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4014304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenography%20%28album%29 | Selenography (album) | Selenography is the fourth studio album by American post-rock band Rachel's. It was released on June 8, 1999 by Quarterstick Records.
Selenography is the scientific study of the Moon's topography.
Track listing
References
Rachel's albums
1999 albums
Quarterstick Records albums |
4014312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala%20dynasty%20%28Kamarupa%29 | Pala dynasty (Kamarupa) | The Pala dynasty of Kamarupa kingdom ruled from 900 CE. Like the Pala Empire of Bengal, the first ruler in this dynasty was elected, which probably explains the name of this dynasty "Pala". But unlike the Palas of Bengal, who were Buddhists, the Palas of Kamarupa were Hindus. The Hindu orthodoxy drew their lineage from the earlier Varman dynasty and thus ultimately from Narakasura i.e. Bhauma dynasty. The dynasty is unrelated to the previous Varman and Mlecchna dynasty.
The Palas were the last dynasty to rule Kamarupa. After the collapse of the Pala rule, Kamarupa disintegrated, to be followed in due course by the Ahom, Chutia, Kachari kingdoms and the confederate rule of the Baro-Bhuyans.
History
It is interesting to note that the term "Kamarupa" rarely appeared in the records of the Pala rulers; instead they used Pragjyotisha, the legendary kingdom of the epics, to legitimise their authority. The Pala kings of Kamarupa assumed the title of paramadaivata paramabhattāraka mahārājādirāja (the imperial title of the Guptas), sri-vārāha (the one who can trace his origin to Varāha) and prāigjyotisādhipati (the ruler of Prāgjyotisa).
The Pala dynasty came to an end when Kamarupa was invaded by the Gaur king Ramapala (c. 1072-1126). Timgyadeva was made the governor of Kamarupa who ruled between 1110 and 1126. Timgyadeva threw off the yoke of the Pala king and ruled independently for some years when he was attacked and replaced by Vaidyadeva under Ramapala's son Kumarapala. Vaidyadeva, who ruled between 1126 and 1140, declared independence within four years of his rule after the death of Kumarapala. Both Timgyadeva and Vaidyadeva issued grants in the style of the Kamarupa kings (three copper plates attached to the seal of the Kamarupa kings by a ring).
The work of the pala dynasty of Kamarupa is reflected in the Madan Kamdev sculpture.
Rulers
Brahma Pala (900-920)
Ratna Pala (920-960)
Indra Pala (960-990)
Go Pala, also Gopalavarman (990-1015)
Harsha Pala (1015-1035)
Dharma Pala (1035-1060)
Jaya Pala (1075-1100)
References
Bibliography
Sircar, D. C. The Bhauma-Naraka or the Pala Dynasty of Brahmapala, The Comprehensive History of Assam, ed H. K. Barpujari, Guwahati, 1990.
*
900 establishments
10th-century establishments in India |
4014317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville%20Conference | Brazzaville Conference | The Brazzaville Conference () was a meeting of prominent Free French leaders held in January 1944 in Brazzaville, the capital of French Equatorial Africa, during World War II.
After the Fall of France to Nazi Germany, the collaborationist Vichy France regime controlled the colonies. One by one, however, they peeled off and switched their allegiance to the Free France, a movement led by Charles de Gaulle. In January 1944, Free French politicians and high-ranking colonial officials from the French African colonies met in Brazzaville, now in the Republic of the Congo. The conference recommended political, social and economic reforms and led to the agreement on the Brazzaville Declaration.
De Gaulle believed that the survival of France depended on support from the colonies, and he made numerous concessions. They included the end of forced labour, the end of special legal restrictions that applied to indigenous peoples but not to whites, the establishment of elected territorial assemblies, representation in Paris in a new "French Federation" and the eventual entry of black Africans in the French National Assembly. However, independence was explicitly rejected as a future possibility.
Context
During World War II, the French colonial empire played an essential role in the Liberation of France by gradually aligning with Free France. After the end of the Tunisia campaign, the entire colonial empire reunited toward the Allies with the exception of French Indochina, which remained loyal to the Vichy government.
That made the French Committee of National Liberation begin questioning the future of the colonies. The war created many difficulties for local people and saw the growth of nationalist aspirations and tensions between communities in French North Africa, particularly in Algeria and Tunisia. In addition, the French were being aided by the United States which opposed colonialism. In Madagascar, the month of occupation by the United Kingdom after the invasion of the island had weakened French authority.
René Pleven, Commissioner for the Colonies in the French Committee of National Liberation, wanted to avoid international arbitration of the future of the French Empire and in that regard organized the Brazzaville Conference in French Equatorial Africa.
Conference
The Brazzaville Conference was held in early February 1944 in Brazzaville, the capital of French Equatorial Africa, during World War II.
Initially, the French Committee of National Liberation wanted to include all the governors from all free territories, but difficulties from the war made the Committee include administrative représentants from French territories in Africa, which had already joined de Gaulle and René Pleven. Invitations were sent to 21 governors; nine members of the Provisional Consultative Assembly and six observers from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
De Gaulle opened the Conference by saying that he wanted to build new foundations for France after years under the domination of Philippe Pétain's authoritarian Vichy France regime. There was also a seemingly more open tone towards the French colonies. De Gaulle wanted to renew the relationship between France and French Africa.
Conclusions
The Brazzaville Declaration included the following points:
The French Empire would remain united.
Semi-autonomous assemblies would be established in each colony.
Citizens of France's colonies would share equal rights with French citizens.
Citizens of French colonies would have the right to vote for the French National Assembly.
The native population would be employed in public service positions within the colonies.
Economic reforms would be made to diminish the exploitative nature of the relationship between France and its colonies.
However, the possibility of complete independence was soundly rejected. As de Gaulle stated:
This is stated in the preamble of the draft document of the Conference:
The ends of the civilizing work accomplished by France in the colonies excludes any idea of autonomy, all possibility of evolution outside the French bloc of the Empire; the eventual Constitution, even in the future of self-government in the colonies is denied.
The Conference also recommended ending forced labour.
Impact
The Brazzaville Conference is still regarded as a turning point for France and its colonial empire. Many historians view it as the first step towards decolonization, albeit a precarious one.
See also
Second colonial occupation
Fonds d'Investissements pour le Developpement Economique et Social (FIDES), established 1946
Declaration of Philadelphia (10 May 1944)
References
Further reading
External links
Speech made by General de Gaulle at the opening of the Brazzaville Conference on January 30th 1944
Contemporary French history
Politics of World War II
French colonisation in Africa
History of Brazzaville
1944 in French Equatorial Africa
1944 in France
1944 in Moyen-Congo
World War II conferences
1944 conferences
Events in Brazzaville
January 1944 events
February 1944 events |
4014325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Matamba | Kingdom of Matamba | The Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744) was a pre-colonial African state located in what is now the Baixa de Cassange region of Malanje Province of modern-day Angola. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonisation attempts and was only integrated into Angola in the late nineteenth century.
History
Origins and early history
The first documentary mention of the Kingdom of Matamba is a reference to it giving tribute to the King of Kongo, then Afonso I of Kongo, in 1530. In 1535 Afonso subsequently mentioned Matamba as one of the regions over which he ruled as king in his titles. There is no further information on the kingdom's early history and modern oral traditions do not seem to illuminate this at the present state of research. However, it does not seem likely that Kongo had any more than a light and symbolic presence in Matamba, and its rulers were probably quite independent. Matamba undoubtedly had closer relations with its south southeastern neighbor Ndongo, then a powerful kingdom as well as with Kongo.
During the mid-sixteenth century Matamba was ruled by queen Njinga, who received missionaries from Kongo, then a Christian kingdom, dispatched by King Diogo I (1545–1561). Though this queen received the missionaries and perhaps allowed them to preach, there is no indication that the kingdom converted to Christianity.
The arrival of the Portuguese colonists under Paulo Dias de Novais in Luanda in 1575 altered the political situation as the Portuguese immediately became involved in Ndongo's affairs, and war broke out between Ndongo and Portugal in 1579. Although Matamba played a small role in the early wars, the threat of a Portuguese victory stirred the ruler of Matamaba (probably a king named Kambolo Matamba) to intervene. He sent an army to aid Ndongo against the Portuguese, and with these forces, the combined armies were able to defeat and rout Portuguese forces at the Battle of the Lukala in 1590.
Portuguese attacks and Ndongo's conquest
In 1618 the Portuguese governor of Angola, Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos, launched a large-scale attack on Ndongo, using newly acquired Imbangala allies. The allied Imbangala, mercenary soldiers from south of the Kwanza River, turned the day and allowed Mendes de Vasconcelos' forces to sack Ndongo's capital and pillage the country. During the following two years, Mendes de Vasconcelos' son João led a detachment of Portuguese and Imbangala forces into Matamba where they did great damage. During this time the Imbangala band of Kasanje deserted the Portuguese and continued a campaign of destruction in Matamba. Thousands of Matamba subjects were killed and thousands more taken to America as slaves. It is during this period, for example, that the ethnonym "Matamba" appears in slave inventories in Spanish America in considerable numbers.
Ndongo continued to suffer attacks from Portuguese forces, and in 1624 Queen Njinga Mbandi (also known as Nzinga) took over as ruler of that country. She continued the war unsuccessfully against Portugal and was forced to flee the country in 1626 and then again in 1629. During her second flight Njinga entered Matamba and her forces routed the army of Matamba's ruler, Queen Mwongo Matamba, capturing her and taking her prisoner. From at least 1631 onward, Njinga made Matamba her capital, joining it to the Kingdom of Ndongo.
The joint kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo: Njinga and her successors
Queen Njinga ruled in Matamba from 1631 until her death in 1663. During this time she integrated the country into her domains and thousands of her former subjects who had fled Portuguese attacks with her settled there. She made several wars against Kasanje especially in 1634–5. In 1639 she received a Portuguese peace mission which did not achieve a treaty, but did reestablish relations between her and the Portuguese. When the Dutch took over Luanda in 1641, Njinga immediately sent ambassadors to make an alliance with them. During these years, she moved her capital from Matamba to Kavanga, where she conducted operations against the Portuguese. Though Ndongo forces won a significant victory over the Portuguese in at the Battle of Kombi in 1647, nearly forcing them to abandon the country and laying siege to their inland capital of Masangano, a Portuguese relief force led by Salvador de Sá in 1648 drove out the Dutch and forced Njinga to return to Matamba. Although she maintained a symbolic capital at Kindonga, an island in the Kwanza River where she and her predecessor had ruled, the real capital was at the town of Matamba (Santa Maria de Matamba). Njinga had been baptized as Ana de Sousa while in Luanda in 1622, and in 1654 she began peace overtures to Portugal.
Njinga hoped that a peaceful relationship with Portugal would allow her to settle her kingdom and determine a successor, as she had no children. She formed a close alliance with a related family, whose leader João Guterres Ngola Kanini, became one of her most important councillors. She was also anxious to remove Imbangala forces, led by Njinga Mona, from her army and place them under her direct control. For this reason she also sought to reconcile with the Catholic Church. This strategy was successful, she signed a peace treaty in 1657 and Italian Capuchin missionaries began working in her lands. They regarded Njinga in her later days as a model Christian and thousands of Matamba subjects were baptized.
However, reintegration in the Christian community did not solve her problems, and there were still troubling issues of succession. The church refused to recognize a dynastic marriage between João Guterres and her sister Barbara, because Guterres had a wife at the Portuguese fort of Mbaka where he had once been prisoner. Similarly, although the non-and even anti-Christian Imbanagala allowed Njinga to alter some of their customs, Njinga Mona's power was unchecked in the army.
Civil war
After Njinga's death, a period of tension, punctuated by civil war, broke out. Barbara succeeded Njinga, but was killed by forces loyal to Njinga Mona in 1666. João Guterres managed to temporarily oust Njinga Mona in 1669, but was defeated and killed in 1670. Njinga Mona would rule the kingdom until João Guterres' son, Francisco, ousted and killed Njinga Mona becoming ruler in 1680.
Battle of Katole
In 1681 Francisco became involved in a war with neighboring Kasanje, in which he sought to promote the interests of one of the candidates to the throne. The Portuguese intervened in this war and invaded Matamba with a force of over 40,000 troops, the largest military force Portugal had even mobilized in Angola. The army penetrated to Katole, where Francisco launched a successful dawn attack on 4 September 1681, inflicting heavy casualties on the Portuguese army. However, Imbangala forces in the Portuguese army managed to stiffen resistance, and in the ensuing battle, Francisco and several of his relatives were killed. The Portuguese army, having suffered heavy losses withdrew to Ambaca and then to Masangano.
Queen Verónica
Francisco Guterres was succeeded by his sister Verónica I Guterres Kandala Kingwanga, whose long rule from 1681 to 1721 consolidated the control of the Guterres dynasty and created a lasting precedent for female rulers. Verónica was apparently a pious Christian, but also a fervent believer in Matamba's independence. In order to forestall another Portuguese invasion, Verónica sent an embassy to Luanda that negotiated a peace treaty, signed 7 September 1683. In it she accepted nominal vassalage, agreed to return Portuguese prisoners taken at the battle of Katole, allowed missionaries into the country and permitted agents of Portuguese free passage through her lands. She also agreed to acknowledge the independence of Kasanje and to renounce all claims on the country and to pay 200 slaves over 4 years as compensation.
Verónica, however, was not really cowed, and within a few years was advancing claims as Queen of Ndongo and Matamba that rivaled those of her predecessor Njinga. In the process of asserting her claims she was drawn into wars with Portugal in 1689 and again in 1692–3. She also sought some sort of alliance with Kongo in 1706. These wars and the raiding in between major operations led to serious depopulation on the western edges of her domains.
Verónica appears to have been anxious to re-establish a Christian mission in the country, abandoned following the death of Njinga and the civil war that followed. However, in spite of her various entreaties, the mission was not reestablished.
The Portuguese invasion of 1744
When Verónica died in 1721 she was succeeded by her son Afonso I Álvares de Pontes. During his reign, the northern district of Holo seceded from Matamba to form its own kingdom and entered into relations with Portugal. As a result of Matamba's attempts to prevent the secession and Portuguese trade with the rebel province, relations between Matamba and the Portuguese colony deteriorated.
Ana II (Ana I was Queen Njinga as Matamba accepted the Christian names of former rulers and their dynasty), who came to power in 1741, faced a Portuguese invasion in 1744. The invasion of Matamba by Portuguese forces in 1744 was one of their largest military operations in the eighteenth century. In the course of their attack, Matamba's army inflicted a serious defeat on the Portuguese, but in spite of this, a remnant of the army managed to reach the capital of Matamba. In order to avoid a long war and to get them to withdraw, Ana II signed a treaty of vassalage with Portugal which renewed points conceded by Verónica in 1683. While the treaty allowed Portugal to claim Matamba as a vassal, and opened up Matamba to Portuguese trade, it had little effect on the real sovereignty of Matmaba, or indeed in the conduct of trade.
Ana II, like Verónica before her, was interested in developing Matamba as a Christian country, routinely sending letters to the Capuchin prefect of Congo and Angola or the Portuguese authorities requesting missionaries come and establish permanent bases in her country. While the country was visited by missionaries from Cahenda and also from the Barefoot Carmelites, a permanent mission was not established.
The divided kingdom
Ana II died in 1756 and a civil war broke out at that time among rival contenders for the throne, during which Verónica II ruled briefly for a time but she was overthrown sometime after 1758, leaving Ana III on the throne.
Ana III was in turn overthrown by Kalwete ka Mbandi, a military leader. Kalwete won the war, and was baptized as Francisco II upon taking the throne. However, two of Ana's daughters, Kamana and Murili escaped the civil war, took refuge in the ancient capital of Ndongo on the Kindonga islands and successfully resisted Francisco II's attempts to oust them. From this base, Queen Kamana created a rival kingdom, and in 1767 tried unsuccessfully to obtain Portuguese help against her rival. While the Portuguese governor of the time, Francisco Innocencio de Sousa Coutinho granted her asylum and instructed his officials to respect her and her position, he did not favor direct intervention in affairs in the eastern part of the Portuguese zone.
Kamana's son and successor did manage to end the division of the country by successfully recovering the capital and being crowned as king of Matamba in around 1810.
See also
List of Rulers of Matamba
List of Ngolas of Ndongo
Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba
History of Angola
Kingdom of Ndongo
Kingdom of Kongo
African military systems to 1800
African military systems after 1800
References
David Birmingham, Trade and Conquest in Angola: the Mbundu and their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese (Oxford, 1966)
Graziano Saccardo, Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei Cappuccini (3 volumes, Venice, 1982–3)
Fernando Campos, "A data da morte de D. Verónica I, Rainha de Ndongo e Matamba," Africa (São Paulo) 1982
Countries in precolonial Africa
Matamba
Matamba
Matamba
Kingdom of Kongo
Northern Mbundu
17th century in Angola
18th century in Angola
States and territories established in 1631
States and territories disestablished in 1744
1631 establishments in Africa
1740s disestablishments in Africa |
4014332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%20of%20Glencoe | Pap of Glencoe | The Pap of Glencoe () is a mountain on the northern side of Glen Coe, in the Highlands of Scotland. It lies at the western end of the Aonach Eagach ridge, directly above the point where the River Coe enters Loch Leven.
The Pap is so named as it has a distinctive conical shape resembling a female breast (see: pap), particularly when viewed from the west. It forms part of the "classic" view of the entrance to Glen Coe.
The simplest route of ascent starts from the unclassified road between Glencoe village and the Clachaig Inn. A pebble path leaves the road about west of the youth hostel, and passes a white house on the left, reaching the bealach between the Pap and Sgor nam Fiannaidh, from where the Pap may be climbed. The final stretch up to the bealach forms a pathway by small gully; this section is often extremely muddy and boggy. The final of ascent require some easy scrambling, and care is needed under winter conditions.
The Pap may also be climbed from the Kinlochleven side, though this is far less common.
See also
List of mountains in Scotland
Maiden Paps
Breast-shaped hill
References
Milne, Rob, & Hamish Brown (eds), The Corbetts & Other Scottish Hills, Scottish Mountaineering Club Hillwalkers' Guide (The Scottish Mountaineering Trust, 2002).
External links
Scottish Place Names
Grahams
Marilyns of Scotland
Mountains and hills of the Central Highlands
Mountains and hills of Highland (council area)
Glen Coe |
4014350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament%20of%20the%20Bahamas | Parliament of the Bahamas | The Parliament of the Bahamas is the bicameral national parliament of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The parliament is formally made up of the sovereign (represented by the governor-general), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at the Bahamian Parliament Building in Nassau, the national capital.
The structure, functions, and procedures of the parliament are based on the Westminster system.
History
Originally inhabited by the Lucayan people, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
In 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the lords proprietors of the Carolinas, who rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country. The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy.
A General Assembly was established in 1729; the first elections took place in September, and on 29 September 1729 twenty-four members representing the islands of New Providence, Eleuthera, and Harbour Island gathered together at the house of Samuel Lawford to form the assembly.
The Bahamas legislature has had a bicameral feature since its inception in 1729 as the Governor's Council performed both executive and legislative functions. In 1841 Governor Francis Cockburn divided Governors Council into two separate councils: The Executive Council to deal with executive functions and the Legislative Council to deal with legislative functions of the upper house. In 1841 the Bahamian legislature took on more structure, with the Legislative Council being the superior legislative body and the House of Assembly being the lesser. The Legislative Council eventually was renamed to the Senate in 1964 and became the weaker house while the House of Assembly became the superior legislative body. The Senate is however still known as the upper house and the House of Assembly still as the lower house.
Bahamians achieved self-government in 1964 and full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on July 10, 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as monarch. The Parliament as presently constituted was established by Chapter 5 of the Constitution of the Bahamas, which came into effect upon the country's independence from the United Kingdom.
House of Assembly
The House of Assembly is the lower chamber. It consists of 39 members (known as members of parliament), elected from individual constituencies for five-year terms. As under the Westminster system, the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time. The House of Assembly performs all major legislative functions. The prime minister is the leader of the party controlling the majority of the House of Assembly seats. Dewitt Halson Moultrie was elected the new speaker of the House of Assembly on May 24, 2017.
Latest election
Senate
The Senate (upper house) consists of 16 members appointed by the governor-general. Nine of these senators are selected on the advice of the prime minister, four on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the leader of the opposition. The Senate is authorized by the Constitution to pass bills in the same manner as passed by the House or it can make such amendments to the bill should it consider it necessary. Those amendments will then have to be approved by the House of Assembly. The Senate may even reject a bill outrightly that had been passed by the House. However, if the House passes the bill in two successive sessions, and the Senate rejects the bill each time, the House of Assembly may send the bill directly to the governor-general without the Senate having consented to the bill.
If the House passes a money bill and sends that bill to the Senate for its consent, and if the Senate does not give its consent within a month after receiving the bill, the money bill is sent to the governor-general for assent even though the Senate had not consented to it
In a historic vote, attorney Sharon Wilson was unanimously elected to a second term as president of the Senate, marking the first time a woman won re-election to head that legislative body. She previously served as president of the Senate from 2002 to 2007, and succeeded Lynn Holowesko, who served as president of the Senate from 2007 to 2012.
K. Forbes Smith was elected the new president of the Senate on May 24, 2017.
Legislative functions
Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to:
determine the privileges, immunities, powers, and procedures of both the Senate and the House of Assembly;
alter or amend any of the provisions of the constitution;
prescribe the officers who are to constitute the personal staff of the Governor-General;
prescribe the number of Justices of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal; and
approve the Government's budget.
Parliament also maintains oversight of the government's finances through the Public Accounts Committee. Parliament is also the forum where public policy and matters of national importance are debated.
Legislative procedure
Most of the laws passed by Parliament are for the modification or amendment of existing laws.
Article 52(2) of the Constitution empowers Parliament to make laws by the passing of a bill. Most bills are introduced into Parliament by a government minister, but in principle any parliamentarian may introduce a bill. A bill must be passed by both the House of Assembly and Senate, and then must be formally assented to by the governor-general, before it becomes law.
There are currently four main classifications of bills: public, money, private member, and private bills.
A bill must pass through a series of stages in order to be passed by each chamber, with a vote taken at each stage. The procedure in the House of Assembly is as follows:
A bill is formally introduced into Parliament at the first reading; this stage is generally a formality, with the bill's long title being read out and the presiding officer placing the motion without debate. After the first reading, the speaker orders the bill to be printed; it is then numbered, circulated to members of parliament, and made available to the public.
At the second reading, the principle of the bill is debated.
At the committal stage, the entire House of Assembly sits as a committee of the whole house, with the speaker leaving the chair and the deputy speaker presiding as chairperson. During this stage the bill is examined clause by clause, with detailed amendments considered. After the bill has been dealt with in committee, the chairperson formally reports to the speaker the outcome of the committee's deliberations, including what amendments have been made.
The third reading is the final stage; the motion made by the speaker for the third reading is usually agreed to without debate. once a bill has had its third reading, the speaker orders the bill passed, and instructs the chief clerk to take the bill to the Senate for its consideration.
Each bill consists of five main parts: the long title, the short title, the interpretation clause, the main body of the bill and the objects and reasons. The long title is a description of the nature of the bill and covers the intent of the bill. The short title follows the long title and labels the bill for identification purposes. The short title sometimes also contains the commencement clause, which states when the bill will have legal force. The short title in turn is followed by the interpretation clause, which defines certain words and phrases used in the bill. The body of the bill consists of all of the other clauses, which contain the provisions of the bill, that is, they contain all of the measures that the bill is enacting. The objects and reasons is the final part of a bill and it seeks to explain in layman’s terms the purpose of the bill and the reason why it is necessary.
Members
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2002–2007
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2007–2012
List of members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas, 2012–2017
List of current members of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas
See also
List of presidents of the Senate of the Bahamas
List of speakers of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas
List of legislatures by country
References
External links
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, The Government of the Bahamas, accessed 15 March 2013.
Government of the Bahamas
Bahamas
Bahamas
1729 establishments in the British Empire
1729 establishments in North America |
4014356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover%2C%20Virginia | Clover, Virginia | Clover is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in rural Halifax County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2010 census was 438. Clover was an incorporated town from 1895 until 1998, when it reverted to unincorporated status. Clover was the site of a Rosenwald school, built around 1921 or 1922, with a three-teacher facility on a 2-acre campus.
Black Walnut, a historic plantation house and farm located near Clover, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
Geography
Clover is in northeastern Halifax County, north of U.S. Route 360. It is northeast of South Boston and southwest of Keysville via US 360.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Clover CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.11%, is water. It is drained by tributaries of the Roanoke River.
Notable people
J. Steven Griles (b. 1947), former United States Deputy Secretary of the Interior (2001–04) in the George W. Bush administration, coal lobbyist, implicated in the Jack Abramoff scandal
Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951), source of the HeLa cell line, subject of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (2010) and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (film) (2017)
Willie Lanier (b. 1945), Pro Football Hall of Fame linebacker for Kansas City Chiefs
Luther Hilton Foster (1888-1949), President of Virginia Normal and Industrial School, now Virginia State University, near Petersburg
Henry E. Garrett (1894-1973), prominent psychologist at Columbia and UVa, and supporter of racial segregation
References
Census-designated places in Halifax County, Virginia
Former municipalities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Census-designated places in Virginia
Populated places disestablished in 1998 |
4014359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiraitu%20Murungi | Kiraitu Murungi | Kiraitu Murungi (born 1 January 1952) is the Governor of Meru County in Kenya. He is a former long-serving Member of Parliament for South Imenti constituency (1992-2013), former Cabinet Minister, and former Senator for Meru County.
Education
Kiraitu Murungi was born on 1 January 1952 in Kionyo village, Abogeta division of Meru District in Eastern Kenya to Daniel M’Mwarania and Anjelika Kiajia. He attended Kionyo primary school after which he joined Chuka High School before proceeding to Alliance High School. Murungi graduated with a Bachelor of Law from the University of Nairobi in 1977 and attained a Master of Law in the same university in 1982. In 1991 he attained another Master of Law from Harvard Law School when he was in exile for two years in the United States during Daniel arap Moi's one-party dictatorship period.
Law career
Murungi was a partner in a law firm he founded with Gibson Kamau Kuria and Aaron Ringera, where he practised law for ten years. His biggest case during this period was representing political prisoners of the Moi government including Wanyiri Kihoro against the government itself. A case that is covered in Wanyiri Kihoro's book Never Say Die: The Chronicle of a Political Prisoner and resulted in the detention of Kuria in an attempt to cause the abandonment of the case, as well as a period in exile in various western countries for both Mr. Murungi and Mr. Kuria.
Political career
Upon his return from exile, Kiraitu joined the struggle for multi-party democracy in 1990 as one of Kenya's "Young Turks." Murungi joined the newly formed Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) following Kenya's return to multi-party politics in 1991. He was elected to parliament on the FORD ticket during the first multi-party election in 1992, serving as Member of parliament for South Imenti Constituency, Meru. Kiraitu decamped from FORD to Democratic Party (DP) when FORD splintered in the aftermath of the demise of its leader, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, retaining the South Imenti seat during the 1997 general elections. As an opposition member of parliament between 1991 and 2002, Kiraitu served as the shadow Attorney-General and member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on Anti-Corruption.
Murungi has been a member of parliament since 1992 and has formerly served as Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs and as the shadow Attorney General. In the 2002 Kenya General Elections he won the South Imenti Constituency MP seat for the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) party. After the Government's defeat in the 21 November 2005 constitutional referendum, he was appointed Minister of Energy. He was then re-elected as a member of parliament under a Party of National Unity (PNU) ticket in the 2007 elections.
On 8 August 2017, he was elected the governor of Meru County under a Jubilee ticket, defeating the Incumbent Peter Munya and effectively becoming the second governor of the county since its inception. Prior to being the Governor Kiraitu served as the Senator for Meru County after winning the seat under the Alliance Party of Kenya (APK) ticket in the 2013 elections.
Scandals and Controversies
In February 2005, Murungi apologised for making a remark which was criticised as trivialising both rape and corruption. He had said that criticism from aid donors of corruption in Kenya was "like raping a woman who is already willing".
He is one of the closest allies of former Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki. He has been accused of attempting to cover-up in the Anglo Leasing Scandal, which he once claimed that it was a "scandal that never was". On 8 February 2006, the BBC World Service aired a conversation between Murungi and former Governance and Ethics Permanent Secretary John Githongo where he appears to be coercing Githongo to drop his investigations on the Anglo Leasing Scandal. He had promised that Anura Pereira would forgive a debt of KES 30 million owed by Githongo's father.
Murungi initially maintained that he would not resign from his cabinet post despite the allegations of corruption. He claimed that he was innocent and that Githongo's reports are mere propaganda. On the recording, he has commented: "I have listened to the alleged tape recorded evidence. It is truncated, inaudible, insufficient and inadmissible to form any credible proof of the allegations being orchestrated by Mr Githongo". On 13 February 2006, however, President Mwai Kibaki announced that Murungi had resigned to allow full investigation into the allegations. On 14 February 2006, a day after his resignation, Murungi has claimed that he played no role at all to cover-up the Anglo Leasing Scandal. He blamed his woes on the politics of National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) and the media. However, it later emerged that President Mwai Kibaki had asked him to resign from the government.
On 10 February 2006, Murungi issued a statement that was faxed to all Kenyan media houses questioning the intentions and motives of John Githongo, in the form of 36 questions. Among the questions he asked is why John Githongo was recording his conversations with government officials and whether he was a spy for foreign nations.
On 15 November 2006 he was reinstated as Energy Minister by Kibaki. He remained in that Cabinet position appointed by Kibaki until 8 January 2008, following the controversial December 2007 election.
See also
Corruption in Kenya
Chris Murungaru
David Mwiraria
References
External links
Government Curriculum Vitae
Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)
1952 births
Members of the Senate of Kenya
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
Energy in Kenya
Meru people
Kenyan lawyers
Government ministers of Kenya
National Rainbow Coalition politicians
Party of National Unity (Kenya) politicians
Alliance Party of Kenya politicians
Alumni of Alliance High School (Kenya)
University of Nairobi alumni
Kenya School of Law alumni |
4014370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngome | Ngome | Ngome may mean:
Ngome (bread), a flatbread of Mali
Ngome, KwaZulu-Natal, a location near Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Ngome Forest, forest near Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Ngome Marian Shrine, a Marian apparition site near Nongoma
Ngome Kongwe (Old Fort), a fort on Zanzibar in Tanzania
Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome, Sultan of Bambao 4 times in the 19th century |
4014371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbless%20vertebrate | Limbless vertebrate | Many vertebrates have evolved limbless, limb-reduced, or apodous forms. Reptiles have on a number of occasions evolved into limbless forms – snakes, amphisbaenia, and legless lizards (limb loss in lizards has evolved independently several times, examples include the families Pygopodidae and Dibamidae and species of Isopachys, Anguis, and Ophisaurus). The same is true of amphibians – caecilians, Sirenidae (a clade of salamanders that are limbless except for atrophied front limbs), Amphiumidae (a clade of salamander with extremely atrophied limbs that appear non-functional) and at least three extinct groups (Aïstopoda, Lysorophia, and Adelospondyli). Larval amphibians, tadpoles, are also often limbless.
Legless forms of reptiles and amphibians probably evolved so as to be able to move underground or in water more easily. Some analyses suggest that elongation and undulatory locomotion (slithering) evolved first, before limb loss. The debate about the origin of limblessness led to a temporary hypothesis about a marine origin for snakes, which is no longer favored since the discovery of snake fossils with hindlimbs.
In the case of limb loss during evolution, vestigial structures testify to this change (remains of the pelvis, rudimentary femur or spurs in boas, pythons and Typhlops). The evolutionary process of transforming quadrupedal lizards into legless forms results in three main characteristics: the regression of the limbs is carried out gradually, via the reduction in their size and the reduction in the number of phalanges or fingers; the multiplication of the vertebrae (up to 600 in some snakes) induces a lengthening and a gain in flexibility of the trunk; and the vertebral axis is homogenized from the neck to the cloaca, evoking an interminable ribcage.
There are also a number of fish with elongated bodies that have no or reduced appendage-like fins, for example eels and swamp eels. While hagfish and lamprey also do not have appendage-like fins, they may not have lost them, but simply retained the form that vertebrates had before they evolved limbs.
There are no known limbless species of mammal or bird, although partial limb-loss and reduction has occurred in several groups, including whales and dolphins, sirenians, kiwis, and the extinct moa and elephant birds. The moa in particular are notable for having completely lost their wings, without even vestigial wings remaining outside their bodies.
Despite its name, the finless porpoise has two fins, and several species of legless lizards have tiny useless legs, such as pygopodids which retain rudimentary flaps. Contrarily, the worm lizard Bipes as its scientific name suggests has two stubby forelimbs which actually assist in digging similar to a mole. All other amphisbaenians have reduced or absent forelimb girdles.
See also
Terrestrial locomotion
Snake evolution
Limb development – Discussion of the genetic and developmental processes affecting limb growth.
Larvae – which describes many non-vertebrate limbless forms
References
Vertebrate anatomy |
4014376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian | Marian | Marian may refer to:
People
Mari people, a Finno-Ugric ethnic group in Russia
Marian (given name), a list of people with the given name
Marian (surname), a list of people so named
Places
Marian, Iran (disambiguation)
Marian, Queensland, a town in Australia
Marian, a village in toe commune of Hîrtop, Transnistria, Moldova
Lake Marian, New Zealand
Marian Cove, King George Island, South Shetland Islands
Mt Marian, Tasmania, a mountain in Australia
Marian, Albania, a village near Lekas, Korçë County
Christianity
Marian, an adjective for things relating to the Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic), specifically Marian devotions
Congregation of Marian Fathers, also known as Marians of the Immaculate Conception, a Roman Catholic male clerical congregation
Schools
Marian Academy, a Roman Catholic private school in Georgetown, Guyana
Marian College (disambiguation)
Marian High School (disambiguation)
Marian University (Indiana)
Marian University (Wisconsin)
The Marian School, a Catholic private school in Currajong, Queensland, Australia
Omaha Marian
Art, entertainment, and media
Fictional entities
Mariane, a character in Tartuffe by Molière
Marian Hawke, the female player character of Dragon Age II (the name may be changed)
Music
"Marian", a song by the British gothic rock band The Sisters of Mercy
Marian Records, a record label
Other uses
Marian, an adjective for things relating to Gaius Marius
Marian, an adjective for things relating to Mari people
Marian, a noun for the students of Saint Mary's University of Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Marian Apartments (disambiguation), two places on the US National Register of Historic Places
Marian Party, those Scots who remained loyal to Mary, Queen of Scots in the disputes following her deposition
UCD Marian, an Irish basketball club
See also
Mariana (disambiguation)
Marianne (disambiguation) - for the French spelling
Merian (disambiguation) |
4014404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistm%20Konfliqt... | Cistm Konfliqt... | Cistm Konfliqt... ("system conflict") is the tenth and last studio album by Japanese band The Mad Capsule Markets. It was released in 2004 in Japan and 2005 in the United Kingdom. The UK version included two bonus live tracks, a video for "W.O.R.L.D", and an alternative cover. This lyrics showed an interest in politics, for example the song "Scary" has the lines "Tell me now, why are we killing and dying; America, Europe, Asia, Middle East; Religion, History, Greed".
After the album's release, the band was invited to The Radio One Lock Up show to play a session, and the song "Cracker!" was featured on the Japanese version of the Resident Evil: Apocalypse soundtrack. Former Pride FC Champion Takanori Gomi uses the song "Scary" as his entrance music.
Track listing
Start ID – 0:12
Retalk – 3:30
Bomb Idea – 2:20
Scary (Delete Streamin' Freq. from Fear Side) – 3:57
W.O.R.L.D. – 4:25
Cracker! – 3:48
Sunny Beach Rd. – 3:12
Grim Monster – 3:21
Loud Up! – 2:44
She Loves It (Explore the New Day) – 3:38
Let It Rip (Download from Joujouka) – 4:50
Happy Ride – 3:11
Cistm Konfliqt... – 4:21
Pulse [Live] – 3:23 (UK release only)
Island [Live] – 5:15 (UK release only)
W.O.R.L.D [Video] (UK release only)
"Let It Rip (Download from Joujouka)" is a remake of the psychedelic trance band Joujouka's song "Let It Rip".
The Mad Capsule Markets albums
2004 albums |
4014411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%20High%20School%20%28Alabama%29 | Murphy High School (Alabama) | Murphy High School, in Mobile, Alabama, is a public high school operated by the Mobile County Public School System that educates grades 9–12.
History
In 1922, the Mobile County Public School System (MCPSS) began to plan for the construction of a new high school that would serve the entire county, as the facilities of the now venerable 80 years old Barton Academy structure of Greek Revival architecture, in downtown, were becoming overcrowded and suffering from inadequate maintenance and difficult to maintain. In 1923 the Mobile County School Board acquired from the Carlen family for the site of their proposed high school complex.
The cornerstone of the school was laid on 14 December 1925, and on 26 April 1926, Mobile High School opened. Construction costs totaled $850,000 for the first six buildings with an additional $200,000 spent on the gymnasium and the indoor pool installed in 1930. Two years after its opening the school's name was changed to Murphy High School in honor of Samuel Silenus Murphy, MCPSS superintendent from 1900 to 1926. While still called Mobile High School, the yearbook had been called the Mobile High Annual. At the change of the name to Murphy High School, the workers did not want to change the name of the yearbook. They agreed to shorten the name to Mohian, a shortened version of Mobile High Annual.
The school was desegregated in 1963 when three African American students brought a case against the Mobile County School Board for being denied admission to the then all-white school. The court ordered that the three students be admitted to Murphy for the 1964 school year. By the fall of 1970, following stringent desegregation efforts in Alabama, 1,500 of the school's 2,140 students were African American. At the same time, the school had 34 African American teachers on its 87-member faculty.
In 1982 Murphy High School was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. Department of the Interior. In 1987 it was selected as a Presidential Model School by the U.S. Department of Education. Redbook magazine named Murphy as one of the top high schools in the United States and one of the largest high schools in Alabama in 1994. Murphy students were featured in the Seventeen magazine issue for November 1996 fashion trends in high school. Several students from the classes of 1997 and 1998 were included in the magazine.
On December 25, 2012, Murphy High School was hit directly by an EF2 wedge tornado, which caused significant damage to the campus. Students and faculty were relocated. They finished the remainder of the 2012 school year at the former Shaw High School in west Mobile while the Murphy campus was rebuilt. On August 19, the renovated storm-damaged high school campus reopened.
Academics
Murphy has 14 Advanced Placement courses, the International Baccalaureate program, and the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme.
Notable alumni
Buddy Aydelette, former NFL player, Green Bay Packers
James M. Fail, philanthropist
Kathryn P. Hire, NASA astronaut
Frank Howard, former football head coach and athletic director for the Clemson Tigers
Bobby Jackson, former NFL player
Joey Jones, NFL player and NCAA coach
Alex Lincoln, former Auburn University and San Francisco 49ers linebacker
Ivan Maisel, college football writer for ESPN
Jim Mason, former MLB player (Washington Senators, Texas Rangers, New York Yankees, Toronto Blue Jays, Montreal Expos)
Keith McCants, former football player for the University of Alabama and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
Mardye McDole, former NFL player, Minnesota Vikings
Captain Munnerlyn, professional football player of the Carolina Panthers
Solomon Patton, former NFL player
Sidney Phillips, US Marine
Dennison Robinson, Former Arena Football League player for the Chicago Rush
Phil Savage, Philadelphia Eagle Player Personnel Executive, Senior Bowl Executive Director
Billy Shipp, former NFL and CFL player
Don Siegelman, former governor of the state of Alabama
Cleo Simmons, former NFL player
Eugene Sledge, US Marine, author, professor
Leighton W. Smith Jr., admiral in US Navy
John Steber, former NFL player
Mickey Sutton, former NFL player
Erick Walder, long jumper, Olympic Silver Medal, 1997 Athens
Clifton "C. C." Williams, NASA astronaut and US Marine
Jerrel Wilson, former NFL player Kansas City Chiefs, Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame 2011
References
External links
Murphy High School
Murphy High School Alumni Association
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
High schools in Mobile, Alabama
International Baccalaureate schools in Alabama
Educational institutions established in 1926
Public high schools in Alabama
1926 establishments in Alabama |
4014423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byodo-In | Byodo-In | Byodo-In may refer to:
Byōdō-in, a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
Byodo-In (Hawaii), a Buddhist temple on the island of Oʻahu in the State of Hawaiʻi, United States |
4014438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo%20Queens | Voodoo Queens | The Voodoo Queens were a North London-based indie punk/riot grrrl band, who reached number one in the Indie Charts in 1993.
History
The band was composed of Anjali Bhatia (guitar, vocals), Ella Guru (guitar, backing vocals), Stefania 'Steffi' Lucchesini (drums), Rajni Bhatia (keyboards) and Anjula Bhaskar (bass). Rebecca Lunn later stepped in for Anjula who had to leave to visit family in India. and Mary Deigan replaced her on bass in 1994.
In late 1992, Anjali left the group Mambo Taxi, in which she was the drummer, to start the Voodoo Queens, along with her sister Rajni and cousin Anjula, Ella Guru (also of Mambo Taxi), and drummer Sunny. After only one concert, they were offered a Peel session by BBC DJ John Peel. This was recorded in January 1993, whilst Anjali was still working at Virgin Megastore in Oxford Street. Other radio and TV appearances followed, including a further two Peel Sessions, and a busking competition against Boyzone on Channel 4's music and arts programme Naked City.
The music press, in addition to associating the band with the riot grrrl scene, also grouped them with other Asian-fronted bands such as Cornershop; Anjali felt that the press focused more on the music scene instead of the musical content.
Following the dissolution of the band, Ella Guru joined the Stuckist artists in 1999. Anjali went on to become a solo artist, releasing several albums of dance-orientated material on Wiiija Records. Deigan joined The Hangovers, and later - along with Ella Guru - the Deptford Beach Babes. Steffi briefly played with long-running all-female post-punk band Gertrude.
Discography
Singles/EPs
"Supermodel Superficial"/"Chocolate (Melt in Your Mouth)" (1993) Too Pure
"Kenuwee Head"/"My Little Guitar Baby" (1993) Too Pure
"F Is For Fame"/"I'm Not Bitter (I Just Want To Kill You) [Radio Nasty version]" (1994) Too Pure
"Eat The Germs"/"Hairy"" (1995) Voodoo Records
"Neptune"/"I'm Not Bitter (I Just Want To Kill You)" (1995) Dirt Records [US release]
Albums
Chocolate Revenge (1994) Too Pure ("You're Dumped", "Princess of the Voodoo Beat", "Neptune", "Summer Sun", "I'm Not Bitter (I Just Want to Kill You)", "Faceache", "Indian Film Star", "Cactus Trees", "Shopping Girl Maniac", "Chocolate Eyes", "My Favourite Handbag")
Peel Sessions (1994) Strange Fruit
References
External links
Anjali Bhatia's website Defunct
Ella Guru's website Defunct
Voodoo Queens on the Peel sessions, BBC
All-female punk bands
English punk rock groups
English indie rock groups
Riot grrrl bands
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
Underground punk scene in the United Kingdom |
4014439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarina%2C%20Sicily | Kamarina, Sicily | Kamarina (, Latin, Italian, & ) was an ancient city on the southern coast of Sicily in southern Italy. The ruins of the site and an archaeological museum are located south of the modern town Scoglitti, a frazione of the comune Vittoria in the province of Ragusa.
History
It was founded by Syracuse in 599 BC, but destroyed by the mother city in 552 BC. Its remains are today in the municipality of Ragusa.
The Geloans, however, founded it anew in 461 BC, under the Olympic charioteer Psaumis of Camarina. It seems to have been in general hostile to Syracuse, but, though an ally of Athens in 427 BC, it gave some slight help to Syracuse in 415–413 BC. It was destroyed by the Carthaginians in 405 BC, restored by Timoleon in 339 BC after its abandonment by Dionysius' order, but in 258 BC fell into the hands of the Romans.
Its complete destruction dates from AD 853. The site of the ancient city is among rapidly shifting sandhills, and the lack of stone in the neighborhood has led to its buildings being used as a quarry even by the inhabitants of Gela, so that nothing is now visible above ground but a small part of the wall of the temple of Athena and a few foundations of houses; portions of the city wall have been traced by excavation, and the necropolis has been carefully explored.
Democracy in Kamarina
When the Geloans re-founded the city in 461, they appear to have done so with a democratic constitution (alongside a more general institution of democracies in the wake of the Common Resolution: Diod. 11.68.5). In 415 Thucydides describes a public meeting (syllogos: 6.75-88) at which the city decided for neutrality (though it later voted to reverse this decision: 7.33.1, 7.58.1).
A series of more than 140 lead plates, discovered around the Temple of Athena, and with information about citizens written on them, has suggested to some that Kamarina used allotment to select jurors and city officials (as Athens and other democratic city-states did). These may, however, have had some other use, for example, as a register of citizens for military purposes.
The marsh
Just before the Carthaginians razed Kamarina in the 5th century BC, the Kamarinians were plagued with a mysterious disease. The marsh of Kamarina had protected the city from its hostile neighbors to the north. It was suspected that the marsh was the source of the strange illness and the idea of draining the marsh to end the epidemic became popular (the germ theory of disease was millennia in the future, but some people associated swamps with disease). The town oracle was consulted. The oracle advised the leaders not to drain the marsh, suggesting the plague would pass with time. But the discontent was widespread and the leaders opted to drain the marsh against the oracle's advice. Once it was dry, there was nothing stopping the Carthaginian army from advancing. They marched across the newly drained marsh and razed the city, killing every last inhabitant.
The story of the marsh is told by the Roman geographer Strabo and repeated by Carl Sagan in Pale Blue Dot. The story of the city is recounted by the latter author as a lesson: that action guided by fear and ignorance often intensifies the problems it seeks to ameliorate.
Remains
Modern remains are scanty. They include archaic tombs (seventh century BC) and ruins of a temple of Athena. Nearby are tombs of a necropolis from the fifth-fourth century BC. Part of the remains are now in the archaeological museum of Syracuse. The archaeological park includes the remains of a "Hamman qbel Jamaa" - public baths used before entering the mosque, one of only two known on the island.
Gallery
See also
List of ancient Greek cities
References
External links
Official website
Archaeological sites in Sicily
Former populated places in Italy
Province of Ragusa
Syracusian colonies
Greek city-states |
4014445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQ2 | EQ2 | EQ2 or variation, may refer to:
EverQuest II, an MMO-RPG released in 2004
The Equalizer 2, an action film released in 2018
Sky-Watcher EQ2, a telescope equatorial mount
Chery eQ2, an electric car
See also
EQ (disambiguation)
Q2 (disambiguation)
E2 (disambiguation)
2 (disambiguation) |
4014449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate%20smashing | Plate smashing | Plate smashing is a Greek custom involving the smashing of plates or glasses during celebratory occasions. In popular culture, the practice is most typical of foreigners' stereotypical image of Greece, and while it occurs more rarely today, it continues to be seen on certain occasions, such as weddings, although plaster plates are more likely to be used.
History in Greece
Ancient and medieval
The custom probably derives from an ancient practice of ritually "killing" plates on mourning occasions, as a means of dealing with loss. Breaking plates may also be related to the ancient practice of conspicuous consumption, a display of one's wealth, as plates or glasses are thrown into a fireplace following a banquet instead of being washed and reused.
Modern times
In 1969, the military dictatorship of Georgios Papadopoulos, that had suspended democracy and ruled Greece autocratically from 1967 to 1974, banned plate smashing. Nowadays specially-produced plaster plates are used. Another modern variation on the custom is for diners at small Greek restaurants or tavernas to buy trays of flowers that they can throw at singers and each other.
In popular culture
In the Three's Company episode "Opening Night," (November 16, 1982) Larry Dallas invites his family, visiting from Greece, to Jack's Bistro. The large family gathering ends with the Greek celebratory custom of the breaking of plates. Reluctant at first because of all the money it will cost to replace the plates, Jack joins in the celebration when Larry says they will cover the bill for each plate. Jack then looks at Janet who shows him the final cost of all the plates that were broken. Jack, while clenching the remaining two plates he owns, throws them up in the air and says "Opa!" and lets them break as well.
In Part I of The Love Boat S6 E18 episode (February 5, 1983) titled: "Isaac's Aegean Affair/The Captain and the Kid/Poor Rich Man/The Dean and the Flunkee," Gopher initiates plate smashing in a Greek restaurant.
In the Full House episode, "Greek Week", there is a scene at a Greek family party where Rebecca Donaldson smashes one plate. Then Joey Gladstone leads the crowds in plate smashing while Danny Tanner frantically tries to clean up the broken plates off the floor.
In the Frasier episode "Beware of Greeks," (March 17, 1998), Frasier's Greek cousin is getting married and his cousin's mother smashes plates at the wedding reception.
In the Perfect Strangers (TV series) episode "Grandpa" (S06e14), several plates are being smashed during the last scene of the episode in the course of a celebration taking place in a Greek restaurant.
In Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, episode 2.6 (November 12, 2005 ), Coconut Head smashes a plate on his head for his presentation on Greece.
The 2009 Australian stop motion animated dark comedy film Mary and Max features a plate smashing scene.
In Packed to the Rafters, episode 4.1 (February 8, 2011), the character Nick 'Carbo' Karandonis and his fiancée have an engagement party which includes smashing plaster plates and the mistaken smashing of porcelain plates.
In Come Dine with Me Canada, episode 2.16 (October 3, 2011), the evening ended with plate smashing "in keeping with the Greek ritual."
In Kitchen Cabinet, episode 2.3 (July 16, 2013), independent Australian Senator Nick Xenophon and host Annabel Crabb end a dinner discussion at a Greek "yiros" restaurant with an impromptu plate smashing.
In Friday Night Dinner, episode 2.6 (November 11, 2012), the character Jim smashes a plate believing it to be a Jewish tradition.
In an ESPN This is SportsCenter ad, anchors Stephen A. Smith and Neil Everett smash plates for Greek-born basketball player Giannis Antetokounmpo, causing him to remind them, "nobody actually does that in Greece."
In the 2001 film, The Wedding Planner, members of a wedding reception are seen smashing plates and cheering "Opa!", much to Penny's chagrin as she tries to save the plates. However, upon learning that her colleague Mary has finally made a romantic connection, Penny absentmindedly drops a stack of plates in enjoyment. Some party-goers see this and cheer before carrying Penny above their heads in celebration.
For one of two tasks in the final detour of The Amazing Race 33, teams took turns breaking one plate at a time during a band performance until the music stopped or a miniature clue was found within the debris.
See also
Zeibekiko, a Greek folk dance by the groom
Breaking the glass at Jewish weddings
Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines
Marriage and wedding customs in Greece
Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines
Nightclubs in Greece
External links
"Kefi - The Spirit of Greece," about.com.
"Having a Smashing Time in Greece. Why do Greeks break plates?," about.com.
"Breaking Plates in Greek Tavernas," greecetravel.com
Greek culture |
4014464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%20%28Blake%29 | Har (Blake) | Har is a character in the mythological writings of William Blake, who roughly corresponds to an aged Adam. His wife, Heva, corresponds to Eve. Har appears in Tiriel (1789) and The Song of Los (1795) and is briefly mentioned in The Book of Thel (1790) and Vala, or The Four Zoas (1796-1803).
Synopsis
Many years before Tiriel begins, Har was overthrown by his children, Tiriel, Ijim and Zazel. As time went by, he and his wife, Heva, came to reside in the Vales of Har, where they gradually succumbed to dementia, regressing to a childlike state to such an extent that they came to think their guardian, Mnetha, is their mother, spending their days chasing birds and singing in a "great cage" (Tiriel; 3:21). After Tiriel loses his throne to his own children, he visits Har and Heva. Excited by the visit, although unaware that Tiriel is their son, they ask him to stay with them, but he refuses and resumes his wanderings. Later, after Tiriel has had most of his own children killed, he returns to the Vales with the express purpose of condemning his parents, and the way they brought him up, declaring that Har's laws and his own wisdom now "end together in a curse" (8:8);
Upon this declamation, Tiriel then dies at their feet.
In the Africa section of the later poem The Song of Los (1795), which is set chronologically before Tiriel, Har and Heva are forced to flee into the wilderness, after their family rebel against them. In their exile in the desert, they then turn into reptiles.
Background
Mary S. Hall believes that Har's name is derived from Jacob Bryant's A New System or Analysis of Antient Mythology (1776), where Bryant conflates the Amazonian deities Harmon and Ares with the Egyptian deity Harmonia, wife of Cadmus. Blake had engraved plates for the book in the early 1780s, so he would have certainly have been familiar with its content.
As a character, S. Foster Damon believes that Har represents both the "decadent poetry of Blake's day" and the traditional spirit of Christianity. Northrop Frye reaches a similar conclusion, but also sees divergence in the character, arguing that although Har and Heva are based on Adam and Eve, "Har is distinguished from Adam. Adam is ordinary man in his mixed twofold nature of imagination and Selfhood. Har is the human Selfhood which, though men spend most of their time trying to express it, never achieves reality and is identified only as death. Har, unlike Adam, never outgrows his garden but remains there shut up from the world in a permanent state of near-existence." Harold Bloom agrees with this interpretation, arguing that "Har is natural man, the isolated selfhood." Bloom also believes that Har is comparable to Struldbruggs from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) and Tithonus from Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem of the same name (1859).
'Har' is the Hebrew word for 'mountain', thus giving an inherent irony to the phrase "Vales of Har". Damon believes this conveys the ironic sense that "he who was a mountain now lives in a vale, cut off from mankind.
Blake's mythology
Both Har and the Vales of Har feature in Blake's subsequent prophetic work. The Vales of Har are mentioned in The Book of Thel (1790), and it is in the Vales where lives Thel herself. Throughout the poem they are represented as a place of purity and innocence; "I walk through the vales of Har. and smell the sweetest flowers" (3:18). At the end of the poem, when Thel is shown the world of experience outside the Vales, she panics and flees back to the safety of her home; "The Virgin started from her seat, & with a shriek./Fled back unhinderd till she came into the vales of Har" (6:21-22).
In the Africa section The Song of Los (1795), which is set chronologically before Tiriel, Har and Heva flee into the wilderness, after their family rebel against them:
Damon refers to this transformation as turning them into "serpents of materialism," which he relates back to their role in Tiriel.
Har and Ijim are also briefly mentioned in Vala, or The Four Zoas (1796-1803), where Har is the sixteenth son of Los and Enitharmon, and Ijim the eighteenth. Har's immediate father is Satan, representative of self-love in Blake, and his children are Ijim and Ochim (The Four Zoas, VIII:360).
Notes
Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve
Poetry by William Blake
William Blake
William Blake's mythology |
4014479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Craven%20Bredin | Edgar Craven Bredin | Edgar Craven Bredin (16 April 1886 – 5 August 1950) was an Irish mechanical and locomotive engineer and later a railway manager.
Bredin was born in Canterbury on 16 April 1886 and educated at Mountjoy School in Dublin. In 1905 he was apprenticed to Fielding & Platt in Gloucester.
Great Southern and Western Railway
In 1907, he became a pupil at Great Southern and Western Railway's Inchicore Works. He was appointed Assistant Works Manager at Inchicore in 1916, and was promoted to Works Manager in 1925. The Great Southern and Western Railway was amalgamed into the Great Southern Railways the same year. Bredin became Chief Mechanical Engineer of the GSR from 1937 to 1942 when he became General Manager. The GSR became part of Córas Iompair Éireann on 1 January 1945, and in the same year he became General Manager of CIÉ, and retired at the end of 1946. He died in Dublin on 5 August 1950.
Locomotives
Bredin was noteworthy for introducing the largest steam locomotives to ever run on the Irish rail network. These were the GSR Class 800 three-cylinder 4-6-0 locomotives, the design work for which was carried out by Bredin's Chief Draughtsman, H J A Beaumont. Weighing in at over 130 tonnes, they were a full 20 tonnes heavier than the 201 Class, currently the largest diesel loco running on the Iarnród Éireann network.
References
1886 births
1950 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
Locomotive superintendents
People educated at Mount Temple Comprehensive School
Irish people in rail transport
Irish railway mechanical engineers
20th-century Irish engineers |
4014482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNMH | WNMH | WNMH is a high school radio station broadcasting a Variety format. The station is owned by Northfield Mount Hermon School. From 1984 until 2010, the station was licensed to operate on 91.5 FM from Northfield, Massachusetts, United States and featured programming from ABC Radio. From 2014 until 2017, Northfield Mount Hermon School held a construction permit for a low-power FM station, WNMH-LP (106.7 FM) in Mount Hermon (a section of Gill), which would have restored WNMH's programming to the FM dial. , WNMH continues to operate as an Internet radio station on wnmh.live.
History
The former WNMH (to 2010)
WNMH signed on September 10, 1984. The station's license at Northfield was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on September 28, 2010 when the campus was sold.
WNMH-LP
The FCC granted a new construction permit on April 21, 2014, to broadcast FM from the NMH campus at Mount Hermon (in Gill, Massachusetts) from the studios in Crossley Hall. WNMH Radio has webcast its signal continuously over the years, beginning with Christmas Vespers in 2004. The construction permit expired on April 21, 2017; the FCC canceled the permit that day.
References
External links
NMH
High school radio stations in the United States
Internet radio stations in the United States
Defunct radio stations in the United States
NMH
Radio stations established in 1984
1984 establishments in Massachusetts
Radio stations disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Northfield, Massachusetts |
4014486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20Milito | Diego Milito | Diego Alberto Milito (born 12 June 1979) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is currently a sports manager.
Milito began his club career in Argentina with Racing Club in 1999, and later moved to Italian side Genoa in 2003. In 2005, he was acquired by Spanish club Real Zaragoza, where he remained for three seasons, before returning to Genoa in 2008. His prolific goalscoring exploits during his second spell with Genoa earned him a move to defending Serie A champions Inter Milan, where he was pivotal in the club's 2010 treble-winning season, scoring 30 goals in all competitions, including two goals in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. He returned to Racing Club in 2014, where he retired in 2016. At international level, Milito earned 25 caps for Argentina, scoring 4 goals, and represented his country in two Copa América tournaments, winning a runners-up medal in 2007, and at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
He was nicknamed El Prímo ("The Cousin" in Spanish) because of his physical resemblance with former Uruguayan footballer Enzo Francescoli, who had the same nickname. A prolific and consistent centre-forward, Milito averaged a goal every two appearances over the course of his professional career.
Club career
Racing Club
Milito started playing at Argentine first division team Racing Club in 1999, where he won the 2001 Apertura tournament. During this time, his younger brother Gabriel played for Racing's main rival, Independiente, as a defender. The two clubs would contest the Avellaneda derby with the two brothers lining up against each other.
The people of Racing were in awe of the player. His great scoring ability and talent within the area made him a complete striker, which made his future outside the club inevitable with a transfer to Europe.
The Italian club Genoa, would be the future destination of the forward.
Genoa
At the beginning of 2004, Milito moved to Italian second division club Genoa for £8 million. After two very successful seasons, where he scored 33 goals in 59 matches in Italy, Genoa were relegated down to Serie C1 as a punishment for an alleged match-fixing case in the final match of the 2004–05 season against Venezia. Due to this, Milito was forced to leave Genoa and would ultimately join his brother Gabriel at Real Zaragoza in the Spanish La Liga.
Real Zaragoza
Milito scored four goals in the first semi-final of the 2006 Copa del Rey to beat Real Madrid 6–1. He finished the season as Zaragoza's top scorer with 16 goals in the first division.
Milito was one of the top scorers in the 2006–07 La Liga season. He scored 23 goals, two fewer than league top goalscorer Ruud van Nistelrooy and three behind European Golden Boot winner Francesco Totti.
In November 2006, it was reported Zaragoza decided to buy him outright after his two-year loan was set to expire.
Milito became the club captain at Zaragoza, taking over this role from brother Gabriel, who departed for FC Barcelona in 2007. His contract was extended in August 2007 with a buy-out clause of €100 million. His goals helped Zaragoza to a sixth-place finish in the league. As of January 2008, Milito averaged higher than a goal every two games for Zaragoza, a statistic he also achieved with Genoa. In total, he managed 61 goals during his three seasons with Zaragoza.
Return to Genoa
On 1 September 2008, just a few minutes before the transfer window closure time, Genoa completed the transfer of Milito from Zaragoza after the Spanish team were relegated to the Segunda División. His agent, Fernando Hidalgo, confirmed Milito chose explicitly to return to Genoa despite having received more lucrative offers from other major European clubs. He made his Serie A debut on 14 September against Milan. Genoa won the game 2–0 with Milito assisting the first goal and scoring the second. On 9 November, Milito scored his first hat-trick for Genoa in the 4–0 victory against Reggina. He finished the season with 24 goals in 31 league appearances, placing him second behind Zlatan Ibrahimović in the Capocannonieri scoring title.
Inter Milan
2009–10 season
On 20 May 2009, La Gazzetta dello Sport confirmed that Diego Milito was transferred to Inter Milan alongside teammate Thiago Motta. The transfer fees were €28 million and €10 million respectively but Genoa also received Robert Acquafresca, Leonardo Bonucci, Riccardo Meggiorini, Francesco Bolzoni, Ivan Fatić and cash in exchange.
The striker adapted to his new surroundings quickly and had an excellent start to his Inter career, scoring two goals in a 2–0 World Football Challenge win over city rivals Milan. Subsequently, on 29 August, in his first ever Derby della Madonnina against Milan in Serie A, Milito assisted two goals and scored a penalty, his first league goal of the season, as Inter won 4–0. Later, on 13 September, he scored his second league goal in a 2–0 home win against Parma. In the next league match against Cagliari, he scored both goals for Inter in a 2–1 away win. These two goals placed him at the top of the all-time Serie A scoring charts for best strike rate, with 28 goals in 35 games, giving him an average of 0.8 goals per game. Milito continued his fine run of form with another goal in the next league match against Napoli, scoring the second goal after Samuel Eto'o scored in the first minute, a game that they won 3–1.
The consistency which Milito had shown at his previous clubs was sustained throughout his debut season at Inter, and after the first few matches, he had established himself as a key contributor to the squad. On 30 October, in a 5–3 home victory against Palermo, Milito, who had returned from an injury, came off the bench to make the result safe, scoring Inter's fifth goal. In the next game, against Livorno, he scored another goal, taking his strike rate up to seven goals in nine league matches. Three days later, on 4 November, he scored his first goal in the UEFA Champions League in a 2–1 Group Stage win over Dynamo Kyiv; it was the equaliser which led to Wesley Sneijder's game-winner in the 89th minute. On 24 February, in another Champions League match, this time in a 2–1 Round of 16 win against Chelsea, he scored another important goal, his second in the competition. Four days later, Milito netted the matchwinner which gave Inter Milan a 3–2 victory at Udinese, in a thrilling win for the Nerazzurri. On 27 March, after missing a 3–0 win over Livorno with a hamstring problem, Milito returned for a crucial battle at title contenders Roma, where he scored one goal in a 2–1 loss. On 31 March, in a 1–0 Champions League quarter-finals win against CSKA Moscow, he scored the winning goal. Milito scored a vital goal and assisted twice in a 3–1 home win against FC Barcelona in the team's first leg semi-final win.
During the last matches of the 2009–10 season, Milito proved instrumental in Inter's winning of the first treble in the history of Italian football. The Argentine first scored the only goal in Inter's victory over Roma in the final of the Coppa Italia on 5 May 2010, enabling the Nerazzurri to take home their first trophy of the season. Eleven days later, it was also Milito's goal which secured Inter Milan's 18th Scudetto when they beat Siena 1–0 on the final matchday of Serie A. With only two points separating the top two teams in Serie A, the goal lifted Inter to the summit of the table after being in a position to lose the league title to Roma at the half-time break as Roma, playing simultaneously, were winning their own match against Chievo at that point. Milito himself declared this goal to be the "best of his career," having been decisive in delivering a league title to his team. On 22 May 2010, Milito yet again proved vital as he scored twice to seal a victory in the Champions League Final over Bayern Munich. As a result, Inter became European club champions for the first time in 45 years with a 2–0 victory and completed their historic treble championship season.
Milito finished the season with 30 goals in all competitions, 22 of which came in the league, 2 in Coppa Italia and 6 in the Champions League.
2010–11 season
On 9 August 2010, Milito signed a new four-year contract with the Nerazzurri. On 26 August, at the ceremony called for the delivery of the UEFA Club Football Awards, Milito was voted the best player and striker in the previous season's European club by winning the prestigious UEFA Club Footballer of the Year and UEFA Club Forward of the Year. Inter followed the previous season's success with a victory in the Supercoppa Italiana against Roma. He failed to convert a penalty in the 90th minute, however, in the 2010 UEFA Super Cup match against UEFA Europa League champions Atlético Madrid; the game finished 2–0 for the Spaniards. He played his first match of the league on 30 August 2010 in week one against Bologna, where Inter started the season with a goalless draw. On 14 September, Milito scored an accidental own-goal in first match of group stage in Champions League against Twente. Eight days later, on 22 September, Milito scored his first goals of the season in a 4–0 win against nearly promoted club Bari at San Siro, helping the team to reach in top of the league. After that, he went to wait until 10 November to score his next goal, where he scored against Lecce to put his team ahead in 76th minute, but, however, Lecce would equalizing three minutes later with Uruguay international Rubén Olivera. He dedicated the goal to his teammate Walter Samuel, who three days ago ended his season after suffered a severe knee injury.
In December, Milito scored a goal against Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma in the semi-finals of the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup; Inter went on to win the tournament. On 24 January 2011, Milito received an Oscar del Calcio award for "Best Football Foreign Player" and the "Best Footballer of the Year" for the 2009–10 season. Milito registered just eight goals in 34 appearances in an injury-plagued season as Inter finished the league in second place.
2011–12 season
In the first Serie A match of the 2011–12 season, Milito scored two goals in a 4–3 defeat against Palermo. After a seesaw performance, Milito crept back on the scoresheet with a goal on 24 September against Bologna and on 2 November, he registered his 200th goal with the club in a Champions League match won 2–1 against Lille OSC.
On 27 November, Milito earned his 400th career appearance in the league match at Siena, which ended with a 1–0 away win for Nerazzurri, while on 18 December, in a 1–0 win over Cesena, he played his 100th game in Serie A. In December, due to his poor performances during the previous season, Milito was awarded the Bidone d'oro, a satirical prize which is given to the worst Serie A player during a particular season. On 21 December, he scored in a 4–1 win against Lecce in Inter's last match of 2011. On 7 January 2012, he scored twice and assisted goal of Giampaolo Pazzini in a 5–0 win against Parma at San Siro. On 15 January 2012, Inter won the Derby della Madonnina against Milan with the result 1–0, with Milito who scored the only goal in 54th minute after an assist from Javier Zanetti, his 200th for an Italian club across all competitive competitions. With his goal at Milan, he has scored seven goals in just nine derby matches played in Italy – four goals in four games in the Derby della Lanterna for Genoa against Sampdoria and three in five in the Derby della Madonnina.
On 1 February, Milito scored all four Inter goals in a 4–4 draw at the San Siro against Palermo, the first four-goal game in the Serie A since Christian Vieri accomplished the feat for Inter against Brescia (4–0) on 1 December 2002. It was also his second four-goal game, the first accomplished with Real Zaragoza in a Copa del Rey match against Real Madrid on 8 February 2006. Milito scored a hat-trick on 1 April in a 5–4 win against his old club Genoa and added another hat-trick on 6 May in the Derby della Madonnina against Milan, where Inter won 4–2. With this feat, Milito overpassed Ronaldo's 49 goals in the all-time list of goals scored in an Inter shirt, with 50. It was also the fourth hat-trick scored in a Milan derby, after Altafini on 27 March 1960; Amadei on 6 November 1949; and Nyers on 1 November 1953. On 13 May, after the club's 3–1 loss against Lazio, Milito finished the season with 24 goals, four behind leader Zlatan Ibrahimović.
2012–13 season
Milito started the 2012–13 season scoring the second goal of a 0–3 final victory over Serie A newcomers Pescara in the first game of the season. On 28 October, he celebrated his 100th Serie A match in an Inter shirt, scoring his fourth goal of the season away against Bologna. Three days later, on 31 October, he scored his fifth goal against Sampdoria in a game that ended 3–2 for Inter; it was also his 200th career goal across all competitions. On 4 November, he scored a double in the match against Juventus in Turin, a 3–1 victory, which ended Juventus's 49-match unbeaten run at Juventus Stadium.
After Inter's 2–1 victory over Napoli on 9 December, where Milito registered a goal, Milito celebrated his 100th Serie win out of 197 games played between both Genoa and the Nerazzurri. With 28 goals scored, Milito also became the player with the most goals scored in the Serie A during the 2012 calendar year, ahead of Napoli's Edinson Cavani (27) and Udinese's Antonio Di Natale (23).
Returning from an injury suffered in January on 10 February 2013, Milito marked his return in the home win against Chievo by scoring a goal and providing an assist on Esteban Cambiasso's strike. Milito's season injuries woes continued, however, as on 14 February, in a UEFA Europa League match against CFR Cluj, he was injured in the seventh minute with a collateral ligament injury, anterior cruciate ligament, and capsule in his left knee. Two days later, Milito announced that the surgery to repair the injury was a success, but that the player would not return to the pitch for at least six months, ruling him out of contention for the remainder of the season.
2013–14 season
Milito returned to action for Inter, against Sassuolo on 22 September 2013, having been on the bench in the previous match against Juventus. He scored a brace in a 7–0 away win over the Serie A newcomers. However, he was beset by injury yet again, putting him out for a further ten matches. He returned to the team on 6 January 2014 in a 1–0 away loss to Lazio, coming on as a late substitute. In total, Milito scored 75 goals in 171 appearances in all competitions during his five seasons with Inter, 62 of which were scored in Serie A.
Return to Racing
In 2014, it was confirmed Milito would come back to his first club, Racing Club, where he started his professional career. Milito scored on his Racing return to help the team to a 3–1 win over Defensa y Justicia on the opening weekend of the Argentine championship. On 26 August 2014, he scored a crucial goal with a penalty in the 1–0 victory against Arsenal de Sarandí in week four of Argentine Primera División. On 31 August 2014, Milito scored his third goal for Racing in a 2–1 loss against Independiente; he scored the goal in the 14th minute after an assist by Ricardo Centurión. He provided an assist for Gustavo Bou, who scored the first goal in a 2–1 win over Boca Juniors. He scored his fourth goal of the season in a 4–0 win over Estudiantes on 11 October.
Milito continued his fine form, supplying his third assist of the season in a 1–1 draw against Club Olimpo. He assisted Gabriel Hauche in the 41st minute of the match. Milito scored the fifth and sixth of the season on 30 November in a match against Rosario Central, who ended with a 3–0 win away. After this win, Racing got to the top of the league and one match remained for it to be over. He participated on the play where Ricardo Centurión scored the crucial goal against Godoy Cruz. Racing was crowned 2014 Transición champion, meaning that the team qualified in 2015 Copa Libertadores second stage. That was Racing's first title after 13 years; Milito had also been on the side that won the title in 2001, and thus contributed to the club's only titles since 1966. Milito said that winning the league with Racing was a dream come true.
On 21 May, Milito scored the opening goal from a penalty in a 2–0 win over Temperley, on the final match of his career, at the age of 36. In total, he ended his club career with 254 goals in 607 appearances in all competitions.
International career
Milito made his Argentina debut on 31 January 2003 against Honduras, where he also scored his first goal. He scored his second and third goals on 16 July 2003 against Uruguay, but appeared only intermittently during the following years and was omitted from the 2006 World Cup squad. He played for Argentina in the 2007 Copa América tournament, gaining playing time after Hernán Crespo's injury in a Group Stage match against Colombia, where he scored a goal; Argentina progressed to the final, where they were defeated 3–0 by Brazil.
Milito's impressive performances during his time at Genoa led him to be called more often, especially under the reign of manager Diego Maradona, where Milito would often be deployed as a substitute. After his first season with Inter, Maradona included Milito in the Argentina squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, where he would feature in two games as Argentina were eliminated 4–0 in the quarter-finals by Germany. On 1 June 2011, Milito was included in new Albiceleste manager Sergio Batista's 23-man squad ahead of the 2011 Copa América, along with his brother Gabriel and Inter teammates Javier Zanetti and Esteban Cambiasso. He did not feature in any matches during the competition with Argentina, who was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Uruguay after penalties.
Retirement
After retiring from professional football, Milito's last club, Racing Club, organised a tribute match in his honour on 12 November 2016, featuring many of his former team-mates, as well as friends and family members. At the age of 37, Milito scored two goals during the match, and was given a standing ovation from the Racing fans, who regard Milito as one of the club's most iconic players.
Style of play
A quick, dynamic, and technically gifted forward, with good vision, composure, and an eye for goal, Milito was known for his offensive movements and ability in the air, and was capable of finishing well with his head as well as both feet, despite being naturally right-footed. He was also an accurate penalty taker.
Regarding his elegant yet efficient playing style, and his consistent, prolific goalscoring, Goal.com said of Milito in 2010: "His profession is football and his speciality is goals. He is one of the most impressive strikers in world of football today. He doesn't possess the same physical attributes as some of his fellow strikers, but he doesn't need them - he scores goals with ease and has always featured in top teams. Milito is a pure Number 9 and lethal in the penalty area." After the treble success in the 2009–10 season, many pundits took note of the fact that Milito had always been an effective and efficient striker, yet remained one of the most underrated players in world football because of his low-key manner and the fact that he had plied his trade for smaller, less competitive teams prior to joining Inter. Scoring goals on the biggest stages for a marquee team finally earned the striker the recognition merited by his skill and goalscoring record. Of the player and his two Champions League winning goals, The Guardian wrote:
Despite his ability, Milito often struggled with injuries throughout his career.
Sports manager
After retiring as a professional football player, Diego took over as the sports manager of the club Racing. Under his management, great players were brought in and a good sports project was consolidated in which he won two titles: Superliga 2018/19 and Trofeo de Campeones 2019.
Milito left his post after the end of 2020 due to differences of ideas with the club's leadership.
Personal life
Milito has considerable Italian roots; his paternal family emigrated to Argentina from Terranova da Sibari, Calabria. On his mother's side, he also has Spanish roots. Milito is married to Sofía and they have three children. He is the older brother of former football player Gabriel, who he played against in Champions League games during Gabriel's years playing for FC Barcelona, most notably in semi-finals of 2010, when both Diego and Gabriel were among their respective team's starting line-up. On 21 May 2016, the day of his retirement from professional football, Milito celebrated the birth of his third daughter, Morena. His son Leandro is currently a member of the Racing Club de Avellaneda Youth System.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Club
Racing Club
Argentine Primera División: Apertura 2001, 2014 Transición
Inter Milan
Serie A: 2009–10
Coppa Italia: 2009–10, 2010–11
Supercoppa Italiana: 2010
UEFA Champions League: 2009–10
FIFA Club World Cup: 2010
Individual
Guerin d'Oro: 2008–09
Serie A Goalscorer of the Year: 2009
Serie A Most Loved Player: 2009
2010 UEFA Champions League Final: UEFA Man of the Match
UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 2009–10
UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2009–10
Serie A Footballer of the Year: 2009–10
Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year: 2009–10
FIFA FIFPro World XI nominee: 2009, 2010
Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2020
References
External links
Guardian statistics
Inter Milan Profile
2010 FIFA World Cup Profile
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine people of Calabrian descent
Argentine people of Italian descent
People of Calabrian descent
Argentine footballers
Argentina international footballers
Association football forwards
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Genoa C.F.C. players
Real Zaragoza players
Inter Milan players
2007 Copa América players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2011 Copa América players
Argentine Primera División players
Serie B players
La Liga players
Serie A players
Argentine expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
UEFA Champions League winning players
UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award winners |
4014507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana%20Azad%20National%20Institute%20of%20Technology | Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology | Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal (MANIT or NIT Bhopal, NIT-B) is a public technical university located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is part of a group of publicly funded institutions in India known as National Institutes of Technology. It is named after the Independent India's first Minister of Education (India), scholar and independence activist Abul Kalam Azad who is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad.
Established in the year 1960 as Maulana Azad College of Technology (MACT) or Regional Engineering College (REC), Bhopal, it became a National Institute of Technology in 2002 and was recognized as an Institute of National Importance under the NIT Act in 2007. The institute is fully funded by Ministry of Education, Government of India and is governed by the NIT Council.
It offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in science, technology, engineering, architecture and management.
History
MANIT was started in 1960 as Maulana Azad College of Technology (MACT), named after the first Minister of Education of India, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. MACT started functioning in 1960 at Govt S.V. Polytechnic with an intake of 120 students and seven faculty members. It was one of the first out of eight Regional Engineering Colleges started during the second five-year plan (1956-1960) in India, where the main focus was development of the public sector and rapid industrialization.
To ensure enough supply of trained personnel to meet the demand of rapid industrialization, a decision was taken to start the Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs), one in each major state of India, to churn out graduates with good engineering merit. Thus a total of seventeen RECs were established 1959 onwards, one in each major state of India. Each college was a joint and cooperative enterprise of the central government and the concerned state government. MACT was one of the first eight REC's to be established in each region in India. It was established in the Western Region along with Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur and Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat.
It started operating in the premises of "Swami Vivekananda Polytechnic" Bhopal. Mr.S.R. Beedkar, Principal of Swami Vivekananda Polytechnic was appointed as the planning officer of the institute. The foundation stone of the Institute building was laid by the then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 23 April 1961. The Institute gradually progressed to become a high level education center with steady development of infrastructure as well as academics. J.N.Moudgill became the first principal of MACT in 1962. Five years degree programs in Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering were started in 1962 itself. In 1963, the five-year program of Bachelor of Architecture was started as well. In 1964, the Institute was shifted to its own building which is its present campus. As the necessity of science and technology kept on growing, more undergraduate programs kept on getting added like: Electronics and Communications Engineering in 1972; Computer Science and Engineering in 1986; 3-year Master of Computer Applications (MCA) in 1988 and Information Technology in 2001 (which was later merged with "Computer Science and Engineering" in 2013).
The success of technology-based industry led to high demand for technical and scientific education. During the Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Minister of Human Resource Development, Murli Manohar Joshi decided to upgrade all "Regional Engineering Colleges" to "National Institutes of Technology" that shall be funded by the Central Government itself. Hence, in 2002, all REC's became NIT's and MACT became Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT). In the same year, MANIT was granted deemed university status. With this advancement, the World Bank assisted "Technical Education Quality Improvement Program" started in 2003, for the rapid academic and infrastructural growth of the college. In addition to engineering programs, an MBA program as well commenced from 2006. The Government of India in 2007 passed the NIT Act as per which MANIT was declared an Institute of National Importance.
Campus
MANIT is spread over which makes it one of the largest NITs in India in terms of total campus area. The entire campus consists of administrative and academic buildings, workshops, library and community centers, residential accommodations for students and staff and other general amenities such as Post Office, a Bank with ATM, Shopping complex, a School for children, medical care unit, an auditorium with the capacity of 1000 persons and sports complex with vast expand of open area. An official branch of the State Bank of India also operates from the main campus. The campus is divided into four sectors. These sectors have the following facilities/features:-
Academic sector
Total area of academic block
Total building area of offices
Computer center
Dispensary
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Auditorium with a seating capacity of 1000 persons
Institute Cafeteria, Amul parlor, Nescafé huts, Teology, Neelam fast food corner, fast food court
Gymnastic hall
Football ground, Track and field's ground; cricket ground, basketball grounds and volleyball court
Sports complex with indoor games facilities such as table tennis, chess and carrom room, badminton courts, and meditation hall
Hostel sector
Built-in area of hostels }
9 Boys Hostels (hostel no. 1-12, except hostel no.7&12)
2 Girls Hostels (hostel no. 7 and 12)
Residential area
Built-in area of staff quarters
Total 369 staff quarters
Children park
Officers club
Artificial lake "Lotus Lake" and MANIT Boat Club
Visitor accommodation
Faculty/officer quarters
Bachelor flats
Dormitories
VIP Guest House
Faculty Guest House
Organisation and administration
Governance
The NIT Council is the governing body of India's National Institutes of Technology (NIT) system. The NIT Council consists of Board of Governors of the concerned
NIT.
Departments
MANIT has various academic departments with a wide range of courses. The department at MANIT are as follows:
Architecture and Planning
Engineering:
Biological Science and Engineering
Civil Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Material Science and Metallurgical Engineering
Science:
Physics
Chemistry
Mathematics
Applied Mathematics
Bioinformatics
Computer Applications
Humanities
Management Studies
Academics
Academic programs
MANIT offers the following undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral degrees:
Bachelor of Technology
Bachelor of Architecture
Bachelor of Planning
Master of Technology
Master of Business Administration
Master of Planning
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Master of Computer Applications
All course work and examinations for all majors and subjects are conducted in English.
Admissions
Admission to undergraduate courses is through the national level engineering entrance examination – through the Joint Entrance Examination - Main. The selection is very tough as only top 5% of the applicant are able to secure admissions. Prior to the start of JEE Main, admission to MANIT was through the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE) until 2013.
For NRI's and foreign nationals, the admission is conducted through DASA (Direct Admissions for Students Abroad) where a qualifying score of the SAT Subject Test in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics is required. Other than DASA, scholarships programs for admission are provided through the Indian Council for Cultural Relations. Students from different countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, UAE etc. take admission into the institute every year.
Students for postgraduate programs are selected through Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering for the MTech program and through NIT MCA Common Entrance Test for the MCA program. Admission to the MBA program is through the Common Admission Test.
Ranking
MANIT is ranked 60th among the engineering colleges of India by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2021.
Notable alumni
Ajit Jogi - First chief minister of Chhattisgarh; member of the Indian National Congress
P. C. Sharma- Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation(2001-2003), Cabinet Minister of Madhya Pradesh State Government (Law and Legal Affairs Department, Public Relations Department, Science and Technology Department, Department of Civil Aviation)
Rambabu Kodali - Pro-Vice Chancellor of Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
Suresh Pachouri - veteran member of the Indian National Congress
Naveen Polishetty - Indian film and television actor in the Telugu and Hindi language films
Rajeev Verma - noted Indian film and television actor
Satish Kumar Sharma - chairman and managing director of Nuclear Power Corporation of India
Santosh Choubey - founder and chairman AISECT and chancellor AISECT Group of Universities including Rabindranath Tagore University
See also
List of educational institutions in Bhopal
List of institutions of higher education in Madhya Pradesh
List of National Institutes of Technology in India
References
External links
Universities and colleges in Bhopal
National Institutes of Technology
Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1960
Memorials to Abul Kalam Azad
1960 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
All India Council for Technical Education
Technical universities and colleges in India |
4014514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSR%20Class%20800 | GSR Class 800 | The Great Southern Railways Class 800 steam locomotives were built principally for express passenger work on the Dublin to Cork main line of that company. These locomotives were designed under the supervision of E. C. Bredin with his Chief Draughtsman, H. J. A. Beaumont, preparing the drawings. They were the largest and most powerful engines ever to run in Ireland by quite a large margin, and the only three express passenger locomotives to be built in an independent Ireland.
Design
The engines had three cylinders and boiler pressure. The nominal tractive effort was , which corresponded with Great British main-line power.
Further, it was the only design which exploited the full extent of the extra width afforded by the gauge. Originally four or five were to be built, named Maeḋḃ, Maċa, Táilte, Gráinne, and Deirdre, but only three were eventually turned out - 800 Maeḋḃ in 1939, with Maċa (801) and Táilte (802) in 1940, along with a fourth boiler which acted as a spare. They were intended for the Dublin–Cork route but wartime coal shortages and the early 1950s advent of diesels on main line services resulted in their never having had much chance to show what they were capable of. In the 1950s they gradually became neglected and even resorted to light goods trains on occasion, with little other work to do.
The name and number plates were of cast bronze with polished raised lettering and beading on a blue painted background. The nameplates’ lettering was in Gaelic script using dot above in place of the 'h' (see Irish orthography), although at first locomotive 800 was planned to carry an Anglicised name Maeve in Roman type, though it never did.
No. 800 Maeḋḃ was withdrawn from service in 1962 and is now on display at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, Co. Down.
Livery
The locos were turned out in a unique livery, which no other locomotives ever carried. In the height of the Great Southern era, when every single locomotive in Ireland was painted in plain unlined battleship grey livery, these engines were turned out in a smart mid-green, with a distinct bluish tint. The green was lined in black and light yellow, and the GSR coat of arms was carried on the tender, flanked by large pale yellow letters "G S", which appear to have been shaded in red and gold. The cabside number plates and nameplates had blue backgrounds, and raised polished brass rims and numerals.
In Córas Iompair Éireann days they received the 1950s standard green, somewhat darker than they had carried before, with black and white lining . In the early 1950s Táilte was apparently repainted a light green, as an experiment. The colour was not unlike the green used for coaches on CIÉ in the late 1950s, but she was then repainted like her sisters. Maċa and Táilte'''s nameplates and cab side number plates were given red backgrounds in the mid-'50s as opposed to the dark blue that they had originally, however Maeḋḃ retained the blue background. This is the livery the preserved 800 carries, though rather than the CIÉ "flying snail" emblem which would be appropriate to this later livery, it incorrectly carries the earlier "G S" without shading, and a replaced GSR coat of arms.
Service
The locos entered service between 1939 and 1940. Their axle load was 21 tons which meant that they could only work on the Dublin-Cork mainline. They were noted for climbing the steeply graded route from Cork Kent station (then Glanmire road station) unassisted, but because of coal shortages after WWII they never got a chance to show their full potential. They were slightly modified in the early 1950s with Maċa and Táilte receiving single funnels and all three gaining extra hand-railings and a wheel on the smoke-box door instead of a dart. The main difference following these modifications was a decrease in tractive effort. In the mid-'50s with the arrival of the Metropolitan-Vickers A class first generation diesel locomotives they were made virtually redundant with Táilte being taken out of service in 1955 and scrapped two years later. However Maeḋḃ and Maċa remained in service pulling light expresses and goods trains. Maeḋḃ was taken out of service in 1962 and was repainted at Inchicore for preservation. Both nos. 800 and 801 were noted for being at Thurles in the 1960s after withdrawal. Maċa was retubed for an IRRS tour in 1964 and was steamed up for the last time. After this she was scrapped. Having been at Thurles for a year 800 was brought to the Belfast Museum. In 1993 Maeḋḃ, along with the NCC compound Dunluce Castle and the GNR S class 4-4-0 no. 171 Slieve Gullion'' were brought to the new Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra.
Models
An etched brass 4mm scale model is available from Studio Scale Models. There is a detailed O Gauge model of engine 800 in the Fry model railway collection.
See also
Coaching stock of Ireland
Diesel locomotives of Ireland
Multiple units of Ireland
Steam locomotives of Ireland
References
Steam locomotives of Ireland
4-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1939
800
Passenger locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives |
4014517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz%20Stephen | Buzz Stephen | Louis Roberts "Buzz" Stephen (born July 13, 1944) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He was born in Porterville, CA, which is where he currently resides today. He ended up choosing to attend Fresno State University.
Stephen, who was 6'4" tall and who weighed about 205 pounds, was originally drafted by the Houston Astros in the 25th round of the amateur entry draft in 1965. Opting not to sign, he waited until 1966 to be drafted again. This time, he was first drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the 1st round of the June Secondary Phase of the draft. He didn't sign that time, but again in 1966 he was drafted by the Twins in the second round of the January Secondary Phase of the draft. He chose to sign after being drafted that instance.
Stephen, who both threw and hit right-handed, only pitched in two major league games, making his debut on September 20, 1968. His last game was on September 25, 1968.
In 3 career at-bats, his batting average was .000.
In his one year in the majors, Stephen's salary was $5,400 and he wore number 42. He also committed one error.
On June 15, 1970, he was traded, with pitcher Dick Baney from the Milwaukee Brewers, to the Baltimore Orioles for outfielder Dave May.
External links
1944 births
Living people
Baseball players from California
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players
People from Porterville, California |
4014543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf21 | Sf21 | Sf21 (officially called IPLB-Sf21-AE) is a continuous cell line developed from ovaries of the Fall Army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth species that is an agricultural pest on corn and other grass species. It was originally developed in the United States at the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. Sf9 is a substrain (clone) of these cells that was isolated from Sf21 by researchers at Texas A&M University.
Both the clone and parent strains of the cells have been extensively used in research on viruses, especially baculoviruses in their use for producing recombinant proteins.
References
External links
Cellosaurus entry for Sf21
Insect cell lines
Spodoptera |
4014568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabbas%20%28novel%29 | Barabbas (novel) | Barabbas is a 1950 novel by Pär Lagerkvist. It tells a version of the life of Barabbas, the man whom the Bible relates was released instead of Jesus. The novel is built on antithesis: Jesus dies first among the three crucified – Barabbas dies last. Jesus dies among several of his friends – Barabbas dies alone. Jesus talks to God – Barabbas talks to the darkness. The novel starts with Jesus' crucifixion and ends with Barabbas' crucifixion in Rome.
Plot
Jesus is crucified on Mount Golgotha. To the side of the crowd stands Barabbas. A violent man, a brigand, and a rebel, he cannot muster much respect for the resignation of the Man who died in his place. He is skeptical about the Holiness of Jesus, but he is also fascinated by His sacrifice. He seeks out different followers of Jesus in trying to understand Him, but finds that their exalted views of Jesus do not match his down-to-earth observation of Him. More important, since Barabbas has never been the recipient of love (the cornerstone of the Christian faith), he finds that he is unable to understand love and, hence, unable to understand the Christian faith. He says that he "wants to believe," but for Barabbas, understanding is a prerequisite for belief, so he is unable to.
Enslaved, shackled to another man named Sahak, and condemned to work in the notoriously life-shortening and infernal copper mines of Ancient Rome, Barabbas has an extraordinary crisis of faith, the exact nature of which is elucidated in the final portion of the novel. Barabbas's ultimate loyalties lie with the opaque, remorseless void that fed and surrounded his former life, manifested in the darkness of the night of his execution, which he surrenders himself to with his final breath.
Film and theatrical adaptations
A Swedish film made in 1953 by Alf Sjöberg was entered in the Cannes Film Festival.
The novel was turned into a film by Richard Fleischer in 1961, starring Anthony Quinn.
A 2012 American-Italian television movie was directed by Roger Young.
Web
Nobel Award Ceremony speech
References
1950 novels
Christian novels
Novels based on the Bible
Novels by Pär Lagerkvist
Novels set in ancient Israel
Novels set in ancient Rome
Novels set in the 1st century
Albert Bonniers Förlag books
Swedish novels adapted into films
Swedish-language novels |
4014577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son%20of%20a%20Plumber | Son of a Plumber | Son of a Plumber is an album released by Swedish pop-rock singer and composer Per Gessle. It is the first album by Gessle to use a pseudonym artist name; Son of a Plumber. The album, which was officially released on 23 November 2005, is a double CD album packed with deeply personal and highly inventive music according to Gessle.
There were three singles released from the album. A double A-side, "C'mon"/"Jo-Anna Says" which was released on 7 November 2005, the second single "Hey Mr. DJ", on 1 February 2006 and the final release was "I Like It Like That" on 24 May to the Swedish radio stations.
The band
Son of a Plumber became a defined band, with Per Gessle, vocals and guitar, Clarence Öfwerman, keyboards, Christoffer Lundquist, guitar, Jens Jansson, drums, and Helena Josefsson, vocals.
They had all participated in Per's previous solo albums, The World According to Gessle (1997) & Mazarin (2003), except Helena Josefsson, who has been working with them since Mazarin. Together, they also went on to record Gessle's next solo albums, En händig man (2007) and Party Crasher (2008). They have been on the last Gessle tour too.
Musical Analysis
A lot of songs have typical Per characteristics (the lyrical romance and clever key changes); overall it is similar to the Beatles' White Album. Beatles' references can be heard in the music and they have their name in a title of a song.
The 'false' solo project become a duo with Helena Josefsson's leading vocals on "I Have a Party in My Head" and "Hey Mr DJ". "I Have a Party in My Head" demonstrates a typical Per trait by having rhyming verses. Another typical trait is some of the tracks include hooks, such as in "Jo-Anna Says" which has guitar riffs and lyrical repetition.
In between the main tracks there are some 1 minute long instrumentals that lead into the following song. "Kurt - the Fastest Plumber in the West" and "Ronnie Lane" are examples of this. The final track "Making Love or Expecting Rain" contained a few lines of French lyrics: "Je ne suis qu'un enfant. Je ne suis que ton enfant. J'ai confiance en toi, toujours en toi." which means "I'm just a child. I'm only your child. I trust you, always in you". Lasting five minutes, this is the longest song on the album. There is also a hidden track on the CD which is a reprise of "Jo-Anna Says", that comes after 10 minutes of silence at the end of the album.
Track listing
DISC 1
"Drowning in Wonderful Thoughts about Her"
"Jo-Anna Says"
"I Have a Party in My Head (I Hope it Never Ends)"
"C'mon"
"Week With Four Thursdays"
"Hey Mr DJ (Won't You Play Another Love Song)"
"Late, Later On"
"Ronnie Lane"
"Are You an Old Hippie, Sir?"
"Double-headed Elvis"
"Something in the System"
"Speed Boat to Cuba"
"Come Back Tomorrow (And We Do it Again)"
Tracks 9-13 are mixed together as a medley and named the Junior Suite.
DISC 2
"Kurt - The Fastest Plumber in the West"
"I Never Quite Got over the Fact that the Beatles Broke Up"
"Substitute (for the Real Deal)"
"Waltz for Woody"
"Carousel"
"I Like it Like That"
"Something Happened Today"
"Brilliant Career"
"Burned out Heart"
"Drowning in Wonderful Thoughts about Her (Reprise)"
"Making Love or Expecting Rain"
"Jo-Anna Says Farewell" (hidden track)
The digital release on iTunes came with the following bonus tracks:
1. "A Girl Like You"
2. "Keep The Radio On (This is The Perfect Song)" (cover from The Lonely Boys – also included on the vinyl version)
3. "Plonk"
Charts
References
External links
Son Of a Plumber's official site
PerGessle.net
Gyllene Tider.com
The Daily Roxette
Roxette's official site
2005 albums
Per Gessle albums |
4014582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent%20Carter | Brent Carter | Brent R. Carter (born September 28, 1948) is an American professional poker player from Oak Park, Illinois who has won two World Series of Poker bracelets. He lives in Oak Park, IL.
Poker career
Carter first finished in the money of a World Series of Poker (WSOP) event in 1991 in the $1,500 seven-card stud event. He won his first bracelet the same year in the $1,500 No Limit Texas hold 'em event, defeating O'Neil Longson in the final heads-up confrontation. He won a second bracelet in 1994 at the $1,500 limit Omaha event. Carter also won a Hall of Fame tournament bracelet in Ace-to-Five Lowball Draw.
Carter finished in the money of the WSOP $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em main event in 1991 (15th), 1992 (31st), and 1995 (3rd).
In 1995 and 1996, Carter won the Best All-Around Player Award at the Four Queens Poker Classic.
On September 10, 2008, Carter, who uses the name '92848' on PokerStars, won a World Championship of Online Poker bracelet in event #11, a $320 buy-in Pot-Limit Omaha Hi/Lo tournament. He bested a field of 1,733 players to win the $88,383 first prize.
As of 2009, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,900,000. His 46 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,286,821 of those winnings.
World Series of Poker bracelets
References
1948 births
Living people
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
People from Oak Park, Illinois
People from Treasure Island, Florida |
4014590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs%20and%20neighborhoods%20of%20Berlin | Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin | Berlin is both a city and one of Germany’s federated states (city state). Since the 2001 administrative reform, it has been made up of twelve districts (, ), each with its own administrative body. However, unlike the municipalities and counties of other German states, the Berlin districts are not territorial corporations of public law (Gebietskörperschaften) with autonomous competencies and property, but simple administrative agencies of Berlin's state and city government, the City of Berlin forming a single municipality (Einheitsgemeinde) since the Greater Berlin Act of 1920. Thus they cannot be equated to US or UK boroughs in the traditional meaning of the term.
Each district possesses a district representatives' assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung) directly elected by proportional representation and an administrative body called district board (Bezirksamt). The district board, comprising since October 2021 six (until then five) members - a district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) as head and five (earlier four) district councillors (Bezirksstadträte) - is elected by the district representatives' assembly, proportionally reflecting its party composition according to popular vote. The district board is in charge of most local administrative matters directly relevant to local citizens; however, all of its decisions can at any moment be revoked by the Berlin Senate. Furthermore, the districts are financially completely dependent on state donations, as they neither possess any taxation power nor own any property. The district mayors form a council of mayors (Rat der Bürgermeister, led by the city's governing mayor), which advises the Senate.
History
Each borough is made up of several officially recognized subdistricts or neighborhoods (Ortsteile in German, sometimes called quarters in English). The exact amount of neighborhoods that form a borough varies considerably, ranging from two (Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg) to fifteen (Treptow-Köpenick). These neighborhoods typically have a historical identity as former independent cities, villages, or rural municipalities that were united in 1920 as part of the Greater Berlin Act, forming the basis for the present-day city and state. The neighborhoods do not have their own governmental bodies but are recognized by the city and the boroughs for planning and statistical purposes. Berliners often identify more with the neighborhood where they live than with the borough that governs them. The neighborhoods are further subdivided into statistical tracts, which are mainly used for planning and statistical purposes. The statistical tracts correspond roughly but not exactly with neighborhoods recognized by residents.
When Greater Berlin was established in 1920, the city was organized into twenty boroughs, most of which were named after their largest component neighborhood, often a former city or municipality; others, such as Kreuzberg and Prenzlauer Berg, were named for geographic features.
By 2000, Berlin comprised twenty-three boroughs, as three new boroughs had been created in East Berlin. Today Berlin is divided into twelve boroughs (Bezirke), reduced from twenty-three boroughs before Berlin's 2001 administrative reform.
Boroughs
An administrative reform in 2001 merged all but three of the existing boroughs into the current 12 boroughs, as listed below. The three boroughs that were not affected were Spandau, Reinickendorf and Neukölln, as the population of each was already exceeding 200,000.
Administration
The borough government is part of the two-stage administration of the Berlin city-state, whereby the Senate and its affiliated agencies, institutions, and municipal enterprises form the first stage of the so-called Hauptverwaltung (central administration). On the second position, the boroughs enjoy a certain grade of autonomy—though in no way comparable to the German Landkreise districts or independent cities, nor even to the local government of a common municipality as a legal entity, as according to the Berlin Constitution the legal status of the city as a German state itself is that of a unified municipality (Einheitsgemeinde). The power of the borough governments is limited and their performance of assigned tasks is subject to regulatory supervision by the Senate.
Nevertheless, the twelve self-governing boroughs have constitutional status and are themselves subdivided into two administrative bodies: each is governed by the borough assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, BVV) and a full-time borough council (Bezirksamt), consisting of four councilors (Bezirksstadträte) and headed by a borough mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The BVV assembly is directly elected by the borough's population and therefore acts as a borough parliament, though it is officially part of the executive. It elects the members of the borough council, checks its daily administration, and is able to make applications and recommendations. The twelve borough mayors regularly meet in the Council of Mayors (Rat der Bürgermeister), led by the city's Governing Mayor; the council answers to and advises the Senate.
The localities have no local government bodies, and the administrative duties of the former locality representative, the Ortsvorsteher, were taken over by the borough mayors.
Coats of arms
All the coats of arms of Berliner boroughs (the current as of the ones in the period 1990 to 2001) have some common points: The shield has a Spanish form and the coronet is represented by a mural crown: 3 towers in red bricks with the coat of arms of Berlin in the middle.
Most of the coats of arms of current boroughs have changed some elements in their field: Some of them have created a "fusion" of themes of the merged Bezirke (Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Lichtenberg, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg); others have modified their themes taken from one of the two (or more) former merged boroughs (Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Mitte and Treptow-Köpenick). Only the unchanged boroughs of Neukölln, Reinickendorf and Spandau haven't changed their field. The coat of arms of Pankow was created with a new design in 2008, having been the only district without an emblem for 7 years.
Localities
As of 2012, the twelve boroughs are made up of a total of 97 officially recognized localities (Ortsteile). Almost all of them are further subdivided into several other zones (defined in German as Ortslagen, Teile, Stadtviertel, Orte etc.). The largest Ortsteil is Köpenick (), the smallest one is Hansaviertel (). The most populated is Neukölln (154,127 inhabitants in 2009), the least populated is Malchow (450 inhabitants in 2008).
The coats of arms of the Localitys lost their validity with the incorporation into Greater Berlin/in new districts and thus disappeared from official use. The coats of arms listed here are the historically used signs.
(01) Mitte
(02) Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
(03) Pankow
(04) Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
(05) Spandau
(06) Steglitz-Zehlendorf
(07) Tempelhof-Schöneberg
(08) Neukölln
(09) Treptow-Köpenick
(10) Marzahn-Hellersdorf
(11) Lichtenberg
Codes 1105 and 1108 (this one to former Hohenschönhausen locality) are not assigned
(12) Reinickendorf
See also
Politics of Berlin
Berlin Police
References
External links
Berlin
Geography of Berlin
Boroughs and localities |
4014599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOSDIS | EOSDIS | The Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) is a key core capability in NASA’s Earth Science Data Systems Program. It is a comprehensive data and information system designed to perform a wide variety of functions in support of a heterogeneous national and international user community. EOSDIS provides a spectrum of services; some services are intended for a diverse group of casual users while others are intended only for a select cadre of research scientists chosen by NASA's peer-reviewed competitions, and then many fall somewhere in between. The primary services provided by EOSDIS are User Support, Data Archive, Management and Distribution, Information Management, and Product Generation, all of which are managed by the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project.
EOSDIS ingests, processes, archives, and distributes data from a large number of Earth-observing satellite, and provides end-to-end capabilities for managing NASA's Earth science data from various sources – satellites, aircraft, field measurements, and various other programs. For the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite missions, EOSDIS provides capabilities for command and control, scheduling, data capture and initial (Level 0) processing. These capabilities, constituting the EOSDIS Mission Operations, are managed by the Earth Science Mission Operations (ESMO) Project. NASA network capabilities transport the data to the science operations facilities. EOSDIS consists of a set of processing facilities and Distributed Active Archive Centers distributed across the United States. These processing facilities and DAACs serve hundreds of thousands of users around the world, providing hundreds of millions of data files each year covering many Earth science disciplines. The EOSDIS project as of September 2012 reported it contained approximately 10 PB of data in its database with ingestion of approximately 8.5 TB daily.
The remaining capabilities of EOSDIS constitute the EOSDIS Science Operations, which are managed by the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project. These capabilities include: generation of higher level (Level 1-4) science data products for EOS missions; archiving and distribution of data products from EOS and other satellite missions, as well as aircraft and field measurement campaigns. The EOSDIS science operations are performed within a distributed system of many interconnected nodes (Science Investigator-led Processing Systems and distributed, discipline-specific, Earth science Distributed Active Archive Centers) with specific responsibilities for production, archiving, and distribution of Earth science data products. The Distributed Active Archive Centers serve a large and diverse user community (as indicated by EOSDIS performance metrics) by providing capabilities to search and access science data products and specialized services.
History
From early 1980 through 1986, NASA supported pilot data system studies to assess the feasibility and development of publicly accessible electronic data systems. Part of the congressional approval of the EOS mission in 1990 included the NASA Earth Science Enterprise, which supported the development of a long-term data and information system (EOSDIS). This system would be accessible to both the science research community and the broader public, built on a distributed open architecture. With these functional requirements for space operations control and product generation for EOS, the EOSDIS would also be responsible for the data archival, management, and distribution of all NASA Earth science mission instrument data during the mission life.
Methods of Search
Distributed Active Archive Centers Search & Order Tools
Each EOSDIS Distributed Active Archive Center is distinguished from one another by their specific Earth system science discipline. In addition to the search-and-order capabilities provided by the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) and the Common Metadata Repository (or CMR, which has replaced the former EOS Clearinghouse, or ECHO), the Distributed Active Archive Centers have individual online systems that allow them to provide unique services for users of a particular type of data. The center-specific systems emphasize data products, services, and data-handling tools unique to the DAAC.
DAAC-specific search tools
GCMD - Dataset Directory
The Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) is a directory to Earth science data and services. The GCMD database currently ]more than 30,000 Earth science data sets and service descriptions covering all aspects of Earth and environmental sciences. One can use the search box or select from the available keywords to search for data and services.
ECHO - Application Program Interfaces (APIs) for Search and Order
Global Change Master Directory
The Common Metadata Repository (CMR)
Formerly known as the EOS ClearingHouse (ECHO), CMR is a metadata catalog of NASA's EOS data and a registry for related data services (e.g. reformatting, pattern recognition). CMR's catalog contains more than 3200 data sets held at 12 EOSDIS DAACs. Users can access the data and services by using general or community-tailored clients that access CMR using a series of Application Program Interfaces (APIs) defined using web services.
Earthdata Search
Earthdata Search replaced Reverb as EOSDIS's web-based client for discovering and ordering cross-discipline data from all of CMR's metadata holdings in January 2018. Earthdata Search allows users, including those without specific knowledge of the data, to search science data holdings, retrieve high-level descriptions of data sets and detailed descriptions of the data inventory, view browse images, and submit orders via CMR to the appropriate data providers.
Cross-DAAC searches through Earthdata Search – use the Common Metadata Repository (CMR)
Distributed Active Archive Centers
A Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) is a part of EOSDIS. DAACs process, archive, document, and distribute data from NASA's past and current Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites and field measurement programs. Each of the twelve DAACs serves one or more specific Earth science disciplines and provides its user community with data products, data information, user services, and tools unique to its particular science.
The following is a list of DAACs and data specializations:
Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) DAAC: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, sea ice, polar processes, geophysics.
Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC): radiation budget, clouds, aerosols, tropospheric chemistry.
Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS): satellite geodesy.
Global Hydrology Resource Center (GHRC) DAAC: hydrologic cycle, severe weather interactions, lightning, atmospheric convection.
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC): global precipitation, solar irradiance, atmospheric composition, atmospheric dynamics, global modeling.
Land Processes DAAC (LP DAAC): surface reflectivity, land cover, vegetation indices.
Level 1 Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) DAAC: radiance, atmosphere.
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC DAAC): snow, ice, cryosphere, climate.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC (ORNL DAAC): biogeochemical dynamics, ecological data, environmental processes.
Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC): ocean biology, ocean color, ocean biogeochemistry, sea surface temperature.
Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO DAAC): sea surface temperature, ocean winds, circulation and currents, topography and gravity.
Socioeconomic Data and Applications Data Center (SEDAC): human interactions, land use, environmental sustainability, geospatial data, multilateral environmental agreements.
See also
ECHO Clearinghouse
Global Change Master Directory
Goddard Space Flight Center
References
External links
NASA.gov
NASA.gov
NASA.gov
NASA.gov
NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC)
NASA programs
Earth observation
Goddard Space Flight Center
Data centers
Spacecraft communication |
4014603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20and%20gliding%20animals | Flying and gliding animals | A number of animals are capable of aerial locomotion, either by powered flight or by gliding. This trait has appeared by evolution many times, without any single common ancestor. Flight has evolved at least four times in separate animals: insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats. Gliding has evolved on many more occasions. Usually the development is to aid canopy animals in getting from tree to tree, although there are other possibilities. Gliding, in particular, has evolved among rainforest animals, especially in the rainforests in Asia (most especially Borneo) where the trees are tall and widely spaced. Several species of aquatic animals, and a few amphibians and reptiles have also evolved this gliding flight ability, typically as a means of evading predators.
Types
Animal aerial locomotion can be divided into two categories: powered and unpowered. In unpowered modes of locomotion, the animal uses aerodynamics forces exerted on the body due to wind or falling through the air. In powered flight, the animal uses muscular power to generate aerodynamic forces to climb or to maintain steady, level flight. Those who can find air that is rising faster than they are falling can gain altitude by soaring.
Unpowered
These modes of locomotion typically require an animal start from a raised location, converting that potential energy into kinetic energy and using aerodynamic forces to control trajectory and angle of descent. Energy is continually lost to drag without being replaced, thus these methods of locomotion have limited range and duration.
Falling: decreasing altitude under the force of gravity, using no adaptations to increase drag or provide lift.
Parachuting: falling at an angle greater than 45° from the horizontal with adaptations to increase drag forces. Very small animals may be carried up by the wind. Some gliding animals may use their gliding membranes for drag rather than lift, to safely descend.
Gliding flight: falling at an angle less than 45° from the horizontal with lift from adapted aerofoil membranes. This allows slowly falling directed horizontal movement, with streamlining to decrease drag forces for aerofoil efficiency and often with some maneuverability in air. Gliding animals have a lower aspect ratio (wing length/breadth) than true flyers.
Powered flight
Powered flight has evolved at least four times: first in the insects, then in pterosaurs, next in birds, and last in bats. Studies on theropod dinosaurs do suggest multiple (≥3) independent acquisitions of powered flight however, and a recent study proposes independent acquisitions amidst the different bat clades as well. Powered flight uses muscles to generate aerodynamic force, which allows the animal to produce lift and thrust. The animal may ascend without the aid of rising air.
Externally powered
Ballooning and soaring are not powered by muscle, but rather by external aerodynamic sources of energy: the wind and rising thermals, respectively. Both can continue as long as the source of external power is present. Soaring is typically only seen in species capable of powered flight, as it requires extremely large wings.
Ballooning: being carried up into the air from the aerodynamic effect on long strands of silk in the wind. Certain silk-producing arthropods, mostly small or young spiders, secrete a special light-weight gossamer silk for ballooning, sometimes traveling great distances at high altitude.
Soaring: gliding in rising or otherwise moving air that requires specific physiological and morphological adaptations that can sustain the animal aloft without flapping its wings. The rising air is due to thermals, ridge lift or other meteorological features. Under the right conditions, soaring creates a gain of altitude without expending energy. Large wingspans are needed for efficient soaring.
Many species will use multiple of these modes at various times; a hawk will use powered flight to rise, then soar on thermals, then descend via free-fall to catch its prey.
Evolution and ecology
Gliding and parachuting
While gliding occurs independently from powered flight, it has some ecological advantages of its own as it is the simplest form of flight. Gliding is a very energy-efficient way of travelling from tree to tree. Although moving through the canopy running along the branches may be less energetically demanding, the faster transition between trees allows for greater foraging rates in a particular patch. Glide ratios can be dependent on size and current behavior. Higher foraging rates are supported by low glide ratios as smaller foraging patches require less gliding time over shorter distances and greater amounts of food can be acquired in a shorter time period. Low ratios are not as energy efficient as the higher ratios, but an argument made is that many gliding animals eat low energy foods such as leaves and are restricted to gliding because of this, whereas flying animals eat more high energy foods such as fruits, nectar, and insects. Mammals tend to rely on lower glide ratios to increase the amount of time foraging for lower energy food. An equilibrium glide, achieving a constant airspeed and glide angle, is harder to obtain as animal size increases. Larger animals need to glide from much higher heights and longer distances to make it energetically beneficial. Gliding is also very suitable for predator avoidance, allowing for controlled targeted landings to safer areas. In contrast to flight, gliding has evolved independently many times (more than a dozen times among extant vertebrates); however these groups have not radiated nearly as much as have groups of flying animals.
Worldwide, the distribution of gliding animals is uneven, as most inhabit rain forests in Southeast Asia. (Despite seemingly suitable rain forest habitats, few gliders are found in India or New Guinea and none in Madagascar.) Additionally, a variety of gliding vertebrates are found in Africa, a family of hylids (flying frogs) lives in South America and several species of gliding squirrels are found in the forests of northern Asia and North America. Various factors produce these disparities. In the forests of Southeast Asia, the dominant canopy trees (usually dipterocarps) are taller than the canopy trees of the other forests. Forest structure and distance between trees are influential in the development of gliding within varying species. A higher start provides a competitive advantage of further glides and farther travel. Gliding predators may more efficiently search for prey. The lower abundance of insect and small vertebrate prey for carnivorous animals (such as lizards) in Asian forests may be a factor. In Australia, many mammals (and all mammalian gliders) possess, to some extent, prehensile tails. Globally, smaller gliding species tend to have feather-like tails and larger species have fur covered round bushy tails, but smaller animals tend to rely on parachuting rather than developing gliding membranes. The gliding membranes, patagium, are classified in the 4 groups of propatagium, digipatagium, plagiopatagium and uropatagium. These membranes consist of two tightly bounded layers of skin connected my muscles and connective tissue between the fore and hind limbs.
Powered flight evolution
Powered flight has evolved unambiguously only four times—birds, bats, pterosaurs, and insects (though see above for possible independent acquisitions within bird and bat groups). In contrast to gliding, which has evolved more frequently but typically gives rise to only a handful of species, all three extant groups of powered flyers have a huge number of species, suggesting that flight is a very successful strategy once evolved. Bats, after rodents, have the most species of any mammalian order, about 20% of all mammalian species. Birds have the most species of any class of terrestrial vertebrates. Finally, insects (most of which fly at some point in their life cycle) have more species than all other animal groups combined.
The evolution of flight is one of the most striking and demanding in animal evolution, and has attracted the attention of many prominent scientists and generated many theories. Additionally, because flying animals tend to be small and have a low mass (both of which increase the surface-area-to-mass ratio), they tend to fossilize infrequently and poorly compared to the larger, heavier-boned terrestrial species they share habitat with. Fossils of flying animals tend to be confined to exceptional fossil deposits formed under highly specific circumstances, resulting in a generally poor fossil record, and a particular lack of transitional forms. Furthermore, as fossils do not preserve behavior or muscle, it can be difficult to discriminate between a poor flyer and a good glider.
Insects were the first to evolve flight, approximately 350 million years ago. The developmental origin of the insect wing remains in dispute, as does the purpose prior to true flight. One suggestion is that wings initially evolved from tracheal gill structures and were used to catch the wind for small insects that live on the surface of the water, while another is that they evolved from paranotal lobes or leg structures and gradually progressed from parachuting, to gliding, to flight for originally arboreal insects.
Pterosaurs were the next to evolve flight, approximately 228 million years ago. These reptiles were close relatives of the dinosaurs, and reached enormous sizes, with some of the last forms being the largest flying animals ever to inhabit the Earth, having wingspans of over 9.1 m (30 ft). However, they spanned a large range of sizes, down to a 250 mm (10 in) wingspan in Nemicolopterus.
Birds have an extensive fossil record, along with many forms documenting both their evolution from small theropod dinosaurs and the numerous bird-like forms of theropod which did not survive the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. Indeed, Archaeopteryx is arguably the most famous transitional fossil in the world, both due to its mix of reptilian and avian anatomy and the luck of being discovered only two years after Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species. However, the ecology of this transition is considerably more contentious, with various scientists supporting either a "trees down" origin (in which an arboreal ancestor evolved gliding, then flight) or a "ground up" origin (in which a fast-running terrestrial ancestor used wings for a speed boost and to help catch prey).
Bats are the most recent to evolve (about 60 million years ago), most likely from a fluttering ancestor, though their poor fossil record has hindered more detailed study.
Only a few animals are known to have specialised in soaring: the larger of the extinct pterosaurs, and some large birds. Powered flight is very energetically expensive for large animals, but for soaring their size is an advantage, as it allows them a low wing loading, that is a large wing area relative to their weight, which maximizes lift. Soaring is very energetically efficient.
Biomechanics
Gliding and parachuting
During a free-fall with no aerodynamic forces, the object accelerates due to gravity, resulting in increasing velocity as the object descends. During parachuting, animals use the aerodynamic forces on their body to counteract the force or gravity. Any object moving through air experiences a drag force that is proportion to surface area and to velocity squared, and this force will partially counter the force of gravity, slowing the animal's descent to a safer speed. If this drag is oriented at an angle to the vertical, the animal's trajectory will gradually become more horizontal, and it will cover horizontal as well as vertical distance. Smaller adjustments can allow turning or other maneuvers. This can allow a parachuting animal to move from a high location on one tree to a lower location on another tree nearby. Specifically in gliding mammals, there are 3 types of gliding paths respectively being S glide, J glide, and "straight-shaped" glides where species either gain altitude post launch then descend, rapidly decrease height before gliding, and maintaining a constant angled descent.
During gliding, lift plays an increased role. Like drag, lift is proportional to velocity squared. Gliding animals will typically leap or drop from high locations such as trees, just as in parachuting, and as gravitational acceleration increases their speed, the aerodynamic forces also increase. Because the animal can utilize lift and drag to generate greater aerodynamic force, it can glide at a shallower angle than parachuting animals, allowing it to cover greater horizontal distance in the same loss of altitude, and reach trees further away. Successful flights for gliding animals are achieved through 5 steps: preparation, launch, glide, braking, and landing. Gliding species are better able to control themselves mid-air, with the tail acting as a rudder, making it capable to pull off banking movements or U-turns during flight. During landing, arboreal mammals will extend their fore and hind limbs in front of itself to brace for landing and to trap air in order to maximize air resistance and lower impact speed.
Powered flight
Unlike most air vehicles, in which the objects that generate lift (wings) and thrust (engine or propeller) are separate and the wings remain fixed, flying animals use their wings to generate both lift and thrust by moving them relative to the body. This has made the flight of organisms considerably harder to understand than that of vehicles, as it involves varying speeds, angles, orientations, areas, and flow patterns over the wings.
A bird or bat flying through the air at a constant speed moves its wings up and down (usually with some fore-aft movement as well). Because the animal is in motion, there is some airflow relative to its body which, combined with the velocity of its wings, generates a faster airflow moving over the wing. This will generate lift force vector pointing forwards and upwards, and a drag force vector pointing rearwards and upwards. The upwards components of these counteract gravity, keeping the body in the air, while the forward component provides thrust to counteract both the drag from the wing and from the body as a whole. Pterosaur flight likely worked in a similar manner, though no living pterosaurs remain for study.
Insect flight is considerably different, due to their small size, rigid wings, and other anatomical differences. Turbulence and vortices play a much larger role in insect flight, making it even more complex and difficult to study than the flight of vertebrates. There are two basic aerodynamic models of insect flight. Most insects use a method that creates a spiralling leading edge vortex. Some very small insects use the fling-and-clap or Weis-Fogh mechanism in which the wings clap together above the insect's body and then fling apart. As they fling open, the air gets sucked in and creates a vortex over each wing. This bound vortex then moves across the wing and, in the clap, acts as the starting vortex for the other wing. Circulation and lift are increased, at the price of wear and tear on the wings.
Limits and extremes
Flying and soaring
Largest. The largest known flying animal was formerly thought to be Pteranodon, a pterosaur with a wingspan of up to . However, the more recently discovered azhdarchid pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus is much larger, with estimates of the wingspan ranging from . Some other recently discovered azhdarchid pterosaur species, such as Hatzegopteryx, may have also wingspans of a similar size or even slightly larger. Although it is widely thought that Quetzalcoatlus reached the size limit of a flying animal, the same was once said of Pteranodon. The heaviest living flying animals are the kori bustard and the great bustard with males reaching . The wandering albatross has the greatest wingspan of any living flying animal at . Among living animals which fly over land, the Andean condor and the marabou stork have the largest wingspan at . Studies have shown that it is physically possible for flying animals to reach wingspans, but there is no firm evidence that any flying animal, not even the azhdarchid pterosaurs, got that large.
Smallest. There is no minimum size for getting airborne. Indeed, there are many bacteria floating in the atmosphere that constitute part of the aeroplankton. However, to move about under one's own power and not be overly affected by the wind requires a certain amount of size. The smallest flying vertebrates are the bee hummingbird and the bumblebee bat, both of which may weigh less than . They are thought to represent the lower size limit for endotherm flight.
Fastest. The fastest of all known flying animals is the peregrine falcon, which when diving travels at or faster. The fastest animal in flapping horizontal flight may be the Mexican free-tailed bat, said to attain about based on ground speed by an aircraft tracking device; that measurement does not separate any contribution from wind speed, so the observations could be caused by strong tailwinds.
Slowest. Most flying animals need to travel forward to stay aloft. However, some creatures can stay in the same spot, known as hovering, either by rapidly flapping the wings, as do hummingbirds, hoverflies, dragonflies, and some others, or carefully using thermals, as do some birds of prey. The slowest flying non-hovering bird recorded is the American woodcock, at .
Highest flying. There are records of a Rüppell's vulture Gyps rueppelli, a large vulture, being sucked into a jet engine above Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa. The animal that flies highest most regularly is the bar-headed goose Anser indicus, which migrates directly over the Himalayas between its nesting grounds in Tibet and its winter quarters in India. They are sometimes seen flying well above the peak of Mount Everest at .
Gliding and parachuting
Most efficient glider. This can be taken as the animal that moves most horizontal distance per metre fallen. Flying squirrels are known to glide up to , but have measured glide ratio of about 2. Flying fish have been observed to glide for hundreds of metres on the drafts on the edge of waves with only their initial leap from the water to provide height, but may be obtaining additional lift from wave motion. On the other hand, albatrosses have measured lift–drag ratios of 20, and thus fall just 1 meter for every 20 in still air.
Most maneuverable glider. Many gliding animals have some ability to turn, but which is the most maneuverable is difficult to assess. Even paradise tree snakes, Chinese gliding frogs, and gliding ants have been observed as having considerable capacity to turn in the air.
Flying animals
Extant
Insects
Pterygota: The first of all animals to evolve flight, they are also the only invertebrates that have evolved flight. As they comprise almost all insects, the species are too numerous to list here. Insect flight is an active research field.
Birds
Birds (flying, soaring) – Most of the approximately 10,000 living species can fly (flightless birds are the exception). Bird flight is one of the most studied forms of aerial locomotion in animals. See List of soaring birds for birds that can soar as well as fly.
Mammals
Bats. There are approximately 1,240 bat species, representing about 20% of all classified mammal species. Most bats are nocturnal and many feed on insects while flying at night, using echolocation to home in on their prey.
Extinct
Reptiles
Pterosaurs. Pterosaurs were the first flying vertebrates, and are generally agreed to have been sophisticated flyers. They had large wings formed by a patagium stretching from the torso to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. There were hundreds of species, most of which are thought to have been intermittent flappers, and many soarers. The largest known flying animals are pterosaurs.
Non-avian dinosaurs
Theropods (gliding and flying). There were several species of theropod dinosaur thought to be capable of gliding or flying, that are not classified as birds (though they are closely related). Some species (Microraptor gui, Microraptor zhaoianus, and Changyuraptor) have been found that were fully feathered on all four limbs, giving them four 'wings' that they are believed to have used for gliding or flying. A recent study indicates that flight may have been acquired independently in various different lineages though it may have only evolved in theropods of the Avialae.
Gliding animals
Extant
Insects
Gliding bristletails. Directed aerial gliding descent is found in some tropical arboreal bristletails, an ancestrally wingless sister taxa to the winged insects. The bristletails median caudal filament is important for the glide ratio and gliding control
Gliding ants. The flightless workers of these insects have secondarily gained some capacity to move through the air. Gliding has evolved independently in a number of arboreal ant species from the groups Cephalotini, Pseudomyrmecinae, and Formicinae (mostly Camponotus). All arboreal dolichoderines and non-cephalotine myrmicines except Daceton armigerum do not glide. Living in the rainforest canopy like many other gliders, gliding ants use their gliding to return to the trunk of the tree they live on should they fall or be knocked off a branch. Gliding was first discovered for Cephalotes atreus in the Peruvian rainforest. Cephalotes atreus can make 180 degree turns, and locate the trunk using visual cues, succeeding in landing 80% of the time. Unique among gliding animals, Cephalotini and Pseudomyrmecinae ants glide abdomen first, the Forminicae however glide in the more conventional head first manner.
Gliding immature insects. The wingless immature stages of some insect species that have wings as adults may also show a capacity to glide. These include some species of cockroach, mantid, katydid, stick insect and true bug.
Spiders
Ballooning spiders (parachuting). The young of some species of spiders travel through the air by using silk draglines to catch the wind, as may some smaller species of adult spider, such as the money spider family. This behavior is commonly known as "ballooning". Ballooning spiders make up part of the aeroplankton.
Gliding spiders. Some species of arboreal spider of the genus Selenops can glide back to the trunk of a tree should they fall.
Molluscs
Flying squid. Several oceanic squids of the family Ommastrephidae, such as the Pacific flying squid, will leap out of the water to escape predators, an adaptation similar to that of flying fish. Smaller squids will fly in shoals, and have been observed to cover distances as long as . Small fins towards the back of the mantle do not produce much lift, but do help stabilize the motion of flight. They exit the water by expelling water out of their funnel, indeed some squid have been observed to continue jetting water while airborne providing thrust even after leaving the water. This may make flying squid the only animals with jet-propelled aerial locomotion. The neon flying squid has been observed to glide for distances over , at speeds of up to .
Fish
Flying fish. There are over 50 species of flying fish belonging to the family Exocoetidae. They are mostly marine fishes of small to medium size. The largest flying fish can reach lengths of but most species measure less than in length. They can be divided into two-winged varieties and four-winged varieties. Before the fish leaves the water it increases its speed to around 30 body lengths per second and as it breaks the surface and is freed from the drag of the water it can be traveling at around . The glides are usually up to in length, but some have been observed soaring for hundreds of metres using the updraft on the leading edges of waves. The fish can also make a series of glides, each time dipping the tail into the water to produce forward thrust. The longest recorded series of glides, with the fish only periodically dipping its tail in the water, was for 45 seconds (Video here). It has been suggested that the genus Exocoetus is on an evolutionary borderline between flight and gliding. It flaps its enlarged pectoral fins when airborne, but still seems only to glide, as there is no hint of a power stroke. It has been found that some flying fish can glide as effectively as some flying birds.
Halfbeaks. A group related to the Exocoetidae, one or two hemirhamphid species possess enlarged pectoral fins and show true gliding flight rather than simple leaps. Marshall (1965) reports that Euleptorhamphus viridis can cover in two separate hops.
Freshwater butterflyfish (possibly gliding). Pantodon buchholzi has the ability to jump and possibly glide a short distance. It can move through the air several times the length of its body. While it does this, the fish flaps its large pectoral fins, giving it its common name. However, it is debated whether the freshwater butterfly fish can truly glide, Saidel et al. (2004) argue that it cannot.
Amphibians
Gliding has evolved independently in two families of tree frogs, the Old World Rhacophoridae and the New World Hylidae. Within each lineage there are a range of gliding abilities from non-gliding, to parachuting, to full gliding.
Rhacophoridae flying frogs. A number of the Rhacophoridae, such as Wallace's flying frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus), have adaptations for gliding, the main feature being enlarged toe membranes. For example, the Malayan flying frog Rhacophorus prominanus glides using the membranes between the toes of its limbs, and small membranes located at the heel, the base of the leg, and the forearm. Some of the frogs are quite accomplished gliders, for example, the Chinese flying frog Rhacophorus dennysi can maneuver in the air, making two kinds of turn, either rolling into the turn (a banked turn) or yawing into the turn (a crabbed turn).
Hylidae flying frogs. The other frog family that contains gliders.
Reptiles
Several lizards and snakes are capable of gliding:
Draco lizards. There are 28 species of lizard of the genus Draco, found in Sri Lanka, India, and Southeast Asia. They live in trees, feeding on tree ants, but nest on the forest floor. They can glide for up to and over this distance they lose only in height. Unusually, their patagium (gliding membrane) is supported on elongated ribs rather than the more common situation among gliding vertebrates of having the patagium attached to the limbs. When extended, the ribs form a semicircle on either side the lizard's body and can be folded to the body like a folding fan.
Gliding lacertids. There are two species of gliding lacertid, of the genus Holaspis, found in Africa. They have fringed toes and tail sides and can flatten their bodies for gliding or parachuting.
Ptychozoon flying geckos. There are six species of gliding gecko, of the genus Ptychozoon, from Southeast Asia. These lizards have small flaps of skin along their limbs, torso, tail, and head that catch the air and enable them to glide.
Lupersaurus flying geckos. A possible sister-taxon to Ptychozoon which has similar flaps and folds and also glides.
Thecadactylus flying geckos. At least some species of Thecadactylus, such as T. rapicauda, are known to glide.
Cosymbotus flying gecko. Similar adaptations to Ptychozoon are found in the two species of the gecko genus Cosymbotus.
Chrysopelea snakes. Five species of snake from Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and India. The paradise tree snake of southern Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, and Sulawesi is the most capable glider of those snakes studied. It glides by stretching out its body sideways and opening its ribs so the belly is concave, and by making lateral slithering movements. It can remarkably glide up to and make 90 degree turns.
Mammals
Bats are the only freely flying mammals. A few other mammals can glide or parachute; the best known are flying squirrels and flying lemurs.
Flying squirrels (subfamily Petauristinae). There are more than 40 living species divided between 14 genera of flying squirrel. Flying squirrels are found in Asia (most species), North America (genus Glaucomys) and Europe (Siberian flying squirrel). They inhabit tropical, temperate, and Subarctic environments, with the Glaucomys preferring boreal and montane coniferous forests, specifically landing on red spruce (Picea rubens) trees as landing sites; they are known to rapidly climb trees, but take some time to locate a good landing spot. They tend to be nocturnal and are highly sensitive to light and noise. When a flying squirrel wishes to cross to a tree that is further away than the distance possible by jumping, it extends the cartilage spur on its elbow or wrist. This opens out the flap of furry skin (the patagium) that stretches from its wrist to its ankle. It glides spread-eagle and with its tail fluffed out like a parachute, and grips the tree with its claws when it lands. Flying squirrels have been reported to glide over .
Anomalures or scaly-tailed flying squirrels (family Anomaluridae). These brightly coloured African rodents are not squirrels but have evolved to a resemble flying squirrels by convergent evolution. There are seven species, divided in three genera. All but one species have gliding membranes between their front and hind legs. The genus Idiurus contains two particularly small species known as flying mice, but similarly they are not true mice.
Colugos or "flying lemurs" (order Dermoptera). There are two species of colugo. Despite their common name, colugos are not lemurs; true lemurs are primates. Molecular evidence suggests that colugos are a sister group to primates; however, some mammalogists suggest they are a sister group to bats. Found in Southeast Asia, the colugo is probably the mammal most adapted for gliding, with a patagium that is as large as geometrically possible. They can glide as far as with minimal loss of height. They have the most developed propatagium out of any gliding mammal with a mean launch velocity of approximately 3.7 m/s; the Mayan Colugo has been known to initiate glides without jumping.
Sifaka, a type of lemur, and possibly some other primates (possible limited gliding or parachuting). A number of primates have been suggested to have adaptations that allow limited gliding or parachuting: sifakas, indris, galagos and saki monkeys. Most notably, the sifaka, a type of lemur, has thick hairs on its forearms that have been argued to provide drag, and a small membrane under its arms that has been suggested to provide lift by having aerofoil properties.
Flying phalangers or wrist-winged gliders (subfamily Petaurinae). Possums found in Australia, and New Guinea. The gliding membranes are hardly noticeable until they jump. On jumping, the animal extends all four legs and stretches the loose folds of skin. The subfamily contains seven species. Of the six species in the genus Petaurus, the sugar glider and the Biak glider are the most common species. The lone species in the genus Gymnobelideus, Leadbeater's possum has only a vestigial gliding membrane.
Greater glider (Petauroides volans). The only species of the genus Petauroides of the family Pseudocheiridae. This marsupial is found in Australia, and was originally classed with the flying phalangers, but is now recognised as separate. Its flying membrane only extends to the elbow, rather than to the wrist as in Petaurinae. It has elongated limbs compared to its non-gliding relatives.
Feather-tailed possums (family Acrobatidae). This family of marsupials contains two genera, each with one species. The feathertail glider (Acrobates pygmaeus), found in Australia is the size of a very small mouse and is the smallest mammalian glider. The feathertail possum (Distoechurus pennatus) is found in New Guinea, but does not glide. Both species have a stiff-haired feather-like tail.
Extinct
Reptiles
Extinct reptiles similar to Draco. There are a number of unrelated extinct lizard-like reptiles with similar "wings" to the Draco lizards. These include the Late Permian Weigeltisauridae, the Triassic Kuehneosauridae and Mecistotrachelos, and the Cretaceous lizard Xianglong. The largest of these, Kuehneosaurus, has a wingspan of , and was estimated to be able to glide about .
Sharovipterygidae. These strange reptiles from the Upper Triassic of Kyrgyzstan and Poland unusually had a membrane on their elongated hind limbs, extending their otherwise normal, flying-squirrel-like patagia significantly. The forelimbs are in contrast much smaller.
Hypuronector. This bizarre drepanosaur displays limb proportions, particularly the elongated forelimbs, that are consistent with a flying or gliding animal with patagia.
Non-avian dinosaurs
Scansoriopterygidae is unique among dinosaurs for the development of membranous wings, unlike the feathered airfoils of other theropods. Much like modern anomalures it developed a bony rod to help support the wing, albeit on the wrist and not the elbow.
Fish
Thoracopteridae is a lineage of Triassic flying fish-like Perleidiformes, having converted their pectoral and pelvic fins into broad wings very similar to those of their modern counterparts. The Ladinian genus Potanichthys is the oldest member of this clade, suggesting that these fish began exploring aerial niches soon after the Permian-Triassic extinction event.
Mammals
Volaticotherium antiquum. A gliding eutriconodont, long considered the earliest gliding mammal until the discovery of contemporary gliding haramiyidans. It lived around 164 million years ago and used a fur-covered skin membrane to glide through the air. The closely related Argentoconodon is also thought to have been able to glide, based on postcranial similarities; it lived around 165 million years ago, during the Middle-Late Jurassic of what is now China
The haramiyidans Vilevolodon, Xianshou, Maiopatagium and Arboroharamiya known from the Middle-Late Jurassic of China had extensive patagia, highly convergent with those of colugos.
A gliding metatherian (possibly a marsupial) is known from the Paleocene of Itaboraí, Brazil.
A gliding rodent belonging to the extinct family Eomyidae, Eomys quercyi is known from the late Oligocene of Germany.
See also
Animal locomotion
Flying mythological creatures
Insect thermoregulation
Organisms at high altitude
References
Further reading
The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time by David Unwin
External links
Canopy Locomotion from Mongabay online magazine
Learn the Secrets of Flight from Vertebrate Flight Exhibit at UCMP
Canopy life
Insect flight, photographs of flying insects – Rolf Nagels
Map of Life - "Gliding mammals" – University of Cambridge
Ethology
Evolution of animals
Natural history |
4014605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20Adams | Constance Adams | Constance Adams (16 July 1964 – 25 June 2018) was an American architect who worked in the space program.
Personal life
Adams was born in Boston in 1964 to Jeremy duQuesnay Adams, a medieval scholar at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, and Madeleine de Jean, a writer and connoisseur of champagne.
Adams studied sociology at Harvard University, then went on to Yale University, where she completed a master's degree in architecture. After a two-year apprenticeship with Kenzo Tange Associates in Tokyo, followed by four years working in Berlin on commercial and master planning projects. In the late 1990s she was employed by Lockheed Martin Space Operations, to support the NASA's Mars exploration research efforts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, where she lived with her family. She was a Registered Architect.
She is particularly known for her developments in "sociokinetic" research, in which she discovered ways to measure how individuals interact with their built environments and with one another.
Adams died of colorectal cancer in Houston on 25 June 2018, aged 53.
Career
Among other projects, Adams was involved in developing the Lockheed Martin design of an inflatable module for the International Space Station. The module, known as TransHab ("transit habitat"), was designed to provide living quarters for astronauts aboard the space station, including a common room, gymnasium, shower, etc. Budget considerations and delays, as well as politics, meant that the module failed to develop beyond the design stage.
Subsequent to the TransHab project, Adams worked on crew cabin architecture and systems design for the X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, Orbital Space Plane and International Space Station.
In 2003 and 2004, Adams collaborated with UNDP Senior Water Policy Advisor Ingvar Andersson to organize the "Water for Two Worlds" summit at Columbia University and the UN, bringing representatives of NASA, the European Space Agency, the Columbia Earth Institute and other clean water advocacy groups to design an approach for transferring water cleansing techniques developed for spaceflight to applications that meet the Millennium Development Goals.
In 2005, Adams was named an Emerging Explorer by National Geographic.
From 2004 to 2010, Adams worked with the International Space Station Program Office and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency to integrate the H-II Transfer Vehicle into ISS planning.
Founder of Synthesis International, Adams partnered with URS and Foster+Partners to work on the design of the world's first commercial spaceport terminal, the Spaceport America Terminal Facility, for the New Mexico Spaceport Authority and tenant Virgin Galactic. She was considered one of the first experts in spaceport planning, and lectured widely in design as well as science topics.
Between 2008 and 2009, Adams participated in National Geographic's JASON Project (now JASON Learning, an independent 501c3) as a Host Researcher. She is featured in the last chapter (chapter 5) and supporting videos of the publication Infinite Potential. Her work in understanding sustainable systems is the emphasis of the chapter.
References
National Geographic reach. (2011). Monterey, CA: National Geographic.
External links
1. "Water for Two Worlds: Designing Terrestrial Applications for Exploration-class Sanitation Systems ", 2004, NASA Technical Reports Server
2. "Reallusory Viewing: A Study of the Application of Virtual Windows in Hermetic Environments", 1999, NASA Technical Reports Server
3. " Space Architecture: Building The Future", 1999, NASA Technical Reports Server
4. "The Role of Habitability Studies in Space Facility and Vehicle Design", 1999, NASA Technical Reports Server
5. " Habitability as a Tier One Criterion in Exploration Mission and Vehicle Design",1999, NASA Technical Reports Server
6. " Item Description: ISS TransHab Restraint Sample and Photo Documentation", 2000, NASA Technical Reports Server
7. "Water for Two Worlds: Designing Terrestrial Applications for Exploration-class Sanitation Systems", 2004, NASA Technical Reports Server
8. "An Interview with Constance Adams" — from HobbySpace (retrieved 9 February 2006)
9. Quotation from BrainyQuote http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/constance_adams.html
1964 births
2018 deaths
People from Boston
20th-century American architects
Harvard College alumni
Yale School of Architecture alumni
NASA people
21st-century American architects |
4014607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest%20Georgia%20Threatened%20Historic%20Sites%20Project | Northwest Georgia Threatened Historic Sites Project | The Northwest Georgia Threatened Historic Sites project was established in 2005 as part of Kennesaw State University's Public History Program. The project was developed to promote historic preservation by identifying, documenting, and publicizing threatened sites of historical significance in northwest Georgia. The first initiative of the group, undertaken in the Fall of 2005 was to create a catalog listing of such sites and to call greater attention to the issue of preservation and to save some of these valuable historic sites. The initial sites identified in Fall 2005 as being most "at-risk" have been posted at their web site and the project continues to solicit nominations for the 2006 catalog listing.
Catalog
Historic sites listed in the 2005 Catalog included the following:
Concord Baptist Church Cemetery - Established in 1832, the Concord Baptist Church Cemetery is one of the oldest in Cobb County.
DeSoto Theater - The first venue in the South to be designed and built for sound pictures is now threatened by a deteriorating roof and electrical system.
Gilmer County Courthouse - The Gilmer County Courthouse is on the National Register of Historic Places, and was demolished in January 2008.
Glover Tannery Ruins - The ruins of the 1845 Glover Tannery are threatened by neglect and road expansion.
Hyde Farm - In the 1830s, James Cooper Power and Rosa Dodd Power built a log home near the Chattahoochee River in Cobb County, GA, on what had recently been Cherokee Indian territory.
Kennesaw School - The 1938 Kennesaw School (the second school built on the site) is threatened by commercial development.
Manning-Smith House UPDATED!- This Greek revival home has been associated with several persons and events throughout its history.
Masonic Lodge #221 - One of only two Masonic Lodges listed on the Georgia Register of Historic Places and currently seeking a place on the National Register of Historic Places.
Nesbitt-Union Chapel Ruins - Ownership of the Nesbitt-Union Chapel property was resolved in Cobb Superior Court, when the Cobb County Commissioners were named trustees of the property. The remaining ruins are slated for ghost framing and the site, which is now managed by Cobb County Parks and Recreation, may eventually become a pocket park along the Powder Springs corridor.
Noonday Extension Cemetery - This Marietta cemetery dates to the 1830s and is in need of community support.
Stanley Road Community Cemetery - Needs support of area to keep it clean and weeded. Has grave of Civil War Col. and many Stanley Family and friends.
Smith Motel - This Cobb County motel is up for sale and threatened by commercial development.
Tate Depot - The 1916 Tate railroad depot is threatened by neglect.
Van Wert Methodist Church - This mid-19th century Rockmart church is currently vacant and in need of repair.
Old Powder Springs School - The 1920 school is slated to be razed to make room for a new library.
Old Villa Rica Library - The 1951 library is one of the oldest examples of the International Style in west Georgia. The library is threatened by demolition.
Sweetwater Creek State Park - The park's mill ruins are threatened by erosion.
Vinings Mountain - Pace Family Cemetery - This cemetery is threatened by vandalism and encroaching land development.
G.B. Williams Plantation - One of the largest pieces of undeveloped land left in Smyrna, this historic site is threatened by encroaching development.
Woodstock, Georgia - The historic downtown of Woodstock is threatened by urban sprawl and encroaching development.
Two successes as a result of their efforts are the Manning-Smith House which is under contract with a developer that intends to save the property's historic structures, and the Taylor-Brawner House which will be restored beginning in early 2006.
References
External links
Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
Kennesaw State University |
4014612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress%20shoe | Dress shoe | A dress shoe (U.S. English) is a shoe to be worn at smart casual or more formal events. A dress shoe is typically contrasted to an athletic shoe.
Dress shoes are worn by many as their standard daily shoes, and are widely used in dance, for parties, and for special occasions.
Men's dress shoes
Colors
Possible colors include:
Black
Brown
Burgundy
Oxblood
Chestnut
Cordovan
White
Men's dress shoes are most commonly black or brown. Cordovan or oxblood dress shoes are worn by men sometimes in the United States, while the other colors are worn by men of many nationalities.
Materials
Most men's dress shoes are made of leather, usually entirely, including the outers, lining, and sole, though for more durability at the expense of elegance, many shoes are made with rubber soles. Non-leather men's dress shoes are also available.
Shoes are usually made with many pieces of leather, and the seams can be decorated in various ways; most revolve around some type of brogueing. Brogues have rows of decorative punching in patterns: full brogues, or wingtips (the standard American name), have a toe cap in a wavy shape, with punched patterns on various sections of the shoe; half brogues have a normal straight edged toe cap and less punching; finally, other terms such as quarter-brogue etc. may be used to describe progressively less brogueing. All of the standard styles below may be brogued.
Styles
Men's shoes are often categorised by their fastening, and the various possibilities are listed below in roughly descending order of formality.
Oxfords
Oxfords (British), or Balmorals (American), lace up and tie to keep them on the wearer's foot, and have a closed lacing, where the pieces of leather joined by the laces are sewn together at the bottom. Many Oxfords have an additional piece of leather sewn over the toe section, known as a toe cap. Oxfords are the standard shoe to wear with most suits. White Buck shoes are a variant of the oxford that are made of buckskin, and considered the companion to seersucker and other summer suit fabrics.
Monk shoes
A monk shoe (also called a monkstrap) has no lacing, and is closed by a strap with a buckle. Monk shoes are typically regarded as less formal; they are often considered appropriate for business formal, but rarely appropriate with any kind of formal attire.
Derbies
Derbies, or Blüchers in America, are similar to Oxfords, but have open lacing. They are a little less formal, and are often worn in brown, with some brogueing.
Loafers
Loafers, or slip-ons, come in both men's and women's styles. It is not unusual for a man's loafer to have a tassel, although this can be seen in women's varieties too. Loafers were originally men's shoes, and are usually thought of as such, although women do now wear them.
Other styles
In addition to the above, there are various other types of footwear to accompany formalwear, such as boat shoes i.e. Sperrys, the court shoe (also called opera shoe, or patent pumps) for eveningwear and the dress boot for daywear.
Women's dress shoes
Colors
Women's dress shoes come in a variety of colors, which includes:
Black
Silver
Gold
Tan
White
Red
Yellow
They may also match the color of the evening gown, dress or suit being worn.
Styles
Pumps
Pumps come in a variety of colors and styles. They can have a rounded or pointed toe, and are usually made of leather. They have a heel of at least 5 cm (2 inches). Today, pumps have evolved beyond the classic working woman's shoe. Now, there are peep toe pumps, which have a small opening at the toes. There are also pumps with ankle straps. Not only have the styles evolved, the fabrics have as well. While almost all pumps used to be made of leather, pumps now come in a variety of materials, such as suede and wool.
Slingbacks
The slingback is similar to the pump in that it can have a rounded or pointed toe and usually has a heel, but it doesn't wrap all the way around the heel like pumps usually do. Instead, it has a narrow strap that is pulled up over the heel, leaving the rest of the heel exposed.
Loafers
Loafers are usually flat and typically thought of as both more masculine and comfortable than anything with a heel. The typical loafer has a round toe, and comes in darker colors, such as black or brown. A spin on the loafer is the cloak, which, like the loafer, is a slip-on shoe, but it has a heel and is considered a more "feminine" design.
Mules
Mules are shoes that slide onto the foot, and do not cover the heel or the back of the foot at all. These aren't considered dress shoes unless they have a heel.
Ballet flats
The ballet flat hadn't been a popular fashion trend until some time after the first few years of the 21st century. Taken from the art of ballet, as their name implies, they are flat shoes with a rounded toe, and come in many different colors and patterns. The classic ballet flat has a small bow on the toe, but this style has evolved to include varieties without bows.
Sandals
While sandals are usually more casual, there are some sandals that can be worn with dress clothes. For example, any sandal that has a heel, many straps, or a shiny finish would probably be acceptable in a more formal atmosphere. A minor controversy erupted in 2005 when some members of Northwestern University's national champion women's lacrosse team visited the White House wearing flip-flops. Following the criticism, their footwear was eventually auctioned off on eBay to raise money for a young cancer patient, Jaclyn Murphy of Hopewell Junction, New York, who was befriended by the team. Nine pairs of flip-flops raised approximately $1,653. There is still a debate over whether this signaled a fundamental change in American culture — many youth feel that flip-flops are more dressy and can be worn in a variety of social contexts, while older generations feel that wearing them at formal occasions signifies laziness and comfort over style. The Dalai Lama of Tibet is also a frequent wearer of flip-flop sandals and has met with several US presidents, including George W. Bush and Barack Obama, while wearing the sandals.
High heeled shoes
References
Dance shoes
Leather goods
Shoes |
4014614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Center%20for%20Atmospheric%20Research | National Center for Atmospheric Research | The US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR ) is a US federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) managed by the nonprofit University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). NCAR has multiple facilities, including the I. M. Pei-designed Mesa Laboratory headquarters in Boulder, Colorado. Studies include meteorology, climate science, atmospheric chemistry, solar-terrestrial interactions, environmental and societal impacts.
Tools and technologies
NCAR was instrumental in developing lidar, light radar, now a key archaeological tool, as well as providing a broad array of tools and technologies to the scientific community for studying Earth’s atmosphere, including,
Specialized instruments to measure atmospheric processes
Research aircraft
High-performance computing and cyberinfrastructure, including supercomputers
Mauna Loa Solar Observatory
Cooperative field campaigns
Atmospheric models of weather, chemical, solar, and climate processes, including cooperatively developed models such as:
Community Earth System Model (CESM)
Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF)
Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM)
Technology transfer to support societal needs
Data sets, data services, and other resources
NCAR Command Language (NCL), a programming language designed for use with climate and model data
Staffing areas and notable past and present scientists
The center is staffed by scientists, engineers, technicians, and support personnel. Key research areas include:
Climate (Earth’s past, present, and future climate; the greenhouse effect, global warming, and climate change; El Niño, La Niña, and other large-scale atmospheric patterns; drought, wildfires)
Meteorology/Weather (short-term forecasts; weather forecasting and predictability; weather's effect on climate; hurricanes, tornadoes, and other severe storms; physical processes)
Environmental and societal impacts (impacts of climate change on the natural and managed environment; interactions of weather, climate, and society; weather hazard systems for aviation and ground transportation; national security)
Pollution and air chemistry (air pollution on local, regional, and global scales; air chemistry and climate; chemical evolution and transport in the atmosphere)
the Sun and space weather (the structure of the Sun, from its interior to sunspots to the solar corona; the solar cycle; the Sun’s effect on Earth’s weather and climate; space weather)
Other components of the Earth system (the effects on weather and climate of interactions with: the oceans and other components of Earth's water cycle, including sea ice, glaciers, and the rest of the cryosphere; forests, agriculture, urbanization and other types of land use)
Notable scientists on the current staff at the center include Tom Wigley, Kevin Trenberth, Clara Deser, and Caspar Ammann, and in past have included Paul Crutzen (Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1995); Paul Julian, who with colleague Roland Madden discovered the Madden–Julian oscillation; Stephen Schneider . Greg Holland initiated the multiscale modeling project "Predicting the Earth System Across Scales".
Organization of research—laboratories and programs
NCAR is currently organized into seven laboratories and two programs:
Laboratories
Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling laboratory (ACOM)
Climate and Global Dynamics laboratory (CGD)
Computational & Information Systems Laboratory (CISL)—CISL was formerly known as the Scientific Computing Division (SCD). CISL manages and operates NCAR's supercomputers, mass storage system, networking, and other computing and cyberinfrastructure services. The Institute for Mathematics Applied to Geosciences (IMAGe) is a research division within CISL.
Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL)—EOL was formerly known as the Atmospheric Technology Division (ATD). EOL manages and operates NCAR's lower atmosphere observing systems, including ground-based instrumentation and two research aircraft, on behalf of the NSF.
High Altitude Observatory (HAO)—The oldest part of NCAR, HAO is NCAR's solar-terrestrial physics laboratory. Research foci are the Sun and the Earth's upper atmosphere. HAO operates the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO).
Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology laboratory (MMM)
Research Applications Laboratory (RAL)
Programs
Advanced Study Program (ASP)
Integrated Science Program (ISP)
NCAR's service to the universities and larger geosciences community is reinforced by the offerings of UCAR's community programs.
Funding and management
NCAR is managed by the nonprofit UCAR and is one of the NSF's Federally Funded Research and Development Centers, with approximately 95% of its funding coming from the federal government. However, it is not a federal agency and its employees are not part of the federal personnel system. NCAR employs about 761 staff. Its annual expenditures in fiscal year 2015 were $167.8 million.
NCAR directors
The founding director of NCAR was Walter Orr Roberts. The current director is Everette Joseph.
Visiting
Scientific visitors
NCAR has many opportunities for scientific visits to the facilities for workshops, colloquia, and collaboration by colleagues in academia, government labs, and the private sector. Many NCAR staff also visit colleagues at universities and labs and serve as adjunct or visiting faculty.
Public tours
The Visitor Center at the Mesa Laboratory is open to the public daily at no charge. Guided tours and self-guided tablet tours include video and audio on one of the first supercomputers built by Seymour Cray as well as NCAR's modern supercomputer fleet, many hands-on educational exhibits demonstrating weather phenomena and the changes in Earth's climate brought on by global warming, and a scenic outdoor weather trail.
References
External links
Public tours & exhibits, at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
High-end Computing at NCAR, at the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory
NCAR Archives
NCAR Research Data Archive (RDA)
OpenSky Repository
NCAR news in The New York Times
Air pollution organizations
Meteorology and climate education
Meteorological research institutes
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
Supercomputer sites
Earth science research institutes
Research institutes in Colorado
Companies based in Boulder, Colorado
I. M. Pei buildings
Environmental research institutes |
4014634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sea%20and%20the%20Bells | The Sea and the Bells | The Sea and the Bells is the third studio album by American post-rock band Rachel's. It was released on October 22, 1996 by Quarterstick Records.
The album was named after and inspired by Pablo Neruda's poetry collection of the same name.
In 2016, The Sea and the Bells was ranked at number 14 on Pastes list of the best post-rock albums, while also placing at number 16 on a similar list by Fact.
Track listing
References
Rachel's albums
1996 albums
Quarterstick Records albums |
4014637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Lake%20Poyang | Battle of Lake Poyang | The battle of Lake Poyang () was a naval conflict which took place (30 August – 4 October 1363) between the rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang during the Red Turban Rebellion which led to the fall of the Yuan dynasty. Chen Youliang besieged Nanchang with a large fleet on Lake Poyang, one of China's largest freshwater lakes, and Zhu Yuanzhang met his force with a smaller fleet. After an inconclusive engagement exchanging fire, Zhu employed fire ships to burn the enemy tower ships and destroyed their fleet. This was the last major battle of the rebellion prior to the rise of the Ming dynasty.
Background
On 30 August 1363, the forces of Chen Han conducted a major amphibious assault on Nanchang but failed to take it due to the defenders' use of cannons and suffered great losses. The town of Nanchang was strategically located to guard Lake Poyang, which connected the Yangzi with other river basins. During the early 1360s Zhu Yuanzhang held key garrisons on the lake and administered them from Nanjing 560 kilometers downriver. In 1362, Chen Youliang tried to deposit his troops on the city walls with "tower ships". This proved futile as the city defenders simply moved the walls back and Chen was forced to personally lead an assault on the city gates. They were repelled with a barrage of cannonfire and driven back. After this failure, Chen set up a blockade, determined to starve out the defenders, but a small fishing boat managed to slip out and reached Nanjing in time to warn Zhu Yuanzhang.
The battle
Zhu Yuanzhang's fleet arrived at Hukou on 24 August and relieved Nanchang on the 28th. Chen Youliang embarked his forces and sailed north into Lake Poyang. The two fleets met on 29 August. Zhu's forces numbered only a third the size of Chen's army. According to one Ming source, Zhu's forces arrived armed with "fire bombs, fire guns, fire arrows, fire seeds [probably grenades], large and small fire lances, large and small 'commander' fire-tubes, large and small iron bombs, rockets." This shows that older gunpowder weapons co-existed alongside guns, and proto-guns such as fire lances were not supplanted until after early Ming. A new weapon called the "No Alternative" was also mentioned. The No Alternative was "made from a circular reed mat about five inches around and seven feet long that was pasted over with red paper and bound together with silk and hemp— stuffed inside it was gunpowder twisted in with bullets and all kinds of [subsidiary] gunpowder weapons." It was hung from a pole on the foremast, and when an enemy ship came into close range, the fuse was lit, and the weapon would supposedly fall onto the enemy ship, at which point things inside shot out "and burned everything to bits, with no hope of salvation."
On 30 August, Zhu deployed his fleet in 11 squadrons with orders to "get close to the enemy's ships and first set off gunpowder weapons (發火器), then bows and crossbows, and finally attack their ships with short range weapons." Fire bombs were hurled using naval trebuchets and Zhu's forces succeeded in "burning twenty or more enemy vessels and killing or drowning many enemy troops," but their own flagship also caught fire and hit a sandbar. Chen's warships drove back the opposing line until they fell back to a shallow area where they could not be pursued. Zhu tried again to engage with Chen's fleet in ship to ship combat and was driven back once more with severe losses. The next day, the wind shifted towards Chen's forces and Zhu sent fire ships into them, destroying several hundred vessels. While guns were used during the battle, ultimately they were not pivotal to success, and the battle was won using incendiary weapons.
On 2 September, the two fleets engaged in battle again. Though still outnumbered, Zhu's forces were able to isolate and destroy larger enemy warships, forcing them to withdraw. Afterwards, Zhu's fleet settled into a blockade for another month before Chen decided to make a break for it on 4 October. Zhu was ready with fire ships set adrift, scattering Chen's ships so that clusters of ships engaged in combat far from each other. Chen Youliang was killed when an arrow struck his head.
Aftermath
Chen Youliang was succeeded by his son, Chen Li, who surrendered to Zhu in 1364.
The Ming victory here cemented their position as the leading rebel group. Five years later, the Ming would overthrow the Yuan and take command over China. Zhu Yuanzhang then became the first Emperor of the Ming Dynasty as Hongwu.
See also
Red Turban Rebellions
Ming campaign against the Uriankhai
Battle of Buir Lake
Notes
References
Further reading
.
Hok-lam Chan, 'The Rise of Ming T'ai-tsu (1368–98): Facts and Fictions in Early Ming Official Historiography', Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 95, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1975), p. 703, quoting TTSL, 13/165, abbreviation for (Ming) T'ai-tsu shih-lu (1418), ed. Yao Kuang-hsiao (1335-1418) et al., 257 chüan. Academia Sinica, Taipei 1962. (1.1.1.).【陳，Ming T'aitsu refers to 明太祖】
Dreyer, Edward L., 'The Poyang Campaign of 1363: Inland Naval Warfare in the Founding of the Ming Dynasty,' in Kierman, Frank A., and Fairbank, John K. (eds.), Chinese Ways in Warfare (Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press, 1974).
Turnbull, Stephen, 'Fighting Ships of the Far East (1): China and Southeast Asia 202 BC - AD 1419.' (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002).
Wakeman, Frederic, Jr., 'Voyages', American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 1 (Feb., 1993), pp. 1–17.
Wars involving Imperial China
Lake Poyang
Lake Poyang
Lake Poyang
Lake Poyang
1363 in Asia
14th century in China
Military history of Jiangxi
1363 in the Mongol Empire
Transition from Yuan to Ming |
4014638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles | 1998 French Open – Women's singles | Arantxa Sánchez Vicario defeated Monica Seles in the final, 7–6(7–5), 0–6, 6–2 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1998 French Open. It was Sánchez Vicario's third French Open title, and the last major final for both her and Seles.
Iva Majoli was the defending champion, but lost to Lindsay Davenport in the quarterfinals.
Martina Hingis was attempting to achieve the non-calendar-year Grand Slam, having won the preceding Wimbledon, US Open and Australian Open titles, but she lost to Seles in the semifinals.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
1998 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Singles
French Open by year – Women's singles
French Open - Women's Singles
1998 in women's tennis
1998 in French women's sport |
4014645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chas%20Dingle | Chas Dingle | Chas Dingle (also Spencer) is a fictional character from the British soap opera Emmerdale, played by Lucy Pargeter. She made her first appearance during the episode broadcast on 16 October 2002. Chas returned on 21 September 2003. Chas was absent for six months in 2005 when Pargeter took maternity leave. She left temporarily on 5 June 2005, and returned full-time from 13 December 2005.
In 2013, Pargeter announced that she would be taking a short break from the show in order to appear in I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!. Pargeter was briefly recast for one episode on 20 December 2016 to provide an alternative physical appearance to the character through the eyes of Ashley Thomas (John Middleton). Chas departed temporarily once again on 31 March 2017 when Pargeter took a second maternity leave. Pargeter confirmed her return to filming on 31 August 2017. Chas returned on 25 October 2017.
Chas' main storylines have focused on her turbulent relationship with Carl King (Tom Lister), becoming a prime suspect in the murder of Tom King (Ken Farrington), discovering she has a half-sister Gennie Walker (Sian Reese-Williams), rebuilding a relationship with her son Aaron Dingle (Danny Miller) who she abandoned as a child, her relationship with Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt), disputing with her niece Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb) after having an affair with Debbie's ex-partner Cameron Murray (Dominic Power), her grief over the loss of her father Shadrach Dingle (Andy Devine), sister Gennie and best friend Katie Sugden (Sammy Winward), developing PTSD, discovering her son's childhood abuse at the hands of his father Gordon Livesy (Gary Mavers), discovering she is pregnant with Paddy's child who won't survive birth and becoming pregnant again with their second daughter, Eve.
Storylines
Chas first appeared when she arrives in Emmerdale dressed as a nun for the stag night of her cousin Marlon (Mark Charnock). She is hired by her father, Shadrach Dingle (Andy Devine), and ends the evening locked in the back of a van with Ashley Thomas (John Middleton). She moves in with the Dingles and gets a job as barmaid at The Woolpack. Chas has a son, Aaron Dingle (Danny Miller), with her ex-husband Gordon (Gerard Fletcher), whom she allowed custody. Aaron hates his mother, feeling that she had abandoned him. Aaron rejects Chas's attempts to make amends for this and after he deliberately tells her about Carl and Delilah's fling, she ceases contact in order for Gordon, Aaron and his new wife, Sandra, to become a proper family.
Soon enough, Chas makes friends with Carl King (Tom Lister) shortly after he and his family move into Holdgate Farm. They share a bond due to the fact that they are both parental failures and begin dating. The attraction strengthens into love but Carl's family disapprove and send him away after Paul Marsden (Matthew Booth) dies but he later returns and they get together. Chas' relationship with Carl was never stable, and the couple go through numerous break-ups and reconciliations. Despite Chloe Atkinson's (Amy Nuttall) poison pen letter scheme, Tom and Rosemary's blackmail, Carl's guilt over murdering his father and marriage to Chas's former friend, Lexi Nicholls (Sally Oliver), the relationship survives but finally deteriorates upon Chas discovering Carl was sleeping with Eve Jenson (Suzanne Shaw). Heartbroken, she follows her second cousin Charity's (Emma Atkins) advice to persuade him to marry her and falsely claims to be pregnant. However, she steals the money meant for the wedding and jilts him at the altar, telling him that he should be grateful that she lied about expecting his child.
Chas also develops a relationship with her half-sister, Gennie Walker (Sian Reese-Williams). Laurel Thomas (Charlotte Bellamy) tells her that Shadrach put Gennie up for adoption after her mother died in childbirth, believing he couldn't bring her home to his wife, Faith. After coming to terms with this, she helps her father write to Gennie and feels neglected when Shadrach seems obsessed with his new daughter. Chas and Gennie become friends and Chas advises Gennie on how to care for her mother. Chas also manages to rebuild her relationship with her son, Aaron (now Danny Miller). She discovers his whereabouts, with help from her cousin Marlon's wife, Donna (Verity Rushworth), who has arrested Aaron for drug offences. Initially he is not pleased to see her but after the Dingles rescue him from the McFarlanes, he moves in with them. Aaron is pleased when Chas stands up for him when Lisa (Jane Cox) throws him out for encouraging Belle Dingle (Eden Taylor-Draper) to steal, so they move in with Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt). Initially, Chas enrolls him at the local school but he refuses to go and starts work at the garage with Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley) and Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb).
Eventually, Chas' friendship with Paddy develops into a serious relationship. Chas is unsure of the relationship's future but Katie Sugden (Sammy Winward) encourages her. Unfortunately Carl, newly separated from Lexi, decides he still loves Chas. Chas later succumbs to Carl's advances, but Chas decides that she wants to improve her relationship with Paddy and keeps her night with Carl a secret. Infuriated with this, Carl tells Paddy of their one-night stand, leading Paddy to kick her and Aaron out. No one is pleased with Chas but only Katie and Debbie support her. Aaron insists she choose between him or Carl. Chas chooses Carl, moves back in with the Dingles but then soon moves back in with Paddy. Angry with Carl, Aaron disconnects the brakes on Carl's car, nearly killing Jimmy King (Nick Miles), his wife Nicola (Nicola Wheeler) and their newborn daughter, Angelica King, when they borrow the car. Horrified, Aaron runs Jimmy off the road to warn him and Chas loses her temper with Aaron, telling him that she wants nothing more to do with him. This incident has more of an effect on Aaron than Chas realises and makes him seriously rethink his behaviour. Though she continues to show concern for him, he resists allowing her back into his life. Paddy tells Chas that Aaron is gay, surprising her. She is devastated when Aaron attempts suicide but immediately supports him. After this, they slowly begin to reconcile. She is thrilled for him when he meets Jackson Walsh (Marc Silcock) and they build a relationship, albeit a bit rocky.
Chas convinces Diane Sugden (Elizabeth Estensen), landlady of The Woolpack, that they would benefit if Chas bought into The Woolpack. After weeks of pestering, which include Chas helping out behind bar for free, Diane relents and in desperate need of the money, sells half The Woolpack to Chas. Chas becomes colleagues with Debbie's boyfriend Cameron Murray (Dominic Power), needing the money, and an attraction grows. They finally give in to temptation and have a steamy sex session in the cellar. Chas tells Cameron that it was a mistake but they later begin an affair. After a fight between Cain and Cameron led to an impregnated Debbie being accidentally injured, endangering her and the baby she's expecting, they realise they cannot be together and part ways. Chas is told by Bob in the cafe that Dan Spencer (Liam Fox) fancies her. She invites him to dinner and they become a couple. Chas proposes to Dan after several dates, but he declines. However, he changes his mind and as he proposes to her, Chas accepts. Carl takes Chas' phone and finds photos of her with Cameron, discovering her relationship with Cameron. He threatens to tell Debbie about the affair, unless he is given his money back.
However, when Chas and Cameron refund the money, Carl reveals he still loves her and thinks she shouldn't marry Dan and Chas almost misses her hen night, arguing with him. Not long after marrying Dan, Chas tries to leave the village. Carl finds her and he tries to rape her but Chas picks up a brick and hits him over the head with it, before running back to the pub. Carl is later found dead and Chas believes she killed him. However, Cameron visited Carl soon after and as the pair had a heated confrontation, Cameron delivered the final attack, murdering him. Chas is then arrested for Carl's murder, facing trial. Debbie, wanting revenge for her affair with Cameron, takes to the stand against Chas, wanting her sent down in a bid to split up Chas and Cameron. Chas is found not guilty and returns to the village, much to the dislike of Debbie and Charity, with Debbie swearing to make Chas and Cameron's life a living hell.
While on her way to a party, Chas takes a lift from Debbie, but she takes Chas to an abandoned barn and pulls a gun on her. She ties Chas to a wooden pillar and blindfolds her, she intimidates her so she can understand how angry she is for what Chas has done with Cameron. Cain and Charity then arrive, and at first it seems as though Cain is willing to let Debbie execute Chas, but he and Charity eventually talk Debbie into letting Chas go. After this incident, Chas returns to running The Woolpack, however customers avoid the pub, due to the atmosphere. Chas tries her best to regain the regulars, but she is unsuccessful. She takes out a loan against the pub to try to keep the business afloat, stating she is very close to bankruptcy, with mounting legal fees to pay also. Chas and Cameron continue their relationship and remain in the village. In July, Gennie suspects that Cameron and Debbie are having an affair, and warns Chas about it. However, Chas thinks Gennie is trying to tear them apart and dismisses her claims. Soon, Gennie's suspicions are confirmed when she records a conversation in which Cameron confesses to killing Carl to Debbie, and the pair rekindling their romance. Gennie intends to tell Chas, but later dies after being suffocated by Cameron in order to keep his secret following a car chase between her, Cameron and Debbie. At Gennie's funeral, Chas learns that Cameron has been having an affair with Debbie. Chas delivers an emotional eulogy and then marches out of the church. Later, Chas packs Cameron's bags and brings them to Debbie's home, where she tells them they are selfish and deserve each other. Debbie and Charity both soften towards Chas and Charity apologises to her for treating her coldly for her affair with Cameron.
In September 2013, when Cameron's murderous crimes are exposed by Debbie and Chas, after gaining evidence from Gennie's phone, he is arrested and charged with the murders of Carl, Alex, and Gennie. In October 2013, he manages to escape jail, gaining his passport and clothes. He then buys a ticket for a ferry, so people would assume he's left Yorkshire for good. However, he doesn't attend the ferry. When Debbie, Chas and the other villagers are aware of his escape, they panic, with Debbie fearing the worst. Later on, Sarah is taken by Cameron, and is locked in a barn, assuring her that he will get Debbie and Jack, and go away as a family somewhere. She believes him, but when Zak and Moira are alerted of her disappearance, they look for her. Debbie and other villagers, including Chas, Diane and Zak, are in The Woolpack, panicking. They learn that Sarah has been found by Andy and Moira, but also know that Cameron is back and he breaks into The Woolpack, taking everyone hostage, knocking Marlon unconscious and leaving him in the cellar, where the flood water rises. Cameron accidentally shoots Alicia Harding (Natalie Anderson) in the stomach, and David Metcalfe (Matthew Wolfenden) begs Cameron to let her out, in need of medical assistance, as she is dying. He lets David and Alicia out, along with the rest of the villagers, except for Debbie and Chas. After Marlon gains consciousness, Debbie and Chas rush to the cellar, as they are engulfed by the water rising to the top. Cameron manages to get to the cellar and insists on him and Debbie drowning together. They float to below the water. As Debbie struggles, she manages to get out of Cameron's reach with Chas intact. As Cameron gasps for breath, trying to pull Debbie back in, he fails, as she is outside, safe. He grabs a bulb and because of the encounter with the water, he is electrocuted, and is finally killed, ending his wrath and getting his comeuppance. Debbie rushes to Zak, soaking wet and crying as he reassures her Cameron is where he belongs - in hell, ending The Woolpack siege and Cameron's life. Chas then decides to go and stay in Southern France with Aaron for a few months.
In February 2014, Chas returns and quickly becomes romantically involved with James Barton (Bill Ward), who turns out to be Adam Barton's (Adam Thomas) biological father. When Chas discovers this, Adam's mother Moira Barton (Natalie J. Robb) goes to great lengths to make sure Chas does not tell her brother, Cain, who is married to Moira. She even locks her in The Woolpack cellar to make sure she does not tell anyone. The truth is revealed in April, however, when at Finn Barton's (Joe Gill) birthday party, an old tape recorder of the younger Bartons is played. In August 2014, Aaron returns to help his best friend Adam, who is involved in illegal dealings with Ross Barton (Michael Parr). Chas realises she misses Aaron so decides to hand him and Adam into the police, but Aaron stops her. Instead, Adam and Aaron both hand themselves in. Adam is granted bail but Aaron is not because he has already missed his court case. Eventually, he gets a suspended sentence and Aaron moves in with Chas in The Woolpack.
In February 2015, Chas loses her best friend, Katie, in an accident at Wylie's Farm when Robert Sugden (Ryan Hawley) pushed her during an argument and she fell through rotting floor. In his grief, Aaron bursts into tears and Chas comforts him and tells him that she needs him strong for her. The next day, she finds out that Robert and Aaron are having an affair so she slaps Aaron, which leads to Aaron ending the affair. She is furious when Tracy Shankley (Amy Walsh) disrespects Katie's memory, so she throws a drink over her and orders her to leave. Chas later accompanies Aaron on his running sessions, unaware that he is actually self-harming. When he goes missing after suffering a fall, Robert helps Chas find him; however, she threatens to tell his wife Chrissie White (Louise Marwood) about his affair with Aaron. In order to keep her silence, Robert contemplates killing Chas with a rock, but when they find Aaron, he throws the rock away. When they return to the village, Robert hires a hitman to make Chas disappear once and for all. However, when Chas later tells Robert that she is not going to tell Chrissie, and Aaron tells Robert that he is not always the best at dealing with things on his own and needs Chas and Paddy, Robert realises that he has made a big mistake. When he spots the hitman about to abduct Chas outside The Woolpack, Robert quickly stops him and pays him a large amount of money not to hurt Chas. Later, Chas is livid when she discovers that James has slept with his scheming ex-wife, Emma Barton (Gillian Kearney), leading to Chas throwing a drink over Emma and Aaron hitting James over the head with a glass bottle.
In August 2015, while attending Debbie's wedding to Pete Barton (Anthony Quinlan), Chas and the rest of her family are involved in a helicopter crash when a helicopter which Pete had hired as a surprise for Debbie is hit by a gas canister from an explosion caused by Chrissie, and the helicopter careers into the village hall. Chas is not seriously injured, and helps other villagers out of the rubble. Chas later confronts Chrissie when she sees her with a gun vowing to kill Robert after the truth about Katie's death is revealed. After Robert is shot while arguing with Chas, she immediately accuses Chrissie, believing the shooter was Aaron. In a flashback episode, the shooter is revealed to be Ross. Diane and Chas fall out over the shooting and a series of mysterious events beginning to occur at the Woolpack. Chas becomes convinced that Emma is stalking her but it's later revealed that Chas is the real culprit as she has been sleepwalking. Late one night, Chas believes the "intruder" has returned to the pub and picks up a knife for defense, accidentally stabbing Diane. She is overwhelmed with guilt and after hearing Cameron's voice in her head, she hands herself into the police, but is released on bail. When staying over at Cain's house, Chas has a psychotic episode where she hallucinates Robert, Carl, and Cameron. She flees into the woods but trips and hits her head on a rock, knocking her unconscious. She is found by Nicola and taken back to Aaron and Cain. By then, Emma has correctly diagnosed her with post traumatic stress disorder, resulting from years of built up stress from Cameron's reign of terror and Carl's murder, and triggered after she witnessed Robert being shot.
In December 2015, as a result of the stabbing, it is discovered that Diane's cancer has returned in her stomach. While receiving chemotherapy, Diane encounters Gordon (now played by Gary Mavers), Chas' ex-husband and Aaron's father. Although initially reluctant, Gordon decides that he wants to meet Chas and Aaron again to try to make amends. Chas and Gordon start dating again behind Aaron's back, which upsets Aaron when he catches them together, and triggers Aaron's self-harming. Later, after confronting Chas about her and Gordon, Aaron prepares to leave the village. He collapses from sepsis as a result of his self-harming and is rushed to the hospital by Robert, unknown to Chas.
Meanwhile, Diane puts her half of The Woolpack up for sale and Gordon offers to buy it, which Aaron learns about and is vehemently against, and after he confronts his father, Gordon breaks up with Chas. Chas takes out a loan so she can buy Diane out. Thinking that this is Gordon's doing, Aaron accuses Chas of getting back with Gordon, which causes Chas to tell Aaron to move out. Robert learns of this and tells Chas that Aaron is in a dark place and shouldn't be left on his own. After Cain tells Chas that he caught Aaron trying to burn himself on his birthday and that he believes Robert knows something, Chas pays Robert a visit where Robert tells Chas that Aaron is cutting himself again and that he ended up in hospital because of Gordon. Chas asks Robert what else he knows and Robert states that has to come from Aaron. The next day, after spending a day at the seaside, Aaron tells Chas his dad raped him. Chas hugs Aaron and tell him she will make everything better. The next day, Chas visits Gordon and confronts him about what he did to Aaron. Gordon lies that Aaron was actually abused by his football coach, but Chas refuses to believe him. As Chas is about to leave, Gordon blocks her way and threatens her. Gordon showed his dark side and admits to Chas to abusing Aaron. When Chas returns, Chas tells Cain about Aaron's abuse, leaving Cain horrified. Chas tells Cain to make Gordon suffer for what he did to Aaron. The next day, Moira asks Chas about Cain's whereabouts, which forces Chas to tell Aaron, that Cain had gone to see Gordon. They drive to Gordon's house where they stop Cain, from killing Gordon. In order to do so, Aaron tells Cain that he will call the police on Gordon. Aaron tells Chas to inform Paddy, Adam and the rest of the Dingles, and after Gordon threatens Aaron at the scrapyard, Chas convinces Aaron to take some time away from the village.
The case against Gordon is running too slow for Chas' liking so she decides to take matters in her own hands. She goes to Gordon's house, and sprays "Paedo" on his car before Robert turns up. Robert warns Chas that she's making life much worse for Aaron. Chas returns after being given a warning for the vandalism and comes face to face with a furious Aaron who just found out. Aaron gives Chas an ultimatum, tell everyone Gordon is innocent or he will walk away but Chas blurts out to everybody what happened to Aaron, Chas confronts Cain after he appears to be ashamed of Aaron, now that his past is revealed but Cain explains that he feels that he is failing Aaron. During this time, Robert helps Aaron track down his stepmother Sandra and his half-sister, Liv Flaherty (Isobel Steele), to see if Sandra can back-up his story. The police inform Aaron that another male victim has come forward, which leads to Gordon going to the pub and accusing Chas for paying his neighbour Ryan Harred (George Sampson) to lie to the police and say he abused him, of which Chas has no idea of this. Gordon threatens and pins Chas against a wall and orders her to call Ryan to get him to retract his statement. Marlon walks in and grabs Gordon before the police arrive and take Gordon away. Later, Robert confesses to Chas that he was the person who paid Ryan. Chas is worried that this is going to hurt Aaron's case and is contemplating telling him what Robert has done, but the police arrive and tell Aaron that because of Ryan's statement, they believe that they now have a case. Some time later, Chas confesses to Aaron that Robert paid Ryan to lie to the police. Aaron breaks down and warns Robert if the case falls apart, he will blame it on him. Aaron visits Ryan to tell him to drop his statement, and Chas gets a visit from DS Wise (Neil Roberts) who told her the second witness has dropped his statement but they will charge Gordon anyway. Chas then reveals the excellent news to Aaron.
On top of the court case, Chas also has to deal with the return of Charity. She is revealed to have bought Diane's half of the pub, and intends to give her the money in due time. However, as time itself drags on with no payment from Charity, Chas warns her not to screw Diane over. Diane's partner Doug Potts (Duncan Preston) does not trust Charity, especially as he is the one who shall be receiving Charity's payment due to Diane caring for her ill mother-in-law Annie (Sheila Mercier) in Spain.
In April 2016, Chas supported Aaron in court. Aaron takes on the stand and brings questions about his mum's past relationship. Later, Chas went to confronts Gordon who told her he blames her for the way their son has turned out. The next day, Chas take on the stand. Gordon's barrister questions Chas on why Aaron still has the same surname as his alleged attacker. He quizzes Chas on her blaming herself for Aaron being messed up, suggesting she believes Aaron to alleviate her own guilt, but Chas hits back that the abuse has made her feel even more guilty for not protecting her son. The defence brings up Chas' PTSD and Aaron leaving for Ireland when she needed him most. Later, Aaron reassures Chas she did great but Chas apologizes. Aaron admits to Chas, Gordon's barrister was right about one thing, he doesn't want Gordon's name - so he is going to change it to Dingle. 2 days later, Gordon is found guilty of rape by the jury.
In May 2016, DS Wise arrives at the village and tells Aaron, Chas and Liv that Gordon has been found dead in his prison cell the day after Gordon is sentenced to 18 years imprisonment. Chas confronts an upset Liv, who has been staying with Chas and Aaron at the pub. Later, Chas went to the garage and asks Cain if he got somebody to finished Gordon off. Cain tells her no but he had a feelings that Robert could be involved in Gordon's death. Chas and Cain went to the pub and tell Aaron that they believe Robert paid somebody to have Gordon killed. Aaron starts to believe that it could be true. They were unaware that Liv was listening upstairs. The next day, Chas and Aaron are left shocked to see DS Wise turn up after Liv texts him on Chas' phone. Liv tells DS Wise that Robert killed her dad but DS Wise tells her that Gordon took his life by hanging himself. A few weeks later, Chas, Aaron, Robert and Liv attended Gordon's funeral. Chas watched on as Aaron delivered his eulogy, telling Gordon he is going straight to hell. Shortly after, Aaron and Robert take Liv on holiday and in their absence, the stress of the last few months finally takes its toll on Chas and she starts having nightmares again. Emma convinces her that her PTSD has returned and Chas admits herself into a mental health clinic. She returns a few weeks later and is told that Aaron finally learnt the truth about Robert's shooting and informs her son that she knew the truth months ago but didn't tell him in order to protect him.
In September 2016, Chas and Diane go to Butlers farm to take Moira out only to find out the devastating news that Holly has died from an overdose. Chas tells Cain to support his estranged wife, telling him she needs him. In October 2016, Aaron is admitted to hospital after he and Robert crashed into a lake. While waiting for news of Aaron's condition, Chas offers a consoling hug to Robert and is pleasantly surprised to discover he was planning on proposing to Aaron. She jokingly tells him they'll have a "big, gay wedding". Chas, Robert and Liv keep vigil at Aaron's bedside and Chas happily watches on as her son accepts Robert's proposal. The next day, Chas learns that James died following the recent motorway collision and offers her condolences to Adam. Two weeks later, Chas gathers with the rest of the village to pay their final respects to James.
In January 2017, Chas is worried about Aaron when he is arrested for attacking Kasim Sabet (Ethan Kai). As she waits at the police station, she is reunited with DS Wise who offers to help but Paddy's interference causes him to back off and Chas is worried what will happen if her son goes to prison. Chas is shocked and angry when her estranged mother, Faith Dingle (Sally Dexter) turns up in the village and is quick to let her know what she thinks of her. She is skeptical when Faith claims to have donated £20,000 anonymously to Sarah's cancer fund and is frustrated when Cain offers to pay for her lodgings at the B&B.
After Robert tells her he wants to prove his commitment to Aaron and Liv before Aaron goes to prison, Chas, with the help of the Dingles and Sugdens, organises a surprise wedding in The Woolpack. Just as the service gets underway the police show up looking for Faith in connection with the £20,000. As chaos unfolds, Robert and Aaron sneak away on their own and exchange their vows in private before heading back to the pub to tell their guests. Chas is delighted for them but is furious with her mother for the trouble she caused and tells her to leave the village. The next day, Chas accompanies Aaron to court and returns soon after to tell Robert that he's been sentenced to 12 months in prison, leaving her new son in law devastated.
Chas returns from Prague to the shocking news that Aaron has been taking drugs in prison as well as the fact that Robert had sex with Rebecca White (Emily Head). Livid, Chas slaps him before ordering him to stay away from Aaron and Liv. Chas later slaps Rebecca for sleeping with Robert. The next day, Robert tells Chas that Aarons appeal was successful and he'll be released in a few weeks. At the prison, Chas is concerned about her son's fragile state of mind and decides to interject just as Robert is about to confess to Aaron about Rebecca. Back at the pub, she insists she only covered for him for Aaron's sake and warns him to make sure Rebecca doesn't say anything. While still awaiting Aaron's return from prison, Chas receives a phone call from Liv's aunt, who reveals that Liv's mother Sandra is in a coma after suffering an accident abroad. While reluctant, Chas opts to escort Liv to Ireland to see Sandra. Later in the year, Liv returns home while Chas remains in Ireland to look after a recovering Sandra.
Chas returns to Emmerdale in October 2017 and immediately reunites with Paddy. She also finally makes up with her mother Faith after years of being estranged and hostile. She is also furious to find out she owes money to save The Woolpack pub thanks to Charity and Debbie, after her signature was forged.
Upon her return, Chas and Paddy get back together. In early 2018, she learns that she is pregnant.
Development
Prison life and affair
Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy confirmed that Chas Dingle would begin a steamy affair with Cameron Murray (Dominic Power), the boyfriend of her niece Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb). The pair's attraction ignites after Cameron is employed at the Woolpack and later succumb as their love strengthens. However, back in the summer, Chas' half sister Gennie Walker (Sian Reese-Williams) discovered that half-sister Chas was having an affair with Cameron, but she ultimately decided to conceal her discovery upon the illicit couple agreeing to end the fling. The latest twist begins as Chas plays with fire by suggesting that Cameron should meet her at Gennie's place as nobody will be in. However, as the pair passionately kiss in the house, the front door suddenly opens and Gennie catches them red-handed! Sian Reese-Williams hinted that Gennie may be later involved with protecting her secret, commenting: "Nothing ever goes unpunished in soapland, does it? I'm sure that this won't, either. Gennie's role in keeping the secret will be brought up again, I'm sure. It's lurking in the background!" As Emmerdale's 40th anniversary episodes aired, Debbie, along with parents Cain Dingle and Charity Sharma, finally uncovered Chas' affair with Cameron, marking the climax of one of the biggest stories in Emmerdale's history.
Temporary departure (2017)
On 31 October 2016, Pargeter announced she was pregnant, and as such the character of Chas would be temporarily written out in 2017. Chas made her final appearance in the episode broadcast 31 March 2017, alongside actress Isobel Steele, who portrayed Olivia Flaherty, as Steele was also leaving temporarily to take her GCSEs. Pargeter gave birth to twin daughters in April 2017, and she returned to filming in August 2017. Chas made her on-screen return to the programme on 25 October 2017.
Pregnancy and daughter's death
In late 2017, producers reunited Chas and Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt). A few months later, Chas discovers she is pregnant. Laura Morgan of Digital Spy observed, "It's obvious why the Emmerdale writers love these two together – they have a strong bond, a shared history, and are first and foremost best mates who are not afraid to take the mickey out of each other. We've watched them co-parent Aaron over the years, but to see them have a biological child would be a whole new world." Chas initially decides to have an abortion, but she changes her mind while she is at the clinic and tells Paddy that she wants to be a mother again.
In May 2018, Chas attends a scan alone, as she has mixed up the dates, and the sonographer notices something wrong with the baby. Chas is then informed that her baby has bilateral renal agenesis, a fatal condition in which the kidneys do not develop properly.
Grace's birth takes place during an "experimental episode", in which Paddy imagines he and Chas have taken their daughter on a trip. Scenes show Grace when she is one, four, and 12 years old. Pargeter explained, "It's the kind of things they would have done with her if she'd have still been around – it's in their heads in the delivery room after she's just been born. They're thinking about all of the things that they won't get to do with her. They kind of go there with her in their minds." Pargeter believed the episode needed some "lightness" because of how sad the rest of the storyline is. Grace dies in Chas' arms at the end of the episode.
Reception
On Digital Spy's 2012 end of year reader poll, Chas and Cameron's affair was voted fourth in the "Best Storyline" category, receiving 8.9% of the vote. Pargeter was nominated for the "Best Actress" award at The British Soap Awards 2013, and was also nominated for the same award in 2014. For her portrayal of Chas, Pargeter won the accolade for Best Soap Actor (Female) at the 2018 Digital Spy Reader Awards. In 2019, Pargeter received a National Television Awards nomination in the Serial Drama Performance category for her portrayal of Chas.
References
External links
Chas Dingle at itv.com
Chas Dingle at What's on TV
Chas Dingle at STV
Chas Dingle at Holy Soap
Emmerdale characters
Television characters introduced in 2002
Female characters in television
Fictional bartenders
Fictional female businesspeople
Fictional secretaries
Fictional erotic dancers
Fictional teenage parents
Fictional taxi drivers
Fictional factory workers
Fictional waiting staff
Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder
Fictional prisoners and detainees |
4014651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes%2C%20Corrientes | Mercedes, Corrientes | Mercedes () is a city in the center of the . It is a first-class municipality with a population of 40,667 at the , and the head town of the department of the same name, which also includes the towns of Felipe Yofre and Mariano I. Loza. It is 275 km from the provincial capital, Corrientes, and 739 km from Buenos Aires.
The town, founded in 1829, is served by several grade schools, including Escuela Normal Manuel Florencio Mantilla, Colegio San Carlos, Escuela Agrotécnica Eulogio Cruz Cabral, Escuela Comercial Nocturna Ejército Argentino, and Instituto Popular de Mercedes Manuel López Rodríguez.
Mercedes is in the middle of an important livestock-raising area and hosts large livestock exhibitions and fairs. It has a Historical and Fine Arts Museum, as well as a Natural History Museum with more than 1,000 animal samples. There is a sanctuary in memory of the Gauchito Gil, a popular religious and folkloric figure, 10 km from the city.
Climate
The lowest temperature recorded in Mercedes was on July 29, 2021.
Sports
The city is home to the professional basketball team Club Comunicaciones (Mercedes), which plays its home games at the Estadio Cubierto Club Comunicaciones.
References
In Spanish.
Portal of Mercedes - Official website.
Portal of Argentina - Argentine portal.
- School portal.
Populated places in Corrientes Province |
4014675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen%20SP2 | Volkswagen SP2 | The SP2 is a sports car developed by Volkswagen do Brasil for the Brazilian market, and produced from 1972 to 1976. It is based on the Brazilian market Volkswagen 1600 Variant. The abbreviation "SP" is said to have stood for São Paulo or, according to other sources, for Special Project, Sport Prototype, Special Performance or SPort-Car.
Origins of the project
In the 1970s, the Brazilian market was closed for imports. The only sports car officially made there was the aging (and by then retired) Volkswagen Karmann Ghia, and its successor, the Karmann Ghia TC. Only independent car makers were able to fill the gap, notably Puma, Santa Matilde and Miura.
"Project X"
On March 1, 1968, Rudolf Wilhelm Karl Leiding (the CEO of the subsidiary and later of the entire company) took over the management of Volkswagen do Brasil in São Bernardo do Campo. In 1970, he launched "Project X": a sports car was to polish up Volkswagen's staid image in Brazil. In Márcio Lima Piancastelli and José Vicente Novita Martins, Leiding found designers who were as talented as they were eager. The lead engineer was initially Dr. Paulo Iványi, later Wilhelm Schmiemann. The result was a model study that was the first Volkswagen to wear the "Leiding face" later copied for example on the German VW 412. The model study was presented on March 24, 1971, at the German industrial fair in São Paulo, Aréa do Parvilhão da Bienal do Parque do Ibirapuera.
Three companies were involved in the creation and production of the VW do Brasil sports coupe:
- Volkswagen do Brasil, Factory 2 in São Paulo: design, engineering and development of the VW SP.
- Volkswagen do Brasil, Anchieta factory in São Bernardo do Campo: production of all sheet metal parts. Production of chassis, engines, transmissions and axles on a special production line.
- Karmann-Ghia do Brasil in São Bernardo do Campo: Production of the bodyshells from sheet metal supplied by Volkswagen in pure manual labor together with the Karmann Ghia TC on a production line.
- Volkswagen do Brasil, Anchieta factory in São Bernardo do Campo: Painting of the body shells welded at Karmann-Ghia for quality reasons.
- Karmann-Ghia do Brasil in São Bernardo do Campo: "Marriage" of the bodies painted at Volkswagen with the floor assemblies completed at Volkswagen and completion of the vehicles.
- Volkswagen do Brasil, Anchieta factory in São Bernardo do Campo: Final inspection and delivery of the sports coupés delivered ready for sale by Karmann-Ghia do Brasil.
- Volkswagen do Brasil, Factory 2 in São Paulo: Production-related vehicle testing on the local test track.
Specifications
The production SP2 was based on the platform of the Brazilian VW 1600 Variant with a front axle from the VW Beetle, but had a four-cylinder boxer engine - engine code "BL" - enlarged to 1700 ccm (flat radiator, as in the Type 3). This had 65 (DIN) hp and gave the SP2 a top speed of 161 km/h with a standard consumption of 10.5 l/100 km. The SP2 needed 17.4 seconds to sprint to 100 km/h. In addition, there was a weaker and more sparsely equipped version of the SP1 with a 54 (DIN) hp 1.6-liter boxer engine and 149 km/h top speed - engine code "BV" - which was discontinued in July 1974.
Despite its sleek shape, the SP was significantly slower than the Puma, for example, although both models had very similar engines. However, the Puma was much lighter because of its GRP body.
The SP had two trunks; a 140-liter one under the front hood and a 205-liter compartment in the rear, accessible via a large hatch. Despite many good features, the SP found too few buyers. As a result, SP2 production was ended in February 1976. A total of 10,206 units were produced, of which about 680 were exported (officially not to Europe). A 1973 example repainted by Volkswagen do Brasil from Astral Blue metallic to Lotus White can be seen in the collection of the Volkswagen AutoMuseum Foundation in Wolfsburg. The SP2 cost 29,700 cruzeiros (about 16,000 German marks at the time) in Brazil.
Both SP models were plagued by a certain lack of power; according to a contemporary joke, the SP in the model name stood for "Sem Potência," Brazilian for "without power".
Decline
A car named SP1 was also built, similar in almost every aspects but the engine, logo and a few trim items. However, due to its very poor performance ( from a 1,600 ccm engine), it was soon discontinued, after only 84 units were built. Despite being praised by critics for its looks, the SP2 failed to beat its main competitor, the Puma, in the performance category. Although they used similar engines, the fiberglass-bodied Puma was much lighter. This resulted in low sales, and the SP2 was discontinued in February 1976.
In total, 10,205 units were made; 670 were exported, of which 155 went to Nigeria. The car is now sought as a valuable collector's item. A white SP2 is displayed in AutoMuseum Volkswagen. While prices during the production time frame were roughly the same as alomost two VW Beetles, the price of a well-preserved example today is considerably higher than other VW models of its age.
Successor attempts
To remedy the VW SP2's lack of power, there were several attempts and different approaches. In this context, the following two attempts will be briefly presented:
Volkswagen do Brasil developed the prototype Volkswagen SP3. The VW SP3 had the chassis and engine of the VW Passat TS with a water-cooled 1.6-liter in-line four-cylinder, a compression ratio of 7.5:1, dual carburetors, and an output of 85 SAE horsepower. Testing for the VW SP3 was already so far advanced that Volkswagen planned to unveil it at the 10th Motor Show in November 1976. But this did not happen for reasons of company policy.
The idea of creating a successor model to the VW SP2 was taken up by the vehicle manufacturer Dacon S.A. in São Paulo. Dacon based its SP3 on the floor assembly of the VW SP2. Externally, the Dacon SP3 differed from the VW SP2 by its smooth surfaces without the red, wraparound side trim and black rubber protection, and by 6J×13 rims (from the Passat). The VW SP's characteristic air intakes gave way to discrete slots on the rear side windows, and a wide black grille sat above the front bumper. The 1.8-liter, 8.5:1 compression ratio engine produced 100 SAE hp and remained in the rear; the engine compartment also housed the air conditioning compressor. In the front, however, sat the water cooler. The interior featured leather-trimmed Porsche seats (Dacon was also a Porsche dealer until imports were banned). Transmission, suspension and brakes (discs in front, drums in the rear) were the same as the SP2, but parts were adapted and reinforced to the higher power. The prototype reached a top speed of 180 km/h and was manufactured at Karmann-Ghia do Brasil. The starting point for the Dacon SP3 was always a VW SP2. The end of production of the VW SP2 at the end of February 1976 was therefore problematic for Dacon. However, due to the extremely high price (the conversion of a VW SP2 to a Dacon SP3 alone was to cost 20% more than a brand-new Puma GTE), demand was very low.
A new Volkswagen sports car directly inspired by the SP2 was considered for the Brazilian market, based on the Golf's platform. It got to the stage where 1:4 scale models produced, but did not progress due to disappointing sales of the similar Scirocco in Europe.
Books
The history of SP2 and its technical specifications are described in the 2021 book VW SP - A história de um ícone. The book was written in Portuguese by Juan Dierckx, a SP2 enthusiast living in Brazil.
In February 2022, an even more detailed book on the history and technology of the VW SP2 was published in German by Claus-Thomas Bues, owner of a VW SP2 since 1987.
Pictures
References
External links
Marcio Piancastelli (designer)
Mundo VOLKSWAGEN SP2 - Facebook Group for fans of the VW SP2
About SP1 and SP2
Club of enthusiasts of the model, with pictures (inclusive of the SP3 prototype, in ads of the time)
Technical data
German and English web page about this rare car
German, English and Portuguese web page with a lot of stuff
SP2
Cars of Brazil
Rear-engined vehicles
Cars powered by boxer engines
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports cars
Coupés
Cars introduced in 1972 |
4014696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonchopteridae | Lonchopteridae | The Lonchopteridae (spear-winged flies or pointed-wing flies) are a family of small (2–5 mm), slender, yellow to brownish-black Diptera, occurring all over the world. Their common name refers to their pointed wings, which have a distinct venation. Many are parthenogenic; males are very rare, however, at least in North American species, and have a somewhat different venation than do the females.
Spear-winged flies are common in moist, shady, grassy areas, where the larvae are found within decaying vegetation. One species, Lonchoptera bifurcata, is cosmopolitan in distribution, and may have been transported via shipments of vegetables.
Description
For terms see Morphology of Diptera.
The Lonchopteridae are minute, slender flies with long wings which are pointed at the apex. The head is rounded, with the outer vertical bristles, inner vertical bristles, ocellar bristles, interfrontal bristles, and bristles along the margin of the broad mouth very well developed. The mesonotum and scutellum and legs have well developed bristles. The radial vein R has three branches (R1, R2+3, R4+5). The median vein M is furcate (M1, M2). The anal vein A merges with the cubital vein Cu (female) or terminates freely (male).
Systematics
They are usually placed in the superfamily of flat-footed flies and allies (Platypezoidea). If the Platypezoidea are restricted to the flat-footed flies sensu stricto, the spear-winged flies are united with the Ironomyiidae and the coffin and scuttle flies (Phoridae) as Phoroidea. More rarely, they are treated as monotypic superfamily a.
Four living genera are in this family, encompassing some 50 described species all together:
Homolonchoptera Yang, 1999
Lonchoptera Meigen, 1803
Neolonchoptera Vaillant, 1989
Spilolonchoptera Yang, 1998
Two fossil genera of spear-winged flies have been described:
Lonchopterites Grimaldi & Cumming, 1999
Lonchopteromorpha Grimaldi & Cumming, 1999
Species
West Palaearctic including Russia
Australasian/Oceanian
Nearctic
Japan
World list
References
External links
Lonchopteridae In Italian
Lonchopteridae page at the Bishop Museum, Honolulu
Family Lonchopteridae at EOL Image Gallery
Photograph of Lonchoptera furcata Fallén Should be L. bifurcata.
Photograph of Lonchoptera lutea Panzer
Brachycera families |
4014705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier%20family | Bonnier family | The Bonnier family is a Swedish family, originally of Jewish descent, who since the beginning of the 19th century has been active in the book industry and later also in the mass media industry. They own the media group Bonnier Group, with the largest owners being Åke Bonnier and Jonas Bonnier. The group has 175 companies in 18 countries.
History
The earliest known member of the patriarchal line of the family was a cloth salesman named Jacob Schye (born 1674), who was from the town of Sobědruhy (Soborten) in Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic). His son, the jeweler Löbel Schie (1718–1790), fathered the jeweler and coin dealer Löbel Salomon Hirschel (born 1745). Hirschel's son, Gutkind Hirschel (1778–1862), moved from Germany to Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1801 and changed his name to Gerhard Bonnier. There, Gerhard started a small book store in 1804.
Gerhard's oldest son, Adolf Bonnier (1806–1867), moved to Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1827 to expand the family business. He started a library in the city the following year and another one in Stockholm a few years after. Adolf Bonnier started a publishing company, Albert Bonniers Förlag in 1837 and his two younger brothers, David Felix Bonnier (1822–1881) and Albert Bonnier (1820–1900), soon moved to Stockholm to help with the business.
Notable members
Gerhard Bonnier (1778–1862), book seller
Albert Bonnier (1820–1900), publisher
Eva Bonnier (1855–1907), painter
Karl Otto Bonnier (1856–1941), publisher
Tor Bonnier (1883–1976), publisher
Åke Bonnier (1886–1979), publisher
Albert Bonnier Jr. (1907–1989), publisher
Joakim Bonnier (1930–1972), Formula One driver
Lukas Bonnier (1922–2006), publisher
Åke Bonnier (born 1957), bishop in the Diocese of Skara, today the second largest owner of the Bonnier Group.
Jack Bonnier (born 1963), novelist
Karl-Adam Bonnier (born 1934), entrepreneur
Anna Rantala Bonnier (born 1983), Social worker and politician for Feminist Initiative.
Gallery
References
Swedish publishers (people)
Swedish mass media families
Swedish people of Czech descent
Swedish people of Jewish descent |
4014713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yau%20Kom%20Tau%20%28Tsing%20Yi%29 | Yau Kom Tau (Tsing Yi) | Yau Kom Tau () is a geographical feature at the north shore of Tsing Yi Island in Hong Kong. It originally was a flat headland formed by a small hill with a bay, Ngau Kok Wan, on its east and a valley and a swamp on its west. Its natural shoreline was reclaimed for the relocation of shipyards from Cheung Sha Wan. There are only two roads, Tam Kon Shan Road and Tsing Yi North Coastal Road on the headland.
Places in Hong Kong
Tsing Yi |
4014716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS%20Stanier%20Class%208F%208233 | LMS Stanier Class 8F 8233 | LMS Stanier Class 8F No. 8233, War Department Nos. 307, and later 70307, Iranian State Railways No. 41-109, Longmoor Military Railway 500, British Railways No. 48773, is a preserved British steam locomotive. Its owners claim that it is "possibly Britain's most travelled preserved locomotive".
Construction and use by the LMS
8233 was originally built in 1940 by the North British Locomotive Company of Glasgow, Works No. 24607 on the orders of the War Department, which had adopted the LMS Stanier Class 8F as its own standard. However, the Fall of France saw that it was not sent to mainland Europe with the British Expeditionary Force, as originally intended. Instead, it became LMS No. 8233 and was based out of Toton, Holbeck and Westhouses sheds.
Export
In 1941, No. 8233 was requisitioned by the War Department and sent to Persia (Iran), becoming Iranian State Railways No. 41-109, during which time, it derailed following a collision with a camel. In 1944, it was converted to oil-firing. In 1948 it was at Suez, needing a new firebox, and was almost scrapped, but was then returned to England in 1952 and overhauled at Derby Works. In 1954, the engine was not needed in the Middle East and went instead to the Longmoor Military Railway as WD. No. 500.
British Rail and withdrawal
In 1957, No. 500 was taken into British Railways stock as No. 48773. It was allocated initially to Polmadie (66A), and was withdrawn from there in 1962. However, it was reinstated in 1963 and transferred to Carlisle Kingmoor (12A). It was then transferred to Stockport (Edgeley, 9B) and Buxton (9L, though perhaps only on paper), and then to Bolton (9K) in September 1964. With the end of steam approaching, No. 48773 was transferred to the North West, moving to Rose Grove (10F) in July 1968. It worked its last main line train on 4 August 1968.
During its last few years of service, No. 48773 had a diagonal yellow stripe painted on its cab side to indicate it was unable to operate south of Crewe as its top-feed was deemed to be out of gauge under the new 25 kV AC overhead electrification. However, as the locomotive's original War Department top-feed had been replaced by one of LMS pattern, enthusiasts have stated the cabside stripe was unnecessary since it would have in fact been within the loading gauge.
Preservation
In 1968 it was the subject of a late appeal to purchase it for preservation, it was then restored on the Severn Valley Railway. In 1975, it took part in the Shildon cavalcade as part of the 150 anniversary of Stockton and Darlington Railway. In 1977 it was featured in the original BBC 1 drama Survivors.
In 1986 it was dedicated as a national war memorial to all British railway transport troops who died on active service in the Second World War.
As of January 2014 it is on display in the Engine House, awaiting overhaul.
Now retired from a long faithful service, the loco will require a heavy overhaul, including mechanical and boiler work. It is thought she will need new tires and new inner firebox at least to start with.
References
External links
The Stanier 8F Locomotive Society
8233
Preserved London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
War Department locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1940
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain |
4014728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street%20%26%20Racing%20Technology | Street & Racing Technology | Street & Racing Technology (SRT) is a high-performance automobile group within Stellantis North America.
Origins of the brand came back to 1989 when a team known as "Team Viper" was put together to develop the Dodge Viper. It later merged with Team Prowler, the developers of the Plymouth Prowler, to become Specialty Vehicle Engineering (SVE). This was renamed Performance Vehicle Operations (PVO) from January 2002 until around 2004. Since all PVO vehicles used the SRT brand, the development team itself was renamed SRT in 2004. SRT heavily tuned and produced vehicles for the Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep brands, including police models for Chrysler/FCA Fleet Division.
Overview
The naming convention used by SRT for its models is indicative of the vehicle's engine type. The number that follows the "SRT" prefix denotes the number of engine cylinders. For example: the Chrysler 300C SRT8 has a 6.1 liter Hemi V-8; Therefore, the SRT version is known as the Chrysler 300C SRT-8. Similarly, the Dodge Viper SRT-10 along with the Dodge Ram SRT-10 had an 8.3 L V-10.
Currently, the fastest SRT production models are the 2018 Dodge Challenger Demon with a quarter-mile time of 9.65 seconds, the 2021 Dodge Challenger SRT Super Stock with a quarter-mile time of 11.5 seconds, the 2021 Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat Redeye with a quarter-mile time of 10.6 seconds, the 2015 Dodge Charger Hellcat with a quarter-mile time of 11.0 seconds, the 2013 Dodge Viper with a quarter-mile time of 11.1 seconds, the 2015 Challenger Hellcat with a quarter-mile time of 11.2 seconds, the Dodge Durango SRT Hellcat with a quarter-mile time of 11.5 seconds, the Jeep Grand Cherokee Trackhawk with a quarter-mile time of 11.5, and the Dodge Challenger R/T Scat Pack 1320 with a quarter-mile time of 11.7 seconds. Other SRT models have recorded quarter-mile performances, from 12.8 seconds for the AMG-based Chrysler Crossfire SRT-6 to the Dodge Neon SRT-4 at 13.9 seconds.
Chrysler released the 6.4L Hemi engine in early 2011. 2011-2014 SRT-8 versions have 392 HEMI (6.4L) engine, rated at and .
The new engine is used in the 2012 Dodge Challenger SRT8, Dodge Charger SRT8, Chrysler 300 SRT8, and the Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8. With the improved engine, the current SRT8 model is not only faster than the previous model but also has better fuel efficiency than the previous one.
In 2012 Chrysler implemented a plan to turn SRT into a separate brand under the Chrysler Group umbrella. During the 2013 and 2014 model years, the Dodge Viper was sold under the model name SRT Viper. In May 2014, the SRT brand was re-consolidated under Dodge, with former SRT CEO Ralph Gilles continuing as senior vice president of product design and also as the CEO and president of Motorsports.
In late 2014, Chrysler announced a new variant of the Dodge Challenger and Charger models named "SRT Hellcat" and another variant called the "SRT Demon" in early 2017.
Current vehicles
The current lineup from SRT are the Chrysler 300 SRT, Dodge Challenger SRT 392, Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat, Dodge Challenger SRT Demon, Dodge Charger SRT 392, Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat, Dodge Charger Pursuit, Dodge Durango SRT 392, Dodge Durango Pursuit, Dodge Durango SRT Hellcat, Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT and Jeep Grand Cherokee Trackhawk. As for the Chrysler 300 SRT, the car is only sold in Australia, New Zealand, and the Middle East, whereas the US version has been discontinued.
Previous vehicles
Manufacturer engines
SRT has made six engines so far, and one derived engine. Their first two engines were the third generation ZB I's 8.3-liter naturally aspirated Viper V10 and the Neon SRT-4's 2.4-liter turbocharged Inline-4.
4-cylinder engines
SRT's 2.4-liter turbocharged Inline-4 for the Neon SRT-4 had produced in 2003 and later in 2004 and 2005. Another 2.4-liter inline-4 was made, but this time was based on the Chrysler World Engine, and was made for the Caliber SRT-4. That engine made .
6-cylinder engines
The Crossfire SRT-6 never had a SRT-made engine, instead sourcing the M112k engines from Mercedes-Benz, (used in the Mercedes C32 AMG and SLK32 AMG), which produced .
8-cylinder engines
SRT has built four V8s, which it has applied to five vehicles: Chrysler 300, Dodge Challenger, Dodge Charger, Dodge Magnum and Jeep Grand Cherokee. Their first V8 was a 6.1-liter naturally aspirated HEMI V8 engine that made . However, the Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT-8 only had . Their second unit is a 6.4-liter naturally aspirated Apache V8 engine that originally made but was upgraded to produce after 2014. SRT's most powerful variant is a 6.2-liter supercharged V8, with two separate units used on the Hellcat and Demon models. The Hellcat's version makes and the Demon's makes . On 100-octane fuel, though, the Demon's engine makes .
10-cylinder engines
SRT's 10-cylinder engines have only been used in two models, the Viper and the Ram 1500 SRT-10. The first unit, an 8.3-liter naturally aspirated Viper V10 had made . The second unit used a larger bore and stroked 8.4-liter naturally aspirated Viper V10, which increased the power output to . The last generation Viper used a brand new engine, but still kept the 8.4-liter displacement. The engine produced , which then increased to after the Dodge-SRT absorption.
SRT in China
The Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT-8 is being sold in China by dealer import methods. Due to increasing interest in American muscle cars, dealers were considering also importing the Dodge Charger and Challenger SRT-8 into China. However, little to none of the Charger and Challenger imports to China have been confirmed.
Chrysler Group leadership changes
After two years of SRT as an independent division, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (now Stellantis) announced on May 4, 2014, that the SRT family of vehicles will be consolidated under the Dodge brand. This includes renaming the "SRT Viper" back again to the legendary "Dodge Viper". This will expand the Dodge lineup to focus on it as a performance-dedicated brand.
See also
Dodge R/T Vehicles
References
External links
Drive SRT (archived, 15 Aug 2011)
Dodge
Official motorsports and performance division of automakers
American Le Mans Series teams
American auto racing teams
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship teams |
4014741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldy%20Locks | Goldy Locks | Moon Shadow (born March 28, 1979) is an American singer and professional wrestling personality who uses the stage name Goldylocks or Goldy Locks. She is perhaps best known for her appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as an interviewer and manager.
Early life
Shadow was born to middle-class parents in a suburban neighborhood in North Minneapolis, Minnesota. Her father, a talented musician, taught her how to play the guitar, keyboard and violin. She is a Catholic.
Musical career
By 1999, Shadow was an opening act for artists like Pink. In 2000, Futuristic Records released her single "Kiss", a song she wrote and recorded in English, French, and Spanish. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling has used several of Goldy Locks' songs, most notably the tracks "Take It Out On You" for Alissa Flash, "Dodging Bullets" for Trinity, "Broken" for Tara, "I Tease, U Touch" for Brooke Tessmacher, "Hands of Wicked" for Winter, "Forever" for Thea Trinidad and "The Man in Me" for TNA Entertainment President Dixie Carter.
Goldy Locks
In June 2002 Shadow formed the band Goldy Locks, which tours all across the eastern United States, playing on average over 250 shows a year. Over the years the band has opened for the likes of Saliva, Sevendust, Nickelback, 3 Doors Down, Puddle of Mudd, Hurt, Theory of a Deadman, Collective Soul, Stevie Nicks, Pink, Bret Michaels Band, Rick Springfield, Ted Nugent, Pat Benatar, Maroon 5, The Fray, OneRepublic, Everclear, Powerman 5000, Ronnie Dunn, and Grand Funk Railroad. Goldy Locks has appeared on the following albums: "V" is For Viagra. The Remixes, TNA's Theme Songs, Top Cow Comics The Proximity Effect and Steve O's Jack Ass compilation, selling over a total of 430,000 copies. Featured on Steve O's Best of Jackass DVD. The band has worked with legendary producers: Michael Wagener, Michael Patterson, and Dale Oliver
The band has also been involved in Shadow's motivational tour, called the Today I Won't Be Afraid Tour. This tour, based around the eponymous song, has been involved with numerous charities. These have included such groups as the YWCA, D.A.R.E., Deanna Farve's HOPE Foundation, Soles for Souls and the Tennessee Breast Cancer Coalition. In collaboration with the YWCA of Middle Tennessee a coffee table book was produced entitled: "Women of the YWCA. Today I Won't Be Afraid", featuring success stories of overcoming abuse, featured in the photos. The band has also performed numerous school shows, coupled with a motivational program hosted by Shadow.
Professional wrestling career
One of Shadow's concerts caught the attention of the upstart wrestling company NWA: Total Nonstop Action, who then hired her. Shadow took on the stage name Goldylocks and as a backstage interviewer who openly backtalked the wrestlers and later became a valet with a rich-girl gimmick. She first managed Erik Watts, her kayfabe love interest.
Later, Goldylocks broke up with Watts and Abyss became her protector. Goldylocks had Abyss wrestle Watts, announcing her money was up for grabs against Watts' contract. Abyss won, and she sold the contract to bring in rookie Alex Shelley. Goldylocks and her new "Baby Bear" Shelley went on to claim more contracts in future matches, using Abyss (who was treated as "extra luggage") to lay claim to Sonny Siaki, D-Ray 3000, and Shark Boy. In these tag matches, Goldylocks had Abyss do all the work and then brought in Shelley to pin their opponent. When Watts returned to TNA, a match was set up matching Watts, Siaki, and Desire against Abyss, Goldylocks, and Shelley. Abyss turned on Goldylocks in this match and finally left her. Shadow left TNA shortly after, and turned her attention back to music.
She continues to lend her services to the company, in the form of vocals for the theme songs of several TNA Knockouts as well as president Dixie Carter.
Post-wrestling television career
Since leaving TNA, Shadow has appeared on a number of television programs. In 2009, she appeared on the CMT show Running Wild...With Ted Nugent. Following that, in 2014, she appeared on an episode of Extreme Cheapskates, which airs on TLC. Appearing with her band, she showcased the ways in which she saves money on the road, as well as how she goes about her crafting. She has also been a video contributor for the CBS show The Talk.
References
External links
Goldy Locks Band official site
Online World of Wrestling profile
Living people
American female professional wrestlers
American women rock singers
Sportspeople from Minneapolis
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Musicians from Minneapolis
1979 births
Singers from Minnesota
American Roman Catholics
Professional wrestlers from Minnesota
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers |
4014744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%203166-2%3AHU | ISO 3166-2:HU | ISO 3166-2:HU is the entry for Hungary in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
Currently for Hungary, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital city, 19 counties, and 23 cities with county rights. The capital of the country Budapest has special status equal to the counties, while the cities with county rights, often called urban counties, have extended powers but are technically not independent of the counties.
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Hungary. The second part is two letters.
Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).
Click on the button in the header to sort each column.
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:
See also
Subdivisions of Hungary
FIPS region codes of Hungary
NUTS codes of Hungary
External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: HU
Counties of Hungary, Statoids.com
2:HU
ISO 3166-2
Hungary geography-related lists |
4014747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrified%20fort | Vitrified fort | Vitrified forts are stone enclosures whose walls have been subjected to vitrification through heat. It was long thought that these structures were unique to Scotland, but they have since been identified in several other parts of western and northern Europe.
Vitrified forts are generally situated on hills offering strong defensive positions. Their form seems to have been determined by the contour of the flat summits which they enclose. The walls vary in size, a few being upwards of high, and are so broad that they present the appearance of embankments. Weak parts of the defence are strengthened by double or triple walls, and occasionally vast lines of ramparts, composed of large blocks of unhewn and unvitrified stones, envelop the vitrified centre at some distance from it. The walls themselves are termed vitrified ramparts.
No lime or cement has been found in any of these structures, all of them presenting the peculiarity of being more or less consolidated by the fusion of the rocks of which they are built. This fusion, which has been caused by the application of intense heat, is not equally complete in the various forts, or even in the walls of the same fort. In some cases the stones are only partially melted and calcined; in others their adjoining edges are fused so that they are firmly cemented together; in many instances pieces of rock are enveloped in a glassy enamel-like coating which binds them into a uniform whole; and at times, though rarely, the entire length of the wall presents one solid mass of vitreous substance.
It is not clear why or how the walls were subjected to vitrification. Some antiquarians have argued that it was done to strengthen the wall, but the heating actually weakens the structure. Battle damage is also unlikely to be the cause, as the walls are thought to have been subjected to carefully maintained fires to ensure they were hot enough for vitrification to take place.
The expert consensus explains vitrified forts as the product of deliberate destruction either following the capture of the site by an enemy force or by the occupants at the end of its active life as an act of ritual closure. The process has no chronological significance and is found during both Iron Age and early medieval forts in Scotland.
List of forts
Since John Williams, one of the earliest of British geologists, and author of The Natural History of the Mineral Kingdom, first described these singular ruins in 1777, over 70 examples have been discovered in Scotland. The most remarkable are:
Dun Mac Sniachan (or Dun Mac Uisneachan), Argyll, the largest in area at 245 m by 50 m
Benderloch, north of Oban;
Craig Phadraig, or Phadrick, near Inverness;
Ord Hill, North Kessock, near Inverness;
Dun Deardail (or Dundbhairdghall) in Glen Nevis;
Knock Farril (or Knockfarrel), near Strathpeffer,
Dun Creich, in Sutherland;
Finavon (or Finhaven), near Aberlemno;
Barryhill, in Perthshire
Laws, near Dundee;
Dunagoil and Burnt Islands, in Buteshire
Mote of Mark, (Rockcliffe) near Rockcliffe;
Trusty's Hill, Anwoth, near Gatehouse of Fleet;
Tap o' Noth, Aberdeenshire;
Dunnideer Castle, Aberdeenshire
Cowdenknowes, in Berwickshire;
For a long time it was supposed that these forts were peculiar to Scotland; but they are found also in the Isle of Man (Cronk Sumark); County Londonderry and County Cavan, Ireland; in Upper Lusatia, Bohemia, Silesia, Saxony, and Thuringia; in the provinces on the Rhine, especially in the neighbourhood of the Nahe; in the Ucker Lake; in Brandenburg, where the walls are formed of burnt and smelted bricks; in Hungary; in several places in France, such as Châteauvieux (near Pionnat), Péran, La Courbe, Sainte-Suzanne, Puy de Gaudy, and Thauron; also rarely in the north of England. Castle Hill, Almondbury in Huddersfield,
Yorkshire. Barksdale is a vitrified hill-fort in Uppland, Sweden.
Appearance in media
Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World
The 16 September 1980 episode of Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World features a segment in which the archaeologist Ian Ralston examines the mystery of the vitrified fort Tap o' Noth and tries to recreate how it might be accomplished by piling stones and setting a massive bonfire, repeating the work of V. Gordon Childe and Wallace Thorneycroft in the 1930s. The experiment produced a few partially vitrified stones, but it was asserted that no answers were gleaned as to how large-scale forts could have been crafted with the approach tried in the programme.
References
External links
Forts
Forts in the Czech Republic
Forts in France
Forts in Germany
Forts in Hungary
Forts in Ireland
Forts in Scotland
History of glass
Iron Age Scotland
Early medieval archaeological cultures
Scotland in the Early Middle Ages |
4014755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Yea | Philip Yea | Philip Edward Yea (born 11 December 1954) is a British businessman and private equity investor, and the chairman of Equiniti and Mondi plc. He is a non-executive director of Aberdeen Standard Asia Focus plc and Marshall of Cambridge (Holdings) Ltd.
He is a former chairman of Greene King plc (2016 to 2019) and bwin.party digital entertainment plc (2014 to 2016). He was chairman of the trustees at the British Heart Foundation from 2009 to 2015, and was an independent trustee director of The Francis Crick Institute during its formation (2011 to 2018). Prior to this, he was chief executive of 3i Group plc, from 2005 to January 2009. Yea was a non-executive director of Vodafone Group plc from 2005 to 2017 and senior business adviser to Prince Andrew, Duke of York. between 2009 and 2014. In 2008, he was ranked 41st in The Times Power 100 list, a list which rates the most powerful people in British business.
Early life
He attended Wallington County Grammar School and later obtained a degree in Modern Languages (French and Spanish) from Brasenose College, Oxford.
Career
Yea joined 3i in July 2004, after a career spanning both public and private companies, having been a managing director at Investcorp, where his main focus was on the performance of portfolio investments. He joined Investcorp in 1999 from Diageo. He spent six years as group finance director, both at Guinness and then at Diageo after Guinness's merger with Grand Metropolitan in 1997. Yea's thirteen-year career at Guinness/Diageo mainly involved financial positions but also saw him in a number of wider-ranging roles including the chairmanship of The Gleneagles Hotel and Guinness Publishing. He was also a director of Moët Hennessy. He has also been a non-executive director of HBOS plc and of Manchester United plc.
Yea is a member of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants.
Personal life
He is married with three children.
References
External links
Philip Yea: The Acceptable Face of Private Equity. The Independent, 23 June 2007
The Poster Boy of Private Equity. The Telegraph, 8 July 2007
1954 births
Living people
People educated at Wallington County Grammar School
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Private equity and venture capital investors
Manchester United F.C. directors and chairmen
3i Group people
Vodafone people
British chief executives
British corporate directors |
4014758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas%20Bonnier | Lukas Bonnier | Per Lukas Daniel Bonnier (16 June 1922 – 8 February 2006) was a Swedish publisher. He was a member of the Bonnier family, the son of Tor Bonnier.
Bonnier was president of Åhlen & Åkerlunds tidskriftsförlag from 1957–1978 and 1980–1982. He then became chairman of the board of Bonniers Tidskriftsförlag. In 1989, he succeeded his brother Albert as chairman of Bonnierföretagen.
Lukas Bonnier obtained the rights to produce a comic book in Sweden, based on the comic The Phantom, and was a personal friend of The Phantom’s creator, Lee Falk. The Swedish comic book began in 1950 and is, as of 2006, still being published.
References
1922 births
2006 deaths
Swedish Jews
Swedish speculative fiction publishers (people)
Lukas
Swedish Army officers
20th-century Swedish businesspeople |
4014769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Individual | The Individual | The Individual is the journal of the Society for Individual Freedom published in London, the United Kingdom. The magazine is published two or three times per year. Since 2002 Nigel Gervas Meek has served as the editor of the magazine. Paul Anderton is the former editor.
References
External links
The Individual
Biannual magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines with year of establishment missing
Political magazines published in the United Kingdom
Triannual magazines published in the United Kingdom
Downloadable magazines
Magazines published in London |
4014770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastaboga%2C%20Alabama | Eastaboga, Alabama | Eastaboga is an unincorporated community on the border of Talladega and Calhoun counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It was previously called McFall, named for a settling family in the 1850s, and incorporated in 1898, only to be disincorporated in 1901. The original community of Eastaboga was to the south and became known as Old Eastaboga after McFall's name was changed to Eastaboga.
Eastaboga (historically Estaboga) means "where the people reside" in Muscogee, a Native American language.
Geography
Eastaboga is located in the northern part of Talladega County on the border with Calhoun County. The city is located along U.S. Route 78 about 2 mi (3 km) north of Interstate 20, which runs west to east south of the community, with access from exit 173. Via I-20, Birmingham is 51 mi (82 km) west, and Atlanta is 100 mi (160 km) east. The largest city of over 20,000 people in the area is Anniston, which is east 13 mi (21 km) via I-20 or US 78.
Demographics
The present unincorporated community of Eastaboga was listed as the incorporated town of McFall on the 1900 census and had 820 residents. Of that, a majority, 482, lived on the Talladega County side, and 338 lived on the Calhoun County side. It was disincorporated after just 3 years in 1901 and the post office closed under that name in 1906. At some point on, it was renamed Eastaboga (while the nearby community to the south of the same name became "Old Eastaboga").
Notable people
Howie Camp, former Major League Baseball outfielder for the New York Yankees
Johnny Ray, NASCAR driver
Kevin Ray, NASCAR driver
Adam Paul Reynolds, Navy Corpsman involved in OIF and OEF conflicts.
William,Bill,Brewer notable local legend. Football player as noted in the Anniston Star and Talladega Daily home newspapers.
Darrell Ingram notable local legend. Football player noted in Anniston Star newspaper in the 1968-69 also all conference baseball player in Gulf South Conference in 73–75.
See also
Old Eastaboga, Alabama
References
Unincorporated communities in Calhoun County, Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Alabama |
4014772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competence%20%28human%20resources%29 | Competence (human resources) | Competence is the set of demonstrable characteristics and skills that enable and improve the efficiency or performance of a job. The term "competence" first appeared in an article authored by R.W. White in 1959 as a concept for performance motivation. In 1970, Craig C. Lundberg defined the concept in "Planning the Executive Development Program". The term gained traction when in 1973, David McClelland wrote a seminal paper entitled, "Testing for Competence Rather Than for Intelligence". The term was used by McClelland commissioned by the State Department, to extract characteristics common to high-performing agents of embassy, and to help them recruit and develop. It has since been popularized by Richard Boyatzis and many others, such as T.F. Gilbert (1978) who used the concept in relationship to performance improvement. Its use varies widely, which leads to considerable misunderstanding.
Some scholars see "competence" as a combination of practical and theoretical knowledge, cognitive skills, behavior and values used to improve performance; or as the state or quality of being adequately or well qualified, having the ability to perform a specific role. For instance, management competency might include systems thinking and emotional intelligence, and skills in influence and negotiation.
Studies on competency indicate that competency covers a very complicated and extensive concept, and different scientists have different definitions of competency. In 1982, Zemek conducted a study on the definition of competence. He interviewed several specialists in the field of training to evaluate carefully what makes competence. After the interviews, he concluded:
"There is no clear and unique agreement about what makes competency."
Here are several definitions of competency by various researchers:
Hayes (1979): Competences generally include knowledge, motivation, social characteristic and roles, or skills of one person in accordance with the demands of organizations of their clerks.
Boyatzis (1982): Competence lies in the individual's capacity which superposes the person's behavior with needed parameters as the results of this adaptation make the organization to hire him.
Albanese (1989): Competences are individual's characteristics which are used to effect on the organization's management.
Woodruff (1991): Competence is a combination of two topics of personal competence and merit at work. Personal merit is a concept which refers to the dimensions of artificial behavior in order to show the competence performance and merit at work depends on the competences of the person in his field.
Mansfield (1997): The personal specifications which effect on a better performance are called competence.
Standard (2001) ICB (IPMA Competence Baseline): Competence is a group of knowledge, personal attitudes, skills and related experiences which are needed for the person's success.
Rankin (2002): A collection of behaviors and skills which people are expected to show in their organization.
Unido (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) (2002): Competence is defined as knowledge, skill and specifications which can cause one person to act better, not considering his special proficiency in that job.
Industrial Development Organization of United States (2002): Competences are a collection of personal skills related to knowledge and personal specifications which can make competence in people without having practices and related specialized knowledge.
CRNBC (College Of Registered Nurses Of British Columbia) (2009): Competences are a collection of knowledge, skills, behavior and power of judging which can cause competence in people without having enough practice and specialized knowledge.
Hay group (2012): Measurable characteristics of a person which are related to efficient actions at work, organization and special culture.
Chan and her team (the University of Hong Kong) (2017, 2019): Holistic competency is an umbrella term inclusive of different types of generic skills (e.g. critical thinking, problem-solving skills), positive values, and attitudes (e.g. resilience, appreciation for others) which are essential for students’ life-long learning and whole-person development.
The ARZESH Competency Model (2018): Competency is a series of knowledge, abilities, skills, experiences and behaviors, which leads to the effective performance of individual's activities. Competency is measurable and could be developed through training. It is also breakable into the smaller criteria.
Competency is also used as a more general description of the requirements of human beings in organizations and communities.
If someone is able to do required tasks at the target level of proficiency, they are "competent" in that area.
Competency is sometimes thought of as being shown in action in a situation and context that might be different the next time a person has to act. In emergencies, competent people may react to a situation following behaviors they have previously found to succeed. To be competent a person would need to be able to interpret the situation in the context and to have a repertoire of possible actions to take and have trained in the possible actions in the repertoire, if this is relevant. Regardless of training, competency would grow through experience and the extent of an individual's capacity to learn and adapt. However, research has found that it is not easy to assess competencies and competence development.
Overview
Competency has multiple different meanings, and remains one of the most diffuse terms in the management development sector, and the organizational and occupational literature.
Competencies are also what people need to be successful in their jobs. Job competencies are not the same as job task. Competencies include all the related knowledge, skills, abilities, and attributes that form a person's job. This set of context-specific qualities is correlated with superior job performance and can be used as a standard against which to measure job performance as well as to develop, recruit, and hire employees.
Competencies and competency models may be applicable to all employees in an organization or they may be position specific. Identifying employee competencies can contribute to improved organizational performance. They are most effective if they meet several critical standards, including linkage to, and leverage within an organization's human resource system.
Core competencies differentiate an organization from its competition and create a company's competitive advantage in the marketplace. An organizational core competency is its strategic strength.
Competencies provide organizations with a way to define in behavioral terms what it is that people need to do to produce the results that the organization desires, in a way that is in keep with its culture. By having competencies defined in the organization, it allows employees to know what they need to be productive. When properly defined, competencies, allows organizations to evaluate the extent to which behaviors employees are demonstrating and where they may be lacking. For competencies where employees are lacking, they can learn. This will allow organizations to know potentially what resources they may need to help the employee develop and learn those competencies. Competencies can distinguish and differentiate your organization from your competitors. While two organizations may be alike in financial results, the way in which the results were achieve could be different based on the competencies that fit their particular strategy and organizational culture. Lastly, competencies can provide a structured model that can be used to integrate management practices throughout the organization. Competencies that align their recruiting, performance management, training and development and reward practices to reinforce key behaviors that the organization values.
Dreyfus and Dreyfus on competency development
Dreyfus and Dreyfus introduced nomenclature for the levels of competence in competency development. The causative reasoning of such a language of levels of competency may be seen in their paper on Calculative Rationality titled, "From Socrates to Expert Systems: The Limits and Dangers of Calculative Rationality". The five levels proposed by Dreyfus and Dreyfus were:
Novice: Rule-based behaviour, strongly limited and inflexible
Experienced Beginner: Incorporates aspects of the situation
Practitioner: Acting consciously from long-term goals and plans
Knowledgeable practitioner: Sees the situation as a whole and acts from personal conviction
Expert: Has an intuitive understanding of the situation and zooms in on the central aspects
The process of competency development is a lifelong series of doing and reflecting. As competencies apply to careers as well as jobs, lifelong competency development is linked with personal development as a management concept. And it requires a special environment, where the rules are necessary in order to introduce novices, but people at a more advanced level of competency will systematically break the rules if the situations requires it. This environment is synonymously described using terms such as learning organization, knowledge creation, self-organizing and empowerment.
Within a specific organization or professional community, professional competency is frequently valued. They are usually the same competencies that must be demonstrated in a job interview. But today there is another way of looking at it: that there are general areas of occupational competency required to retain a post, or earn a promotion. For all organizations and communities there is a set of primary tasks that competent people have to contribute to all the time. For a university student, for example, the primary tasks could be:
Handling theory
Handling methods
Handling the information of the assignment
The four general areas of competency are:
Meaning Competency: The person assessed must be able to identify with the purpose of the organization or community and act from the preferred future in accordance with the values of the organization or community.
Relation Competency: The ability to create and nurture connections to the stakeholders of the primary tasks must be shown.
Learning Competency: The person assessed must be able to create and look for situations that make it possible to experiment with the set of solutions that make it possible to complete the primary tasks and reflect on the experience.
Change Competency: The person assessed must be able to act in new ways when it will promote the purpose of the organization or community and make the preferred future come to life.
McClelland and occupational competency
The Occupational Competency movement was initiated by David McClelland in the 1960s with a view to moving away from traditional attempts to describe competency in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes and to focus instead on the specific self-image, values, traits, and motive dispositions (i.e. relatively enduring characteristics of people) that are found to consistently distinguish outstanding from typical performance in a given job or role. Different competencies predict outstanding performance in different roles, and that there is a limited number of competencies that predict outstanding performance in any given job or role. Thus, a trait that is a "competency" for one job might not predict outstanding performance in a different role. There is hence research on competencies needed in specific jobs or contexts.
Nevertheless, there have been developments in research relating to the nature, development, and assessment of high-level competencies in homes, schools, and workplaces.
Perez-Capdevila and labor competencies
The most recent definition has been formalized by Javier Perez-Capdevila in 2017, who has written that the competences are fusions obtained from the complete mixture of the fuzzy sets of aptitudes and attitudes possessed by employees, both in a general and singular way. In these fusions, the degree of belonging to the resulting group expresses the extent to which these competencies are possessed.
Benefits of competencies
Competency models can help organizations align their initiatives to their overall business strategy. By aligning competencies to business strategies, organizations can better recruit and select employees for their organizations. Competencies have become a precise way for employers to distinguish superior from average or below average performance. The reason for this is because competencies extend beyond measuring baseline characteristics and or skills used to define and assess job performance. In addition to recruitment and selection, a well sound Competency Model will help with performance management, succession planning and career development.
Career paths: Development of stepping stones necessary for promotion and long-term career-growth
Clarifies the skills, knowledge, and characteristics required for the job or role in question and for the follow-on jobs
Identifies necessary levels of proficiency for follow-on jobs
Allows for the identification of clear, valid, legally defensible and achievable benchmarks for employees to progress upward
Takes the guesswork out of career progression discussions
Identifying skill gaps: Knowing whether employees are capable of performing their role in achieving corporate strategy
Enables people to perform competency assessments in order to identify skill gaps at an individual and aggregate level
When self-assessments are included, drives intrinsic motivation for individuals to close their own gaps
Identifies re-skilling and upskilling opportunities for individuals, or consideration of other job roles
Ensures organizations can rapidly act, support their people, and remain competitive
Performance management: Provides regular measurement of targeted behaviors and performance outcomes linked to job competency profile critical factors.
Provides a shared understanding of what will be monitored, measured, and rewarded
Focuses and facilitates the performance appraisal discussion appropriately on performance and development
Provides focus for gaining information about a person's behavior on the job
Facilitates effectiveness goal-setting around required development efforts and performance outcomes
Selection: The use of behavioral interviewing and testing where appropriate, to screen job candidates based on whether they possess the key necessary job competency profile:
Provides a complete picture of the job requirements
Increases the likelihood of selecting and interviewing only individuals who are likely to succeed on the job
Minimizes the investment (both time and money) in people who may not meet the company's expectations
Enables a more systematic and valid interview and selection process
Helps distinguish between competencies that are trainable after hiring and those are more difficult to develop
Succession planning:
Careful, methodical preparation focused on retaining and growing the competency portfolios critical for the organization to survive and prosper
Provides a method to assess candidates’ readiness for the role
Focuses training and development plans to address missing competencies or gaps in competency proficiency levels
Allows an organization to measures its “bench strength”—the number of high-potential performers and what they need to acquire to step up to the next level
Provides a competency framework for the transfer of critical knowledge, skills, and experience prior to succession – and for preparing candidates for this transfer via training, coaching and mentoring
Informs curriculum development for leadership development programs, a necessary component for management succession planning
Training and development: Development of individual learning plans for individual or groups of employees based on the measurable “gaps” between job competencies or competency proficiency levels required for their jobs and the competency portfolio processed by the incumbent.
Focuses training and development plans to address missing competencies or raise level of proficiency
Enables people to focus on the skills, knowledge and characteristics that have the most impact on job effectiveness
Ensures that training and development opportunities are aligned with organizational needs
Makes the most effective use of training and development time and dollars
Provides a competency framework for ongoing coaching and feedback, both development and remedial
Types of competencies
Behavioral competencies: Individual performance competencies are more specific than organizational competencies and capabilities. As such, it is important that they be defined in a measurable behavioral context in order to validate applicability and the degree of expertise (e.g. development of talent)
Core competencies: Capabilities and/or technical expertise unique to an organization, i.e. core competencies differentiate an organization from its competition (e.g. the technologies, methodologies, strategies or processes of the organization that create competitive advantage in the marketplace). An organizational core competency is an organization's strategic strength.
Functional competencies: Functional competencies are job-specific competencies that drive proven high-performance, quality results for a given position. They are often technical or operational in nature (e.g., "backing up a database" is a functional competency).
Management competencies: Management competencies identify the specific attributes and capabilities that illustrate an individual's management potential. Unlike leadership characteristics, management characteristics can be learned and developed with the proper training and resources. Competencies in this category should demonstrate pertinent behaviors for management to be effective.
Organizational competencies: The mission, vision, values, culture and core competencies of the organization that sets the tone and/or context in which the work of the organization is carried out (e.g. customer-driven, risk taking and cutting edge). How we treat the patient is part of the patient's treatment.
Technical competencies: Depending on the position, both technical and performance capabilities should be weighed carefully as employment decisions are made. For example, organizations that tend to hire or promote solely on the basis of technical skills, i.e. to the exclusion of other competencies, may experience an increase in performance-related issues (e.g. systems software designs versus relationship management skills)
Examples:
Attention to detail
Is alert in a high-risk environment; follows detailed procedures and ensures accuracy in documentation and data; carefully monitors gauges, instruments or processes; concentrates on routine work details; organizes and maintains a system of records.
Commitment to safety
Understands, encourages and carries out the principles of integrated safety management; complies with or oversees the compliance with Laboratory safety policies and procedures; completes all required
ES&H training; takes personal responsibility for safety.
Communication
Writes and speaks effectively, using conventions proper to the situation; states own opinions clearly and concisely; demonstrates openness and honesty; listens well during meetings and feedback sessions; explains reasoning behind own opinions; asks others for their opinions and feedback; asks questions to ensure understanding; exercises a professional approach with others using all appropriate tools of communication; uses consideration and tact when offering opinions.
Cooperation/teamwork
Works harmoniously with others to get a job done; responds positively to instructions and procedures; able to work well with staff, co-workers, peers and managers; shares critical information with everyone involved in a project; works effectively on projects that cross functional lines; helps to set a tone of cooperation within the work group and across groups; coordinates own work with others; seeks opinions; values working relationships; when appropriate facilitates discussion before decision-making process is complete.
Customer service
Listens and responds effectively to customer questions; resolves customer problems to the customer's satisfaction; respects all internal and external customers; uses a team approach when dealing with customers; follows up to evaluate customer satisfaction; measures customer satisfaction effectively; commits to exceeding customer expectations.
Flexibility
Remains open-minded and changes opinions on the basis of new information; performs a wide variety of tasks and changes focus quickly as demands change; manages transitions from task to task effectively; adapts to varying customer needs.
Job knowledge/technical knowledge
Demonstrates knowledge of techniques, skills, equipment, procedures and materials. Applies knowledge to identify issues and internal problems; works to develop additional technical knowledge and skills.
Initiative and creativity
Plans work and carries out tasks without detailed instructions; makes constructive suggestions; prepares for problems or opportunities in advance; undertakes additional responsibilities; responds to situations as they arise with minimal supervision; creates novel solutions to problems; evaluates new technology as potential solutions to existing problems.
Innovation
Able to challenge conventional practices; adapts established methods for new uses; pursues ongoing system improvement; creates novel solutions to problems; evaluates new technology as potential solutions to existing problems.
Judgement
Makes sound decisions; bases decisions on fact rather than emotion; analyzes problems skillfully; uses logic to reach solutions.
Leadership:
Able to become a role model for the team and lead from the front. Reliable and have the capacity to motivate subordinates. Solves problems and takes important decisions.
Organization
Able to manage multiple projects; able to determine project urgency in a practical way; uses goals to guide actions; creates detailed action plans; organizes and schedules people and tasks effectively.
Problem solving
Anticipates problems; sees how a problem and its solution will affect other units; gathers information before making decisions; weighs alternatives against objectives and arrives at reasonable decisions; adapts well to changing priorities, deadlines and directions; works to eliminate all processes which do not add value; is willing to take action, even under pressure, criticism or tight deadlines; takes informed risks; recognizes and accurately evaluates the signs of a problem; analyzes current procedures for possible improvements; notifies supervisor of problems in a timely manner.
Quality control
Establishes high standards and measures; is able to maintain high standards despite pressing deadlines; does work right the first time and inspects work for flaws; tests new methods thoroughly; considers excellence a fundamental priority.
Quality of Work
Maintains high standards despite pressing deadlines; does work right the first time; corrects own errors; regularly produces accurate, thorough, professional work.
Quantity of work
Produces an appropriate quantity of work; does not get bogged down in unnecessary detail; able to manage multiple projects; able to determine project urgency in a meaningful and practical way; organizes and schedules people and tasks.
Reliability
Personally responsible; completes work in a timely, consistent manner; works hours necessary to complete assigned work; is regularly present and punctual; arrives prepared for work; is committed to doing the best job possible; keeps commitments.
Responsiveness to requests for service
Responds to requests for service in a timely and thorough manner; does what is necessary to ensure customer satisfaction; prioritizes customer needs; follows up to evaluate customer satisfaction.
Staff development
Works to improve the performance of oneself and others by pursuing opportunities for continuous learning/feedback; constructively helps and coaches others in their professional development; exhibits a “can-do” approach and inspires associates to excel; develops a team spirit.
Support of diversity
Treats all people with respect; values diverse perspectives; participates in diversity training opportunities; provides a supportive work environment for the multicultural workforce; applies the employer's philosophy of equal employment opportunity; shows sensitivity to individual differences; treats others fairly without regard to race, sex, color, religion, or sexual orientation; recognizes differences as opportunities to learn and gain by working together; values and encourages unique skills and talents; seeks and considers diverse perspectives and ideas.
Building a competency model
Many Human Resource professionals are employing a competitive competency model to strengthen nearly every facet of talent management—from recruiting and performance management, to training and development, to succession planning and more. A job competency model is a comprehensive, behaviorally based job description that both potential and current employees and their managers can use to measure and manage performance and establish development plans. Often there is an accompanying visual representative competency profile as well (see, job profile template).
Creating a competency framework is critical for both employee and system success. An organization cannot produce and develop superior performers without first identifying what superior performance is. In the traditional method, organizations develop behavioral interview questions, interview the best and worst performers, review the interview data (tracking and coding how frequently keywords and descriptions were repeated, selecting the SKAs that demonstrated best performance and named the competencies)
One of the most common pitfalls that organizations stumble upon is that when creating a competency model they focus too much on job descriptions instead the behaviors of an employee. Experts say that the steps required to create a competency model include:
Gathering information about job roles.
Interviewing subject matter experts to discover current critical competencies and how they envision their roles changing in the future.
Identifying high-performer behaviors.
Creating, reviewing (or vetting) and delivering the competency model.
Once the competency model has been created, the final step involves communicating how the organization plans to use the competency model to support initiatives such as recruiting, performance management, career development, succession planning as well as other HR business processes.
The problem with the traditional method is the time that it takes to build.
Agile Method for building a competency model
Because skills are changing so rapidly, by the time the traditional method is completed, the competency model may already be out of date.
For this reason, an agile method, designed to model top performers in a particular role, may be used. It includes these steps:
Select 4-6 high performing job incumbents, whose behavior you wish to model, to participate in a workshop
Conduct a one-day rapid job analysis workshop to capture the categories of things they do, what they do, and how they do it, including what separates good from great
Draft the details of the competency model based on the workshop and provide it to the workshop participants for review and editing
Consolidate draft feedback and conduct a live workshop with participants to come to consensus about changes
Identify the target level of proficiency for each task in the model based on the final behaviors
Optionally vet the completed model with a larger group of high performing job incumbents
Begin making the competency model actionable, and plan a formal review with other high performing job incumbents at least annually to ensure currency
This method typically takes 3 weeks.
Arzesh Competency Model
This method introduces different steps of model implementation as follows:
1- Identification of competencies
2- Ranking competencies
3- Creation of databases
4- Creation of the final model
For Creation of Final Model, It describes these Steps:
1- Defining competency
2- Identifying the main competencies
- Identifying the main competency criteria
3- Establishing competencies database
4- Establishing managers’ database
5- Establishing Competency Ranking database
- Selecting suitable method of quantification
- Determining the weight of each criterion and prioritization of the competency criteria
6- Establishing Managers’ Ranking database
- Assess the Competency of Managers by experienced managers qualified with expedience and allocation α ijk
- Concise evaluation by Assessment and Allocation Centers β ijk
- Calculation of the competency number of each manager for each competency criterion and calculation of the average competency of each manager (a)
Modeling in the project competencies section follows these steps:
The model plan for the second part is as follows:
1- Determining the status of the organization
2- Establishing a database of organization's projects
3- Find the Determine the complexity number range
4- Choosing the manager with the same score as the obtained number for each project and assign it to the project
Outsourcing competency models
The most frequently mentioned “cons” mentioned by competency modeling experts regarding creating a competency model is time and expense. This is also a potential reason why some organizations either don't have a competency model in place or don't have a complete and comprehensive competency model in place. Building a competency model requires careful study of the job, group, and organization of industry. The process often involves researching performance and success, interviewing high performing incumbents, conducting focus groups and surveys.
When asked in a recent webcast hosted by the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM), 67 percent of webcast attendees indicated that hastily written job descriptions may be the root cause of incomplete competencies. Defining and compiling competencies is a long process that may sometimes require more effort and time than most organizations are willing to allocate. Instead of creating a competency model themselves, organizations are enlisting the help of specialist/consultants to assess their organization and create a unique competency model specific to their organization. There are many ways that organizations can outsource these functions. However, many competency models which have been created are usable in many companies. The most important of these are introduced:
1-Project Manager Competence Development Framework (PMCDF)
PMCDF framework, studied since 1997, is the first standard of the Project Management Institute (PMI) addressing the issue of "improving performance of project staff". This standard is an important step in continuing the mission of this association for definition of the body of knowledge supporting project management profession and provision of standards for its application. PMCDF framework aims to help project managers and those interested in project management to manage their profession development.
2-Project Manager Competency Framework (ICB)
The International Project Management Institute has divided the project management competencies into three categories: technical, behavioral and structural-environment. According to this standard, we need 46 elements to describe the competency of the project manager (a professional specialist who plans and controls the project).
3-National Competency Standards for Project Management (NCSPM)
The AIPM (Austrian Institute for project management) was formed in 1976 as the project manager's forum and has been instrumental in progressing the profession of project management in Australia. The AIPM developed and documented their standard as the Australian national competency standards for project management.
4-The Model for selection of competent manager in constructional projects
This model is designed based on the special conditions of constructional projects. In this model, first, the characteristics of a competent manager based on studies conducted on various standards and models of the world, and after studies on competency in the scientific and traditional attitudes, are divided into several categories and, finally, after identification of the criteria and measurable criteria and sub-criteria, with the help of the network analysis process, each of the criteria and sub-criteria is weighed in two different companies, and finally ranked among the identified factors and based on the weighted average of each of the sub-criteria, for selection of a competent manager among several volunteer managers, modeling is performed. The following figure shows the criteria and sub-criteria required for selection of the competent manager.
5-South African National Competency Model (SABPP)
On October 16, 2012, a major human resources organization which was called SABPP created a National Competency Model for South Africa. SABPP is not only a professional organization in the field of Human resource researches but also active in the field of training logistics. This company has developed training programs in the field of management and industrial psychology. Therefore, in development of this model, the views of industrial psychologists have been used. Dr. Lydia Silichemith has headed the research group. According to his early studies, creation of SABPP's competency model is important because it describes the requirements for any professional in a variety of occupational contexts.
6-The Arzesh Competency Model
Based on this model, a suitability model should follow the following objectives:
1- Merit
2. Educate future managers.
The purpose of this model is to deserve and develop the culture of success in organizations. The value model tries to identify and develop, within several stages, the competencies of its forces:
First step - Identify the capabilities of the organization's human resources
Stage II - Identification of job competencies
Third stage - Human Resource Ranking
Step Four - Meritocracy: Use people in posts that are commensurate with their competencies.
Competency libraries
Organizations that don't have the time or resources to build to develop competencies can purchase comprehensive competency libraries online. These universal competencies are applicable to all organizations across functions. Organizations can then take these competencies and begin building a competency model.
Specialists/consultants
For organizations that find they want a specialist to help create a competency model, outsourcing the entire process is also possible. Through outsourcing, a specialist/consultant can work with your company to pinpoint the root causes of your workforce challenges. By identifying these workforce challenges, customized action plans can then be created to meet the specific needs. Typically, these solutions are unique to every organization's culture and challenges.
Competency identification
Competencies required for a post are identified through job analysis or task analysis, using techniques such as the critical incident technique, work diaries, and work sampling. A future focus is recommended for strategic reasons.
See also
, the tendency for incompetent people to grossly overestimate their skills
, the tendency for competent workers to be promoted just beyond the level of their competence
, management style
References
Further reading
Eraut, M. (1994). Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence. London: Routledge.
Gilbert, T.F. (1978). Human Competence. Engineering Worthy Performance. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Human resource management |
4014773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudicator | Adjudicator | An adjudicator is someone who presides, judges, and arbitrates during a formal dispute or competition. They have numerous purposes, including preliminary legal judgments, to determine applicant eligibility, or to assess contenders' performance in competitions.
Types
Arbiters
An example is a person who makes a preliminary judgment as to an unemployment insurance claim. An adjudicator makes an initial decision to keep a case from going to court. Although the adjudicator's decision does not have legal weight, the adjudicator has rendered a decision. Although a case can be appealed to a judge, the adjudicator's decision is frequently accepted as the same as what a judge would make, keeping many time-consuming cases out of the court system.
Decision-making panels
The term is used to refer to a panel of judges in the process of considering security clearances for the United States government. The panel reviews information from a background investigation and a polygraph and decides whether to grant the clearance. Adjudicators can be a medical review board that makes disability and retirement benefit decisions for Federal employees and military personnel. Adjudicators also exist for immigration benefits.
Official evaluations
An adjudicator (often referred to as a "judge", "umpire", "arbiter", or more archaically as a "daysman"), is a person who gives a critical evaluation of performances in competitions, festivals or talent shows, resulting in the award of marks, medals or prizes.
In BP debate, an adjudicator weighs arguments and decides rankings in the house. There are different types of adjudicators, each with their respective duties and levels of authority: chair, panelist, and trainee. In the event that the chair is the chief adjudicator of the tournament, they are referred to as "Speaker".
References
Sources
Adjudicators Field Manual, United States Department of Homeland Security, Citizenship and Immigration Services
Legal professions
Scots law general titles
Law of the United Kingdom |
4014781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Lennon | Andy Lennon | Andy Lennon (September 1, 1914 - November 24, 2007) is most notably associated with his work in advanced model aircraft design.
Background
Lennon was involved in aviation since the age of 15, when he went for a short ride in a Curtiss Robin. He soon joined the Montreal Flying Club and began flying D.H. Gypsy Moths and early two-place Aeronca cabin monoplanes. He was educated in Canada at Edward VII School, Strathcona Academy, Montreal Technical School, McGill University and the University of Western Ontario, (London, Ontario).
Involvement in Manufacturing
Lennon entered the Canadian aircraft manufacturing industry and later moved to general manufacturing as an industrial engineer. Throughout his career, he continued to study aeronautics, particularly aircraft design, aviation texts, NACA and NASA reports and aviation periodicals. He tested many aeronautics theories by designing, building and flying nearly 25 experimental R/C models-miniatures of potential light aircraft. One model, the Seagull III was a flying boat with wide aerobatic capabilities. Lennon was a licensed pilot in the United States and Canada.
Contributions in Literature
Lennon was a contributing editor to Model Airplane News, Model Aviation, Model Builder, RC Modeler, Fly RC and RC Models and Electronics. He wrote several books: "Basics of R/C Model Aircraft Design", "R/C Model Airplane Design" and "Canard: A Revolution in Flight." His last book was published in 1996, has been reprinted twice since. Andy's authority in aerodynamics and related studies are well acknowledged by leaders in the aviation industry. His book "Canard: A Revolution in Flight" had the foreword written by Burt Rutan, a fitting authority in Canard design. For his last book "Basics of R/C Model Aircraft Design", Bob Kress, who designed the F-14, among other designs, wrote the introduction.
Model Design Development
Lennon, since 1957, has designed and published a wide range of model aircraft in various publications. These designs each represented features specific to that particular plane. The current list of his published designs is as follows, in order of publication:
Model Airplane News
Oct. 1957: Flamingo Flying Boat
Sept. 1980: Elseven - Sport (pronounced EL-Seven)
Jan. 1981: Canada Goose Canard
March/April 1983: Crane STOL
July 1984: Gull Sport
Oct. 1992: Sea Hawk - Float & Land Plane
Sept. 1993: Swift - Sport
Nov. 1994: Dove - Glo Powered Glider
Jan. 1996: Wild Goose - 3 Surface Model
Aug. 1996: Crow STOL
May 2000: Robin STOL
Model Aviation, USA
Jan. 1987: Sparrow Hawk - Sport
Oct. 1987: Sea Loon - Twin Boom Flying Boat
Model Builder, USA
Oct. 1989: Swan - Canard
June 1991: Osprey - Float & Land Plane
R.C. Modeler, USA
Jan. 1989: Snowy Owl Sport
Oct. 1992: Seagull III - Flying Boat
Radio Control Models & Electronics, UK
Feb. 1998: Wasp - Tandem Wing Biplane
Although all designs are dear to Andy, he has noted that [the] "Robin and the Seagull III, are both my favourites."Lennon's last design was the Robin. (officially)
Unsurprisingly, the majority of Mr. Lennon's unpublished designs are preserved in the hands of Ken Charron, principal designer who Andy collaborated with in the development and release of the "Robin" kit — the only known design of Andy Lennon's to be produced in [kit] form.
References
1914 births
Model aircraft
2007 deaths
McGill University alumni |
4014786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles | 1996 French Open – Women's singles | Defending champion Steffi Graf successfully defended her title, defeating Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in a rematch of the previous year's final, 6–3, 6–7(4–7), 10–8 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1996 French Open. With the win, Graf claimed her 19th major singles title, surpassing Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova's Open Era record.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Steffi Graf is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Steffi Graf (champion)
Monica Seles (quarterfinals)
Conchita Martínez (semifinals)
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (final)
Iva Majoli (quarterfinals)
Anke Huber (fourth round)
Kimiko Date (fourth round)
Brenda Schultz-McCarthy (third round)
Lindsay Davenport (quarterfinals)
Jana Novotná (semifinals)
Mary Joe Fernández (fourth round)
Mary Pierce (third round)
Magdalena Maleeva (fourth round)
Amanda Coetzer (fourth round)
Martina Hingis (third round)
Barbara Paulus (third round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Earlier rounds
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
1996 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Singles
French Open by year – Women's singles
French Open - Women's Singles
1996 in women's tennis
1996 in French women's sport |
4014796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX | KNX | KNX may refer to:
KNX, the New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol for Knight-Swift, a US trucking company
KNX (AM), a radio station (1070 AM) licensed to Los Angeles, California, United States
KCBS-FM, a radio station (93.1 FM) licensed to Los Angeles, California, United States, which used the call sign KNX-FM from May 1986 to March 1989
KNX-FM, a radio station (97.1 MHz) licensed to Los Angeles, California, United States
KNX (standard), a home and building automation standard
The IATA airport code for Kununurra Airport |
4014799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedwetting%20alarm | Bedwetting alarm | A bedwetting alarm is a behavioral treatment for nocturnal enuresis.
History
The enuresis alarm methodology originated from French and German physicians in the first decade of the 20th century. Meinhard von Pfaundler, a German pediatrician made the discovery accidentally, with the original intention to create an alarm device that would notify nursing staff when a child had bed wetting and needed to be changed, showing the device to have a significant therapeutic advantages after a certain time of use. Despite early success, the treatment was not developed until the 1930s by two independent groups of psychologists: Orval Mowrer and Willie Mae Mowrer (1938) and John Morgan and Frances Witmer (1939). Mowrer used a modified Pfaundler alarm device with 30 children (ages 3–13 years) showing empirical success of the bell and pad method as a treatment for nocturnal enuresis, with the maximum time required to accomplish the treatment not exceeding two months.
Treatment process
The individual places the sensor (usually located in briefs or underwear) and turns the alarm device on (there are various types of alarms) before going to sleep. The enuresis alarm is triggered when a sensor in the sheets or night clothes becomes wet with urine, setting off an auditory signal with the intention of causing the individual to wake, cease voiding, and arise to void. Parents are advised to wake their child when the alarm is activated—otherwise, children are prone to turn it off and go back to sleep.
It is highly suggested that during treatment the alarm should be worn every night. The treatment effect and response are not immediate and treatment should be continued for 2–3 months or until the child is dry for 14 consecutive nights (whichever comes first). There may be cultural differences in its acceptability, as it may be highly disruptive for the household and may require a significant commitment of time and effort. The family must be motivated and adhere to this therapy if it is to be successful so they should be preemptively apprised of likely difficulties, but assured the first few weeks are the most troublesome. If necessary, doctors should monitor the child's progress early to address any problems and facilitate adherence.
Conditioning
The enuresis alarm utilizes both classical and operant conditioning to provide a means of causing the sleeping individual to be regularly awakened immediately after the onset of urination so they can void in the toilet and prevent bed wetting.
Classical conditioning
The classical conditioning paradigm components for the bell and pad method are the following: The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the awakening stimulus or the alarm sound, the unconditioned response (UR) is the awakening response and sphincter contraction, the neutral stimulus (NS) is the feeling produced by bladder distention (feeling of having a full bladder), the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the feeling produced by bladder distention, and the conditioned response (CR) is the awakening response and sphincter contraction. Initially the individual experiences the alarm sounding (activated by urination) (US) eliciting the awakening response and sphincter contraction (UR) to wake up, stop urinating, and travel to the bathroom. After continued pairing of the alarm sound (US) with the feeling of a full bladder (NS), the previous NS of feeling a full bladder becomes the CS and elicits the waking response (CR) of waking up to go use the bathroom and urinate.
Operant conditioning
In the operant conditioning paradigm the alarm sound serves as a noxious stimuli added to the environment, effectively implementing a positive punishment procedure whenever the individual activates the alarm by urinating. This eventually causes an avoidance response from the individual, maintain the behavior through negative reinforcement by avoiding the alarm sound altogether. In the future the individual wakes up to urinate and avoids wetting the bed.
Conditioning theory dissonance
Most researchers of the enuresis alarm credit the treatment effect to the classical conditioning paradigm as was explained in the original research by Mowrer. However, some researchers have noted an important difference between conditioning treatment and the usual classical conditioning treatment. In typical classical conditioning, when the unconditioned stimulus is withdrawn, the conditioned response gradually weakens with repeated application of the conditioned stimulus. In successful cases of the enuresis alarm conditioning treatment, no extinction occurs following the withdrawal of the alarm stimulus (US). This suggests that the conditioning treatment may follow the operant avoidance conditioning rather than the classical conditioning pattern. In addition, a strictly classical conditioning explanation fails to incorporate that social positive reinforcement may be introduced to the individuals environment from family members from signs of improvement taking into account social learning. However, it is theorized that classical and operant conditioning both contribute to the effectiveness of the treatment.
Sensors
A urine sensor is a necessary part of any bedwetting alarm. A basic urine sensor consists of two electricity conductors separated by moisture absorbing insulating material. A low DC electric voltage, provided by batteries, is applied across these conductors. This low voltage is usually about 3 volts, so as not to be dangerous to the user. When this insulating material (frequently cotton cloth as in common briefs) absorbs urine, it allows electricity to pass through it and between the conductors, resulting in a small electric current in the conductors. The conductors are attached to an alarm device, which triggers an alarm when it senses this current. Most sensors and alarms are engineered based on this concept. Note that unless the urine reaches the sensor mechanism and adequately wets the briefs (or insulator between the conductors), the urine may not be sensed and the alarm will not activate.
Sensors are usually classified in terms of their attachment mechanisms to the briefs or other urine absorbing medium. The major sensor attachment categories are mechanical clips, sticky tape or pads for flat surface sensors, magnetic attachment, and wiring sewed into special briefs.
Stainless steel clips are most often used and are easily attached and detached to the briefs at the point of urination. Flat surface sensors require sticky tape or pads to be attached to the briefs. The magnetic sensors are magnetically attached to the briefs. Magnetic sensors and wired briefs are typically used for wireless alarms.
Another consideration is how the sensor (through its cable, if applicable) is attached to its alarm or transmitter in the case of wired alarms or wireless alarms. Some wireless alarms are truly wireless, with the transmitter being part of the sensor and completely self-contained. For wired alarms, the sensor's wire (or cable) runs from the sensor (located at the point of urination) underneath the user's pajama shirt to wherever the alarm is located on the body (frequently on the collar of the pajama shirt, so that it is close to the ear). The attachment mechanism to the alarm, through which the electric current flows to the alarm, is important. If it is easily detached (unintentionally comes out from the alarm during use) the alarm may not be triggered. Most connectors are plastic telephone jacks which are very unlikely to be detached unintentionally (RJ-11, RJ-12, 616E, etc.).
Types of alarms
Wearable alarms
A wearable alarm is a design in which the child or patient wears the moisture sensor in or on their underwear or pajamas. This type of sensor will detect moisture almost immediately. The sensor is attached to the alarm unit with an electricity conducting wire or cable that can be worn under the shirt. Many wearable alarms vibrate as well as sound to wake deep sleepers.
Wireless alarms
A wireless bedwetting alarm is one in which the sensor and the alarm unit communicate by a means other than a wire. The transmitter, which senses the moisture, is directly attached to the child's underwear. The signal is transmitted wirelessly to a unit that is across the room from the child or an alarm unit in the child's room. Once the alarm unit is activated, it is necessary to get out of bed to turn it off. New wireless alarms add the convenience of also sounding an alarm in the caregiver's room, allowing both patient and caregiver to sleep in the comfort and privacy of their own beds and rooms. Multiple alarms in the house can further increase convenience. Remote controls can facilitate using the wireless bedwetting alarm system, and be especially convenient for the parent or caregiver.
Pad-type alarms
Bell-and pad alarms do not attach to the child in any way. The moisture sensor is in the form of a pad or mat that the child sleeps on top of. The pad detects moisture after urine has leaked onto it. The alarm unit is connected with a cord and usually sits on the bedside stand. This alarm requires a larger amount of urine before the sensor can detect moisture. The person must be on the pad for it to sense moisture.
Factors of treatment success
Successful outcome of enuresis alarm treatment is associated with optimal motivation of the child and family, higher frequency of dry nights, and the absence of adverse environmental factors and psychiatric disorders.
Reduced efficacy of the treatment is associated with lack of concern shown by the individual, lack of supervision, inconsistent use, family stress, abnormal scores on behavioral checklists, psychiatric disorders in the individual, failure to awaken in response to the alarm, unsatisfactory housing conditions, and more than one wetting episode per night.
References
Urologic procedures
Sleep disorders
de:Klingelhose |
4014800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Eastaboga%2C%20Alabama | Old Eastaboga, Alabama | Old Eastaboga is an unincorporated community in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. Eastaboga (historically Estaboga) means "where the people reside" in Muscogee. Old Eastaboga was formerly called Eastaboga until the early 20th century, and was briefly listed as an incorporated town on the 1900 and 1910 censuses. The nearby former town of McFall, which was to the north along the railroad, straddling the Talladega and Calhoun County lines, was later renamed Eastaboga (while the original Eastaboga became Old Eastaboga).
Demographics
Eastaboga (spelled as "Estaboga") was listed on the 1900 and 1910 U.S. Censuses as an incorporated town wholly within Talladega County. It presumably incorporated at or prior to 1900. Given its rapid population decline by 1910, it likely lost its charter at some point during that decade.
Notable people
Lewis Archer Boswell, aviation pioneer
References
Unincorporated communities in Talladega County, Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Alabama |
4014803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs.%20Medwin | Mrs. Medwin | Mrs. Medwin is a short story by Henry James, first published in Punch in 1900. The story slyly satirizes fashionable society in fin-de-siècle England. The central characters are an American brother and sister who both entertain and live off this society, which has grown bland and bored and almost exhausted.
Plot summary
Mamie Cutter is an American living in London. She supports herself by getting questionable people into fashionable social circles, in return for a fee. Her worthless but personable half-brother Scott Homer turns up at her apartment looking for a handout.
A particularly tough case for Mamie is a certain Mrs. Medwin, who is apparently beyond the pale even by the lax standards of current English society. But Scott comes to Mamie's rescue by charming the snooty Lady Wantrigde into inviting Mrs. Medwin to one of her exclusive parties. Mamie collects her fee and Scott becomes an unexpected social success.
Major themes
In his Notebooks James bestowed the adjective "cynical" on his idea for this story, and it's hard to disagree. Never did James describe English high society with a more sarcastic tone than in this worldly-wise tale of how jaded socialites will accept anything and anybody for the sake of an even slightly fresh experience.
Scott Homer puts it in his usual blunt way: "The bigger bugs they are the more they're on the lookout...for anything that will help them to live...They're dead, don't you see? And WE'RE alive." James endows Scott with enough charm to make his success with the "bugs" believable, and Mamie doesn't mind collecting the financial rewards. The story's brevity (under eight thousand words) and simplicity of style help keep its sardonic message from seeming clumsy or forced. The satirical magazine Punch was a perfect vehicle for this astringent view of hoity-toity social circles.
Critical evaluation
Critics such as Clifton Fadiman, Edward Wagenknecht and Robert Gale have been quite kind to this "little cynical comedy", as its author dubbed it. James handles his material with the lightest touch, never blundering into a ham-handed condemnation of social hypocrisy. Abundant humor makes it clear that James is unshockable and amused.
The idea for the tale came from a few bits of gossip, and the finished product shows how the thoroughly experienced novelist could turn the smallest hint into a minor masterpiece. Keeping the story as brief as possible for commercial and artistic reasons, James still gets his characters into sharp outline and makes his satire memorable.
References
The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1984)
A Henry James Encyclopedia by Robert L. Gale (New York: Greenwood Press 1989)
External links
New York Edition text of Mrs. Medwin (1909)
Author's preface to the New York Edition text of Mrs. Medwin (1909)
Note on the texts of Mrs. Medwin at the Library of America web site
1901 short stories
Short stories by Henry James
Works originally published in Punch (magazine) |
4014808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20national%20parks%20of%20Denmark | List of national parks of Denmark | There are six national parks in the Kingdom of Denmark; five in Denmark proper and one in Greenland.
The first national park in Denmark proper was Thy National Park (), created in 2008. It is located in Thisted Municipality, Nordjylland. The park is a narrow stretch of land along the North Jutlandic Island's west coast from Hanstholm southward to Agger Tange, excluding Hanstholm, Klitmøller, Nørre Vorupør, Stenbjerg and Agger. Thy National Park is named after Thy, an area that includes not only today's national park but also adjacent land further east. The park has dunes, heath, forests and grassland and also covers several small lakes and a small part of the Limfjord, which is the fjord that separates the North Jutlandic Island from the Cimbrian Peninsula.
In August 2009, the second national park Mols Bjerge National Park was inaugurated, followed by Wadden Sea National Park in October 2010, and Land of the Scylding National Park in 2015. Two additional areas in mainland Denmark were proposed in 2008 and 2009 to become national parks. One of these plans, Skjern Å Nationalpark (after the river of the same name), was abandoned in 2012, but it was restarted in 2018 and is ongoing. The other, Kongernes Nordsjælland National Park, was inaugurated in 2018.
Greenland has had its own national park since 1974. The Northeast Greenland National Park stretches across three fifths of the northern parts of Greenland's east coast and, since its expansion in 1988, two thirds of the eastern parts of Greenland's north coast. Bounded by the coasts, the park covers the island's entire north-eastern quarter, all of which is almost uninhabited.
Like Greenland, the Faroe Islands forms another autonomous region of the Kingdom of Denmark, but contains no national parks.
Footnotes
Notes
References
External links
Danish Forest and Nature Agency's website on the national parks of mainland Denmark
Avatangiisinut Pinngortitamullu Aqutsisoqarfik (Greenlandic) = Miljø- og Naturstyrelsen (Danish).Operates under Greenland Home Rule's new ministry for domestic affairs (Greenlandic · Danish)
Faroese Ministry of the Interior (Faroese)
Denmark
National parks
National parks |
4014810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVE | SVE | SVE may refer to:
Scalable vector extension, a feature of microprocessor ARM architecture
Société de Véhicules Electriques, a joint venture for the development of hybrid vehicles
Soil vapor extraction, an in situ process for soil remediation
Sharon Van Etten, American singer-songwriter and actress
Special visceral efferent, nerves that supply muscles
Specialty Vehicle Engineering, a high-performance automobile group within Chrysler
Susanville Municipal Airport (IATA airport code), near Susanville, California |
4014832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bykovo | Bykovo | Bykovo may refer to:
Bykovo (inhabited locality), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Bykovo Airport, a regional airport in Moscow |
4014834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas%20Bonnier | Jonas Bonnier | Jonas Bonnier (born 1963) is a Swedish author who has published 8 novels. His latest work, The Helicopter Heist about the Västberga helicopter robbery, has been sold to 34 territories. It is his first attempt in the suspense novel category. The film- and TV-rights were acquired by Netflix and Jake Gyllenhaal's production company Nine Stories. Bonnier was President of the Bonnier Group from 1 January 2008 until May 2013. He is a member of the Bonnier family.
References
1963 births
Living people
Swedish people of Jewish descent
Swedish magazine publishers (people)
Swedish newspaper publishers (people)
Jonas |
4014835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Furini | Francesco Furini | Francesco Furini (c. 1600 (or 1603) – August 19, 1646) was an Italian Baroque painter of Florence, noted for his sensual sfumato style in paintings of both secular and religious subjects.
Biography
He was born in Florence to an artistic family. His father, Filippo, was a portrait painter; his sister Alessandra also became a painter; and another sister, Angelica, was a singer in the court of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Furini's early training was by Matteo Rosselli (whose other pupils include Lorenzo Lippi and Baldassare Franceschini), though Furini is also described as influenced by Domenico Passignano and Giovanni Biliverti. He befriended Giovanni da San Giovanni. Traveling to Rome in 1619, he also would have been exposed to the influence of Caravaggio and his followers. Among his pupils are Simone Pignoni and Giovanni Battista Galestruzzi.
Furini's work reflects the tension faced by the conservative, mannerist style of Florence when confronting then novel Baroque styles. He is a painter of biblical and mythological set-pieces with a strong use of the misty sfumato technique. In the 1630s his style paralleled that of Guido Reni. An important early work, Hylas and the Nymphs (1630), features six female nudes that attest to the importance Furini placed upon drawing from life.
Furini became a priest in 1633 for the parish of Sant'Ansano in Mugello.
Freedberg describes Furini's style as filled with "morbid sensuality". His frequent use of disrobed females is discordant with his excessive religious sentimentality, and his polished stylization and poses are at odds with his aim of expressing highly emotional states. His stylistic choices did not go unnoticed by more puritanical contemporary biographers like Baldinucci. Pignoni also mirrored this style in his works.
One of his masterpieces, and not reflective of the style of his canvases, is the airy fresco in Palazzo Pitti, where on order of Ferdinando II de' Medici, between 1639 and 1642, Furini frescoed two large lunettes depicting the Platonic Academy of Careggi and the Allegory of the Death of Lorenzo the Magnificent. The frescoes can be seen as a response to Pietro da Cortona, who was at work in the palazzo during these years.
Furini traveled to Rome again in the year before his death in 1646.
Legacy
In Robert Browning's series of poems titled Parleyings with certain people of importance in their day, the poet envisions an explanation by Furini that refutes the published assertion by Filippo Baldinucci that (on his deathbed) he had ordered all his nude paintings be destroyed. For Browning, Furini's disrobement of his subjects is emblematic of a courageous search for the hidden truth. Modern research has demonstrated that Furini did not abandon his sensual painting subjects on entering the priesthood.
Furini was rediscovered in the early 20th century by .<ref>Stanghellini, Francesco Furini, Vita d'Arte 13 [1913).</ref> His scantily documented career was sketched by Elena Toesca (Furini, 1950) and brought into focus with an exhibition of his drawings at the Uffizi, 1972.
References
Sources
Campbell, Malcolm (1972). "Francesco Furini Drawings at the Uffizi". The Burlington Magazine, 114 (833), 571–570.
Cantelli, G., & Furini, F. (1972). Disegni di Francesco Furini: e del suo ambiente. Firenze: Olschki.
Cappelletti, Francesca. "Furini, Francesco." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press,
Langmuir, Erika (2008). "Francesco Furini. Florence". The Burlington Magazine'', 150 (1263), 431–433.
Web Gallery of Art entry.
External links
1600s births
1646 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Florence
Italian Baroque painters |
4014855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehetner | Zehetner | Zehetner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Brian Zehetner, American nutritionist
Günther Zehetner, Austrian scientist and scientific director of the former German Resource Center for Genome Research
Johann Zehetner (1912–1942), Austrian field handball player
Leopold I. Zehetner, provost of St. Florian monastery, officiated 1612-1646
Nora Zehetner (born 1981), American actress
German-language surnames |
4014872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverre%20Krogh%20Sundb%C3%B8 | Sverre Krogh Sundbø | Sverre Krogh Sundbø (born 28 July 1981) is a Norwegian television presenter and sports commentator. He is also a former poker player who won the European Poker Championship title in London in 2005. Krogh Sundbø is currently presenting several sports broadcasts both in Norway and abroad, and was recently the studio anchor for the Olympic Games on Eurosport Norway. He has previously presented shows ranging from reality to travel and game shows.
Krogh Sundbø is the son of singer Hanne Krogh, is married to stylist and media profile Cecilie Krogh., and is the brother of actress Amalie Krogh. In his teenage years, he was a skilled bandy and football player for IF Ready.
References
1981 births
Living people
Norwegian poker players
Sportspeople from Oslo |
4014874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clea%20Koff | Clea Koff | Clea Koff (born 1972) is a British-born American forensic anthropologist and author who worked several years for the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR; 2 missions) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (5 missions) in Rwanda, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, and in 2000 in Kosovo.
Early life
Koff, who is mixed-race and Jewish, was born in 1972 to a Tanzanian mother, Msindo Mwinyipembe, and an American father, David Koff, both documentary filmmakers focused on human rights issues. Her parents took her and her older brother, Kimera, with them around the world. She spent her childhood in England, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, and the United States. By the time she was a teenager she had decided to study human osteology, which she did first in California. She earned her bachelor's degree in anthropology from Stanford University.
Graduate school
Koff went on to the master's program in forensic anthropology at the University of Arizona.
She completed her master's degree in 1999 at the University of Nebraska, after combining her studies with working for the UN between 1996 and 2000.
As a 23-year-old graduate student studying prehistoric skeletons in California, Koff joined a small team of UN scientists exhuming victims of the genocide in Rwanda. Her job was to find evidence to bring the perpetrators to trial, and to help relatives to identify their loved ones.
She is good
Books
Koff captured the events in her memoir The Bone Woman: Among the dead in Rwanda, Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo (Random House) which was published in 2004 in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Argentina, and Canada, 2005 in France and Denmark, 2006 in Norway, Italy, and Portugal, and 2007 in Poland.
Koff's crime fiction debut, Freezing, part of the Jayne & Steelie Mystery Series, was published by Severn House in the UK in August 2011 and in the US in December 2011. French rights for the book have been acquired by Editions Héloïse d'Ormesson. Passing is the title of the second book in the series, which is not yet published.
Koff is represented by Ellen Levine, Executive Vice President of Trident Media Group.
Missing Persons Identification Resource Center
Koff founded in 2005 The Missing Persons Identification Resource Center (MPID), a non-profit organization, based in Los Angeles, which is about "essentially linking families with missing persons [in the US] with the Coroner's Office which hold thousands of unidentified bodies". The center closed in 2012.
When remains of Mitrice Richardson were recovered in Dark Canyon, Koff consulted on the case of the 24-year-old woman who went missing after being released from the Lost Hills Sheriff's Station. Koff raised objections regarding the handling of the remains during the investigation, and criticized the Los Angeles Sheriff's department suggestion that Richardson's clothing was removed by animals. Koff, with members of Richardson's family, found a finger bone of Richardson's at the site months after the coroner's second search of the area.
References
External links
Clea Koff (2004) The Bone Woman: Among the Dead in Rwanda, Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo -
Official homepage of The Bone Woman
A Conversation with Clea Koff (Video interview at Montgomery College)
The Missing Persons Identification Resource Center
UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
UN International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
La jeune fille et les morts, Clea Koff en entretien avec Isabelle Rabineau (topolivres.com)
Freezing - A Jayne & Steelie Mystery
The Jayne & Steelie Mystery Series official site
1972 births
Living people
American anthropologists
American autobiographers
20th-century American Jews
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
American women anthropologists
American people of Tanzanian descent
Women autobiographers
21st-century American Jews
20th-century American women
21st-century American women |
4014883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles | 1995 French Open – Women's singles | Steffi Graf defeated the defending champion Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the final, 7–5, 4–6, 6–0 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1995 French Open. Sánchez Vicario lost the world No. 1 ranking to Graf following the tournament, and would never recapture it.
The match between Virginie Buisson and Noëlle van Lottum was the longest women's match at a major, spanning 4 hours and 7 minutes. This record would later be broken by Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová and Regina Kulikova in the 2010 Australian Open.
The tournament marked the first major appearance of future world No. 1 and two-time major champion Amélie Mauresmo.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
1995 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Singles
French Open by year – Women's singles
French Open – Women's singles
1995 in women's tennis
1995 in French women's sport |
4014890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar%20Emiri%20Air%20Force | Qatar Emiri Air Force | The Qatar Emiri Air Force () (QEAF) is the air arm of the armed forces of the state of Qatar. It was established in 1974 as a small aerial support wing, although, in modern times It has evolved into a potent well equipped force. The QEAF is headquartered at Al-Udeid Air Base in Doha; the current commander is Brigadier General (Pilot) Jassem Mohamed Al-Mannai.
History
In March 1967, in response to the British announcement that it would withdraw its armed forces from the Persian Gulf, Qatar set up armed forces, creating the Qatar Public Security Forces Air Wing, equipped with two Westland Whirlwind helicopters. In 1971, it acquired a combat capability when it purchased three ex-RAF Hawker Hunter jet fighters, which remained in use until 1981. It was renamed the Qatar Emiri Air Force in 1974.
The air force began a major expansion in 1979, when it ordered six Alpha Jet trainer/light attack aircraft. This was followed by orders for 14 Mirage F1 supersonic jet fighters in 1980, which were delivered between 1980 and 1984. Twelve Gazelle helicopters, armed with HOT anti-tank missiles were received from 1983. Also in 1983, the air force took over the Qatar Police Air Wing.
In 1991, the Qatari Air Force contributed aircraft to conduct strikes against Iraqi forces during the Gulf War. After the conflict the government sought to fortify their air defense with the construction of a new base southwest of Doha at Al Udaid. The facility has hardened aircraft shelters, air defence radars, and Roland missile batteries.
In 2005, the Air Force participated in Exercise Eagle Resolve, along with Qatari medical services and emergency medical teams to build interoperability with their US counterparts. The US 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit took part in this exercise to validate the nation's crisis management plan prior to hosting the 2006 Asian Games.
Other acquisitions have been for an order of 59 AW139 helicopters. The helicopters are used for utility tasks, troop transport, search and rescue, border patrol, special forces operations, and law enforcement. Three additional aircraft were ordered in March 2011 for Medevac services.
By 2010, the Qatar Emiri Air Force's personnel strength was at 2,100 and its equipment included the Mirage 2000-3EDA, the SA 342L Gazelle, and the C-17A Globemaster III. Aircraft either flew out of al-Udeid field or Doha International Airport and received training from British instructors. In January 2011, the Air Force evaluated the Eurofighter Typhoon, the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle and the Dassault Rafale to replace its current fighter inventory of Dassault Mirage 2000-5s. In May 2015, the QAF awarded the contract for 24 Dassault Rafale fighters worth €6.3 billion ($7 billion).
In July 2012, the Qatar Air Force ordered a complete pilot training system from Pilatus centering upon the PC-21. The package included ground-based training devices, logistical support and maintenance in addition to 24 PC-21 aircraft.
In June 2015, the QAF ordered four additional C-17s, to supplement the existing four delivered in 2009 and 2012.
In September 2016, the sale of up to 72 F-15QAs to Qatar was submitted to the US Congress for approval. The deal (for 36 planes plus an option for 36 more), valued at US$21.1 billion, was signed in November 2016.
In September 2017, the QAF ordered 24 Typhoon fighter jets from the UK.
In December 2017, the QAF ordered 12 additional Rafale fighter jets from France, with an option for 36 more.
In August 2018, Qatar announced the construction of a new air base to be named after Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. In addition to the new air base, Al Udeid Air Base and Doha International Air Base are to be expanded in order to accommodate aircraft on order.
Airbases
Al Udeid Air Base
3rd Rotary Wing
20th Squadron – 39 AW139
Flying Wing 5
51st Squadron 'Ababil' - F-15QA
Transport Wing
10th Transport Squadron – 8 C-17 Globemaster
12th Transport Squadron - 4 C-130J-30
Al Zaeem Mohamed Bin Abdullah Al Attiyah Air College
?? Squadron - 8 MFI-395 Super Mushshak
31st Squadron - 24 PC-21
?? Squadron - 6 M-346
6th Close Support Squadron - 14 SA342 Gazelle (to be replaced with 16 x H125)Doha International Air BaseFlying Wing 1
7th Air Superiority Squadron – 9 Mirage 2000-5EDA, 3 Mirage 2000-5DDA
11th Close Support Squadron – 9 Hawk Mk167
2nd Rotary Wing
8th Anti-Surface Vessel Squadron – Westland Sea King
9th Multi-Role Squadron – Westland Commando Mk 2
41st Squadron - AH-64E Dukhan / Tamim AirbaseU/I Fighter Wing
1st Fighter Squadron 'Al Adiyat' – 31 RafaleRAF Leeming'''
11th RAF/QEAF AJT Training Squadron – 9 Hawk T2
Aircraft
Current inventory
Retired
Previous notable aircraft operated consisted of the Mirage 2000, Westland Commando, Hawker Hunter, Dassault Mirage F1, Piper PA-34 Seneca, Boeing 707, Boeing 727, Westland Whirlwind, Britten-Norman Islander, and the Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopter.
See also
Al Udeid Air Base
As Sayliyah Army Base
Military ranks of Qatar
Qatar Armed Forces
References
See also
Qatar Armed Forces
As Sayliyah Army Base
Al Udeid Air Base
Military of Qatar
Air forces by country
Military units and formations established in 1974
Qatar |
4014891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20This%20Is%20a%20Man | If This Is a Man | If This Is a Man ( ; United States title: Survival in Auschwitz) is a memoir by Italian Jewish writer Primo Levi, first published in 1947. It describes his arrest as a member of the Italian anti-fascist resistance during the Second World War, and his incarceration in the Auschwitz concentration camp (Monowitz) from February 1944 until the camp was liberated on 27 January 1945.
Background to the memoir
Primo Levi was born in 1919 in Turin. His forebears were Piedmontese Jews.
He studied chemistry at the University of Turin, graduating summa cum laude in 1941, notwithstanding the restrictions imposed by Mussolini's racial laws. In 1942 he found a position with a Swiss drug company in Milan. With the German occupation of northern and central Italy in 1943, Levi joined a partisan group in Aosta Valley in the Alps.
He was arrested in December 1943 and transported to Auschwitz in February 1944. He remained there until the camp was liberated on 27 January 1945. If This Is a Man recounts his experiences in the camp.
Chapters
"The Journey"
"On the Bottom"
"Initiation"
"Ka-Be"
"Our Nights"
"The Work"
"A Good Day"
"This Side of Good and Evil"
"The Drowned and the Saved"
"Chemistry Examination"
"The Canto of Ulysses"
"The Events of the Summer"
In "October 1944" the prisoners anticipate a 'selection': the Germans will send a proportion of the prisoners to the gas chambers to make room for new arrivals. No one knows the exact day on which it will take place; the prisoners reassure each other that surely it will not be they who will be selected. When it comes, the process is so perfunctory that it is almost a matter of chance who is chosen.
In "Kraus" Levi recalls the Hungarian working alongside him who has not grasped that in the camp hard work is not rewarded; not wasting energy is more likely to lead to survival.
Winter has arrived. "Die Drei Leute vom Labor" ("The Three Laboratory People") describes how Levi and two other prisoners are chosen to work in the laboratory. Its cleanliness and warmth contrasts with the rest of the bomb-ravaged and snow-covered camp. The presence of three healthy women makes the prisoners self-conscious about their own physical deterioration.
In "The Last One" Levi describes the audacious schemes he and Alberto devise to acquire goods to exchange for bread. At the end of the day the prisoners are assembled to witness the hanging of a man who has taken part in an uprising. At the moment of death he cries out "Comrades, I am the last!" The prisoners look on passively, robbed by now of any autonomy.
Written in the form of a diary "The Story of Ten Days" is the work's epilogue. Suffering with scarlet fever, Levi is admitted to the camp hospital. By now the arrival of the Red Army is imminent and the Germans decide to abandon the camp. Only the healthy prisoners are evacuated. Alberto leaves, Levi remains. The forced march of the departing prisoners will take almost all of them, including Alberto, to their deaths. Levi and two other prisoners set about helping the other patients in their barrack, scouring the abandoned camp for provisions. The Soviet troops arrive on 27 January 1945.
Composition
Levi began to write in February 1946, with a draft of what would become the final chapter recording his most recent memories of Auschwitz. According to Ian Thomson, Levi worked over the next ten months with concentrated energy and extreme facility. Levi told him that the words poured out of him "like a flood which has been dammed and suddenly rushes forth". In the daytime Levi was working at a paint factory north-east of Turin. Mostly he wrote in the evenings and late into the night, although Levi said that the chapter The Canto of Ulysses was written almost entirely in a single, half-hour lunch break. The first manuscript was completed in December 1946 and required considerable editorial work. His future wife, Lucia Morpurgo, helped him to shape the book, giving it a clear sense of direction.
Publication
In January 1947, the manuscript was initially rejected by Einaudi, with the writers Cesare Pavese and Natalia Ginzburg thinking it too early after the war for such an account. However Levi managed to find a smaller publisher, De Silva, who printed 2,500 copies of the book, 1,500 of which were sold, mostly in Levi's hometown of Turin. In 1955, Levi signed a contract with Einaudi for a new edition, which was published in 1958. The initial printing of 2000 copies was followed by a second of the same size.
An English translation by Stuart Woolf was published in 1959. A German translation by Heinz Reidt appeared in 1961 (titled Ist das ein Mensch?) and a French edition in the same year.
All translations were completed under Levi's close supervision. He was particularly careful to oversee the German translation, writing in The Drowned and the Saved: "I did not trust my German publisher. I wrote him an almost insolent letter: I warned him not to remove or change a single word in the text, and I insisted that he send me the manuscript of the translation in batches ... I wanted to check on not merely its lexical but also its inner faithfulness." Robert S. C. Gordon writes that Levi went on to develop a close relationship with Reidt. The German edition contains a special preface addressed to the German people, which Levi said he wrote out of passionate necessity to remind them what they had done.
If This Is a Man is often published alongside Levi's second work of witness, The Truce (Italian title: La Tregua). The English translation of that book was published in 1965, again by Stuart Woolf, and was awarded the John Florio Prize for Italian translation in 1966.
Invocation
The book is introduced by a poem. The construction "If ..." invites the reader to make a judgment. It alludes to the treatment of people as Untermenschen (German for "sub-humans"), and to Levi's examination of the degree to which it was possible for a prisoner in Auschwitz to retain his or her humanity. The poem explains the title and sets the theme of the book: humanity in the midst of inhumanity.
The last part of the poem, beginning meditate, explains Levi's purpose in having written it: to record what happened so that later generations will "ponder" (a more literal translation of meditare) the significance of the events he lived through. It also parallels the language of the V'ahavta, the Jewish prayer that commands followers to remember and pass on the teachings of their faith.
Style
The calm sobriety of Levi's prose style is all the more striking given the horrific nature of the events he describes. Levi explained in his 1976 Appendix to the work: "I thought that my word would be more credible and useful the more objective it appeared and the less impassioned it sounded; only in that way does the witness in court fulfil his function, which is to prepare the ground for the judge. It is you who are the judges."
He ascribed the clarity of his language to the habits acquired during his training as a chemist: "My model was that of the weekly reports, a normal practice in factories: they must be concise, precise and written in a language accessible to all levels of the firm's hierarchy."
Adaptation for radio
In 1965 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired the 140-minute dramatic feature, "If This is a Man", George Whalley's adaptation of Stuart Woolf's translation. The broadcast was produced by John Reeves, who has written about the radio production.
See also
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Night (book)
The Diary of a Young Girl
The Holocaust in the arts and popular culture
Notes
Sources
Benchouiha, Lucie (2006). Primo Levi: Rewriting the Holocaust. Troubador Publishing Ltd.
Gordon, Robert S. C. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Primo Levi. Cambridge University Press.
Levi, Primo (2015). The Complete Works of Primo Levi. Penguin Classics.
Thomson, Ian (2003). Primo Levi: A Biography. Vintage.
Further reading
External links
1947 non-fiction books
1957 non-fiction books
Books by Primo Levi
Italian literature
Italian memoirs
Personal accounts of the Holocaust
Prisoners of war in popular culture |
4014894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boblbee | Boblbee | Boblbee (also expressed as BOBLBE·E when used on their products; , ) is a corporation that began in 1997 as a think tank for research and development of sports and recreational equipment. This led to the design and manufacture of hardshell and softshell backpacks. Their hardshell backpacks are best known for their impact reduction capabilities (between 86% - 93% depending on the model), unusual design, and accompanying accessory range. They have received two Good Design Awards. In 2015, the company became part of the Point 65 Sweden and their product range was re-launched under the new brand name. Their flagship store & corporate headquarters is located in Stockholm, Sweden.
History
The creator of the Boblbee packs, industrial designer Jonas Blanking, has a background in the automotive and sports industries having worked with such companies as Alfa Romeo, Volvo, Porsche and sports-gear maker Salomon. As an outdoorsman, he had trouble with conventional backpack designs that left expensive electronics or paperwork vulnerable to damage in the event of an accident or inclement weather. He set out to design a new type of backpack, unlike those considered suitable for sports such as hiking and biking, that would have to be rigid, protective, and provide adequate volume.
Blanking looked to the air cargo industry for the first iteration of the backpack, which led him to employ the use of aluminium and ABS plastics. Prototypes were developed in 1996. The first prototype featured a concept in which the rigid outer shell could be incorporated in such a way that the outside surface area is as useful as the internal volume. Fasteners located all over the pack let the wearer attach a skateboard or snowboard with simple straps that can be taken off with ease. Later, accessories were made to fit around the sides and the crevasse situated at the bottom of the pack for lumbar support.
The concept was finalized in April 1998, leading to the birth of the Boblbee monocoque hardshell backpack, now known as the Megalopolis. Boblbee then went on to release several more hardshell & softshell designs, all with varying features for transporting sports equipment, camera gear, laptops & more.
In July 2014 the company became part of Point 65 Sweden and moved its HQ from Malmo to Solna. In spring 2015 the complete range of products was relaunched under the new brand name 'Point 65'. Currently the backpacks are sold worldwide, through the official website or various authorised resellers.
Megalopolis
The Megalopolis was the first backpack released by Boblbee. It uses a design that reminds some of a toboggan or even a jetpack. The futuristic hardshell plastic form of the pack the Megalopolis (and the identical but smaller Peoples Delite) have appeared as accessories in movies such as Charlie's Angels, Hitch, Jason X, The Fast And The Furious, The Italian Job and Bicentennial Man.
The original Megalopolis came in two versions, the Executive and Sport models. The difference between the two was the color selections - the Sport version has in-mold primary colors, whereas the Executive has been painted and lacquered in a myriad of colors. The Executive has a partition of the interior, where the Sport has a removable laptop sleeve instead of an actual laptop compartment.
The Megalopolis Series was renamed the Boblbee GTO Series (20L & 25L packs) after the company became Point 65 Sweden. In 2016 the design was updated again and the GTO has been changed to the GTX series (today's current version).
Target audience
The Boblbee backpacks are built to withstand high impacts, protecting both the spine of the wearer and the contents of the pack. Motorcycle riders, skiers/snowboarders, mountain bikers or rock climbers are ideally suited to the extra security provided back protector and rigid outer shell. The packs are also widely used in urban situations, popular with cyclists, couriers, DJ's, business people & travellers to keep laptops or camera equipment protected while on-the-go.
Popularity has been achieved particularly in Japan where a big portion of Boblbee items are sold. Boblbee Japan has a website separate from the main site which features products exclusive to that region.
References
Sporting goods manufacturers of Sweden |
4014907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirlwall%20Castle | Thirlwall Castle | Thirlwall Castle is a 12th-century castle in Northumberland, England, on the bank of the River Tipalt close to the village of Greenhead and approximately west of Hexham. It was built in the 12th century, and later strengthened using stones from nearby Hadrian's Wall, but began to fall into disrepair in the 17th century. The site is protected by Grade I listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument status.
Meaning of name "Thirlwall"
"Thirlwall" combines Middle English Thirl, contracted with wall; in context, reference and proximity to Roman-built Hadrian's Wall from which Thirlwall Castle was materially built. Thirl [as verb] means "perforated-" or [as noun] "bored-wall", from the Old English þyrel, þyrl, "a hole made through anything, an aperture, orifice" and weall, "wall". As used and described in an Atlantic Monthly article, it is referenced as "a small passage built into a wall to allow sheep but not cattle to pass through ... a thirl, or a thawl". In Greek, the word Thura "θύρα thýra, [pronounced] thoo'-rah; apparently a primary word (compare "door"); a portal or entrance (the opening or the closure, literally or figuratively): "door, gate". The middle English noun thirl likewise references a portal; a through passage, gate or door [thura] through which lambs enter in. Book of John (KJV), tenth chapter conveys this same meaning: "Then said Jesus unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto you, I am the door [thura] of the sheep. I am the door [thura]: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and shall go in and out, and find pasture." (John 10:7;9). Thirl, corresponding identically in meaning to Greek thura, conjoined with wall then forms Thirlwall having reference to Roman-built Hadrian's Wall between Northeast England and Scotland in Northumbria.
History
The home of the Thirlwall family, the castle was fortified in about 1330 by John Thirlwall. In a survey of 1542 it was reported as in the ownership of Robert Thirlwall and in a 'measurable good' state of repair.
Sir Percival Thirlwall of Thirlwall Castle was killed at the Battle of Bosworth whilst fighting in the Yorkist cause on 22 August 1485. He was Richard III's standard-bearer in the final charge at Bosworth. He held up the standard even after his legs had been cut from under him.
Post medieval
Eleanor Thirwall, the last of the Thirlwall family line, abandoned the castle as a residence and the estate passed to the Swinburne family by her 1738 marriage to Matthew Swinburne of Capheaton Hall. Swinburne sold the estate to the Earl of Carlisle for £4000 in 1748.
Thereafter the castle fell into decay. In 1832 and again in 1982 there were serious collapses of masonry.
In 1999 the Northumberland National Park Authority took over the management of the castle, protecting it from further dereliction. It is open to the public without charge.
References
A History of Northumberland (1840) John Hodgson Pt2 Vol 3 pp143–8
Images of Thirwall Castle
Thirlwall Castle on Northumberland National Park website
Castles in Northumberland
History of Northumberland
Tourist attractions in Northumberland
Grade I listed buildings in Northumberland
Grade I listed castles
Scheduled monuments in Northumberland
Ruins in Northumberland |
4014914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Bell%20%28singer-songwriter%29 | Gordon Bell (singer-songwriter) | Gordon Bell (born 24 July 1969) is a Scottish singer-songwriter based in Moscow, Russia.
Background
He is prolific having released fifteen albums in as many years. Eight of those albums were under the pseudonym Gustav Bertha. His breakthrough fifth album My Life as a Dog (distributed in Switzerland through RecRec) was well received: Swiss newspaper Der Bund called it 'Wunderbar',. The Swiss press has also dubbed him with the slightly more ambiguous title, "The World's least-known Scot". He stopped working under the Gustav Bertha pseudonym in 2008 to write and play as Gordon Bell. Bell's music could be compared to a strange cross between fellow Glaswegians Ivor Cutler and Alex Harvey. He has a penchant for storytelling in his songs. He also spent 15 years as lead singer with a tribute to The Sensational Alex Harvey Band – Not The Sensational Alex Harvey Band and now fronts the rock band Giant Stone Eater who play a mix of covers (especially songs connected with Alex Harvey) and Bell's own songs.
Discography
with One in Five
Five Flew Over the Hatchery (1991)
with Psychoannie
Amoeba (1993)
as plasticpsychobabble
StranGe enchantment (1999)
submerging meadows green boundaries (2000)
blurred visions for fuzzy strangers (2000)
with The Secret Life of Andrew Aston
Caffeine Injunction (2000)
as Gustav Bertha
Songs for Gigi (2001)
The Hose Room (2002)
Café Crème (2002)
babble (2003)
My Life as a Dog (2004)
Defective (2005)
z:06 (2006 – compilation)
small adventures in the great domestic wilderness (2007)
True North (2008)
as Gordon Bell
Songs for the Broken Hearted (2009)
The Lost Art of Penance (2010)
"The 12 Uses of a Dead Tape Cassette" (2011)
"A Day Trip to the Sea" (2012)
as Gordon Bell and the Sinking Ships
"Animal Kingdom" EP (2011)
References
External links
Gordon Bell's official website
Gordon Bell & The Sinking Ships
Not The Sensational Alex Harvey Band
1969 births
Living people
Scottish pop singers
Scottish songwriters |
4014915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20for%20National%20Defence%20%28Greece%29 | Minister for National Defence (Greece) | The Minister for National Defence of Greece () is a government minister responsible for the running of the Ministry of National Defence. The current minister is Nikos Panagiotopoulos in the Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
Ministers for National Defence since 1996
External links
Hellenic Ministry of National Defence - Official Website
Lists of government ministers of Greece |
4014917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20of%20Ardres | Lambert of Ardres | Lambert of Ardres (active 1194–1203) was a chronicler in the twelfth-century Kingdom of France, from on the frontiers of the County of Flanders.
By 1194, Lambert was the parish priest of Ardres. He was related to the Counts of Guînes, for whom he wrote a Historia comitum Ghisnensium, begun around 1196 and left unfinished in 1203. It is a mixture of history and folklore. It also contains a contemporary description of a donjon. A chapter of Georges Duby's The Knight, The Lady, and the Priest is dedicated to Lambert's Historia.
Lambert's Historia has been published in a number of editions:
Godfrey de Ménilglaise (ed.), Chronique de Guines et d'Ardres par Lambert, curé d'Ardres (Paris, 1855).
Johannes Heller (ed.), "Lamberti ardensis historia comitum Ghisnensium", in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, vol. 24 (1879), 550-642.
Leah Shopkow (trans.), The History of the Counts of Guines and Lords of Ardres (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000)
References
External links
French chroniclers
1160s births
13th-century deaths
12th-century French historians
12th-century French Roman Catholic priests
French male non-fiction writers
12th-century Latin writers
People from Pas-de-Calais |
4014920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytmatov | Aytmatov | Aitmatov (, ) is a Russianized Kyrgyz surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Askar Aitmatov (born 1959), Kyrgyzstani politician, son of Chinghiz Aitmatov
Chinghiz Aitmatov (1928–2008), Kyrgyzstani writer
Kyrgyz-language surnames |
4014923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Trask%20Award | Betty Trask Award | The Betty Trask Prize and Awards are for first novels written by authors under the age of 35, who reside in a current or former Commonwealth nation. Each year the awards total £20,000, with one author receiving a larger prize amount, called the "Prize", and the remainder given to one or more other writers, called the "Awards". The award was established in 1984 by the Society of Authors, at the bequest of the late Betty Trask, a reclusive author of over thirty romance novels. The awards are given to traditional or romantic novels, rather than those of an experimental style, and can be for published or unpublished works.
List of award and prize winners
Note: Beginning in 2009, the "Betty Trask Prize" is given to one author; the remaining receive the "Betty Trask Award". A blue ribbon () indicates the winner for that year.
1980s
1984
Ronald Frame for Winter Journey - £6,750
Clare Nonhebel for Cold Showers - £6,750
James Buchan for A Parish of Rich Women - £1,000
Helen Harris for Playing Fields in Winter - £1,000
Gareth Jones for The Disinherited - £1,000
Simon Rees for The Devil's Looking Glass - £1,000
1985
Susan Kay for Legacy - £12,500
Gary Armitage for A Season of Peace - £1,000
Elizabeth Ironside for A Very Private Enterprise - £1,000
Alice Mitchell for Instead of Eden - £1,000
Caroline Stickland for The Standing Hills - £1,000
George Schweiz for The Earth Abides For Ever - £1,000
1986
Tim Parks for Tongues of Flame - £9,000
Patricia Ferguson for Family, Myths and Legends - £4,500
Philippa Blake for Mzungu's Wife - £1,000
Matthew Kneale for Whore Banquets - £1,000
J. F. McLaughlin for The Road to Dilmun - £1,000
Kate Saunders for The Prodigal Father - £1,000
1987
James Maw for Hard Luck - £8,000
Peter Benson for The Levels - £4,500
Helen Flint for Return Journey - £4,500
Catherine Arnold for Lost Time - £1,000
H. S. Bhabra for Gestures - £1,000
Lucy Pinney for The Pink Stallion - £1,000
1988
Alex Martin for The General Interruptor MS - £6,500
Candia McWilliam for A Case of Knives - £6,500
Georgina Andrewes for Behind the Waterfall - £2,000
James Friel for Left of North - £2,000
Glenn Patterson for Burning Your Own - £2,000
Susan Webster for Small Tales of a Town - £2,000
1989
Nigel Watts for The Life Game - £10,000
William Riviere for Watercolour Sky - £5,000
Paul Houghton for Harry's Last Wedding - £2,000
Alasdair McKee for Uncle Henry's Last Stand - £2,000
1990s
1990
Robert McLiam Wilson for Ripley Bogle - £16,000
Elizabeth Chadwick for The Wild Hunt - £3,000
Rosemary Cohen for No Strange Land - £3,000
Nicholas Shakespeare for The Vision of Elena Silves - £3,000
1991
Amit Chaudhuri for A Strange and Sublime Address - £10,000
Mark Swallow for Teaching Little Fang - £7,000
Suzannah Dunn for Quite Contrary - £2,000
Lesley Glaister for Honour Thy Father - £2,000
Simon Mason for The Great English Nude - £2,000
Nino Ricci for Lives of the Saints - £2,000
1992
Peter M. Rosenburg for Kissing Through a Pane of Glass - £5,000
Tibor Fischer for Under the Frog - £3,000
Liane Jones for The Dream Stone - £3,000
Eugene Mullan for The Last of His Line - £3,000
Edward St Aubyn for Never Mind - £3,000
1993
Mark Blackaby for You'll Never be Here Again - £10,000
Andrew Cowan for Pig - £7,000
Simon Corrigan for Tommy Was Here - £5,000
Joanna Briscoe for Mothers and Other Lovers - £2,000
Olivia Fane for Landing on Clouds - £2,000
1994
Colin Bateman for Divorcing Jack - £12,000
Nadeem Aslam for Season of the Rainbirds - £10,000
Guy Burt for After the Hole - £1,000
Frances Liardet for The Game - £1,000
Jonathan Rix for Some Hope - £1,000
1995
Robert Newman for Dependence Day - £10,000
Mark Behr for The Smell of Apples - £8,000
Martina Evans for Midnight Feast - £3,000
Rohit Manchanda for A Speck of Coaldust - £1,000
Juliet Thomas for Hallelujah Jordan - £1,000
Philippa Walshe for The Latecomer - £1,000
Madeleine Wickham for The Tennis Party - £1,000
1996
John Lanchester for The Debt to Pleasure - £8,000
Meera Syal for Anita and Me - £7,000
Rhidian Brook for The Testimony of Taliesin Jones - £5,000
Louis Caron Buss for The Luxury of Exile - £5,000
1997
Alex Garland for The Beach - £12,000
Josie Barnard for Poker Face - £5,000
Ardashir Vakil for Beach Boy - £5,000
Diran Adebayo for Some Kind of Black - £1,500
Sanjida O'Connell for Theory of Mind - £1,500
1998
Kiran Desai for Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard for £10,000
Nick Earls for Zigzag Street - £8,000
Phil Whitaker for Eclipse of the Sun - £5,000
Gail Anderson-Dargatz for The Cure for Death by Lightning - £1,000
Tobias Hill for Underground - £1,000
1999
Elliot Perlman for Three Dollars - £7,000
Catherine Chidgey for In a Fishbone Church - £6,000
Giles Foden for The Last King of Scotland - £4,000
Dennis Bock for Olympia - £3,000
Rajeev Balasubramanyam for In Beautiful Disguises - £2,500
Sarah Waters for Tipping the Velvet - £1,000
2000s
2000
Jonathan Tulloch for The Season Ticket - £10,000
Julia Leigh for The Hunter - £7,000
Susan Elderkin for Sunset Over Chocolate Mountains - £4,000
Galaxy Craze for By The Shore - £2,000
Nicholas Griffin for The Requiem Shark - £2,000
2001
Zadie Smith for White Teeth - £8,000
Justin Hill for The Drink and Dream Teahouse - £5,000
Maggie O'Farrell for After You'd Gone - £5,000
Vivien Kelly for Take One Young Man - £4,000
Mohsin Hamid for Moth Smoke - £2,500
Patrick Neate for Musungu Jim and the Great Chief Tuloko - £2,500
2002
Hari Kunzru for The Impressionist - £8,000
Rachel Seiffert for The Dark Room - £5,000
Shamim Sarif for The World Unseen - £4,000
Helen Cross for My Summer of Love - £2,000
Chloe Hooper for A Child's Book of True Crime - £2,000
Susanna Jones for The Earthquake Bird - £2,000
Gwendoline Riley for Cold Water - £2,000
2003
Jon McGregor for If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things - £10,000
Sarah Hall for Haweswater - £6,000
Stephanie Merritt for Gaveston - £4,000
Elizabeth Garner for Nightdancing - £2,000
Zoë Strachan for Negative Space - £2,000
Adam Thirlwell for Politics - £1,000
2004
Louise Dean for Becoming Strangers - £8,000
Hannah MacDonald for The Sun Road - £6,000
Anthony Cartwright for The Afterglow - £3,000
Siddharth Dhanvant Sanghvi for The Last Song of Dusk - £3,000
2005
Susan Fletcher for Eve Green - £16,000
Diana Evans for 26a - £2,000
Helen Walsh for Brass - £2,000
2006
Nick Laird for Utterly Monkey - £10,000
Peter Hobbs for The Short Day Dying - £5,000
Nicola Monaghan for The Killing Jar - £5,000
2007
Will Davis for My Side of the Story - £10,000
Adam Foulds for The Truth About These Strange Times - £2,500
Cynan Jones for The Long Dry - £2,500
Julie Maxwell for You Can Live Forever - £2,500
Karen Mcleod for In Search of the Missing Eyelash - £2,500
2008
David Szalay for London and the South-East - £10,000
Ross Raisin for God's Own Country - £6,000
Thomas Leveritt for The Exchange Rate Between Love and Money for £2,000
Anna Ralph for The Floating Island - £2,000
2009
Samantha Harvey for The Wilderness - £12,000 (Prize)
Eleanor Catton for The Rehearsal - £8,000
2010s
2010
Nadifa Mohamed for Black Mamba Boy - £10,000 (Prize)
Evie Wyld for After the Fire, A Still Small Voice - £7,000
Jenn Ashworth for A Kind of Intimacy - £1,500
Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani for I Do Not Come To You By Chance - £1,500
2011
Anjali Joseph for Saraswati Park - £10,000 (Prize)
Laura Barton for Twenty-One Locks - £6,000
Simon Lelic for Rupture - £2,500
Robert Williams for Luke and Jon - £2,500
2012
David Whitehouse for Bed - £8,000 (Prize)
Kalinda Ashton for The Danger Game - £3,000
Elizabeth Day for Scissors, Paper, Stone - £3,000
Annabel Pitcher for My Sister Lives on the Mantelpiece for £3,000
Emma Jane Unsworth for Hungry the Stars and Everything - £3,000
2013
Grace McCleen for The Land of Decoration - £8,000 (Prize)
Chibundu Onuzo for The Spider King's Daughter - £7,000
Francesca Segal for The Innocents - £2,500
Will Wiles for Care of Wooden Floors - £2,500
2014
Nathan Filer for The Shock Of The Fall - £10,000 (Prize)
NoViolet Bulawayo for We Need New Names - £3,750
Sam Byers for Idiopathy - £3,750
Mave Fellowes for Chaplin and Company - £3,750
Matt Greene for Ostrich - £3,750
2015
Ben Fergusson for The Spring of Kasper Meier - £10,000 (Prize)
Emma Healey for Elizabeth is Missing - £5,000
Zoe Pilger for Eat My Heart Out - £5,000
Simon Wroe for Chop Chop - £5,000
2016
Alex Christofi for Glass - £10,000 (Prize)
Irenosen Okojie for Butterfly Fish - £5,000
Natasha Pulley for The Watchmaker of Filigree Street - £5,000
Lucy Wood for Wood for Weathering - £5,000
2017
Daniel Shand for Fallow - £10,000 (Prize)
Rowan Hisayo Buchanan for Harmless Like You - £3,000
Elnathan John for Born on a Tuesday - £3,000
Kathleen Jowitt for Speak Its Name - £3,000
Rob McCarthy for The Hollow Men - £3,000
Barney Norris for Five Rivers Met on a Wooded Plain - £3,000
2018
Omar Robert Hamilton for The City Always Wins - £10,000 (Prize)
Sarah Day for Mussolini's Island - £3,250
Clare Fisher for All the Good Things - £3,250
Eli Goldstone for Strange Heart Beating - £3,250
Lloyd Markham for Bad Ideas/Chemicals - £3,250
Masande Ntshanga for The Reactive - £3,250
2019
James Clarke for The Litten Path - £10,000 (Prize)
Samuel Fisher for The Chameleon - £2,700
Imogen Hermes Gowar for The Mermaid and Mrs Hancock - £2,700
Ruqaya Izzidien for The Watermelon Boys - £2,700
Daisy Lafarge for Paul - £2,700
Rebecca Ley for Sweet Fruit, Sour Land - £2,700
Sophie Mackintosh for The Water Cure - £2,700
2020s
2020
Kathryn Hind for Hitch - £10,000 (Prize)
Stacey Halls for The Familiars - £5,400
Isabella Hammad for The Parisian - £5,400
Okeychukwu Nzelu for The Private Joys of Nnenna Maloney - £5,400
2021
Thomas McMullan for The Last Good Man (Prize)
Graeme Armstrong for The Young Team
Maame Blue for Bad Love
Nneoma Ike-Njoku for The Water House
Kiran Millwood Hargrave for The Mercies
Eley Williams for The Liar’s Dictionary
2022
Megan Nolan for Acts of Desperation (Jonathan Cape, Penguin Random House)
Natasha Brown for Assembly (Hamish Hamilton, Penguin General)
Will McPhail for IN: The Graphic Novel (Hodder & Stoughton, Sceptre)
Caleb Azumah Nelson for Open Water (Penguin Random House, Viking)
A. K. Blakemore for The Manningtree Witches (Granta Books)
References
External links
The Betty Trask Prizes and Awards: Past Winners
Commonwealth literary awards
Society of Authors awards
First book awards
British fiction awards
Awards established in 1984
Literary awards honouring young writers |
4014932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantowbol | Bantowbol | Bantowbol or bantubol is a style of music from Cameroon. The genre is derived from Cameroonian folk music. The name bantowbol is partially derived from bal, a term for accordion playing. The principal musicians of bantowbol are Gibraltar Drakus and Nkondo Si Tony.
References
Nkolo, Jean-Victor, and Graeme Ewens (2000). "Cameroon: Music of a Small Continent". World Music, Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. London: Rough Guides Ltd., p. 445.
Cameroonian styles of music |
4014943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murse | Murse | Murse may refer to:
Moers, city in Germany, spelled Murse in archaic Dutch
A man's handbag (portmanteau word from "male purse")
A male nurse
See also
Mirza, Persian title, a prince or educated man, variant spelling |
4014946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia%20B.%20Wilbur | Cornelia B. Wilbur | Cornelia B. Wilbur (August 26, 1908 – September 20, 1992) was an American psychiatrist. She is best known for a book, written by Flora Rheta Schreiber, and a television film, both titled Sybil, which were presented as non-fiction accounts of the psychiatric treatment she rendered to a person diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder.
Early life and education
Cornelia Burwell Wilbur was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on August 26, 1908. While she was an infant, her family moved to a ranch in Montana. The family returned to Cleveland in 1918. She was educated in the public schools in Montana and Cleveland.
She attended William Smith College in Geneva, New York, before enrolling at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. She received her bachelor's degree and master's degree from the University of Michigan. She then enrolled at the University of Michigan Medical School. While in medical school, she became the first female extern at Kalamazoo State Hospital, where she also successfully treated an agoraphobic girl diagnosed with hysteria. Wilbur graduated with an M.D. in 1939. She was one of eight woman in her graduating class.
Wilbur practiced psychiatry in Omaha, Nebraska; New York City; and Weston, West Virginia.
Wilbur is best known for her work with Shirley Ardell Mason, who was purported to have been severely abused as a child, and who developed 16 alternate personalities as a result. A book, written by Flora Rheta Schreiber, and a television film, both titled Sybil, were ostensibly non-fiction accounts of the psychiatric treatment received by Mason while in Wilbur's care. She diagnosed and treated Mason for dissociative identity disorder (then referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder) for 11 years, beginning in 1954.
Academic career
Wilbur joined the University of Kentucky College of Medicine in 1967, earning an appointment as a professor of psychiatry.
Wilbur was a pioneer clinician, as well as an educator, researcher, and mentor for others in the field of psychiatry. Wilbur was one of the authors of Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals (1962), an influential study of the development of male homosexuality.
Wilbur lectured around the world about child, spouse, and elder abuse and their repercussions, and advocated parenting education to prevent child abuse. She was also interested in increasing the admission rates of women to medical schools.
In the late 1970s, Wilbur consulted on the case of Billy Milligan, the first man to be acquitted of a crime in the United States by reason of insanity due to multiple personality disorder.
Wilbur was a Diplomate of the American Board of Neurology and Psychiatry in both Neurology and Psychiatry (1946), had a certificate in psychoanalysis (1951), and was Professor Emerita at the University of Kentucky Medical College. She was a Life Fellow of the American Medical Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. She was honored by the University of Kentucky Medical College for her Outstanding Contribution to Medical Education. In 1987, she was honored for her Distinguished Achievements by the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociative Disorders. She published about 50 papers in peer-reviewed professional journals.
Mason controversy
Wilbur's diagnosis of Mason has been questioned, and both Flora Schreiber and she have been accused of inventing or exaggerating the multiple personality diagnosis and manipulating Mason for professional and financial gain. One examination of the case of "Sybil" is Debbie Nathan's book Sybil Exposed: The Extraordinary Story Behind the Famous Multiple Personality Case. Nathan presented evidence that Mason never displayed multiple personalities until she met Wilbur. The patient's symptoms emerged over the years from a mutually reinforced self-deception of both Mason and Wilbur. Nathan's research indicated that Wilbur and Schreiber fabricated aspects of the treatment narrative in Sybil to bolster their claims about Mason, even including Mason's father's false claim that Mason's mother had been diagnosed with schizophrenia.
External links
Ace Weekly Magazine Article – August 2, 2001
Images in Psychiatry: Cornelia B. Wilbur
References
1908 births
1992 deaths
American psychiatrists
University of Michigan Medical School alumni
20th-century American physicians
American women psychiatrists
20th-century American women physicians |
4014947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol%20%28data%20page%29 | Menthol (data page) | This page provides supplementary chemical data on Menthol.
Material Safety Data Sheet
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI or the links below, and follow its directions.
Baker MSDS (l-form)
Fisher MSDS (DL or racemic form)
Fisher MSDS (l-form)
Ambix MSDS Menthol Eucalyptus ointment
Structure and properties
Thermodynamic properties
Spectral data
References
Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup |
4014949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Fox%20Sales | Tony Fox Sales | Tony Fox Sales (born September 26, 1951) is an American rock musician and composer. Normally on bass guitar, Sales and his brother, Hunt Sales, have worked with Todd Rundgren, Iggy Pop, and in Tin Machine with David Bowie.
Early life and career
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, a son of 1950s/'60s TV comedian Soupy Sales (January 8, 1926 - October 22, 2009) and Barbara Fox (June 23, 1931 – May 28, 2017), Tony grew up in Detroit, Michigan, with his younger brother, Hunt Sales (born 1954).
His first musical group was Tony and the Tigers, with Hunt as drummer. The band also included Jon Pousette-Dart, son of artist Richard Pousette-Dart and later the leader of the Pousette-Dart Band. In 1966 the band appeared on the TV show I've Got a Secret hosted by Steve Allen, and performed two songs, "I'll Be On My Way" and "When The Party's Over," vintage clips of which are featured on YouTube.
Tony and The Tigers released the song "Turn It on Girl," which was a minor local hit in Detroit, and appeared twice on the show Hullabaloo: December 20, 1965, hosted by Jerry Lewis, and April 4, 1966, hosted by their father, Soupy Sales. The band also opened for The Animals at Steel Pier in Atlantic City in 1967.
Tony and Hunt went on to work with Chequered Past, David Bowie, Iggy Pop, Todd Rundgren, Bob Welch, Andy Fraser of Free, Harry Dean Stanton and The Cheap Dates, The Hunt Sales Memorial, Tin Machine (with Bowie), and others from 1989 to 1994.
Career
In 1970, the Sales brothers joined Todd Rundgren in the newly formed group, Runt, and recorded two albums.
They recorded 2 tracks for the Iggy Pop/James Williamson album Kill City in 1975 and provided the rhythm section for Pop's album Lust for Life (1977), which was produced by David Bowie, who also played keyboards The brothers joined Pop on his subsequent tour, recorded as TV Eye Live 1977 and released in 1978.
He and Anulka Dziubinska were married on August 20, 1978, in Los Angeles. He and his brother, Hunt, did some recordings together which were stored away after Tony had a car accident in 1979 so severe that he was all but dead for several minutes before being revived. He was consequently in a coma for over eight months but eventually recovered from his injuries and went back into music.
Sales and Taryn Power, daughter of the late movie star Tyrone Power and actress Linda Christian, had two children, Anthony Tyrone "Tony" Sales (born September 4, 1982) and Valentina Fox Sales (born September 10, 1983).
In 1982, Sales joined a band named Chequered Past, which included singer/actor Michael Des Barres (later of Power Station), ex-Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones, and Blondie’s bass player Nigel Harrison and drummer Clem Burke. According to Des Barres, the choice of name was not an idle one. "All the members have been through a lot," he told the Los Angeles Times at his house in Hollywood, including the fact that Sales had fully recovered from a debilitating auto accident. After an album released by Chequered Past in 1984 flopped the band broke up shortly afterward.
Sales joined David Bowie, Reeves Gabrels and Hunt Sales in Tin Machine in 1988. The New York Times said of the band's first album, "Tin Machine sounds as if it was made by people working together, not by a producer with a computer." On November 23, 1991, Tin Machine appeared on Saturday Night Live, which was hosted by then child actor Macaulay Culkin. Tin Machine recorded three albums and did two tours before it broke up in 1992. Bowie later stated that his memories of Tony and Hunt Sales' contribution to Lust for Life led him to invite them to join Tin Machine.
Throughout the 1990s, Sales recorded and produced and was a member of the short-lived all-star band The Cheap Dates, which included actor Harry Dean Stanton, Jeff "Skunk" Baxter and Slim Jim Phantom.
Sales and Hunt's recordings from the late 1970s were released in 2008 by Perseverance Records as a solo album, Hired Guns. An e-book about them, Quintessentially Soul Brothers: The Sales Brothers In Their Own Words by Stephanie Lynne Thorburn, was published in 2009.
Instruments
Since the middle of the eighties Sales has used a Vigier Passion Bass.
Discography
With Todd Rundgren
Runt (1970)
Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren (1971)
Something/Anything? (1972)
And with Andy Fraser of the band Free, "Till the Night is Gone"
With Iggy Pop
Kill City (recorded 1975, released 1977)
Sister Midnight (recorded 1977, released 1999)
Lust for Life (1977)
TV Eye Live 1977 (1978)
With Tin Machine
Tin Machine (1989)
Tin Machine II (1991)
Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby (1992)
Solo
Hired Guns (2008)
References
External links
Sales Brothers Homepage
Tony Sales' basses
Sales Brothers eBook biography, retrieved 6/1/2012
1951 births
Living people
Musicians from Cleveland
Jewish American musicians
Tin Machine members
Jewish rock musicians
Guitarists from Los Angeles
Guitarists from Detroit
Guitarists from Ohio
Utopia (American band) members
20th-century American bass guitarists
21st-century American Jews |
4014951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201928%20Winter%20Olympics | Canada at the 1928 Winter Olympics | Canada competed at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
The Canadian Olympic Committee appointed W. A. Hewitt as head of mission for Canada at the 1928 Winter Olympics. He oversaw travel arrangements for the delegation which included figure skating, speed skating, skiing, and ice hockey. Hewitt and the Canadian delegation totalled 47 people, and sailed from Halifax aboard SS Arabic to Cherbourg, then travelled to St. Moritz. Hewitt and the delegation then returned to Canada aboard SS Celtic.
Medalists
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
The University of Toronto Graduates as the 1927 Allan Cup champions were chosen to represent Canada in ice hockey, and Hewitt oversaw the team's finances at the Olympics. Conn Smythe coached the team during the OHA season, but refused to go to the Olympics due to disagreements on which players were added to the team by the Canadian Olympic Committee. The Graduates went without Smythe, led by team captain Red Porter.
Hewitt was opposed to the format of the hockey tournament at the Olympics, which saw the Canadian team receive a bye into the second round. He wanted the team to have more games, rather than be idle for a week. Despite the wait to play, the Graduates won all three games by scoring 38 goals and conceding none, to win the gold medal.
Medal round
The top teams from each of the three groups, plus Canada, which had received a bye into the medal round, played a 3 game round-robin to determine the medal winners.
Top scorer
Nordic combined
Events:
18 km cross-country skiing
normal hill ski jumping
The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event of cross-country skiing. Those results can be found above in this article in the cross-country skiing section. Some athletes (but not all) entered in both the cross-country skiing and Nordic combined event, their time on the 18 km was used for both events. One would expect that athletes competing at the Nordic combined event, would participate in the cross-country skiing event as well, as they would have the opportunity to win more than one medal. This was not always the case due to the maximum number of athletes that could represent a country per event.
The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below.
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Sources
Olympic Winter Games 1928, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1928 Winter Olympics
1928
Olympics, Winter |
4014955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton%20duck | Cotton duck | Cotton duck (from , "linen canvas"), also simply duck, sometimes duck cloth or duck canvas, is a heavy, plain woven cotton fabric. Duck canvas is more tightly woven than plain canvas. There is also linen duck, which is less often used.
Cotton duck is used in a wide range of applications, from sneakers to painting canvases to tents to sandbags.
Duck fabric is woven with two yarns together in the warp and a single yarn in the weft.
By treating with wax, duck fabric can be made waterproof (see Waxed Cotton).
During World War 2 US munitions worker Vesta Stoudt proposed adding adhesive to waterproof duck to make tape for sealing ammunition boxes which could be quickly ripped open. "Duck tape" is recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary as having been in use since 1899; "duct tape" (described as "perhaps an alteration of earlier duck tape") since 1965.
Classification
Duck is classified according to weight in a numerical system, with grade 1 the heaviest and grade 12 the lightest variety. Besides this, traditional names exist, which are rarely used today.
The classification system used today dates from the 1920s. A numbered duck classification system was put into effect by the Cotton Duck Association and the United States Department of Commerce when discrepancies came about with various specifications and qualities of material. In a technical paper titled "Development of the Standard Numbered Cotton Duck Specification", the Department's National Bureau of Standards established a set of specifications acceptable to manufacturer and consumer.
According to the Department of Commerce, "The number of the duck is based on the following computation: Number of Duck = 19 − (Weight per linear yard 22 inches wide in ounces)." This numbering system is used to describe the various weights of duck cloth, based on the weight of a piece. Weights below 19 ounces are called numbered duck. Those above 19 ounces are called naught duck. The grade of numbered duck refers to the number of ounces subtracted from 19 for a 36-by-22-inch piece of fabric. For example, a piece of 8 numbered duck with dimensions of 36 by 22 inches weighs (19 − 8 = 11).
Number duck classifications per linear yard, 22 inches wide
Numbered duck is nominally made in weights from 1 to 12, but numbers 7, 9, and 11 are no longer used. Some typical uses of various grades (with weights in ounces) are:
1 (18 oz): hammocks, cots, sandbags
2 (17 oz): hatch paulins
3 (16 oz): heavy-duty bags
4 (15 oz): sea bags
5 (14 oz): heavy work clothes
6 (13 oz): large boat covers, heavy work clothes
8 (11 oz): work clothes, clothes bags
10 (9 oz): work clothes, shower curtains
12 (7 oz): light clothes
Number duck classifications per square yard
There is often confusion when it comes to matching up weights and the correct number duck classification. The table below accurately represents the weight and number duck classification per square yard instead of linear yard 22 inches wide.
No. 1 (): floor & wall covering, sound absorption, equipment covers, heavy bags, horse packs, storage bins
No. 2 (): hatch paulins
No. 3 (): sea bags
No. 4 (): heavy-duty work clothes, hammocks, sand bags, director chairs, place mats, belting
No. 5 (): heavy work clothes
No. 6 (): utility bags, place mats, belting
No. 8 (): backpacks, painted floor cloths, tents, tarps, awnings, work clothes, clothes bags
No. 10 (): artist canvas, murals, shower curtains, painted floor cloths, hammocks, clothes
No. 12 (): stretched artist canvas, furniture slip covers, light clothes
See also
Denim
Drill (fabric)
Duct tape
Dungaree
Ticking
Twill
References
Woven fabrics
de:Canvas_(Gewebe) |
4014961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Stenbeck | Cristina Stenbeck | Cristina Mayville Stenbeck, born 27 September 1977 in New York City, United States, is a Swedish business woman and investor. She is the principal owner and former executive chairman of Investment AB Kinnevik, one of the largest family-controlled companies in Sweden.
Early life
Stenbeck was born in New York City as the eldest daughter of Jan Stenbeck (1942-2002), a Swedish industrialist and entrepreneur, and her American mother, Merrill McLeod. Her parents had three other children, Hugo, Sophie and Max Stenbeck. Her father also had the son Felix Granander. Stenbeck is the granddaughter of Hugo Stenbeck (1890 – 1977), a Swedish industrialist and lawyer who was one of the co-founders of the family company, Investment AB Kinnevik.
Stenbeck attended St. Andrew's School in Delaware (where she later served as a trustee), and graduated from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. with a Bachelor of Science in 2000 at age 22.
Career
Stenbeck's business career began in 1997 after she joined the board of Invik & Co, a finance-based subsidiary of Kinnevik at the time. Stenbeck assumed leadership of the group in 2003 when she became the vice chairman of Investment AB Kinnevik, later becoming chairman in 2007. In 2016 she stepped down as chairman of Kinnevik to concentrate on her investor role.
For the next decade after 2003, Stenbeck made successful changes at Kinnevik, consolidating the ownership of the group, whilst simplifying the corporate structure. She also divested peripheral businesses in order to reduce leverage and increase transparency of the company.
Her leadership has also seen the group's global network expand; the Kinnevik Group now operate in more than 80 countries in the communication, entertainment, media and e-commerce sectors, with well-known brands like Tigo, Tele2, Viasat, and Zalando forming part of the firm's reach.
In early 2014, she was appointed chairman of the board at the online fashion retail website Zalando. She also joined the board of Spotify.
Honors and awards
In April 2012, Stenbeck was awarded the Swedish Royal Patriotic Society Business Medal for outstanding entrepreneurship, while in November 2012, she won the Golden Gavel for her leadership as chairman of a listed company.
Personal life
Stenbeck has been married to the English businessman Alexander Fitzgibbons since September 2005. She has 5 children. She was named 2016 European Manager of the Year by European Business Press (EBP).
References
Swedish women in business
American women in business
American people of Swedish descent
1977 births
Living people
Stenbeck family
Georgetown University alumni
People from Long Island
21st-century American women |
4014966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20for%20Egon%20Schiele | Music for Egon Schiele | Music for Egon Schiele is the second album by the instrumental group Rachel's, released in 1996.
The album was composed as the score to a theatrical production, Egon Schiele, about the life of the painter Egon Schiele. It was staged by the Itinerant Theater Guild, in 1995.
Critical reception
The Village Voice called the album "a haunting array of compositions that attempt to narrate the elements of Schiele's life through cello, piano, viola, and bass." Rolling Stone noted that "the music is as stark and loving as Schiele's art, the sound of a noble, lonely agony rendered in elegant monochrome."
AllMusic wrote that "it is to pianist Rachel Grimes' credit that her pieces convey a stirring sense of drama and vivid imagery that perfectly match her subject."
Track listing
"Family Portrait" – 5:41
"Egon & Gertie" – 3:02
"First Self-Portrait Series" – 3:47
"Mime Van Osen" – 3:05
"Second Self-Portrait Series" – 2:30
"Wally, Egon & Models in the Studio" – 4:41
"Promenade" – 8:24
"Third Self-Portrait Series" – 2:23
"Egon, Edith & Wally Meet" – 2:41
"Egon & Wally Embrace and Say Farewell" – 3:09
"Egon & Edith" – 2:55
"Second Family Portrait" – 4:45
References
Rachel's albums
1996 albums
Quarterstick Records albums |
4014967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarporley | Tarporley | Tarporley is a large village and civil parish in Cheshire, England. The civil parish also contains the village of Rhuddall Heath. Tarporley is bypassed by the A49 and A51 roads.
At the 2011 census, the population was 2,614.
History
Tarporley is near the site of a prehistoric settlement. Several prehistoric artefacts have been discovered within close proximity of the present-day village: a Neolithic stone axe, a flint scraper and a Bronze Age barbed and tanged arrow head.
It is listed in the Domesday Book as Torpelei, which has been translated as meaning “a pear wood near a hill called Torr”. For this reason, Tarporley Church of England Primary School has a pear tree for its emblem. However, the exact origins and meaning are unclear. The name has also been suggested to mean "a peasant's wood/clearing", derived from the Old English words þorpere (someone who lives at a thorp; a peasant) and lēah (a wood, forest, glade or clearing)
In 1066, the settlement was owned by Wulfgeat of Madeley and was worth one pound. Twenty years later, under the ownership of Gilbert the Hunter (Gilbert de Venables), Tarporley's value had halved, to ten shillings. This small agricultural settlement comprised eight households (four villagers, two smallholders and two slaves). The Domesday entry suggests that Tarporley was one of many townships still recovering from the devastation caused by the Normans' Harrying of the North in 1069–70.
Governance
An electoral ward of the same name exists. This ward stretches north-east to the Budworths with a total population at the 2011 census of 4,398.
Civic history
At Domesday, Tarporley was a township and ancient parish in the Hundred of Rushton, but by the late 12th century it had become part of Eddisbury Hundred. From 1866, the village has had civil parish status and its parish council gives it some limited local government autonomy. The parish council comprises 12 locally elected members.
Tarporley Urban District was created in 1894 and was abolished in 1936. From 1936 until 1974 Tarporley was a part of Northwich Rural District, until that district's abolition as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. From 1 April 1974 Tarporley formed part of the borough of Vale Royal, within Cheshire and was included in the new unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester on 1 April 2009.
Political representation
Tarporley has been in the parliamentary constituency of Eddisbury since that constituency's re-establishment in 1983, following its abolition in 1950. The constituency has been represented by Conservative MPs since its re-establishment: Edward Timpson (since 2019), Stephen O'Brien (1999–2015) and Antoinette Sandbach (2015–19).
Demography
Geography and transport
Tarporley is bypassed by the A49 and A51 roads. The village was once served by Beeston Castle and Tarporley railway station on the North Wales Coast Line between Crewe and Chester, more than two miles from the village; the line remains open but the station closed in April 1966.
A local bus service, route 84, is provided by Arriva Buses Wales.
Education
Tarporley has two schools: Tarporley High School and Tarporley Church of England Primary School.
Brook Farm School was a state special education boarding school located in the village that closed in 2001 and was demolished in 2013.
Culture
Established in 1983, through The British Council, Tarporley is twinned with the Breton village of Bohars, near Brest, France.
Tarporley Hunt Club, the oldest surviving hunt club in England, meets in the village every Christmas.
A community radio station dedicated to the surrounding towns is currently being set up under the name Radio Tarporley – Tarporley Community Radio.
See also
Listed buildings in Tarporley
St Helen's Church, Tarporley
Portal, Tarporley
References
Notes
External links
Parish council website
Civil parishes in Cheshire
Villages in Cheshire |
4014984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal%20torpedo | Coal torpedo | The coal torpedo was a hollow iron casting filled with explosives and covered in coal dust, deployed by the Confederate Secret Service during the American Civil War, and intended for doing harm to Union steam transportation. When it was shoveled into the firebox amongst the coal, the resulting explosion would at the very least damage the boiler and render the engines inoperable. At worst, a catastrophic boiler explosion would kill crewmen and passengers, start a fire, or even sink the vessel.
Development
The coal torpedo was invented by Captain Thomas Edgeworth Courtenay of the Confederate Secret Service.
During the Civil War, the term torpedo was used to indicate a wide range of explosive devices including what are now called land mines, naval mines, improvised explosive devices, and booby traps. Northern newspapers referred to Courtenay's coal bombs as torpedoes, or sometimes "infernal machines"; Courtenay himself called it his "coal shell".
The torpedoes were manufactured at the 7th Avenue Artillery shop (across the street from Tredegar Iron Works) in Richmond, Virginia, in January 1864.
The manufacturing process was similar to that used for artillery shells, except that actual pieces of coal were used as patterns for iron castings. The walls of the coal shell were about 3/8 inch thick, creating a hollow space inside sufficient to hold 3–4 ounces of gunpowder. After filling, the shell was closed with a threaded plug, then dipped in melted beeswax and rolled in coal dust, creating the appearance of a lump of coal. Finished coal torpedoes were about 4 inches (10 cm) on a side and weighed 3–4 lb (1.5–2 kg). The size and powder charge of the coal torpedo was similar to a 6-pound shrapnel shell (a hollow, four-inch cannonball containing gunpowder and 24 musket balls as shrapnel) or the equivalent of three Civil War-era hand grenades. Even so, the explosion of a coal torpedo under a ship's boiler would not by itself be sufficient to sink the vessel. The purpose of the coal torpedo was to burst the pressurized steam boiler, which had the potential to cause a tremendous secondary explosion. Boiler explosions were not uncommon in the early years of steam transportation, and often resulted in the complete destruction of the vessel by fire. In action, the coal torpedo would leave little evidence that a boiler explosion was due to sabotage.
Deployment
Courtenay was authorized to form a company of men to infiltrate enemy lines and place coal torpedoes in the coal piles used to fuel Union steam ships. It was especially intended to be used against ships of the Union blockade, although Courtenay was authorized to act against any Union military or commercial shipping in Confederate waters.
Although the Union blockade and other forms of military shipping were Courtenay's primary targets, he also had plans to use the coal torpedo to attack steam locomotives, although no confirmed attacks are known to have been made.
On 19 March 1864, a Union gunboat captured a rebel courier crossing the Mississippi, carrying a letter from Courtenay describing the coal torpedo. The correspondence was forwarded to Admiral David Porter, who immediately issued his General Order 184, which began
The enemy have adopted new inventions to destroy human life
and vessels in the shape of torpedoes, and an article resembling coal,
which is to be placed in our coal piles for the purpose of blowing
the vessels up, or injuring them. Officers will have to be careful
in overlooking coal barges. Guards will be placed over them at all
times, and anyone found attempting to place any of these things
amongst the coal will be shot on the spot.
In April 1865, most of the official papers of the Confederate Secret Service were burned by Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin just before the government evacuated Richmond, making it impossible to determine with any certainty how many ships were destroyed by Courtenay's shell. Union Admiral Porter credited the coal torpedo with sinking the Greyhound, a private steamboat that had been commandeered by General Benjamin F. Butler for use as a floating headquarters on the James River. Courtenay also took credit for the boiler explosion on the gunboat USS Chenango that scalded 33 men (28 fatally), though the vessel itself survived and was repaired and returned to duty. In the spring of 1865, Canadian customs raided a house in Toronto that had been rented by Jacob Thompson, one of the commissioners of the Confederate Secret Service stationed in Canada. They found coal torpedoes and other incendiary devices hidden under the floorboards.
On April 27, 1865, the sidewheel steamboat Sultana exploded her boilers just above Memphis, TN while carrying almost 2,000 Union prisoners of war home to the North. 1,196 people died. Within a few days, the first mate, who had failed to redistribute the weight on the top-heavy boat once a large load of supplies was removed from the hold, claimed that the Sultana was exploded by a coal torpedo. Three investigative bodies looked into the possibility and refuted it. In 1888, a former Union prison guard claimed that a Confederate mail-carrier named Robert Louden had told him years before that he had used a coal torpedo to sink the steamboat. The mail carrier was long dead and unable to answer questions. Many Sultana survivors and other experts immediately refuted the idea. Captain Thomas Edgeworth Courtenay never claimed the sinking of the Sultana by a coal torpedo. Although the coal torpedo sabotage theory remains popular, it is refuted by most experts, including the historians on History Channel's History Detectives.
After the Civil War
Courtenay had traveled to England in 1864 and remained there until 1867, trying to sell the "secret" of the coal torpedo to foreign governments. He approached the British War Office, but they turned him down after he would not agree to allow them to examine his invention before purchasing it.
When Courtenay returned to the United States, one or more business partners to whom he had entrusted the secret remained in England. The Times in 1873 reported rumors that disreputable ship owners were purchasing coal torpedoes to put in their own ships as a form of insurance fraud, so that over-insured ships and cargo would sink while far out at sea, leaving no evidence. Other reports scoffed at the rumors, suggesting they were false stories planted by supporters of Samuel Plimsoll, a Member of Parliament who was trying to pass a bill reforming the shipping industry. Nothing was ever proven, but the reports stirred up popular interest in various supposed methods of sabotaging ships, and the coal torpedo even made an appearance in the short story, "That Little Square Box", by Arthur Conan Doyle, published in the collection The Captain of the Polestar and Other Tales in 1890.
Various forms of exploding coal, whether directly descended from Courtenay's original idea or independently developed, have surfaced multiple times throughout history.
The Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization operating in the United States in the late 1860s–1870s, reportedly considered placing coal torpedoes in the furnaces of New York City hotels as well as English transatlantic steamships. They were a strong suspect in the destruction of the warship at Punta Arenas in 1881, but later evidence proved the explosion was accidental.
Both the American OSS and the British SOE used forms of exploding coal in World War II. The German commandos who came ashore on Long Island in 1942 as part of Operation Pastorius carried plastic explosives disguised as coal for use against coal-fired electric generating plants. Such a German coal torpedo was given to the British double agent Eddie Chapman (also known as "Agent Zig-Zag") to sabotage the merchant ship City of Lancaster, but he passed it on to his MI5 handler instead. Similar devices were also made by the Japanese during World War II.
Stanley Karnow hints in his book Vietnam: A History that the CIA prepared explosive coal for use against North Vietnamese railways during the Vietnam War.
See also
Explosive rat
Bat bomb
Project Eldest Son
Notes
References
Ann Larabee, The Dynamite Fiend: The Chilling Tale of a Confederate Spy, Con Artist, and Mass Murderer. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Raimondo Luraghi, A History of the Confederate Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1996.
Milton F. Perry, Infernal Machines; the story of Confederate submarine and mine warfare. New Orleans: Louisiana State University Press, 1963.
G.E. and Deb Rule, "The Sultana: A case for sabotage." North and South Magazine, Vol. 5, issue 1, December 2001.
- The bulk of this book is a reprint of National Archives documents HS 7/28 and HS 7/28.
Joseph M. and Thomas H. Thatcher, Confederate Coal Torpedo: Thomas Courtenay's Infernal Sabotage Weapon: Keith Kennerly Press 2011
External links
General Order 184
American Civil War weapons
Bombs
Sabotage |
4014985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocrotonic%20acid | Isocrotonic acid | Isocrotonic acid (also known as quartenylic acid; formally named (Z)-2-butenoic acid) is the cis isomer of crotonic acid. It is an oil, possessing a smell similar to that of brown sugar. It boils at 171.9 °C, concomitant with conversion into crotonic acid. Isomerization is complete when the cis acid is heated to 170–180 °C in a sealed tube.
Rudolph Fittig and Hugo Erdmann showed that the γ-phenyl structural analog of isocrotonic acid forms α-naphthol when dehydrated, an observation that provided useful evidence in understanding the nature of naphthalene.
(Z)-(C6H5)CH=CHCH2COOH → α-naphthol + H2O
References
Enoic acids |
4014986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Society%20of%20Anesthesiologists | American Society of Anesthesiologists | The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) is an educational, research and scientific association of physicians organized to raise the standards of the medical practice of anesthesiology and to improve patient care.
As of 2021, the organization included more than 55,000 national and international members and has more than 100 full-time employees.
History
Anesthesiology's roots date back to the mid-19th century. On March 30, 1842, Crawford Long, M.D. administered the first ether anesthetic for surgery and operated to remove a tumor from a patient's neck. After the surgery, the patient revealed that he felt nothing and was not aware the surgery was over until he awoke. This was the start of a specialty critical to modern medicine, anesthesiology.
In 1905, nine physicians (from Long Island, N.Y.) organized the first professional anesthesia society. In 1911, the Society expanded to 23 members and became the New York Society of Anesthetists. Over the next 25 years, involvement in anesthesia-related issues grew and attracted other interested physicians nationwide. In 1936, the Society changed its name to the American Society of Anesthetists. In 1945, the organization moved to become the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). In 1960, the ASA established an Executive Office in Park Ridge, Illinois to meet growing membership and patient-care demands. In 2014, the ASA opened new headquarters in Schaumburg, Illinois.
Membership
Membership is open to holders of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degrees who are licensed practitioners and have successfully completed a training program in anesthesiology approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) or American Osteopathic Association (AOA).
The ASA also maintains an active resident component, medical student component as well as an anesthesiologist assistant component. Non-physician providers of anesthesia care (anesthesiologist assistants, nurse anesthetists, dentist, veterinarians, APRNs) can join as educational members.
Governance
ASA is governed by its House of Delegates. The House of Delegates is composed of ASA delegates and directors (designated by geographic distribution), ASA officers, all past presidents, the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, the chairs of all sections, the chair of the ASA delegation to the American Medical Association House of Delegates and each member of the Resident Component Governing Council not to exceed five members and a non-voting member of the Medical Student component. The House of Delegates meets each year during the Society's Annual Meeting.
Meetings
Meetings are held annually and are based on scientific progress in the anesthesiology fields.|
Publications
The Society publishes multiple academic resources within the following categories:|
Practice Management
Practice Parameters
Continuing Education
Patient Education
Patient Safety/Risk Management and Quality Improvement
Periodicals
ASA Monitor (newsletter)|
Anesthesiology (journal)
Physician Booklets
Anesthesia subspecialties
While all anesthesiologists complete a minimum of eight years of medical training after college, some anesthesiologists have additional training (called a fellowship) in a specific area of anesthesiology. The ABA offers specific certifications in some of these areas. Anesthesiologists are not required to subspecialize, but many do focus on one area of care to further hone their expertise. These specialty areas include, but are not limited to:
Ambulatory Anesthesia
Cardiac Anesthesia
Critical Care Anesthesia
Fundamentals of Anesthesia
Geriatric Anesthesia
Neuroanesthesia
Obstetric Anesthesia
Pain Medicine
Pediatric Anesthesia
Perioperative Anesthesia
Professional Issues
Regional and Acute Anesthesia
References
External links
Official website
Medical associations based in the United States
Anesthesiology organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Illinois |
4015004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Daily%20Star%20%28Lebanon%29 | The Daily Star (Lebanon) | The Daily Star was an English-language newspaper in Lebanon which was distributed across the Middle East. It was founded by Kamel Mrowa in 1952, ceased its print format in February 2020, and completely closed on 31 October 2021.
History
The paper was founded in 1952 by Kamel Mrowa, the publisher of the Arabic daily Al-Hayat, to serve the growing number of expatriates brought by the oil industry. First circulating in Lebanon and then expanding throughout the region, it not only relayed news about foreign workers' home countries, but also served to keep them informed about the region. By the 1960s, it was the leading English language newspaper in the Middle East.
Upon the death of Mrowa in 1966, his widow Salma El Bissar took over the paper, running it until the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War forced the suspension of publication. With peace hopes running high in the beginning of 1983, the paper restarted publication under the guidance of Mrowa's sons, but the intensification of the war again put the paper under pressure. The flight of the intelligentsia from the country depleted the paper's staff and its readership. Still, it continued as a daily until mid 1985 and then as a weekly for another year, before ceasing publication once again. One of daily's early editors was Jihad Khazen.
With the arrival of peace in 1991, and the development of a rebuilding program three years later, the paper again looked to publish. With Kamel's first son Jamil Mroue as leader, printing was recommenced in 1996 with modern presses, experienced foreign journalists, and Lebanese staff.
In 2004, The Daily Star merged its Lebanon and regional editions choosing to focus on Lebanese expatriates in the Persian Gulf region. The unified edition appeared in all countries except for Kuwait which had its own local edition published in partnership with Al-Watan, a Kuwaiti Arabic language daily.
In 2006, the newspaper announced that its paper would soon be available in print in the United States.
For two weeks (14 January to 31 January 2009), the printing of the paper was suspended by a Lebanese court order after financial difficulties. The website was not being updated either. The newspaper resumed publishing the second week of February 2009 with certain agreements with creditors about payment of accumulating debt.
On 4 February 2020, the newspaper announced temporary suspension of its print publication owing to financial difficulties.
On 13 October 2021, the newspaper said its online news coverage had been temporarily suspended due to "circumstances beyond our control." Several weeks later, on 31 October 2021, Editor-in-Chief Nadim Ladki told employees that the newspaper was officially shutting down.
Ownership
According to the Media Ownership Monitor, an initiative by the Samir Kassir Foundation, The Daily Star was owned by the political Hariri family through D.S. Holding and Millennium Development.
Distribution and circulation
The Daily Star signed an exclusive marketing representation, printing and distribution agreement with the International Herald Tribune in 2000. Under the terms of the agreement, The Daily Star represented the IHT in the GCC, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Yemen and Iraq. The Daily Star also produced a local edition in Kuwait.
Under this agreement, The Daily Star was published and distributed alongside the International Herald Tribunes Middle-East edition. The Daily Star management however decided to break the agreement over a dispute regarding the newspaper's length, which the IHT management wanted to see reduced.
The paper reduced considerably in size after temporarily closing in January 2009. It is no longer distributed with the IHT.
Downfall
In light of changes in consumer behavior having adverse reactions towards politically owned and affiliated media outlets following the October 17 Revolution, The Daily Star began losing revenue and readership. In February 2020, The Daily Star ceased its print editions, citing its inability to secure advertising. The company was also unable to pay their staff, with many reporting working for at least 6 months with no pay - a similar story to that of other Hariri-owned outlets like Future TV. As of December 2020, it no longer held the leading position for Lebanese news in English - losing its decades-long position to The961.
Controversies
The Daily Star was one of the Lebanese newspapers which were close to SAVAK, Iranian intelligence agency, during the ownership of Kamel Mrowa who was an anti-Nasserist. However, the relations with Iran ended when the newspaper's office was attacked due to its extensive publications against Gamal Nasser, President of Egypt, and Iran recognized Israel.
The Daily Star, along with other Hariri-owned outlets like Future TV, had not been paying their staff salaries. They let go of employees who organized a strike at the company due to nonpayment of salaries. Many of whom went on to join L'Orient Today, L'Orient le Jours English section.
Articles by Jamal Khashoggi
Jamal Khashoggi was a contributor as a Saudi political analyst and deputy editor of Saudi Arabia’s English-language Arab News and published several commentaries for The Daily Star. His opinions since 2002 included endorsing moderation and combating extremism in Western nations, referring to bin Laden as a moderate who was a victim converted to "extreme jihad," applying Geneva Convention articles in Gaza and the West Bank, and expressing skepticism of US-Israeli-Saudi relations, especially after the 1991 Gulf War honeymoon period, in view of demolition of Palestinian homes supported by Colin Powell and the Israeli government, and the lucrative target for potential seizure presented by Saudi Arabia's one-fourth of world's proven oil reserves.
One of the four 9/11 widows - known as the "Jersey Girls" - mentions the unusual timing of the disappearance of Khashoggi with respect to the release of documents by the Department of Justice, supporting the 9/11 Families' Litigation, that may implicate the Saudi government in the 9/11 attacks.
References
External links
Daily Star official site
1952 establishments in Lebanon
2021 disestablishments in Lebanon
Daily newspapers published in Lebanon
Defunct newspapers published in Lebanon
English-language newspapers published in Lebanon
Newspapers established in 1952
Newspapers published in Beirut
Publications disestablished in 2021 |
4015010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Despard%20Estes | Richard Despard Estes | Richard Despard Estes (December 26, 1927 - December 6, 2021) was a biologist specialising in the behaviour of mammals in mainland Africa. He was particularly interested in studying wildebeest. This interest led Rod East, the former co-chair of the Antelope Specialist Group of the IUCN-World Conservation Union, to dub him the 'Guru of Gnu.' It has been suggested that Estes is responsible for most of the world's knowledge of wildebeest behaviour.
Estes chose to study wildebeest because he thought they were 'the most interesting' animals he knew, particularly in their rutting behaviour. He obtained his doctorate in the early 1960s with a thesis on the wildebeest of the Ngorongoro Crater, in which he advanced the theory that the females' estrus was triggered by the rumbling 'love call' of the males. Estes has spent most of the ensuing 40 years doing field work in Africa. In 2004 he began a project in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution to test his early theory using new advances in molecular chemistry.
Estes has written two guides for travellers to Africa, The Behavior Guide to African Mammals (considered the standard reference of its kind) and The Safari Companion.
Estes lives in Peterborough, New Hampshire.
Bibliography
The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates, University of California Press, 1991
National Audubon Society Field Guide to African Wildlife (with Peter C. Alden, Duane Schlitter and Bunny McBride), Knopf, 1995
The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates, Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 1999
Notes and references
External links
Selection of articles by Estes from the Rare Species Conservatory Foundation.
Interview with Thomson Safaris Newsletter.
Audio interview (mp3 format) from airborneadventuresafrica.com.
1927 births
2021 deaths
American mammalogists
People from Peterborough, New Hampshire |
4015020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout%20tickling | Trout tickling | Trout tickling is the art of rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers. If done properly, the trout will go into a trance after a minute or so, and can then easily be retrieved and thrown onto the nearest bit of dry land.
History
Trout tickling has been practiced for many centuries. It is mentioned in Shakespeare's comedy Twelfth Night, where it is used as a metaphor for bamboozlement by Olivia's servant Maria, who is about to play a vengeful prank on the pompous steward, Malvolio:
The technique was a common practice used by boys, poachers and working men in times of economic stress, particularly during the 1930s Depression era. Poachers using the method required no nets, rods or lines or any other incriminating equipment if apprehended by the police or gamekeepers.
Thomas Martindale's 1901 book, Sport, Indeed, describes the method used on trout in the River Wear in County Durham:
In Scotland the technique is more often called "guddling" or sometimes "ginniling". The practice is currently illegal under most circumstances in Britain. A related method of catching catfish by hand is called noodling in the United States.
In history and fiction
Trout tickling has an ancient history. The Greek writer Oppian writing in his Halieutica, the greatest work of antiquity on angling, refers to catching trout by hand in the following lines:
Aelian, a Greek writer of about 230 A.D., writes in his De Natura Animalium (as published in England in 1565): "If men wade into the sea, when the water is low, end stroking the fish nestling in the pools, suddenly lay hands upon and secure them." While in Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher's Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, a ribald comedy dating from 1624, Estifania remarks "Here comes another trout that I must tickle, / And tickle daintily".
The technique is also mentioned in several of Shakespeare's plays: in Twelfth Night, the servant Maria refers to the approach of the hated Malvolio, head of Olivia's household, with the words "for here comes the trout that must be caught with tickling" (Act 2, Scene 5). Maria and others are conspiring to trap Malvolio into acting foolishly by forging a love letter from Olivia.
Trout tickling is also mentioned in later works: Mark Twain wrote about catching catfish in a similar manner while mentioning that salmon and certain other species can also be lured and caught in this way. Arthur Ransome's novel The Picts and the Martyrs contains a detailed description of the technique by a young boy from the English Lake District. It is also described as a poaching method in Roald Dahl's classic novel Danny, the Champion of the World, in Linda Buckley-Archer's science fiction novel Gideon the Cutpurse, in Robert A. Heinlein's fantasy novel Glory Road, and in the video game Theme Hospital as a hobby of many of the staff for hire. Terry Pratchett's 2003 young adult novel The Wee Free Men opens with young Tiffany Aching amusing herself by tickling trout.
An interview conducted by CSV/BBC NI's Brian Morgan, Story of the Virgin Soldier, for the BBC Peoples War project, reports how one soldier, Robert McIlroy, impressed his senior commanders by 'tickling trout' out of the river in order for fellow soldiers to eat.
In the book The White Mountains by John Christopher, one of the party members (Henry) attempts to tickle trout unsuccessfully in an attempt to forage food for the group.
In an episode of The Waltons ("The Search", S. 4, E.15), Olivia, Jim Bob, and Elizabeth set out to visit a friend but become lost on Walton's Mountain, and while lost Jim Bob catches fish using this method which he had learned from Grandpa.
In an episode of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet ("Another Country", S. 2, E.4), Oz successfully tickles trout before been caught by a gamekeeper.
See also
References
External links
How to tickle trout
‘The Art of Tickling Trout & Other Sensual Pleasures’ Video 2003
Recreational fishing
Fishing techniques and methods |
4015042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovka | Dubrovka | Dubrovka may refer to:
Dubrovka (inhabited locality), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Dubrovka (Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line), a station of Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia
Dubrovka (Moscow Central Circle), a station of Moscow Metro
Dubrovka Theater, where the Moscow theater hostage crisis took place on October 23, 2002 |
4015044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitive%20Collection%20%28Donovan%20album%29 | Definitive Collection (Donovan album) | Definitive Collection is a compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in the Netherlands (Epic 480552 9) and Austria (Sony 480552 9) on 7 November 1995.
History
Three years after the appearance of Troubadour: The Definitive Collection 1964-1976, Epic Records (now a Sony subsidiary) issued another two disc compilation titled Definitive Collection in Europe. The album contained many songs that had not yet appeared on any compact disc. The live recording of "Universal Soldier" was originally released on Rising. The second disc featured songs taken from Donovan in Concert.
Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch.
Disc one
"Sunshine Superman"
"Season of the Witch"
"Mellow Yellow"
"Epistle to Dippy"
"There Is a Mountain"
"Wear Your Love Like Heaven"
"Jennifer Juniper"
"Hurdy Gurdy Man"
"Laleña"
"Atlantis"
"To Susan on the West Coast Waiting"
"Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)"
"Riki Tiki Tavi"
"Celia of the Seals"
"Sailing Homeward"
"Earth Sign Man"
"Maria Magenta"
"Salvation Stomp"
"Colours"
"Catch the Wind"
"Universal Soldier" (live)
Disc two
"The Fat Angel" (live)
"Isle of Islay" (live)
"There Is a Mountain" (live)
"Guinevere" (live)
"Celeste" (live)
"Mellow Yellow" (live)
External links
Definitive Collection – Donovan Unofficial Site
1995 compilation albums
Donovan compilation albums
Albums produced by Mickie Most
Albums produced by Norbert Putnam |
4015062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Carli | Mario Carli | Mario Carli (30 December 1888 – 9 September 1935) was an Italian poet, novelist, essayist and journalist.
Biography
Carli was born in San Severo, Apulia, to Florentine father and Apulian mother.
He spent his formative years in Florence, where he met Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in the 1910s, and adhered to Futurism as a member of the so-called pattuglia azzurra ("Azure platoon"). After fighting in World War I, he engaged in favor of the Arditi, and reached Gabriele D'Annunzio during the latter's political experiment in occupied Fiume in 1919. Carli then supported the militant anti-fascist Arditi del Popolo, created in 1920.
A successful journalist, Carli adhered to Benito Mussolini's Fascist movement the moment it started; he and his friend Emilio Settimelli published the intimidating newspaper L’Impero. Nonetheless, he proved to be a dissident, and joined the field of those considered "left-wing fascists". In the 1930s, Carli was Italy's consul general in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Tormented by illness, he died prematurely in Rome.
Works
Carli wrote extensively, producing works like the experimental novel Retroscena ("Background"; 1915), and the memoir Con d’Annunzio a Fiume ("With D’Annunzio in Fiume"; 1920). In 1923 he published La mia divinità ("My Divinity"), a text in which he gathered his poetry, small poems in prose among which stands out Notti filtrate ("Filtered Nights") - a pre-Surrealist piece of importance.
The writings express Carli's conviction in life as energy, an egoistical effort at realising oneself against all odds and perils.
References
1888 births
1935 deaths
Futurist writers
Italian Futurism
Diplomats from Florence
Italian essayists
Male essayists
Italian fascists
Journalists from Florence
Italian male journalists
Italian memoirists
Italian male poets
Italian military personnel of World War I
People from San Severo
Italian male novelists
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
20th-century essayists
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century memoirists
Italian male non-fiction writers |
4015076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Scouting%20Service%20Project | U.S. Scouting Service Project | The U.S. Scouting Service Project (USSSP) is one of the largest online collections of Scouting resource and reference materials. Founded in 1998, USSSP is organized as a non-profit corporation and is maintained by volunteer Scouters. While the Project supports the programs of the Boy Scouts of America and the World Organization of the Scout Movement, neither organization contributes financially or provides direction to the organization.
Background
The USSSP was the idea of Chris Marsey who brought together one of the largest repositories of Scouting Clip-Art to the world Scouting community in 1996. Soon thereafter, Dave Tracewell and Gary Hendra added their large electronic clip-art collections to the collection. The USSSP continued to grow, adding Scouters from around the country with specialized talents who contributed many hours of time and resources to the project.
As of 2010, most of the board members were Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts in their youth and have obtained their programs' highest youth honors. All of the board members have served at the local Council level as unit leaders, commissioners and committee chairs and collectively have more than 400 years of service. Many of the board members have served as part of a summer camp staff for two or more summers; three have taught courses at the Philmont Training Center. Two of the board members serve local Councils as Professional Scouters; another board member served for several years as a Paraprofessional Executive. Board members are Wood Badge trained and many have been honored with the BSA's Silver Beaver Award for distinguished service to one or several local Councils.
Web site sections
The USSSP website as several areas of resources, being mostly a combination of file servers and sites with links to other sites.
ScoutCamp.org - a database of all of the Scout Camps in the US with user comments.
ScoutSite Search - a massive database of every scouting website, linked to councils with interactive sorting abilities.
Clipart - a collection of scanned images, clipart and other files
Macscouter - a collection of scouting resources, including ceremonies, planning guides, etc.
Netcommish - a set of resources specifically designed to support commissioners.
Scoutmaster.org - a collection of useful links for Scoutmasters and Scout leaders.
Cubmaster.org - a complete set of resources and links for Cub Scout leaders.
Jambo.org - information about the National Scout Jamboree.
WorldScouting.org - Links to international scouting sites.
In addition, other member sites (for instance, several branches of Mike Walton's Tree ; Mike Kauffmann's Merit Badges.org ; and Don deYoung's Cub Scouting website) are elements of this "largest community of reference and resource materials geared to the American Boy Scouting programs found on the Internet's World Wide Web."
Discussion groups and lists
The USSSP hosts some 11 electronic mail distribution discussion groups, ranging in topics from programming (Cub Scouting, Venturing) to program support (Philmont, Jamborees, and Commissioners). There is also a USSSP discussion group called "Embers" which offer reflection, support and inspiration to volunteers and parents.
Board of directors
The USSSP operates under a national board of directors. The current officers are:
Gary Hendra, President
Mike Bowman, Vice President - Web Development
Mike Walton, Vice President - Communications
Paul Wolf, Secretary
Kyna Hendra, Treasurer
Board Members
Hal Daume
Jon Eidson
Ed Henderson
Mike Kauffmann
Dave Lyons
The board conducts business virtually using various electronic methods, to include video teleconferencing, voice conference calls via Skype, and electronic mail.
Notes
References
External links
Associations related to the Boy Scouts of America |
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