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4011733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20the%20Game | After the Game | After the Game is a 1997 neo-noir drama/mystery film directed by Brewster MacWilliams and starring Frank Gorshin, Stanley DeSantis, Sam Anderson, Mike Genovese, Susan Traylor, and Robert Dubac. It is produced by Robert Peters and Roy Winnick. The screenplay was written by Brewster MacWilliams.
The film explores the themes of poker, revenge, deceit, lust and greed, and explores karma and the afterlife.
The DVD, titled The Last Hand, was issued in 2004.
Premise
Aging gambler Benny Walsh (played by Gorshin) dies in a suspicious car crash after the biggest poker win of his life. His son, Clyde (played by Dubac), comes to the Nevada town in search of answers. He discovers that each of his father's gambling buddies had ample reason to see him dead.
Cast
Frank Gorshin as Benny Walsh
Stanley DeSantis as Frank Bertini
Sam Anderson as Jimmy Walsh
Mike Genovese as Sam Kowalski
Susan Traylor as Veronica Kowalski
Richard Lineback as Slim, the Bartender
Donna Eskra as Dolly
Robert Dubac as Clyde Walsh
Lou Rawls as Morgue Attendant
Daniel Zacapa as Detective Garcia
Hudson Leick as Grace
External links
After the Game at the Internet Movie Database
1997 films
American neo-noir films
1990s mystery drama films
American mystery drama films
Gambling films
1997 drama films
1990s English-language films |
4011739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Jacobsen%20%28politician%29 | Rolf Jacobsen (politician) | Rolf Jacobsen (30 November 1865 – 22 February 1942) was a Norwegian jurist and politician for the Liberal Party. He was a mayor of Narvik, two-term member of the Parliament of Norway as well as Minister of Defence from 1924 to 1926.
Personal life
He was born in Fredrikstad as the son of military officer and politician Albert Marius Jacobsen (1838–1909) and his wife Hansine Fredrikke Schøyen (1838–1915). His uncle Oscar Jacobsen was a politician too. He had one older brother.
Career
Rolf Jacobsen enrolled as a student in 1881, and graduated as cand.jur. in 1885. From 1885 to 1890, Jacobsen was an attorney in Nordre Gudbrandsdalen, working under district stipendiary magistrate Walter Scott Dahl. Jacobsen served as acting district stipendiary magistrate for a total of three years, while Dahl was a member of Parliament. Jacobsen then moved to Kristiania to work as a lawyer. From 1893 to 1903, he was a barrister, with access to Supreme Court cases. In 1903, he was appointed as district stipendiary magistrate in Steigen.
While stationed here he served as mayor of Narvik from 1910 to 1912. He was also a member of the board of the savings bank from 1904 to 1906, chaired the school board from 1911 to 1912 and acted as deputy chair of Narvik Harbour during the same period. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1913 and 1916, representing the constituency of Nordre Salten. In 1917, he was appointed district stipendiary magistrate in Vinger and Odal. He was a member of Vinger municipal council from 1919 to 1925 and 1928 to 1936, and chaired the county chapter of the Liberal Party in 1929.
On 25 July 1924, he was appointed Minister of Defence in the Mowinckel's First Cabinet. He lost the job when Mowinckel's First Cabinet fell in March 1926. Having taken a hiatus from the job as district stipendiary magistrate during this period, he subsequently returned to this post. He left the magistrate in 1936 to become a lawyer in Oslo.
Jacobsen was also active in the temperance movement.
References
1865 births
1942 deaths
Members of the Storting
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Nordland
Hedmark politicians
Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian temperance activists
People from Fredrikstad
Defence ministers of Norway |
4011766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford%20Lindsey%20Molesworth | Guilford Lindsey Molesworth | Sir Guilford Lindsey Molesworth (1828–1925) was an English civil engineer.
Biography
Early years
Molesworth was born in Millbrook, Hampshire and was the son of John Edward Nassau Molesworth, Vicar of Rochdale who was a great grandson of Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth. Sir Guildford's great niece was Margaret Patricia Molesworth (1904–1985), the grandmother of Sophie, Countess of Wessex.
Molesworth was educated at the College for Civil Engineers at Putney, apprenticed under Mr Dockray in the London and North Western Railway, and under Sir William Fairbairn at Manchester.
Career
He became a chief assistant engineer of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, but soon resigned to conduct the constructions at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, during the Crimean War. He received the Watt Medal and the Manby premium in 1858 from the Institution of Civil Engineers for his paper on Conversion of Wood by Machinery. He returned to London for a number of years, worked at his profession, then went to Ceylon in 1859 and in 1862 became chief engineer of the government railways in Ceylon. From 1871 to 1889 he was consulting engineer to the Indian government with regard to State railways. In May 1888, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE).
He received medals from the British Government for his services during the Afghan War and the Burma War, and was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1904.
Gauge
Molesworth was consulted on a number of occasions on the suitability of adopting a narrow gauge rather than a broad one. He was generally against the narrow gauge as he regarded the cost savings as illusory. His broad gauge line to Kandy is proof that this gauge is practicable in steep mountains.
Bibliography
He published the Molesworth's Pocket Book of Engineering Formulae. This useful little volume contained formulas and details on many engineering related subjects. The first edition was published in November 1862 and ran to over thirty editions (The twenty-eighth edition was published in 1921).
His other works include:
State Railways in India (1872)
Metrical Tables (1880; fourth edition, 1909)
Imperialism in India (1885)
Silver and Gold (1891)
Our Empire under Protection and Free Trade (1902)
Economic and Fiscal Facts and Fallacies (1909)
Indian Railway Policy (1920)
References
External links
1828 births
1925 deaths
British railway civil engineers
English non-fiction writers
British people of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
British people of the Crimean War
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
People from Southampton
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Railway officers in British India
English male non-fiction writers |
4011776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer%20Diamond | Oppenheimer Diamond | The Oppenheimer Diamond, a nearly perfectly formed yellow diamond crystal, is one of the largest uncut diamonds in the world, and measures approximately 20 × 20 millimeters. It was discovered in the Dutoitspan Mine, Kimberley, South Africa, in 1964. Harry Winston acquired the stone and presented it to the Smithsonian Institution in memory of Sir Ernest Oppenheimer.
References
External links
Oppenheimer Diamond at the Smithsonian, with better closeup photos
Another view
Third closeup
Oppenheimer family
Jewellery in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Diamonds originating in South Africa
1964 in South Africa
Yellow diamonds
Individual diamonds |
4011778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellhound%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hellhound (disambiguation) | In mythology, a hellhound is a demonic dog.
Hellhound may also mean:
Hellhound (comics), a DC Comics character
Hellhound Records, a German doom metal record label
Hellhound, a series of poster booklets in the Galgrease manga series
MEI HELLHOUND, a high-explosive 40mm round fired by the Milkor MGL grenade launcher
Hellhounds (film), a 2009 Canadian horror film |
4011782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar%20Jahn | Gunnar Jahn | Gunnar Jahn (10 January 1883 – 31 January 1971) was a Norwegian jurist, economist, statistician, politician for the Liberal Party and resistance member. He held several important positions, such as Norwegian Minister of Finance and Customs from 1934 to 1935 and in 1945, chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1941 to 1966 and Governor of the Central Bank of Norway from 1946 to 1954.
Life and work
He was born in Trondheim, the son of director Christian Fredy Michael Jahn (1837–1914) and Elisabeth Wilhelmine Wexelsen (1853–1930). He was a grandson of Vilhelm Andreas Wexelsen, a grandnephew of Marie Wexelsen and a first cousin of Per Kvist. He finished his secondary education at Trondheim Cathedral School in 1902 graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.jur. degree in 1907. He worked as a deputy judge in Lofoten before enrolling at the university again; he graduated in economics in 1909. He was hired in Statistics Norway in 1910. In April 1911 he married Martha Larsen Jahn.
From 1913 he was a teacher at Kristiania Commerce School and the university, jobs he left in 1918 and 1920 respectively. From 1917 to 1919 he worked in Rasjoneringsdirektoratet, and from 1919 to 1920 he was the director there. In 1920 he became director of Statistics Norway. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1927. From November 1934 to March 1935 he was the Minister of Finance and Customs in Mowinckel's Third Cabinet. He became a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in 1937, and chairman from 1941 to 1966.
In 1940 he was a member of the Administrative Council, which tried to maintain Norwegian political governance despite the German invasion and occupation of Norway. He marked himself as a strong proponent of resistance to Germany, and was a member of the central leadership of the resistance: "Kretsen" and Hjemmefrontens Ledelse. He was arrested by the Nazi authorities on 25 October 1944, and incarcerated at Akershus Fortress until 8 December. He was then sent to Grini concentration camp, where he sat until the liberation of Norway.
After the German surrender, he saw himself as a candidate to become Prime Minister of Norway, but Hjemmefrontens Ledelse chose Paal Berg as their candidate. He instead became Minister of Finance and Customs of the Norwegian interim government, Gerhardsen's First Cabinet, on 25 June. He remained so until 4 November the same year, and also served on the Board of Governors in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund in 1945. He then headed the Central Bank of Norway from 1946 to 1954. He presided over the International Statistical Institute from 1947 to 1951, and was an honorary member. As the Chairman of the Nobel Committee, he delivered the Presentation Speech to The Nobel Peace Prize 1947 to the Quaker Friends Service Council (British) and American Friends Service Committee (http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1947/press.html). He was also a member of the Liberal Party's national board for some time. He died in January 1971 in Oslo.
References
External links
A collection of digitized materials related to Jahn's association with Linus Pauling.
Presentation Speech to The Nobel Peace Prize 1947.
1883 births
1971 deaths
Politicians from Trondheim
Norwegian jurists
Norwegian economists
Norwegian statisticians
University of Oslo alumni
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Governors of the Central Bank of Norway
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian resistance members
Grini concentration camp survivors
Chairpersons of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School |
4011785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-score | F-score | In statistical analysis of binary classification, the F-score or F-measure is a measure of a test's accuracy. It is calculated from the precision and recall of the test, where the precision is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all positive results, including those not identified correctly, and the recall is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all samples that should have been identified as positive. Precision is also known as positive predictive value, and recall is also known as sensitivity in diagnostic binary classification.
The F1 score is the harmonic mean of the precision and recall. The more generic score applies additional weights, valuing one of precision or recall more than the other.
The highest possible value of an F-score is 1.0, indicating perfect precision and recall, and the lowest possible value is 0, if either the precision or the recall is zero. The F1 score is also known as the Sørensen–Dice coefficient or Dice similarity coefficient (DSC).
Etymology
The name F-measure is believed to be named after a different F function in Van Rijsbergen's book, when introduced to the Fourth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-4, 1992).
Definition
The traditional F-measure or balanced F-score (F1 score) is the harmonic mean of precision and recall:
.
score
A more general F score, , that uses a positive real factor , where is chosen such that recall is considered times as important as precision, is:
.
In terms of Type I and type II errors this becomes:
.
Two commonly used values for are 2, which weighs recall higher than precision, and 0.5, which weighs recall lower than precision.
The F-measure was derived so that "measures the effectiveness of retrieval with respect to a user who attaches times as much importance to recall as precision". It is based on Van Rijsbergen's effectiveness measure
.
Their relationship is where .
Diagnostic testing
This is related to the field of binary classification where recall is often termed "sensitivity".
Dependence of the F-score on class imbalance
Williams has shown the explicit dependence of the
precision-recall curve, and thus the score, on the ratio
of positive to negative test cases. This means that comparison of the
F-score across different problems with differing class ratios is
problematic. One way to address this issue (see e.g., Siblini et al,
2020
) is to use a standard class ratio when making such comparisons.
Applications
The F-score is often used in the field of information retrieval for measuring search, document classification, and query classification performance. Earlier works focused primarily on the F1 score, but with the proliferation of large scale search engines, performance goals changed to place more emphasis on either precision or recall and so is seen in wide application.
The F-score is also used in machine learning. However, the F-measures do not take true negatives into account, hence measures such as the Matthews correlation coefficient, Informedness or Cohen's kappa may be preferred to assess the performance of a binary classifier.
The F-score has been widely used in the natural language processing literature, such as in the evaluation of named entity recognition and word segmentation.
Criticism
David Hand and others criticize the widespread use of the F1 score since it gives equal importance to precision and recall. In practice, different types of mis-classifications incur different costs. In other words, the relative importance of precision and recall is an aspect of the problem.
According to Davide Chicco and Giuseppe Jurman, the F1 score is less truthful and informative than the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) in binary evaluation classification.
David Powers has pointed out that F1 ignores the True Negatives and thus is misleading for unbalanced classes, while kappa and correlation measures are symmetric and assess both directions of predictability - the classifier predicting the true class and the true class predicting the classifier prediction, proposing separate multiclass measures Informedness and Markedness for the two directions, noting that their geometric mean is correlation.
Difference from Fowlkes–Mallows index
While the F-measure is the harmonic mean of recall and precision, the Fowlkes–Mallows index is their geometric mean.
Extension to multi-class classification
The F-score is also used for evaluating classification problems with more than two classes (Multiclass classification). In this setup, the final score is obtained by micro-averaging (biased by class frequency) or macro-averaging (taking all classes as equally important). For macro-averaging, two different formulas have been used by applicants: the F-score of (arithmetic) class-wise precision and recall means or the arithmetic mean of class-wise F-scores, where the latter exhibits more desirable properties.
See also
BLEU
Confusion matrix
Hypothesis tests for accuracy
METEOR
NIST (metric)
Receiver operating characteristic
ROUGE (metric)
Uncertainty coefficient, aka Proficiency
Word error rate
LEPOR
References
Statistical natural language processing
Evaluation of machine translation
Statistical ratios
Summary statistics for contingency tables
Clustering criteria
de:Beurteilung eines Klassifikators#Kombinierte Maße |
4011792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique%20Meirelles | Henrique Meirelles | Henrique de Campos Meirelles (born August 31, 1945) is former Minister of the Economy and an executive of the Brazilian and the international financial sectors and former president of Central Bank of Brazil (Portuguese: Banco Central do Brasil) where he remained in office from 2003 to 2011. He chairs J&F's board of directors, company that owns Banco Original, JBS and Vigor, among others. He is also a member of the board of directors of Azul Brazilian Airlines.
Meirelles was the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB)'s candidate for president of Brazil in the 2018 elections.
Biography
Meirelles, is the son of Hegesipo de Campos Meirelles, former attorney of Banco do Estado de Goiás and Diva Silva de Campos, a wedding gown designer.
He left the city of Goiania to study civil engineering at the School of Engineering of the University of São Paulo (Portuguese:Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo) in São Paulo, where he graduated in 1972.
In 1974, he completed an MBA in Business Administration from Coppead Institute at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese:Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), UFRJ.
His career began in 1974 at BankBoston, where he worked for 28 years, with national and international operations.
In 1984, with appointment by a BankBoston board member, Meirelles attended the six-week Advanced Management Program (AMP) at Harvard Business School. Meirelles also received an honorary title as doctor by Bryant College.
In July of that year, with his return to Brazil, Meirelles was appointed president of BankBoston in Brazil, a position he held for 12 years.
In 1996, Meirelles moved to Boston, Massachusetts, and assumed the position of President and COO of BankBoston worldwide. He held the position until 1999.
In 1999, BankBoston Corporation merged with Fleet Financial Group, forming FleetBoston Financial. Henrique Meirelles became president of FleetBoston Financial's Global Banking.
While in the United States, Meirelles was one of the most popular members of Bill Clinton's court case.
In 2002, Meirelles retired and returned to Brazil.
With a youth marked by public performances, when he was part of the student movement in Goiânia and led strikes against bus ticket and school supply prices, influenced by a political family – his grandfather was mayor of Anápolis three times, his father occupied roles in the State Secretariat of Goiás twice, and an uncle who was Governor – from then on Meirelles started his political career, to which he dedicated himself from 2002 to 2014.
In 2012, at the invitation of the president of JBS's board of directors, Joesley Batista, Henrique Meirelles took on the Advisory Board of J&F, the holding company that controls 7 companies, including JBS, the world's largest meat company. The J&F Group has a total revenue estimated at R$65 billion.
Considered one of the most respected figures in the Brazilian business environment, in early 2012, Meirelles received 12 job offers from the private sector, among them was the presidency of Barclays and Goldman Sachs banks in Brazil.
Political career
In 2002, Meirelles ran for congressman in Goiás with the political party PSDB and was elected with the largest number of votes in the state – 183,000 votes.
His electoral success and the support of the international financial market received throughout his professional career in the private sector, caused Meirelles to be appointed by President Lula to the office of president of Brazil's Central Bank – Banco Central do Brasil (BCB). In 2003, Meirelles resigned as congressman in Goiás and left PSDB to become president of BCB. Meirelles led Banco Central do Brazil during the eight years of President Lula's administration and, in November 2010, he announced his departure.
In 2005, he was the first president of the CBC to formally obtain the status of State Secretary.
In early 2010, Meirelles ruled out a possible candidacy as governor of Goiás with the democratic party PMDB, at the request of President Lula who asked him to devote himself to the control of Banco Central until the date when he had to leave the role in order to run for elective office in early April 2011.
In 2011, three months after the announcement of his departure from the leadership of BCB, and at the invitation of President Dilma Rousseff, Meirelles took office in the Public Olympic Council. His function, with a 4-year term, was to coordinate all investments for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. With a budget of R$30 million, Meirelles acted with autonomy in the coordination of federal, state and municipal construction work until 2014.
In 2014, Meirelles was invited by the PMDB candidate to the government of SP, Paulo Skaff, to compete in the Senate in their political platform. Meirelles denied the request.
In 2015, Meirelles was replaced by businesswoman Luiza Trajano at the Public Olympic Council.
Also in 2015, there were rumors that Meirelles would have been appointed by former President Lula to be Secretary of Finance during the 2nd term of President Dilma Rousseff's administration, starting in January 2015. This was not achieved and Joaquim Levy took the office.
In mid-2015, following internal dissension in the executive power and friction in Congress, rumors re-emerged that Henrique Meirelles could be a strong possibility of replacing finance secretary Joaquim Levy, head of the Ministry of Finance.
When Michel Temer became the interim president, in May 2016, Henrique Meirelles was nominated Minister of Finance and Social Security.
Meirelles's party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement, announced in May 2018 his pre-candidacy for the presidency of Brazil. On 2 August 2018, he officially became the party's candidate for president.
Management at Banco Central do Brasil
With operations during the eight years of Lula's government (2003–2010), Meirelles was the President of Brazil's Central Bank (BCB) who held the longest office.
His management at Banco Central began at a time when the country's economy was in crisis. With an inflation of 12.5% per year, an actual interest rate of 18.5%, international reserves of US$38 billion – considered low – and the dollar exchange rate at almost R$4.00.
His first step was to make Copom (Monetary Policy Committee of Banco Central) raise interest rates. Throughout his office term, Meirelles was pressured to *accelerate the decrease of interest rates. Members of the government and outside members claimed that the country could have a larger growth rate with a higher inflation.
Meirelles presented inflation rates within the target set by the National Monetary Council in every year of his tenure, except in 2003, when there was a "deterioration of expectations." because of a market reaction to Lula's lead in the presidential race.
According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), – Henrique Meirelles' management period was the one with the longest growth cycle in the country's recent history, with a rate of 3% per year for more than 60 months.
In 2003, the internal growth was 1.1%. In 2004, it increased to 5.7%. In 2005, 2006 and 2007, the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) increased, respectively: 3.2%, 4% and 6.1%. In 2008, the Brazilian economy grew 5.1%.
In 2004, inflation rates measured by the IPCA – National Index of Prices and Ample Consumers – had receded to 7.6% and in 2005 to 5.69%. In 2006, the IPCA totaled 3.14% and in 2008, linked to the strong economic growth, it increased to 5.9%. In 2005, Meirelles was the first president of BCB to formally obtain the status of Secretary of State.
At the end of his tenure, Meirelles presented a growth in the country's economy that went from R$38 billion to R $280 billion. According to experts, this was a major factor that helped the country go through the international crisis of 2008 and 2009 without major consequences.
According to Gustavo Franco, CEO of Rio Bravo, in an interview by Época, the country's stability and defense during the international crisis of 2009 is directly linked to Henrique Meirelles, head of Banco Central, whose work helped maintain the country's course, avoiding the destabilization of the economy.
At the end of his two mandates in 2009, Henrique Meirelles was credited responsible for reducing inflation by half and interest rates to the lowest level in history.
Operations in J&F Holding
Meirelles was invited by Joesley Batista to chair the board of directors at J&F, the holding company that controls JBS, Original Bank, Vigor Alimentos, Brazil Eldorado (pulp and paper), Flora Higiene Pessoal, Floresta Agropecuária and Canal Rural.
Batista entrusted Meirelles with the task of professionalizing the company by creating more independent decision-making mechanisms. Meirelles was also delegated the responsibility of expanding inside and outside the country, by demanding results from the executives and defining strategies aimed at opening the company's capital in the future.
With the announcement of Meireles' arrival, JBS's shares rose by 4.4%. J&F Group ended the year 2011 with a turnover of R$65 billion, around 145 thousand employees and businesses in more than 22 countries.
In 2015, Original Bank, one of the companies belonging to J&F had R$4.6 billion in total assets, which put it in 57th place as the largest bank in the country.
Original Bank initiated in 2015 a project led by Meirelles to transform it in a 100% digital bank, where there will be no branches and all services will be offered through their website.
Other positions
Chairman of J&F Investimentos.
Board member of Lloyd's of London.
Member of the board of directors of Azul Brazilian Airlines.
Advisor of the dean of John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
Advisor of the dean of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in Cambridge.
Advisor of the Latin American Studies Center at Washington University.
Chairman of the Society for Revitalization of the City of São Paulo.
Founder and President of the Brazilian Association of Leasing Companies.
Member of FTI Consulting.
President of the Association "Viva o Centro" that advocates for the revitalization of the downtown area of São Paulo.
President Emeritus of the Brazilian Association of International Banks.
Director of the São Paulo Chamber of Commerce.
Board member of educational institutions such as Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Sloan School of Management at MIT, Carroll School of Management at Boston College, New England Music Conservatory and the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston.
Member of the Inter-American Dialogue
Personal life
Meirelles is considered to be restless and a workaholic. He sleeps only five hours per night and performs late-night meetings.
In the 1960s, Meirelles participated in one of the first courses at the Interlagos Racetrack (Portuguese: Autódromo de Interlagos) where he acquired race driver skills.
Controversy
Paradise Papers
In November 2017 an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism cited his name in the list of politicians named in "Paradise Papers" allegations.
Awards and honors
Brazilian of the Year in Economy – IstoÉ magazine.
Best Central Banker of the Americas – The Banker magazine, London.
Best Banker in Latin America of 2006
2008 – Bravo Awards – Financier of the Year.
2008 – Emerging Market Awards – Best Central Banker for Latin America
2010 – Personality of the Year – Prêmio Lide
References
External links
Azul Brazilian Airlines website
Original Bank website
Public Olympics Council website
Eldorado Brasil website
Flora website
Canal Rural website
|-
|-
|-
1945 births
Brazilian economists
Chief operating officers
Living people
People from Goiás
University of São Paulo alumni
Finance Ministers of Brazil
Government ministers of Brazil
Presidents of the Central Bank of Brazil
Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011) politicians
People named in the Paradise Papers |
4011806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmini | Padmini | Padmini in Sanskrit means "She who sits on the lotus", so literally it refers to Hindu goddess Lakshmi.
It may also refer to:
Padmini (actress) (1932–2006), Indian actress and trained Bharathanatyam dancer who acted in over 250 Indian movies
Padmini (film), Indian biographical film about T. K. Padmini
Kutty Padmini (born 1956), former child actor who acts mainly in Tamil cinema
Rani Padmini of Chittor (died 1303)
T. K. Padmini (1940–1969), painter from Kerala
Padmini, a 2018 Malayalam-language biographical film on the life of T. K. Padmini
Rani Padmini, another Malayalam language film
Rani Padmini (died 1986), Indian actress who was active during the 1980s in Malayalam and Tamil industries
Padmini Chettur (born 1970), contemporary Indian dancer trained by Chandralekha
Padmini Kolhapure (born 1965), Hindi actress during the 1980s
Padmini Rout (born 1994), chess player from Orissa, India
Premier Padmini, an automobile formerly manufactured in India |
4011814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv%20culture | Kyiv culture | The Kyiv culture or Kiev culture is an archaeological culture dating from about the 3rd to 5th centuries, named after Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. It is widely considered to be the first identifiable Slavic archaeological culture. It was contemporaneous to (and located mostly just to the north of) the Chernyakhov culture.
Settlements are found mostly along river banks, frequently either on high cliffs or right by the edge of rivers. The dwellings are overwhelmingly of the semi-subterranean type (common among earlier Celtic and Germanic and later among Slavic cultures), often square (about four by four meters), with an open hearth in a corner. Most villages consist of just a handful of dwellings. There is very little evidence of the division of labor, although in one case a village belonging to the Kiev culture was preparing thin strips of antlers to be further reworked into the well-known Gothic antler combs, in a nearby Chernyakhov culture village.
The descendants of the Kyiv culture — the Prague-Korchak, Penkovka and Kolochin cultures — established in the 5th century in Eastern Europe. There is, however, a substantial disagreement in the scientific community over the identity of the Kyiv culture's predecessors, with some historians and archaeologists tracing it directly from the Milograd culture, others, from the Chernoles culture (the Scythian farmers of Herodotus) through the Zarubintsy culture, still others through both the Przeworsk culture and the Zarubintsy culture.
References
Archaeological cultures of Eastern Europe
Iron Age cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
Archaeological cultures in Belarus
Archaeological cultures in Russia
Slavic archaeological cultures
Goths
Migration Period |
4011823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Turnbull%20Thomson | John Turnbull Thomson | John Turnbull Thomson (10 August 1821 – 16 October 1884) was a British civil engineer and artist who played an instrumental role in the development of the early infrastructure of nineteenth-century Singapore and New Zealand. He lived the last 28 years of his life in New Zealand, and prior to that fifteen years in the Malay Straits and Singapore.
Biography
Thomson was born at Glororum, Northumberland, England, the third child of Alexander Thomson and his wife, Janet, née Turnbull. After his father was killed in a hunting accident in 1830, the young Thomson and his mother went to live in Abbey St. Bathans, Berwickshire. He was educated at Wooler and Duns Academy, later spending some time attached to Marischal College, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh University before studying engineering at Peter Nicholson's School of Engineering at Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Thomson arrived in the Malay Straits in 1838 and was employed by the East India Survey. In 1841 he was appointed Government Surveyor at Singapore and in 1844 became Superintendent of Roads and Public Works.
He was responsible for the design and construction of a number of notable engineering works including bridges, roads, and hospitals. He conducted the allotment survey of Singapore, the topographical survey of the island of Singapore and its dependencies, and the marine survey of the Straits of Singapore and the east coasts of Johore and Penang. His outstanding achievement was the erection of the Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca.
In 1853 his health failed and he returned to England, where he studied modern engineering techniques, and travelled widely through Britain and the Continent inspecting engineering works. Early in 1856 he emigrated to New Zealand, where he worked as Chief Surveyor of the Otago Province until 1873. From 1876 until 1879 he was Surveyor-General of New Zealand. He was also the original surveyor of the city of Invercargill.
Legacy in Singapore
During his government service in Singapore, Thomson was responsible for many projects:
Thomson's 1852 report on Singapore's water supply led in 1862 to approval of the Thomson Reservoir, now MacRitchie Reservoir.
He made an elaborate survey of the Straits of Singapore, in conjunction with Captain Congalton who was largely responsible for clearing pirates from Malayan waters. He also surveyed Keppel Harbour. In 1829, he surveyed the Tombs of the Malayan Princes.
He carried out repairs and lowering of the Coleman Bridge.
He was the architect and builder of:
Horsburgh Lighthouse on Pedra Branca,
Hajjah Fatimah Mosque,
the spire for the St. Andrew's Cathedral,
Dalhousie Obelisk, a monument,
European Seaman's Hospital,
the first bridge across the Kallang River, known as Thomson Bridge, and
Tan Tock Seng Hospital at Serangoon Road.
Several extant places, roads and buildings in Singapore are named after J.T. Thomson. These include:
Area
Thomson, a region in central Singapore
Roads
Thomson Road, the arterial road that runs through the Thomson area
Jalan Lembah Thomson
Old Upper Thomson Road
Thomson Close
Thomson Green
Thomson Heights
Thomson Hill
Thomson Hills Drive
Thomson Ridge
Thomson Terrace
Thomson View
Thomson Walk
Upper Thomson Road
Amenities
Thomson Medical Centre
Thomson/Whitley Park
Legacy in New Zealand
From 1856 until 1858 Thomson surveyed and explored large sections of the interior of the South Island, covering most of the southern half of the island. Many names in the area bear witness to Thomson's Northumbrian background, though there is a widespread belief that the naming of many places was through a disagreement with the New Zealand surveying authorities. It has long been suggested that Thomson originally intended to give Māori names to places, but these names were refused. Thomson gave Northumbrian names to many places. Though unconfirmed, he may have named the town of Middlemarch after the Middle March region of his native Northumberland, although another theory suggests the surveyor's wife was reading the George Eliot novel of the same name. Sometimes he gave places a form of the Northumbrian name for an animal, as with names such as Kyeburn, Gimmerburn, Hoggetburn, and Wedderburn. The area where those places are found has been referred to as "Thomson's Barnyard".
Thomson was a founder of the Otago and Southland Institutes of New Zealand, to which he contributed numerous papers on scientific subjects including ethnological studies. Through his knowledge of Hindustani and Malay, he became interested in comparative linguistics and developed a theory of racial diffusion based on philological evidence.
He was also a keen amateur painter of landscapes, working mostly in oils. From a topographical viewpoint his paintings are of great interest today.
Thomson married Jane Williamson of Dunedin at "Kaikorai Bank", Dunedin on the 7 October 1858. He died at his home in Invercargill on 16 October 1884. By marriage he was related to the Hall-Jones family, whose number included William Hall-Jones, a former Prime Minister of New Zealand.
Thomson was responsible for the planning of the city of Invercargill in Southland, New Zealand and his mausoleum is in the St. John's Cemetery in Waikiwi, Invercargill. He surveyed many South Island towns prior to development. His descendants have written numerous books which contain authoritative information on his life in New Zealand. Thomson's great-grandson, John Hall-Jones, was a historian specializing in the history of southern New Zealand.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), Toponymics – A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern Universities Press,
Further readings
John Turnbull Thomson, Extracts from a journal: kept during the performance of a reconnaissance survey of the southern districts of the province of Otago, New Zealand, s.n., 1858.
John Turnbull Thomson, Sketch of the Province of Otago: A Lecture, Being One of the Series Delivered at Dunedin, W. Lambert "Otago Colonist" Office, 1858.
John Turnbull Thomson, An Outline of the Principles and Details Connected with the Colonial Survey of the Province of Otago, Otago Witness, 1891.
William Thomas Locke Travers, Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell, Richard Taylor, Fraser (Capt.), Gilbert Mair, W. D. Campbell, Johann Friedrich Heinrich Wohlers, James West Stack, A. C. Baines, William Colenso, John Turnbull Thomson, Julius von Haast, The Māori, 1871.
John Turnbull Thomson, An Exposition of Processes and Results of the Survey System of Otago, Henry Wise & Company, 1875.
John Turnbull Thomson, Exploration and Travel in New Zealand, Royal Scottish Society of Arts, 1878.
John Turnbull Thomson, On the Cleansing of Towns, 1879.
John Turnbull Thomson, Ethnographical Considerations on the Whence of the Maori, Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 1871.
John Turnbull Thomson, Rambles with a Philosopher, Or, Views at the Antipodes, Mills, Dick & Company, 1867.
Singapore site about Thomson in English https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_818_2005-01-22.html
External links
1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
New Zealand public servants
New Zealand surveyors
1821 births
1884 deaths
People of British Singapore
Settlers of Otago
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
History of Otago
Burials at St John's Cemetery, Invercargill |
4011827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunder%20Anton%20Johannesen%20Jahren | Gunder Anton Johannesen Jahren | Gunder Anton Johannesen Jahren (8 August 1858 – 20 May 1933) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He was Minister of Agriculture 1920–1921. He also represented Østfold in the Norwegian Parliament from 1903 to 1930, and became president of the legislature in 1925.
References
1858 births
1933 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
Presidents of the Storting |
4011833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%20Silver | Burton Silver | Burton Silver (born 1945) is a New Zealand cartoonist, parodist, and writer, known for his comic strip Bogor and the best-selling book Why Paint Cats. He lives in South Wairarapa, New Zealand.
Biography
Silver was born in 1897 and attended Wellington College, later completing a B.A. at Victoria University of Wellington in psychology and sociology and Asian Studies. He worked initially as a boilermaker's assistant on Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia and later as safari guide based in Darwin. Returning to NZ he developed and sold short skis, the Fiessen Resin 120 before travelling in Asia where he worked briefly as an advisor to the Indian High Altitude Warfare school in Gulmarg. At London’s Tulse Hill School in the UK he taught English as a second language.
His best-known cartoon series, Bogor, was written for the Listener Magazine and featured a lone woodsman and the forest animals that were his only companions (especially a hedgehog). An earlier cartoon, OB (written under the pseudonym "Roux"), had as its main characters a bird, a snake, and a rock, and was initially inspired by Silver's time spent in the Australian outback. Bogor first appeared in the Listener in 1973, and was New Zealand's longest-running published cartoon series.
He is well known in New Zealand for his spoof Country Calendar television programs like The Radio Controlled Sheep Dog, Rural Music, Non Stress Farming and Rural Fashions.
He is known internationally for his humorous cat art books (created in collaboration with painter and photographer Heather Busch: Why Cats Paint, Why Paint Cats, and Dancing with Cats, and the Museum of Non Primate Art, (monpa.com), as well as his spoofs Kokigami: The Intimate Art of the Little Paper Costume (Japanese paper decoration for the tumescent male genitalia, also in collaboration with Heather Busch), and The Naughty Victorian Hand Book: The Rediscovered Art of Erotic Hand Manipulation (with illustrator Jeremy Bennett). Other books include What Bird Did That? A Driver's Guide to Some Common Birds of North America (co-authored with Peter Hansard), The Kama Sutra for Cats (illustrated by Margaret Woodhouse) and Versability, a poetry game similar to Dictionary, where players create new lines for poems rather than new meanings for words (co-authored by his wife Melissa da Souza). His most successful book to date is Why Cats Paint that has sold over 750,000 copies worldwide. He has over one million books in print and been interviewed about them on television in the USA, Germany, and the UK. (The Daily Show, Jon Stewart, "The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing.")
One of his inventions is the sport of GolfCross, played on a golf course with aerial goal-nets and a golf ball in the shape of a rugby ball. There are Golfcross courses in France, Germany, Argentina, Scotland, England, Ireland, and New Zealand.
Silver's last project (co-authored with Martin O'Connor) was a relationship book titled "Everything He Hasn't Told You Yet: A New Way to Get Men talking About Stuff That Matters". The book uses the Scenario Method that works by putting a man at the center of hypothetical situations thus allowing him to share what he really thinks and feels. Everything He Hasn't Told You Yet was released in the United States in October 2007. The book received a starred review in the Library Journal (US).
Silver has also developed "The Fringe Games" (Fringe Games-Christchurch, New Zealand) which is an international festival of new and experimental sports designed to run in conjunction with the Olympic Games.
He lives with his wife near Martinborough in New Zealand and is currently working on a novel.
References
External links
Burton Silver's page at publisher Ten Speed Press
A gallery of all the covers of the Bogor collections
A gallery of phonecards released by Telecom New Zealand featuring Bogor's hedgehog
Museum of Non Primate Art
New Zealand GolfCross
Kokigami!
Review, Why Paint Cats?
Fringe Games
Burton Silver, Writer, Inventor at NZ On Screen
The weird and beautiful Bogor
People educated at Wellington College (New Zealand)
Parodists
New Zealand cartoonists
Living people
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
New Zealand comics artists
1945 births |
4011834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herberts%20Cukurs | Herberts Cukurs | Herberts Cukurs (17 May 1900 – 23 February 1965) was a Latvian aviator and deputy commander of the Arajs Kommando, which was involved in the mass murder of Latvian Jews as part of the Holocaust. Although Cukurs never stood trial, multiple eyewitness accounts credibly link him to war crimes. He was assassinated by operatives of the Israeli intelligence service (Mossad) in 1965.
The Mossad agent "Künzle", who killed Cukurs, and the journalist Gad Shimron wrote a book, The Execution of the Hangman of Riga in which they called Cukurs the "Butcher of Riga," and the term was later picked up by several sources.
Aviation pioneer
As a pioneering long-distance pilot, Cukurs won national acclaim for his international solo flights in the 1930s (Latvia-Gambia and Riga-Tokyo). He was awarded the Harmon Trophy for Latvia in 1933, and was considered a national hero, in analogous fashion to Charles Lindbergh.
Cukurs built at least three aircraft of his own design. In 1937 he made a tour visiting Japan, China, Indochina and India, flying the C 6 wooden monoplane "Trīs zvaigznes" (registration YL-ABA) of his own creation. The aircraft was powered by a De Havilland Gipsy engine.
Cukurs also designed the Cukurs C-6bis prototype dive bomber in 1940.
Participation in the Arajs Kommando
During the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany in the summer of 1941, Cukurs became a member of the notorious Arajs Kommando, which was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity under the direction of the SD, the Nazi security and intelligence service.
In his book The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1945, Latvian historian Andrew Ezergailis writes that Cukurs played a leading role in the atrocities that were committed in the Riga ghetto in conjunction with the Rumbula massacre on 30 November 1941. After the war, surviving witnesses reported that Cukurs had been present during the ghetto clearance and fired into the mass of Jewish civilians.
According to eyewitness sources, Cukurs was the most recognizable Latvian SD man at the scene of the Rumbula massacre. Ezergailis states that "although Arājs' men were not the only ones on the ghetto end of the operation, to the degree they participated in the atrocities there, the chief responsibility rests on Herberts Cukurs' shoulders." Cukurs was described as follows:
Later, Ezergailis retracted these interpretations, saying that in light of new documents, it would be wrong to claim that Cukurs had participated in the Rumbula shooting or the burning of the Riga synagogue. During interviews with the press, Ezergailis stated that there is no evidence that Cukurs had been at the pits at Rumbula, and that it has not been proven that Cukurs was "the most eager shooter of Jews in Latvia".
According to another account, Cukurs also participated in the Burning of the Riga synagogues. According to Bernard Press in his book The Murder of the Jews in Latvia, Cukurs burned the synagogue on Stabu Street, but only after dragging Jews out of the neighboring houses and locking them inside:
Time magazine reported at the time of Cukurs' death in 1965 that his crimes included the Riga synagogue fire, the drowning of 1,200 Jews in a lake; and his participation in the 30 November 1941 murder of 10,600 people in a forest near Riga.
Postwar flight and assassination
Cukurs retreated to Germany with German forces.
After the war, Cukurs emigrated to Brazil via the ratlines. The Brazilian Consulate in Marseille issued the visa for permanent residency on 18 December 1945. The visa did not list his wife's name, but it identified three minor children: Gunārs, Antinea and Herberts.
Once in Brazil, Cukurs established a business in São Paulo, flying Republic RC-3 Seabees on scenic flights. While living in South America, he neither hid nor tried to conceal his identity.
Cukurs is now known to have been assassinated by Mossad agents, who persuaded him to travel to Uruguay under the pretense of starting an aviation business, after it was learned that he would not stand trial for his participation in the Holocaust. An acquaintance named "Anton Künzle", in reality the disguised Mossad agent Yaakov Meidad who had taken part in the capture of Adolf Eichmann in Argentina in 1960, cabled Cukurs from Montevideo. He was invited to a house in a remote suburb of the city that had just been rented by a man from Vienna. Cukurs was shot in the head twice with a suppressed automatic pistol after a short but violent struggle that was not heard by neighbours. His body, found in a trunk on 6 March, had several gunshot wounds elsewhere, and his skull was shattered. Next to his body, several documents were left pertaining to his involvement in the murder of Jews in the Riga Ghetto.
Media outlets in South America and Germany received a note stating:
The note was initially dismissed as a prank, but then police were notified and the body was discovered.
Legacy and controversy
American-born Israeli historian and Nazi hunter Efraim Zuroff has pointed out that the fact that Cukurs was not prosecuted has allowed for what he believes are "attempts by right-wing nationalists and his family to totally exonerate Cukurs and by other Latvians to question or diminish his individual culpability" and "to restore him to hero status in Latvia and whitewash his massive guilt".
In 2004 postal envelopes with the image of Cukurs were issued and distributed by National Power Unity, a far-right nationalist political party in Latvia. The act was condemned by Yad Vashem, as well as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia Artis Pabriks in a statement saying that "those who produced such envelopes in Latvia evidently do not understand the tragic history of World War II in Latvia or in Europe". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Cukurs was "guilty of war crimes", and that he "took part in the activities of the notorious Arajs Kommando, which participated in the Holocaust and was responsible for the killing of innocent civilians. The General Prosecutor's Office of Latvia has twice rejected the exoneration of Herberts Cukurs".
In summer of 2005 an exhibition titled "Herberts Cukurs: The Presumption of Innocence" was organized in Liepāja by K@2, a culture and art NGO run by Swedish documentary director Carl Biorsmark. One of the exhibition rooms featured testimonies and witness accounts both accusing and exonerating Cukurs, while another showed portrait of Cukurs, his supposed killer Anton Künzle and a photo of Cukurs' corpse. Biorsmark commented on the exhibition saying, "This is what artists have to do – stay in the middle and raise question marks," The exhibition faced heavy criticism from various pundits, as well as the Latvian Jewish community who called it an attempt to rehabilitate a war criminal.
Episode 1 of National Geographic's 2009 series Nazi Hunters recreated Mossad's assassination operation of Cukurs.
On 11 October 2014, a musical Cukurs. Herberts Cukurs, produced by Juris Millers, premiered in Liepāja. "We are not Herbert Cukurs' advocates and we are not his judges,” Millers said at the premiere, “I hope this performance will make you think." Another performance initially scheduled for 17 March, the day after the Remembrance day of the Latvian legionnaires, was postponed in fear of "serious provocations". The musical was criticised by Zuroff tweeting he was "utterly disgusted" by it, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the musical a "vivid example" of open manifestations of neo-Nazism that he alleged had become "routine" in Latvia and other Baltic countries. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia Edgars Rinkēvičs said the production “is not in good taste” and "cannot, in any way, be supported", but defended the producer's right to free speech.
In 2020 Stephan Talty published an account of the Mossad's hunt for Cukurs, titled The Good Assassin: How a Mossad Agent and a Band of Survivors Hunted Down the Butcher of Latvia.
Notes
References
Angrick, Angrej, and Klein, Peter, The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941-1944, Berghahn Books, 2009 ; originally published as Die „Endlösung“ in Riga., Darmstadt 2006,
Ezergailis, Andrew, The Holocaust in Latvia 1941-1944—The Missing Center, Historical Institute of Latvia (in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) Riga 1996
Goñi, Uki. The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina, Granta, New York 2002
Kaufmann, Max, Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands (The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as Churbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia (all references in this article are to page numbers in the on-line edition)
Künzle, Anton, Shimron, Gad, and Massad, Uriel, The Execution of the Hangman of Riga: The Only Execution of a Nazi War Criminal by the Mossad, Mitchell, Valentine & Co., 2004
Michelson, Max, City of Life, City of Death: Memories of Riga, University Press of Colorado (2001)
Press, Bernard, The Murder of the Jews in Latvia, Northwestern University Press, 2000
External links
Herbert Cukurs' flight to Gambia, 1933-1934, historical information and images.
Herbert Cukurs' flight to Tokyo, 1936-1937, historical information and images.
Herberts Cukurs and his airplanes in Brazil
Collection of photos related to Herberts Cukurs
Kidon. Los Verdugos del Mossad related to killing of Herberts Cukurs
1900 births
1965 deaths
1965 crimes in Uruguay
1965 murders in South America
1960s murders in Uruguay
Latvian military personnel of the Latvian War of Independence
Assassinated military personnel
Assassinated Latvian people
Military personnel from Liepāja
People from Courland Governorate
Latvian murder victims
People murdered in Uruguay
Deaths by firearm in Uruguay
Holocaust perpetrators in Latvia
Latvian aviators
Latvian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Latvian expatriates in Uruguay
World War II pilots
Riga Ghetto
Nazis in South America
People killed in Mossad operations
Extrajudicial killings |
4011838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringing%20tone | Ringing tone | Ringing tone (audible ringing, also ringback tone) is a signaling tone in telecommunication that is heard by the originator of a telephone call while the destination terminal is alerting the receiving party. Audible ringing is typically a repeated tone that is not necessarily synchronous with the cadence of the power ringing signal that is sent to the called party.
Audible ringing is usually generated in the switching system closest to the calling party, especially when under the control of strict implementations of Signalling System No. 7 and the Customized Application of Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) signaling system. It may also be generated in the distant switch, transmitted in-band, so that in analog networks the caller could monitor the quality of the voice path of the connection before the call is established. Remote call progress indication permits customized tones or voice announcements by a distant switch in place of the ringing tone.
The ringing tone is often also called ringback tone. However, in formal telecommunication specifications that originate in the Bell System in North America, ringback has a different definition. It is a signal used to recall either an operator or a customer at the originating end of an established telephone call. It is also needed for coin-telephone lines to ring the telephone when the customer has hung up prematurely, for example to collect required overtime charges.
National characteristics
Europe
Many European countries countries use tones which follow the recommendation of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Almost all of these tones are 425 Hz; France uses 440 Hz. Typically, the pattern is 1 second of tone followed by 3 to 5 seconds of silence.
Japan
In Japan, the standard audible ringing tone is a repeating 1-second tone with a 2-second pause between. The tone has a frequency of 400 ± 20 Hz, and the amplitude modulation is 15 to 20Hz.
North America, South Korea
In North America (excluding Mexico, Central America and parts of the Caribbean), the standard audible ringing tone is a repeated cadence of a two-second tone and four seconds of silence. The signal is composed of the frequencies and .
United Kingdom, Ireland, some Commonwealth nations
In the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and some Commonwealth nations, it is a double ring.
For most countries, this consists of a 0.4-second pulse, a 0.2-second pause, a 0.4-second pulse, and a 2-second pause.
In many cases the pulse is made by mixing a 400 Hz and 450 Hz sine wave.
This more precise tone was adopted in Britain and Ireland when digital switching was introduced in 1980-1981 and was also adopted in New Zealand.
Historically, non-digital systems used the same ringing cadence, but used several different tones depending on the type of equipment in use. For example, in Ireland 425 Hz modulated by 25 Hz was common on Ericsson ARF crossbar switches, and various ringing tones were used by different types of exchanges in the U.K. network. As the networks became completely digital, these tones variations disappeared.
Australia uses up to three different combinations of frequencies. The example shown is created by mixing 400, 425, and 450 Hz sine waves.
Some countries use other tones in the same cadence, e.g. a single 425Hz tone, such as in Malaysia, or other combinations of tones.
Variations are also found in private office PABX and VoIP systems.
There is no single standard for this double-beat tone, rather countries that were influenced by British GPO standards in the early 20th century adopted similar ringing signals.
They do not share any technical similarities, commercial relationships or common regulatory frameworks in network development.
Most of these countries are in the Commonwealth but some, notably Ireland, are not and some Commonwealth countries use other tones, for example: Canada has always used the North American tone plan.
India
In India, the ringing tone is called caller ringback tone (CRBT), which varies with different network operators.
Personalized ringing tones
Some telecommunication carriers have offered a service called of ringback tones, which play a song of the subscriber's choice in lieu of the standard ringing tone.
Patents for personalized ringing tone delivery systems were first filed in Korea by Kang-seok Kim (10-1999-0005344) in October 1999 and in the United States by Mark Gregorek et al. (U.S. patent 5,321,740), and Neil Sleevi (U.S. patent 4,811,382). The first functional ringing tone replacement system was invented by Karl Seelig (U.S. patents 7,006,608 and 7,227,929). In 2001, Seelig's prototype was described in the Orange County Register and the Economist Magazine. Onmobile Global Ltd. India filed a patent entitled Method and system for customizing ringing tone in an inter-operator telecommunication system on Nov, 18 2010.
The first US national carrier offering this service was Verizon Wireless in 2004. Because of low sales, AT&T stopped offering ringback tones in 2014.
Ringback music
Also known as caller tunes in some countries, such as India, ringback music is a service offered by mobile network operators to permit subscribers to select music or even install personalized recorded sounds for audible ringing.
Ringback advertising
Ringback tone advertising (AdRBT) was introduced using a range of models in several commercial markets in 2008. In America, Ring Plus offered the first interactive advertisement platform. In Turkey, 4play Digital Workshop launched 'TonlaKazaan' AdRBT with Turkcell, and Xipto AdRBT launched in the United States with Cincinnati Bell wireless; OnMobile launched an Ad-supported Music RBT program in India with Vodafone. 4Play Digital workshop accumulated several hundred thousand users of their service in the first few months of commercial deployment, and received an innovation award in February 2009 at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. AdRBT typically rewards the caller or the called party with discounted Music RBT service, free minutes, cash, or other rewards in return for accepting advertising messages integrated with Music Ringback, or for selecting advertisements instead of music as a personalized advertising ringback.
In May 2011, Adfortel started the first ad-sponsored calling service in Austria with Orange, with users hearing a targeted advertisement instead of the regular waiting ring tone.
A Juniper Research report released in January 2011 predicts that ringback tone advertising will reach $780 million annually by 2015.
Interactive reverse ringing tone
Interactive reverse ringback tones (IRRBT) are the same as normal ringback tones but have interactive functionalities and are targeted to the person who configures the tone. IRRBTs are heard on the telephone line by the caller who sets the IRRBT while the phone they are calling is ringing.
Unlike the RBT, the IRRBT is often generated in the nearest switch and transmitted in-band, so the IRRBT will take precedence if both are configured.
Social network ringback tones provide interactive social network content to subscribers. Mixcess is the first platform (social network) using IRRBTs in the United States. The IRRBT was developed by Ring Plus, Inc. (U.S. Patent No. 7,227,929 invented by Karl Seelig, et al.). The IRRBT can be used to share videos, music and messages from friends.
See also
Ringtone
Dial tone
Busy signal
Off-hook tone
Reorder tone
References
Telephony signals |
4011844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrols%20Restaurant%20Group | Carrols Restaurant Group | Carrols Restaurant Group is an American franchisee company and is the largest Burger King franchisee in the world; Carrols owns and operates over 1,000+ Burger Kings, and 55 Popeyes restaurants. The company has operated Burger Kings since 1976 in locations across 23 U.S. states.
The company formerly owned the restaurant chains Pollo Tropical, Taco Cabana, and Carrols.
The original Carrols chain ceased operations in the United States in the mid-1970s. The last unaffiliated Carrols Restaurants existed in Finland. The chain was eventually bought out by another Finnish fast-food chain, Hesburger. In 2012, Hesburger announced that the brand Carrols would be discontinued; the last Carrols (in Oulunkylä) was renamed Hesburger on May 29.
History
An offshoot of the Tastee-Freez company, Carrols was named after the Tastee-Freez co-owner Leo Marantz's daughter, Carol.
Herb Slotnick bought the franchise rights for the New York area and started opening restaurants in the Syracuse, New York area in the early 1960s. They expanded over the years throughout New York State. During the 1960s, a yellow slug character served as Carrols' first mascot, replaced in 1974 by a young blonde boy wearing a tweed suit and a Fedora hat.
Most Carrols restaurant locations were converted to Burger King franchises in 1975, with less profitable stores shuttered. After the conversion, the Carrols brand was only found overseas in Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Russia -- except for two stores: one on Roosevelt Avenue in Carteret, New Jersey, which closed in the late 1970s; and a single franchisee-owned store in Batavia, New York. Both of these latter two stores operated under the Carrols name into the 1980s, before closing.
The Finnish group Carrols opened up several locations in St Petersburg, Russia in the mid-to-late 1990s. In 1998 it opened its first operation in Moscow located at the then-new Ohotni Riad Mall. Because of the 1998 Russian financial crisis, the operations did not generate enough sales for Carrols, and by 2000 all Carrols outlets in Russia had been closed.
The Finnish restaurant company Hesburger started to buy out the last existing Carrols locations in Helsinki, Finland in the mid-2000s.
On December 9, 2005, Carrols Holdings and Mimi's Café was filed for offerings.
In February 2011 the company announced it was divesting itself of its two Central American-themed chains, Taco Cabana and Pollo Tropical, in a spin-off aimed at helping the company focus on its core Burger King operations. The sale of the two chains, collectively called the Fiesta Restaurant Group, was completed in May 2012.
On February 20th 2019, Nation's Restaurant News reported that Carrols is to merge with Cambridge Franchise Holdings LLC in a deal worth 238 million dollars, which adds 55 Popeyes and 166 Burger Kings to Carrols' portfolio. Those restaurants will be in the southern United States "structured as a tax-free merger". Carrols will give Cambridge around 7.36 million common shares. Also included in the deal, Cambridge will get 9% of Carrols preferred stock.
On February 22, 2022, Nation's Restaurant News reported that Carrols has named a new CEO, former McDonald's executive Paulo Pena, effective April 1, 2022. Then-current CEO Dan Accordino will retire.
Burger King
In June 2012, Carrols acquired 278 Burger King locations from Burger King for approximately $150 million. In exchange, the Burger King parent, Burger King Corporation took a 28.9% stake in the company. The transaction involved a line of credit that would be used by Carrols to renovate more than 450 of its stores.
Theaters
Beginning in the early 1970s, Carrols owned and operated the CinemaNational movie theater chain, until their sale to Mid-States Theaters and USA Cinemas in the early and mid-1980s. The theaters were concentrated in central New York State, but there were locations as far away as Wisconsin, Idaho and California. The chain consisted mostly of large single-screen locations that had been purchased from companies like Kallet, Hallmark and Dipson Theaters, along with new locations that were built by Slotnick. CinemaNational also built some triple-screen multiplex locations in sites like the Penn-Can Mall in Cicero, New York, and the Fayetteville Mall in Fayetteville and Evansville Indiana.
References
External links
Official site
Burger King
Companies based in Syracuse, New York
Restaurants established in 1960
Defunct restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants in New York (state) |
4011849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klabat%20University | Klabat University | Klabat University is a Christian institution of higher learning. It was established on 7 October 1965 by Gereja Masehi Advent Hari Ketujuh (GMAHK). (GMAHK is the official name for the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Indonesia.) At present, the university is run by Yayasan Universitas Klabat under the care of Uni Konfrens Indonesia Kawasan Timur (UKIKT) or the East Indonesia Union Conference (EIUC) of the SDA.
It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system.
Location
Klabat University is in the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, in Airmadidi, a town near Manado city. Manado is the capital of North Sulawesi province. The university can be reached by public vehicles and takes about 30 minutes from Manado and the airport. The distance between Manado and Mount Klabat College is approximately 25 km.
Faculties
Klabat University consists of the following faculties:
Faculty of Economics
Faculty of Philosophy
Faculty of Science, Education, and Teaching
Faculty of Agriculture
Faculty of Computer Science
Faculty of Nursing
Secretarial Academy
Management Postgraduate Studies
Theology Postgraduate Studies
Ethical code
The teaching-learning process in the college is conducted in a religious environment. Christian values are respected and implemented by the institution.
See also
List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities
Seventh-day Adventist education
References
External links
Universitas Klabat
Universitas Klabat, 4International Colleges & Universities.
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Universities in Indonesia
Universities in North Sulawesi
Private universities and colleges in Indonesia |
4011855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matfield | Matfield | Matfield is a small village, part of the civil parish of Brenchley and Matfield, in the Tunbridge Wells borough of Kent, England. Matfield was awarded the title of Kent Village of the Year in 2010.
Buildings and amenities
St Luke's Church, Matfield, is a Grade II listed building, constructed in the years 1874–76. The churchyard contains the grave of the sculptor Theresa Sassoon. Mrs Sassoon planted a tree on Matfield green to commemorate the end of World War I; the tree was blown down in the hurricane of 1987 and had to be replaced.
Matfield currently has a butcher's and grocery store. Following the closure of The Wheel Wright's Arms in 2017, the village now only has two pubs, The Star and a gastropub, The Poet at Matfield, which was formerly known as the Standing's Cross. This unusual name lasted for over 150 years from the earliest days of the pub. It was so named as, in the 1840s, John Standing ran an alehouse in his cottage and served his customers homebrew from barrels in his front room. However, he had problems with his cellar which flooded whenever it rained. So, he sold his house and moved across the road into a bakery – converting it into Matfield’s new alehouse. The pub was creatively named to celebrate this event, hence ‘Standing’s Cross’. More recently the pub was renamed to ‘The Poet’ in commemoration of the World War One poet, Siegfried Sassoon, who was born in the village.
Geography
Matfield is located around southeast of Royal Tunbridge Wells and south of Paddock Wood.
The village grew up around its village green, which is the largest in Kent. The village green features a large pond at its northern end. Overlooking the green is the grade I listed Matfield House, a Georgian building with a stable block and coachhouse at the rear. The green is used for events such as the annual village fete and by Matfield Cricket Club for home matches.
Notable people
Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967), poet, was born in Matfield.
Theresa Thornycroft (1853–1946), sculptor, lived in Matfield.
Frank Marchant (1864–1946), cricketer and captain of Kent County Cricket Club, born in Matfield House.
Alan Watt (1907–74), cricketer, lived in Matfield
Harrison Weir (1824–1906), artist, lived in Matfield.
References
External links
Matfield
Matfield House
Stained Glass Windows at St. Luke, Matfield, Kent
Pub Restaurant The Poet at Mat Villages in Kent field |
4011856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Jensen%20%28politician%29 | Christian Jensen (politician) | Christian Jensen (14 April 1823 - 3 September 1884) was a Norwegian politician.
He served as County Governor of Kristians Amt (Oppland) from 1859 to 1869. While stationed here, he was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1862, 1865 and 1868. After a hiatus he was a deputy representative during the term 1874–1877, and re-elected for a final term in 1877. He was then burgomaster in Kristiania.
He was then brought in as a part of the executive branch of government. He was appointed Minister of Auditing on 13 October 1879. On 1 December 1880 he was also appointed Minister of Justice and the Police. On 21 December he left as Minister of Auditing. He was then a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm from September 1881 to 31 August 1882. The day after that he was appointed Minister of the Interior. Exactly one year after that he left this position to become Minister of Justice and the Police for a second time. He finally left government on 25 March 1884.
References
1823 births
1884 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
County Governors of Norway
Members of the Storting
Oppland politicians
Ministers of Justice of Norway |
4011861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala%20Lumpur%20Inner%20Ring%20Road | Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road | Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road is an urban and municipal ring road system of Kuala Lumpur consisting of Jalan Sultan Ismail (Jalan Treacher), Jalan Imbi, Jalan Shaw and Federal Route 1 (Jalan Kuching, Jalan Sultan Hisamuddin (Victory Avenue), Jalan Kinabalu and Jalan Maharajalela (Jalan Birch)). Kuala Lumpur's district of shopping complexes, the Golden Triangle, is located within the ring road.
Features
Jalan Kinabalu Flyover was the first flyover in Malaysia built since independence. It was opened on August 1965.
Overhead monorail track along Jalan Sultan Ismail, Jalan Imbi and Jalan Hang Tuah.
Developments
Edinburgh flyover
Construction began in late 2007 and was completed in the end of 2009. The project is led by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL)).
Jalan Pudu-Hang Tuah intersections
The 114-year-old Pudu Prison's wall between Jalan Pudu and Jalan Hang Tuah was demolished on 20 June 2010 by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL)) to make way for a road expansion and tunnel project on Jalan Pudu.
Section between Raja Chulan and Imbi
The section of the Inner Ring Road between Raja Chulan and Imbi intersections was changed to one-way road in 2007 because of the opening of the SMART Tunnel and the Sultan Ismail–Kampung Pandan Link. As a result, motorists travelling in clockwise direction are diverted to Jalan Raja Chulan and Jalan Imbi. However, the road divider along the section remained intact to retain the support of the overhead KL Monorail tracks. As a result, motorists travelling at the wrong side of the road may tend to cross illegally to the other carriageway, exposing them to risks of accidents.
Lists of junctions and interchanges
See also
Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1
Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2
Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim
Ring roads in Malaysia
Highways in Malaysia
Expressways and highways in the Klang Valley
Roads in Kuala Lumpur |
4011862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Riddervold%20Jensen | Nils Riddervold Jensen | Nils Riddervold Jensen (22 March 1863 – 8 January 1938) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Conservative Party.
He was born in Kristiania as a son of dean Peter Andreas Jensen (1812–1867) and Mette Marie Riddervold (1827–1895). He was a maternal grandson of politician Hans Riddervold. He was a brother of Anne Marie Riddervold Jensen, who married Finn Lützow-Holm. He was also a first cousin of attorney Hans Riddervold, who in turn was the father of Hans Julius Riddervold.
He took his examen artium in 1881 and the cand.theol. degree in 1887. He spent his entire career, from 1887 to 1924, as a teacher in Tønsberg; from 1912 to 1919 as headmaster. He was also the auditor for the local savings bank from 1896 to 1928.
He was a member of Tønsberg city council from 1898 to 1931, serving as deputy mayor from 1901 to 1904. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Tønsberg in 1903. After not being re-elected after three years, he did return and was elected to a second and third term in 1909 and 1915 respectively. From June 1920 to June 1921 he was the Norwegian Minister of Education and Church Affairs in Bahr Halvorsen's First Cabinet.
References
1863 births
1938 deaths
Politicians from Tønsberg
Heads of schools in Norway
Vestfold politicians
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway |
4011878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Jensen%20%28bishop%29 | Otto Jensen (bishop) | Otto Jensen (11 September 1856 – 26 February 1918) was a Norwegian bishop and politician. He was Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1906 to 1907 and bishop of Hamar from 1917 to 1918.
He was born in Kongsberg as the son of sexton Even Jensen and his wife Inger Margrethe Berggrav. He enrolled as a student in 1874, and graduated in 1879 with the degree cand.theol. In 1880 he was hired as a school teacher in Kristiania. He left the city to become a high school teacher in Stavanger in 1883. From 1889 to 1899 he was a curate in Berg i Smaalenene; he subsequently returned to Stavanger to hold the same position there. In 1898 he had taken the doctorate at the University of Kristiania.
In 1906, Jensen left Stavanger for good as he was hired as a vicar in Skjeberg. However, already on 27 January the same year he was Norwegian Minister of Education and Church Affairs, replacing Christoffer Knudsen in the cabinet Michelsen. This was a coalition government, and Jensen was an independent. Jensen lost his job on 22 October 1907, when the cabinet Michelsen fell. He returned to the vicarship in Skjeberg. In Skjeberg he was a member of the local school board; he had chaired the school board while living in Stavanger. In 1912 he was hired as dean in the Diocese of Kristiania. In 1917 Jensen was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Hamar. He held this position until his death.
Otto Jensen was the father of Eivind Berggrav, who became a bishop too, and through him the grandfather of Dag Berggrav who became a civil servant and sports administrator.
References
1856 births
1918 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Bishops of Hamar
20th-century Lutheran bishops
People from Kongsberg
Ministers of Education of Norway |
4011890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent%20classification | Patent classification | A patent classification is a system for examiners of patent offices or other people to categorize (code) documents, such as published patent applications, according to the technical features of their content. Patent classifications make it feasible to search quickly for documents about earlier disclosures similar to or related to the invention for which a patent is applied for, and to track technological trends in patent applications.
Searches based on patent classifications can identify documents of different languages by using the codes (classes) of the system, rather than words. Patent classification systems were originally developed for sorting paper documents, but are nowadays used for searching patent databases.
The International Patent Classification (IPC) is agreed internationally. The United States Patent Classification (USPC) is fixed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The Derwent classification system is fixed by an enterprise. The German Patent Classification (DPK) was fixed by the German Patent Office (Deutsches Patentamt).
In October 2010, the European Patent Office (EPO) and USPTO launched a joint project to create the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) in order to harmonise the patent classifications systems between the two offices. CPC from 2013 replaces the European Classification (ECLA), which was based on the IPC but adapted by the EPO.
See also
European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention
External links
Patent classification by the British Library (archived page)
Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) |
4011891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Bromley | Great Bromley | Great Bromley is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England. It lies south of Manningtree and east of Colchester and includes the hamlets of Balls Green, Hare Green and Bromley Cross. The A120 trunk road (with the A133 as a spur off it) cuts right through the middle of the parish.
History
Ancient burial mounds have been found in and around Great Bromley.
The village church dates from the 14th and 15th centuries and is dedicated to Saint George but is sometimes referred to as the "Cathedral of the Tendring Hundred."
The village and the surrounding area, like much of East Anglia, had residents who were seething with Puritan sentiment during the early and middle years of the 17th century. By 1635, brothers Gregory and Simon Stone had departed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of the wave of emigration that occurred during the Great Migration. They settled in Cambridge and Watertown, Massachusetts respectively.
During the interwar period, the Hall was the home of the wealthy brewer Sir Percy Crossman. Its grounds included a 500-yard-long lake, with two small islands and surrounded by woodland, which still exists and is used by a local angling club. Sir Percy built a Village Hall next to a cricket pitch in about 1923; in 1946 the building and associated land was conveyed as a gift to the village by his son, Douglas Peter Crossman.
The Church includes a monument to three sons from the Hanson family, owners of the Hall, one of whom died in battle in Catalonia fighting Napoleon's forces in Spain, one in the Navy, and one on a ship of the East India Company.
In the Second World War, Great Bromley Church suffered bomb damage on three occasions, to windows on the east and north sides.
Between 1936 and 1939, AMES 24, one of the earliest Chain Home radar stations, was built in the area of Honeypot Lane and Hilliards Road. By 1941 it consisted of 3 358-foot steel, 4 247-foot wooden, and 2 120-foot reserve wooden towers – locally known as "the Pylons". The station was operational from the 1938 Czech Crisis onwards, and operated right through the war, plotting German aircraft during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, and later the V2 rockets. In 1941 and 1942 it was also the first "Gee" Bomber Command HQ and monitoring station, helping to guide the RAF to Lübeck and Cologne. The Great Bromley RAF staff reached over 250 at its peak, some staying at the Lodge and in a camouflaged "B Site" nearby localled called "Bromley Camp". AMES 24 was near-missed by German bombs and mines on several occasions, but was not hit. Between 1940 and 1942 the station was defended by up to 100 soldiers, 3 Bofors, and several machine guns. Two guardhouses and three concrete tower bases still be seen on the two main sites.
After the war, the old radar T (Transmitter) Site in Hilliards Road was used by Marconi for important radio and television tests, for Police, Fire Brigade and Civil Defence radio relay, and as a radio relay link between the US Air Force in England and Germany. A small party of American airmen lived locally in order to man the radio trailers. In 1982 CND staged two anti-nuclear demos at the USAF facility, without damage or arrests.
Today
In 2006, the church of St. George received a £2,000 grant from the Friends of Essex Churches Trust to repair the building's windows.
References
External links
Great Bromley village website
Great Bromley Parish Council
Great Bromley Village Hall
Entry in Kelly's Directory of Essex, 1882
Friends of Essex Churches Trust website
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring |
4011895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%20coastal%20plain | Israeli coastal plain | Israeli coastal plain (, Mishor HaḤof) is the coastal plain along Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast, extending north to south. It is a geographical region defined morphologically by the sea, in terms of topography and soil, and also in its climate, flora and fauna. It is narrow in the north and broadens considerably towards the south, and is continuous with the exception of the short section where Mount Carmel reaches almost all the way to the sea. The Coastal Plain is bordered to the east by – north to south – the topographically higher regions of the Galilee, the low and flat Jezreel Valley, the Carmel range, the mountains of Samaria, the hill country of Judea known as the Shephelah, and the Negev Mountains in the south. To the north it is separated from the coastal plain of Lebanon by the cliffs of Rosh HaNikra, which jut out into the sea from the Galilee mountains, but to the south it continues into the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula.
The plain can be conventionally divided into a number of areas: the Northern Coastal Plain borders the Galilee in its northern part, and the Jezreel Valley in its southern part between Akko and Haifa, where it is also called the Plain of Zebulon; Hof HaCarmel, or the Carmel Coastal Plain, runs along the Mount Carmel range; the Sharon Plain continues down to northern Tel Aviv; the Central Coastal Plain stretches from Tel Aviv to the northern limit of the Gaza Strip, with the Nahal Shikma stream as its limit- there Israel's access to the Mediterranean ends, so that the so-called Israeli Southern Coastal Plain, also known as the Western Negev, actually consists of the hinterland of the Strip. For its entire length, the plain has sandy beaches and a Mediterranean climate.
Physical geography
The area was historically fertile in Biblical times, some of it being continually farmed ever since, although much turned over time into swampland, having to be converted back by Zionist pioneers. Today, the area is the center of the country's citrus farms, and contains some of the country's most successful agricultural settlements. The plain has soils made of two sorts of thick river deposits; one dark and heavy – ideal for growing field crops, and the other thin and sandy – ideal for growing citrus fruits.
Despite its length, the plain is only crossed by two significant rivers; the Yarkon, which is long flowing from the Petah Tikva area into the Mediterranean, and the Kishon which is long, flowing into the Gulf of Acre north of Haifa.
Human geography
About 57% of Israel's population lives in the coastal plain, much of them in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area (Gush Dan) and Haifa metropolitan area. It is the most predominantly Jewish geographical region of Israel and accordingly the most predominantly Jewish region in the world, as Jews make up over 96% of the population in this region compared to 75% in the Negev, 70% in the Israeli portion of the Judean Mountains, and only 50% in the Galilee, and the Golan Heights.
About 4,320,000 people live on the Israeli Coastal Plain (57% of the total Israeli population of 7,600,000). 4,200,000 million of them are Jews (97.2%), and 120,000 are Israeli Arabs. This accounts for approximately one-third of the world Jewish population, and almost three-quarters of Israeli Jews.
The Israeli Coastal Plain has been populated for thousands of years, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) village of Atlit-Yam dating back some 9000 years. The PPNB village was swallowed by the sea due to a rise in sea level caused by the melting glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age. Recent research has concluded that 5,500 years ago, during the Bronze Age, the Coastal Plain was a populated commercial and settlement center, and it is thought that at this time climate change led to the flooding of the area and the creation of many swamps, forcing a shift in human settlement patterns. Settlements are thought to have been spread across the plain, from Gaza up to the Galilee, with the land being an important trade route for the Egyptians.
Regions
The coastal plain includes the following geographical regions (from north to south):
Northern Coastal Plain
The Northern Coastal Plain or Plain of Asher stretches from Israel's third-largest city, Haifa, northwards to Rosh HaNikra on the Israel-Lebanon border. It separates the Western Galilee and the Jezreel Valley from the Mediterranean. Its southern segment borders the Jezreel Valley and is – rather unfittingly – known as the Plain of Zebulun. It is a fertile region containing the city of Nahariya and many moshavim and kibbutzim. There are many small islands and islets off the coast in this region. Often regarded as a separate region is the Acre coastal plain, which is crowded with urban areas including Acre and the northern suburbs of Haifa, known as the Krayot, as well as more agricultural areas.
Hof HaCarmel
The Hof HaCarmel (lit. "Carmel Coast") region is the Northern Coastal Plain section stretching along the Mount Carmel range, from Haifa (more exactly: Rosh HaCarmel, the Mount Carmel cape that reaches almost all the way to the sea), down to Nahal Taninim south of Zikhron Ya'akov. The soil of the Hof HaCarmel plain is rich and apart from the main city of Haifa in the north, most settlement here is made up of farming communities. The Hof HaCarmel Regional Council is an administrative unit which largely, but not fully, corresponds to the Hof HaCarmel geographic region.
Sharon Plain
The Sharon plain is the next stage down the Coastal Plain, running from Nahal Taninim (Zikhron Ya'akov) to Tel Aviv's Yarkon River. This area is Israel's most densely populated, containing a number of large towns and cities including Netanya and Herzliya as well as smaller communities inland.
Central Coastal Plain
The Israel's Central Coastal Plain also known as Judean Coastal Plain, is running from northern Tel Aviv's Yarkon River to the northern tip of the Gaza Strip marked by , the Central Coastal Plain contains cities such as Bat Yam, Rishon LeZion, Ashdod and Ashkelon, as well as agricultural communities.
Southern Coastal Plain
The Southern Coastal Plain extends around the Gaza Strip and is also known as the Negev Coastal Plain. The Israeli Coastal Plain includes a fraction of Negev Coastal Plain south of the Shikma Stream, while much of the Negev Coastal Plain is included within the Gaza Strip. Geographically, the Negev Coastal Plain is the southern extension of the Judean Coastal Plain (Central Israeli Coastal Plain), and in terms of geology, hydrology, fauna and flora.
The Israeli Southern Coastal Plain is divided into two subdivisions:
the Besor region, a savanna-type area with a relatively large number of communities, in the north
the Agur-Halutza region in the south which is very sparsely populated.
See also
List of beaches in Israel
References
Regions of Israel
Plains of Israel |
4011902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd%20Halvorsen%20Johannessen | Sigurd Halvorsen Johannessen | Sigurd Halvorsen Johannessen (28 July 1881 – 6 May 1964) was a Norwegian acting councillor of state in the NS government of Vidkun Quisling 1940–1941, and a minister 1941–1942.
References
1881 births
1964 deaths
Government ministers of Norway |
4011912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiemi%20Chiba | Chiemi Chiba | is a Japanese actress and voice actress affiliated with Umikaze. She made her singing debut on April 7, 1993 as a member of the J-Pop group Aurora Gonin Musume. She is best known for her roles from the anime series as Yuzuriha Nekoi in Tsubasa Chronicle, Hinako in Sister Princess, Doremi Harukaze in Ojamajo Doremi, Nanaka Kirisato in Nanaka 6/17, Wanya in UFO Baby and Kyoko Kirisaki in Black Cat. She announced on February 25, 2013 that she had gotten married.
Filmography
Television animation
1998
Verda Tanko He Mo-su – Micah
Chosoku Spinner – Rian Yumemiya
1999
Space Pirate Mito – Konabi
Hoshin Engi – Kibi
Aoi & Mutsuki: A Pair of Queens – Konabi
Ojamajo Doremi – Doremi Harukaze
Zoids – Merrian
2000
Mon Colle Knights – Adventurers Pocket
Pilot Candidate – Saki Mimori
Daa! Daa! Daa! – Wannya
Ojamajo Doremi Sharp – Doremi Harukaze
Gate Keepers – Saemi Ukiya
Tottoko Hamtarō Dechu – Ponytail-chan
2001
Mo~tto! Ojamajo Doremi – Doremi Harukaze
Mobile Angel: Angelic Layer – Arisu Fujisaki
Sister Princess – Hinako
2002
Ojamajo Doremi Dokka~n! – Doremi Harukaze
Mirmo de Pon! – Akumi
The Twelve Kingdoms – Kei-Kei
Asobotto Senki Goku – Marie
Sister Princess: Re Pure – Hinako
Galaxy Angel A – Hariu Framboise
2003
Nanaka 6/17 – Nanaka Kirisato
Kaleido Star – Lucy
Zatch Bell – Natsuko
Di Gi Charat Nyo – Housekeeper
Dokkoida?! – Hinako
Requiem from the Darkness – Orikudon
Rockman EXE Axess – AquaMan
2004
Legendz: Yomigaeru Ryuuou Densetsu – Anna
Duel Masters Charge – Imelda
Sweet Valerian – Lycorine
Pocket Monsters – Erica
Rockman EXE Stream – AquaMan
2005
Ah! My Goddess (Ex)
Black Cat – Kyoko Kirisaki
MÄR – Emokis
Odenkun – Tamago-chan
Tsubasa Chronicle – Yuzuriha Nekoi
Rockman EXE Beast – AquaMan
Mushi-Shi – Akoya
2006
Hime-sama Goyojin – Karen
Rockman EXE Beast+ – AquaMan
2007
Hatarakids My Ham Gumi – Sylvie
2008
Noramimi – Mai
Duel Masters Cross – Imelda
Monochrome Factor – Sarasa Nishikiori
Kyōran Kazoku Nikki – DojiDevil
Beyblade: Metal Fury – Motti
Hakushaku to Yōsei – Merrow Girl
To Love-Ru – Magical Kyoko (ep. 10,20), Mio Sawada
2009
Marie & Gali – Marika
Gokujō!! Mecha Mote Iinchō – Temo Temo
2010
Marie & Gali ver. 2.0 – Marika
Motto To Love-Ru – Mio Sawada, Magical Kyoko
Star Driver – Benio Shinada / Scarlet Kiss
2012
To Love-Ru Darkness – Mio Sawada, Magical Kyoko
2013
Rozen Maiden – Zurückspulen (Kirakishou/Schnee Kristall)
Walkure Romanze – Fiona Beckford
2015
To Love-Ru Darkness 2nd – Mio Sawada
2016
Tiger Mask W – Ruriko Yamashina
2017
Kirakira PreCure a la Mode – Bibury
OVA
1998
Getter Robo: Armageddon – Operator
2004
Ojamajo Doremi Naisho – Doremi Harukaze
2005
Majokko Tsukune-chan – Kokoro
Theatrical animation
2013
Star Driver the Movie – Benio Shinada
2020
Looking for Ojamajo Doremi – Doremi Harukaze
Video games
1994
Sotsugyō Shashin/Biki – Ayumi Tachibana
2001
True Love Story 3 – Madoka Onodera
Kaenseibo – Kyoko Kiyono
Doki Pretty League Lovely Star – Aika Takagamine
2006
Black Cat ~Angel Clockwork~ – Kyoko Kirisaki
2008
To LoveRu: Waku Waku! Rinkangakkou-Hen – Mio Sawada, Magical Kyoko
2011
Star Driver: Kagayaki no Takuto - Ginga Bishounen Densetsu – Benio Shinada
Yuki Aoyagi in Cosplay Senshi Cutie Knight
Kenka Gurentai
Marusō Kaizō Jidōsha Kyōshūjo 1 & 2
Photobooks
"Mizen" (1994, Bunkasha)
Dubbing
Barney & Friends - Baby BopSofia the First - Princess Vivian
References
External links
Official agency profile
Chiemi Chiba at Ryu's Seiyuu Info
1975 births
Living people
Japanese stage actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
Voice actresses from Saitama Prefecture
People from Kawaguchi, Saitama |
4011916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%20Wheels | 19 Wheels | 19 Wheels was an American alternative rock band from East Lansing, Michigan. It was founded by Chris Johnston (vocals, guitar), Scott Owens (guitar), Tim Marzorati (bass); drummer Rob Dickey joined in 2000.
History
The group was initially known as Hannibals before changing their name to Nineteen Wheels.
The group first attracted attention with their 1996 EP, The Tempermill Recordings, which led to a spot touring on the ESPN Extreme Games Tour in 1996. They later signed to Aware Records for their 1997 release, Six Ways from Sunday. After Aware entered into a joint venture with Columbia, Six Ways from Sunday was reissued in an "amended version" in October of 1997. This amended version featured an additional album track and was identified by the predominantly red cover, as opposed to the blue cover on the original release. In a review of the album, Allmusic noted, "The band maintains a muscular, tight sound throughout, thanks in large part to superb bass and drum work."
19 Wheels' album, Sugareen, was self-released, and was produced by another Michigan local, Donny Brown of the band Verve Pipe. It sold over 14,000 copies. They followed this up with the EP Jawbreaker in 2004, produced by Bob Ezrin.
While working with Ezrin, the group members questioned whether they would continue working together. By this time, several had wives and families, had taken steady jobs, and had moved to different parts of the state of Michigan; Owens and Marzorati were still living near Lansing, while Johnston had moved to Ferndale and Dickey to Grand Rapids. Late in 2005, they decided to break up, releasing one final EP and playing their final show on November 25, 2005 at The Intersection in Grand Rapids.
19 Wheels' track "Reactor" was featured on Ford's website for the new 2010 Ford Fusion.
Members
Chris Johnston - vocals, guitar
Scott Owens - guitar
Tim Marzorati - bass
Rob Dickey - drums
Discography
The Tempermill Recordings (1996, EP, CD)
Six Ways from Sunday - Aware Records (1997 LP, CD)
Sugareen - Self released / Standard (2000 LP, CD)
Jawbreaker - Self released / Standard (2004 LP, CD)
This is the Life - Self released / Standard (2005 EP, CD)
References
Lansing, Michigan
Musical groups from Michigan
American alternative rock groups
1990 establishments in Michigan |
4011930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment%20decisions | Investment decisions | Investment decisions are made by investors and investment managers. These decision are made based on the finding of analysis tools based on data available about the companies.
Investors commonly perform investment analysis by making use of fundamental analysis, technical analysis and gut feel.
Investment decisions are often supported by decision tools. The portfolio theory is often applied to help the investor achieve a satisfactory return compared to the risk taken.
Investment decision biases
Bad decisions are often followed by a feeling of investor's remorse.
See also
Behavioral finance
Cognitive bias
Relative strength
Ratio analysis
References
Investment |
4011941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20Potter | Cherry Potter | Cherry Potter is a film writer, cultural commentator and psychotherapist.
She is the author of three film books:
Image, Sound and Story, the art of telling in film (Secker and Warburg, 1990),
Screen Language: From writing to film making (Methuen, 2001),
I Love You But…Seven Decades of Romantic Comedy (Methuen, 2002),
She also writes on film, culture and relationships for The Guardian.
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
British journalists
British screenwriters
British television writers
British non-fiction writers
British women television writers |
4011943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Lerche%20Johansen | Jacob Lerche Johansen | Jacob Lerche Johansen (1818–1900) was a Norwegian naval officer and politician. He was Minister of the Navy and Postal Affairs for several periods between 1872 and 1884, as well as member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm several times during the same period.
He was a brother of civil servant Jochum Johansen.
References
1818 births
1900 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
19th-century Norwegian politicians |
4011949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Strand%20Johansen | Johan Strand Johansen | Johan Strand Johansen (3 February 1903 in Åfjord - 12 February 1970 in Moscow) was Norwegian Minister of Labour in 1945. From 1945-1949 and later from 1954-1957 he represented the Communist Party of Norway in the Parliament of Norway. His importance to posterity has been intimately tied to the dramatic split of the Communist Party in 1949, the so-called Furubotn purge.
Early work and political career
In 1924 he became a journalist in the party daily newspaper Ny Tid in Trondheim, and starting that same year and until 1928 he was the secretary for the Young Communist League. In 1930 he became editor of Hardanger Arbeiderblad in Odda, and from 1931 his base was in Oslo, as a co-worker of the Arbeideren and as a member of the central board of the party. He was the representative of the central board on the strike rally which was later to become the Skirmish of Menstad, and in its aftermath he was given a prison sentence.
Concentration camp and post-war politician
Strand Johansen was arrested by the Gestapo in 1941 and spent a major part of the war in Sachsenhausen. In 1945 he became part secretary, and at the same time he was elected to the Storting, becoming one of two NKP representatives in the coalition government. He was a central figure in the failed coalition negotiations with the Labour Party the same year.
The Furubotn purge
"The Furubotn purge" (Furubotn-oppgjøret) is the term that has been applied to the turbulent split of the Norwegian Communist party in 1949. Strand Johansen, who was the main organizer of NKP's election campaign in 1949, was central also in the internal conflict that ensued and headed the faction that opposed Peder Furubotn – the "Løvlien faction" as it was named after party chairman Emil Løvlien. In the book Fiendebilde Wollweber (Enemy picture Wollweber) by Norwegian historian Lars Borgersrud, Strand Johansen is portrayed as a vitriolic opponent of the Furubotn faction. The conflict climaxed on 26 October 1949, when Strand Johansen together with five or more people showed up in the party offices in Klingenberggata 4 and kicked out Furubotn's supporters. The purge began six days prior when he had initiated the move against Furubotn at a meeting of trustees of the Oslo party, levelling against the supporters of Peder Furubotn fierce accusations of factionalism and of having set up an illegitimate party leadership – "the second center". In the following days the attacks continued during other party meetings, and on 25 October the central board decided to investigate the accusations and present them to the leadership of Cominform. In the meantime all individuals that had been accused by Strand Johansen would resign from their positions and a new central board was to be constituted. After the removal of Furubotn's people on 26 October, assisted by among others Asbjørn Sunde and Ragnar "Pelle" Sollie, Strand Johansen saw to it that Furubotn was excluded by the newly constituted central board which contained no supporters of Furubotn. Both during this commotion and during the next parliamentary campaign in 1953 witnesses described Johansen as mentally disturbed, initially as a natural reaction of disappointment at the obliteration of the communist representation in the parliament. In 1953 it was even suggested that Johansen should be sent off, either to the countryside or «exported» to the USSR. Asbjørn Sunde even suggested that Johansen be assassinated but received no support for such a drastic measure. Hans I. Kleven who himself was excluded from the party in the purge but was later invited back and went on to become its leader in the 1980s, has characterized Strand Johansen as a "sick, yes, a hysterical person," attributing these traits to the concentration camp period.
Exit politics
In 1953 he was elected deputy chairman of the party, but he resigned in 1955 after having been sent off to Moscow for a spa treatment. He remained in Moscow until his death, and he did not have any political role after 1955.
References
1903 births
1970 deaths
People from Åfjord
Norwegian people imprisoned abroad
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Communist Party of Norway politicians
Sør-Trøndelag politicians
Norwegian newspaper editors
Norwegian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Norway
Norwegian expatriates in the Soviet Union
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian politicians |
4011951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%20%28video%20game%29 | Fate (video game) | Fate is a 2005 single-player action role-playing game originally released for the PC by WildTangent. Fate was released for the PC Steam client on December 12, 2013. Three sequels — titled Fate: Undiscovered Realms, Fate: The Traitor Soul and Fate: The Cursed King — were released in 2008, 2009 and 2011 respectively.
Gameplay
Fate is a fantasy action role-playing game. This type of game is also known as a dungeon crawler, in which the player takes their character through progressively difficult levels of a dungeon, fighting monsters, completing quests, collecting valuable items and gold, and improving the character's attributes and skills along the way. The dungeon in Fate has a randomized layout for each level; treasures found within each level are randomized, as are the number and type of monsters. Fate is rendered fully in 3D, allowing the player to zoom in and out of the action as necessary; however, the camera cannot be rotated. In The Traitor Soul and The Cursed King (but not Undiscovered Realms) you can simultaneously press CTRL+SHIFT+U to unlock the camera. Holding arrow left/right allows you to peer around corners.
Levels
There appears to be an effectively indefinite number of levels to the dungeon. However, using the games internal console - while on the adventure screen (where you move your character, etc.) press Ctrl, Shift, and ~. Then a '?' should appear on the left side of the screen - you can input the command "descend 2,147,483,647". The coding of the game supports access up to level 2,147,483,647. This number is the maximum positive value that a 32-bit signed integer can hold - advancing beyond said level would cause the 'level number' to overflow to −2,147,483,648. As the game's procedural generation algorithm uses the level number as one of its inputs, the negative value unsurprisingly leads to the algorithm creating an invalid level, leading to a game-crash.
Pets and fishing
The player is accompanied by a pet, which can initially be chosen as a dog (specifically, a terrier) or a cat. This pet fights on behalf of the player, can carry items, and can be sent back to town in order to sell unwanted findings (though it cannot collect rewards for fetch quests). If the pet's Health Points are driven down to zero (due to blows or damaging spells from enemies) it does not die, but merely flees the fight. Hence, the game's introduction describes the pet as invincible since it cannot be killed. It will still follow the character, but it won't fight until it regains some health. To fully heal their pet, the player can send it back to town, feed it healing potions or charms, or make it drink from a health fountain. The player can also transform the pet into various (and more powerful) creatures by feeding it fish, which can be caught in fishing holes found throughout the game or purchased from vendors. The time of the transformation depends on the 'size' of the fish, but a flawless fish makes the transformation permanent until the pet is fed a different fish. A "Dogfish" will make the pet return to its original form.
It is also possible to get rare items from fish. A patient player who takes time to fish can make their character very wealthy and obtain top-notch gear. The Player's Manual says, "Finding or purchasing a fishing pole is one of the best investments you can make in the game." There is a fishing hole in the town; by selling fish that the player catches, the player can get money for purchasing better gear before braving the dungeon. The deeper the character is in the dungeon, the better items and more powerful pet transformations they can find while angling.
Player characters
When the character gains enough experience points, they are promoted to the next character level and given five Attribute points as well as two Skill points. Increasing the four attributes (Strength, Dexterity, Vitality and Magic) allow the character to wield stronger weapons, armor and magical spells, while Skills denote proficiency at certain things (Sword Skill, Charm Magic Skill, Critical Strike Skill, etc.—there are a total of 15 different Skills). There are no set character classes in Fate, allowing maximum customization. Additionally, the player is rewarded with Fame points for completing side-quests and defeating enemy bosses, which contribute to the gaining of Fame levels. Four Skill Points are awarded for gaining a Fame level. Elite and Legendary items cannot be used until the player is at a certain Fame level. Certain items (i.e., weapons, armor, and jewelry) contain sockets, into which the player can put special gems in order to customize the item. Having sockets does not create higher requirements for using an item, although they make the item more valuable. Finally, a denizen of Grove, specifically a minstrel, can be paid to increase the character's Fame, "allowing savvy players to buy Skill points."
Non-player characters and quests
Several townspeople of Grove offer randomized side-quests to the player. These are sometimes called fetch quests (retrieving a valuable item from the dungeon), though they often require the player to kill off all enemies of a certain type on a certain level of the dungeon or dispatch an enemy boss. Upon completion of a side-quest, the player can return to the townsperson who gave it to them, and receive a reward of Fame Points, Experience Points and gold.
Sometimes a valuable item is also given as part of the reward for completing a side-quest. In the case of a fetch quest, players can always decide if they want to keep the item they were sent to retrieve or if the potential rewards for turning it in to the quest giver are more important. To keep an item from a fetch quest, the player must cancel the quest in the quest book.
Other non-player townspeople include vendors, who sell arms, armor, potions, etc.
In addition to the various vendors and quest givers in the town, there is also a Healer, who will bring the character's and his/her pet's Health Points up to full capacity free of charge, and an Enchanter who, for a fee, will try (sometimes unsuccessfully) to add an enchantment or a socket to an item of the player's choosing. However, once in a while, he will accidentally delete all of the item's enchantments or even put a curse on the item, reducing its usefulness.
Sometimes a vendor will appear in the dungeon. Vendors have neutral status in the game, so enemies won't attack them. The player's character cannot be attacked by enemies while engaged in buying or selling with a vendor. Vendors who appear in the dungeon are Pikko the Fisherman (who will sell fish and fishing poles) and Getts the Traveler (who will sell miscellaneous items).
Death
If at any point in the game the character dies (Health Points driven down to zero) the death is not permanent. The personification of Fate appears, who resembles the Grim Reaper. Fate offers the player three choices: first, the character can be brought back to life at the spot where they fell, in exchange for a portion of their Experience Points and Fame Points. Second, they can be brought back to life and transported to a nearby level (one or two levels up or down) in exchange for a portion of the character's gold. This new place may be safer or more dangerous than the one where the character died. Third, the character can be brought back to life and transported three levels up in exchange for leaving all of their gold where they fell. This new location is usually safer than where the death occurred. (If the character died on level 1, 2, or 3 of the dungeon they will be taken back to town.) If the player chooses this third option and can make it back to the exact spot where his/her character fell before the dungeon level regenerates, his/her gold will be waiting in a pile for them to pick up. (If the character stays out of a previously visited dungeon level for 20 minutes on the game clock, the level will be automatically refreshed with all new monsters and treasure, although the dungeon layout stays the same. Therefore, if the character died on that level and doesn't make it back within 20 minutes, any gold they left there when they died will be gone permanently. The 20-minute rule does not apply if the character has a portal to that level, since one end of the portal is constantly occupying the level. However, if the character has died and been transported three levels up, there will be no portal.) If none of these three options is to the player's liking, they may choose Quit and the character is effectively transported back in time to the last occasion the game loaded. However, the death is still recorded in the character's journal.
Retirement
If the player completes the main quest they received at the beginning of the game, they are given the option to retire the current character and start play over again with a descendant of the first character. The descendant gets various perks and bonuses, including one item that is handed down from its ancestor. If this family heirloom has any magical enchantments on it, they will be augmented by 25% every time the item is passed down. If a weapon or piece of armor is passed down, its damage done or defensive capabilities will be increased as well. If a player chooses not to retire, they can advance their characters and go as deep into the dungeon as they like.
Plot
The game starts in the town of Grove, where on the outskirts of town the ancient Dungeon Gate leads would-be adventurers to multiple levels of fame, fortune, and death. The player assumes the role of one of these adventurers, and is assigned a randomized quest at the beginning of the game that will take them to approximately the 45th-50th level of the dungeon. Along the way, randomized side-quests are made available to the player by the townspeople of Grove. Eventually, the player completes the primary quest by defeating the randomized boss monster.
Mods
Like many other games in its class, Fate has an active modding community. The developers have released tools to aid in the creation of mods and over 100 mods exist in a community database. Mods for Fate range from simple potions and weapons to new spells and town make-overs. The community has created tutorials for creating new weapons, armor, spells, monsters, and other such items. One pitfall of these activities is the stability of the game; for this reason, it is recommended that the original game files be backed up prior to the installation of any third-party changes.
Development
Designer and programmer Travis Baldree intended Fate to combine elements from games like Diablo and NetHack and make them accessible to a casual gaming audience, while also maintaining a level of appeal to hardcore gamers. He eschewed a grim and gritty style, in favor of a more inviting atmosphere. Although Baldree had considered the idea for several years, production of the game began in October 2004, with a total development time of about five months.
Fate offers no multiplayer elements. Multiplayer was considered, but the developers could not add it because of the game's extremely short development time.
Based on his work on Fate, Baldree was hired by Flagship Studios. By 2006 he headed a Seattle-based offshoot of the studio, developing Mythos, an online action RPG, with a group that included several members of the Fate team.
Music
The score uses Western classical guitar and Middle Eastern influences much as the Diablo series does. There is also a noted Celtic influence, as one of the main themes is "Captain O'Kane" by Turlough O'Carolan. Other notable tracks within the game with a Celtic influence are "The Clergy's Lamentation", "Good Morning to Your Nightcap" and "Behind the Haystack" which serve as themes of the Town of Grove. "Captain O'Kane" and "The Clergy's Lamentation" are recordings by Ensemble Galilei available on the album Music in the Great Hall: Instrumental Music from the Ancient Celtic Lands, another version of "The Clergy's Lamentation" is performed by harpist Sue Richards taken from the album Grey Eyed Morn, "Good Morning to Your Nightcap" and "Behind the Haystack" are from Karen Ashbrook's album Hills of Erin.
Reception
Fate was positively received by critics, garnering an average review score of 80% at GameRankings and a score of 80/100 at Metacritic.
Greg Kasavin of GameSpot called it "a high-quality game that delivers well on a concept that isn't ambitious but is well known for being fun and addictive," while pointing out its strong resemblance to Blizzard Entertainment's Diablo. Writing for GameSpy, William Abner praised the game as "elegantly designed" and singled out the charm and personality of the game's graphics and pet animations. Both reviewers cited Fate's low price as a selling point but criticized its lack of multiplayer features.
The editors of Computer Games Magazine presented Fate with their 2005 "Best Role-Playing Game" award. It was a runner-up for their list of the year's top 10 computer games. Fate was also a finalist for PC Gamer USs "Best Roleplaying Game 2005" and "Best Value 2005" awards, which ultimately went to Dungeon Siege II and Guild Wars, respectively.
References
External links
Fate official portal
Role-playing video games
Windows games
Action role-playing video games
Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender
Video games using procedural generation
WildTangent games
MacOS games
2005 video games
Dungeon crawler video games
Video games about cats
Video games about dogs
Video games developed in the United States |
4011953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid%20Johanson | Arvid Johanson | Arvid Helmer Johanson (3 February 1929 – 6 November 2013) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour Party. He served five full terms in the Parliament of Norway, was Norway's second Minister of Petroleum and Energy from 1980 to 1981, and outside politics he spent most of his career in the newspaper Halden Arbeiderblad.
Early life and career
He was born in Halden as a son of Arvid Martin Johanson (1896–1981) and housewife Karla Niemi (1899–1932). He started his career as a journalist in Halden Arbeiderblad in 1947, and remained there for a year. In 1949 he worked in Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad. He returned to Halden Arbeiderblad, and remained there for the rest of his career. He underwent studies at the Norwegian Journalist Academy from 1942 to 1953 and at Fircroft College from 1954 to 1955. He was a board member of the county chapter of the Norwegian Press Association from 1954 to 1955.
National politics
Johanson became involved in politics as leader of the local workers' youth organization in 1949. He was elected as a member of Halden municipal council from 1959 to 1963. He chaired the Labour Party branch in Halden from 1956 to 1958 and 1962 to 1963, and the county chapter in Østfold from 1962 to 1974. From 1969 to 1974 he was a member of the central committee of the Labour Party.
He served as a member of the Parliament of Norway from Østfold during the terms 1958–1961, 1965–1969, 1969–1973, 1973–1977 and 1977–1981, and as a deputy member during the terms 1954–1957 and 1961–1965. From 1964 to 1965 he served as a regular representative, following the death of Henry Jacobsen. Towards the end of his fifth full term in Parliament, Johanson was appointed as Minister of Petroleum and Energy. He was the second to hold this position, replacing Bjartmar Gjerde. Gjerde had asked Prime Minister Odvar Nordli that his resignation be allowed because of high pressure in the job, with incidents like the Alta controversy and the Alexander Kielland rig disaster. Johanson lost his position when the centre-right Willoch's First Cabinet took over 1981. While Johanson was a government minister, his seat in Parliament was taken by Jan Eilert Bjørnstad.
Later career
After leaving national politics, Johanson returned to Halden Arbeiderblad. He was promoted to editor-in-chief in 1982, and served until 1993. He chaired the county chapter of the Association of Norwegian Editors from 1987 to 1990. He also wrote several books, particularly on local history.
References
1929 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of Fircroft College
People from Halden
Norwegian newspaper editors
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Østfold politicians
Members of the Storting
Petroleum and energy ministers of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians |
4011955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20Lake | Christmas Lake | Christmas Lake is a spring-fed lake covering approximately in the western Minneapolis suburbs of Shorewood and Chanhassen. The lake is crossed by the border of Hennepin and Carver counties, with most of the area lying within the jurisdiction of the former. Christmas Lake is known for its exceptional water clarity, the best in the Minneapolis metropolitan area, with a DNR-reported clarity level of . This clarity can be attributed to the fact that Christmas Lake is a spring fed lake with a sandy bottom. Although relatively small in area, Christmas Lake becomes deep (its maximum depth is ) very quickly, forming the basin of a depression that extends all along "the Ridge" (the rim of the lake's basin). The steep nature of the shoreline means that many houses are built far above the lake with railed motorized carts to provide access to the docks at the water level.
Although Christmas Lake is located very near to the much larger and more populated Lake Minnetonka, the lake culture is much different, with fewer powerboats and jetskis, although this is slowly changing. Christmas Lake is connected to Lake Minnetonka by an underground canal which can be used to raise the water level of Lake Minnetonka during droughts.
Christmas Lake falls under the jurisdiction of the city of Shorewood, Minnesota, although much informal control is maintained by the close-knit community of homeowners, under the aegis of the Christmas Lake Homeowners Association. Neighbors organize an annual Fourth of July boat parade, where boat owners turn their boats into water-borne floats, and parade from dock to dock along the shoreline.
Wildlife
Christmas Lake is home to a number of native and introduced species of fish, the most prevalent of which are largemouth bass, bluegill and pumpkinseed sunfish, crappie, northern pike, carp, and rainbow trout. However, due to the small size of the lake, the fish (with the exception of carp) do not generally grow to large sizes. Some fish consumption guideline restrictions have been placed on the lake's bluegill, carp, northern pike, and white sucker due to mercury contamination.
For the first time in recent memory, trumpeter swans have since 2004 been using Christmas Lake as a stop-over on their flyway during their winter migration south. At first a small number of swans stayed for a few days, and by 2011 that number had grown to over four dozen in three different groups who stayed on the lake for more than a month. As Christmas Lake is deeper than surrounding lakes, and usually the last in the neighborhood to freeze over, the swans are able to swim and feed later in the season.
In the fall of 2014, zebra mussels were observed in the lake and the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District subjected approximately one acre of it to an experimental series of chemical treatments, first the Zequanox killed-bacteria biological pesticide (in its first use in a lake), followed by copper, and then by potash (in its third such use in the U.S.). Divers later confirmed that none had survived within the treated area, but discovered ten more of them nearby, attached to indigenous mussels, and in May the treatment was applied to that additional area.
The name
The lake is named for Charles W. Christmas, first county surveyor of Hennepin County, who platted the original town site of Minneapolis for John H. Stevens and Franklin Steele.
References
External links
MN DNR Report on Christmas Lake
Christmas Lake Homeowners Association Website
Christmas Lake Trumpeter Swan Photo Gallery
Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Hennepin County, Minnesota
Lakes of Carver County, Minnesota |
4011967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigbj%C3%B8rn%20Johnsen | Sigbjørn Johnsen | Sigbjørn Johnsen (born 1 October 1950) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party and was Norwegian Minister of Finance in the periods 1990–1996 and 2009–2013.
He is a former member of parliament and served as County Governor of Hedmark from 1997 to 2018. He was member of parliament for Hedmark between 1977 and 1997 and was the Minister of Finance from 1990 to 1996 during the Brundtland's Third Cabinet. He made a comeback in national politics when again he became Minister of Finance in 2009 Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet. After serving in the Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet, he resumed his duty as County Governor of Hedmark.
He was also the deputy chairman of the Workers' Youth League between 1975 and 1977.
References
1950 births
Living people
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
County Governors of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians |
4011978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbj%C3%B8rn%20Jordahl | Asbjørn Jordahl | Asbjørn Reidar Jordahl (born 12 December 1932) is a Norwegian journalist and a politician for the Labour Party. Jordahl worked for the newspaper Tidens Krav in Kristiansund from 1959 to 1967. He represented Møre og Romsdal in the Norwegian Parliament 1977–81, and served as Minister of Transport and Communications 1978–1979. In 1981 he became editor-in-chief of Tidens Krav.
References
1932 births
Living people
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians |
4011992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20in%20the%20Kitchen | Fire in the Kitchen | Fire in the Kitchen is a compilation album recorded by The Chieftains, in collaboration with an array of Canadian folk musical guests, and released in 1998.
The Chieftains, who were touring Canada that year, had not originally intended to release an album, but unexpectedly ended up recording a number of informal live sessions with guest musicians. The resulting album was billed primarily as a compilation, rather than a Chieftains album per se, although the Chieftains appear on all of the album's tracks.
Track listing
"Madame Bonaparte/Devil's Dream/Mason's Apron" with Leahy
"An Innis Aigh" with The Rankins
"Lukey/Lukaloney" with Great Big Sea
"My Bonnie" with Laura Smith
"My Home/The Contradiction/Julia Delaney" with Ashley MacIsaac
"Come by the Hills" with Rita MacNeil
"Fingal's Cave" with Natalie MacMaster
"A Mhairi Bhoidheach" with Mary Jane Lamond
"Rattlin' Roarin' Willie" with Barra MacNeils
"Red Is the Rose" with The Ennis Sisters
"Le Lys Vert" with La Bottine Souriante
References
The Chieftains albums
Compilation albums by Canadian artists
1998 compilation albums |
4011998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi%20Sung-yong | Choi Sung-yong | Choi Sung-yong (born 25 December 1975) is a former South Korean football wing-back and midfielder.
He played in all of South Korea's matches at the 1998 World Cup and was also a member of the 2002 World Cup squad. He made his national team debut in 1995 against Japan.
After the 2002 FIFA World Cup, he joined K League club Suwon Samsung Bluewings and helped the team to win the Championship title.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list South Korea's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Choi goal.
References
External links
National Team Player Record
1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from South Gyeongsang Province
South Korean footballers
Association football midfielders
Korea University alumni
Gimcheon Sangmu FC players
Vissel Kobe players
LASK players
Suwon Samsung Bluewings players
Yokohama FC players
Ulsan Hyundai FC players
Thespakusatsu Gunma players
J1 League players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
2. Liga (Austria) players
J2 League players
K League 1 players
South Korea under-20 international footballers
South Korea under-23 international footballers
Olympic footballers of South Korea
South Korea international footballers
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2000 AFC Asian Cup players
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
Asian Games competitors for South Korea
South Korean expatriate footballers
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Japan
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Japan
Expatriate footballers in Austria |
4012002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ystein%20Josefsen | Øystein Josefsen | Øystein Sigurd Josefsen (born 1944 in Vågan, Norway) is a Norwegian businessman and former politician for the Conservative Party.
He was Director General at the Prime Minister's office from 1983 to 1988. In 1986 he was State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance until the second cabinet of Kåre Willoch fell in May 1986.
Josefsen has been chairman of the board in Geelmuyden.Kiese, senior vice president in Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, CEO of Gemini Consulting and IKO Gruppen. He has also been chairman of the board of the Norwegian Red Cross and chairman of the Conservative Students' Association (Oslo).
References
1944 births
Living people
Norwegian state secretaries
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian businesspeople
People from Vågan |
4012011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishin-minami%20Station | Seishin-minami Station | is a railway station on the Seishin-Yamate Line in Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan. It is located in a residential area near the Kobe Industrial Park.
Layout
This station has one island platform with two tracks.
History
The station was opened on March 20, 1993, as an infill station along the Seishin-Yamate Line between Seishin-chūō and Ikawadani stations.
Adjacent stations
Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Stations of Kobe Municipal Subway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1993 |
4012018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender%20dancer | Lavender dancer | The lavender dancer (Argia hinei) is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae, native to the western United States from west Texas to southern California, as well as adjacent regions of northern Mexico.
References
External links
Argia hinei profile and photo
Argia hinei photos
Argia hinei at AzOdes
Coenagrionidae
Insects described in 1918 |
4012019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Vilhelm%20Keilhau | Hans Vilhelm Keilhau | Hans Vilhelm Dopp Mandall Keilhau (18 August 1845 - 31 January 1917) was a Norwegian artillery officer and Government minister.
Keilhau was born in Bergen, Norway. He was the son of Lt. Col. William Christian Keilhau and was raised in a military family. He passed his college exam in 1870. He became an officer in 1866, Second lieutenant in 1872, First Lieutenant in 1876, Captain in 1888, Major in 1892 and Major General in 1900. He served as Minister of Defence during the administration of Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (1913-1914). Keilhau resigned at the outbreak of World War I.
References
1845 births
1917 deaths
Military personnel from Bergen
Norwegian military leaders
Defence ministers of Norway |
4012038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRESULT | HRESULT | In the field of computer programming, the HRESULT is a data type used in Windows operating systems, and the earlier IBM/Microsoft OS/2 operating system, to represent error conditions, and warning conditions.
The original purpose of HRESULTs was to formally lay out ranges of error codes for both public and Microsoft internal use in order to prevent collisions between error codes in different subsystems of the OS/2 operating system.
HRESULTs are numerical error codes. Various bits within an HRESULT encode information about the nature of the error code, and where it came from.
HRESULT error codes are most commonly encountered in COM programming, where they form the basis for a standardized COM error handling convention.
HRESULT format
An HRESULT value has 32 bits divided into three fields: a severity code, a facility code, and an error code. The severity code indicates whether the return value represents information, warning, or error. The facility code identifies the area of the system responsible for the error. The error code is a unique number that is assigned to represent the exception. Each exception is mapped to a distinct HRESULT.
Facility is either the facility name or some other distinguishing identifier; Severity is a single letter, S or E, that indicates whether the function call succeeded (S) or produced an error (E); and Reason is an identifier that describes the meaning of the code. For example, the status code STG_E_FILENOTFOUND indicates a storage-related error has occurred; specifically, a requested file does not exist. One should keep in mind that an HRESULT value may well be displayed as an unsigned hexadecimal value.
HRESULTs are organized as follows:
Format details
S - Severity - indicates success/fail
0 - Success
1 - Failure
R - Reserved portion of the facility code, corresponds to NT's second severity bit.
1 - Severe Failure
C - Customer. This bit specifies if the value is customer-defined or Microsoft-defined.
0 - Microsoft-defined
1 - Customer-defined
N - Reserved portion of the facility code. Used to indicate a mapped NT status value.
X - Reserved portion of the facility code. Reserved for internal use. Used to indicate HRESULT values that are not status values, but are instead message ids for display strings.
Facility - indicates the system service that is responsible for the error. Example facility codes are shown below (for the full list see ).
1 - RPC
2 - Dispatch (COM dispatch)
3 - Storage (OLE storage)
4 - ITF (COM/OLE Interface management)
7 - Win32 (raw Win32 error codes)
8 - Windows
9 - SSPI
10 - Control
11 - CERT (Client or server certificate)
...
Code - is the facility's status code
The ITF facility code has subsequently been recycled as the range in which COM components can define their own component-specific error code.
How HRESULTs work
An HRESULT is an opaque result handle defined to be zero or positive for a successful return from a function, and negative for a failure. Generally, successful functions return the S_OK HRESULT value (which is equal to zero). But in rare circumstances, functions may return success codes with additional information e.g. S_FALSE=0x01.
When HRESULTs are displayed, they are often rendered as an unsigned hexadecimal value, usually indicated by a 0x prefix. In this case, a number indicating failure can be identified by starting with hexadecimal figure 8 or higher.
HRESULTs were originally defined in the IBM/Microsoft OS/2 operating system as a general purpose error return code, and subsequently adopted in Windows NT. Microsoft Visual Basic substantially enhanced the HRESULT error reporting mechanisms, by associating an IErrorInfo object with an HRESULT error code, by storing a pointer to an IErrorInfo COM object in thread-local storage. The IErrorInfo mechanism allows programs to associate a broad variety of information with a particular HRESULT error: the class of the object that raised the error, the interface of the object that raised the error, error text; and a link to a help topic in a help file. In addition, receivers of an HRESULT error can obtain localized text for the error message on demand.
Subsequently, HRESULT, and the associated IErrorInfo mechanism were used as the default error reporting mechanism in COM.
Support of the IErrorInfo mechanism in Windows is highly inconsistent. Older windows APIs tend to not support it at all, returning HRESULTs without any IErrorInfo data. More modern Windows COM subsystems will often provide extensive error information in the message description of the IErrorInfo object. The more advanced features of the IErrorInfo error mechanisms—help links, and on-demand localization—are rarely used.
In the .NET Framework, HRESULT/IErrorInfo error codes are translated into CLR exceptions when transitioning from native to managed code; and CLR exceptions are translated to HRESULT/IErrorInfo error codes when transitioning from managed to native COM code.
Using HRESULTs
The winerror.h file defines some generic HRESULT values. Hard-coded HRESULT values are sometimes encoded in associated header files (.h files) for a given subsystem. These values are also defined in the corresponding header (.h) files with the Microsoft Windows Platforms SDK or DDK.
To check if a call that returns an HRESULT succeeded, make sure the S field is 0 (i.e. the number is non-negative) or use the FAILED() macro. To obtain the Code part of an HRESULT, use the HRESULT_CODE() macro. You can also use a tool called ERR.EXE to take the value and translate it to the corresponding error string. Another tool called ERRLOOK.EXE can also be used to display error strings associated with a given HRESULT value. ERRLOOK.EXE can be run from within a Visual Studio command prompt.
The Windows native SetErrorInfo and GetErrorInfo APIs are used to associate HRESULT return codes with a corresponding IErrorInfo object.
The FormatMessage API function can be used to convert some non-IErrorInfo HRESULTs into a user-readable string.
Examples
0x80070005
0x8 - Failure
0x7 - Win32
0x5 - "E_FAULT"
0x80090032
0x8 - Failure
0x9 - SSPI
0x32 - "The request is not supported"
References
External links
Microsoft Open Protocol Specification - HRESULT Values
Microsoft Developer Network Reference
Windows Data Types
Using Macros for Error Handling
List of DOS, Windows and OS/2 error codes, includes a lot of common HRESULT values
Data types |
4012044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger%20Kildal | Birger Kildal | Birger Kildal (15 April 1849 – 13 December 1913) was a Norwegian attorney and businessman. He served as politician with the Liberal Party and was appointed District Governor in Romsdal.
Background
Kildal was born at Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the son of businessman and merchant Peter Wessel Wind Kildal and his wife, Christine Marie Gotaas (1817-1900). He took his law degree in 1871 and first worked as a lawyer in Hammerfest. He later went to work in his father's various commercial and industrial enterprises including Lilleborg Fabrikker which his father had founded in 1833.
Political career
Kildal had several cabinet posts in the cabinets of Prime Ministers Johan Sverdrup and Francis Hagerup. He was Minister of Auditing 1884–1886, as well as head of the Ministry of Postal Affairs in 1885. later, he was a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm 1886-1887 and 1904–1905, Minister of Justice and Minister of Labour 1887, Minister of Labour 1887–1888, Minister of Finance 1895–1898, and Minister of Finance and Minister of Auditing 1903–1904.
During the general election in 1903, he was elected as a representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Christiania, Hønefoss and Kongsvinger. In 1906, Kildal was appointed district governor in Romsdal and held this office until his death.
Personal life
Birger Kildal was married to Sofienlund Berger (1851-1940). They were the parents of author Arne Kildal.
References
External links
1849 births
1913 deaths
Politicians from Oslo
Lawyers from Oslo
Businesspeople from Oslo
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Ministers of Justice of Norway |
4012050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar%20bluet | Familiar bluet | The familiar bluet (Enallagma civile) is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae, native to much of the United States and southern Canada.
References
Lam, E. (2004) Damselflies of the Northeast. Forest Hills, NY:Biodiversity Books. p. 72.
External links
Familiar bluet Diagnostic reference photographs and information
Coenagrionidae
Odonata of North America
Insects of Canada
Insects of the United States
Fauna of the Eastern United States
Fauna of the Western United States
Insects described in 1861
Taxa named by Hermann August Hagen |
4012058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar%20Kirkeby-Garstad | Ivar Kirkeby-Garstad | Ivar Larsen Kirkeby-Garstad (5 August 1877 – 19 June 1951) was a Norwegian politician for the Agrarian Party.
He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Nord-Trøndelag in 1921, and was re-elected on five consecutive occasions. He last served as a deputy representative during the term 1945–1949.
He was also acting Minister of Agriculture from February to March 1932 in Kolstad's Cabinet, and Minister of Trade, Shipping, Industry, Craft and Fisheries from March 1932 to March 1933 in Hundseid's Cabinet.
He was the father of politician Lars Reidulv Kirkeby-Garstad (1907–1977).
References
External links
Ivar Larsen Kirkeby-Garstad at Store norske leksikon
1877 births
1951 deaths
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway
Government ministers of Norway |
4012060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrr%C3%BC%C5%9Fehvar%20Sultan | Dürrüşehvar Sultan | Durru Shehvar Durdana Begum Sahiba, Princess of Berar (born Hatice Hayriye Ayşe Dürrüşehvar Sultan; ; 16 January 1914 – 7 February 2006) was an Ottoman princess, the only daughter of Abdulmejid II, who was the last heir apparent to the Ottoman Imperial throne and the last Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate.
Early life
Dürrüşehvar Sultan was born on 16 January 1914 at the Çamlıca Palace in Üsküdar, then part of Constantinople, when the Ottoman Caliphate was passing through its last phase. Her father was Caliph Abdulmejid II, son of Sultan Abdulaziz and Hayranidil Kadın. Her mother was Mehisti Hanım, daughter of Hacımaf Akalsba and Safiye Hanım. She had a half-brother, Şehzade Ömer Faruk, from her father's first marriage.
At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Dürrüşehvar and her family settled in Nice, France. The British Red Crescent Society, friendly with the deposed ruler, appealed to Muslim rulers around the world to come to the aid of the impoverished Caliph. Persuaded by Maulana Shaukat Ali and his brother, Maulana Mohammad Ali, Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII the last Nizam of the Hyderabad State of India decided to send a life-time monthly pension of three hundred pounds to the deposed Caliph, and allowances to several individuals in the family.
Marriage
When she came of age, she was sought by the Shah of Persia and King Fuad I of Egypt as a bride for their respective heirs, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and Farouk, and by Prince Azam Jah (1907–1970), the eldest son and heir of Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan. In 1930, Şehzade Mehmed Abid, son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Saliha Naciye Hanım also asked her hand in marriage. However, her father refused, on the grounds of Dürrüşehvar being under age.
In 1931, her father arranged her marriage to Azam Jah, elder son and heir to Mir Osman Ali Khan (7th Nizam of Hyderabad Deccan). However, fifty thousand pounds in mahr was demanded for her, which the Nizam considered too much. Upon the intervention of Shaukat Ali, he proposed to offer, for the same mahr, the hand of Princess Niloufer to the Nizam's younger son Moazzam Jah. The Nizam readily agreed and sent his two sons to France to be married.
A day before the wedding, the princes arrived in Nice from London by express train, and stayed at the Hotel Negresco. On 12 November 1931, at aged seventeen, Dürrüşehvar married Azam Jah, at Villa Carabacel in Nice. The Nizam's younger son was married to Dürrüşehvar's cousin Niloufer. The marriage was performed by Damad Mehmed Şerif Pasha, husband of Abdulmejid's half-sister Emine Sultan. The local newspapers were full of photographs of the Indian princes when they arrived for the weddings, with headlines like A Thousand and One Nights and A Muslim Wedding. After the wedding the princes took their brides and the entourage back to the hotel where they had stayed. After the religious ceremony, the newly weds went to the British consulate to complete their civil marriage, and validate their prenuptial agreement, according to which, in the event of divorce or death of the husband, Dürrüşehvar would receive two hundred thousand dollars in compensation.
Following the festivities in Nice, the princesses and their husbands set sail from Venice on 12 December 1931 to her father-in-law's court in Hyderabad, India. Her mother also accompanied them. They boarded the ocean liner Pilsna. Mahatma Gandhi had boarded the ship after attending the Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931, and was travelling back to India. It is reported that he met with the princesses. On the way, they were taught how to wear sarees, and the expected etiquette in the presence of the Nizam. After their landing in Bombay, they boarded the private train of the Nizam. After they reached Hyderabad, a banquet was held at the Chowmahalla Palace on 4 January 1932. They then settled down in their respective homes. Dürrüşehvar and Azam Jah settled down in Bella Vista, Hyderabad.
She received the title of Durdana Begum from the Nizam, held the title of Her Highness The Princess of Berar. She was taller than Azam Jah, and the Nizam thought that was a great joke. He regularly used to point out the difference in their height at parties. On 6 October 1933, she gave birth to her elder son, Nawab Mir Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah Bahadur, Asaf Jah, the future Nizam of Hyderabad. He was followed by Nawab Mir Karamat Ali Khan, Muffakham Jah Bahadur, born on 27 February 1939. She knew of her husband's numerous concubines but carried herself regally. However, the differences between the two of them eventually led to their marriage falling apart within two years, and after the divorce, Dürrüşehvar stayed in Hyderabad for some years, then moved to London.
Public life
Highly respected and well-educated lady, the princess was fluent in French, Turkish, English and also Urdu. She was also a painter and a poet. She established a junior college for girls in her name in Yakutpura, Bagh-e-jahan Ara, Hyderabad, and the Osmania General Hospital. On 4 November 1936, she laid the foundation stone of Hyderabad's Begumpet airport's first terminal, and was presented with a silver casket. She also inaugurated the famous Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College Hospital at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh in 1939.
Together with her cousin Niloufer, Dürrüşehvar advocated girls' education and women's rights. They were given free rein, as the Nizam adored both his daughters-in-law, whom he often introduced as the "jewels of his palace." He also encouraged both of them to take part in sports, such as tennis and horse-riding. He sent them on tours of Europe so they could broaden their mind and also pick up works of art for his museums." Both cousins are remembered as great beauties, socialites, style icons, and philanthropists. In the company of her friend Rani Kumudini Devi, she rode horses, drove cars and played tennis. With her beauty and charm, etiquette and dress sense, she transformed Hyderabad’s social circuit.
On 6 May 1935, she and her husband attended the twenty-fifth commemorating ceremony of King George V's reign. On 12 May 1937, they attended the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, where she was photographed by British photographer Cecil Beaton. On 23 June 1937, she accompanied her husband during the visit to lay the foundation stone of a new mosque in Kensington and was at Ranelagh to see Bhopal win the Ranelagh Open Polo Cup. Beaton photographed her in her palace in India in 1944, and then in 1965 in France. Philip Mason, of the Indian Civil Service, described her as "a commanding figure, handsome of feature, with a clear fair complexion and auburn hair… No one could ignore her or slight her. She was always essentially and indefinably royal, and it seems to me that if fate had so willed she might have been one of the great queens of the world."
Later life and death
She ensured her sons, Prince Mukarram Jah and Prince Muffakam Jah, received the best possible western education in Europe and married Turkish brides, as she desired. Mukarram studied in Eton. Years later, he was declared heir to Hyderabad throne, at the suggestion of his grandfather, and served as honorary aide-de-camp to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Each time she returned to Hyderabad for a visit, she attracted big crowds.
In 1954, she called Niloufer requesting help for the burial of her father. She had made several efforts to have her father's body buried in Istanbul, but could not obtain the permission of the Turkish government. He had wanted to be buried in either Turkey or Hyderabad. Niloufer called one of her friends, Malik Ghulam Muhammad, a former official in the Nizam's Government, and who was at that time the Governor-General of Pakistan. He called Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the then King of Saudi Arabia to relay the request. The King agreed to grant the request, and he was finally buried in Saudi Arabia in the Al-Baqi'.
In 1983, she sponsored the Durru Shehvar Children's & General Hospital in Hyderabad under the patronage of her son Mukarram Jah. In 1990, she, her son Mufakkham Jah and his wife Princess Rain attended the Durban Dinner, along with the Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners in London to commemorate the 400th year of the foundation of Hyderabad.
She visited Hyderabad lastly in 2004, and died on 7 February 2006 in London. Her two sons were by her side at the time of her death. She was buried in Brookwood Cemetery. She was upset about Turkish Government's attitude against her family members after declaration of the republic. Despite being a member of Ottoman royal family, she refused to be buried in Turkey, since she was upset that the Turkish Government refused her father's burial in Istanbul in 1944.
Honour
Order of the House of Osman
Issue
Ancestry
References
Sources
1914 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Ottoman princesses
People from Üsküdar
Women from Hyderabad State
People from Hyderabad State
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
Indian female royalty |
4012066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnhild%20Meltveit%20Kleppa | Magnhild Meltveit Kleppa | Magnhild Meltveit Kleppa (born 12 November 1948 in Fister, Norway) is a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party.
Kleppa is educated as a teacher at Kristiansand Teacher Training College in 1970. She worked as a teacher from 1967 to 1992. She was a member of the Hjelmeland municipal council during the 1980s and a member of the Norwegian Parliament from 1993 until 2013. She then served as Governor of Rogaland County from 2013-2019.
Political career
She was elected to the Parliament of Norway for the first time in 1993, and has been reelected four times, lastly in 2009. She did not seek reelection in the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election. Her political advisor is fellow Centre Party member Sigrid Brattabø Handegard.
She was the Minister of Social Affairs from 17 Oct 1997 until 17 March 2000. From 17 October 2005 until 21 September 2007, she was the parliamentary leader for the Centre Party. She was appointed Norwegian Minister of Local Government and Regional Development on 21 September 2007, a post she held until 20 October 2009 when she swapped departments and became Minister of Transport and Communications. She continued in that role until 18 June 2012. On 1 November 2013, she became the County Governor of Rogaland. She retired in 2019 after having originally stated she was retiring in November 2018.
References
1948 births
Norwegian Christians
Living people
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Women members of the Storting
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
Ministers of Local Government and Modernisation of Norway
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Women government ministers of Norway |
4012069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas%20virus%20phi6 | Pseudomonas virus phi6 | Φ6 (Phi 6) is the best-studied bacteriophage of the virus family Cystoviridae. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant-pathogenic P. syringae). It has a three-part, segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, totalling ~13.5 kb in length. Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriophages. It is a lytic phage, though under certain circumstances has been observed to display a delay in lysis which may be described as a "carrier state".
Proteins
The genome of Φ6 codes for 12 proteins. P1 is a major capsid protein which is responsible of forming the skeleton of the polymerase complex. In the interior of the shell formed by P1 is the P2 viral replicase and transcriptase protein. The spikes binding to receptors on the Φ6 virion are formed by the protein P3. P4 is a nucleoside-triphosphatase which is required for the genome packaging and transcription. P5 is a lytic enzyme. The spike protein P3 is anchored to a fusogenic envelope protein in P6. P7 is a minor capsid protein, P8 is responsible of forming the nucleocapsid surface shell and P9 is a major envelope protein. P12 is a non-structural morphogenic protein shown to be a part of the envelope assembly. P10 and P13 are proteins coding genes that are associated with the viral envelope and P14 is a non-structural protein.
Life cycle
Φ6 typically attaches to the Type IV pilus of P. syringae with its attachment protein, P3. It is thought that the cell then retracts its pilus, pulling the phage toward the bacterium. Fusion of the viral envelope with the bacterial outer membrane is facilitated by the phage protein, P6. The muralytic (peptidoglycan-digesting) enzyme, P5, then digests a portion of the cell wall, and the nucleocapsid enters the cell coated with the bacterial outer membrane.
A copy of the sense strand of the large genome segment (6374 bases) is then synthesized (transcription) on the vertices of the capsid, with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, P2, and released into the host cell cytosol. The four proteins translated from the large segment spontaneously assemble into procapsids, which then package a large segment sense strand, polymerizing its complement during entry through the P2 polymerase-containing vertices.
While the large segment is being translated (expressed) and synthesized (replicated), the parental phage releases copies of the sense strands of the medium segment (4061 bases) and small segment (2948 bases) into the cytosol. They are translated, and packaged into the procapsids in order: medium then small. The filled capsids are then coated with the nucleocapsid protein P8, and then outer membrane proteins somehow attract bacterial inner membrane, which then envelopes the nucleocapsid.
The lytic protein, P5, is contained between the P8 nucleocapsid shell and the viral envelope. The completed phage progeny remain in the cytosol until sufficient levels of the lytic protein P5 degrade the host cell wall. The cytosol then bursts forth, disrupting the outer membrane, releasing the phage. The bacterium is killed by this lysis.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) are critical components in the life cycle of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses. However, it is not fully understood how these important enzymes function during viral replication. Expression and characterization of the purified recombinant RdRP of Φ6 is the first direct demonstration of RdRP activity catalyzed by a single protein from a dsRNA virus. The recombinant Φ6 RdRP is highly active in vitro, possesses RNA replication and transcription activities, and is capable of using both homologous and heterologous RNA molecules as templates. The crystal structure of the Φ6 polymerase, solved in complex with a number of ligands, provides insights towards understanding the mechanism of primer-independent initiation of RNA-dependent RNA polymerization. This RNA polymerase appears to operate without a sigma factor/subunit. The purified Φ6 RdRP displays processive elongation in vitro and self-assembles along with polymerase complex proteins into subviral particles that are fully functional.
Research
Φ6 has been studied as a model to understand how segmented RNA viruses package their genomes, its structure has been studied by scientists interested in lipid-containing bacteriophages, and it has been used as a model organism to test evolutionary theory such as Muller's ratchet. Phage Φ6 has been used extensively in additional phage experimental evolution studies.
See also
Double-stranded RNA viruses
References
External links
Detailed molecular description
Descriptions of tests of evolutionary theory by the Turner Lab
Descriptions of tests of evolutionary theory by the Burch Lab
The Universal Virus Database of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses
The origin of phospholipids of the enveloped bacteriophage phi6
Cystoviridae
Model organisms |
4012070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Kleppe | Johan Kleppe | Johan Kleppe (29 September 1928 – 17 May 2022) was a Norwegian veterinarian and politician for the Liberal Party.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland in 1969, but was not re-elected in 1973. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1965–1969.
He was the Minister of Defence in 1972–1973 during the cabinet Korvald, having formerly been State Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture from 1968 to 1969 during the cabinet Borten. During his time in cabinet he was replaced in the Norwegian Parliament by Kristian Halse. Kleppe authored one book on defence policy, published in 1973.
On the local level he was member of Bjørnskinn municipal council from 1955 to 1963, and then its successor municipality Andøy from 1963 to 1978, serving as deputy mayor from 1963 to 1966 and mayor from 1966 to 1969 and 1975 to 1978.
Kleppe died on 17 May 2022, at the age of 93.
References
External links
1928 births
2022 deaths
Members of the Storting
Norwegian state secretaries
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Nordland
Norwegian School of Veterinary Science alumni
Norwegian veterinarians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
People from Andøy
Defence ministers of Norway |
4012076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Larson | Paul Larson | Paul Larson (Per-Åke Larson) is a computer scientist. He is most famous for inventing the linear hashing algorithm with Witold Litwin. Paul Larson is currently a senior researcher in the Database Group of Microsoft Research. He is frequent chair and committee member of conferences such as VLDB, SIGMOD, and ICDE.
In 2005 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
References
Larson PA. "Dynamic Hash Tables." Communications of the ACM. April 1988, 31(4):446-57 pdf.
External links
Paul Larson MSR Page
UW MSR Summer Institute 2010
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Microsoft employees
American computer scientists
Database researchers
University of Waterloo faculty
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery |
4012094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko | Skarżysko | Skarżysko may refer to the following places:
Skarżysko-Kamienna, city in Skarżysko County (central Poland)
Skarżysko Kościelne, village in Skarżysko County (central Poland)
Skarżysko Książęce, district of Skarżysko-Kamienna, until 2001 independent town |
4012101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Kleppe | Per Kleppe | Per Andreas Hildhe Kleppe (13 April 1923 – 10 March 2021) was a Norwegian economist and politician for the Labour Party.
He was the Minister of Trade and Shipping in 1971–1972 during the first cabinet Bratteli, and later the Minister of Finance from 1973 to 1979 during the second cabinet Bratteli and the cabinet Nordli. In 1979 he was replaced by Ulf Sand, but Kleppe returned in 1980 to head the Secretariat for Long-Term Planning (until 1981).
He served as General Secretary of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) from 1981 to 1988.
Personal life
Kleppe was born in Kristiania (now Oslo) in April 1923, a son of lawyer Knut Sigurd Kleppe and Nathalie Mathilde Andersen; the family moved to Bergen when he was six years old. In 1951 he married editor Margaretha Eva Malmros Ström.
Political career
Deputy member of the Storting and State Secretary
As an elected politician Kleppe served in the position of deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the term 1954–1957. On the local level he was a deputy member of Oslo city council from 1951 to 1955.
Kleppe graduated from the University of Oslo with the cand.oecon. degree in 1956. He was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance from 1957 to 1962.
From 1962 Kleppe was assigned full time secretary of Den finanspolitiske komité, and from 1963 to 1967 he was subdirector at EFTA in Geneva, and from 1967 to 1971 he headed Arbeiderbevegelsens utredningskontor ("The Labour movement's Research Office").
Minister of Trade and Shipping 1971–1972 and negotiations on EEC membership
Kleppe was the Minister of Trade and Shipping in the first cabinet Bratteli from 17 March 1971 to 18 October 1972. From 24 September 1971 he was also assigned the inaugural position of Minister of Nordic Cooperation, responsible for coordinating cooperation between the Nordic countries.
As Minister of trade Kleppe was given the task to finish the negotiations of Norwegian membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). However, membership was turned down by the 1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum on 25 September 1972, and the Bratteli cabinet resigned. After this, from 1972 to 1973, Kleppe returned to his manager position at the Arbeiderbevegelsens utredningskontor.
Minister of Finance 1973–1979 and the "Kleppe package" against the financial crisis
Kleppe was appointed by Prime Minister Bratteli as Minister of Finance from 16 October 1973, in the second cabinet Bratteli. This cabinet lasted until 15 January 1976, when the cabinet Nordli took over. Kleppe continued as Minister of Finance until 8 October 1979, when there was a reorganisation of the cabinet, and Ulf Sand took over as responsible for the Ministry of Finance.
Kleppe served six years as Minister of Finance, and he was the architect behind several important strategic choices of economic policy. The so-called "", where the State contributed by offering improvements of certain benefits during salary negotiations between employer and employee organisations, came to be a central element to minimize inflation. In order to inhibit the threatening increase of unemployment, the government introduced several supportive measures and economic guarantees to the industry, in particular to maritime transport and shipyards.
Head of the Secretariat for Long-Term Planning 1980–1981
From 1 January 1980 Kleppe was assigned the inaugural leader of the Secretariat for Long-Term Planning, under the cabinet Nordli until 4 February 1981. He continued in this position under Brundtland's First Cabinet until 14 October 1981.
General secretary of EFTA 1981–1988
In 1981 Kleppe took over as general secretary of the European Free Trade Association, succeeding Swiss . He held this position until 1988, when he was succeeded by Austrian Georg Reisch.
Later years
After he left his position at EFTA in 1988, Kleppe was assigned with the Fafo Foundation. He also chaired several government commissions in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the Monetary and Credit Commission (1987–1989), the Employment Commission (1991–1992), and the State Bank Commission (1994–1995). He wrote the books Norges vei til Europa (1989) and Visjonen og hverdagen (1990), and finally his memoirs/autobiography, Kleppepakke, which was released in 2003.
Legacy and death
Kleppe was a member of the Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities (a precursor of Research Council of Norway).
He was decorated with the Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of Christ (1978), the Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Golden Star on Cravat (III rank) (1987), the Grand Cross of the Icelandic Order of the Falcon (1988), the Grand Cross of the Swedish Order of the Polar Star (1988), and the Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland (1988). He was decorated Commander with Star of the Order of St. Olav in 1989.
Kleppe died on 10 March 2021, aged 97.
Selected works
Autobiography.
References
External links
1923 births
2021 deaths
Deputy members of the Storting
Norwegian state secretaries
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian economists
Politicians from Oslo
Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
Recipients of the Order of the Falcon
Order of the Polar Star
Order of Saint Olav
Recipients of the Order of the Lion of Finland |
4012110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedited%20Funds%20Availability%20Act | Expedited Funds Availability Act | The Expedited Funds Availability Act (EFA or EFAA) was enacted in 1987 by the United States Congress for the purpose of standardizing hold periods on deposits made to commercial banks and to regulate institutions' use of deposit holds. It is also referred to as Regulation CC or Reg CC, after the Federal Reserve regulation that implements the act. The law is codified in Title 12, Chapter 41 of the US Code and Title 12, Part 229 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Disclosure
Financial institutions must disclose their hold policies to all account holders, and make the policy available in written form upon request by any customer. It must also be provided at the time of opening of all new accounts.
Additional disclosures are required on deposit slips, at automated teller machines, and when the policy is changed in any way.
Types of hold
Regulation CC stipulates four types of holds that a bank may place on a check deposit at its discretion. Each has its own qualifications and it is legal for the bank to place any type where the requirements are met, although bank policy may instruct that the type of hold placed be the one that holds the most funds the longest that can be applied legally.
As of February 27, 2010, there is only one check processing region for the entire United States. Therefore, all checks are now local.
Regarding insurance checks, if the insurance check is drawn on an in-state bank funds will be available on the 5th business day; if the insurance check is drawn on an out-of-state bank funds will be available on the 7th business day.
There are a few exceptions to these guidelines that are important to note. If an account owner is depositing into an account that does not qualify for the exception hold but also owns another account that does qualify, then the Exception NSF Hold can be placed. In the same manner, if an account owner is depositing into an account that has been open for less than 30 days but owns another account that has been open greater than 30 days, the New Account Hold cannot be legally placed.
There are certain items that present less risk to financial institutions and thus are subject to expedited availability under the stipulations of Regulation CC. The following items must have the first $5000 available for the Statutory, Large Deposit and New Account Hold by the first business day following the deposit:
Cashier's checks, certified checks, or teller's checks*;
Postal money orders;
U.S. Treasury checks;
Checks drawn on a Federal Reserve Bank or Federal Home Loan Bank;
Any check issued by a state, city, county, or other municipality;
Any check drawn from another account at the depository institution.
For each of these items, the item must be presented for deposit into the payee's account for it to receive expedited fund availability; when one of these checks is presented for deposit into a third party account, it loses its preferential treatment. Also, the bank may require use of a special deposit slip or envelope for next-day availability of cashier's checks, certified checks, teller's checks, or state & local government checks; if it does so, it must notify customers and tell them how to obtain the special slip or envelope.
*Regulation CC defines a "cashier's check" as a check that is issued by a bank, drawn on that same bank, is a direct liability of the bank, and signed by one or more officers of that bank. Though the term "teller's check" is commonly used only by Federal credit unions, under Regulation CC any check "drawn by the bank, and drawn on another bank or payable through or at a bank" is a "teller's check" if issued "for remittance purposes". "Official Checks" or "Bank Checks" may not qualify as "cashier's checks" under Regulation CC, but they usually qualify for next-day availability as "teller's checks".
Payment of interest
According to the regulation, interest-bearing accounts shall receive earnings from funds from the time they are collected by the depository institution, regardless of hold lengths.
Enforcement
Under the act, enforcement is divided by the type of institution, respective to each type's mandated oversight authority:
For national banks, federal savings associations, federal savings banks, and federal branches and agencies of foreign banks, the act is enforced by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency;
For members of the Federal Reserve System who are not national banks, and for offices, branches, and agencies of foreign banks located in the United States (who are not federal branches and agencies of foreign banks), the provisions are enforced by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve;
In the case of banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation who are not members of the Federal Reserve System, and insured state branches of foreign banks, enforcement falls to the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC);
Federal credit unions or credit unions insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund are subject to enforcement of the act by the National Credit Union Administration Board.
Awards for damages are limited under the regulation, including not more than $1000 in addition to actual damages for individual actions, and not more than the lesser of $500,000 or 1% of the net worth of the bank, in addition to actual damages, for class actions.
Related legislation
On June 9, 2014, the United States House of Representatives passed To amend the Expedited Funds Availability Act to clarify the application of that Act to American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands. The bill, if it were to become law, would extend "by two business days, for American Samoa, any time periods established for large or redeposited check, repeated overdraft, reasonable cause, or other emergency exceptions to the 30-day funds availability requirements for deposits in an depository institution account by a new depositor." It would also apply "this two-day extension to any deposit in an account at a depository institution located in American Samoa by a check drawn on an originating depository institution which is not located in the same state as the receiving depository institution."
See also
Check 21 Act
Notes
12 USC 40 can be viewed here, on the website of the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. Text of 12 CFR 229 can be viewed here, through the GPO.
References
1987 in law
United States federal banking legislation
Negotiable instrument law |
4012111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20Sverress%C3%B8n%20Klingenberg | Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg | Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg (8 June 1871 – 3 November 1944) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Conservative Party. He served as the Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916.
He was born in Trondhjem as a son of attorney Sverre Olafssøn Klingenberg (1844–1913) and Hilda Johannesdatter Klingenberg (1843–1912). He was a brother of Sverre, Olav and Kaare Sverressøn Klingenberg and a grandson and grandnephew of engineer Johannes Benedictus Klingenberg.
References
1871 births
1944 deaths
Mayors of Trondheim
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Odd |
4012114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole%20Knapp | Ole Knapp | Ole Knapp (8 November 1931 – 4 November 2015) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. Born in Gjøvik in 1931, Knapp became Minister of Industry in 1990, serving until 1992.
References
1931 births
2015 deaths
Deputy members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Politicians from Gjøvik
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway |
4012122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Knudsen | Christopher Knudsen | Christopher Knudsen (4 October 1843 – 28 July 1915) was a Norwegian priest and politician for the Conservative Party. He was Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1905 to 1906.
Knudsen was born in Drammen as a son of railroad worker Knud Larssen (1814–66) and Marie A. Christophersen Aaserud (1812–1890). He was married twice; first from February 1869 to Marie Charlotte Andrea Hermanstorff (1849–1873), then from September 1874 to Ida Regine Lohne (1855–1949). He was an uncle of politician Knud Christian Knudsen.
He finished his secondary education in 1861, graduated with the cand.theol. degree in 1867, and in 1879 he became vicar in the newly established parish of Nedre Eiker. When Nedre Eiker became its own municipality in 1885, he sat in the municipal council and on the school board and was elected mayor. He left Nedre Eiker in 1886, and became a curate in Drammen. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from that city in 1894 and 1897. He was then elected for a third term in 1900 from the constituency Tønsberg, where he had been appointed vicar.
On 11 March 1905, when Michelsen's Cabinet assumed office, Knudsen was appointed Norwegian Minister of Education and Church Affairs. This cabinet oversaw the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905. Knudsen left the cabinet on 26 January 1906.
References
1843 births
1915 deaths
Politicians from Drammen
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian schoolteachers
Norwegian priest-politicians
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Buskerud
Ministers of Education of Norway |
4012141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nassau%20Molesworth | William Nassau Molesworth | William Nassau Molesworth (8 November 1816 – 19 December 1890) was an English priest, historian and vegan. He was a priest for the Church of England's parish church in Manchester.
Background and life
He was the eldest son of John Edward Nassau Molesworth, vicar of Rochdale, Lancashire, and his first wife Harriet; William was born 8 November 1816, at Millbrook, near Southampton, where his father then held a curacy. The engineer Sir Guilford Lindsey Molesworth was his brother. He was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and at St. John's College, Cambridge and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where as a senior optime, he graduated B.A. in 1839. In 1842, he proceeded to the degree of M.A., and in 1883 the university of Glasgow gave him its LL.D. degree.
Molesworth was ordained in 1839, and became curate to his father in Rochdale. In 1841 the warden and fellows of the Manchester Collegiate Church presented him to the incumbency of St. Andrew's Church, Travis Street, Ancoats, in Manchester, and in 1844 his father presented him to the church of St. Clement, Spotland, near Rochdale. He held that living till his resignation through ill-health in 1889.
An earnest parish priest, in 1881 Molesworth was made an honorary canonry in Manchester Cathedral by Bishop Fraser. He was a high churchman but politically radical. He was the friend of John Bright, who praised one of his histories, and of Richard Cobden, and received information from Lord Brougham for his History of the Reform Bill. He was among the first to support the co-operative movement, which he knew through the Rochdale Pioneers, and served as President of the second day of the 1870 Co-operative Congress, the second to take place.
Though described as 'angular in manner,' he appears to have been agreeable and estimable in private life. After some years of ill-health, he died at Rochdale 19 December 1890, and was buried at Spotland.
Veganism
Molesworth was a member of the Vegetarian Society and lectured on the economical and hygienic benefits of a vegetarian diet at a conference of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester on 17 May 1876. Molesworth was a vegan as he abstained from all animal products including butter, eggs and milk. He also opposed the consumption of coffee, grease, salt and tea.
Family
On 3 September 1844 he married Margaret Murray, the daughter of George Murray of Ancoats Hall, Manchester, by whom he had six sons and one daughter.
Works
Molesworth wrote a number of political and historical works, 'rather annals than history,' but copious and accurate. His principal work was History of England from 1830, appearing 1871–3, and incorporating an earlier work on the Great Reform Bill; it reached a fifth thousand in 1874, and an abridged edition was published in 1887. His other works were:
Essay on the Religious Importance of Secular Instruction, 1857.
Essay on the French Alliance, which in 1860 gained the Emerton prize adjudicated by Lords Brougham, Clarendon, and Shaftesbury.
Plain Lectures on Astronomy, 1862.
History of the Reform Bill of 1832, 1864.
History of the Church of England from 1660, 1882.
He also edited, with his father, Common Sense, 1842–3.
References
Attribution
External links
1816 births
1890 deaths
19th-century English historians
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Church of England priests
People associated with the Vegetarian Society
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
People from Southampton (district)
Presidents of Co-operative Congress
Proto-vegans
Tea critics
Veganism activists |
4012156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Ministers%20for%20Food%2C%20Agriculture%20and%20Fisheries%20%28Denmark%29 | List of Ministers for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark) | This is a list of Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark since the establishment of the Minister for Agriculture in 1896.
Ministers of Food
Ministers of Agriculture
Ministers of Fisheries
References
Food
Agriculture in Denmark
Fishing in Denmark |
4012157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete%20Knudsen | Grete Knudsen | Grete Knudsen (born 13 October 1940) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. She was the state secretary to the Minister of Education and Church Affairs 1979–1981, Minister of Social Affairs (social affairs) 1992–1994, Minister of Foreign Affairs (trade and shipping affairs) 1994–1996, Minister of Industry and Energy (industry affairs) 1996, Minister of Industry and Trade 1997, as well as minister of Nordic cooperation 1996–1997, and Minister of Industry and Trade 2000–2001 in the first cabinet Stoltenberg. Knudsen was a teacher before her political career, and worked as principal of a special education school in Bergen.
In 2008 she was appointed as a member of the board of the National Gallery of Norway.
On 13 August 2013 she released a book, Basketak (Brawl) that Stein Kåre Kristiansen (a political commentator for TV2) called "This is an unpleasant package of shit in the middle of the election campaign. This does not suit the Labour Party well." On the same day Jan-Erik Larsen said that he had spoken to party leaders at the lowest level, from all over Norway, and the verdict is clear: This is what the party needed the least, at the moment.
References
1940 births
Living people
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians |
4012160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Praise%20Singer | The Praise Singer | The Praise Singer is a historical novel by Mary Renault first published in 1978. Its narrator and main character is the real-life lyric poet Simonides of Ceos, whose life (ca. 556 BC-469 BCE) spanned the transition from an oral to a written culture in Ancient Greece. Renault's fiction argues that this transition was in part responsible for the cultural flowering known as the Golden Age of Athens—though she also gives credit to Hipparchus, Tyrant of Athens, who attracted talented artists like Simonides to live in his city. Renault depicts him as having the works of Homer set down in writing for the first time.
The book contains portraits of several other historical figures, such as the mathematician/philosopher Pythagoras, and the erotic poet Anakreon.
Plot summary
The book follows the life of Simonides from the point of view of his older self. As a boy, silent and lacking confidence due to his extreme ugliness, he is brought up with strict discipline by his father, Leoprepes. He finds comfort in the love of his handsome older brother Theasides, and in music. When a travelling singer, Kleobis, visits Keos to perform at a wedding, Simonides begs to be taken on as an apprentice. This Kleobis does, and they leave together on their travels.
Under Kleobis' tutelage Simonides becomes a talented composer and performer, but he remains physically ugly. This proves a severe disadvantage when, after the fall of Kleobis' native city of Ephesos to the Persians, Kleobis and Simonides attempt to find a patron at the court of Polycrates of Samos. Polycrates is a connoisseur of beauty, in boys as much as in music or art, and Simonides' appearance is not a recommendation. Kleobis and Simonides find themselves out of fashion at court, and scrabbling for work.
Simonides travels back to Keos to enter a music contest, leaving Kleobis behind in Samos nursing a slight illness. He wins the contest, but discovers, on returning, that Kleobis has died.
Simonides now finds a patron in Peisistratus, the tyrant of Athens. He becomes a successful musician in that city, and after Peisistratos' death, his sons Hippias and Hipparchus continue the family's patronage. Through Hipparchos, Simonides is introduced to the hetaira Lyra, whose lover he becomes. Hipparchos himself is sexually oriented to boys, not women, and Simonides witnesses his eventual downfall, when Hipparchos uses his political power to punish the family of a young boy who rejects his advances, and the boy and his lover retaliate by murdering him. Here Renault draws on the tale of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, also known as the Tyrannicides (τυραννοκτόνοι), whose attack against the Peisistratid tyranny made them iconic personages of Athenian democracy.
References
1978 British novels
Novels by Mary Renault
Novels set in ancient Greece
1970s LGBT novels
Novels with gay themes |
4012162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakuen-Toshi%20Station | Gakuen-Toshi Station | is a station of the Seishin-Yamate Line of Kobe Municipal Subway in Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan. There are many education institutions and famous Japanese universities in the area. The institutions include Nissan Business School and Kobe Design University.
Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Stations of Kobe Municipal Subway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1985 |
4012175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20George%20Washington%20%28Jacksonville%29 | Hotel George Washington (Jacksonville) | The Hotel George Washington, on the corner of Adams and Julia Streets in Jacksonville, Florida, was a 15-story luxury hotel that was in operation from 1926 to 1971. In its later years, it was one of only two luxury hotels in the downtown area. By the 1960s, it was the only five-star hotel in the area after the demise of the Hotel Roosevelt.
History
On Armistice Day 1925, local businessman Robert Kloeppel announced to crowds in downtown Jacksonville that a luxury hotel would be built.
The local firm of Marsh and Saxelbye served as architects.
Other investors built the Hotel Roosevelt (then called the Carling Hotel) to compete with Kloeppel, and both hotels were constructed throughout 1926. On December 15, the George Washington was complete. The mayor at the time, John Alsop, along with the current and former Florida governor, were on hand for ribbon-cutting ceremonies. Radios were installed in every one of the 350 rooms so visitors could listen to opening-day festivities, broadcast by radio station WJAX. Kloeppel spent $1.5 million of his own money to construct the hotel. The "Hotel George Washington" sign, built on the rooftop, was the first neon sign in Jacksonville.
The Hotel George Washington, in its heyday, was the center of cultural activities in Jacksonville. The George Washington Auditorium, built in 1941, was the biggest concert hall in town at the time (replacing the Duval County Armory), big enough for classical music events and cotillion balls. The Hotel housed a steak house, a cocktail lounge, a dance hall called the Rainbow Room, a Rexall drugstore and a barber shop. Charles Lindbergh stayed at the George Washington while visiting Jacksonville.
The Beatles
The Beatles were scheduled to perform on September 11, 1964 at the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville, where they supposedly overheard that the venue was segregated. They refused to play until the local officials and promoters assured them that it would be an integrated audience. City officials responded that the concert had never been slated to be segregated.
As the group headed from Montreal to Jacksonville, their flight was diverted to Key West due to Hurricane Dora. They traveled to Jacksonville the same day of the concert with no hotel accommodation because the Hotel George Washington in Jacksonville, which was initially booked, was segregated and would not change their operating procedure. When asked by reporters about the cancellation of the hotel, George Harrison said, "We don't know about our accommodations at all. We don't arrange that. But you know, we don't appear anywhere there is [segregation]."
Closure
In 1964, most of the businesses which operated from the Roosevelt's ground floor moved into the George Washington. Despite the new infusion of business, behind-the-scenes turnover caused the George Washington to fall into disrepair. In 1963, original owner Robert Kloeppel sold the George Washington to dog track magnate Bill Johnson, who in turn sold the hotel to other investors in 1969.
After 1969, one by one, the businesses inside the ground floor went out of business. The hotel was closed in 1971 and torn down in 1973. Currently, the site is occupied by the parking garage of the new Jacksonville Electric Authority (JEA) headquarters building that is under construction as of mid 2021.
Notes
References
'Twas a grand time for a grand hotel, Bill Foley for The Florida Times-Union; November 14, 1998; accessed August 2, 2018.
Fan Recalls Beatles Invasion of Jacksonville, Deanna Fene for First Coast NewsWTLV/WJXX; February 10, 2004; accessed May 27, 2007.
Hotel buildings completed in 1926
Buildings and structures demolished in 1973
1971 disestablishments in Florida
Demolished hotels in Florida
Skyscrapers in Jacksonville, Florida
History of Jacksonville, Florida
Buildings and structures in Jacksonville, Florida
Skyscraper hotels in Florida
Hotels in Jacksonville
1926 establishments in Florida |
4012177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai%20Knudsen | Kai Knudsen | Kai Birger Knudsen (25 June 1903 – 3 March 1977) was a Norwegian judge and politician for the Labour Party.
He was born in Vardø as a son of kemner Kai Angell Knudsen (1869–1944) and Julie Huse (1873–1952). He finished his secondary education in 1922, and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1926. He worked as an audit in Haugesund 1926-1927, then deputy judge in Heddal 1928-1930 and junior solicitor in Notodden 1930-1935. After the war he was acting district stipendiary magistrate (sorenskriver) of Tinn and Heddal from 1945 to 1946, and also mayor of Notodden during the same period. As an elected politician he served in the position of deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from the Market towns of Telemark and Aust-Agder counties during the term 1945–1949. He then worked in the Office of the State Conciliator of Norway from 1946 to 1948.
From 1948 he worked as a Secretary for the Prime Minister (from 1956 known as "State Secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister"). During Torp's Cabinet Knudsen became acting Minister of Justice and the Police from 18 October 1952 to 20 December 1952, then on a permanent basis until 15 June 1954. His successor Gustav Sjaastad studied law in the same period as Knudsen, from 1922 to 1926. Knudsen served as Minister of Defence until the cabinet change in 1955. In the new Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet Knudsen was appointed Secretary to the Prime Minister again, but left in late 1955.
Knudsen was then district stipendiary magistrate in Indre Follo from 1955 to 1973. He chaired the board of the Norwegian Directorate of Labour from 1950 to 1975 as well as the National Wages Board from 1955 to 1968.
In 1943 he married Lilli Margrethe Wergeland, a sister of Harald Wergeland. He died in March 1977.
Notes
References
1903 births
1977 deaths
People from Vardø
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Telemark
Deputy members of the Storting
Norwegian state secretaries
Norwegian judges
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Defence ministers of Norway |
4012179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20Isak%20de%20Lange%20Kobro | Jens Isak de Lange Kobro | Jens Isak de Lange Kobro (20 August 1882 – 14 May 1967) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party. He was Minister of Defence 1933–1935.
References
1882 births
1967 deaths
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Defence ministers of Norway |
4012185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Kolstad | Eva Kolstad | Eva Severine Lundegaard Kolstad (born Eva Severine Lundegaard Hartvig; 6 May 1918 – 26 March 1999) was a Norwegian politician and government minister for the Liberal Party. A major figure in the history of liberal feminism and the development of state feminism in the Nordic countries, she pioneered gender equality policies in Norway and at the United Nations. She served as President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (1956–1968), member and vice chairman of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (1969–1975), Minister of Government Administration and Consumer Affairs of Norway in Korvald's Cabinet (1972–1973), leader of the Liberal Party (1974–1976) and as Norwegian Gender Equality Ombudsman (1978–1988), the first gender equality ombudsman worldwide.
Early life
Eva Kolstad was born in 1918 in Halden, Norway. She worked as a bookkeeping teacher before becoming active in the cause of women's rights.
Career
Kolstad was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1974 to 1976, making her the first female party leader in Norway. She was also the first ombudsman for gender equality (likestillingsombud) in Norway, and in extent the world. Outside politics she worked as an accountant.
She was a minor ballot candidate in the 1953 election, and was not elected. She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Oslo during the terms 1957–1961 and 1965–1969. In between she was runner-up behind Helge Seip on the Liberal ballot in the 1961 election, but the Liberals had no MPs elected. She was the Minister of Administration and Consumer Affairs in 1972–1973 during the cabinet Korvald. On the local level she was member of the executive committee of Oslo city council from 1960 to 1975.
Kolstad was a Commander of the Order of St. Olav and received the Medal of St. Hallvard in 1986.
Personal life
She was married to the lawyer and Assistant Director General in the Ministry of Justice, Ragnar Kolstad. Her father-in-law was Prime Minister Peder Kolstad.
References
Norwegian women's rights activists
Government ministers of Norway
1918 births
1999 deaths
Ombudsmen in Norway
Deputy members of the Storting
Women members of the Storting
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Norwegian feminists
Women government ministers of Norway
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
People from Halden |
4012191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik%20Ludvig%20Konow | Fredrik Ludvig Konow | Fredrik Ludvig Konow (23 June 1864 – 14 August 1953) was a Norwegian businessman and a politician for the Free-minded Liberal Party.
He was born in Bergen as a son of merchant and consul Wollert Konow (1829–1885) and Wilhelmine Marie Bredahl (1828–1908). He was named after his grandfather, who was son of Wollert Konow and a brother of Wollert and Carl Konow. His great-great-grandfather was named Friedrich Ludwig Konow, and migrated to Bergen from Germany in the late 1700s.
Fredrik Ludvig Konow was also a second cousin of Carl and Sten Konow, first cousin once removed of Wollert Konow (H) and Wollert Konow (SB), and uncle of Frederik Konow Lund. He was married twice; first to Birgit Helene Schjøtt (1877–1901) since 1896, and after her death to Lily Rieck (1878–1956) since 1904.
He was Minister of Finance during 1912–1913 and 1926–1928. The first time he served in the Bratlie's Cabinet, then in Lykke's Cabinet. He was also elected to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Nordnes in 1909 and 1918.
References
1864 births
1954 deaths
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Free-minded Liberal Party politicians
Fredrik Ludwig
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Norwegian bankers
Norwegian businesspeople in shipping
Politicians from Bergen |
4012192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstituted%20meat | Reconstituted meat | A reconstituted meat, meat slurry, or emulsified meat is a liquefied meat product that contains fewer fats, pigments and less myoglobin than unprocessed dark meats. Meat slurry is more malleable than dark meats and eases the process of meat distribution as pipelines may be used.
Meat slurry is not designed to sell for general consumption; rather, it is used as a meat supplement in food products for humans, such as chicken nuggets, and food for domestic animals. Poultry is a common meat slurry. Beef and pork are also used.
Properties and production
The characteristics of dark meat from poultry; such as its color, low plasticity, and high fat content; are caused by myoglobin, a pigmented chemical compound found in muscle tissue that undergoes frequent use. Because domestic poultry rarely fly, the flight muscles in the breast contain little myoglobin and appear white. Dark meat which is high in myoglobin is less useful in industry, especially fast food, because it is difficult to mold into shapes. Processing dark meat into a slurry makes it more like white meat, easier to prepare.
The meat is first finely ground and mixed with water. The mixture is then used in a centrifuge or with an emulsifier to separate the fats and myoglobin from the muscle. The product is then allowed to settle into three layers: meat, excess water, and fat. The remaining liquefied meat is then flash-frozen and packaged.
See also
Meat emulsion
Mechanically separated meat
Offal
Pink slime
Surimi
References
External links
UGA scientist takes dark out of chicken meat
BBC News: Junk Food to be Banned in Schools
Meat
Fast food
Meat industry |
4012200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201936%20Winter%20Olympics | Canada at the 1936 Winter Olympics | Canada competed at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Canadian Olympic Committee secretary-treasurer Fred Marples served as head of mission for the Canadian delegation to the Olympics and oversaw all travel arrangements. Amateur Athletic Union of Canada president W. A. Fry self-published a book covering Canadian achievements at the 1936 Winter Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics. His 1936 book, Canada at eleventh Olympiad 1936 in Germany : Garmisch-Partenkirchen, February 6th to 13th, Berlin, August 1st to 16th, was printed by the Dunnville Chronicle presses and subtitled an official report of the Canadian Olympic Committee. He wrote that Canadians did very well at the 1936 Olympic games despite having one-tenth of the population of other countries. He opined that the length of the Canadian winter negatively affected summer training, and that Canadian athletes were underfunded compared to other countries.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
Group A
Top two teams advanced to semifinals
Group A
Top two teams advanced to Medal Round
Medal Round
Relevant results from the semifinal were carried over to the final
Top scorer
Nordic combined
Events:
18 km cross-country skiing
normal hill ski jumping
The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event of cross-country skiing. Those results can be found above in this article in the cross-country skiing section. Some athletes (but not all) entered in both the cross-country skiing and Nordic combined event, their time on the 18 km was used for both events.
The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below.
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
Official outfitter
HBC was the official outfitter of clothing for members of the Canadian Olympic team.
Sources
Olympic Winter Games 1936, full results by sports-reference.com
References
Nations at the 1936 Winter Olympics
1936
Olympics, Winter |
4012202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Konow | Thomas Konow | Thomas Konow (10 October 1796 – 10 October 1881) was a Norwegian naval officer and politician. He was a member of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.
Background
He was born in Bergen, Norway as a son of merchant Friedrich Ludwig Konow (1746–1798) and his wife Anna Hedvig Rieck (1756–1810). His father and uncle had migrated from Germany to Norway; the surname stemming from the village, Konau. Thomas Konow was a brother of the merchant-politicians Wollert Konow and August Konow. In March 1827 he married Catharina Magdalene Reichborn (1807–1844).
Career
Starting in 1805 as a cadet in the Danish-Norwegian navy, he was promoted to Junior Lieutenant in 1813 and served on the brig Lolland in Norwegian waters. On 6 May 1814 his name was removed from the list of Danish Naval Officers as he had transferred his allegiance to Norway after these two countries separated after the Treaty of Kiel. Lolland became a Norwegian vessel at the same time. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvold in 1814 as a representative of Vestfold. He supported the position of the Independence Party (Selvstendighetspartiet). The youngest member of the Assembly, at his death he was the last surviving member.
In the Norwegian navy, he was promoted to Senior Lieutenant (6 October 1821), and through the various ranks of Captain to Rear Admiral and Chief of the Navy (11 July 1860). He served as a temporary councillor of state in interim in 1861. He retired 10 October 1869.
References
Other sources
T. A. Topsøe-Jensen, Emil Marquard (1935) Officerer i den dansk-norske Søetat 1660-1814 og den danske Søetat 1814-1932
1796 births
1881 deaths
Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy personnel
Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Norwegian Navy admirals
Politicians from Bergen
Government ministers of Norway
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
Thomas
Order of the Dannebrog
Knights of the Order of the Sword
Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour |
4012217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inger%20Koppern%C3%A6s | Inger Koppernæs | Inger Koppernæs (15 August 1928 – 15 August 1990) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. She was Minister of Transport and Communications from 1981 to 1983. She was deputy representative to the Storting from 1973 to 1981 and permanent representative from 1981 to 1989.
References
1928 births
1990 deaths
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
Members of the Storting
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians |
4012236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20hockey%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20team%20rosters | Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's team rosters | These are the team rosters of the nations that participated in the women's ice hockey tournament of the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Canada
Finland
Germany
Italy
Russian Federation
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
References
rosters
2006 |
4012237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8icke%20Johan%20Rulffs%20Koren | Bøicke Johan Rulffs Koren | Bøicke Johan Rulffs Koren (1828 – 1909) was Norwegian Minister of the Navy in 1884.
References
1828 births
1909 deaths
Government ministers of Norway |
4012242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20Game%20of%20the%20Week | Major League Baseball Game of the Week | The Major League Baseball Game of the Week (GOTW) is the de facto title for nationally televised coverage of regular season Major League Baseball games. The Game of the Week has traditionally aired on Saturday afternoons. When the national networks began televising national games of the week, it opened the door for a national audience to see particular clubs. While most teams were broadcast, emphasis was always on the league leaders and the major market franchises that could draw the largest audience.
History
Origins
1950s
In , ABC-TV executive Edgar J. Scherick (who would later go on to create Wide World of Sports) broached a Saturday Game of the Week- baseball's first regular-season network telecast. At the time, ABC was labeled a "nothing network" that had fewer outlets than CBS or NBC. ABC also needed paid programming or "anything for bills" as Scherick put it. At first, ABC hesitated at the idea of a nationally televised regular season baseball program.
In April 1953, Scherick set out to acquire broadcasting rights from various major league clubs, but only got the Philadelphia Athletics, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago White Sox to sign on. To make matters worse, Major League Baseball blacked out the Game of the Week on any TV stations within 50 miles of a ballpark. Major League Baseball, according to Scherick, insisted on protecting local coverage and didn't care about national appeal. ABC though, did care about the national appeal and claimed that "most of America was still up for grabs."
In , ABC earned an 11.4 rating for their Game of the Week telecasts. Blacked-out cities had 32% of households. In the rest of the United States, 3 in 4 TV sets in use watched Dizzy Dean and Buddy Blattner call the games for ABC.
In , CBS took over the Game package, adding Sunday telecasts in . NBC began its own Saturday and Sunday coverage in 1957 and 1959, respectively. In , ABC resumed Saturday telecasts; that year the "Big 3" networks aired a combined 123 games. As ABC's Edgar Scherick later observed, "In '53, no one wanted us. Now teams begged for Game's cash." That year, the NFL began a US$14.1 million revenue-sharing pact. Dean and Blattner continued to call the games for CBS, with Pee Wee Reese replacing Blattner in 1960. Gene Kirby, who'd worked with Dean and Blattner for ABC and Mutual radio, also contributed to the CBS telecasts as a producer and announcer.
1960s
By 1965, Major League Baseball ended Game of the Week blackouts in cities with MLB clubs. Other cities within fifty miles of an MLB stadium got $6.5 million for exclusivity, and split the pot.
On March 17, 1965, Jackie Robinson became the first black network broadcaster for Major League Baseball. According to ABC Sports producer Chuck Howard, despite Robinson having a high, stabbing voice, great presence, and sharp mind, all he lacked was time.
In 1965, ABC provided the first-ever nationwide baseball coverage with weekly Saturday broadcasts on a regional basis. ABC paid $5.7 million for the rights to the 28 Saturday/holiday Games of the Week. ABC's deal covered all of the teams except the New York Yankees and Philadelphia Phillies (who had their own television deals) and called for three regionalized games on Saturdays, Independence Day, and Labor Day. ABC blacked out the games in the home cities of the clubs playing those games. Chris Schenkel, Keith Jackson, and Merle Harmon were the principal play-by-play announcers for ABC's coverage.
NBC's Game of the Week
1960s
In 1966, the New York Yankees, who in the year before played 21 Games of the Week for CBS, joined NBC's package, as did the Philadelphia Phillies. The new package under NBC called for 28 games compared to 1960's three-network combination of 123.
On October 19, 1966, NBC signed a three-year contract with Major League Baseball. The year before, NBC lost the rights to the Saturday-Sunday Game of the Week. In addition, the previous deal limited CBS to covering only 12 weekends when its new subsidiary, the New York Yankees, played at home.
Under the new deal, NBC paid roughly US$6 million per year for 25 Saturday games and prime-time contests on Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Labor Day; $6.1 million for the 1967 World Series and 1967 All-Star Game; and $6.5 million for the 1968 World Series and 1968 All-Star Game. This brought the total value of the contract (which included three Monday night telecasts) up to $30.6 million.
NBC, replacing CBS, traded a circus for a seminar. Pee Wee Reese said "Curt Gowdy was its guy (1966–1975), and didn't want [Dizzy] Dean – too overpowering. Curt was nice, but worried about mistakes. Diz and I just laughed." Falstaff Brewery hyped Dean as Gowdy in return said "I said, 'I can't do "Wabash Cannonball." Our styles clash'"-then came Pee Wee Reese. Gowdy added by saying about the pairing between him and Reese "They figured he was fine with me, and they'd still have their boy."
To many, baseball meant CBS' – Game of the Week thoroughbred. A year later, NBC bought ABC's variant of a mule so to speak. "We had the Series and All-Star Game. 1966–1968's "Game" meant exclusivity," said NBC Sports head Carl Lindemann. Lindemann added by saying "[Colleague] Chet Simmons and liked him [Gowdy] with the Sox and football"-also, getting two network sports for the price of one. As his analyst, Gowdy wanted his friend Ted Williams. NBC's lead sponsor, Chrysler said no when Williams, a Sears spokesman, was pictured putting stuff in a Ford truck.
A black and white kinescope (saved by Armed Forces Television) of a July 12, between the Philadelphia Philles and Chicago Cubs is believed to be the oldest surviving complete telecast of the Saturday afternoon Game of the Week.
1960s ratings
The Nielsen ratings for the Game of the Week from – as well as the World Series fell by 10 and 19%, respectively. Only the All-Star Game nixed the seemingly growing view that baseball was too bland for a hip and inchoate age. Almost half (48%) in a Harris Poll named baseball as their favorite sport. Just 19% did a decade later, as football became more popular than baseball on television and by attendance figures. Part of the problem was that exclusivity began. Lindsey Nelson said "Think of the last decade. Mel, Buck, Diz-and one guy replaces 'em." As viewers grew tired, the Sporting News got so many unfavorable letters (mostly concerning their problems with Curt Gowdy)-"atrocity...a pallbearer...baseball is not dead, no thanks to Gowdy"-it routed them to NBC. Harry Caray wrote "As spectacle, baseball suffers on [TV]." He added by saying "The fan at the park [talk, drink, take Junior to the john] rarely notices the time span between pitches. Not to the same fan at home." Although not necessarily responsible, Gowdy was held accountable, becoming, as he did, more visible than even Dizzy Dean.
One other problem was that although the "Game Of The Week" was available in cities with Major League clubs; network telecasts often went head-to-head with local broadcasts of hometown teams, since at the time, nearly all Saturday games in the league were afternoon contests. Given a choice of watching the hometown team or a network "Game Of The Week", most fans would pick the former.
1970s
In , NBC paid US$10.7 million per year to show 25 Saturday Games of the Week and the other half of the postseason (the League Championship Series in odd numbered years and World Series in even numbered years). NBC would continue this particular arrangement with ABC through .
Joe Garagiola was pushed to succeed Curt Gowdy, who by 1978 was reduced to being a roving World Series reporter, as NBC's #1 play-by-play announcer (and team with color commentator Tony Kubek) in . NBC hoped that Garagiola's charm and unorthodox dwelling on the personal would stop a decade-long ratings dive for the Game of the Week. Instead, the ratings bobbed from 6.7 () via 7.5 () to 6.3 (–). "Saturday had a constituency but it didn't swell" said NBC Sports executive producer Scotty Connal. Some believed that millions missed Dizzy Dean while local-team TV split the audience.
Scotty Connal believed that the team of Joe Garagiola and Tony Kubek were "A great example of black and white." Connal added by saying "A pitcher throws badly to third, Joe says, 'The third baseman's fault.' Tony: 'The pitcher's'" Media critic Gary Deeb termed theirs "the finest baseball commentary ever carried on network TV."
In late , Milwaukee Brewers announcer Merle Harmon left Milwaukee completely in favor of a multi-year pact with NBC. Harmon saw the NBC deal as a perfect opportunity since according to The Milwaukee Journal he would make more money, get more exposure, and do less traveling. At NBC, Harmon did SportsWorld, the backup Game of the Week, and served as a field reporter for the 1980 World Series. Harmon most of all, had hoped to cover the American boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics from Moscow. After NBC pulled out of their scheduled coverage of the 1980 Summer Olympics, Harmon considered it "a great letdown." To add insult to injury, NBC fired Harmon in in favor of Bob Costas. Incidentally, long time NBC Game of the Week announcer Curt Gowdy replaced Harmon, who was working with ABC a year earlier.
1980s
On September 26, 1981, the scheduled Major League Baseball Game of the Week between the Detroit Tigers and Milwaukee Brewers had ended, and the NBC affiliate in Buffalo, New York, WGR-TV (now WGRZ), picked up the network's backup game, a Houston Astros–Los Angeles Dodgers contest in which Nolan Ryan was pitching his lone National League no-hitter. However, the coverage suddenly ended just as the ninth inning started, when the local station cut away to regular programming. WGR-TV felt duty-bound to present a naval training film--Life Aboard an Aircraft Carrier. (Baseball Hall of Shame 2 (1986), by Nash and Zullo; pp. 108–09)
By 1983, Joe Garagiola had stepped aside from the play-by-play duties for Vin Scully while Tony Kubek was paired with Bob Costas on NBC telecasts. The New York Times observed the performance of the team of Scully and Garagiola by saying "The duo of Scully and Garagiola is very good, and often even great, is no longer in dispute." A friend of Garagiola's said "He understood the cash" concerning NBC's 1984–1989 407% Major League Baseball hike. At this point the idea was basically summarized as Vin Scully "being the star" whereas, Joe Garagiola was Pegasus or NBC's junior light.
When NBC inked a US$550 million contract for six years in the fall of 1982, a return on the investment so to speak demanded Vin Scully to be their star baseball announcer. Vin Scully reportedly made $2 million a year during his time with NBC in the 1980s. NBC Sports head Thomas Watson said about Scully "He is baseball's best announcer. Why shouldn't he be ours?" Dick Enberg, who did the Game of the Week the year prior to Vin Scully's hiring mused "No room for me. "Game" had enough for two teams a week."
Vin Scully had to wait over 15 years to get his shot at calling the Game of the Week. Prior to 1983, Scully only announced the 1966 and 1974 World Series for NBC (during the time-frame of NBC having the Game of the Week) since they both involved Scully's Dodgers. Henry Hecht once wrote "NBC's Curt Gowdy, Tony Kubek, and Monte Moore sounded like college radio rejects vs. Scully."
When Tony Kubek first teamed with Bob Costas in 1983, Kubek said "I'm not crazy about being assigned to the backup game, but it's no big ego deal." Costas said about working with Kubek "I think my humor loosened Tony, and his knowledge improved me." The team of Costas and Kubek proved to be a formidable pair. There were even some who preferred the team of Kubek and Costas over the musings of Vin Scully and the asides of Joe Garagiola.
One of Bob Costas and Tony Kubek's most memorable broadcasts came on June 23, 1984. The duo were at Chicago's Wrigley Field to call an unbelievable 12–11 contest between the Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals. Led by second baseman Ryne Sandberg, the Cubs rallied from a 9–3 deficit before winning it in extra innings. After Sandberg hit his second home run in the game (with two out in the bottom of the 9th to tie it 11–11), Costas cried "That's the real Roy Hobbs because this can't be happening! We're sitting here, and it doesn't make any difference if it's 1984 or '54-just freeze this and don't change a thing!"
In 1985, NBC got a break when Major League Baseball dictated a policy that no local game could be televised at the same time that a network Game of the Week was being broadcast. Additionally, for the first time, NBC was able to feed the Game of the Week telecasts to the two cities whose local teams participated. In time, MLB teams whose Saturday games were not scheduled for the Game of the Week would move the start time of their Saturday games to avoid conflict with the NBC network game, and thus, make it available to local television in the team's home city (and the visiting team's home city as well).
The end of an era
On December 14, 1988, CBS (under the guidance of Commissioner Peter Ueberroth, Major League Baseball's broadcast director Bryan Burns, CBS Inc. CEO Laurence Tisch as well as CBS Sports executives Neal Pilson and Eddie Einhorn) paid approximately US$1.8 billion for exclusive over-the-air television rights for over four years (beginning in 1990). CBS paid about $265 million each year for the World Series, League Championship Series, All-Star Game, and the Saturday Game of the Week.
NBC's final Game of the Week was televised on October 9, 1989. It was Game 5 of the National League Championship Series between the San Francisco Giants and Chicago Cubs from Candlestick Park. At the end of the telecast, game announcer Vin Scully said "It's a passing of a great American tradition. It is sad. I really and truly feel that. It will leave a vast window, to use a Washington word, where people will not get Major League Baseball and I think that's a tragedy. It's a staple that's gone. I feel for people who come to me and say how they miss it, and I hope me."
Bob Costas said "Who thought baseball'd kill its best way to reach the public? It coulda kept us and CBS-we'd have kept the "Game"-but it only cared about cash." Costas added that he would rather do a Game of the Week that got a 5 rating than host a Super Bowl. "Whatever else I did, I'd never have left "Game of the Week"" Costas claimed.
The final regular season edition of NBC's Game of the Week was televised on September 30, 1989. That game featured the Toronto Blue Jays beating Baltimore Orioles 4–3 to clinch the AL East title from the SkyDome. It was the 981st edition of NBC's Game of the Week overall. Tony Kubek reacted by saying "I can't believe it" when the subject came about NBC losing baseball for the first time since 1947. Coincidentally, from 1977–1989, Tony Kubek (in addition to his NBC duties) worked as a commentator for the Toronto Blue Jays.
NBC's Game of the Week facts
On April 7, 1984, the Detroit Tigers' Jack Morris threw a no-hitter against the Chicago White Sox at Comiskey Park; the game was the 1984 season opener for NBC's baseball coverage, and it was the only no-hit game thrown in the series' history.
NBC's Game of the Week announcers
Sal Bando (1982)
Buddy Blattner (1969)
Jack Buck (1976)
Bob Costas (1982–1989)
Dick Enberg (1977–1982)
Curt Gowdy (1965–1975)
Joe Garagiola (1974–1988)
Merle Harmon (1980–1981)
Charlie Jones (1977–1979)
Sandy Koufax (1967–1972)
Tony Kubek (1966–1989)
Ron Luciano (1980–1981)
Tim McCarver (1980)
Jon Miller (1986–1989)
Joe Morgan (1986–1987)
Monte Moore (1978–1980, 1983)
Bill O'Donnell (1969–1976)
Wes Parker (1979)
Jay Randolph (1982)
Pee Wee Reese (1966–1968)
Ted Robinson (1986–1989)
Vin Scully (1983–1989)
Tom Seaver (1989)
Jim Simpson (1966–1977, 1979)
Maury Wills (1973–1977)
CBS takes over (1990–1993)
CBS alienated and confused fans with their sporadic treatment of regular season telecasts. With a sense of true continuity destroyed, fans eventually figured that they couldn't count on CBS to satisfy their needs (thus poor ratings were a result). CBS televised 16 regular season Saturday afternoon games each season (not counting back-up telecasts), which was 14 fewer than what NBC televised during the previous contract. CBS employed the strategy of airing only a select number of games in part because the network had a number of other weekend summer sports commitments, most notably PGA Tour golf; and partly to build up viewer demand in response to supposedly sagging ratings. In addition, CBS angered fans by largely ignoring the divisional pennant races; instead, their scheduled games focused on games featuring major-market teams, regardless of their record.
Marv Albert, who'd hosted NBC's baseball pre-game show for many years, said of CBS' baseball coverage that "You wouldn't see a game for a month. Then you didn't know when CBS came back on." Sports Illustrated joked that CBS stood for Covers Baseball Sporadically. USA Today added that Jack Buck and Tim McCarver "may have to have a reunion before [their] telecast." Mike Lupica of the New York Daily News took the criticism a step further by calling CBS' baseball deal "The Vietnam of sports television."
NBC play-by-play man Bob Costas believed that a large bulk of the regular season coverage beginning in the 1990s shifted to cable (namely, ESPN) because CBS, the network that was taking over from NBC the television rights beginning in 1990, didn't really want the Saturday Game of the Week. Many fans who didn't appreciate CBS' approach to scheduling regular season baseball games believed that they were only truly after the marquee events (i.e. All-Star Game, League Championship Series, and the World Series) in order to sell advertising space (especially the fall entertainment television schedule).
Regular season (Saturday afternoons: April–September)
Hiatus period (1994–1995)
In and , there was no traditional Saturday Game of the Week coverage. In those two seasons, The Baseball Network (a joint venture by MLB, NBC and ABC) utilized a purely regional schedule of 12 games per week that could only be seen based on the viewer's local affiliate.
The Fox era (1996–present)
Major League Baseball made a deal with the Fox Broadcasting Company on November 7, 1995. Fox paid a fraction less of the amount of money that CBS paid for the Major League Baseball television rights for the 1990–1993 seasons. Unlike the previous television deal, "The Baseball Network", Fox reverted to the format of televising regular season games (approximately 16 weekly telecasts that normally began on Memorial Day weekend) on Saturday afternoons. Fox did however, continue a format that "The Baseball Network" started by offering games based purely on a viewer's region. Fox's approach has usually been to offer four regionalized telecasts, with exclusivity from 1:00 to 4:00 P.M. in each time zone. When Fox first got into baseball, it used the motto "Same game, new attitude." It was also used when the network acquired the partial broadcast rights to the National Football League two years earlier.
Like NBC and CBS before it, Fox determined its Saturday schedule by who was playing a team from one of the three largest television markets: New York City, Los Angeles, or Chicago. If there was a game which combined two of these three markets, it would be aired.
In Fox's first season of Major League Baseball coverage in , they averaged a 2.7 rating for its Saturday Game of the Week. That was down 23% from CBS' 3.4 in 1993 despite the latter network's infamy for its rather haphazard Game of the Week schedule.
In , Fox's Game of the Week telecasts only appeared three times after August 28, due to ratings competition from college football (especially since Fox affiliates may have had syndicated college football broadcasts). One unidentified former Fox broadcaster complained by saying "Fox is MIA on the pennant race, and Joe [Buck] doesn't even do [September 18's] Red Sox-Yankees. What kind of sport would tolerate that?" By this point, Joe Buck was unavailable to call baseball games, since he became Fox's #1 NFL announcer (a job he has held since ). The following two seasons saw similar interruptions in Fox's September coverage.
One of the terms of the deal was that, beginning with the 2007 season, the Saturday Game of the Week coverage was extended over the entire season rather than starting after Memorial Day, with most games being aired in the 3:30–7:00 p.m. (EDT) time slot, changed to 4:00 to 7:00 after Fox cancelled its in-studio pre-game program for the 2009 season. Exceptions were added in 2010 with 3:00 to 7:00 for Saturday afternoons where Fox would broadcast a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race in prime time (which starts at 7:30) and 7:00 to 10:00, when Fox broadcasts the UEFA Champions League soccer final (which starts at 3:00).
For 2012, Fox revised its schedule. While the 3:30 p.m. EDT starting time continues, weekly games on Saturday NASCAR race dates in Texas, Richmond, and Darlington, start at 12:30 p.m. EDT. And starting with the UEFA Champions League Final Match Day until the Saturday before the All-Star Break, all Game of the Week games would start at 7 p.m. EDT. The Baseball Night in America moniker was used for all MLB on Fox games in that span.
In 2014, the Fox Sports 1 cable network began airing regular-season games over 26 Saturdays. As a result, MLB regular season coverage on the over the air Fox network was reduced to 12 weeks.
Fox's regular season ratings (Saturday afternoons: 1996–present)
Fox Sports 1 regular season ratings (2014–present)
Television broadcasters throughout the years
ABC: 1953–1954; 1960; 1965
CBS: 1955–1965; 1990–1993
Fox: 1996–present
NBC: 1957–1964; 1966–1989
The Game of the Week on radio
From 1985 to 1997, the CBS Radio network aired its own incarnation of the Game of the Week, broadcasting games at various times on Saturday afternoons and/or Sunday nights. In 1998, national radio rights went to ESPN Radio, which airs Saturday games during the season as well as Sunday Night Baseball and Opening Day and holiday broadcasts.
Earlier, the Mutual and Liberty networks had aired Game of the Day broadcasts to non-major-league cities in the late 1940s and 1950s.
Announcers
CBS
Joe Buck (1993–1995)
Gary Cohen (1986; 1994–1997)
Jerry Coleman (1985–1997)
Gene Elston (1987–1995)
Curt Gowdy (1985–1986)
Hank Greenwald (1997)
Ernie Harwell (1992–1997)
Jim Hunter (1986–1996)
Bob Murphy (1985–1986; 1988)
John Rooney (1985–1997)
Lindsey Nelson (1985–1986)
Bill White (1985–1989)
ESPN
Dave Campbell (1999–2010)
Kevin Kennedy (1998)
Jon Sciambi (2010–present)
Dan Shulman (2002–2007)
Chris Singleton (2011–present)
Charley Steiner (1998–2001)
Rick Sutcliffe (1999)
Gary Thorne (2008–2009)
Liberty
Bud Blattner (1950–1951)
Jerry Doggett (1950–1951)
Gordon McLendon (1949–1952)
Lindsey Nelson (1950–1951)
Mutual
Bud Blattner (1952; 1954)
Dizzy Dean (1951–1952)
Gene Elston (1958–1960)
Al Helfer (1950–1954)
Van Patrick (1960)
A Games and B Games
The A Game is generally the nickname for the baseball game that is broadcast to approximately 80% of the country. The B Game (also known as the Backup Game) only aired in the participants' home markets. For example, if the Cubs were playing the Cardinals, only the Chicago and St. Louis television markets would get a chance to see the game. The B Game also generally existed as a backup in case of rainouts/delays at the A Game.
Previously (i.e. pre-1980s), NBC typically had the A Game going to most of the country (but not to the markets of the participating teams). While the B Game only went to the home markets of the teams in the A Game. In those days, the TV rules did not allow a market to see its local team play on NBC. However, in situations where the B Game got rained out, the rules would relax.
In the early years of ABC's Monday Night Baseball broadcasts (c. 1976), the rules changed to allow the home market of the A Game's road team to see the A Game. Meanwhile, the A Game's home team got the B Game.
References
External links
Jump The Shark – MLB Game of the Week
Enjoy 'Game of the Week' ... while you can
Baseball's All-Star Game Lacks Former Luster
Searchable Network TV Broadcasts
1953 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
1996 American television series debuts
1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
Game of the Week
Game of the Week
Game of the Week
American Broadcasting Company original programming
CBS original programming
ABC Sports
CBS Sports
Game of the Week
Game of the Week
CBS Radio Sports
Mutual Broadcasting System programs
American television series revived after cancellation
Black-and-white American television shows |
4012245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter%20M%C3%B8rch%20Koren | Petter Mørch Koren | Petter Mørch Koren (22 January 1910 – 14 November 2004) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.
He was a deputy member of Hedrum municipality council in the period 1937–1938 and held various positions in Oslo city council between 1947 and 1965. He was temporary County Governor of Akershus from 1966 to 1970, and County Governor from 1970 to 1979.
From August to September 1963 he served as the Minister of Justice and the Police during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng. In 1972 he was again appointed to this post in the cabinet Korvald, which lasted until 1973.
A jurist by profession, he graduated with the cand.jur. degree from the University of Oslo in 1932. He worked as a civil servant in various government ministries, held numerous posts in public boards and committees, and worked as a judge.
References
1910 births
2004 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Christian Democratic Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo
County Governors of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian judges
Ministers of Justice of Norway |
4012246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington%20Hotel%20%28New%20York%20City%29 | George Washington Hotel (New York City) | The Freehand New York Hotel is located at 23 Lexington Avenue (between 23rd Street and 24th Street) in Gramercy Park, Manhattan, New York City.
History
Located adjacent to the Baruch College and School of Visual Arts campuses, the hotel was opened in 1928 as the George Washington Hotel. At different times it has been used both as a brothel and as a boot-legging house during Prohibition.
In the 1980s, the hotel was raided by the police. For a period of time the building was in receivership; its demolition was prevented by support from a local historical society. The hotel was later purchased at auction, and space was leased to not-for-profit Educational Housing Services in the mid-1990s. Much of the space was under sublease to the School of Visual Arts except for apartments still occupied by original (non-student) tenants who pay stabilized rent, and who are still protected under NYC rent laws. SVA broke sublease and built a new dorm on 24th Street in mid 2016. The ground lease for the property was bought by investment firm Alliance Bernstein in 2016. The company developed the property into a hotel which is now known as the Freehand/New York.
In 2019 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Notable people
The building was occupied by many famous writers, musicians, and poets. These include W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood, who lived there in the 1930s; Auden even dedicated a poem to the hotel. Another was Keith Haring, who lived in the building as a student at SVA.
In the late 1960s, Minoru Yamasaki and a team of architects drafted the early plans for the World Trade Center in a suite at the George Washington. From 1975 until his death in 1979 Al Hodge, who played Captain Video in the popular children's 1950s TV series, lived in an inexpensive rental unit in the hotel. In the 1990s Dee Dee Ramone occupied a room there, as did playwright Jeffrey Stanley and comedian Judah Friedlander.
See also
List of former hotels in Manhattan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
External links
Freehand New York Hotel official website
Hotel buildings completed in 1928
Hotels established in 1928
Defunct hotels in Manhattan
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Apartment buildings in New York City
1928 establishments in New York City
Lexington Avenue
23rd Street (Manhattan) |
4012252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf%20Kortner | Olaf Kortner | Olaf Erling Kortner (10 May 1920 – 26 January 1998) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born in Skien.
From 1948 to 1950 he was the leader of the Young Liberals of Norway, the youth wing of the Liberal Party.
He was a member of Strinda municipality council in the period 1951–1955. From August to September 1963 he served as the Minister of Education and Church Affairs during the short-lived centre-right cabinet of John Lyng.
He served in the position of deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the terms 1965–1969 and 1969–1973. During parts of these terms, from 1965 to 1970, he met as a regular representative for Helge Seip while he was appointed to the cabinet Borten.
A cand.philol. by education (1948), he worked as a teacher in Strinda and Oslo from 1950 to 1970. From 1971 to 1990 he headed the school administration in Akershus.
References
1920 births
1998 deaths
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Politicians from Skien
Ministers of Education of Norway |
4012260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn%20Kristensen | Finn Kristensen | Finn Kristensen (born 24 July 1936) is a Norwegian electrician, trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party. He served as Minister of Industry in 1981, from 1986–1988 and from 1992-1993 and Minister of Petroleum and Energy from 1990-1992. He was also an MP for Telemark from 1969 to 1985.
Early life
He was born in Brevik as a son of welder Bjarne Kornelius Kristensen (1912–1946) and cleaner Jenny Therese Eikefjord (1914–1989). He took a basic training as an electrician, beginning an apprenticeship in 1950. After four years of apprenticeship at Dalen Portland Cementfabrikk, he took one year at the Oslo School of Elementary Technics and learned strong current. He worked at sea for one year, and was then back at Dalen Portland from 1958 to 1962.
Political career
He started a political career in the municipal councils of Eidanger and Porsgrunn from 1959 to 1971. In 1962 he was hired as an instructor in Arbeidernes Opplysningsforbund, where he remained three years. During the same period he was a supervisory council member in the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions. In 1965 he was hired as a county secretary for Telemark Labour Party. He was also elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Telemark in 1965, and was subsequently elected to four full terms in 1969, 1973, 1977 and 1981.
In 1981 Kristensen served as Minister of Industry in the brief Brundtland's First Cabinet. His parliamentary seat was filled by Dagfinn Øksenholt and Einfrid Halvorsen. When Brundtland's Second Cabinet assumed office in 1986, Kristensen became Minister of Industry and served until the cabinet fell in 1989 (from 1988 the post was called Minister of Trade and Industry). When Brundtland's Second Cabinet assumed office in 1990, Kristensen became Minister of Petroleum and Energy. He also became head of the Ministry of Trade in September 1992, overseeing a merger with the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy to create the Ministry of Trade and Energy. Kristensen headed this ministry until October 1993.
In between his governmental jobs, Kristensen was the director of T-invest in Notodden from 1985 to 1986, then a director in Statoil from 1989 to 1990. From 1994 to 2007 he led his own company, F.K. Bedriftsutvikling. He was also a senior adviser in ABB until 1997.
Kristensen chaired Telemark Labour Party from 1972 to 1977, and was a national board member of the Labour Party from 1977 to 1981. He was a deputy board member of the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority from 1974 to 1979 and Næringsøkonomisk institutt in 1980.
References
1936 births
Living people
Politicians from Porsgrunn
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Telemark
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Government ministers of Norway
Petroleum and energy ministers of Norway
Equinor people
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway |
4012292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20248%20F1 | Ferrari 248 F1 | The 248 F1 is a Formula One car, used by Ferrari for the 2006 season. The chassis was designed by Rory Byrne, Simone Resta, Aldo Costa, Tiziano Battistini, Marco Fainello, John Iley and Marco de Luca with Ross Brawn playing a vital role in leading the production of the car as the team's Technical Director and Paolo Martinelli assisted by Giles Simon leading the engine design and operations.
Background, design and technical specifications
Naming and branding
The car was named after its V8 engine: 24 is the capacity in decilitres, and 8 the number of cylinders. The name broke the F200x system used from 2001 to 2005 and returned to a system similar to that used in the 1950s and 1960s (cf. Ferrari 312) but they did revert to the previous system the following year with the F2007. The 248 model was driven by race drivers Michael Schumacher and Felipe Massa. The 248 F1 was the first Ferrari since the F1-2000 not to wear the number one, denoting that the driver is world champion. The car also featured new sponsor decals such as Martini. This was also Vodafone's last year of sponsorship for the Scuderia as they announced that they would switch to McLaren Mercedes as title sponsor. Ferrari used 'Marlboro' logos in Bahrain, Malaysia, Australia, Monaco, China and Japan.
Chassis
The car was an update of the previous year's F2005. Although the V8 engine is shorter than the V10 used in the F2005, the wheelbase is actually the same, reported to be 3,050 mm. The wheelbase was retained via a new longer gearbox casing. The 248 F1 is the last Ferrari Formula One race car to use the single keel technology.
The 248 was Aldo Costa's project as Rory Byrne was taking more of a consultancy role within Ferrari.
Aerodynamics
Some notable features of the new model were the rear view mirrors, which were mounted on the edge of the sidepods of the car rather than conventional position beside the cockpit.
At the start of the season the car featured a triple plane front wing. After the first three races, it was replaced by a twin plane wing, in order to generate more airflow to the underside and diffuser.
Revised rear bodywork was introduced for the French Grand Prix, with a more waisted lower body around the exhausts.
Engine
The engine has been reported to have had a power output of at the start of the 2006 season, but modifications throughout the year boosted the power to around by the season's end.
Season summary
The 248 F1 was used by Ferrari in every race of the 2006 season, unlike in other recent seasons (2002, 2003 and 2005), in which the team had used the previous year's car at the start of the season, while developing a new car.
The car performed well in qualifying at the season opener, the Bahrain Grand Prix, with an all Ferrari front row. However the performance of the car was generally not as fast as the Renault R26 in the first half of the season.
At the Malaysian Grand Prix, the car suffered significant technical problems - a piston problem meant that both drivers had to change their engines during the weekend, incurring qualifying penalties, and for the race the engine speed was limited to prevent a failure. This problem continued to affect the car for the Australian Grand Prix.
An aerodynamic upgrade introduced for the San Marino Grand Prix brought the pace of the car to approximately level with the Renault. At the United States Grand Prix, in Indianapolis, Ferrari were dominant all weekend, resulting in the first Ferrari one-two finish since the same race 12 months beforehand. This seemed to represent a genuine turning point for the car's competitiveness. Modifications throughout the season continued to improve the car's performance, to the point where it was considered the fastest package of all for the remainder of the season – the car won 7 of the last 9 races of the season. Massa claimed his maiden win at the Turkish Grand Prix and later won his home race in Brazil. As a result of the car's improved form, Ferrari and Schumacher were able to close the gap to Renault and Fernando Alonso in their respective championships. However, Schumacher suffered an engine failure while leading the Japanese Grand Prix which effectively ended his title hopes and Ferrari eventually lost out on the Constructor's title by only 5 points to Renault. The 248 did give Schumacher his final Formula 1 win in China.
While Massa took an emotional win at the final race in Brazil, it was Schumacher who put in a storming drive from almost a lap down because of a puncture to finish fourth in what was his last race before his first retirement from the sport.
Overall, the car gave Ferrari 9 race wins and 7 pole positions, and second-place finishes in both the Drivers' and Constructors' World Championship.
Post-season winter testing
The 248 F1 was used in testing prior to the 2007 season, and was the first Ferrari Formula One car which new Ferrari driver Kimi Räikkönen drove, in a test on 23 January 2007 at the Vallelunga circuit.
Race results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
248 F1 Technical Specifications (Scroll down)
248 F1 Testing Statistics
248F1
2006 Formula One season cars |
4012293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai%20Johan%20Lohmann%20Krog | Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog | Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog (6 July 1787 – 15 October 1856) was First Minister of Norway (1836–1855). He also held several other ministerial posts in the period 1821–1855 including Chief of the Ministry of the Army and Navy.
Krog was born at Drangedal in Telemark, Norway. He was the son of Andreas Christian von Krogh and Else Marie Poppe. He grow up at Gran Rectory in Hadeland(Gran prestegård på Hadeland) where his father was parish priest. Krog started his military education as a cadet at the Norwegian Land Cadet Corps in Christiania (now Oslo). He graduated as a second lieutenants in 1805.
In 1814, he was in the service of Prince Christian Frederik of Denmark as adjutant in his general staff. Krog was promoted to Major in 1815. From July 1816, he was commanding chief of the Royal Norwegian Military Academy. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1817. In 1821, Krog was called to Stockholm as acting minister, and followed Crown Prince Oscar on his European tour to find a bride. He served as First Minister of Norway from 1836 to 1855. He resigned as a government minister in 1855 and died at Christiania in 1856 and was buried at Krist kirkegård.
References
1787 births
1856 deaths
People from Telemark
Government ministers of Norway
19th-century Norwegian politicians
Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Norwegian Military College alumni
Norwegian Military Academy faculty
Knights of the Order of Charles XIII
Defence ministers of Norway |
4012295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHII%20%28FM%29 | KHII (FM) | KHII (88.9 FM, "Active Radio") is a radio station broadcasting a gospel music format. Licensed to Cloudcroft, New Mexico, United States, the station is currently owned by Southern New Mexico Radio Foundation.
History
The Federal Communications Commission issued a construction permit for the station on May 18, 1999. The station was assigned the call sign KBOD on June 25, 1999, and on July 9, 1999, changed its call sign to the current KHII. The station was granted its license to cover on August 9, 2002.
References
External links
KHII website
HII
Radio stations established in 2002
Gospel radio stations in the United States
2002 establishments in New Mexico
HII |
4012302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20State%20Road%20406 | Florida State Road 406 | State Road 406 (SR 406), also known as Garden Street, is an east–west road in northern Titusville that connects Interstate 95 (I-95 or SR 9) to U.S. Route 1 (US 1 or SR 5). West of I-95, Garden Street is unsigned County Road 406 (CR 406), with its western terminus at Carpenter Road. East of US 1, it becomes A. Max Brewer Memorial Parkway, part of the Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway.
Major intersections
References
External links
406
406 |
4012320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Krohg%20%28government%20minister%29 | Christian Krohg (government minister) | Christian Krohg (15 January 1777 – 10 November 1828) was a Norwegian councillor of state without ministry in 1814, member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm 1815–1816, Minister of the Interior and Minister of Finance in 1816, Minister of Education and Church Affairs 1816–1817 as well as head of Ministry of the Police in 1817, Minister of Education and Church Affairs and Minister of Justice in 1817, Minister of Justice 1817–1818, as well as head of Ministry of the Police in 1818, and councillor of state without ministry in 1818.
He served as praeses of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1820 to his death. Krohg was the grandfather of Christian Krohg, the painter.
References
1777 births
1828 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Presidents of the Storting
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway |
4012331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Synn%C3%B8ve%20Kvidal | Mary Synnøve Kvidal | Mary Synnøve Kvidal (born 4 July 1943) is a Norwegian school principal and politician for the Labour Party.
She was born in Malvik. After finishing her secondary education in 1963, she graduated from a teachers' college in 1965 and started working as a teacher in her native Malvik. After one year in Vikhammer she was hired at Hommelvik School in 1966, advancing to inspector in 1976 and principal from 1981 to 1988.
Kvidal was elected to Malvik municipal council from 1967 to 1971 and 1975 to 1979. She also held numerous other municipal and regional posts. She chaired Sør-Trøndelag Labour Party from 1987 to 1993, having previously been a board member since 1982 and deputy leader since 1984.
She was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Sør-Trøndelag in 1985, and as a full representative in 1989. She served in Brundtland's Second Cabinet as Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1988 to 1989. Kvidal later served in Brundtland's Third Cabinet and Jagland's Cabinet as State Secretary to the Minister of Industry and Energy in 1996 and to the Minister of Finance 1996-1997.
Kvidal finished her career as director of education in Malvik municipality from 1994 to 2005. In 2006 she was given the King's Medal of Merit in gold.
Outside of politics, Kvidal chaired the Norwegian State Housing Bank from 1986 to 1988 and the supervisory council of the Bank of Norway, was the deputy chair of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation in 1988, board member of Credit Supervisory Authority from 1994 to 1996 and member of the Norwegian Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee from 2003 to 2006.
References
1943 births
Living people
People from Malvik
Heads of schools in Norway
Norwegian civil servants
Norwegian state secretaries
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Women members of the Storting
Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Women government ministers of Norway
Norwegian women state secretaries
Ministers of Education of Norway |
4012335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathrow%20%28video%20game%29 | Deathrow (video game) | Deathrow is a 2002 sports video game developed by Southend Interactive and published by Ubisoft for the Xbox as an exclusive. Deathrow development began in May 1999 as an online PC game. In early 2001, Southend transitioned to an Xbox console release, which let the team use pixel shaders, bump mapped textures, and specular lighting. Deathrow was built on an in-house 3D game engine and was Southend's first full release.
The game is based on the fictional extreme sport Blitz, a futuristic full-contact hybrid of hockey and basketball played with a flying disc. Two teams of four players attempt to move the disc through their opponent's goal, and teams can either win on points or by knocking out their opposing team. There are 150 individual characters across 18 thematic teams. The single-player campaign's plot is set in the 23rd century, when Blitz is a popular, televised sport and the teams battle to scale the ranks and win the championship. Players earn credits from their goals scored, opponent knockouts, and crowd-pleasing to be spent on player upgrades, bets, and new teammates. The game also supports split-screen and System Link multiplayer for up to eight players across up to eight Xbox consoles.
Deathrow received largely favorable reviews. Reviewers praised the game's fast-paced action, and surround sound, but complained of its high difficulty curve, generic soundtrack, and lack of online multiplayer. Some critics felt the game's use of profanity was excessive, while others thought it was a highlight. Reviewers considered the game's concept and mechanics similar to other series, specifically Speedball. IGN and TeamXbox both named Deathrow an Editor's Choice. The game won the TeamXbox 2002 Breakthrough Game of the Year award and the IGN 2002 Best Game Nobody Played. IGN later reported that a sequel would be unlikely due to the original's low revenue. Southend dissolved in 2013.
Gameplay
Deathrow is set in the year 2219, where Blitz is the world's most popular sport. Players attempt to toss a disc through a hoop while avoiding full-contact from their opponents, including punches, kicks, throws, and stomps. Like a futuristic rugby, the sport combines elements of hockey, basketball, and full-contact American football. Critics compared the game's mechanics to Discs of Tron, Mortal Kombat, Blood Bowl, Final Fantasy Xs Blitzball, Blades of Steel, and Speedball, and its aesthetic to that of Blade Runner. The game's premise was also compared to the 1975 film Rollerball.
There are four rounds in a match of Blitz, where two teams of four computer or human players score points for each energized Blitz disc thrown through their opponent's hoop, which is eight feet off the ground. Players pass and travel with the disc across the arenas, and the game continues without pause between points scored. The team with the most points at the end of a match wins. Players can choose to brawl when not scoring points. Fighting depletes character health, depending on who takes the blows. Once his health is completely depleted, a character is removed from the game, and teams with all players knocked out are disqualified (though players can be substituted between rounds). If a player tends towards belligerence, the game's artificial intelligence will compensate and exact revenge for its teammates. Friendly fire, where teammates can intentionally or inadvertently hurt each other with attacks meant for their opponents, is permitted.
There are 150 unique players on 18 teams, each with thematic personalities in appearance, play style, and profanity. Teams also vary in skill set, and attributes such as defense, speed, strength, and teamwork. Examples include the Sea Cats (fast all-female team with European accents), the Marines (who wear camouflaged garb and use military jargon), the Demons (high strength attribute with demonic language), and the Black Dragons (ninjas with high agility and combat skills). Teams battle in 32 arenasone half with traditional, open-style stadiums, and the other half with environmental obstacles, such as the underground mines. Minor power-ups including health, credits, and skill augments for individual players regenerate regularly on the field.
Players earn credits for knocking out opponents, scoring points, and impressing the crowd with violence and skill. The credits can be used towards player enhancements such as black market performance-enhancing drugs. A crowd meter displays audience support, which boosts the player's team abilities when filled. IGN found the game to heavily rely on teamwork. Computer players on teams rated with low teamwork will not take initiative to pursue the disc or to help teammates in need. This attribute can be raised over the course of a game. Players can call plays including physical offense, fast offense, neutral, defense, and goal defense.
The game supports single-player, four-player local multiplayer, and System Link with up to eight players across up to eight Xbox consoles, but does not support Xbox Live online play. Deathrow has a futuristic electronic dance music soundtrack and over 3,000 words of voice acting. It also supports 5.1 surround sound and customized soundtracks. The game is backward compatible with the Xbox 360.
Controls
Players use the Xbox controller's left analog stick to move the character, the right stick to strafe, and the main buttons to jump, block, punch, and kick. When on offense, the latter two functions become "pass" and "shoot". Players switch between characters and taunt with the white and black buttons, respectively, and call plays with the directional pad. The left trigger modifies an existing action, such as running into dives, slide-tackles, and grabs, and the right trigger orients the camera towards the objective (either the disc or the goal, depending on the team in possession). This camera control is designed for precision when diving for the disc or shooting on goal. A character in possession of the disc will show a trajectory line of their potential shot or pass, which is altered by player movement, breath, and physical contact. Players charge the disc by holding the shooting button, whereby the disc turns greener as the shot grows more powerful. A fully charged shot called a Deathrow will incapacitate any player it hits, while overcharged shots electrify and stun the carrier.
Before each game and single-player Conquest, players choose between Sports and Action camera views. Action view is a trailing third-person shot similar to looking over the player-character's shoulder, while Sports view is a spectator perspective similar that of a televised basketball game. Enclosed arenas are inaccessible when using Sports view. The camera view cannot be changed once single-player begins, so Conquest mode players in Sports view will not see the arenas they unlock. The Action view camera swings wildly and can be pulled back slightly in the menus.
Campaign
The in-game story of Blitz begins in 2197 as a Los Angeles gang sport used to find recruits. Over 20 years later, the illegal sport is picked up for broadcast by the Prime Network, who forms the Blitz Disc Association (BDA) and plans for the first Blitz competition with exhibition games and prize money. Through exhibition games and prize money, 13 teams of humans with various competitive augmentations are chosen to compete.
Conquest, the single-player tournament career mode, pits the player's team against the ranked hierarchy en route to the championship. Up to three additional human players can join in the single-player. Players initially choose between four teams, though 13 total are unlockable. Teams begin with four players with no alternates for substitution, and fight their way from fourth place in the Rookie Division to first place against each team in between. Players can continue to take challenges within the division before irrevocably moving on to the next division.
The player's team receives randomized, team-specific textual messages in between games, including offers for free agent offers, training sessions, drugs, bets on the player's performance, and events including accidental gifts from the player's manager, threats from the team's owner, and organized crime extortions. Players can buy character attribute increases with their credits. Single-player progress unlocks concept art and game assets external to the game, as well as new teams, players, and arenas. Each of the unlockable 13 teams has six unlockable players (for a total of 10 players on each), and five additional legacy teams are limited to four players apiece. Multi-disc and "Extreme" difficulty gameplay options are also unlockable.
Development
Deathrow was developed by Southend Interactive and produced by Ubisoft. Five friends opened Southend in Malmö, Sweden in 1998 to fulfill their childhood ambitions to make video games. Southend began Deathrow development in May 1999 and expected the game to be an online PC video game tentatively titled Blitz Disc Arena. The idea for the sports game descended from a combination of Speedball 2, the Quake and Unreal series, and Tekken. Southend's nine-person team received Xbox development kits in June 2000 and decided to move the game to console in early 2001. According to Southend animator Rodrigo Cespedes in a 2002 TeamXbox interview, "Xbox was the only console that would allow [them] to produce the game as it was originally envisioned", adding that Microsoft and Ubisoft encouraged the mature direction with emphasis on blood, brutality, and profanity. Thus they began to port the game to the console for its feature capabilities, including vertex and pixel shaders for bump mapped environmental textures and character animations, specular lighting, and bumped reflection mapping.
The game was developed on an in-house 3D game engine under construction for multiple years. Each character is made of over 7000 polygons and 55 bones, making for players with facial expressions, over 800 animations, and a capacity to blink. Character faces can additionally express emotions like happiness or anger, and feelings of pain. The move to Xbox led to greater variation in the team personalities. The artists drew many options for each team and the developers chose from the lot. Deathrow was designed for the Action camera view, but Sports view was introduced to expand the game's appeal.
Deathrow was displayed at Ubisoft's E3 2002 booth, and was released on 18 October 2002 in Europe, and on 22 October 2002 in the United States as an Xbox exclusive. The game did not include Xbox Live online multiplayer for want of development time. At the time of release, Southend had no plans to release downloadable content, though they implemented a method to do so. The game was Southend's first full release.
Reception
Deathrow received "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. IGN and TeamXbox both named Deathrow an Editor's Choice. The game won TeamXbox 2002 Breakthrough Game of the Year award and IGN 2002 Best Xbox Game Nobody Played. It was also runner-up for their Xbox action game of the year. Of the year's praiseworthy yet unappreciated games, Deathrow alone "truly blew [IGN] away". GameSpot similarly named it one of the year's most unfairly overlooked Xbox titles. Critics praised the game's fast, chaotic action and use of surround sound. The reviewers bemoaned its high difficulty curve, generic soundtrack, and lack of online multiplayer. Some reviewers thought the game used profanity excessively, while others considered it a highlight.
David Hodgson of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) found Deathrow European origins apparent as "awkward, over-the-top expletives in obnoxious American accents" were paired with rugby. Hodgson said that Deathrow struggled to show grittiness in a very shiny environment. He added that the game suffered from immoderate violence, frustrating fighting sequences, lack of online play, and "steep learning curve". Hodgson compared the core mechanics to a "mini-game masquerading as sports entertainment". William Racer of the Official Xbox Magazine (OXM) praised the fast-paced nature of the game and its eye for detail, and complained about the camera angles and difficulty. He placed the game in a lineage of invented sports from a dystopian future and found the game more entertaining than the rest. Racer also found the music generic, and the voice acting good. Eric Bush of TeamXbox complimented the computer opponents's artificial intelligence and said that they put up a challenge. GameSpy Osborne appreciated the game's small details like the streak trailing the disc through the air. IGN's Kaiser Hwang called the arena lighting effects, bump mapping, and textures the best since Halo: Combat Evolved. 1UP.com, OXM Racer, and IGN's Douglass Perry and David Clayman recommended Deathrow as a party game, with the IGN staff specifically recommending the game with System Link.
GameSpot Greg Kasavin spoke highly of the tight controls and accessible gameplay in spite of a larger learning curve. IGN's Goldstein described the controls as "relatively simple" and easy to understand within a single game, and Scott Osborne of GameSpy found the controls awkward but easily learned. In comparison, Charles Herold of The New York Times and a friend could not figure out Blitz's rules for 20 minutes, feeling "too macho" to do the tutorial. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Jonathan Silver thought the gameplay was too frenzied, like "NHL Hitz on steroids". Hilary Goldstein of IGN's only complaint about the controls was the camera's looseness. She noted the game's "serious attitude" and "very gritty view of sports", and similar to hockey, felt that the non-disc action was "one of the nicest aspects" of the game. She praised the graphics and environments, surround sound, the array of unlockables, the single-player, and its replay value, but bemoaned the lack of options to change between camera views, the Action view in general, and the indistinguishability between players. Goldstein regarded Deathrows profanity as the "best use of endless cursing in a game... ever". Herold of The New York Times noted violence's centrality to the game and figured that the game's age restrictions were likely due to the "savage profanities", which he felt gave the game personality unlike other sports video games. He added that the game's frantic speed kept him too consumed to curse at the game himself. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Troy Oxford also connected the profanity to the game's "'M' rating".
Edge referred to Deathrow as a substance-less and "contrived clone" of the 1990 Speedball 2, which used a ball instead of a disc. David Hodgson of EGM similarly praised the 1990 title in comparison. William Racer of OXM did not mind the two games' similarities and added that "you might as well copy from the best". While Kasavin of GameSpot thought the theme was tired, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Oxford wrote that the game felt "fresh". Reflecting on the release year, IGN director Peer Schneider said that games like Deathrow showed the games industry's ability to make new, high-caliber franchises. Two IGN staffers predicted the game to be a sleeper hit: one noted the sparse press compared to the game's quality, and the other explained that Ubisoft was busy promoting bigger titles such as Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, Dragon's Lair 3D, and Rayman.
Legacy
In 2006, TeamXbox Matthew Fisher determined that the game aged well. In 2012, Complex Gaming listed Deathrow 13th on its 15 Most Violent Sports Video Games. Scottish developer Ludometrics described their 2014 video game Bodycheck as a spiritual successor to Deathrow, Speedball 2, and Skateball, though the game is set in the medieval past instead of the ultraviolent future.
Around the time of launch, Southend was interested in producing a sequel. In March 2004, IGN listed Deathrow 2 as one of its five desired Xbox sequels, specifically for Xbox Live online play support. IGN placed its chances at a 90% likelihood. IGN reported a month later that despite interest from Southend, Ubisoft would be unlikely to release a forthcoming Deathrow sequel due to the original's low revenue. Southend separated from its Swedish IT consulting firm parent company, Tacet Holding AB, and became a fully independent company in April 2013. With it, Southend CEO Fredrik Brönjemark announced that "now is the right time for Southend to manage its own destiny and to invest in its own products", of which Deathrow and ilomilo were examples. Southend closed in June 2013 when its full 24-person staff was hired into Massive Entertainment, another Swedish developer.
Notes and references
Notes
References
2002 video games
Fantasy sports video games
Southend Interactive games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Ubisoft games
Video games developed in Sweden
Video games set in the 23rd century
Video games with custom soundtrack support
Xbox games
Xbox-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games |
4012338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kon%20Kyllingmark | Håkon Kyllingmark | Håkon Olai Kyllingmark (19 January 1915 – 12 August 2003) was a Norwegian military officer and businessman. He served as a politician for the Conservative Party and was elected to the Norwegian Parliament.
Biography
He was born at Kjelvik in Finnmark, Norway. His parents were Martin Kyllingmark (1879-1916) and Sigridur Sæmundsdottir (1892-1963).
He received an education at the Army Command School in 1934 and the Flyvåpen Flying School in 1937. He had a career in the Norwegian Armed Forces between in 1940 and 1943–1945. He rose to the rank of captain in 1944 and major in 1945–1954. He had been a member of Milorg during the German occupation of Norway, and received the Defence Medal 1940–1945.
Kyllingmark was a principally of the wholesale company H. Kyllingmark A / S from 1945 to 1965. He was involved in local politics in Svolvær from 1945 to 1947 and 1951 to 1963. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland in 1954, and was re-elected on six occasions. From August to September 1963 he was Minister of Defence during the short-lived centre-right cabinet Lyng. While he held this position Moy Herborg Regina Nordahl took his seat in parliament. He was later Norwegian Minister of Transport from 1965 to 1971 during the cabinet Borten. His seat was filled by Bodil Aakre, Leif Kolflaath and Andreas Grimsø alternately.
References
External links
1915 births
2003 deaths
People from Finnmark
Norwegian Army personnel
Norwegian Army Air Service personnel of World War II
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Shot-down aviators
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Nordland politicians
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
20th-century non-fiction writers
Defence ministers of Norway |
4012339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Waldstein | Charles Waldstein | Sir Charles Waldstein (March 30, 1856 – March 21, 1927), known as Sir Charles Walston from 1918 to 1927, was an Anglo-American archaeologist. He also competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.
Life
Waldstein was born into a Jewish family in New York City, United States, on March 30, 1856, third son of Henry Waldstein, a merchant, and Sophie, daughter of L. Srisheim, of New York. He was of Austrian descent.
Waldstein was educated at Columbia University (A.M., 1873), and also studied at Heidelberg (Ph.D., 1875). In 1880, he became university lecturer on classical archaeology at Cambridge University, and in 1883 university reader. From 1883 to 1889 he was director of the Fitzwilliam Museum. In 1889 he was called to Athens as director of the American School of Classical Studies, which office he held until 1893, when he became professor at the same institution. In 1894 he was made a fellow of King's College. In 1895 he returned to England as Slade Professor of Fine Art at Cambridge; and he held this chair until 1901. During his stay in Athens he directed the excavations of the Archeological Institute of America at the site of ancient Plataea, Eretria, where he claimed to have unearthed the tomb of Aristotle, the Heraeum of Argos, among other discoveries. Later he formed an international committee to promote the excavation of Herculaneum.
He was knighted in 1912, appointed as Knight of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog, and appointed Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer.
He married Florence, daughter of D. L. Einstein and widow of Theodore Seligman, in 1909. They had one son, Henry, and a daughter, Evelyn Sophie Alexandra, who married the judge Sir Patrick Browne. He changed his surname to Walston in 1918 and died in 1927 whilst on a Mediterranean cruise.
Publications
Besides writing the following the books, Waldstein also published in journals numerous reports on his excavations as well as three short stories under the pseudonym Gordon Seymour which were later released under his own name as The Surface of Things (1899).
Balance of Emotion and Intellect (1878)
Essays on the Art of Phidias (1885)
The Jewish Question and the Mission of the Jews (1889, anon.; 2nd ed. 1900)
The Work of John Ruskin (1894)
The Study of Art in Universities (1895)
The Expansion of Western Ideals and the World's Peace (1899)
The Argive Heraeum (1902)
Art in the Nineteenth Century (1903)
Aristodemocracy: From the Great War back to Moses, Christ and Plato (1916)
Harmonism and Conscious Evolution (1922)
Olympic Games
Waldstein competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens in the military rifle event. His final score and place in the competition are unknown, but his first two strings of 10 shots apiece resulted in scores of 354 and 154. This put him at 508 points halfway through competition, though the rest of the results have been lost.
Further reading
Joseph Jacobs and Frederick T. Haneman, Jewish Encyclopedia.
(Excerpt available) includes reprint of article "The Olympian Games at Athens" by Charles Waldstein, originally published in The Field magazine, May 1896.
References
External links
Catalogued papers of Sir Charles Walston, King's College, Cambridge
1856 births
1927 deaths
American Ashkenazi Jews
American people of English-Jewish descent
American archaeologists
English archaeologists
Classical archaeologists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
People associated with the Fitzwilliam Museum
Directors of museums in the United Kingdom
American classical scholars
Olympic shooters of the United States
Shooters at the 1896 Summer Olympics
19th-century sportsmen
American male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Classical scholars of the University of Cambridge
Charles |
4012342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton%20Historic%20District | Clifton Historic District | Clifton Historic District may refer to:
Clifton and Greening Streets Historic District, Camden, Arkansas, listed on the NRHP in Ouachita County, Arkansas
Clifton Historic District (Louisville, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Jefferson County, Kentucky
Clifton-McCraken Rural Historic District, Versailles, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Woodford County, Kentucky
Baltimore East/South Clifton Park Historic District, Baltimore, Maryland, listed on the NRHP in Maryland
Clifton Heights Historic District, Natchez, Mississippi, listed on the NRHP in Adams County, Mississippi
Clifton Avenue Historic District (Cincinnati, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Ohio
Clifton Historic District (Clifton, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Fairfax County, Virginia
See also
Clifton (disambiguation) |
4012344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulenkantajat | Tulenkantajat | Tulenkantajat (″The Flame Bearers″) was a literary group in Finland during the 1920s. Their main task was to find a way to take Finland from so-called backwoods culture to the new, modern European level of literature. They did not consider their manifestos to form a program of any sort, but instead stated that their group was the "new feeling of life", building on humility, courage, and the sense of community. The group published their own magazine Tulenkantajat. The editorial of the first issue emphasized the group's unconnectedness to any political party, if not even apoliticism. However, less than a decade later the group disbanded partly due to political conflicts, as some members ended up being strictly on the left while others openly promoted the values of the Academic Karelia Society.
In the 1930s, Erkki Vala launched another Tulenkantajat magazine which he published from 1932 to 1939. Vala's magazine was more political compared to its predecessor.
Positioning
The group's main motto was Ikkunat auki Eurooppaan ("Windows open to Europe") and its members visited Europe's major cities such as Paris, Rome, London, and Berlin. The young people who started Tulenkantajat in their early 20s ended up being important cultural characters in Finnish society. Tulenkantajat's poetry and prose received inspiration from oriental themes, jazz, city and industry life, as well as hedonism.
Notable members
Some of the best known members of Tulenkantajat were:
Uuno Kailas
Arvi Kivimaa
Martti Haavio (pen name P. Mustapää)
Yrjö Jylhä
Olavi Paavolainen
Ilmari Pimiä
Nyrki Tapiovaara
Elina Vaara
Erkki Vala
Katri Vala
Mika Waltari
References
Finnish literature
Finnish artist groups and collectives
1920s in Finland |
4012351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollert%20Konow | Wollert Konow | Wollert Konow may refer to:
Wollert Konow (merchant) (1779–1839), Norwegian merchant, also a politician
Wollert Konow (Prime Minister of Norway) (1845–1924), Norwegian politician, often referred to as "Wollert Konow (SB)"
Wollert Konow (Hedemarken politician) (1847–1932), Norwegian politician, represented the district of Hedemarken, cousin of the above, often referred to as "Wollert Konow (H)" |
4012364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Hsinchu%20Girls%27%20Senior%20High%20School | National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School | The National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School () is a high ranked public high school in East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan. Student enrollment averages around 2000. Students take Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students ()to attend school. The campus is in Hsinchu City downtown where transportation is convenient, only 400 meters away from Hsinchu Train Station.
School History
4.24.1924: Established with the name of Hsinchu State Hsinchu Girls' High School
12.1945: Changed the school name to Taiwan Province Hsinchu Girls' High School
1988: Founded Art Talented Program and became one of the first girls' high school to have male students
1996: Added Mathematical Talented Class, cultivating Taiwanese science talents, won national and international contests
2000: Due to deleting province policy, the name was changed to National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School
2005: Added Language and Literature Talented Class
See also
Education in Taiwan
External links
Official Website of National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School (Traditional Chinese)
1924 establishments in Taiwan
Educational institutions established in 1924
Girls' schools in Taiwan
High schools in Taiwan
Schools in Hsinchu |
4012365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorrington | Thorrington | Thorrington is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England. It lies east of Wivenhoe and north of Brightlingsea. The striking medieval flint church is dedicated to Mary Magdalene, and the patrons of the church are St John's College, Cambridge.
Thorrington is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Torinduna. From handwritten sources held by the Church, Thorrington has also been known as Turituna (1152–71); Torritona (1202), Thurituna (1237), Thurington (1248), Thurinton (1253). Thorinton (1255), Tornidune (1272), Tyriton (1274), Thornton (1285), Thoriton (1295), Thoweryngton (1476), Thurrington (1594).
Geography
On the west side, the Tenpenny Brook forms the parish boundary between Thorrington and Alresford. At the point where the brook flows into the Alresford Creek (a branch of the Colne Estuary) stands Thorrington Mill. This is a tide mill built in 1831 and now a Grade II* listed building. The east and northern boundaries of the parish are bounded by the Saltwater Brook. Where the Saltwater Brook flows into Flag Creek (formerly Borefleet Creek or Byrflytt) is the former site of another Tidal Mill.
The Colchester to Clacton railway line passes just to the north of the village. Thorrington's station was opened in 1867, and closed in 1957. Great Bentley station is now the closest rail station, located around 2 miles north-east of the village.
Local schools
Great Bentley Primary School is the nearest primary school which serves the catchments of Thorrington, Great Bentley, Frating, Little Bentley and Aingers Green, which caters for around 210 boys and girls aged 4–11.
This school was built in 1896 and has recently undertaken some rebuilding work in 2003, maintaining its historic front throughout.
Currently, this school is rated good or two in its latest Ofsted inspection report.
Governance
There are several elected representatives at different levels of government which act for Thorrington and the surrounding villages. There are two Thorrington, Frating, Elmstead and Great Bromley district councillors who represent the area at Tendring District Council. The population of the above ward was at the 2011 census 4,687. The current district councillors are Gary Scott (LibDem) and Ann Wiggins (LibDem).
The current Brightlingsea County Councillor who represents the area at Essex County Council is Alan Goggin (Conservative).
The current Harwich and North Essex MP who represents the area in the House of Commons is the Rt Hon Sir Bernard Jenkin (Conservative).
Related places
Thorrington was the name of the home of an estate agent, Charles Clark (1824-1906), who arrived in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1856. Presumably he had a connection with Thorrington in England. He was living at this house at the time of his marriage in 1865. It led to the naming of Thorrington Road in the area, and then to Thorrington School, a primary school on Colombo Street, Christchurch.
References
External links
Link to National Archive
Entry in Kelly's Directory of Essex, 1882
Thorrington tide mill
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring |
4012374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Marshall | Louis Marshall | Louis Marshall (December 14, 1856 – September 11, 1929) was an American corporate, constitutional and civil rights lawyer as well as a mediator and Jewish community leader who worked to secure religious, political, and cultural freedom for all minority groups. Among the founders of the American Jewish Committee (AJC), he defended Jewish and minority rights. He was also a conservationist, and the force behind re-establishing the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, which evolved into today's State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF).
Early life and education
Louis Marshall was born on December 14, 1856, in Syracuse, New York, to two Jewish immigrants, recently arrived from Germany. Founded just eight years earlier, in 1847, Syracuse was a booming transportation, financial, and manufacturing hub on the Erie Canal, as the United States expanded West. On the brink of the American Civil War, the city was also a well-known stop on the Underground Railroad.
Marshall's father, Jacob Marshall, had arrived in New York City at 19 years of age on September 1, 1849, from Neidenstein, Bavaria, in Germany; his mother arrived from Württemberg, Germany, in 1853. According to Louis Marshall, the family name had been spelled "Marschall", with a "c", in "Rhenish Bavaria ... near the French boundary". Marshall's friend and colleague, Cyrus Adler noted in his remembrances of Marshall that the latter's "father migrated to the United states in 1849, the year which marked the beginning of migration from Germany following the failure of the revolutionary movements of 1848."<ref>Adler, Cyrus, "Louis Marshall: A Biographical Sketch", American Jewish Year Book, 1930–31, p. 21</ref> From New York City, Jacob Marshall had "worked his way up the Erie Canal to Syracuse, where he opened a hide, fur, and leather business. It was marginally profitable."
Louis was the eldest of six children. He had one brother, Benjamin, two years younger, and four sisters: Marie, Bertha, Clara, and Ida; 13 years separated Louis and his youngest sister, Ida. The family resided at 222 Cedar Street, "in the old Seventh Ward of Syracuse", an area today approximately where the Onondaga County Justice Center (county jail) is located.
From childhood, Marshall was both a scholar and a linguist. His first language was German: "I spoke German before I knew a word of English, and so long as my mother lived (she died in 1910) I never spoke to her otherwise than in German." Louis' mother, Zilli (or Zella), was "well educated for her times ... reading to [her children] in German, Schiller, Scott and Hugo, the standard literature of mid-century."
Marshall attended "the Seventh Ward Public school" and later Syracuse High School, from which he graduated in 1874, one of eight males in a graduating class of 22.Smith, Edward. 1893. A History of the Schools of Syracuse from its Early Settlement to January 1, 1893. Syracuse: C.W. Bardeen, p. 330. In addition he attended German and Hebrew schools along with his sisters. In his various school settings, Marshall applied himself to studying French, German, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The latter he also learned from his father. Later in life, Marshall taught himself Yiddish.
Upon high school graduation, Marshall "began the study of law, in accordance with the fashion of that day, in a lawyer's office, that of Nathaniel B. Smith", where he served a two-year apprenticeship. This under his belt, his next step towards a career in law was to "enroll in Columbia University's law school (then Dwight Law School)". According to Marshall, "I really do not know if I am considered an alumnus of the Law School at Columbia University or not. If I am, then it is very peculiar that it has not been until I arrived at the mature age of seventy-two that I should have received a letter which is addressed to me as a 'Dear Fellow Alumnus'. I attended the Law School from September, 1876, to June, 1877. ... I never received a degree because two years actual attendance was required."
Career
Lawyer
After completing his legal studies on January 1, 1878, Marshall joined the law firm of William C. Ruger in Syracuse. A few years later, in 1885, he became a member of the New York State Bar Association. According to Adler, "the day he was admitted to the Bar, Marshall became a partner in Ruger's firm". Later, when Ruger was appointed chief justice of the New York State Court of Appeals, "the law firm became Jenny, Brooks & Marshall." During this period, Marshall rose to prominence not only in New York, but nationally: "In 1891 he was part of a national delegation that asked President Benjamin Harrison to intervene on behalf of persecuted Russian Jews." Before the age of 40, Marshall had argued over 150 cases before the Court of Appeals.
Marshall was recruited by Samuel Untermyer, a classmate at Columbia, to join the law firm of Guggenheimer and Untermyer in New York City. Moving there in February 1894, he became heavily involved in Jewish religious and political affairs. He also was involved in alternative dispute resolution (ADR), acting with Louis Brandeis as the mediator in a strike of 60,000 to 70,000 cloakmakers in New York City in 1910, and in 1919 was the arbitrator in a clothing-workers' strike.
As his life became stable and more organized he acquired a circle of intimate friends. It was his habit to have lunch and relax at Monch's Restaurant with a group of lawyers during the work-week, where they would debate each other, with Loewenstein, the waiter, serving as Judge and jury.
During the years 1910 and 1911, while William Howard Taft was president, two openings occurred on the United States Supreme Court. Several of Taft's prominent friends urged him to appoint Marshall, who had the reputation of an outstanding Constitutional lawyer and public citizen. A justice of the Supreme Court was the only elected or appointed office Marshall had ever wanted or sought; Taft eventually chose two other men for the positions.
In 1914, during a wave of anti-Semitic hysteria, he was part of the legal team representing Leo Frank, a Jewish pencil factory manager convicted of raping and murdering a 14-year-old girl. Marshall initiated an appeal of the case to the United States Supreme Court. Marshall was active in protecting the human and civil rights of Jews and on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (of which he was a director), and fought major legal battles on behalf of all minorities. By the end of his legal career, Marshall had "argue[d] more cases before the U.S. Supreme Court than any other private lawyer of his generation."
The Syracuse Post-Standards editorial on Marshall, written upon his death in 1929, portrayed his motivation as: "Always, it was justice ... Justice to all who were in need of justice ... justice to the people who, like himself, were of Jewish origin. ... His was an intense Americanism. ... He was a man who helped humanity ... unafraid, a man whose hand was ready to lift a load ... necessary for the lessening of misfortune or oppression, a worker in our common life who because he was a worker, became a leader, a man who crowded his years with service for the benefit of those about him—altogether an eminent American citizen whom a multitude will hold in grateful remembrance."
Jewish leader
In 1905, Marshall was promoted to chairman of the Board of Directors of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Conservative Judaism's rabbinical school. After serving as an officer for several years at Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York, a Reform congregation, he became its president in 1916. (Marshall was related by marriage to Emanu-El's spiritual leader, Rabbi Judah L. Magnes, whose wife, Beatrice Lowenstein, was Marshall's sister-in-law.) Despite the implicit contradiction, to Marshall there was only one Judaism.
In 1906, with Jacob Schiff and Cyrus Adler, Marshall helped found the American Jewish Committee (AJC) as a means for keeping watch over legislation and diplomacy relevant to American Jews, and to convey requests, information, and political threats to US government officials. Marshall eventually became the AJC's primary strategist and lobbyist. After being elected its president in 1912, he held the post until his death. In this position, he opposed Congressional bills that would prevent many illiterate Jews from entering the US. Despite a Presidential veto, one of the bills was enacted in 1917, after a Congressional override.
Marshall was a strong advocate of abolishing the literacy test and said, "We are practically the only ones who are fighting [the literacy test] while a 'great proportion' [of the people] is 'indifferent to what is done'". Marshall was also the leader of the movement that led to the abrogation, in 1911, of the US-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1832.
At the end of World War I, Marshall attended the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles, France, in 1919, as President of the American Jewish Committee and Vice-President of the American Jewish Congress. There, he helped formulate clauses for the "full and equal civil, religious, political, and national rights" of Jews in the constitutions of the newly created states of eastern Europe. These provisions Marshall believed to be "the most important contribution to human liberty in modern history."
He fought a proposal to have the US Census Bureau enumerate Jews as a race. Although he had some differences with political Zionists, Marshall contributed to efforts that led to the establishment of Israel as a Jewish homeland in Palestine. He was instrumental in organizing the American Jewish Relief Committee, which brought together Zionists and non-Zionists for the management of Jewish colonization efforts.
In 1920, Marshall also attempted to stop a newspaper owned by Henry Ford, The Dearborn Independent, from spreading anti-Semitic propaganda. Marshall and Untermyer entered the fight against the alleged libelous attacks featured in the paper, which led to a 1927 lawsuit against the automaker in federal court.
Public servant
Over the course of his career, Marshall served in a variety of notable public service positions, at every level. "In 1890, at the age of thirty-four, he was appointed by Governor Hill to a special commission to revise the judiciary article of the [New York state] constitution ...". In 1894, was elected to serve as delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention, representing the 24th District.
In 1902, Marshall was appointed chairman of a commission investigating the slum conditions on New York City's Lower East Side, where many Jewish immigrants had settled. In 1908, he was appointed chairman of the New York State Immigration Commission.
In 1910, Marshall was appointed a trustee of Syracuse University. In 1911, he became president of the board of trustees of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University (now the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry), a post he kept until his death in 1929.
At the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1915, Marshall again served as a delegate, this time being elected to an at-large position. According to Adler, Marshall "was the only man who sat in three [New York state] constitutional conventions ..."
In 1923, Marshall was honored with an appointment as a director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In that post, "he fought against racial segregation in housing and against the disenfranchisement of the white primary. ... Defending the rights of Negro voters, he secured a ruling of the Supreme Court in the case of Nixon v. Herndon that the Texas white primary law was unconstitutional."
Conservationist
Marshall had both a public and a personal interest in conservation. In his home state of New York, he spearheaded efforts to protect the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains; at the state's 1894 constitutional convention, he helped establish the New York Forest Preserve.
Louis Marshall was a framer of Article 14, the "Forever Wild" clause, in the New York State constitutional Amendment to the New York State Constitution, which went into effect on January 1, 1895.New York State Conservationist "Golden Anniversary" issue, August 1995, pp. 22–25; Reprinted from the New York State Conservationist, December 1965.
The devastating forest fires of 1899, in the Adirondack Forest Preserve, which burned provoked Colonel William F. Fox, Superintendent of New York's state-owned forests, to urge replacing fire wardens with a cadre of professional forest rangers. However, it took more than a decade, the terrible forest fires of 1903 and 1908, and the help of Louis Marshall before the present New York State Forest Ranger system was finally established in 1912. Marshall was also a driving force behind the establishment of the New York State Ranger School in Wanakena, New York, which was founded in 1912, and a similar school was established at Paul Smith's College.
Later, "an ardent conservationist, he fought earnestly every effort to encroach upon the ... Preserve he had helped create. The efforts of highway builders to slash roads through the woods, of power interests to divert the rivers to their own use, and of hunters and fishermen to act without restraint all met his unqualified opposition." A trustee of the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks,"100 Years of Wilderness Stewardship". Protect the Adirondacks. Accessed March 23, 2010. he led a floor fight in 1915, successfully protecting the Forever Wild clause of the New York State Constitution.
Marshall's interest in conservation extended to the national stage. In an intervention at the US Supreme Court, he had a key influence on a landmark case underscoring the right and responsibility of the Federal government for environmental protection and conservation. In a friend of the court brief on The State of Missouri v. Ray V. Holland, US Game Warden on behalf of the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, Marshall successfully persuaded the Court to uphold the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, between the US and Canada.Adler, p. 27 As characterized by Adler, Marshall argued that "the United States did have the power to create such legislation; that Congress was well within its rights; and that the Act was constitutional"; and further that, "If Congress possessed plenary powers to legislate for the protection of the public domain, then it had to take into account all possibility for such protection", including protection of migratory birds, "these natural guardians" against "hostile insects, which, if not held in check ... would result in the inevitable destruction" of "both prairie and forest lands". According to Handlin, Marshall's intervention "was a major factor in the decision.". "It is not only a sin to kill a mockingbird, it is also a crime,’ Judge Valerie Caproni wrote in a forceful decision.".
In an address at the University of the State of New York at Albany on October 21, 1921, Marshall argued passionately that "the people of this State have for a century been guilty of criminal recklessness in the manner in which they have permitted their magnificent forests to be destroyed. The entire country is beginning to perceive a glimmer of the calamity that confronts it if a policy of forestation is not carried into execution speedily. Our water courses will dry up. Our most fertile agricultural lands will become arid. The wild life of the forest, the fishes that were once abundant in our streams are threatened with extermination unless there is a speedy remedy ..."
At a more personal level, Marshall took a keen interest in the natural environment. Marshall became a member of the Adirondack Mountain Club after its founding in 1922.
Political perspective
Alienated by what he perceived as the populism of the Democratic Party, and the "half-baked theories" of the Progressive Party, Marshall was a lifelong Republican, endorsing Republican candidates for election and working closely with Republican congressmen and state legislators. Although sympathetic with labor he was doubtful about the constitutionality of many laws passed on its behalf. He was suspicious of politicians like Theodore Roosevelt or Woodrow Wilson who choreographed their political campaigns to appeal emotionally to the masses; and he considered those in favor of a direct primary or a referendum "misguided", "demagogues" or "rogues".
Family life and legacy
As full as was his professional life, family played a central role in Marshall's life.
Raising a family
On May 6, 1895, he married Florence Lowenstein, a cousin of his partner, Samuel Untermyer. Lowenstein "was the daughter of Sophia Mendelson Lowenstein of New York and Benedict Lowenstein, a wealthy Bavarian immigrant ... She had been educated at The Normal College (now Hunter College) in New York". Within a few years, Louis and Florence Marshall had four children: James, Ruth, Robert (known as Bob), and George. They lived comfortably in a three-story brownstone house at Number 47 East 72nd Street in Manhattan, a block and a half from Central Park; the US Census of 1900 indicates that four servants resided with the Marshalls at this address. The children attended the Ethical Culture School across Central Park from their home. Adler relates that "... everything centered around the up-bringing of these children. He was a good pal to his boys, and used to play baseball with them, the sport which he most admired.".
Home away from home
In 1899, together with five other families, the Marshalls bought of shoreline on Lower Saranac Lake in the Adirondacks and hired architect William L. Coulter to design and build a "great camp" to be called Knollwood. Many summers were spent there. According to James Glover,
Since the Marshall family never owned a car, they would travel by rail ... to Saranac Lake Village. From there it was a mile and a half ride by rowboat across the lake, or a four-mile surrey ride around the lake. ... The walls were decorated with an assortment of moose antlers, prize fish mounted on plaques, and the heavily antlered head of an elk ... If the elk could have seen with its glass eyes, it ... never would have seen the water, for Louis Marshall would not allow any of the trees blocking the view to be cut.
Upon Florence Lowenstein Marshall's death of cancer on May 27, 1916, at age 43, daughter Ruth became surrogate mother for her younger siblings. Marshall found respite in nature:
There was scarcely a day, in New York, when he did not walk through Central Park; and he treasured the periods he could spend at Knollwood. The silence of the forest paths brought a "healing to the soul." Feasting his eyes upon the hemlocks and the birches, often he felt as if his lost wife were at his side, and that made of Knollwood "one of the sacred places of the earth."
In their father's footsteps
In adulthood, Marshall's children followed in his footsteps. The eldest, James, became a lawyer, joining his father's firm, later starting his own. James rose to prominence in New York City, where he served on and was president of the city's Board of Education under Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. James also co-founded the Natural Resources Defense Council and authored several books on psychology and the law. He married Lenore Guinzburg, who became noted for her writing as well as discovering and editing the work of author William Faulkner. Together, James and Lenore founded the New Hope Foundation "to foster world peace and understanding". Ruth married Jacob Billikopf, a Philadelphia labor arbitrator 16 years her senior; like her mother, Ruth died young of cancer, at age 38.
Drawing deeply from their childhood experiences in the Adirondacks, the younger boys, Bob and George, became noted conservationists. The sprawling Bob Marshall Wilderness, comprising over a million acres (4000 km2) of pristine wilderness straddling the continental divide in northwestern Montana, is named after Bob, who was director of the Forestry Division of the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, head of the U.S. Forest Service Division of Recreation and Lands, and co-founder of The Wilderness Society. George was involved with The Wilderness Society for more than 50 years, and served on the board of directors of the Sierra Club, as well.
James Marshall's son Jonathan Marshall owned and published the Scottsdale Daily Progress newspaper. Jonathan ran unsuccessfully for United States Senate against Barry Goldwater in 1974.
End of life
Louis Marshall died on September 11, 1929, at age 72, while attending a Zionist conference in Zurich, Switzerland. The occasion of his visit to Switzerland was perhaps deeply ironic, as Marshall had been a non-Zionist for most of his life. At the time of his death, he was president of the American Jewish Committee, and was attending the conference in that capacity. Marshall was in Zurich for the first gathering of the Extended Jewish Agency, an institution organized by him and Chaim Weizmann to enhance Zionist perspective and foster diaspora-Jewish identity.
True to the values and principles by which he led his life, in his last will and testament, he tithed ten percent of his personal net worth to the "Jewish Theological Seminary of America and to twelve other educational and charitable institutions".
The Syracuse Post-Standards editorial, written upon Marshall's death in 1929, depicts his motivation as:
"Always, it was justice. ... Justice to all who were in need of justice. ... justice to the people who, like himself, were of Jewish origin. ... His was an intense Americanism. ... He was a man who helped humanity. ... unafraid, a man whose hand was ready to lift a load ... necessary for the lessening of misfortune or oppression, a worker in our common life who because he was a worker, became a leader, a man who crowded his years with service for the benefit of those about him- altogether an eminent American citizen whom a multitude will hold in grateful remembrance."
Marshall, his wife, daughter Putey, and son Bob are buried in the Salem Fields Cemetery, in Brooklyn, New York.
Honors
According to his son's biographer, in 1923 Louis Marshall was named the fourth "most outstanding Jew in the world" by a "Reader's poll by the Jewish Tribune ... None of the three men who topped him in the poll—Albert Einstein, Chaim Weizmann, and Israel Zangwill—were Americans". In 1927, on the occasion of Marshall's 70th birthday, the accolade "Champion of Liberty" was bestowed upon him by US Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Cardozo: "He is a great lawyer; a great champion of ordered liberty; a great leader of his people; a great lover of mankind." In his memorial essay on Marshall's life, Adler notes that Marshall "had received several honorary degrees: LL.D. from Syracuse University, and D.H.L. from the Hebrew Union College and from the Jewish Theological Seminary, and of these he was very appreciative."
University of Pennsylvania's first Jewish student organization (that served as a dormitory, Kosher dining room and a social center for Penn's Jewish students), which was organized in 1924 and initially generically named the Jewish Students’ Association at Penn, after death of Louis Marshall was renamed after him as Louis Marshall Society' (until January 1, 1944, when it merged with Hillel and took on the Hillel name).
According to Adler, in January 1930, as a tribute to Louis Marshall, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, "recommended an appropriation of $600,000 for a new building at Syracuse University to house the College of Forestry"; he recommended further that new building be named after Louis Marshall, "in memory of his splendid services to the State". Three years later, February 23, 1933, Louis Marshall Memorial Hall, the second building erected at the New York State College of Forestry, was dedicated in Marshall's honor. A full portrait of Louis Marshall hangs to this day in the college's Board Room, in Bray Hall.
On January 19, 2001, Marshall Hall was rededicated to Marshall and his son, Bob, by SUNY-ESF President Cornelius B. Murphy, Jr. According to Murphy, "Louis Marshall is largely the reason that everyone from the college is here today. Louis Marshall was recruited by Chancellor Day in 1910 to make the concept of the 'forestry college' at Syracuse University a reality. Louis was tenacious, prodding both the Governor and the Legislature to take action. Louis Marshall ... lobbied for the $250,000 appropriation to make a building a reality. I think that it is safe to say that Louis Marshall was our father, our first leader and our first forester. Today we rededicate this building to his memory and accomplishments." The rededication included unveiling matching bronze plaques honoring Marshall and his son, ESF alumnus, Bob Marshall.
Marshall Street, the anchor street of the business district immediately adjacent to Syracuse University, is named in his honor. Just off of that street is the indoor mini-mall known as Marshall Square, also named after him, as is elementary school P.S. 276, in Brooklyn, New York.
Louis Marshall Street in Tel Aviv.
The Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) hosts an annual, "Louis Marshall Award Dinner". The Louis Marshall Award is presented to individuals who demonstrate the exemplary ethics and philanthropic commitment embodied by Louis Marshall, an esteemed constitutional lawyer and former board chair of JTS. Founded in 1886 as a rabbinical school, the Jewish Theological Seminary today is the academic and spiritual center of Conservative Judaism worldwide, encompassing a world-class library and five schools."JTS to Honor Robert S. Kaplan at Louis Marshall Award Dinner ". JTS. March 23, 2010.
See also
People v. the Brooklyn Cooperage CompanyReferences
Notes
Bibliography
Adler, Cyrus. 1930. "Louis Marshall: A Biographical Sketch". pp. 21–55 in American Jewish Year Book, 1930–31, Vol. 32, ed. Schneiderman, Harry. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
Alpert, Herbert. 2008. Louis Marshall, 1856–1929: A Life Devoted to Justice and Judaism. Bloomington, IL: iUniverse. .
Silver, Mathew. 2008. "Louis Marshall and the Democratization of Jewish Identity," American Jewish History 94(1): 41–69. online in Project MUSE
Silver, M. M. 2013. Louis Marshall and the Rise of Jewish Ethnicity in America: A Biography. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Primary sources
Reznikoff, Charles, ed. 1957. Louis Marshall: Champion of Liberty. Selected Papers and Addresses. 2 vols. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
External links
Guide to the Papers of Louis Marshall (1856–1929) at the American Jewish Historical Society, New York, New York.
ESF.edu Louis Marshall Memorial Hall, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry
"ESF.edu ESF Celebrates Bob Marshall's Legacy", State University of New York (January 16, 2001)
JRBrooksOnline.com - 'America's Jewish Enigma—Louis Marshall', Dearborn Independent'' (November 26, 1921)
1856 births
1929 deaths
Adirondacks
American conservationists
American Jewish Committee
American lobbyists
American Reform Jews
American religious leaders
Columbia Law School alumni
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American writers
Jewish Theological Seminary of America people
New York (state) lawyers
State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry people
Lawyers from Syracuse, New York
Syracuse University trustees
New York (state) Republicans
New York State College of Forestry
Burials at Salem Fields Cemetery
Activists from Syracuse, New York
19th-century American lawyers |
4012376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Burghersh | Baron Burghersh | The title of Baron Burghersh has been created three times in the Peerage of England.
It was first created by writ for Robert de Burghersh on 12 November 1303. Robert had three sons, the eldest of which, named Stephen, became the second Baron. According to modern peerage law, the title would have descended to Maud, Stephen's only daughter, then to her son Sir Walter Paveley, and afterwards to his son, also named Walter. However, there is no evidence that Maud or her descendants ever used the title. After Walter's death the title presumably became abeyant or extinct.
The title was created again by writ for Robert's third son Bartholomew de Burghersh on 25 January 1330. It descended through the families of Despencer and Beauchamp, before becoming abeyant in 1449.
The title was created again on 29 December 1624 for Francis Fane. Francis was made Earl of Westmorland at the same time, and both titles are currently held by Anthony Fane, his descendant.
Barons Burghersh (1303)
Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh (d. 1306)
Stephen de Burghersh, de jure 2nd Baron Burghersh (b. c. 1280–1310)
Maud de Burghersh, de jure et suo jure 3rd Baroness Burghersh (b. 1304)
Walter Paveley, de jure 4th Baron Burghersh (d. 1375)
Walter Paveley, de jure 5th Baron Burghersh (testate 1379) (extinct? abeyant?)
Barons Burghersh (1330)
Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh (bef. 1304–1355)
Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh (bef. 1329–1369)
Elizabeth le Despencer, suo jure 3rd Baroness Burghersh (1342–1409)
Richard le Despencer, 4th Baron Burghersh (1396–1414)
Isabel de Beauchamp, suo jure 5th Baroness Burghersh (1400–1439)
Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, 14th Earl of Warwick, 6th Baron Burghersh (1425–1446)
Anne de Beauchamp, suo jure 15th Countess of Warwick, 7th Baroness Burghersh (1443 or 1434 – 1449)
After Anne's death at the age of five, the Barony of Burghersh fell into abeyance between her aunts. (Her Earldom passed to her aunt Anne Beauchamp, her father Henry's only full sister; her husband Richard Neville then became jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick.)
Barons Burghersh (1624)
Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, 1st Lord Burghersh (1580–1629)
See here for further succession.
References
Secondary sources
External links
leighrayment.com
http://www.thepeerage.com/
http://www.stirnet.com/ (subscription only)
1303 establishments in England
Baronies in the Peerage of England
Abeyant baronies in the Peerage of England
Dormant baronies in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1303
Noble titles created in 1330
Noble titles created in 1624 |
4012380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Worth%20Zoo | Fort Worth Zoo | The Fort Worth Zoo is a zoo in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, that was founded in 1909 with one lion, two bear cubs, an alligator, a coyote, a peacock and a few rabbits. The zoo now is home to 7,000 native and exotic animals and has been named as a top zoo in the nation by Family Life magazine, the Los Angeles Times and USA Today, as well as one of the top zoos in the South by Southern Living Reader's Choice Awards.
The Fort Worth Zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), Zoological Association of America (ZAA), and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
History
When the Fort Worth Zoo opened in 1909, it had one African lion, two bear cubs, an alligator, a coyote, a peacock and a few rabbits. From its opening until 1991, the zoo was owned and operated by the City of Fort Worth. Although the city collected money from the community to purchase new animals, the Zoological society (now the Fort Worth Zoological Association) was formed in 1939 to help raise additional funds.
Monkey Island was built in 1937 with funds from the Works Progress Administration. After being refurbished in 1949, this exhibit became a sea lion pool, and by 1970, it had been converted to house small South American mammals. Storks and cranes were housed in this exhibit in the 1980s, and it was converted once again in the early 1990s to house alligators. It is currently being used as the Parrot Paradise exhibit.
The Herpetarium was completed in the summer of 1960 and was an indoor exhibit measuring 117 by . Boasting the largest exhibit of reptiles and amphibians in the world (with 175 vivaria and about 200 species), the facility also included a zoo hospital and quarantine room. Features such as refrigerated air, operational skylights, temperature controlled water, switch operated emergency alarms, and state-of-the-art service facilities, made the Herpetarium a marvel of technology for its time. Innovative exhibits such as a display of giant snakes with curved non-reflective glass (creating the illusion of an open-fronted exhibit) were especially popular attractions. The main public area included five exhibit halls covering various geographic regions and another area that was devoted exclusively to amphibians. There were also special exhibits teaching the identification of native venomous snakes and treatment for snakebite.
In October 1991, the Fort Worth Zoological Association assumed management of the zoo under a contract with the city. In 1992, the zoo opened the first two of a series of exhibits: World of Primates and Asian Falls. During the rest of the decade, the zoo opened Raptor Canyon, Asian Rhino Ridge, an education center in 1993, a cheetah exhibit in 1994, Flamingo Bay, a Komodo dragon exhibit, Insect City in 1995, Meerkat Mounds in 1997, a new veterinary center in 1998, and Thundering Plains (now closed) in 1999.
The first decade of the new millennium saw the opening of Texas Wild! in 2001 to showcase native Texas animals, Parrot Paradise in 2004, Great Barrier Reef in 2005 as part of a renovated Australian Outback exhibit, and the penguin exhibit in 2008. This decade also saw the closing of the original Herpetarium in 2009 to be replaced by the Museum of Living Art in 2010.
Future
In the autumn of 2016, the zoo announced its $100-million capital campaign: A Wilder Vision, which will include new exhibit space, renovated habitats, special events space, multiple dining areas, restrooms and most importantly, new ways to observe, interact with and learn about animals. The first step in this plan, a renovated African Savanna, opened in April 2018. The second step in this plan, an expanded elephant exhibit, opened in April 2021. The other upcoming projects are renovated exhibits for the various African and Asian carnivores, and a new Forests & Jungles section. New species will include the clouded leopard, African wild dog, and an African leopard for the African and Asian Predators section, with plans to open this area in the Spring of 2023. The okapi is the only announced new species for the Forests & Jungles section, with a relocation of the Sumatran orangutans and the Bongo to this area. The planned opening date for the Forests & Jungles section is Spring of 2025.
Main exhibits
Current zoo exhibits include Penguins, World of Primates, the Brand New Elephant Springs, Raptor Canyon, Flamingo Bay, Elephant Springs, Australian Outback, African Savanna, Parrot Paradise, Texas Wild! and the Museum of Living Art (MOLA).
Penguins
This indoor exhibit is home to a colony of African penguins and an indoor enclosure for southern rockhopper penguins and common eider, both include a beach and an underwater viewing area.
World of Primates
Opened in 1992, World of Primates is a exhibit that includes both indoor and outdoor habitats. The atrium is a tropical rainforest that has since been turned into an aviary, in which visitors can observe several different bird species from around the world and mantled guerezas. Once through the atrium, visitors take a winding boardwalk past other primates including the zoo's western lowland gorilla troop, Sumatran orangutans, mandrills, bonobos, and Northern white-cheeked gibbons.
Elephant Springs
The all-new Elephant Springs was opened in April 15, 2021 (Originally opened in 1992 as half of the former Asian Falls) and includes a huge remodeled Asian elephant yard complex. Before getting to the elephants, visitors can go past the entrance and either go to the River Village or check out a viewing area that gives a better view of the expanded yards of the Indian rhinoceros. The exhibit also features a Demonstration Area for an elephant encounter show.
Raptor Canyon
Raptor Canyon is an aviary that opened in 1993 and is home to crowned eagles, Andean condors, king vultures, harpy eagles, white-backed vultures, and palm-nut vultures.
Flamingo Bay
Flamingo Bay is home to the 70 or so flamingos at the zoo. The exhibit includes three species of flamingo, including American flamingoes, Chilean flamingoes, and lesser flamingoes, with the all three, as well the zoo's greater flamingos, being successfully bred.
Australian Outback/Great Barrier Reef
This exhibit has been renovated and now includes the Great Barrier Reef exhibit in addition to being home to the zoo's galah, red kangaroos & Australian brushturkey The Great Barrier Reef exhibit is a collection of Australian aquatic animals in three tanks containing more than of water. The exhibit includes 500 animals representing 86 species, including clownfish, blacktip reef sharks, angelfish, brain corals, moray eels and sea apples.
African Savanna
Opened in 2018, the newly renovated African Savanna allows guests to see reticulated giraffes, lesser kudu, springbok, ostriches, Abyssinian ground hornbills, Cape vulture, pink-backed pelicans & helmeted guineafowl from multiple viewing spots, including an elevated boardwalk that allows giraffe feeding. There are also several paddocks for the black rhinos, an above and underwater viewing area of the hippopotamus, a greater flamingo pond, the zoo's meerkat mob and an aviary.
Parrot Paradise
Parrot Paradise was opened on the zoo's upper path between the lions and Raptor Canyon in 2004. It is a free-flight aviary featuring rosellas, macaws, cockatiels and budgerigars.
Texas Wild!
Texas Wild was opened in 2001 to display various animals native to Texas. This section includes a carousel with hand-painted ponies. Texas Town includes a play barn and the Texas Hall of Wonders, and prepares visitors for the rest of the exhibit. High Plains and Prairies represents the Panhandle and Northwestern Texas. It is home to swift foxes, greater roadrunners, burrowing owls, and black-tailed prairie dogs. Pineywoods and Swamps represents East Texas. This section of the exhibit includes red wolves, North American river otters, American alligators, and American black bears. Gulf Coast is home to Southern Texas animals including the aquatic animals and waterfowl of the delta marsh, and includes an aviary that is home to birds including the roseate spoonbill and American white pelicans and brown pelicans. Brush Country represents Southern Texas. This section includes bobcats, cougars, coyotes, jaguars, ocelots, ring-tailed cats, and white-nosed coati, as well as birds of prey which are the turkey vulture, red-tailed hawk, and bald eagle. Mountains and Desert completes the Texas Wild! area in a mine shaft where visitors can see broad-billed hummingbird, dung beetles, Texas horned lizards, western diamondback rattlesnakes, and other animals endemic to the area.
Museum of Living Art (MOLA)
The Museum of Living Art is a $19 million, herpetarium built to replace the original herpetarium at the zoo. The facility houses more than 5,000 animals representing more than 100 species from across the world. Residents include a saltwater crocodile, Anegada rock iguana, Aldabra giant tortoises, a Burmese python, Pig-nosed turtles, golden lion tamarins, ring-tailed lemurs, gharials, a hellbender, and a king cobra. The zoo's Komodo dragons are located here as well.
Stingray Cove
Opened in 2019, Stingray Cove is a paid attraction located next to the Museum of Living Art. The area is home to over 50 stingrays and sharks, including bonnethead sharks, cownose stingrays, and southern stingrays. Here guests are able to feed and touch the stingrays.
Conservation
The Fort Worth Zoo administers the Arthur A. Seeligson Jr. Conservation Fund (SCF), which supports conservation of native wildlife within Texas through grants towards scientists, educators, organizations, and landowners who work to conserve the biodiversity of Texas. Money from this fund has gone towards multiple projects such as training search dogs to locate Houston toads, genetic assessments for ornate box turtle populations, and development for conservation strategies for alligator snapping turtles.
The zoo and their conservation biologists also host and are apart of many conservation projects, such as projects seeking to increase populations for the Anegada rock iguana, Panamanian golden frog, Louisiana pine snake, Texas kangaroo rat, and many more species.
The Fort Worth Zoo is partnered with multiple other conservation groups, such as the International Elephant Foundation, the International Rhino Foundation, the Turtle Survival Alliance, and multiple other conservation groups doing work in over 30 countries.
Art
The zoo features an unusual Texas sized sculpture. A furious 40-foot iguana sculpture named Iggy, was lowered by helicopter onto the roof of the animal hospital in June 2010. Created by Austin artist Bob "Daddy-O" Wade, the sculpture is owned by Fort Worth oilman Lee M. Bass.
Notes
External links
Zoos in Texas
Culture of Fort Worth, Texas
Economy of Fort Worth, Texas
Tourist attractions in Fort Worth, Texas
Buildings and structures in Fort Worth, Texas
Zoos established in 1909
1909 establishments in Texas |
4012381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Smith%20%28editor%29 | Jessica Smith (editor) | Jessica Smith (November 29, 1895–October 17, 1983) was an American editor and activist and was the wife of Harold Ware and subsequently John Abt, both members of the Ware Group run by Whittaker Chambers and whose members also included Alger Hiss.
Background
Jessica Granville-Smith was born on November 29, 1895, in Madison, New Jersey, the daughter of painter Walter Granville-Smith of New York City, Jessica Granville-Smith (as she was known in her early life), graduated from Swarthmore College.
Career
In 1922, she traveled to the Soviet Union with a Quaker Mission on behalf of a Quaker famine relief effort, the American Friends Service Committee. She was a relief worker there herself.
In Moscow she met Harold Ware, an agricultural expert and socialist. They tried to establish a model collective farm in the Ural Mountains using American tractors. They returned New York by January 1925.
Ware returned to Moscow for a time, while Smith remained in the United States to become editor of Soviet Russia Today, a publication of the organization Friends of Soviet Russia. She held the position for more than twenty years. Her editorial board included American communist writer Myra Page.
In 1943, she became a co-founder of National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, where she also served as vice president and a member of its national advisory council.
Later, she served as editor of the New World Review for some years.
Ware Group
Hal Ware founded the Ware Group in the early 1930s and held the first meeting late in 1933.
In September 1939, Whittaker Chambers mentioned Smith in connection with Abt to Adolf Berle.
Personal and death
While in Moscow in the early 1920s, Smith met Harold Ware, an agricultural expert and socialist. In 1925, they were married in New York by Norman Thomas. They had one child, David Ware. In 1935, Ware died in an automobile accident.
In 1937, Smith married John Abt, a member of the Ware Group.
Smith died in 1983; Abt died in 1991.
She had a "deep commitment to American-Soviet friendship... continuously demonstrated by staunch support of the program of the National Council." She "dedicated her long life to US-USSR friendship and peace."
She also championed women's suffrage.
Works
Smith worked on many books and article in her life.
Books written or co-written:
Woman in Soviet Russia (1928)
Over the North Pole by Georgiĭ Baĭdukov and Jessica Smith (1938)
People Come First (1948)
Jungle Law or Human Reason? The North Atlantic Pact and What It Means to You (1949)
The American People Want Peace: A Survey of Public Opinion (New York: SRT Publications, 1955)
Hungary in Travail (1956)
Soviet Democracy, and How It Works (New York: National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 1969)
Building a New Society : The 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1976)
Books edited or co-edited:
War and Peace in Finland: A Documented Survey, edited by Alter Brody, Theodore M. Bayer, Isidor Schneider, Jessica Smith (New York : Soviet Russia Today, 1940)
The U.S.S.R. and World Peace, edited by Jessica Smith (1949)
Lenin's Impact on the United States, edited by Daniel Mason, Jessica Smith, David Laibman (1970)
Voices of Tomorrow: The 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, edited by Jessica Smith (New York, NWR Publications, 1971)
See also
Harold Ware
John Abt
Ware Group
References
External links
Soviet democracy, and how it works. All photos from Sovfoto
Some of Jessica Smith's writings have been digitized and are available at the In Her Own Right project
1895 births
1983 deaths
American women journalists
Swarthmore College alumni
Members of the Communist Party USA
American communists |
4012400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balvanyos | Balvanyos | Balvanyos (Hungarian: Bálványos) is a spa resort in Covasna County, in the east of Transylvania, central Romania. It lies at an altitude 840–950 m on the southern slopes of the Bodoc Mountains, some 67 km from Sfântu Gheorghe, the county's seat. The spa is located close to the ruins of the 11th century Balvanyos Citadel (, ).
The spa is one of several hydrothermal and volcanic features of the region. It lies 10 km from the Lake Sfânta Ana, which is unique in this part of Europe. A geological feature locally known as "The Birds' Cemetery" – precipice with hydrogen sulphide emanation – is also located nearby.
The spa has been known for its health properties for centuries, but has only been commercially exploited as a spa since the building in 1938 of Grand Hotel Balvanyos, a 4 star hotel.
Gallery
References
Resorts in Romania
Tourist attractions in Covasna County |
4012402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Empire | New Empire | New Empire can refer to:
New Kingdom of Egypt, when Ancient Egypt was at the height of its power
New Empire (band), an Australian band
New Empire Cinema (disambiguation), several cinemas
New Empire Theatre
A New Empire, a 2016 EP by Ailee
Final Fantasy XV: A New Empire, a mobile game
See also
New (disambiguation)
Empire (disambiguation)
New Kingdom (disambiguation) |
4012412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Norvind | Eva Norvind | Eva Norvind (born Eva Johanne Chegodayeva Sakonsky; May 7, 1944 – May 14, 2006) was a Norwegian-born Mexican actress, writer, documentary producer, director, sex therapist, and dominatrix. She was the mother of telenovela actress Nailea Norvind and the sister of composer and singer/songwriter Georg Kajanus.
Early life
Norvind was the daughter of Russian prince Paul Vernstad née Chegodayef Sakonsky and Finnish sculptor Johanna Kajanus, who won the bronze medal for sculpture at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937). Norvind, her mother and her brother moved to France when Norvind was 15 years old.
Career
The following year she won the second prize in the beauty contest at the Cannes Film Festival which enabled her to win a minor role in the film Saint Tropez Blues. She then joined the cast of the Folies Bergère and changed her stage name to Eva Norvind. She also appeared in A School for Scandal at the Comédie-Française.
In 1962, Norvind moved to Canada and then to New York City, where at the age of 18 she worked as a Playboy Bunny and a Can-Can dancer. She finished high school in 1964 and then moved to Mexico City to study Spanish when she was recruited as an actress. She made seven films in Mexico, her last one being Báñame mi amor in 1968.
Norvind was the object of controversy in Mexico, when on the highly censored national television she spoke in defense of birth control. The government of Mexico then asked her to leave the country within 24 hours but with the help of the National Association of Actors she was able to stay in the country, although she was forbidden from appearing on television for one year. She performed in two plays, En el closet, no and Machiavelli's La mandragola (The Mandrake).
In 1968, she became a photographer covering fashion and celebrity news - traveling to Paris and New York City. She also wrote film articles and worked on distribution of Mexican films to Scandinavia and vice versa.
In 1970, Norvind gave birth to her daughter Nailea Norvind in Mexico City and returned to New York City in 1980 to study film at New York University (NYU), graduating in 1982 with a Bachelor in Fine Arts degree. In 1985, she became interested in erotic power exchange and two years later founded Taurel Associates, an umbrella company for counselling, erotic role play and video production for health related services. She gave lectures at national conferences worldwide, to both health professionals and lay audiences. In 1996, she obtained her master's degree in Human Sexuality from NYU. The following year, a movie about her life entitled Didn't Do It For Love was made by German filmmaker Monika Treut. She appeared in that film as well as in the 1999 film Tops & Bottoms.
In 1999, John McTiernan hired Norvind to coach Rene Russo for her assertive sexual image in The Thomas Crown Affair for which she got screen credit. Norvind also pursued graduate studies in Forensic Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. In 2003, she provided sexual consultation for the film Distress.
Death
Norvind died on 14 May 2006, drowned in the waters off the beaches of Zipolite, in Oaxaca, Mexico. At the time of her death, she was writing, directing and producing a documentary about severely handicapped Mexican actor and musician José Flores, entitled Born Without. In March 2007, Born Without won Best International Documentary at the Festival Internacional de Cine Contemporaneo de la Ciudad De Mexico (FICCO), Best Documentary Feature at the Vancouver International Film Festival 2008 and the Audience Award for Best International Feature at the 2009 LA Film Festival.
Plays
La Mandragola (The Mandrake)
En el Closet, no
Films
Saint Tropez Blues (1961) as a German Tourist
Pacto de sangre (1966) as Helen
Esta noche no (1966) as Blond in Acapulco
Juan Pistolas (1966)
Nuestros buenos vecinos de Yucatán (1967)
Santo el Enmascarado de Plata vs. la invasión de los marcianos (1967) as Selene
Don Juan 67 (1967) as Helga
Un yucateco honoris causa (1967)
Báñame mi amor (1968) as Priestess
Whipped (1998) as herself
The City (2007) as herself
References
External links
Los Angeles Film Festival website
Review of 'Born Without' in Variety
The outrageous life of Eva Norvind
Festival Internacional de Cine Contemporaneo de la Ciudad De Mexico
Eva's bio from the 2007 film, The City
1944 births
2006 deaths
Deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths in Mexico
Mexican film actresses
Mexican stage actresses
Mexican women writers
20th-century Mexican actresses
21st-century Mexican actresses
Norwegian emigrants to France
Norwegian emigrants to Canada
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Norwegian emigrants to Mexico
Norwegian people of Russian descent
Norwegian people of Finnish descent
Mexican dominatrices
Mexican women journalists
People from Trondheim
Norvind family |
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