions across the Rocky Mountains, is projected to run out of water in as little as 20 years if no new supplies are developed. One contentious proposal to augment the water supply is via a pipeline from Flaming Gorge Reservoir to southeastern Wyoming and thence to eastern Colorado. The $9 billion diversion would provide about of new water per year for the Front Range. Although eastern Colorado is lower in elevation than Flaming Gorge Reservoir, the water would have to be pumped over the Rocky Mountains, making the project a net power consumer. The proposal has caused significant disputes over water rights with about 87 percent of Wyoming residents polled opposing the project. Both the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have denied permits for the project's construction.
See also
Blue Mesa Dam
Dams in the Colorado River system
List of reservoirs and dams in the United States
List of the tallest dams in the United States
Navajo Dam
References
Further reading
Reisner, Marc (1986). Cadillac Desert. Viking.
Webb, Roy (2012). Lost Canyons of the Green River: The Story Before Flaming Gorge Dam.
External links
United States Bureau of Reclamation−USBR.gov: Flaming Gorge Dam Environmental Impact Statement
Dams in Utah
Dams in the Green River (Colorado River tributary) basin
Arch dams
Colorado River Storage Project
Buildings and structures in Daggett County, Utah
Hydroelectric power plants in Utah
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Ashley National Forest
Dams completed in 1964
Energy infrastructure completed in 1964
1964 in Utah
Landmarks in Utah |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.