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4010773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice%20Boulevard | Venice Boulevard | Venice Boulevard is a major east–west thoroughfare in Los Angeles, running from the ocean in the Venice district, past the I-10 intersection, into downtown Los Angeles. It was originally known as West 16th Street under the Los Angeles numbered street system.
Route description
The western terminus of Venice Boulevard is Ocean Front Walk in Venice. Proceeding easterly, it assumes the designation California State Route 187 crossing Lincoln Boulevard (State Route 1). The route then passes through the Mar Vista neighborhood. Further east, it briefly forms the boundary between Palms and Culver City and passes near Sony Pictures Studios. Continuing northeast into the Crestview neighborhood in West Los Angeles, the SR 187 designation terminates at the intersection with Cadillac Avenue and the ramp carrying traffic from westbound I-10. Continuing to parallel Washington Boulevard directly to its south, as it does for much of its length, the route proceeds between the Picfair Village neighborhood in West Los Angeles and Lafayette Square in Mid-City, through the Mid-Wilshire district, through Arlington Heights and Harvard Heights, dips under the Harbor Freeway, and continues into the heart of downtown Los Angeles, where it turns into East 16th Street at Main Street.
Public transportation
Metro Local line 33 operates on Venice Boulevard. The Metro E Line serves a rail station at its intersection with Robertson Boulevard.
History
Prior to 1932, West 16th Street ended at Crenshaw Boulevard. In that year part of the Pacific Electric Railway right of way was taken and Venice Boulevard was cut through from La Brea Avenue to Crenshaw. At that time West 16th Street was renamed Venice Boulevard.
Landmarks
Venice High School is located near the intersection with Walgrove Avenue.
Loyola High School is located by Venice and Vermont Avenue.
The Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery also lies on Venice.
References
External links
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Boulevards in the United States
Central Los Angeles
Culver City, California
Mar Vista, Los Angeles
Venice, Los Angeles
Westside (Los Angeles County)
West Los Angeles
pl:Venice Boulevard |
4010780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Rakow | Ed Rakow | Edward Charles Rakow (May 30, 1935 – August 26, 2000), nicknamed "Rock", was an American professional baseball player. The right-handed pitcher appeared in 195 games in Major League Baseball during all or parts of seven seasons (1960–65; 1967) as a member of the Los Angeles Dodgers, Kansas City Athletics, Detroit Tigers and Atlanta Braves. He stood tall and weighed .
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Rakow signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers during their last season in Brooklyn, 1957, and after three minor league seasons, he spent part of the 1960 season on the Los Angeles Dodgers' roster. He worked in nine games, two as a starting pitcher, and lost his only decision, giving up 18 earned runs, 30 hits and 11 bases on balls in 22 innings pitched. The following spring, he was traded to the Athletics, where he would appear in 121 games over the next three years.
In 1962, Rakow led the A's in games started (35), innings pitched (235), complete games (11), shutouts (2) and games won (14). He led the American League in losses (17) and earned runs (111), and finished eighth in the league in strikeouts (159, which led the Athletics).
After the 1963 campaign, Rakow was included a major off-season trade with the Detroit Tigers, in which he, fellow right-handed pitcher Dave Wickersham and second baseman Jerry Lumpe were exchanged for slugger Rocky Colavito, pitcher Bob Anderson and cash. His first year as a Tiger, 1964, saw Rakow lower his earned run average to a career-best 3.72 in 34 games and 174 innings pitched, but it would be his last full season in the Majors. Detroit farmed him out to Triple-A in May 1965, and Rakow remained in the minor leagues for the remainder of his career, except for 17 games with the Atlanta Braves during the latter weeks of the 1967 season. Rakow retired after 1968, his 12th pro season.
He allowed 771 hits and 304 bases on balls in 761 big-league innings pitched, with 484 strikeouts, 20 complete games and five saves. Of his 195 MLB appearances, 90 came as a starting pitcher.
In 1989, at age 54, Rakow was a player-coach for the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association.
References
External links
1935 births
2000 deaths
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Pittsburgh
Detroit Tigers players
Green Bay Bluejays players
Kansas City Athletics players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Maracaibo BBC players
Montreal Royals players
Rapiños de Occidente players
Reno Silver Sox players
Richmond Braves players
Spokane Indians players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Victoria Rosebuds players
West Palm Beach Tropics players |
4010803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Allen%20%28baseball%29 | Kim Allen (baseball) | Kim Bryant Allen (born April 5, 1953) is a former professional baseball player.
Career
After playing college baseball for the UC Riverside Highlanders and having a nondescript minor league career, Allen briefly earned prospect status with the Seattle Mariners on the strength of his spectacular season for the Triple-A Spokane Indians. That season he registered a 35-game hitting streak and stole 84 bases, the most in the Pacific Coast League since 1913. He was called up to the Mariners in September 1980 and swiped 10 bags in 23 games.
Entering , Allen was a dark horse Rookie of the Year candidate, as there was speculation that Mariners manager Maury Wills would embrace Allen's larcenous ways and would allow him to run wild. However, after breaking camp with the Mariners, Allen was used almost exclusively as a pinch-runner, and then was sent down at the end of April.
After his big league career, Allen played in Japan for the Hanshin Tigers during the and seasons. In 1982, he hit .260/.326/.358 and stole 22 bases in 28 tries and posted .276/.340/.409 in 47 games in 1983. Surprisingly, he was caught in eight of 20 steal attempts that year.
Allen also spent 1976 in the Mexican League while playing for the Alacranes de Durango.
In between, he played winter ball with the Navegantes del Magallanes club of the Venezuelan League in the 1980-81 season, and for the Petroleros de Zulia of the extinct Inter-American League in 1979.
Allen then suited up for the Senior Professional Baseball Association's Fort Myers Sun Sox in and led the league with 33 stolen bases.
Sources
External links
1953 births
Living people
Alacranes de Durango players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from California
Columbus Clippers players
Fort Myers Sun Sox players
Hanshin Tigers players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball second basemen
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
People from Fontana, California
Petroleros de Zulia players
Quad Cities Angels players
Rochester Red Wings players
Salinas Angels players
Salt Lake City Gulls players
San Bernardino Pride players
Seattle Mariners players
Spokane Indians players
UC Riverside Highlanders baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela |
4010808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Greece at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Greece competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Cross-country skiing
Sprint
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4010833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoe%20Hanba | Tomoe Hanba | is a Japanese voice actress associated with Arts Vision. She is the official Japanese dubbing voice for Velma Dinkley in the Scooby-Doo franchise and is known for voicing Etna in the Disgaea video game franchise. as well as Welch Vineyard in Star Ocean video games.
Filmography
Anime
Film
Video games
Other voice recordings
Dubbing
References
External links
Tomoe Hanba at Ryu's Seiyuu Infos
1972 births
Living people
Voice actresses from Tokyo
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
Arts Vision voice actors |
4010852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles | 1988 Australian Open – Women's singles | Steffi Graf defeated Chris Evert in the final, 6–1, 7–6(7–3) to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1988 Australian Open. This was her first step towards completing the first, and so far only Golden Slam in the history of pedestrian tennis.
Hana Mandlíková was the defending champion, but was defeated by Graf in the quarterfinals.
This tournament marked Evert's 34th (and last) appearance in a major singles final, an all-time record. It was also her sixth Australian Open final in as many attempts. This was the first major final played under a roof. There was a 1 hour and 23-minute delay to close the roof at 1-1 in the first set.
Martina Navratilova's streak of eleven consecutive major final appearances ended (starting from the 1985 French Open) when she lost to Evert in the semifinals.
Seeds
Bunge's position in the draw was taken over by lucky loser, Katie Rickett; Turnbull was replaced by lucky loser Jill Smoller
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
See also
Evert–Navratilova rivalry
External links
1988 Australian Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Women's singles
1988 in women's tennis |
4010858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20relay%20service | Video relay service | A video relay service (VRS), also sometimes known as a video interpreting service (VIS), is a video telecommunication service that allows deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech-impaired (D-HOH-SI) individuals to communicate over video telephones and similar technologies with hearing people in real-time, via a sign language interpreter.
A similar video interpreting service called video remote interpreting (VRI) is conducted through a different organization often called a "Video Interpreting Service Provider" (VISP).
VRS is a newer form of telecommunication service to the D-HOH-SI community, which had, in the United States, started earlier in 1974 using a simpler non-video technology called telecommunications relay service, also known as "TRS", or simply as "relay service".
VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since 2003. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.
Telecommunications-facilitated signing
One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.
21st century improvements
Significant improvements in video call quality of service for the deaf occurred in the United States in 2003 when Sorenson Media Inc. (formerly Sorenson Vision Inc.), a video compression software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone videophone specifically for the deaf community. It was designed to output its video to the user's television in order to lower the cost of acquisition, and to offer remote control and a powerful video compression codec for unequaled video quality and ease of use with video relay services. Favourable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community.
Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers, the availability of high speed Internet, and sponsored video relay services authorized by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country.
Present-day usage
Using such video equipment, the deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech-impaired can communicate between themselves and with hearing individuals using sign language. The United States and several other countries compensate companies to provide video relay service (VRS). Telecommunication equipment can be used to talk to others via a sign language interpreter, who uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf person's party. Video equipment is also used to do on-site sign language translation via video remote interpreting (VRI). The relative low cost and widespread availability of 3G mobile phone technology with video calling capabilities have given deaf and speech-impaired users a greater ability to communicate with the same ease as others. Some wireless operators have even started free sign language gateways.
Sign language interpretation services via VRS or by VRI are useful in the present-day where one of the parties is deaf, hard-of-hearing, or speech-impaired (mute). In such cases the interpretation flow is normally within the same principal language, such as French Sign Language (LSF) to spoken French, Spanish Sign Language (LSE) to spoken Spanish, Swedish Sign Language (SSL) to spoken Swedish, German Sign Language (DGS) to spoken German, British Sign Language (BSL) to spoken English, and American Sign Language (ASL) also to spoken English (since BSL and ASL are completely distinct to each other), and so on.
Sign language interpreting involves considerable effort on the part of the interpreter, since sign languages are distinct natural languages with their own construction, semantics and syntax, different from the aural version of the same principal language.
Multilingual sign language interpreters, who can also translate as well across principal languages (such as from spoken Spanish, to spoken English, to ASL and vice versa), are also available, albeit less frequently.
With video interpreting, sign language interpreters work remotely with live video and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, and converse with the hearing party, and vice versa. Much like telephone interpreting, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRS and VRI interpretation requires all parties to have the necessary equipment. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera remotely, in order to zoom in and out or to point the camera toward the party that is signing.
VRS deployment worldwide
Video relay service platform vendors
Video Relay Services is based on three main factors: sign language interpreters, call center management (customer service, call center management), and platform provider (mobile app, servers).
Canada
Canada's regulatory Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) issued a policy order on July 21, 2009 requiring Canadian telecommunication, wireless service, and VoIP providers to implement IP-based text relay services by July 21, 2010, and also delaying a decision on the national provision of video relay services in both official languages (ASL & LSQ) for three years. According to deaf-community organizations Canada is lagging far behind its neighbour, the United States, with respect to video relay service for the deaf, hard-of-hearing, deaf-blind, and speech-impaired.
The Video Relay Service Trial Project, managed by Telus with Sorenson as the provider, ended on January 15, 2012. The trial project, which lasted for 18 months, was accessible for approximately 300 participants in BC and Alberta, and cost over $3 million (CAD).
The CRTC issued a policy order on April 22, 2014 deciding that VRS should be offered in Canada, starting as early as the fall of 2015, overseen and implemented by an independent VRS administrator (now the Canadian Administrator of Video Relay Service - CAV).
The CAV opened Video Relay Service in Canada - named SRV Canada VRS - for registration on September 28, 2016
At first, SRV Canada VRS offered 12 hour weekday service (6 am to 6 pm Pacific Time, and accordingly for subsequent time zones) and 8 hour weekend service (8 am to 4 pm Pacific Time). Hours of service were progressively increased, first on April 3, 2017 and then on July 3, 2017. On October 2, 24/7/365 service started.
Denmark
Denmark's video relay service is currently provided by TegnKom and 12K Studio (12K A/S).
TegnKom was created in 2005 as project in cooperation with AMC Nord (Aarhus Municipality), and only offered to deaf people at their workplace. The service can only be used on Windows-based units with use-license for the preinstalled software (MMX).
12K Studio was created and financed in 2011 by the nationwide sign language interpreter company, 12K A/S. The service can be used on Windows-, OS X/iOS-, Linux- and Android-based units (pc, mac and smartphones) with Skype and/or FaceTime app. 12K Studio service is primary offered to deaf people at their workplace, but can also be used in private for free.
France
There are two companies that provide VRS in France. France has legislated into a law the establishment of three VRS call centres to serve deaf and hard-of-hearing French consumers. However, the long-running disagreement in the French parliament on how to fund the service kept VRS from becoming a reality.
The deaf and hard-of-hearing callers receive the personal budget that covers the cost of VRS and videophone equipment. The personal budget is stipulated for three-year period.
Elioz is a providing both VRI and VRS in France. On the phone, in interview or in meeting, Elioz enables deaf, hard of hearing and hearing people to communicate in sign language, oral language, and writing using total conversation as a technical foundation of its services.
Tadeo is a communication platform for use between hearing, deaf and hard-of-hearing persons in a professional environment; it offers a French Sign Language interpretation service, in Cued Speech, and live Transcription, remotely and real-time.
Viable France was established in 2008 and bankrupt in 2015 by the deaf woman to provide VRS and VRI service in France. The company is fully independent of Viable, Inc. and has its own programming and engineering team. A distinction of Viable France is the sales and distribution of its own videophone product that was fully developed and engineered by the deaf engineers at Viable, Inc.
Since October 8, 2018, the operators of the French Federation of Telecoms have launched the first interpersonal telecommunications service dedicated to the deaf, hearing-impaired, deafblind and aphasic, they can now phone independently with the application Rogervoice
Germany
Currently, Germany has two providers of VRS and VRI: they are TeSS and TeleSign. TeSS was created in 2005 by the consortium of Deutsche Gesellschaft der Hörgeschädigten (German Society of Hearing Impaired), Deutsche Telekom, Bundesnetzagenteur (federal infrastructure regulatory agency), and several other associations. Deutsche Telekom provided the initial funding for feasibility project that started in 2006.
The deaf and hard-of-hearing clients who use the VRS for private calls must enrol with TeSS and arrange the payment method. They pay 14 eurocents per minute for text relay and 14 eurocents for video relay. TeSS operates around the clock (24/7).
TeleSign provides the combined video relay and video remote interpreting service for the deaf and hard-of-hearing clients at work. The clients must apply to the integration agency for videophones and funds. The subscription is 220 euros per month with one point seven euro per minute of video relay service. The integration agency restricts the monthly call volume to 100 minutes per client. TeleSign operates from eight in the morning to six in the afternoon.
TeSS has added the work-related VRS/VRI as to countereffect the demand of integration agency to switch from TeleSign to "cheaper" TeSS service.
Despite the availability of VRS providers in Germany since 2006, the VRS usage is very extremely low as compared to other countries (no more than 3000 clients out of 80,000 deaf people). The integration agency is notorious for rejecting the applications many times on "cost benefit" factor: the agency claims that some deaf clients do not make sufficient VRS calls per month to justify the cost or that the nature of employment does not warrant the need for VRS and videophones. The deaf and hard-of-hearing callers who use VRS for private calls do not receive any form of reimbursement for the VRS calls.
The grassroot movement is gaining momentum in pushing for the free VRS in Germany to be subsidised by the government through the contribution from the telecom companies.
Norway
NAV, or the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration provides the national relay service for Norway. The service started in 2008, and its usage is increasing.
Spain
Video relay service exists in Spain since September 2009. The platform that provides this service is called Svisual. It allows Deaf people and Hard of Hearing people to communicate with hearing people.
The service is provided in Spanish Sign Language and in Catalan Sign Language.
Customers may download a free video software application to their phone or tablet, or access the Svisual web on their computer.
The service works 24 hours a day, every day of the year.
Sweden
Sweden was the first country in the world to implement a public VRS fully subsidized by the government. The service started as a pilot project in 1996 for ISDN videophones, but started to offer SIP-based services in 2003. Currently the Swedish video relay service is the largest in Europe with an average of 110,000 minutes every month.
There is one national service for the country, which is procured by bids to the National Telecom and Postal Agency (PTS) every four years.
The service is provided by Evantia Oy, with call centers in Örebro, Uppsala and Gotland.
Customers may download a video software application from the service provider, use a web-based application or access the service using Skype and third-party SIP software.
United Kingdom
Significan't (UK) Ltd, a deaf and sign language led social enterprise, was the first to establish an IP video relay service in 2004 in London. The SignVideo Contact Centre utilizes qualified and registered sign language interpreters and processed its 10,000th video call in 2006. It secured national contracts with Access to Work and the National Health Services to provide video remote interpreting services throughout the United Kingdom. In 2010 Significan't introduced the iSignVideo range of videophones and a web-based video calling service, the SignVideo SV2. This service is compliant with the concept of Total Conversation.
connectSCOTLAND BSL is the national VRS service for Scotland and it is free-of-charge for its users. The service was procured by the Scottish Government and it complies with standards for Total Conversation.
United States
In the United States, VRS services have been regulated by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) since 2002.
Support for initial trials in Texas
Ed Bosson of the Texas Public Utility Commission (PUC) envisioned deaf people communicating with videophones more than 10 years before the FCC began reimbursing for it. Bosson contacted Mark Seeger of Sprint Relay and discussed the possibilities. Seeger then contacted Sprint technicians to see if the proposal was feasible, and then suggested that Bosson bring the idea to Texas' PUC.
It took Bosson considerable time to convince the Texas PUC and to enlist help from a lawyer in interpreting. He first convinced his supervisor and then, one-by-one, the PUC Commissioners that video relay should become a part of statewide Telecom Relay Service offering. Bosson was authorized to manage the first video relay service trials, and Sprint became the first service provider to conduct the Texas Video Relay Service tests. Bosson would later receive national awards from Smithsonian Computerworld and TDI for his work with VRS.
Initial Texas trials
In 1995, the first trial was run by Sprint in Austin and was limited to four public call centers.
The second trial occurred in 1997 and served ten cities in Texas. At that point, Sprint and Hanwave Interpreting partnered to provide service. Jon Hodson of Sorenson Communications worked with Ed Bosson during the early stages and provided video conferencing software during the VRS trial in Texas. (At this point the service was called "Video Relay Interpreting" or VRI, which a name that now refers to Video Remote Interpreting. Linda Nelson has been credited with changing the term from VRI to VRS.) Later, Hanwave Interpreting Service was bought by Communication Service for the Deaf, and Sprint expanded their relay subcontract to include VRS services in addition to the established TRS services.
In 2002, Washington and Texas tested a web based VRS, with CSDVRS providing VRS services via the Internet to Washingtonians.
Implementation across the United States
In 2000, VRS officially became available throughout the State of Texas. In 2002, the FCC allowed for the reimbursement of interstate VRS providers via an interstate TRS fund administration, making the United States the second country after Sweden to federally subsidize VRS nationwide.
United States VRS regulation
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is the regulatory body for VRS in the United States. In addition to overseeing VRS, the FCC also oversees Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS), from which the VRS regulatory framework has evolved. The FCC oversees TRS and VRS as a result of their mandate in the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) to facilitate the provisions equal access to individuals with disabilities over the telephone network.
The Interstate Telecommunications Relay Fund was created by the FCC to fund TRS and its scope was expanded to include VRS. Funding for the TRS comes from state tax, through rate adjustments or surcharge on local telephone bills. The tax on revenue is set by the FCC yearly and has been steadily increasing as the number of VRS minutes continues to climb. For 2007 the tax is 7.2/100ths of a penny per dollar of revenue, up from 3.8/100th of a penny in 2000. The current revenue tax of .0072 is expected to generate $553 million against telecommunications industry revenue of $76.8 billion. The fund is managed by National Exchange Carrier Association (NECA), which also administers the much larger Universal Service Fund and publishes the reimbursement rates paid to all relay providers.
In addition to regulating the funding of VRS, the FCC regulates the standards that VRS companies and their employees must follow in handling calls. These regulations ensure that VRS calls are handled appropriately and ethically.
The U.S. FCC-issued rulings include:
The time it takes an interpreter to answer an incoming VRS call. As of July 1, 2006, VRS providers must answer 80% of calls within two and a half minutes. Starting on January 1, 2007 VRS providers must answer 80% of calls within two minutes;
as of January 1, 2006, all VRS providers are required to provide service 24 hours a day, seven days a week;
reimbursement of VRS Video Mail: if a Hearing person calls a sign language user, but there is no answer, the VI signs a message and delivers it to the sign language user's e-mail, similar to an answering machine. Previously this service was not reimbursed and the cost was absorbed by the VRS provider;
VRS providers are not permitted to "call back" when a customer hangs up before a VRS call is placed;
VRS providers must only process calls that either originate or terminate in the US or its territories. For example, a person in Canada may use a VRS service in the United States to call a person in the United States, but not another person in Canada.
2005 U.S. FCC "Certification Program"
On December 12, 2005, the Commission released an order adopting new rules permitting carriers desiring to offer IP Relay and VRS services and receive payment from the Fund to seek certification as a provider eligible for compensation from the Fund. The record reflects that other entities that desire to offer VRS have been unable to join a certified state program.
(i) a description of the forms of TRS to be provided (i.e., VRS, IP Relay and/or IP CTS); (ii) a description of how the provider will meet all non-waived mandatory minimum standards applicable to each form of TRS offered; (iii) a description of the provider's procedures for ensuring compliance with all applicable TRS rules; (iv) a description of the provider's complaint procedures; (v) a narrative describing any areas in which the provider's service will differ from the applicable mandatory minimum standards; (vi) a narrative establishing that services that differ from the mandatory minimum standards do not violate applicable mandatory minimum standards; (vii) demonstration of status as a common carrier; and (viii) a statement that the provider will file annual compliance reports demonstrating continued compliance with these rules.
The rules further provide that after review of the submitted documentation, the Commission shall certify that the provider of IP Relay, VRS and IP CTS is eligible for compensation from the Fund if the Commission determines that the certification documentation:
As of 2009 there have been six providers certified becoming eligible for reimbursement from the TRS fund under the rules advocated for by Daryl Crouse and supported by others in the industry.
Issues in United States VRS administration
Numbering standardization competing VRS providers have incompatible numbering schemes.
Interconnection between the IP-based videophone network and the worldwide telephone network.
VRS providers encounter difficulties routing 911 calls to the appropriate Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP). When a VRS user dials 911, the call is first delivered to the VRS, as with any other call placed. However, when the VRS interpreter attempts to connect with the user's local PSAP, the call is instead connected to the PSAP that services the VRS provider's location. Additionally, the information displayed at the PSAP will be that of the VRS provider, not the VRS user. In order to route emergency calls and accurate information to the appropriate PSAP, VRS providers can send the call information to a national call-routing service. This service determines the appropriate local PSAP for the VRS user and delivers the VRS interpreter's 911 call accordingly. The VRS user can then communicate with the PSAP dispatcher via the VRS interpreter, in order to receive the appropriate emergency services. The European Union improves access to emergency services 112 for people with disabilities. The REACH112 project intends to implement a 12-month pilot in Sweden, UK, The Netherlands, France and Spain allowing disabled users to communicate at a distance with each other and directly with the emergency services.
The VRS industry is under investigation by the FCC, U.S. Postal Inspection Service and FBI for alleged fraudulent activities meant to "manufacture" minutes. The FBI raided the offices of several VRS providers in June 2009 and consequently issued warrants and indictments for fraud. The FCC OIG office presented at the RID conference in Philadelphia alerting the field to the problem and urging all those involved to no longer tolerate and such activity by reporting it to the FCC.
On November 19, 2009, the FBI unsealed indictments against 26 people charged with engaging in a scheme to steal millions of dollars from the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) Video Relay Service (VRS) program. Arrests were made the same day by FBI agents and Postal Inspectors in New York, New Jersey, Florida, Texas, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, and Maryland and were the result of a joint FBI, U.S. Postal Inspection Service (USPIS), and FCC Office of Inspector General (FCC-OIG) investigation into a nationwide scheme to defraud the FCC's VRS program.The indictments charged the owners, employees and contractors of several companies with engaging in a scheme to defraud the FCC's VRS program:
Viable Communications Inc., of Rockville, Maryland
Master Communications LLC, of Las Vegas
KL Communications LLC, of Phoenix
Mascom LLC of Austin, Texas
Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Interpreting Services Inc. (DHIS), of New York and New Jersey
Innovative Communication Services for the Deaf
Tamara Frankel, Robert Rubeck, Benjamin Pena of Arizona
Technical details
Typical calling procedure in the United States
Normally:
An individual who communicates by American Sign Language, or another mode of manual communication, such as Signing Exact English, contact signing (Pidgin Signed English), Cued Speech, or Linguistics of Visual English, uses a videophone or other video device, such as a webcam, to connect via broadband Internet to a Video Relay Service;
the caller is routed to a sign language interpreter, known as a Video Interpreter (VI). The VI is in front of a camera or videophone;
the video user gives the VI a voice number to dial, as well as any special dialing instructions;
the VI places the call and interprets as a neutral, non-participating third party. Anything that the audio user says is signed to the video user, and anything signed by the video user is spoken to the audio user;
once the call is over, the caller can make another call or hang up with the interpreter;
the company that provides the interpreter services will then submit billings to the FCC.
Hearing people can also contact a deaf, hard-of-hearing, or speech-disabled person via VRS. To initiate a call, a hearing person calls a VRS and connects to a video interpreter who then contacts the video user.
Some VRS services also offer:
Voice Carry Over: The video user may use his/her own voice instead of the interpreter speaking;
Hearing Carry Over: the video user may listen for him/herself instead of relying on the interpreter;
Language Preference: The video user requests that the interpreter use American Sign Language;
the ability to connect to a sign language interpreter who can interpret into another language, such as Spanish.
Videotelephony descriptive names & terminology
The name videophone is not as standardized as its earlier counterpart, the telephone, resulting in a variety of names and terms being used worldwide, and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as videotelephones (or video telephones) and often by an early trademarked name "Picturephone", which was the world's first commercial videophone produced in volume. The compound name "videophone" slowly entered into general use after 1950, although "video telephone" likely entered the lexicon earlier after "video" was coined in 1935. Videophone calls (also: videocalls and video chat), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.
Webcams are popular, relatively low cost devices which can provide live video and audio streams via personal computers, and can be used with many software clients for both video calls and videoconferencing.
A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications. A separate webpage article is devoted to videoconferencing.
A telepresence system is a high-end videoconferencing system and service usually employed by enterprise-level corporate offices. Telepresence conference rooms use state-of-the art room designs, video cameras, displays, sound-systems and processors, coupled with high-to-very-high capacity bandwidth transmissions.
Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf video relay service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.
See also
List of video telecommunication services and product brands
Over the phone interpreting and telephone interpreting, audio-only language translation methods used by those with normal hearing.
Telecommunications Relay Service, precursor to VRS.
Telepresence, state-of-the-art videoconferencing technology.
Videoconferencing
Video Remote Interpreting (VRI), where the hearing person is co-located next to the signer.
Videophone, VRS's original ancestor.
Videotelephony
Webcam
References
External links
Videophone usage for the deaf in Russia
FCC TRS Rules
REACH 112
Orebro region unfair competition
Further reading
Figliola, Patricia Moloney. Video Relay Service: Program Funding and Reform. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2013.
Keating, Elizabeth; Mirus, Gene. "American Sign Language in Virtual Space: Interactions between Deaf Users of Computer-Mediated Video Communication and the Impact of Technology on Language Practices", Cambridge University Press, Language in Society, November 2003, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 693–714. Article stable URL DOI: American Sign Language in Virtual Space: Interactions between Deaf Users of Computer-Mediated Video Communication and the Impact of Technology on Language Practices.
Assistive technology
Deafness
Videotelephony |
4010862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan%20Park%2C%20Houston | Pecan Park, Houston | Pecan Park is a neighborhood in Houston, Texas.
Pecan Park is located approximately south of downtown Houston inside Interstate 610, known as "The Loop", to the east of Interstate 45 in the East End, Houston area. The name Pecan Park generally refers to the larger neighborhood, of which there are over 30 individual subdivisions, with Pecan Park being the largest. The typical size of the lots is and the average size of the homes is . The Gulfgate Center, formerly the Gulfgate Mall, is located just south of the Gulf Freeway from Pecan Park. The neighborhood is served by the Pecan Park Civic Association.
This area also includes Ingrando Park, home of Dixie Little League. It also has a local library, the Lucille Yvonne Melcher branch of the Houston Public Library system.
History
The heart of the area was once a pecan orchard dating back to the late 19th century with platting of lots for sale by the Magnolia Park Land Company beginning in 1926. The original streets were paved in shell, with asphalt paving becoming widespread during the 1930s and 1940s, when the majority of the homes in the area were constructed. The area was nearly completely built out by 1955, with the homes being examples of typical middle class residential architecture for Houston at the time; Bungalow, both brick and wood sided, Cape Cod (house), early Ranch-style houses and many mildly Tudor influenced English Cottages. Between 1980 and 1990 the area gained 1,000 to 3,500 people per square mile.
The Pecan Park raid occurred in 2019.
Demographics
the Pecan Park Super Neighborhood had 16,245 residents, with 9,762 persons per square mile. 92% were Hispanic, 3% were non-Hispanic whites, 2% were non-Hispanic blacks, 2% were non-Hispanic Asians, and zero were others.. In 2000 the area had had 19,230 residents, with 11,584 persons per square mile. 90% were Hispanic, 5% were non-Hispanic white, 3% were non-Hispanic black, and 2% were non-Hispanic Asian.
Education
Pecan Park proper and the Pecan Park Super Neighborhood are zoned to Houston ISD schools. Three different elementary schools serve sections of Pecan Park proper: Southmayd, Davila, and Crespo. In addition, Sanchez Elementary School serves parts of the Pecan Park Super Neighborhood. All residents of the Pecan Park Super Neighborhood are zoned to Deady Middle School and Milby High School.
Houston Community College's Eastside Campus is located on the edge of the neighborhood near the Gulf Freeway.
Lucile Yvonne Melcher Library of Houston Public Library, named after a woman who established a children's literature fund, is in the super neighborhood. Although the branch was closed for five years due to damage from Hurricane Harvey, as of August 2021, it is open to the public once again.
Infrastructure
The Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Ripley Health Center for the ZIP code 77012, while Martin Luther King Health Center is designated for ZIP code 77087. In 2000 Ripley was replaced by the Gulfgate Health Center. The designated public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.
Free Wireless
In 2005 Pecan Park was the first area in the United States to provide a super wireless hotspot for free or at a low cost. The service currently offers internet access close to 20,000 residents. Rice University students collaborated with the non-profit organization Technology for All (TFA).
Metro routes
Getting to Pecan Park can be accessed on the METRO (Houston) system on Bus 76, which travels north to south on Evergreen Dr, and also on Bus 50, which travels also north to south on Broadway Blvd. Both routes have access to the Magnolia Transit Center on Harrisburg for additional transportation and also access to the METRORail Green Line when completed in late 2014.
Parks and recreation
Ingrando Park, named after Frank and Jennie Ingrando and originally named Southmayd Park, is in the Super Neighborhood and has about of area along Plum Creek. The city of Houston bought the property for $14,866 from a couple from Campbell, California, Malcolm and Nellie Sprague, on August 23, 1944. The city government gave it its current name as per a September 22, 1971 resolution, and the namesakes donated $100,000 for improvement of the park. Originally the park had of space, but on September 18, 1996 the city government by ordinance acquired an additional for $96,129.25 after Houston City Council member Gracie Saenz began advocating for its expansion two years prior. The estate of Eunice H. Johnson and the Will Frank Johnson Trust funded the 1996 acquisition. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) funded additional improvements with a matching grant.
References
External links
Neighborhoods in Houston
East End, Houston |
4010872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Stanfield | Fred Stanfield | Frederic William Stanfield (May 4, 1944 – September 13, 2021) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1964 until 1978. He won two Stanley Cups with the Boston Bruins, in 1970 and 1972. He was known as a clean player, as only once did he receive more than 14 penalty minutes in any season of his professional career.
Early life
Stanfield was born in Toronto on May 4, 1944. He had six brothers, most of whom would eventually become professional hockey players. As was the practice at the time, Stanfield was signed by the Chicago Black Hawks at age 16 (as were his brothers Jim and Jack), and assigned to the junior league St. Catharines Teepees (later St. Catharines Black Hawks), their Ontario Hockey Association affiliate.
Playing with many future NHL teammates and stars—the team's roster included Phil Esposito, Ken Hodge, Roger Crozier, Chico Maki, Dennis Hull and Poul Popiel—Stanfield played three seasons for St. Catharines. The final two seasons he led the team in scoring, and his final season, 1964, he was third in the league in scoring with 109 points, as well as being awarded the Max Kaminsky Trophy as the league's most sportsmanlike player.
Playing career
Chicago Black Hawks
Called up for the 1964–65 season to the big league squad, Stanfield played the full season with Chicago, and then the next two seasons split his time between the Black Hawks and Chicago's St. Louis minor league affiliate.
In May 1967, Stanfield was traded, along with Phil Esposito and Ken Hodge, to the Boston Bruins, for defenceman Gilles Marotte, centre Pit Martin, and minor league goaltender Jack Norris.
Boston Bruins
The trade came to be widely regarded as one of the most one-sided deals in hockey history, as Boston immediately became a powerhouse, moving from a last place team to a perennial power. While Esposito became a preeminent star in Boston and Hodge became a league All-Star, Stanfield centered the team's second line, with wingers John Bucyk and Johnny McKenzie—which some considered the best second line in hockey—as well as playing the right point on the Bruins' feared top power play unit, helping the team to lead the league in power play goals every year between 1969 and 1972. He scored 20 or more goals in every one of the six years he played for Boston, with the Bruins leading the league in goals in each of those seasons. He became noted for a heavy slap shot, making his mark in the first game of the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals against the St. Louis Blues when he fired a shot so hard it split Blues goaltender Jacques Plante's mask in half, giving Plante a concussion which sidelined him for the remainder of the playoffs.
Stanfield's best years were between the 1971 and 1973 seasons. In 1971, he scored 76 points to finish 9th in league scoring. He also received the team's 7th Player Award, voted by the fans for the player performing most beyond expectations.
In the 1972 season, he scored 23 goals and 56 assists for 79 points, finishing 4th in the league in assists and 12th in the league in points, and added 7 goals and 9 assists for 16 points in 15 playoff games to help the Bruins to the Stanley Cup championship. He was a leading candidate for the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy for the league's most sportsmanlike player, finishing behind eventual winner Jean Ratelle of the New York Rangers and teammate Johnny Bucyk.
Stanfield followed up in the next season, when he scored 20 goals and 58 assists for 78 points, and was named to play in the 1973 All-Star Game as an injury replacement. Stanfield finished the season 7th in the league in assists.
Minnesota North Stars
Greatly depleted in goaltending by the losses of Gerry Cheevers to the World Hockey Association and Dan Bouchard to the Atlanta Flames in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft, Boston's goaltending was down to 36-year-old career minor leaguer Ross Brooks and 44-year-old late season acquisition Jacques Plante. Determined to bolster that position, new Boston general manager Harry Sinden traded Stanfield to the Minnesota North Stars for goaltender Gilles Gilbert. Shifted to the right wing for the centre-rich North Stars, he played a season and a half for Minnesota, with much reduced production.
Buffalo Sabres
Mired in a slump, Stanfield was traded to the Buffalo Sabres in the middle of the 1974–75 season for journeyman Norm Gratton and Buffalo's third round choice (Ron Zanussi) in the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft. He quickly broke out of his slump, scoring 33 points in 32 games for the Sabres, and contributing to the team's push to the Stanley Cup Finals, where they eventually lost to the Philadelphia Flyers.
Stanfield played the next three seasons for Buffalo, ending his NHL career with the team in 1978. He played the next season for the Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League, retiring as a player partway through the season when he was named the interim coach for the team, serving through the end of the season. His last position in organized hockey was the 1980 season for the Niagara Falls Flyers of the OHA, when he was again named a mid-season replacement as head coach.
Retirement and legacy
Stanfield played 914 career NHL games, scoring 211 goals and 405 assists for 616 points.
Two of Stanfield's brothers, Jim Stanfield and Jack Stanfield, also played in the NHL. His youngest brother, Vic Stanfield, was a two-time All-American for Boston University.
Stanfield maintained a residence in the Town of Mississauga as of 1969. Stanfield lived in the Buffalo area, and owned an office furniture store. He was an active member of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Association and has organized several alumni tournaments.
He died on September 13, 2021.
Career statistics
Sources:
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
Picture of Fred Stanfield's Name on the 1970 Stanley Cup Plaque
1944 births
2021 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hershey Bears players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Minnesota North Stars players
St. Catharines Black Hawks players
St. Catharines Teepees players
St. Louis Braves players
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Mississauga
Hershey Bears coaches
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey coaches |
4010885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Hong Kong at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Hong Kong, a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China, sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. The delegation competed under the formal name Hong Kong, China ( ). This was the SAR's second appearance at a Winter Olympic Games, and the delegation consisted of a single athlete, short track speed skater Han Yueshuang. Entered in three events, her best performance was 18th in the women's 1,000 metres race.
Background
Hong Kong began competing in the Summer Olympic Games in 1952, and have participated in every Summer Olympics since, excluding the boycotted 1980 Moscow Games. Hong Kong was a British colony until the 1997 transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China. The SAR retained the right to send separate teams to the Olympics and other international sporting events that it had enjoyed under British rule. Hong Kong made its Winter Olympic Games debut in 2002 at Salt Lake City. Hong Kong has never won a Winter Olympics medal. The Hong Kong delegation to Turin consisted of a single athlete, short track speed skater Han Yueshuang. She was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Short track speed skating
Han Yueshuang was 23 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. On 12 February, the heats of the women's 500 metres race were held, Han was assigned to heat six. She finished her heat in fourth place with a time of 47.087 seconds, and was eliminated as only the top two in each heat were allowed to proceed to the quarterfinals. She was ranked 24th for this event. On 18 February, she was placed into the fourth heat of the women's 1500 metres, where she finished with a time of 2 minutes and 36.233
seconds, fifth in her heat. Only the top three from each heat proceeded to the quarterfinals, and Han was eliminated in 24th place. In the heats for the women's 1000 metres held on 22 February, she finished third in the fourth heat with a time of 1 minute and 37.883 seconds, but again, only the top two in each heat could proceed to the quarterfinals. Han was officially classified in 18th place. She would later represent Hong Kong again at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
See also
Hong Kong at the 2006 Asian Games
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4010901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Dehesa | La Dehesa | La Dehesa is a suburban neighborhood in Lo Barnechea Commune of Santiago, Chile. It borders Las Condes to the south and Vitacura to the west. It is located in a valley near the Andes, in the northeast of the city, north of the Mapocho River. La Dehesa is known as one of Chile's most affluent neighborhoods.
History
It is believed that the first human group to be discovered here were mainly hunter–gatherer nomads. They came in search of guanacos; they arrived in Santiago in approximately 10,000 BC. Around the year 800 BC, the area became inhabited along the shores of the Mapocho River, representing the first sedentary population, which resulted from the establishment of farming communities and the lamini's domestication. The area was controlled by the Inca and by the Spanish during the seventeenth century. The Spanish were still in control of the area in the early 1800s when Bernardo O'Higgins helped to win its independence from that empire in 1810.
In 1964 there was discovery of important archeological materials in La Dehesa, some of the most important of which were five tembetás, Aconcagua salmón and a fragmented pipe of Mapuche origin. During construction several archaeological deposits were detected with finds linked to the Bato Tradition, evidence that aboriginals previously inhabited the location.
The harshest disaster that occurred in the area was in 1982, when coastal towns were inundated. The area was previously called Huayco, an Inca word that meant: "Place of serious inundations".
Notable people
Mario Kreutzberger
Rafael Araneda
Raquel Argandoña
Karen Doggenweiler
Marco Enríquez-Ominami
Paulina Nin de Cardona
Augusto Pinochet
Marcela Vacarezza
Jorge Valdivia
See also
Lo Barnechea
References
Geography of Santiago, Chile
Neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile |
4010922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanciale | Guanciale | Guanciale () is an Italian cured meat product prepared from pork jowl or cheeks. Its name is derived from guancia, the Italian word for 'cheek'.
Production
Pork cheek is rubbed with salt and spices (typically ground black or red pepper, thyme or fennel, and sometimes garlic) and cured for three weeks or until it loses approximately 30% of its original weight. Its flavour is stronger than other pork products, such as pancetta, and its texture is more delicate. Upon cooking, the fat typically melts away, giving great depth of flavour to the dishes and sauces it is used in.
In cuisine
Guanciale may be cut and eaten directly in small portions, but is often used as an ingredient in pasta dishes such as spaghetti alla carbonara and sauces like sugo all'amatriciana.
It is a specialty of central Italy, particularly Umbria and Lazio. Pancetta, a cured Italian bacon which is normally not smoked, is sometimes used as a substitute when guanciale is not available.
References
External links
Bacon dishes
Cuts of pork
Salumi |
4010937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Slovak%20Lowland | Eastern Slovak Lowland | The East(ern) Slovak Lowland (Slovak: Východoslovenská nížina) is the name of a part of the Great Hungarian Plain (Slovak: Veľká dunajská kotlina) situated in Slovakia.
In terms of geomorphology, it forms one unit together with the Tisza Lowland (Tiszamenti síkság) in Hungary, the Transcarpathian Lowland (Zakarpats'ka nyzovyna) in Ukraine, and the plain Câmpia Someşului in Romania.
It consists of the following two parts:
Eastern Slovak Hills (also translated as Eastern Slovak Upland) in the west and the north; and
Eastern Slovak Flat (also translated as Eastern Slovak Plain) in the middle, east and south.
References
Plains of Slovakia
Pannonian Plain |
4010939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m%E2%80%93Bras%C3%ADlia%20Highway | Belém–Brasília Highway | The Belém–Brasília Highway (in Portuguese: Rodovia Belém–Brasília) is a set of portions of six federal highways of Brazil, of which each portion contributes to the function of connecting the Atlantic port city of Belém in the northern state of Pará and the brazilian Federal District Brasília in the southern interior.
The Belém–Brasília Highway designation applies (between Belém and each respective city) to the following routes:
BR-316 (Santa Maria do Pará),
BR-308 (Santa Maria do Pará), and
BR-010 (Estreito).
It also applies to
BR-226 between Porto Franco and Wanderlândia,
BR-153 thence to and from Anápolis, and
BR-060 thence to and from Brasília.
In each case, the route in question extends beyond one or both of the cities that demarcate the respective stretch of the Belém–Brasília Highway, while the stretch(es) beyond lack that designation.
History
The Belém–Brasília Highway was the first road built through the central and the middle north region of Brazil, having been built between 1958 and 1960, and paved in 1974. Its construction was one of the highest achievements of road engineering, due to the enormous difficulties faced by designing it and by the construction crews (more than 5,000 water courses had to be conquered, and new ways of bulldozing and felling massive trees higher than 50 m and with girths exceeding 4 to 5 m in diameter had to be devised. Initially it was a dirt road, but in the succeeding years it was macadamized and more permanent bridges were built.
The Belém–Brasília Highway was fundamental to bring modernity to a completely wild region. Many agricultural settlements and entire new cities, with its suite of commerce, industry, etc., sprang up along the highway. It was also the first land connection between the states of Pará, Maranhão, Tocantins and northern region of Goiás, with all the rest of the country, so that the economic potential and development of the region could be increased. In its beginning, a trip through the road was a dangerous undertaking, due to the presence of wild animals such as the ferocious spotted jaguars and poisonous snakes, and also of road banditry. There were no hotels, gasoline stations and restaurants along the highway and travellers had to carry their own supplies. Today, it entails a drive of approximately 2 days.
See also
Brazilian Highway System
North Region, Brazil
BR-163
Juscelino Kubitschek
Emílio Garrastazu Médici
Brazilian Miracle
Agriculture in Brazil
Animal husbandry in Brazil
Cerrado
Federal District
Goiás
Tocantins
Maranhão
Pará
References
External links
Ministry of Transport of Brazil
National Department of Transport Infrastructure of Brazil
Federal highways in Brazil |
4010944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly%20Glen%20Boulevard | Beverly Glen Boulevard | Beverly Glen Boulevard is one of five major routes that connect the Westside of Los Angeles to the San Fernando Valley (the other four are the San Diego (405) Freeway, Sepulveda Boulevard, Laurel Canyon Boulevard, and Coldwater Canyon Avenue.
It starts at Rancho Park Golf Course on Pico Boulevard in West Los Angeles. It proceeds to intersect with Santa Monica and Wilshire boulevards, passing near Century City, Sinai Temple and Los Angeles Country Club. The road marks the eastern border of the Westwood Prosperity Unit development built by Janss Investment Company as the foundation of the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles.
As the road travels further north, it intersects with Sunset Boulevard near UCLA and passes the gated communities of Bel Air and the middle school campus of the Harvard-Westlake School. The hills through which the boulevard passes north of Sunset and south of Mulholland Drive is known as Beverly Glen. Beverly Glen runs parallel to the wealthy section of Bel-Air and its gated communities.
After passing Mulholland, Beverly Glen Boulevard swerves west and passes through the exclusive hillside homes in Sherman Oaks. "Stilt Street" is a row of twenty stilt houses designed by architect Richard Neutra that perch on the steep hillside above the boulevard. The road ends at Ventura Boulevard in the south end of the Valley. Commuters seeking to go further north into the Valley go one block west to Van Nuys Boulevard which spans most of the Valley's length.
Beverly Glen Boulevard is east of Sepulveda Boulevard and the San Diego Freeway (I-405). When traffic on I-405 becomes unbearable, many commuters take Beverly Glen or Sepulveda instead, causing considerable congestion on both streets.
References
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Streets in the San Fernando Valley
Boulevards in the United States
Hollywood Hills
Bel Air, Los Angeles
Rancho Park, Los Angeles
Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles
West Los Angeles
Westwood, Los Angeles
San Fernando Valley
Santa Monica Mountains |
4010945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20%C5%A0%C5%A5astn%C3%BD | Anton Šťastný | Anton Šťastný (born August 5, 1959) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey left winger who played nine seasons with the Quebec Nordiques of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1980 until 1989. He was the first player born and trained in Slovakia to be drafted by an NHL team. He is the brother of Vladimír, Bohumil, Eva, Marián, and Peter Šťastný, and the uncle of Yan Stastny and Paul Stastny (both Peter's sons), all of whom have been involved in ice hockey at a professional level. Anton's son, Thomas Šťastný, played in Switzerland, last for Martigny in 2015.
Playing career
Šťastný was originally drafted 198th overall by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft, but the selection was ruled invalid after it was determined Šťastný was too young to be drafted. He re-entered and was drafted 83rd overall by the Nordiques in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. He played 650 career NHL games, scoring 252 goals and 384 assists for 636 points and scored at least 25 goals in eight consecutive seasons.
He played his first nine seasons alongside his brother Peter, four of which were also played alongside Marián. They were the third trio of brothers to play on the same professional hockey team (the first being the Bentley brothers of the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1940s and the second being the Plager brothers of the St. Louis Blues in the 1970s). He ranks ninth overall in NHL points by a Slovak player. Anton and Peter share the rookie record for points in a game, with 8, which they accomplished in the same game against the Washington Capitals on February 22, 1981. Two days earlier, they each recorded six points against the Vancouver Canucks. These two games, played two days apart, are four out of the nine total instances in which rookies have recorded at least 6 points in a game.
Personal life
Anton was born in Bratislava, the fifth son of Stanislav and Frantiska. His two older brothers, Vladimir (born 1945) and Bohumil (born 1947) were born when the family still lived in the village of Pružina, about 170 kilometres northeast of Bratislava. They moved to Bratislava before the birth of Marián (1953), Peter (1956), and Eva (1966). Stanislav worked for a state-run company that built hydro-electric dams until 1980 when he retired, and mainly dealt with managing inventory. Frantiska stayed at home and raised the children.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
See also
Notable families in the NHL
List of Slovaks in the NHL
List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game
References
Bibliography
External links
1959 births
Living people
Czechoslovak defectors
Czechoslovak ice hockey left wingers
EHC Olten players
Halifax Citadels players
HC Fribourg-Gottéron players
HC Slovan Bratislava players
Ice hockey players at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players of Czechoslovakia
Philadelphia Flyers draft picks
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Quebec Nordiques players
Slovak ice hockey left wingers
Sportspeople from Bratislava |
4010946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Slovak%20Flat | Eastern Slovak Flat | The East(ern) Slovak Flat (Slovak: Východoslovenská rovina), also translated as Eastern Slovak Plain, is the lower, flat part of the Eastern Slovak Lowland.
Important towns: Trebišov, Michalovce, Veľké Kapušany, Kráľovský Chlmec, Sobrance
Division:
Trebišovská tabuľa (Trebišov Table)
Ondavská rovina (Ondava Flat)
Malčická tabuľa (Malčice Table)
Laborecká rovina (Laborec Flat)
Iňačovská tabuľa (Iňačovce Table)
Závadská tabuľa (Závadka Table)
Sobranecká rovina (Sobrance Flat)
Senianska mokraď (Senné Wet Ground)
Kapušianske pláňavy (Kapušany Flatlands)
Latorická rovina (Latorica Flat)
Medzibodrocké pláňavy ("Inter-Bodrog" Flatlands)
Bodrocká rovina (Bodrog Flat)
The plain is mostly covered by loess, river sediment, loess clays and sands. The plain is punctuated with volcanic formations, such as Chlmecké kopce or Tarbucka.
Important rivers are Bodrog and its tributaries Ondava, Laborec, Latorica, Uh, and Topľa. A system of protective dikes and drainage canals has been built, because the Bodrog tributaries had often caused floods. Subterranean water supplies can be found here. Cold sulphur and hydrogen acidulous waters are used at the Sobrance health resort. Many meadows can be found in the flat.
Arable land prevails in the Latorica Flat, where the Latorica Nature Park is also situated. Meadows, swamps and swamp forests are protected habitats (Zatínske močiare, Veľké jazero) within nature preserves (Latorický luh I and II, Zemplínska jelšina). Rare water and swamp flora and fauna is also preserved in the Tajba reserve.
Plains of Slovakia |
4010973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropouche%20orthobunyavirus | Oropouche orthobunyavirus | Oropouche orthobunyavirus (OROV) is one of the most common orthobunyaviruses. When OROV infects humans, it causes a rapid fever illness called Oropouche fever. OROV was originally reported in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955 from the blood sample of a fever patient and from a pool of Coquillettidia venezuelensis mosquitoes. In 1960, OROV was isolated from a sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) and a pool of Ochlerotatus serratus mosquitoes in Brazil. The virus is considered a public health threat in tropical and subtropical areas of Central and South America, with over half a million infected people as of 2005. OROV is considered to be an arbovirus due to the method of transmission by the mosquitoes Aedes serratus and Culex quinquefasciatus among sloths, marsupials, primates, and birds.
Epidemic sites
Between 1961 and 1980, OROV was reported in the northern state of Pará, Brazil, and from 1980 to 2004, OROV had spread to the Amazonas, Amapá, Acre, Rondônia, Tocantis, and Maranhão. The virus causes Oropouche fever, an urban arboviral disease that has since resulted in >30 epidemics during 1960–2009.
Virology
Currently, based on the small segment (SRNA) genetic information, there are 4 major genotypes (I–IV) of OROV. Genotype I was isolated from strains in Acre, Amazonas, Maranhão, Tocantis, Pará, Trinidad, and Tobago. Genotype II was obtained during the spread in Amapá, Pará, Rondônia, and Peru. Genotype III was isolated from samples in Acre, Minas Gerais, Panama, and Rondônia. The final genotype IV was isolated from Amazonas.
Dispersion
A possible dispersal could be predicted for the four genotypes based on time-scaled analysis and epidemiologic data association. Genotype I possibly dispersed towards western Pará, Trinidad, and Tobago. After, genotype I progressed towards Amazonas, Acre, Maranhao, and Tocantins. Genotype II possibly emerged in Amapá, Pará, Rondônia, and Peru at the same time. Genotype III emerged in Rondônia, moved towards Panama, Acre, and Maranhão. From Maranhão, the genotype progressed towards Minas Gerais. Finally, genotype IV emerged from the city of Manaus and Amazonas.
Experimentation and research
OROV has been used extensively in testing with HeLa cells to study the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by the virus. It was found that OROV causes apoptosis by DNA fragmentation. In UV-inactivated OROV, virus-receptor binding was not enough and that viral uncoating and replication were needed to induce apoptosis.
References
Orthobunyaviruses |
4010977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201960%20Winter%20Olympics | Canada at the 1960 Winter Olympics | Canada competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, United States. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
Canada was represented by the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, which also represented Canada at the 1956 Winter Olympics (bronze medal). The Dutchmen are the only self-contained club team to represent Canada at two different Olympics.
Group A
Top two teams (shaded ones) from each group advanced to the final round and played for 1st-6th places, other teams played in the consolation round.
Canada 5-2 Sweden
Canada 19-1 Japan
Final round
Canada 12-0 Germany (UTG)
Canada 4-0 Czechoslovakia
USA 2-1 Canada
Canada 6-5 Sweden
Canada 8-5 USSR
Leading scorers
Nordic combined
Events:
normal hill ski jumping (Three jumps, best two counted and shown here.)
15 km cross-country skiing
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
Women
Official Outfitter
HBC was the official outfitter of clothing for members of the Canadian Olympic team.
References
Olympic Winter Games 1960, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1960 Winter Olympics
1960
Winter Olympics |
4010984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neha%20Kakkar | Neha Kakkar | Neha Kakkar Singh (; née Kakkar; born 6 June 1988), is an Indian playback singer. She is the younger sister of playback singer Sonu Kakkar. She began performing at a very early age at religious events. In 2005, she participated in the second season of the singing reality show, Indian Idol. She made her Bollywood debut as a chorus singer in the film Meerabai Not Out. She rose to prominence with the release of the dance track "Second Hand Jawaani" from Cocktail, which was followed by several popular party songs including "Sunny Sunny" from Yaariyan and "London Thumakda" from Queen. Apart from playback singing, Kakkar has appeared in several music videos and as a judge on several television reality shows including "Indian Idol".
In 2019, Kakkar was listed among the most-viewed female artists on YouTube with 4.2 billion views. In January 2021, she became the first Indian singer to win a YouTube Diamond Award.
She appeared in the India Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2017 and 2019. In December 2020, she appeared in the list of Asia's 100 Digital Stars by Forbes.
Early life
Kakkar was born on 6 June 1988 in Rishikesh in the state of Uttar Pradesh (now Uttarakhand). In the early 1990s, Kakkar along with her family moved to Delhi, to try her luck in singing. Kakkar, at the age of four, started performing at local gatherings and religious event. In 2004, she moved to Mumbai along with her brother, Tony Kakkar. In 2006, at the age of eighteen, Kakkar auditioned for the second season of Indian Idol where she got eliminated early in the show.
Career
2005–2012: Career beginnings and breakthrough with Cocktail
In 2005 she participated in the second season of the singing reality show, Indian Idol, in which she was eliminated early.
In 2008, she launched her debut album Neha The Rockstar with music by Meet Bros. Anjjan. During the time, she recorded for a music album, Romeo Juliet composed by her brother, Tony Kakkar. She sang "Hai Rama" from Meerabai Not Out (2008) along with Sukhwinder Singh. The following year, she was featured in A.R. Rahman's composition, the theme song of Blue (2009) where she provided the chorus vocals for the song. She then lent her voice for the title track of the Hindi-language soap opera Na Aana Is Des Laado (2009).
In 2010, Kakkar made her screen debut with Vidhi Kasliwal's film Isi Life Mein...! (2010) in which she played the role of a college student. The same year, she debuted in both the Kannada and Telugu music industry by performing a total of four tracks for Sandeep Chowta. She lent her voice for the title track of the Kannada film Thamassu and the song "Nodu Baare" alongside Master Saleem. The former resulted in her only Filmfare Awards South nomination as the Best Female Playback Singer.
She appeared in the second season of Comedy Circus Ke Taansen alongside Kapil Sharma and Ali Asgar. The following year, her collaboration with Pritam for the dance track "Second Hand Jawaani" from Cocktail proved to be a major breakthrough for Kakkar. The song went to become popular among the music listeners, though it received mixed to negative reviews from critics. In 2012, she released "SRK Anthem" on YouTube, a tribute to actor Shah Rukh Khan.
2013–2016: Chart-busters with Fever and Baar Baar Dekho
Kakkar's first release of 2013, "Botal Khol" from Prague which met with controversy, where Central Board of Film Certification raised objections on the song citing that its lyrics contain double meaning. This was followed by a Sachin–Jigar's item number composed for Ramaiya Vastavaiya. Titled "Jadoo Ki Jhappi". She next collaborated with Pritam for another item song "Dhating Nach", performed alongside Nakash Aziz and Shefali Alvares.
2014 saw the rise of Kakkar with the release of three popular songs. The first release of the year was a collaboration with Yo Yo Honey Singh for the film Yaariyan. The duo collaborated once again for Bollywood's first trance number, "Manali Trance" from The Shaukeens. Her first work with Amit Trivedi, a wedding song titled "London Thumakda" was released in the same year, which received positive reviews from critics. On the occasion of Mother's Day, Kakkar shot and released a song for her mother which gained positive response among the audience.
Kakkar's first release of 2015 came with "Ek Do Teen Chaar" from Ek Paheli Leela which was composed, penned and co-sung by Tony Kakkar. She then collaborated with the music composer duo, Amjad-Nadeem where she performed the tracks "Naughty No 1" and "Daaru Peeke Dance" for Barkhaa and Kuch Kuch Locha Hai respectively Kakkar sang Meet Bros-composed "Tu Isaq Mera" from Hate Story 3. Her last release of the year was "Tukur Tukur" from Dilwale, along with Arijit Singh, Kanika Kapoor, Siddharth Mahadevan and Nakash Aziz. The same year, she featured alongside Shilpa Shetty in the video single "Wedding Da Season", composed by Amaal Malik.
In 2016, she performed the popular song "Mile Ho Tum" from the film Fever, composed, written and co-sung by Tony Kakkar. Credited as the most-viewed Bollywood song on YouTube, the song received a positive response from critics and audience. Also, she contributed to the soundtrack album of Baar Baar Dekho by performing the wedding-song "Kala Chashma" which became the "party anthem of the year". She worked with Epic Bhangra for the film Sanam Re, where they released the song "Humne Pee Rakhi Hai", a mix of club and EDM. She also provided her vocals for an additional song in the album, "Akkad Bakkad", a rap song performed along with Badshah. Apart from lending her vocals to the party song, "Kar Gayi Chull" from Kapoor & Sons, which was a remake of the Haryanvi track "Chull" and her first recording for Dharma Productions, Kakkar performed several other recreated songs during the year including, "Maahi Ve"–a remake of the song "Maahi Ve" from Kaante (2002)– and "O Janiya"–a remake of the song "Kaante Nahi Kat Te" from Mr. India (1987)–for Wajah Tum Ho and Force 2 respectively.
2017–present: Collaboration with Tanishk Bagchi and series of remade songs
2017 marked Kakkar's first of many collaborations with Tanishk Bagchi which resulted in the rehashing of several Bollywood songs in the coming years. Their first release, "Badri Ki Dulhania" from Badrinath Ki Dulhania performed with Dev Negi, Ikka Singh and Monali Thakur has few segments lifted from the Shankar-Jaikishen classic, "Chalat Musafir" from Teesri Kasam (1966). The version became an instant chart-buster among the audience and was included in the list of most-viewed Indian videos on YouTube with over 500 million views. This was followed by another chart-buster by the duo, "Cheez Badi" from Machine, a re-creation of the 1994-released Mohra song "Tu Cheez Badi Hai Mast Mast", which got mixed reviews from critics. Her next release was the dance song "Main Tera Boyfriend" from Raabta which was a recreation of a non-film track "Na Na Na Na". The trend was carried forward with Judwaa 2 where she rendered two remake songs, co-composed by Sandeep Shirodkar and Anu Malik and one original song composed by Meet Bros. During the year, she appeared as a judge alongside Himesh Reshammiya and Javed Ali in the sixth season of the Indian television music competition, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs. The year ended with another recreated song, "Mehbooba" from Fukrey Returns, originally performed by Mohammed Rafi for Dharam Veer (1977).
Kakkar's first release of 2018 was the Yo Yo Honey Singh's "Chhote Chhote Peg" from Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety, a remake of the Anand Raj Anand-composition "Tote Tote Ho Gaya" from Bichhoo (2000). This was followed by Bagchi's recreation of "Aashiq Banaya Apne" included in the soundtrack album of Hate Story 4, originally performed by Himesh Reshamiyya and Shreya Ghoshal. The duo collaborated for five other projects, from which "Dilbar" from Satyameva Jayate and "Aankh Maarey" from Simmba became popular with music listeners, both songs reaching the list of most-viewed Indian videos on YouTube and the former being the first Indian song to reach number three on the Billboard YouTube Music Chart. Apart from rendering the folk pop song "Dholida" from Loveyatri alongside Udit Narayan and Palak Muchhal, Kakkar performed a traditional-themed-contemporary Punjabi track "Bhangra Da Sajda" from Veere Di Wedding, composed and co-sung by Shashwat Sachdev. The trend continued with the item number "Gali Gali" included in the Hindi-dubbed version of the Kannada film K.G.F: Chapter 1. During the year, she appeared as a judge alongside Anu Malik and Vishal Dadlani in the tenth season of the Indian television music competition, Indian Idol.
2019 began with the release of three remade songs in collaboration with Bagchi, "Chamma Chamma", recreated for the film Fraud Saiyyan–original composition from the film China Gate (1998), while "Coca Cola Tu" from Luka Chuppi and "Hauli Hauli" from De De Pyaar De. The year marked her first collaboration with Vishal Mishra and Vishal–Shekhar, where she performed the female version of "Ki Honda Pyaar" from Jabariya Jodi for the former and "The Hook Up Song" for the latter, which was well received by critics. The trio of Kakkar, Bagchi and the dancer Nora Fatehi re-united for two other chart-buster songs, "O Saki Saki" from Batla House and "Ek Toh Kum Zindagani" from Marjaavaan. The former being a remake of Musafir film's "Saaki", originally performed by Sukhwinder Singh and Sunidhi Chauhan. During the year, Kakkar lent her voice for the "Dheeme Dheeme", composed by Bagchi and the romantic love song "Tu Hi Yaar Mera" composed by Rochak Kohli.
From 2017 onwards, Kakkar, primarily, in collaboration with Tanishk Bagchi, became more associated with the trend of remaking old to very recent songs, which resulted in several backlashes targeted for the singer.
On 12 December 2021, Kakkar performed at the Jubilee Stage at Expo 2020 in Dubai, UAE.
Artistry
Voice
Her voice has been described several times in the media as "distinct", "unique", "chirpy", "seductive" and "partially nasal". She did not take any formal vocal training.
Influence
Kakkar admits that she has always looked up to her elder sister Sonu, as her singing inspiration and she "guides me on how to sing particular songs". She named her brother Tony as a constant pillar of strength.
Public image
Kakkar is very active on social media platforms including Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube page, where she interacts with her fans and regularly posts updates about her life. She is one of the most-followed Indian artistes on Instagram. In October 2019, she received the Instagram trophy, celebrating the first Indian musician and the fifth Indian to reach the milestone.
In 2017, Kakkar was included in the list of 35 boldest entrepreneurs of India who are changing the game in various industries. The same year she appeared in the Forbes Celebrity 100, a list based on income and popularity of India's celebrities. She was listed at the sixty-fourth spot in 2017 and twenty-ninth spot in 2019. In 2019, Kakkar was listed on position second among the most-viewed female artists on YouTube with 4.2 billion views worldwide.
In December 2020, she appeared in the list of Asia's 100 Digital Stars by Forbes.
In December 2020, Neha launched an exclusive Masterclass for the aspiring singers with FrontRow.
Personal life
Kakkar and actor Himansh Kohli were in a romantic relationship since 2014. In September 2018, they officially announced their relationship on national television and revealed that they will tie the knot soon. However, three months later, an Instagram post by Kakkar revealed that the couple broke-up.
Kakkar met Punjabi musical artist Rohanpreet Singh in Chandigarh for the first time and they soon fell in love. On 24 October 2020, they got married in a Gurdwara in New Delhi.
Awards and achievements
Filmography
Film
Television
Selected discography
See also
List of Indian playback singers
List of most-viewed Indian music videos on YouTube
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Bollywood playback singers
Indian women playback singers
Singers from Uttarakhand
Women musicians from Uttarakhand
Hindi-language singers
Bengali-language singers
Punjabi-language singers
Indian Idol participants
Indian folk-pop singers
21st-century Indian women singers
21st-century Indian singers |
4010986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechin | Pechin | , or , historically Opoyakomoi, was a rank among the Yukatchu class of the former Ryukyu Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa, Japan), above the rank of Satunushi and below the rank of Ueekata. As scholar-officials, they often served in administrative positions in the Ryukyuan government. Placed in the upper class, the Pechin would often travel with a servant at their side.
There were three ranks of Pechin: , , and Pekumi or Pechin.
See also
Arakaki Seishō
Gushiken surname
Okinawa Prefecture
Pechin Higa
Pechin Takahara
Ryukyuan people
References
Okinawa, The History of an Island People by George H. Kerr
The Language of the Old-Okinawan Omoro Sōshi: Reference Grammar, with Textual Selections, by Rumiko Shinzato and Leon Serafim
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090302085743/http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/023/eng/001/001/index.html
http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/023/eng/003/001/index.html
Ryukyu Kingdom
Titles |
4010999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Kornhauser | Eddie Kornhauser | Eddie Kornhauser (7 September 1918 – 7 February 2006) was one of the most prolific property developers on the Queensland Gold Coast. He was born in Kraków, Poland in 1918, but his Jewish family moved to Berlin, Germany when he was still a toddler. The family fled Nazi Germany in the late 1930s and Kornhauser and his brother Jack migrated to Australia and settled in Melbourne.
The brothers started a fur trading business called Arctic Furs and expanded to Sydney where Kornhauser became interested in property development. He built Kay House, the first inner city, post-war high rise and he also pioneered the planning of the Menzies Hotel in Sydney and built five Melbourne suburban hotels.
Kornhauser moved to the Gold Coast in the early 1970s where he formed the HSP Property Group and began making his mark on the Gold Coast skyline. His best known project was the Paradise Centre in Surfers Paradise, which was built on the site of the original Surfers Paradise hotel.
During the 1980s he had close links with the "developer friendly" Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen government in Queensland, coming under scrutiny from the opposition and being accused in state parliament of money laundering. He was particularly close to the late Russ Hinze, and allegations that he paid money to Hinze family companies in return for corrupt business favours led to three formal corruption charges. In 1991 Kornhauser was acquitted of all charges after an eight-week trial in the Queensland District Court.
According to the 2005 Business Review Weekly rich list, Kornhauser had an estimated fortune of $345 million.
He was survived by his three children: Ricci Swart, Larry Kornhauser and Eric (Eliezer) Kornhauser.
References
External links
"Creator of his own coastal paradise" The Australian
1918 births
2006 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Australia
20th-century Polish Jews
20th-century Australian businesspeople
Polish emigrants to Germany |
4011015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Slovak%20Hills | Eastern Slovak Hills | The East(ern) Slovak Hills (Slovak: Východoslovenská pahorkatina), also translated as Eastern Slovak Upland, is the higher, mountain-like part of the Eastern Slovak Lowland.
It is a strip of hilly land surrounding the Eastern Slovak Flat along the neighbouring volcanic mountains of the Carpathians. It covers an area of 735 km², and the highest point is Dúbravka at 397 m.
Important towns: Michaľany, Dargov, Vranov nad Topľou, Strážske, Michalovce.
Division:
Podslanská pahorkatina (Sub-Slanec Hills)
Toplianska niva (Topľa River Plain)
Vranovská pahorkatina (Vranov Hills)
Ondavská niva (Ondava River Plain)
Pozdišovský chrbát (Pozdišovce Ridge)
Laborecká niva (Laborec River Plain)
Podvihorlatská pahorkatina (Sub-Vihorlat Hills)
Zálužická pahorkatina (Zálužica Hills)
Petrovské podhorie (Petrovce Piedmont)
An important recreation area is the Zemplínska šírava Dam. Alkaline salty springs can be found at the Byšta health resort. Other springs are at Kuzmice, Veľaty and Kazimír.
The areas is used for agriculture (grain growing, thermophile vegetables, fruits and - near Sobrance – for vineyards).
References
Mountain ranges of Slovakia |
4011016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic%20Order | Olympic Order | The Olympic Order, established in 1975, is the highest award of the Olympic Movement. It is awarded for particularly distinguished contributions to the Olympic Movement, i.e. recognition of efforts worthy of merit in the cause of sport. Traditionally, the IOC bestows the Olympic Order upon the chief national organiser(s) at the closing ceremony of each respective Olympic Games.
History
The Olympic Order was established in May 1975 by the International Olympic Committee as a successor to the Olympic Diploma of Merit. The Olympic Order originally had three grades (gold, silver and bronze).
In 1984, at the 87th IOC Session in Sarajevo (Yugoslavia), it was decided that in future there would be no distinction between the silver and bronze order. The gold order would continue to be awarded to heads of state and for exceptional circumstances.
Design
The insignia of the Olympic Order is in the form of a collar (or chain), in Gold, Silver or Bronze according to grade; the front of the chain depicts the five rings of the Olympic Movement, flanked on either side by kotinos emblem (olive wreath). A lapel badge, in the form of miniature five rings and kotinos in Gold, Silver and Bronze according to grade, is presented to recipients to wear as appropriate.
Recipients
The following is a list of recipients of the Olympic Order. Some no longer have their orders, as they have been withdrawn.
Gold Olympic Order
Silver Olympic Order
Bronze Olympic Order
Recipients with missing data
Following is the list of recipients of Olympic Order with some missing data like year of award, country and colour of award.
Trivia
Nadia Comăneci became one of the youngest recipients of the Olympic Order in 1984 when she was only 23 years old at the time of her award. She is also one of the two only athletes to be awarded the Olympic Order twice (1984, 2004), the other one being the Brazilian Carlos Arthur Nuzman.
See also
Olympic Symbols
Bertoni, Milano
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Olympic Cup
Pierre de Coubertin Medal
Olympic Order in Artistic Gymnastics
References
External links
List of recipients of the Olympic Order at Olympedia.org
Awards established in 1975
International Olympic Committee
International orders, decorations, and medals
Order
Sports trophies and awards |
4011021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpipe | Superpipe | A superpipe is a large halfpipe structure used in extreme sports such as snowboarding, freestyle skiing, skateboarding, scooters, freestyle BMX and vert skating.
Overview
For winter sports, the term superpipe is used to describe a halfpipe built of snow which has walls high from the flat bottom on both sides. Other features of a superpipe are that the width of the pipe is greater than the height of the walls, and the walls extend to near vertical. In the FIS snowboard world cup rules, the recommended width for walls is .
The term superpipe has evolved over the years as the size of halfpipes has grown. Originally, halfpipes were known as superpipes, but during the early 2000s, major competition organizers listened to rider feedback and began constructing 22' halfpipes for competitions. These became known as superpipes, and the 18' halfpipes they replaced are now known as standard halfpipes. The 22' wall size has proved very popular with athletes.
The length of a superpipe ranges from to , depending on available terrain and construction funding.
All halfpipes require extensive grooming by specialized equipment. In contrast, a natural snow halfpipe can be cleaned by a normal snow groomer.
Because of the high expense of constructing and maintaining them, there are not that many halfpipes in the world, and very few true superpipes. During the 2013–2014 northern-hemisphere winter, only fourteen 22' superpipes existed globally.
While 22' superpipes are standard for all major competitions, many ski resorts have halfpipes ranging in size from to . 18' is the most popular size globally for halfpipes.
References
Aggressive skating
Freestyle skiing
Roller skating
Skateboarding equipment
Snowboarding
Sports venues by type |
4011027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20College%20Port%20Louis | Royal College Port Louis | The Royal College Port Louis (RCPL) is an academy in Cassis, Mauritius. It is regarded as one of the most prestigious secondary schools in Mauritius. Originally founded in 1799 during the French colonial period, the first stone of the school's current building at Cassis was laid by Princess Margaret during her first visit to Mauritius in 1956.
It only admitted boys having achieved the highest results at the Certificate of Primary Education exams – which corresponds to 4A*s at the Certificate of Primary Education exam. RCPL has a tradition of Higher School Certificate laureates who compete for state scholarships providing access to foreign tertiary education.
Following education system reforms and the introduction of nine year schooling, RCPL was converted into an Academy in 2021. Thus becoming a co-education institution admitting the best performing male and female students of the National Certificate of Education.
History
The creation of the college dates back to 1799 during the French colonisation period by Charles Isidor De Caen. The institution was then called "Lycée des Iles de France et de la Réunion", providing a primary and secondary education with a maximum capacity of 300 students.
In 1810, the island became an English colony, and the institution's name was changed to "Lycée Colonial". As the English took full possession of the island, it became important for them to have an English name for the institution. Thus, in 1817, the college was renamed "Royal College" following a decree from the King of England.
In 1824, the college's building was destroyed by a cyclone. Scholarships were briefly interrupted between 1827 and 1839. After that period, scholarships were reinstated and regularly given to student of each year. Until 1865, the exam boards were all run on the island itself.
In 1866, a malaria epidemic broke out in the capital Port-Louis and the college was converted into a hospital. The college was thus relocated to a different area of Port-Louis which was later deemed not reputable by officers whose children were also studying at the college. The increasing number of students was also a problem for the new college as space was limited. So, on 1 May 1899, the Legislative Council moved the Royal College from Port Louis to Curepipe.
On 1 October 1912, the foundation stone was laid in Curepipe by Director of Public Works Paul Le Juge de Segrais. The architecture was intended to be a smaller replica of the Buckingham Palace. Construction of the college in granite was completed by 1914. The new establishment was named Royal College School or simply La School. Due to the sheer number of pupils, the new branch also faced accommodation problems, leading to extension work.
As the island's population grew significantly and to reduce commuting times for students living in the northern part of Mauritius and Port Louis the government built a second and brand-new college at a location close to the capital. Thus, in 1956, during her visit to the island Princess Margaret laid the first stone for the new and ultimate building of Royal College Port Louis.
In 1970, the Royal College Port Louis swooped on all the 4 State Scholarships at stake on the boys' side (Also, that year, The Loreto College of Curepipe secured 1 scholarship and the other one was obtained by the Queen Elizabeth College.) In 1973, the Royal College Port Louis was honorably chosen to host the OCAMM Summit ('Organisation Commune Africaine, Malgache et Mauricienne'). 1979 marked the history of Royal College Port Louis as the school's 50th anniversary was celebrated with great pomp, with some of the highest dignitaries of the island, including the then Prime Minister. In December 1999, in the context of its 70th anniversary, the Royal College Port Louis was honoured with 'The Medal of the City of Port-Louis'. A grand ceremony took place at the Municipality to mark the occasion.
Later, in 2001, the school had the visit of the Manchester United Academy team. Two years later, Royal College Port Louis became a 'Form Six School' with no students admitted in Form 1. Yet, in 2005, the school underwent a change – Form 1 classes were reintroduced in Royal College Port Louis (and other 'star schools' such as Royal College Curepipe, Queen Elizabeth College, John Kennedy College). Thus, the school became a 'national college' and it was then in January 2007 that the first batch of Form 1 students after the reform were admitted.
In 2021, the school became a co-educational Academy. Thus admitting best performing female and male students of the National Certificate of Education.
Present day
Both Royal Colleges, Royal College Port-Louis and Royal College Curepipe share a common origin and students of the two institutions tend to consider each other as rivals. Both colleges' students are customarily called Royalists. Scholarships are attributed to the best pupils of the island for their high school certificate performances and the two institutions normally share most of the scholarships annually.
References
See also
List of secondary schools in Mauritius
Education in Mauritius
Boys' schools in Mauritius
Educational institutions established in 1914
Secondary schools in Mauritius
1914 establishments in Mauritius |
4011035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem%20of%20Iran | Emblem of Iran | The Emblem of Iran since the 1979 Iranian Revolution features four curves and a sword in the shape of a water lily, surmounted by a shadda. The logo was designed by Hamid Nadimi, and was officially approved by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini on 9 May 1980.
The four curves, surmounted by the shadda, are a stylized representation of the word Allah. The five parts of the emblem also symbolize the Principles of the Religion. The shape of the emblem is chosen to resemble a tulip, in memory of the people who died for Iran: it is an ancient belief in Iran, dating back to mythology, that if a young soldier dies patriotically, a red tulip will grow on his grave. In recent years, it has been considered the symbol of martyrdom.
The logo is encoded in Unicode at code point in the Miscellaneous Symbols range. In Unicode 1.0 this symbol was known as "SYMBOL OF IRAN". However, the current name for the character was adopted as part of Unicode's merger with ISO/IEC 10646.
Symbols used in ancient Persia
Achaemenid Empire
During the Achaemenid Empire, especially at the time of Cyrus the Great, the Imperial Standard was made up of a kinglike image, Square in shape, split into four equivalent triangles. Each two of these four train triangles had the same colour.
In the excavations at Persepolis, archaeologists have found a standard, depicting Shahbaz with open wings.
Faravahar
The Faravahar is one of the best-known symbols of Zoroastrianism. This religious-cultural symbol was adopted by the Pahlavi dynasty to represent the Iranian nation, and after the Iranian revolution it has remained in use in contemporary Iranian nationalism.
The winged disc has a long history in the art and culture of the ancient Near and Middle East. Historically, the symbol is influenced by the "winged sun" hieroglyph appearing on Bronze Age royal seals (Luwian SOL SUUS, symbolizing royal power in particular). In Neo-Assyrian times, a human bust is added to the disk, the "feather-robed archer" interpreted as symbolizing Ashur.
It was only during the reign of Darius I and thereafter, that the symbol was combined with a human form above the wings, perhaps representing Darius himself.
Early modern Iran
The Lion and Sun motif is one of the better known emblems of Iran, and between 1576 and 1979 was an element in the flag of Iran.
The motif, which combines "ancient Iranian, Arab, Turkish, and Mongol traditions", became a popular symbol in Iran in the 12th century. The lion and sun symbol is based largely on astronomical and astrological configurations; the ancient zodiacal sign of the sun in the house of Leo, which itself is traced backed to Babylonian astrology and Near Eastern traditions.
The motif has many historical meanings. First, it was an astrological and zodiacal symbol. Under Safvis and first Qajar kings, it received a specifically Shi'ite interpretation. In Safavid era the lion and sun stood for two pillars of the society, state and religion. It became a national emblem during the Qajar era. In the 19th century, European visitors at the Qajar court attributed the lion and sun to remote antiquity and since then it got a nationalistic interpretation.
During the reign of Fat'h Ali Shah and his successors, the motif was substantially changed. These changes were on the form of the lion, the sun. A crown was also placed on the top the symbol to represent the monarchy.
Since the reign of Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar, the Islamic component of the ruler de-emphasized. This shifting affects the symbolism of the emblem. Since this time until the 1979 revolution the meaning of the symbol elements changed many times. The lion could be the metaphor for Ali, heroes of Iran who are ready to protect the country against enemies, and finally its ancient meaning as the symbol of kingship. The Sun received various meanings including the king, Jamshid, the mythical king of Iran, and motherhomeland.
The many historical meanings of the emblem have provided the rich ground for competing symbols of Iranian identity. After the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, Parliament designed a new flag and a new coat of arms.
In the 20th century, some politicians and scholars suggested that the emblem be replaced by other symbols such as the Derafsh Kaviani. However, the emblem remained the official symbol of Iran until the Iranian Revolution, when the "Lion and Sun" symbol was removed from public spaces and government organizations and replaced by the present-day Coat of arms of Iran.
Imperial State of Iran
The first version of the modern Iranian tricolour was adopted in the wake of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906. The Supplementary Fundamental Laws of 7 October 1907 described the flag as a tricolour of green, white, and red, with a lion and sun emblem in the middle. A decree dated 4 September 1910 specified the exact details of the emblem, including the shape of the lion's tail ("like an italic S") and the position and the size of the lion, the sword, and the sun.
In 1932, seven years after the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran, Reza Shah founded the Order of Pahlavi with the official emblem of the dynasty (Mount Damavand with a rising sun) in a medallion of the Order's badge and star. The coat of arms was created with Iran's national and Pahlavi's dynastical symbols: Lion and Sun, Faravahar, Zolfaghar, Simurgh and Pahlavi's arms in the center. At the top of the coat of arms was the Pahlavi crown, created for the Coronation of Reza Shah in 1926, and the collar of the Order of Pahlavi was under the shield. The lions with scimitars were the supporters. The Imperial motto "Mara dad farmud va Khod Davar Ast" ("Justice He bids me do, as He will judge me" or, alternatively, "He gave me power to command, and He is the judge"). In 1971, some details of this Imperial achievement were changed in their colours.
Azure and Or are the colours of the Imperial Family.
The Imperial Standards of Iran were the personal official flags of the Shāhanshāh, Shahbānū, and Crown Prince of Iran, adopted at the beginning of 1971. The flags of Shāhanshāh consists of a pale-blue field with the flag of Iran in the upper left corner and the Pahlavi coat of arms in the center. Emblems were also created for the Shahbānū and Crown Prince of Iran, and these are at the center of their respective flags.
The Interim Government also used the lion and sun emblem during the transitional period after the revolution, and before the current emblem was adopted.
Islamic Republic of Iran
Following the Iranian Revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called for the dismantling of the lion and sun symbols during a speech on March 1, 1979. Despite the emblem's traditional Shia meanings and the lion's association with Ali, the first Imam of the Shia, the first emblem of the Islamic Republic, which consisted of several stars and fists, designed by Sadegh Tabrizi, was adopted on January 30, 1980. Finally on 9 May 1980, the current emblem was adopted.
See also
Flag of Iran
Lion and Sun
Faravahar
List of flags used by Iranian peoples
Imperial Standards of Iran
Notes
References
Iran
Iranian culture
National symbols of Iran
1980 establishments in Iran
Iran |
4011058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%20Unger | Garry Unger | Garry Douglas Unger (born December 7, 1947) is a former professional ice hockey centre who played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1967 until 1983.
Playing career
Unger set an NHL record by playing 914 consecutive games in the regular season between February 24, 1968, and December 21, 1979, doing so with four teams: the Toronto Maple Leafs, Detroit Red Wings, St. Louis Blues and Atlanta Flames. Unger passed Andy Hebenton, who had the record of 630 consecutive games played that had stood since the 1963-64 NHL season. Unger's streak came to an end after Flames' coach Al MacNeil benched him on December 21, 1979 (the only game he would miss that season). His record has since been surpassed by Doug Jarvis, who played 964 consecutive games.
Unger finished his career with 1105 career NHL games, scoring 413 goals and 391 assists for 804 points, and he also registered 1075 career penalty minutes. Unger was the MVP of the 1974 NHL All-Star Game played in Chicago. He had an assist and scored a shorthanded goal in the West Division's 6-4 victory over the East Division.
After retiring from the NHL he went to play for three seasons in the British professional league. During a season for the Peterborough Pirates he racked up 95 goals and well over 200 points while playing in only 30 games.
Personal
Garry was the oldest of four children of Jakob and Olive (Wheeler) Unger. Unger's younger sister used a wheelchair; she proved to be an inspiration to Unger during his playing career. After being traded to Atlanta in 1979, Unger encountered a group of Christian players, including Paul Henderson, whom Unger credits with helping him discover spirituality and giving meaning to his life.
He and his wife Beverly have three children. Garry presently works with the Banff Hockey Academy in Banff, Alberta, Canada.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
http://oldtimehockeyuk.com/gu1-wp - Garry Unger talks about his career in a podcast interview
1947 births
Living people
Atlanta Flames players
Canadian Christians
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Mennonites
Canadian sports announcers
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oilers players
Sportspeople from Calgary
London Nationals players
Los Angeles Kings players
Moncton Alpines (AHL) players
National Hockey League broadcasters
Rochester Americans players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Edmonton Oilers announcers |
4011061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiya-monde | Daiya-monde | Daiya-monde is the first album by Hitomi Yaida released on 25 October 2000. The singles from this album were "B'coz I Love You" and "My Sweet Darlin'". The album also contains the mix version of "How?" & "I like" released from the indie record label only in the Kansai area.
The album title is a word coined by Yaida. "Daiya" reads "Yaida" in reversed order in Japanese, and
"monde" means "the world" in French. That is, the title shows "Yaiko World". Moreover, it is an equivoque with "Diamond" of Diamond Head which produces her.
Track listing
Notes and references
2000 albums
Hitomi Yaida albums |
4011082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma%20Willard%20School | Emma Willard School | The Emma Willard School, originally called Troy Female Seminary and often referred to simply as Emma, is an independent university-preparatory day and boarding school for young women, located in Troy, New York, on Mount Ida, offering grades 9–12 and postgraduate coursework. Between 2016-2020, four or more students matriculated to Cornell, Columbia, University of Chicago, Georgetown, Brown, Barnard, Carnegie Mellon, Washington University in St Louis and NYU.
The first women's higher education institution in the United States, it was founded by women's rights advocate Emma Willard in 1814 (as the Troy Female Seminary). As of 2019, it had an endowment of $105,569,594. In 2018, the school was ranked by The Post-Standard as the #1 private school in Upstate New York.
Academics
Emma Willard is an independent college-preparatory day and boarding school enrolling students in grades 9–12 and post-graduate studies. Class sizes are kept at a 16-student maximum; the typical student to teacher ratio is 6 to 1. 83 percent of faculty hold advance degrees. Advanced Placement preparation is offered in all disciplines. Students also may enroll in college-level courses at neighboring Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Most students take five courses each semester. Classes meet four or five times each week for fifty minutes, though lab sciences, seminars, and AP sections meet for varying lengths of time. An ESL program offers intermediate and advanced-level curriculum for international students. Core requirements for graduation include a minimum of four units of English; three units of history, foreign language, mathematics; two units of lab science (one each in biology and physics), two units in the arts, and one-fourth unit in health. All students must fulfill a community service requirement and take physical education or its equivalent each semester in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh grades. Seniors must take at least ten weeks.
Emma Willard offers inquiry-based classes across all disciplines. In the fall of 2005, Emma Willard began its Physics First program for all incoming ninth-grade students. It has students take a basic physics course in the ninth grade rather than the biology course that is standard in most public schools.
Educational philosophy
The guiding educational philosophy, known on campus as EMpowerment, teaches that every young woman who attends Emma Willard will be encouraged to develop fully in all areas of her life, as a strong intellectual in a variety of disciplines, as a practitioner of her chosen passions, as a social member of the community, and as a responsible global citizen in her future.
In keeping with that philosophy of personal development providing its own benchmarks, class rank is not provided. The grading system uses letter and number grades. It goes as follows: A, A−, B+, B, B−, C+, C, C−, etc., accompanied usually by a number indicating where on the spectrum the individual student falls. Emma Willard's independent-study program, Practicum, allows students to pursue coursework at area colleges, career internships, community service, and individualized athletic training and competition off-campus for academic credit. Over one-third of the students participate in Practicum each year.
Emma Willard students worked to make Emma Willard School the first fair trade high school in the United States in 2010.
History
In 1821, Emma Hart Willard opened the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, New York, to provide young women with the same higher education as their male peers. Prior to the school's founding, young women had been unable to pursue the advanced curricular offerings in mathematics, classical languages and the sciences that were taught to their male counterparts. Her husband, John Willard managed the school's finances and served as the in-house physician until his death in 1825.
Having taught for several years, Emma Willard perceived the egregious disparity in what girls learned compared to boys. In 1819, Willard promoted a comprehensive secondary and post-secondary female educational institution, which would require funding by the State of New York. Her address to the office of New York's "innovative" governor DeWitt Clinton met with initial success. However, the New York State legislature at Albany, on hearing her request, responded with mixed sentiment, and ultimately rejected her proposal. Many of the wives of prominent men steadfastly supported and promoted her educational agenda to their friends and associates. Thereafter, the City's Common Council eventually raised $4,000 that would facilitate Willard's purchase of a suitable flagship building for her proposed seminary for young women.
She had already obtained inexpensive accommodation in a nearby historic (already for the 1800s) Waterford, New York, landmark farm. There, she rented two nondescript long and narrow stone structures, former pre-Colonial Dutch estate's outbuildings in a picturesque setting along the mighty Mohawk River. The property's border still abuts the Erie Canal's first but long-defunct stone lock, near a major point of the Mohawk's primary arterial confluence into the Hudson River. However, in early 1821, a critical funds shortage from to a brief economic downturn that had affected the region forced her to close her Waterford Academy.
Toward the close of 1821, Willard secured $4,000 in funding and relocated to Troy, downstream from Watertown along the Hudson River. The Albany Academy for Boys had been established in March 1813, just downstream from Waterford and her temporary school; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) opened in 1824. She was able to formally found the Troy Female Seminary "for young ladies of means", becoming "the first school in the country to provide girls the same educational opportunities given to boys". From its establishment in 1821 until 1872, the seminary admitted 12,000 students. The Troy Female Seminary promoted the education of young girls as well as women teachers in training. The seminary provided tuition on credit for students who could not afford it, with the agreement that those students would be teaching assistants and eventually become teachers themselves.
That type of on-credit tuition led to the growing reputation of the Troy Female Seminary as the demand for female teachers increased during the nineteenth century. Willard advocated for publicly supported female seminaries by asserting the necessity of educating as many women as possible in the United States, a task, she pointed out, that was too large for private institutions alone to undertake. Willard also promoted educational reform by emphasizing that women were capable of intellectual evidence in any field and demanded for women to be trained for professions. The school was immediately successful, and it graduated many great thinkers, including noted social reformer and suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Willard remained the head of the seminary until 1838, when she handed it over to her son. In 1895, the school was renamed The Emma Willard School for Girls. In 1910, a new campus was built for the school on Mount Ida.
Educational philosophy and academics
Her educational philosophy for the Troy Female Seminary was to "educate the women for responsible motherhood and train some of them to be teachers," with a curriculum that was similar to the contemporary men's colleges. The curriculum included courses in mathematics, science, modern languages, Latin, history, philosophy, geography, and literature. The Troy Female Seminary School also provided the services of Normal Schools by giving women the opportunity to become teacher's assistants and spread women's education throughout the United States. The alumnae of the Troy School were unusual among contemporary women in their pursuit of work beyond the "private sphere" of the home. These alumnae established numerous Normal Schools, institutions that promoted the study of arts and sciences, and expanded into other professions involving the sciences and law.
Co-curricular pursuits
Co-curricular pursuits include sports, choir, orchestra, a cappella groups, the student newspaper, a literary arts magazine (Triangle), model UN, county-champion Mock Trial team, speech and debate, quiz team, various clubs, and the yearbook, among others.
As it is a fair trade school, students from EcoEmm Fair Trade Club study global social justice issues and help educate the community, as well as sell fair trade goods at the school. Students also sign petitions fighting human rights abuses worldwide. Each year, students and faculty take service trips to countries in the developing world so Emma's women can see the world and make the changes they discuss in their classrooms throughout the year. Emma Willard is also the first boarding school to become a member of the international Round-Square program. In 2009, students and faculty traveled to Africa and to Casa de los Angeles in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, to care for the children of poor working mothers.
Traditions
Every year the senior class conduct a play called Revels. The plot mimics a medieval Christmas celebration set in a manor house. The parts are kept secret until the play. The first Revels performance was in 1915. The seniors also control a triangular patch of grass in the center of campus called the Senior Triangle. Only seniors and alumnae are permitted to walk on the grass unless invited by a senior or alumna. Juniors "take over" this patch of grass after the seniors leave for senior retreat at the end of the year during Triangle Takeover.
Juniors receive their class ring through their ring sister, who dresses them up throughout Ring Week and gives a half a quote to a member of the faculty for them to find before the week commences with Ring Dinner in which the ring is presented.
Other traditions include hall tea where once a week students gather with their halls to bond; Eventide, the winter concert; sophomore tree decorating; Peanuts and Shells (a version of secret Santa); May Day, in which freshman participate in a maypole dance and a May Queen who is voted on by the student body is crowned; and Principal's Play Day, a secret day chosen by the head of school in which class is cancelled.
Student demographics
Girls currently hail from 24 states, and over 36 foreign countries. In fall 2010 enrollment increased by 3%; the total student population was 319 (203 boarding, 116 day).
It has a diverse population: of the 339 students, 55 are students of color (according to guidelines established by the National Association of Independent Schools), 88 are international students, and 45 have an alumna or current sister relationship to the school.
It maintains 13 Davis Scholarships, and 10 Capital District Scholarships.
Of the 440 applicants for fall 2010, 149 (34%) were offered admission and 102 enrolled.
As of 2019, 42% of students are on financial aid.
Notable alumnae
List of Emma Willard Alumnae
Eunice Newton Foote: the first scientist known to have experimented on the warming effect of sunlight on different gases
Laura Benét: Poet and author
Elizabeth Cady Stanton : Leader of the women's suffrage movement
Olivia Slocum Sage: Founder of the Sage Colleges
Mary Arthur McElroy: Sister and First Lady during her brother President Chester Arthur's term
Lily Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (born Lillian Price of Troy, NY): American heiress and socialite, also known as the Duchess of Marlborough during her marriage to George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough and Lady William Beresford during her marriage to Lord William Leslie de la Poer Beresford
Cynthia Roberts Gorton: writer
Nancy Fowler McCormick: Philanthropist, member of the McCormick family
Nancy Scott: Wife of American entrepreneur and founder of Marshall Field and Company, Marshall Field
Frances Adeline Seward : Wife of William Henry Seward.
Annie Jack, the first Canadian professional woman garden writer
Solita Solano: American writer, poet, and journalist
Jennifer von Mayrhauser: Emmy-nominated costume designer who has received an Obie for Sustained Excellence
Justine Johnstone: Broadway and silent movie star
Sara Lee Schupf : Namesake of Sara Lee baked goods
Jane Fonda : Academy Award-winning actress
Jane Wales: CEO of the Global Philanthropy Forum, president and CEO of the World Affairs Council and vice president of Philanthropy and Society at the Aspen Institute, co-host of the NPR interview show It's Your World
Kirsten Gillibrand: United States Senator from New York
Ruth Pine Furniss: Author of short stories and novels
Clara Harrison Stranahan, author; founder and trustee of Barnard College
Jean Buttner: businesswoman, former CEO of Valueline and trustee of Skidmore College
Kendra Stearns O'Donnell: first female head of Phillips Exeter Academy
Mary Lake Polan: First female chair of clinical department at Stanford University Medical School
Elizabeth L. Colton: Founder/executive director, International Museum of Women, San Francisco
Jessica Todd Harper: photographer
Elizabeth Cody Kimmel: children's book author
Erminnie A. Smith: geologist and an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology
Peggy Ellliot Wayburn: author, wife of environmentalist and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom Edgar Wayburn
Sarah Brown Ingersoll Cooper: philanthropist and educator
Martha Reed Mitchell: philanthropist and socialite
Harriet Maria Allen Jackson: water-colourist and mother of American painter, Civil War veteran, geological survey photographer and an explorer William Henry Jackson
Alma Lutz: feminist and activist for equal rights and woman suffrage
Constance Roseblum: biographer and author, editor for the New York Times
Susan Daitch: writer and novelist
Mary Heimann: historian and professor at Cardiff University
Melissa Zink: artist and sculptor
Campus
Emma Willard's 137 ac (55 ha) campus on Mount Ida, above the city of Troy, contains 30 buildings. The three oldest buildings, all of collegiate Gothic style, include a cathedral-like reading room, classrooms, offices, a main auditorium, a dance studio, a lab theater, three residence halls, dining facility, a student center, and a chapel. The buildings were designed by the Olmstead Brothers.
A modern art, music, and library complex opened in 1967. The library holds more than 34,000 volumes and 77 print and online periodical subscriptions.
Athletic facilities include a gymnasium with two basketball/volleyball/ indoor tennis courts, full facilities for fitness training and aerobic dance, a weight room, an aquatics center housing a competition-size pool, three large playing fields, and an all-weather track.
The three-story Hunter Science Center houses laboratories and teaching facilities for chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics. Approximately 75 percent of the faculty reside on campus in houses and apartments.
There are two main dormitory halls, Kellas and Sage. There are 10 residential faculty members. Students may also live in Cluett House, a "residential experience for students who are interested in creating positive world change".
The school was used as a filming location for the films The Emperor's Club (as St. Benedict's Academy) and Scent of a Woman (as Baird School), as well as episodes of Homeland on Showtime. In both films, the school is portrayed as an all-boys school, and becomes co-ed in the later-years section of The Emperor's Club. Homeland uses the campus as C.I.A. headquarters. It is also the setting in the novel City of Girls by Elizabeth Gilbert.
Athletics
Emma Willard has thirteen interscholastic sports teams: badminton, field hockey, soccer, volleyball, tennis, cross country, swimming, diving, basketball, lacrosse, softball, crew, and track (indoor and outdoor). In 2019, there were 29 athletic coaches and affiliated personnel at Emma Willard.
Facilities include an aerobics studio, pool, weight room, two athletics fields, an all-weather track, seven tennis courts, two pickleball courts, and woodlands with paths for biking or running.
Affiliations
Emma Willard School is a member of the National Coalition of Girls’ Schools, The Association of Boarding Schools (TABS), the New York State Association of Independent Schools, and the National Association of Independent Schools.
Sexual abuse
In April 2017, Emma Willard released a comprehensive report on sexual misconduct by faculty members that spanned almost seven decades. As a result, the school established the "Healthy Boundaries Initiatives" to address the prevention of and response to sexual misconduct and abuse. Changes and revisions were made to policies, procedures, and programming, and the school stated its commitment to safety on campus and within the community.
See also
Emma Willard, the school's founder and namesake
Female seminaries
Women in education in the United States
Notes
References
Scott, Anne Firor. "What, Then, is the American: This New Woman?" The Journal of American History 65 (1978): 679–703.
Scott, Anne Firor. "The Ever Widening Circle: The Diffusion of Feminist Values from the Troy Female Seminary, 1822–1872." History of Education Quarterly 19 (1979): 3–25.
Woody, Thomas. A History of Women's Education in the United States. New York: Octagon Books, 1929.
External links
Emma Willard School, Emma (Hart) Willard Collection, 1809–2004
Renovations to the historic building site
The Association of Boarding Schools profile
Georgian architecture in New York (state)
Preparatory schools in New York (state)
Troy, New York
Boarding schools in New York (state)
Private schools in New York's Capital District
Girls' schools in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Troy, New York
Educational institutions established in 1821
Schools in Troy, New York
Fair trade schools
Female seminaries in the United States
Private high schools in New York (state)
1821 establishments in New York (state)
Girls boarding schools |
4011093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco%20%28band%29 | Cusco (band) | Cusco was a German cross-cultural new-age music band named after the Peruvian city of Cusco, which was once the capital of the Inca Empire. The band's music contains influences from music around the world, with an emphasis on South American flute sounds and melodies. Cusco's melodic and energetic music is a fusion of modern and ethnic styles with influences from classical music and rock music sensibilities. Most of the ethnic instruments were keyboard-generated.
The band was led by founders Michael Holm (Lothar Bernhard Walter; 1943–) and Kristian Schultze (1945–2011). Michael Holm, already a successful vocal artist, sought to make a musical tribute to ancient cultures. He and Kristian Schultze, formerly a member of the jazz band Passport, shared musical and historical interests. In 1979, they formed Cusco, and released their first album in 1980. They eventually signed with Higher Octave Music, releasing their first album on that label in 1988. Their albums consistently reached very high peaks on the instrumental/new age music sales charts. They were nominated for a Grammy award three times.
Cusco's music was frequently used as pre-show background music in Epcot prior to IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth, and has been used as bumper music for the popular American syndicated radio program Coast to Coast AM, as well as several television advertisements, including a Bud Ice beer commercial. Additionally, Cusco composed and performed symphonic new age music for the German television special Sielmann 2000. Until his death in 2011, Schultze resided in Weilheim in Oberbayern, Germany; Holm still lives there.
See also
Cusco discography
This is a YouTube Channel created by the Cusco Music Fans
References
External links
Official Cusco Website
German world music groups
New-age music groups
Musical groups established in 1980 |
4011136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojokerto | Mojokerto | Mojokerto ( (Majakerta)) is a city in East Java Province, Indonesia. It is located 40 km southwest of Surabaya, and constitutes one of the component units of the Surabaya metropolitan area (known as Gerbangkertosusila) which comprises Gresik Regency, Bangkalan Regency, Mojokerto Regency, Mojokerto City, Surabaya City, Sidoarjo Regency, and Lamongan Regency. The city had a population of 120,196 at the 2010 census and 132,434 at the 2020 Census.
Administrative districts
The city of Mojokerto is administratively divided into three districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with areas and their population at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses.
Note: (a) Kranggan District created since 2010 from parts of the other two districts; its population in 2010 is included with that of the districts from which it was formed.
They districts are divided into 12 urban "villages", listed below with their 2010 populations:
Kecamatan Prajurit Kulon
Surodinawan (6,952)
Prajurit Kulon (6,432)
Blooto (5,358)
Mentikan (5,977)
Kauman (2,820)
Pulorejo (6,557)
Kecamatan Magersari
Gunung Gedangan (6,263)
Kedundung (13,381)
Purwotengah (1,913)
Gedongan (2,023)
Magersari (5,085)
Wates (18,296)
Kecamatan Kranggan
Jagalan (2,926)
Sentanan (2,072)
Kranggan (11,370)
Miji (7,717)
Meri (7,825)
Balongsari (7,229)
Economy
Mojokerto occupies a strategic position and role in East Java. It functions as a reliable sustaining stock of foodstuff and tourist attraction. PPLH (Pusat Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup – Seloliman Environmental Education Centre) is located in Mojokerto, it is a non-governmental organization aiming to further raise environmental awareness.
Historically, Mojokerto is widely known as the then center of Wetan Mas Kingdom of King Airlangga (1029/1041), and of Majapahit Kingdom with its Brawijaya dynasty (1292–1400) and its territories exceeding Nusantara (standardized concept of Indonesian archipelagic territories).
Mojokerto has a motto of "Kota Budi Parinda"
Etymology
The name "Mojokerto" is a local Javanese pronunciation of the Javanese words "Maja" and "Karta". The word Maja is the same as that of Majapahit, and originates from the word 'bael fruit' that was found at the location of the new capital of Majapahit Empire. Karta and Kerta mean 'Fortress', therefore Mojokerto means 'Fortress of Majapahit'.
The Seven Age Anniversary Plan of Majapahit Glory
Since four years ago, there have been several cultural fairs in East Java, lasting for a week. Some 37 districts participated. These activities have been held in alternate towns and cities such as Surabaya, Malang, Jember, Madiun. The activities were aimed at utilizing East Java’s specific potentials either in the form of traditional arts or special foods in the framework of marketing tourist attractions of East Java. This year coinciding with the year of the Green Environment, of Tourist Visit, and of Seven-Age commemoration stipulated Mojokerto as the site for holding cultural fair.
For this purpose local and provincial committee are and have been taking the following measures:
To hold a symposium on the verge of seven-age anniversary of Majapahit and to carry any book-writing concerning Majapahit
To designate the year of Green Environment by planting rare plants in the area Majapahit remains; thirty seven Kabupaten in East Java Province will participate on this occasion.
To innovate Majapahit’s artifacts (archaeological remains)
To establish facilities at tourist attractions
Various activities being arranged are as follows:
East Java’s cultural and tourist fair reflecting the glory of Majapahit
Archaeological Exhibition
Seminars of archaeologists and historians
Cultural arts and festivals
Introduction to tourist attractions
The above-mentioned events took place from July 5 to July 15, 1993. Some foreign tourists came from China, Finland, Denmark, Malaysia and the Middle East.
Climate
Mojokerto has a tropical savanna climate with moderate to little rainfall from May to November and heavy to very heavy rainfall from December to April.
External links
About Mojokerto
Government Website, District
Government Website, City
References
Populated places in East Java |
4011146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main%20Central%20Road | Main Central Road | The Main Central Road, better known as MC Road is the arterial State Highway starting from Kesavadasapuram in Trivandrum city and ends at Angamaly, a suburb of Kochi city in Ernakulam District, in the state of Kerala, India. It is designated as State Highway 1 by the Kerala Public Works Department. The highway was built by Raja Kesavadas, Dewan of Travancore.
Route description
This road starts from National Highway 66 at Kesavadasapuram in Thiruvananthapuram the capital city of Kerala and rejoins the NH 544 at Angamaly Ernakulam district. The MC Road passes through Venjaramoodu, Kilimanoor, Nilamel, Ayoor, Kottarakkara, Adoor, Pandalam, Chengannur, Tiruvalla, Changanassery, Kottayam, Ettumanoor, Kuravilangad, Monippally, Puthuvely, Koothattukulam, Muvattupuzha, Pezhakkappilly , Mannoor , Pulluvazhy, Perumbavoor and Kalady. Before NH 544 was built through Angamaly, MC road extended up to Karukutty village away from Angamaly town in the Chalakudy road. A section of this road between Mulakuzha and Kottayam is now upgraded as a section of NH 183. MC Road is a popular route to access the shrine of Sabarimala. It covers many important towns of Central and South Kerala.
History
The highway was built by Raja Kesavadas, the dewan of the Travancore Kingdom.
The MC road was renovated under the World Bank aided 'Kerala State Transport Project (2006)'. The upgrading was carried out in two phases.
Under phase 1, two stretches, Thaikkod (near Venjarammoodu) – Chengannur and Muvattupuzha – Angamaly were upgraded and works were completed in 2010. In addition, a new road link to NH 66 has been completed between Thaikkod and Vettu road (near Kazhakootam in Trivandrum). In phase 2, the Chengannur – Ettumanoor stretch was upgraded. The road has a total width of and facilitates two-lane traffic. The road also have a carriageway and a sealed shoulder, having width of . The project also features protection walls and adequate drainage facilities. The construction of seven bridges has also been envisaged as part of the project. This includes the constructions at Neelimangalam, Manipuzha, Pannikuzhy, Arattukadavu, Illimala, Thondara, and Kallissery. In addition, three existing bridges along the route is also widened. The work was launched on 14 September 2014 and completed in 2018.
Main intersections
Kesavadasapuram in Trivandrum joins with the National Highway 66
Mannanthala -(Sreekaryam - Peroorkada Road)
Vattapara - (Pothencode- Nedumangad Road)
Vembayam - State Highway 47 (Kerala) connecting Attingal and Nedumangadu
Venjarammoodu - State Highway 47 (Kerala) connecting Attingal and Nedumangadu
Kilimanoor - State Highway 46 (Kerala) connecting Attingal and Kilimanoor
Nilamel - State Highway 62 (Kerala) Connecting Varkala & Madathara
Ayoor (Kollam Road & State Highway 48)
Kottarakara NH 744 (Kollam- Thirumangalam Road crosses)
Adoor Central Junction (Pathanamthitta road National Highway 183A (India) & State Highway 5 )
Adoor High School Junction (State Highway 5)
Pandalam Medical Mission Junction (Pandalam- Nooranad- Kayamkulam road via Kudassanad)
Pandalam (Mavelikkara-Pathanamthitta road)
Pandalam (Kulanada T.B Junction Pandalam - Aranmula road via Kulanada)
Mulakuzha (Mavelikara- road via Kodukulanji)
Chengannur (Mavelikara road via Puliyoor, Kerala)
Thiruvalla (SH-07 towards Pathanamthitta & Kumbazha)
Thiruvalla (Ambalapuzha, Kayamkulam road)
Changanassery (Alapuzha road)
Changanassery (Vakathanam Road & Vazhoor Road)
Kottayam (NH 220 towards Kumily & Teni)
Kottayam Baker Jn. (Kumarakom) & Cherthala
Ettumanur (MG University road)
Ettumanur (Pala & Poonjar road)
Ettumanur (Vaikom & Ernakulam road)
Kuravilangad (Vaikom & Alapuzha road)
Kuravilangad (Pala road)
Kuravilangad (Njeezhoor & Peruva & piravom road)
Monippally (Ernakulam-Palai road, Piravom, Peruva, Vaikom, Ramapuram, Uzhavoor road)
Koothattukulam (Palai, Piravom & Kalamassery Proposed NH Road)
Muvattupuzha (Thodupuzha Road, Main Eastern Highway End Reach)
Muvattupuzha (Kochi-Madurai NH 49 Intersection)
Perumbavoor (Aluva-Munnar Road & Kolenchery Road)
Kalady (Malayattoor Road & Aluva Deasm Road)
Kalady (Mattoor Junction, Nedumbassery Airport, North Paravur Road)
Angamali (NH 544)
Surveillance
The Motor Vehicles Department, in partnership with the Kerala Road Safety Authority (KRSA) and the police has installed automatic traffic enforcement camera systems in between Venjaramoodu - Chengannur section of MC road for detecting speed violations of vehicles.
See also
Punalur -Muvattupuzha road
National Highway 183 (India)
NH 66
NH 544
Roads in Kerala
List of State Highways in Kerala
References
State Highways in Kerala |
4011149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Westfall | Ed Westfall | Edwin Vernon Westfall (born September 19, 1940) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins and the New York Islanders from 1961 until 1978–79. Notable as a defensive specialist often tasked with defending against the star scorers of opposing teams, Westfall played most of his career as a right wing, although he played stints on defence in his earlier years and at centre in his later years. After his playing career ended, he became a color commentator on Islanders' broadcasts until 1998 when he retired from that position.
Playing career
He played his junior hockey with the Barrie Flyers and Niagara Falls Flyers, and started his professional career with the Kingston Frontenacs. By 1961 he joined the Bruins, although he had stints the next two years with the Frontenacs and the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League (AHL). By 1966, he was firmly ensconced on Boston's checking line.
Westfall won the Stanley Cup with the Boston Bruins in 1970 and 1972. He was on the ice on Bobby Orr's famous Stanley Cup-winning goal in 1970 and also scored the second of the three fastest goals in National Hockey League (NHL) history, when the Bruins scored three goals in 20 seconds in a 1971 game with the Vancouver Canucks. During those seasons he made his reputation as a preeminent penalty killer (generally paired with centre Derek Sanderson or winger Don Marcotte), enough so that he was named to play in the All-Star Game in 1971, 1973, 1974 and 1975. Westfall scored 18 shorthanded goals for Boston during the regular season and added six more in Stanley Cup play for the Bruins. The latter mark--which he shares with Sanderson--is still the club record.
Westfall was chosen by the New York Islanders in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft. He was subsequently made the first captain of the team, a position he held until the 1976–77 season. Westfall scored the first goal in franchise history in their first game against the Atlanta Flames on October 7, 1972. Westfall was the first player to represent the Islanders in the NHL All-Star Game. His best season statistically was 1974–75, when Westfall led the Islanders into their first playoffs and all the way into the Stanley Cup semifinals, exploding in the playoffs with five goals and ten assists to cap a 22-goal, 55-point regular season.
He remained an effective scorer through the 1976–77 season, in which he was awarded the Bill Masterton Trophy for perseverance and dedication, after which he relinquished the team captaincy to Clark Gillies. His scoring declined sharply in his final two seasons, during which he spent his time on checking lines and penalty killing.
Retirement
Westfall retired having played 1226 career NHL games, scoring 231 goals and 394 assists for 625 points.
After the end of his playing days, Westfall became the Islanders' color commentator for what was then known as SportsChannel New York. He was often dubbed "18" by his confidant and broadcasting partner Jiggs McDonald because during his playing career he wore that number. He was also known by that nickname by his former Islander teammates. Westfall continued in that position until he retired in 1998. Former NHL player Joe Micheletti took his spot in the broadcast booth. He made occasional appearances on Islanders' broadcasts for several seasons after that.
Westfall was part of CTV's broadcast team for the 1984 Canada Cup tournament. He provided reports and did interviews from ice level.
On November 19, 2011, Westfall was inducted into the New York Islanders Hall of Fame. The Islanders held "Ed Westfall Night" in his honor. He and his former partner in the booth "Jiggs" McDonald called the second period in the game that night between two of his former teams, the New York Islanders and the Boston Bruins.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
1940 births
Living people
Barrie Flyers players
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kingston Frontenacs (EPHL) players
National Hockey League broadcasters
New York Islanders announcers
New York Islanders players
Niagara Falls Flyers players
Stanley Cup champions
Sportspeople from Belleville, Ontario |
4011151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny%20Lax | Sunny Lax | Sunny Lax, born Levente Márton (; born August 6, 1986), is a Hungarian trance music and progressive house producer.
History
Sunny Lax debuted on the music scene with the 12" P.U.M.A. / Cassiopeia EP as his debut release on Anjunabeats in February 2006, which was widely played by highly esteemed DJs such as Paul van Dyk and Armin van Buuren.
Music and programming had been a major part of Levente's early life, and at the age of 13 he started producing music of his own without any prior music theory knowledge. After buying a few programming books from his pocketbook, he learnt about music software, notably the "Modeplug Tracker", and started to program his own music. He began to compete in various remix competitions in his native Hungary, performing well and boosting his self-esteem. This encouraged Levente to send one of his productions, P.U.M.A., to several music labels, where Anjunabeats agreed to sign it.
Sunny Lax's third single, "M.I.R.A.", was released on Anjunabeats on October 9, 2006. This was followed up with by "Blue Bird" on May 21, 2007.
In 2013, Sunny Lax launched his own record label "Sounds of Elysium" as a sublabel of Blue Soho Recordings, which would mainly feature progressive trance tracks. He released his single "Marvel" as the first track on the label.
Discography
Releases
2006
"P.U.M.A. / Cassiopeia" [Anjunabeats]
"M.I.R.A." [Anjunabeats]
2007
"Blue Bird" [Anjunabeats]
2008
"Miquë" [Perceptive Recordings]
Elda EP (as Acacia) [Mondo Records]
2009
"Reborn" [Anjunabeats]
"Thestral" (with Nawarro as Arcadem) [Dowalve Records]
"The Last One" (with Nawarro as Arcadem) [Dowalve Records]
"Jig" (with Nawarro as Arcadem) [Dowalve Records]
"Suntear" (with Nawarro as Arcadem) [Deep Blue Records]
"Sair et Lec" (as Acacia) [Deep Blue Records]
"Heliotrope" [Dowalve Records]
"Elysium" [Dowalve Records]
"Release" [Red Force Recordings]
"Aurora" [AVA Recordings]
"Misgrey" [Anjunabeats]
2010
"Out of this World" (with Solex) [Anjunabeats]
"Vanesse" [Anjunabeats]
2011
"Big Fat Kiss" (as Levente Marton) [Anjunadeep]
"Always" [Monster Tunes]
"Viva La Revolución" [Black Hole/Songbird]
"Contrast" [Anjunabeats]
"Viva La Revolución / Something is Broken EP" [Songbird]
2012
"There’s Always A Way Out" (as Levente Marton) [Anjunadeep]
Spring / Hattori Hanzo EP [Enhanced/Always Alive]
"Isla Margarita / Naida" [Anjunabeats]
"Miele" [Black Hole/Songbird]
"Maono" [Songbird]
2013
Late EP [Infrasonic]
Marvel EP [Sounds of Elysium]
2014
Illogical EP [Sounds of Elysium]
"Karma" [Anjunabeats]
"Luna" [Black Hole Recordings]
"Bingo / Pyramides" [Infrasonic Recordings]
"Daenerys" [Anjunabeats]
2015
"Sonata" (with Super8 & Tab) [Anjunabeats]
"Melba" [Anjunabeats]
"See You On The Other Side" [ZeroThree]
"Enceladus" [Anjunabeats]
2016
"Black Water / Seven" (with Genix) [Anjunabeats]
"Aeons" [Anjunabeats]
"Everything's A Lie" (with Aneym) [Anjunabeats]
2017
Pequod / 86 EP" [Anjunabeats]
"Arrival" (with Genix) [Anjunabeats]
Bad Bye EP [Anjunabeats]
2018
"So Long / Obsydian" [Anjunabeats]
"Adapt Or Die / Orange Is The New Grey" [Anjunabeats]
"Counter Clockwise" with Aneym [Anjunabeats]
"Underneath My Skin" (with First State featuring Paul Aiden) [Armada Music]
2019
"Sheeverz / Alliance" [Anjunabeats]
"Moonlight / Hallucination" [Anjunabeats]
2020
"Solar Plexus / Torus" [Anjunabeats]
2021
"Delirium / Soul Seeker" [Anjunabeats]
"Praimfaya / You Can't Control Me" [Anjunabeats]
Remixes
2004
Náksi and Brunner - Budapest Száll! (Sunny Lax and Perfect Vibes Trance RMX) [Record Expressz]
2005
Dred - Csak a Hold (Trendi Trance Mix) [Dred Music]
2006
Daniel Kandi - Breathe (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Cellec & Ersa - Fridays (Sunny Lax Remix) [RealMusic Recordings]
Perfect Pitch - Innocent (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redforce Recordings]
2007
Alan M - Eleni (Sunny Lax Remix) [RealMusic Recordings]
DT8 Project - Falling (Sunny Lax Remix) [Mondo Recordings]
Angelic - Stay With Me (Sunny Lax Remix) [Mondo Recordings]
2008
Soliquid - Music Is For Rich People (Sunny Lax Remix) [Captured Music]
Jox - Killing Me (Sunny Lax Remix) [CDR]
Ehren Stowers - Hidden Depths (Sunny Lax Remix) [DJSA Records]
Myon - Albion (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Stefan Cambridge - All I Wanted (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perceptive Recordings]
2009
Daniel Wanrooy and T.O.M. - Colorado (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Jason van Wyk - Far From Me (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redux Recordings]
Avenger - Pegasus (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redforce Recordings]
Reii - Shocks (Sunny Lax Remix) [Lost Language]
Emotional Horizons featuring Stine Grove - Beautiful (Sunny Lax Remix) [Alter Ego]
Nitrous Oxide - Aurora (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Redstar - Long Way Home (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redforce Recordings]
Sunny Lax and Nawarro presents Arcadem - Suntear (Sunny Lax Remix) [Deep Blue Records]
Poshout - Golden Sands (Sunny Lax Remix) [Timeline]
Anhken and Adrian - Intuition (Sunny Lax Remix) [Fraction Records]
Lange presents Firewall - Wanderlust (Sunny Lax Chunky and Uplifting Remixes) [Anjunabeats]
2010
Hodel and JP Bates - Mirrors (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perceptive Recordings]
Sequentia - Mojito (Sunny Lax Remix) [Fraction Records]
Elias B - After All (Sunny Lax Remix) [Blue Soho]
Blue Tente featuring Stine Grove - Emptiness (Sunny Lax Remix) [Affective Recordings]
Majai - Emotion Flash (Sunny Lax Remix) [Hardwired]
Driving Force - Through The Years (Sunny Lax Remix) [Redforce Recordings]
Vol Deeman - Colours (Sunny Lax Remix) [Harmonic Breeze Recordings]
Astuni - Dedicated (Sunny Lax Remix) [Unearthed]
Adam Nickey - Altara (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Dave Emanuel - Inner Peace (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perceptive]
Sunset - The Blue Sky (Sunny Lax Remix) [Infrasonic Recordings]
Juventa - Sundesire (Sunny Lax Remix) [Harmonic Breeze]
2011
Nitrous Oxide - North Pole (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Tobi Atkins - Wind & Sea (Sunny Lax Remix) [Unearthed Records]
Above & Beyond featuring Richard Bedford - Thing Called Love (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Lior Levy - Way Down 2011 (Sunny Lax Remix) [Digital Insomnia Recordings]
Garrido & Skehan - Changing Places (Sunny Lax Remix) [Hardwired]
Super8 & Tab - Free Love (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
2012
Christian Drost - Strangers We Are (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Nitrous Oxide - Tiburon (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
2013
Guy Alexander - Ascent (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Nordan & Tetarise - Defying Gravity (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
David Farquharson - Keira (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Accendo - Ledra (Sunny Lax Remix) [Infrasonic]
CJ Daft - Resurrected (Sunny Lax Remix) [Above All]
2014
Synthea - Long Day (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
JES - High Glow (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole]
Existence - Kilimanjaro (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Jason Ross - Elements (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
2015
Zaa and 3PM featuring Nay Jay - Magic (Sunny Lax Remix) [Cloudland Music]
Jack Vath and Breame - Arancini (Sunny Lax Remix) [Monster Tunes]
Rui Da Silva featuring Wesley Steed - Sunrise (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perfecto]
Aimoon featuring AxelPolo - I Think It's Love (Sunny Lax Remix) [Cloudland Music]
Tetarise - Angel Flare (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
Miss Monique - No Fear (Sunny Lax Remix) [Freegrant Music]
2016
Thomas Hayes featuring Kyler England - Golden (Sunny Lax Remix) [Enhanced]
Boom Jinx featuring Aruna - Light As A Feather (Sunny Lax Remix) [Anjunabeats]
Kyau vs. Albert - Made Of Sun (Sunny Lax Remix) [Euphonic]
LTN - Autumn Leaves (Sunny Lax Remix) [Enhanced Progressive]
Romix - Roulette (Sunny Lax Remix) [Sorcery Records]
John Manz - Moments (Sunny Lax Remix) [Cloudland Music]
Ryan Farish - Stories In Motion (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole]
Solarstone - Release (Sunny Lax Remix) [Armada]
2017
Paul Oakenfold and Jordan Suckley - Amnesia (Sunny Lax Remix) [Perfecto]
Cosmic Gate and JES - Fall Into You (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Maglev and Adrian Alexander - Propagate (Sunny Lax Remix) [Elliptical Sun Recordings]
2018
Chris Giuliano - Anaerobic (Sunny Lax Remix) [Elliptical Sun Recordings]
Max Meyer and Sendr - Parallax (Sunny Lax Remix) [Freegrant]
Jan Johnston - Calling Your Name (Sunny Lax Remix) [Solar Storm]
First State and Kyler England - Everywhere (Sunny Lax Remix) [Magik Muzik]
Seven Lions featuring Fiora - Dreamin' (Sunny Lax Remix) [Ophelia]
Ilan Bluestone and Sunny Lax - 43+86=129 (Sunny Lax 303 Mix) [Anjunabeats]
2019
Mitiska and Profetik featuring Julie Thompson - Blue (Sunny Lax Remix) [Ride Recordings]
2020
Jason Ross and Fiora - When The Night Falls (Sunny Lax Remix) [Ophelia]
Adrian Alexander & Paul Arcane - In My Soul (Sunny Lax Remix) [Elliptical Sun Recordings]
Farius - Way Back When (Sunny Lax Remix) [Enhanced Progressive]
Bryn Liedl - Rites (Sunny Lax Remix) [Euphonic]
2021
Cold Blue - Painting Skies (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Tritonal - Slave (Sunny Lax Remix) [Enhanced Music]
Haliene - Glass Heart (Sunny Lax Remix) [Black Hole Recordings]
Mitis featuring Zack Gray - Hurt (Sunny Lax Remix) [Ophelia]
References
External links
Official website
1986 births
Living people
People from Dunaharaszti
Trance musicians
Anjunabeats artists
Armada Music artists |
4011159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Mountain%20%28album%29 | Black Mountain (album) | Black Mountain is the debut album by Black Mountain released by Jagjaguwar in 2005. In 2015 an expanded 16 track version was re-released.
Track listing
All songs written by Stephen McBean.
"Modern Music" – 2:44
"Don't Run Our Hearts Around" – 6:03
"Druganaut" – 3:47
"No Satisfaction" – 3:47
"Set Us Free" – 6:45
"No Hits" – 6:45
"Heart of Snow" – 7:59
"Faulty Times" – 8:34
"Bonus Track; Jonny Svenson Lives" - 10:21
Critical Reception
Pitchfork provided a mostly positive review, stating Black Mountain provided "perfect amount of tarnish to make the songs feel lived-in without burying them in fry grease."
References
See also
Amazon.com's Top 100 Editor's Picks of 2005 (#90)
2005 debut albums
Black Mountain (band) albums
Jagjaguwar albums |
4011162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201956%20Winter%20Olympics | Canada at the 1956 Winter Olympics | Canada competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
Canada was represented by the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, which would later represent Canada at the 1960 Winter Olympics (silver medal). The Dutchmen are the only self-contained club team to represent Canada at two different Olympics.
Group A
Top two teams advanced to Medal Round.
Canada 4-0 Germany (UTG)
Canada 23-0 Austria
Italy 1-3 Canada
Games for 1st-6th places
Canada 6-3 Czechoslovakia
USA 4-1 Canada
Canada 10-0 Germany (UTG)
Canada 6-2 Sweden
USSR 2-0 Canada
Leading scorers
Nordic combined
Events:
normal hill ski jumping (Three jumps, best two counted and shown here.)
15 km cross-country skiing
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Olympic Winter Games 1956, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1956 Winter Olympics
1956
Winter Olympics |
4011165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20continuity | Information continuity | In the healthcare industry, information continuity is the process by which information relevant to a patient's care is made available to both the patient and the provider at the right place and the right time, to facilitate ongoing health care management and continuity of care.
This is an extension of the concept of "Continuity of Care," which is defined by the American Academy of Family Physicians in their Continuity of Care definition as "the process by which the patient and the physician are cooperatively involved in ongoing health care management toward the goal of high quality, cost-effective medical care."
There is a non-Information Technology reference to "Informational continuity" — the use of information on past events and personal circumstances to make current care appropriate for each individual. This exists with "Management continuity" and "Relational continuity."
Information continuity in the information technology sense may exist alongside physical care continuity, such as when a medical chart arrives with a patient to the hospital. Information continuity may also be separate, such as when a patient's electronic records are sent to a treating physician before the patient arrives at a care site.
Creating information continuity in health care typically involves the use of health information technology to link systems using standards. Information continuity will become more and more important as patients in health care systems expect that their treating physicians have all of their medical information across the health care spectrum.
This use of this term in health information technology initiated at Seattle, Washington, at the Group Health Cooperative non-profit care system to describe activities including data sharing, allergy and medication reconciliation, and interfacing of data between health care institutions.
See also
Health care continuity
References
Health informatics |
4011179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Batuta%20hoax | Henryk Batuta hoax | The Henryk Batuta hoax was a hoax perpetrated on the Polish Wikipedia from November 2004 to February 2006, the main element of which was a biographical article about a nonexistent socialist revolutionary, Henryk Batuta.
History
The perpetrators of the hoax created an article about Henryk Batuta (born Izaak Apfelbaum), a fictional socialist revolutionary and Polish Communist. The fake biography said Batuta was born in Odessa in 1898, and participated in the Russian Civil War. The article was created on November 8, 2004, and was exposed as a hoax 15 months later when it was deleted on February 5, 2006.
The article was ten sentences long while it existed on Polish Wikipedia. It gained some prominence after stories about it appeared in prominent Polish newspapers (e.g. Gazeta Wyborcza) and magazines (e.g. Przekrój), as well as a British one (The Observer).
The article also falsely claimed a street in Warsaw was named "Henryk Batuta Street", after the fictional communist official. The anonymous hoaxers who created the article, according to the press calling themselves "The Batuta Army" (), allegedly wanted to draw attention to the fact that there are still places in Poland named after former communist officials who "do not deserve the honour".
The hoax was exposed when the article was listed for deletion. Even after the article was exposed as a well-organized hoax, its perpetrators tried to convince others of its authenticity by providing false bibliographical information and even by uploading a doctored photograph of a street name "ulica Henryka Batuty" (Henryk Batuta Street). The mystification was "officially" exposed and confirmed on 9 February 2006, when the Polish daily Gazeta Wyborcza and weekly Przekrój published their articles about the hoax.
There is an "ulica Batuty" (Batuta Street) in Warsaw; however, the name comes from the Polish word "batuta", which means "conductor's baton". In this area of the Służew district there are many street names relating to music and this is one of them. Streets named after a person in Warsaw always carry the name, not only the family name, on the plate. On the street plate for Batuta, there is no name. This should have been a signal to any careful and knowable eye, seeing the picture in the fake "Henryk Batuta" entry.
Content of the hoax article
An English translation of the hoax article as it appeared on the Polish Wikipedia on 1 February 2006, when it was finally exposed as a hoax.
References
Polish
:pl:Wikipedia:SDU/Henryk Batuta
2004 hoaxes
2004 in Poland
History of Wikipedia
Internet hoaxes
Nonexistent people used in hoaxes
Wikipedia controversies
Fictional Polish people |
4011181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlan%20Scully | Marlan Scully | Marlan Orvil Scully (born August 3, 1939) is an American physicist best known for his work in theoretical quantum optics. He is a professor at Texas A&M University and Princeton University. Additionally, in 2012 he developed a lab at the Baylor Research and Innovation Collaborative in Waco, Texas.
He has authored over 700 scientific articles, as well as standard textbooks such as Laser Physics (with W. Lamb and M. Sargent) and “Quantum Optics” (with M. S. Zubairy).
Education
Scully was born in Casper, Wyoming, where he attended public schools including Casper College, and finished his undergraduate studies at the University of Wyoming and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He received his PhD under the guidance of Willis Lamb at Yale University in 1965.
Career
After completing his graduate work at Yale University, Scully became an instructor at Yale and then proceeded to become an assistant professor at MIT, where he received early promotion to associate professor and moved to the University of Arizona to become professor before age 30. While there, he worked with Willis Lamb, Peter Franken, and others to build the Optical Sciences Center there. In 1980, he took a joint position between the Max Planck Institute für Quantenoptik and the University of New Mexico as distinguished professor. In 1992, he moved to Texas A&M, where he is now Burgess Distinguished Professor of Physics, holds the TEES Distinguished Research chair, and is director of the Center for Theoretical Physics and the Institute for Quantum Studies. In 2003, he was appointed visiting professor at Princeton University. In 2005, he accepted a joint professional appointment between Texas A&M and Princeton Universities.
The Scully-Lamb quantum theory of the laser was the first theoretical treatment which yielded the laser photon statistics, the laser linewidth, and all higher order photon correlations. It was later extended to explain behavior of the single photon maser. Most recently, Scully and coworkers have shown that the laser master equation analysis also provides a good quantitative description of fluctuations in the Bose–Einstein condensate.
The foundation of quantum mechanics is another area which Scully has made pioneering contributions. Aharonov and Zubairy in their 2005 Science article on "Time and the Quantum" describe one facet of his work as follows:
"The quantum eraser effect of Scully and Drühl dramatically underscores the difference between our classical conceptions of time and how quantum processes can unfold in time. Such eyebrow-raising features of time in quantum mechanics have been.. . described ‘as one of the most intriguing effects in quantum mechanics’.. . The quantum eraser concept has been studied and extended in many different experiments and scenarios, for example, the entanglement quantum eraser, the kaon quantum eraser, and the use of quantum eraser entanglement to improve microscopic resolution."
A rather unorthodox feature of his career is his strong combination of theoretical and experimental science. For example, Scully and colleagues were the first to make lasers oscillate without population inversion and have extended the coherent Raman spectroscopy techniques to detect anthrax type endospores. In addition, Scully is long time cattle rancher known for his research in the United States and abroad, e.g., Mongolia, into beef cattle production. This unlikely combination of activities and interests has resulted in his being dubbed the "quantum cowboy." In addition to his seven US Patents in laser physics, he holds a US Patent (5,198,222) titled "Time Release Bolus," which is a device for slowly delivering medicine or nutrients into the stomach of a cow.
Recognition
Scully is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Academia Europaea, and the Max Planck Society. He has also received numerous awards including the Adolph E. Lomb Medal of the OSA in 1970, the Elliott Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1990, the Charles Hard Townes Award of the OSA in 1998, the Quantum Electronics Award of IEEE in 2003, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Alexander von Humboldt Distinguished Faculty Prize, the APS Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in 2005, and has been appointed to a Harvard Loeb Lectureship. In 2011, Scully was honored with the Herbert Walther Award and in 2012 with the Frederic Ives Medal of the OSA. In December 2016, he has been elected as a Foreign Member Of Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2021, he was elected as a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences with a Chinese name 司嘉理 ().
Life
His wife Judith Bailey Scully and he have three sons: James, an American Airline captain; Robert, a writer and Caterpillar diesel mechanic; and Steven, an electrical engineer with Dallas Semiconductor. Rob (with an introduction by his father) wrote a book entitled “The Demon and the Quantum: From the Pythagorean Mystics to Maxwell's Demon and Quantum Mystery” which was published by Wiley-VCH in October 2007. The book is directed toward the layperson as well as the professional physicist and examines the connection between Maxwell's Demon and the role of the observer and quantum eraser.Marlan is a Christian.
Bibliography
Articles
Notes
External links
Faculty page at Princeton University.
Group photograph (This photograph taken at Lasers '92 includes, right to left, Marlan Scully, Willis E. Lamb, John L. Hall, and F. J. Duarte)
1939 births
Living people
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
University of Wyoming alumni
Yale University alumni
21st-century American physicists
Experimental physicists
Optical physicists
Harvard University staff
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Princeton University faculty
Texas A&M University faculty
Theoretical physicists
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences |
4011183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rika%20Morinaga | Rika Morinaga | is a Japanese voice actress and singer represented by Mausu Promotion. She is best known for her role as Souseiseki in Rozen Maiden and Makoto "Mako-chan" in Minami-ke. Morinaga is also the lead singer of the goth rock band function code();.
Filmography
Anime
2003
Saint Beast ~Seijuu Kourin Hen~ - Pinky
Wandaba Style - Sakura Haruno
2004
Rozen Maiden - Souseiseki
2005
Kamichu! - Matsuri Saegusa
Keroro Gunsou - Moguko
Transformers: Galaxy Force - Lori
Blood+ - Nahabi
Rozen Maiden ~Träumend~ - Souseiseki
2006
Inukami! - Tayune
Kiba - Mirette
Jigoku Shoujo Futakomori - Yumie Hanamura (Episode 3)
Simoun - Mamina
Chocotto Sister - Makoto Ashirai
Night Head Genesis - Naji
Crash B-Daman - Aoi Saionji
Black Lagoon - Kageyama （Second daughter）
The Wallflower - Female Student
Rozen Maiden Ouvertüre - Souseiseki
2007
Princess Resurrection - Francisca
Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight! - Former Student Council President
Kaze no Stigma - Ren Kannagi
Claymore - Claudia, Diana
Skull Man - Child
My Bride Is a Mermaid - Mawari Zenigata
Tōka Gettan Kōhi, Nero
Minami-ke - Makoto "Mako-chan"
Moetan - Ruriko
Romeo x Juliet - Elder Sister, Girl
Inukami! The Movie: Tokumei Reiteki Sōsakan Karina Shirō! - Tayune
Hiyoko no Samurai: Hiyo Zaemon - Zaemon Hiyo
2008
Kyōran Kazoku Nikki - Grim Reaper III
Clannad After Story - Child
Minami-ke: Okawari - Makoto "Mako-chan"
2009
Saki - Ikeda Kana
Tales of Vesperia: The First Strike - Rita Mordio
Minami-ke: Okaeri - Makoto "Mako-chan"
2010
Strike Witches 2 - Fernandia Malvezzi
2011
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere - Brown Algae
2012
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere 2 - Brown Algae
Saki Achiga-hen episode of Side-A - Ikeda Kana
2013
Rozen Maiden: Zurückspulen - Souseiseki
Video games
Ar tonelico II Sekai ni Hibiku Shōjo-tachi no Metafalica - Frelia
Otome no Jijou - Mami Tachibana
Gadget Trial - Yu-ri
Summon Night: Twin Age - Ugunia
Simoun: Rose War ~Ri Mājon of Sealing~ - Mamiina
D→A：White - Kuu
Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology 3 - Rita Mordio
Tales of Vesperia - Rita Mordio
Tales of VS - Rita Mordio
Torikago no Mukougawa - Doruche
Fragments Blue - Natsuon Igarashi
Blue Flow - Rachael Jealous, Tamao Igarashi, Margaret Sherman
Blue Blaster - Iris Lafayette
Marriage Royale ~Prism Story~ - Sanjoh Asahi
Monochrome - Hinamizu
Lucky Star: Ryōō Gakuen Ōtōsai - Kou Yasaka
Remember 11: The Age of Infinity - Cocoro Fuyukawa
Onihimeden ~Ayakashi Hanashi~ - Tsukiyo Amamiya
Discography
CD
Gesshoku Kageki Dan: Neverland Navigation Record
Character CD
My Bride Is a Mermaid Character Single 3 『GAP』 - Mawari Zenigata
Minami-ke Biyori - Makoto
Drama CD
Supa Supa - Chihaya Yuuki
Ekoto Isshou - Taeko Ebisawa
Kaze no Stigma - Ren Kannagi
Kamiyomi - Emperor Antoku
Zero In - Sakura Sonobe
Rozen Maiden Original Drama ~Tantei - Detektiv~ - Souseiseki
Rozen Maiden Träumend Character Drama Vol.4 - Souseiseki
Radio CD
Suigintou no Koyoi mo Ennu~i Vol.2 - Souseiseki
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Voice actresses from Tokyo
Japanese voice actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Singers from Tokyo
21st-century Japanese women singers
Mausu Promotion voice actors |
4011188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20End%20of%20Silence | The End of Silence | The End of Silence is the fifth release and the third full-length album by the Rollins Band, led by former Black Flag singer Henry Rollins. The album's cover features a stylized drawing of the sun identical to the one tattooed on Rollins' back. The album's liner notes credit the artwork to California tattoo artist Rick Spellman.
In Metal Hammer's list of the top 10 albums of 1992, they describe the album as "taut, ferocious, withering" and that it is "the record that took Rollins from hardcore punk renaissance man to bona fide alt-rock icon."
Track listing
All songs written by Henry Rollins, Chris Haskett, Andrew Weiss and Sim Cain.
"Low Self Opinion" – 5:18
"Grip" – 4:50
"Tearing" – 4:58
"You Didn't Need" – 5:30
"Almost Real" – 8:03
"Obscene" – 8:50
"What Do You Do" – 7:22
"Blues Jam" – 11:46
"Another Life" – 4:39
"Just Like You" – 10:57
The album was recorded in Dover, New Jersey.
Accolades
Chart performance
Album
Singles
Personnel
Rollins Band
Sim Cain – drums
Chris Haskett – guitar
Henry Rollins – vocals
Andrew Weiss – bass guitar
Theo Van Rock – engineering
Additional musicians and production
Theo Van Rock – engineering
Andy Wallace – production, engineering, mixing
Howie Weinberg – mastering
References
Rollins Band albums
Albums produced by Andy Wallace (producer)
1992 albums |
4011202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenebrae%20%28film%29 | Tenebrae (film) | Tenebrae (, also known as Tenebre and Unsane) is a 1982 Italian giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento. The film stars Anthony Franciosa as American author Peter Neal, who – while in Rome promoting his latest murder-mystery novel – becomes embroiled in the search for a serial killer who may have been inspired to kill by his novel. John Saxon and Daria Nicolodi co-star as Neal's agent and assistant respectively, while Giuliano Gemma and Carola Stagnaro appear as detectives investigating the murders. John Steiner, Veronica Lario, and Mirella D'Angelo also feature in minor roles. The film has been described as exploring themes of dualism and sexual aberration, and has strong metafictional elements; some commentators consider Tenebrae to be a direct reaction by Argento to criticism of his previous work, most especially his depictions of murders of women.
After Argento had experimented with pure supernatural horror with 1977's Suspiria and 1980's Inferno, Tenebrae represented the filmmaker's return to the giallo horror subgenre, which he had helped popularize in the 1970s. Argento was inspired by a series of incidents which saw an obsessed fan telephone the director to criticize him for the damaging psychological effects of his previous work. The telephone calls culminated in death threats towards Argento, who channelled the experience into the writing of Tenebrae. The director also wanted to explore the senselessness of killings he had seen and heard about while staying in Los Angeles in 1980, and his feeling at the time that true horror came from those who wanted "to kill for nothing".
Shot on location in Rome and at Elios Studios, Tenebrae utilized mostly modern-looking locations and sets, allowing Argento to realize his vision that the film reflects a near-future with a diminished population; the director filmed none of the historical landmarks that usually featured in films set in Rome. Employing director of photography Luciano Tovoli, Argento also intended that the film simulate the stark, realistic lighting featured in television police shows at the time; production designer Giuseppe Bassan created supporting environments that were cold and austere, with sharp angles and modernistic spaces. Several former members of Italian rock band Goblin provided Tenebraes music, a synth-heavy score inspired by rock and disco music.
Tenebrae was a modest success in Italy; it reached theatres with little controversy after Argento made cuts to one of the most violent scenes. However, in the United Kingdom, it was added to the infamous list of "video nasties" and banned from sale until 1999. The film's theatrical distribution in the United States was delayed until 1984 when it was released in a heavily censored version under the title Unsane, which received a mostly negative critical reception. The original version later became widely available for reappraisal, and has since come to be considered one of Argento's best films by many fans and critics.
Plot
Peter Neal, an American writer of violent horror novels, visits Italy to promote his latest work, Tenebrae. He is accompanied by his literary agent, Bullmer and his assistant, Anne. Neal is unaware that he has also been followed to Rome by his embittered ex-fiancée, Jane. Just before Neal arrived in Rome, Elsa, a young female shoplifter, was murdered with a razor by an unseen assailant. The murderer sends Neal a letter informing him that his books have inspired him to go on a killing spree. Neal is soon contacted by the police in the form of Detective Giermani and his partner, Inspector Altieri.
More killings take place. Tilde, a lesbian journalist, is murdered at her home along with her lover Marion. Maria, the young daughter of Neal's landlord, is later hacked to death with an axe after discovering the killer's lair. Neal notices that TV interviewer Christiano Berti has an unusually intense interest in his work. That night, Neal and his Italian assistant Gianni watch Berti's house. Gianni approaches the house alone to get a better view and sees an figure hack Berti to death with an axe. However, Gianni is unable to see the murderer's face. He returns to Neal to find the novelist has been knocked unconscious on the lawn.
Giermani discovers that Berti was obsessed with Neal's novels, and believes the killings will stop now that Berti is dead. However, Bullmer, who is having an affair with Jane, is stabbed to death while waiting for his lover in a public square. Gianni is haunted by the thought that he missed the importance of something he saw at Berti's house. He returns to the house and suddenly remembers that he had heard Berti confessing to his attacker: "I killed them all, I killed them all!" Before Gianni can share this detail with anyone, he is strangled to death from the back seat of his car.
Jane sits at her kitchen table with a pistol when a figure leaps through her window and hacks off one of her arms. The wound sprays blood over the kitchen walls before Jane falls to the floor. The killer continues to hack at her until she is dead, at which point Neal is revealed to be the murderer. Upon learning the details of Berti's sadistic murder spree, Neal recovered a previously repressed memory involving his murder of a girl who had sexually humiliated him when he was a youth in Rhode Island. The memory torments Neal and inflames his previously repressed lust for blood, driving him insane.
Inspector Altieri arrives at the house and Neal kills her. Giermani and Anne arrive soon afterwards; when Neal sees that he cannot escape, he slits his throat in front of them. Finding the telephone out of order, Giermani and Anne go outside to report the incident from the car radio. Giermani returns to the house and is murdered by Neal, who had faked his own death. Neal waits inside for Anne to return, but when she opens the door, she accidentally knocks over a metal sculpture that impales and kills Neal. The horror-stricken Anne stands in the rain and screams repeatedly.
Analysis
Influences
According to the film historian and critic Bill Warren, Tenebrae is a typical example of the giallo film genre: "visually extremely stylish, with imaginative, sometimes stunning cinematography", it presents "mysterious, gruesome murders, often in picturesque locations; at the end, the identity of the murderer is disclosed in a scene destined to terrify and surprise." These narrative and visual strategies had been introduced years before Argento made his first thriller, 1970's The Bird with the Crystal Plumage—most critics point to Mario Bava's The Girl Who Knew Too Much (1963) as the original giallo.
By the time Argento made Tenebrae, he had become the acknowledged master of the genre, to the point where he felt confident enough to be openly self-referential to his own past, referencing the "reckless driving humor" from The Cat o' Nine Tails (1971) and the hero from The Bird with the Crystal Plumage. The scene in which Veronica Lario's character, Jane, returns home directly references The Bird with the Crystal Plumage with its large sculpture in the entrance hallway.
Warren and Alan Jones cite a scene where a character is killed in a public square as evoking the work of Alfred Hitchcock; Rostock agrees that the editing of the sequence is in a Hitchcockian vein, while the lighting is more influenced by Michelangelo Antonioni. The film critic and author Maitland McDonagh argues that Argento's influences for Tenebrae were far broader than just his own films or previous Italian thrillers. She refers to the strong narrative in the film as an example of "the most paranoid excesses of film noir." McDonagh suggests that Fritz Lang's Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956) ("in which a man convicted of murder on false evidence ... is in fact guilty of the murder") and Roy William Neill's Black Angel (1946) ("in which a man who tries to clear a murder suspect does so at the cost of learning that he himself is the killer") both use such a similar plot twist to Tenebrae that Argento may have used them as partial models for his story.
Kim Newman and Alan Jones suggest that the mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle, Rex Stout, and Agatha Christie were all obvious influences on Tenebrae, and there are many references to these authors throughout the film. One example is the use of a quote from Sherlock Holmes in Conan Doyle's novel The Sign of Four (1890): "How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth?" A variation of this quote is delivered many times in Tenebrae. Another reference is the dog attack: as something of a non sequitur, the scene is thought by Newman to be a likely nod to Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles (1901–1902). Neal is seen to be reading this novel in an early scene. The imagery in the beach flashback references the American mystery film Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), especially the scene of Eva Robin's wearing white while kneeling in the sand, which is a direct reference to Elizabeth Taylor in that film.
Themes
Critics have identified various major themes in Tenebrae. In interviews conducted during the film's production, the usually somewhat reticent Argento offered his candid views on the thematic content of the film. As biographer Maitland McDonagh noted in Broken Mirrors/Broken Minds: The Dark Dreams of Dario Argento, "Argento has never been more articulate and/or analytical than he was on the subject of Tenebrae." Film scholar William Hope considers the film to be devoid of classical narrative progression and states that the characters "lack a narrative function or purpose, existing only to be killed in a spectacular fashion, their death hardly moving the narrative on at all. Traditional cause and effect are seemingly forgotten or actively ignored". According to James Gracey, author of a book about Argento's work, with Tenebrae Argento "explores some of his most reoccurring themes and preoccupations, such as Freudian psychology, sexual deviancy, repressed trauma, voyeurism, audience spectatorship, and the fetishisation of violence and death." Water is often associated visually with Neal. In almost all his scenes his appearance is followed or accompanied by a shot of water. Later, this device is used repeatedly as a clue to the ultimate killer's identity – Neal himself.
Dark doubles
According to Argento expert Thomas Rostock, Tenebrae is filled with rhyming imagery that relates to the film's exploration of "the dual nature of [the] two active murderers" using doubles, inversions, reflections and "re-reflections". Every major character has at least one double, and the theme extends to objects, locations, actions, and events – major and minor. The doubling or mirroring of incidents and objects includes telephone booths, aircraft, homeless men, otherwise-meaningless public brawls in the background, car accidents, typewriters (literally side-by-side), keys, handkerchief, hands caught in doors and the characters themselves. Rostock cites several scenes where characters are set up in the frame with their doppelgängers – one such is the first meeting of Peter Neal and Anne with Detectives Giermani and Altieri. McDonagh notes that Argento emphasizes the doubling between Neal and Giermani: "Giermani ... is made to reflect Neal even as Neal appropriates his role as investigator ... the detective/writer and the writer/detective each belittles his other half, as though by being demeaned this inverted reflection could be made to go away." McDonagh also observes that, in what is arguably the film's most potent shock, Neal at one point really does make Giermani "go away", virtually replacing him on screen "in a shot that is as schematically logical as it is logically outrageous." Earlier, Neal killed a woman who – to his and the audience's surprise – was not Anne, but Altieri. Tenebrae itself is split almost exactly into two parts. The first half belongs to the murders of Berti; the second to those of Neal. The two are set up as mirrors of one another. Berti's killings with a razor are clinical, with "lingering sexualized aggressiveness", whereas Neal's (with an axe) are crimes of passion committed for personal reasons or out of necessity; they are swift and to the point.
Kevin Lyons observes, "The plot revolves around the audacious and quite unexpected transference of guilt from the maniacal killer (about whom we learn very little, itself unusual for Argento) to the eminently likeable hero, surely the film's boldest stroke." While noting that the device is "striking", McDonagh comments that this transmission of guilt occurs between two dark doubles who are severely "warped" individuals. She suggests that "Neal and Berti ... act as mirrors to one another, each twisting the reflection into a warped parody of the other." Berti's obsession with Neal's fiction compels him to commit murder in homage to the writer, while Neal seems to think that his own violent acts are simply part of some kind of "elaborate fiction". When the bloody Neal is confronted by Giermani immediately after having killed numerous people, Neal screams at him, "It was like a book ... a book!"
Metafiction
The moment in which the first half of the movie transitions into the second is punctuated by the rising score and camera pan to an ostensibly meaningless point of reflected light on an ornament. According to Rostock, the meaning behind this movement is clear: it marks the spot when Berti's spree ends and Neal's rampage begins. Argento uses the shift in focus to comment on the shaping of the film itself, until that moment a typical, "clichéd and remote" giallo. Neal, previously passive, begins to control what happens in his own story, which is more personal with "weight and meaning". According to Rostock, this structure allows Argento equal scope to play with the narrative while commenting upon it, all without having to deviate from the advancement of the plot. According to Kim Newman, the use of a sculpture as a weapon makes literal one of the themes of the film: "art that kills people". Rostock concurs, saying that as the film is a commentary on art, the only weapon that can end the narrative is art itself.
According to Gracey, many have compared Argento with the character of Peter Neal, speculating that he serves as an alter-ego for the director. Gracey refers to Tenebrae as a "reflexive commentary on [the director's] earlier work." The director himself saw the film in the same light, claiming it was a reaction to accusations that "[he] was a misogynist ... a criminal ... a murderer." Argento resolved to include all these aspects of his previous films into Tenebrae. A scene in which a woman criticizes the lead character's books as "sexist", featuring "women as victims, cipers, male heroes [and] macho bullshit" echoes criticisms of Argento's own work. Kim Newman calls the confrontation scene "essentially autobiographical", and refuting these accusations Argento said that his films were instead an attempt to tackle his dark side, to "let it speak". With Tenebrae in particular, he felt he was making a joke or playing a game with his critics, creating a front or mystique about himself. Rostock also believes Argento is having fun and sending up this perception. Newman agrees that Argento used Tenebrae to address his own public image, the notion that someone who creates art as "sick and twisted" as his, must himself be sick and twisted. With Tenebraes reveal that the author is the killer, Newman argues that Argento is saying, "What if I were?"
"Aberrant" sexuality
As in many of Argento's films, which allegedly tend to eroticize the murder of beautiful women, gender, sexuality, and power are major issues foregrounded by the film. The fictional novel within the film is described as being "about human perversion and its effects on society". Male and female sexual deviancy is a central theme, with the victims being sexually liberated women who the first killer – conservative TV presenter Cristiano Berti – refers to as "filthy, slimy perverts". The first victim is a sexually promiscuous shoplifter, and his next two are the lesbian reporter and her bisexual lover. Berti murders the comparatively normal Maria only because she inadvertently discovers his twisted compulsion. His "moral crusade" is inspired by – and in his mind given credibility by – Neal's novel. Neal's own motivations for becoming a killer are revealed in "Freudian flashbacks". As summarized by McDonagh, these flashbacks "expose how the misogyny evident in his books actually stems from being sexually humiliated by a beautiful woman in his youth." McDonagh also notes that Tenebrae expands on the themes of sexuality and transvestitism found in Argento's earlier films, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, The Cat o' Nine Tails, Four Flies on Grey Velvet (1972), and Deep Red (1975), but believes that Tenebraes "overall sensuality sets it apart from Argento's other gialli." She says that the film's sexual content and abundant nudity make it "the first of Argento's films to have an overtly erotic aspect", and further notes that "Tenebrae is fraught with free-floating anxiety that is specifically sexual in nature." Gracey notes that in several scenes the victims gaze directly into the camera, which demonstrates Argento's "preoccupation with voyeurism and spectacle".
McDonagh noted that two sexually charged flashbacks are key to understanding Tenebrae. These distinct but strongly related memory fragments are introduced repeatedly throughout the film, usually immediately following a murder sequence. Although the flashbacks are never fully explained, the first one reveals a beautiful young woman's sexual humiliation (though oral rape) of a teenage boy, presumed to be Peter Neal. The young woman is mostly topless during this first sequence, and she humiliates the young man by jamming the heel of one of her shiny red shoes into his mouth while he is held down by a group of gleeful boys on a pale-white beach. The second flashback shows the vicious revenge-murder of the woman some time later. McDonagh notes that all of the fetishistic imagery of these flashbacks, combined with the sadistic details of the murder sequences in the main narrative, "set the parameters of Tenebraes fetishistic and fetishicized visual vocabulary, couched in terms both ritualistic and orgiastically out of control ... Peter Neal indulges in sins of the flesh and Tenebrae revels in them, inviting the spectator to join in; in fact, it dares the viewer not to do so."
Vision impairment
The protagonists in Argento's giallo films almost always suffer from vision impairment of some kind. It is these characters' chronic inability to find the missing pieces of a puzzle. The puzzle being the solution of a murder (or series of murders) that generally provides much of the films' narrative thrust. Most obviously is the blind Franco Arno (Karl Malden) in The Cat o' Nine Tails, who must use his heightened aural sense in combination with visual clues supplied to him by his niece to solve a mystery. In The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, Sam Dalmas (Tony Musante) witnesses a murder attempt but admits to the police that something seems to be "missing"; as the film's surprise ending makes clear, he did not "miss" anything, but simply misinterpreted what happened in front of his eyes. In Deep Red, Marcus (David Hemmings) has a similar problem in both seeing and not seeing the murderer at the scene of the crime, and does not realize his mistake until it is almost too late. This recurring theme, according to Douglas E. Winter, creates "a world of danger and deception, where seeing is not believing".
Flanagan observes that in Tenebrae, Argento offers two characters who suffer from impaired vision. Gianni (Christian Borromeo) is an eyewitness to an axe-murder, but the trauma of seeing the killing causes him to disregard a vital clue. Returning to the scene of the crime, he suddenly remembers everything and is murdered before being able to tell anyone. Homicide detective Giermani reveals that he is a big fan of the novels of Agatha Christie, Mickey Spillane, Rex Stout, and Ed McBain, but admits that he has never been able to guess the identity of the killer in any of the books. He is similarly unable to solve the real mystery until the last corpses are piled at his feet – he cannot see Peter Neal for what he really is.
An imaginary city
In an interview that appeared in Cinefantastique, Argento noted that the film was intended as near-science fiction, taking place "about five or more years in the future ... Tenebrae occurs in a world inhabited by fewer people with the result that the remainder are wealthier and less crowded. Something has happened to make it that way but no one remembers, or wants to remember ... It isn't exactly my Blade Runner, of course, but nevertheless a step into the world of tomorrow. If you watch the film with this perspective in mind, it will become very apparent." Argento later insisted that the film was set in an imaginary city, fifteen years in the future and that the disaster the city's inhabitants were striving to forget was an atomic bomb blast. Despite Argento's claim, Maitland McDonagh observed that this vaguely science-fictional concept "isn't apparent at all" and that no critics at the time noted the underlying futuristic theme in their reviews of the theatrical release of the film. The film critic and author Kim Newman countered that in avoiding a more recognisable Rome in favour of suburbia, Argento had succeeded in giving some parts of the film an almost futuristic sheen. Argento biographer Alan Jones agreed that Argento's intention did come across in these scenes, and Newman cites the on-screen use a videophone as an attempt by Argento to place Tenebrae in the near future.
While rejecting this thematic concern as unrealized by Argento, McDonagh noted that the result of the director's experiment is a strange "architectural landscape" that becomes the "key element in differentiating Tenebrae from Argento's earlier gialli." Argento's use of unusual architectural space and so-called visual "hyper-realism" results in an enormously fake looking environment. Seizing on the director's additional comment, "... I dreamed an imaginary city in which the most amazing things happen", she notes that the film's "fictive space couldn't be less 'real'", with its "vast unpopulated boulevards, piazzas that look like nothing more than suburban American malls, hard-edged Bauhaus apartment buildings, anonymous clubs, and parking garages." The EUR district of Rome, where much of Tenebrae was filmed, was built in preparation for the 1942 World's Fair and intended by then-Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini to be a celebration of twenty years of fascism. Rostock believes that Argento used this location as an attempt to realize his theme of an imaginary city; the district gives a glimpse of a future Rome that never was, showing the city how it might have looked had fascism not fallen.
Production
Background
After completing Inferno (1980), the second in his planned Three Mothers trilogy of supernatural horror films, Argento was expected to move straight into production of its concluding chapter. The first in the trilogy, Suspiria (1977), had turned the director into what Alan Jones called "a horror superstar", but Inferno had proven a difficult follow-up. Argento had become unwell while writing the film, and his ill health continued into filming. In addition, Argento's relationship with Infernos co-producer 20th Century Fox had soured the director on "Hollywood politics", so when Inferno was not well-received upon release, Argento put the Three Mothers trilogy on hold. Inferno also flopped commercially. According to James Gracey, Argento – under pressure and feeling "the need to once again defy expectations" – returned to the giallo genre and began work on Tenebrae. Argento later stated that he wanted to "put on film a gory roller-coaster ride packed with fast and furious murders" and that he "shouldn't resist what [his] hardcore audience wanted". He added that he had also become irritated that in the years since his last giallo so many other directors had made films derivative of – and inferior to – his own genre-defining works.
Argento said that Tenebrae was directly influenced by two distressing incidents that occurred in 1980. On a break from filmmaking after Suspirias surprise success, Argento was spending time in Los Angeles, where an obsessed fan telephoned him repeatedly, to talk about Suspirias influence on him. According to Argento, the calls began pleasantly enough but before long became more insistent, eventually menacing. The fan claimed that he wanted "to harm Argento in a way that reflected how much the director's work had affected him", and that because the director had "ruined his life", he in turn wanted to ruin Argento's. Although no violence came of the threat, Argento said he found the experience understandably terrifying and felt unable to write. At the advice of his producers, Argento fled to the coastal city of Santa Monica, where he felt safe enough to resume writing. However, after a few weeks, the fan found Argento and resumed his calls, issuing more threats. The director decided to return to Italy. Argento felt the escalating nature of the fan's threats were "symptomatic of that city of broken dreams" with its "celebrity stalkers and senseless crime". The second incident occurred during Argento's stay at The Beverly Hilton, where a Japanese tourist was shot dead in the hotel lobby. Later hearing of a drive-by shooting outside a local cinema, Argento reflected on the senselessness of the killings: "To kill for nothing, that is the true horror of today ... when that gesture has no meaning whatsoever it's completely repugnant, and that's the sort of atmosphere I wanted to put across in Tenebrae."
Casting
Argento reportedly offered the lead role of Peter Neal to Christopher Walken, but eventually, it went to Anthony Franciosa. Kim Newman felt that Franciosa's casting was fortunate, as he was capable of bringing more to the role than the script asked of him. He also believed that if Walken had been cast, it would have been more obvious that he was the killer. According to Jones and Daria Nicolodi, the relationship between Franciosa and Argento was a fractious one. In addition, Nicolodi and Argento were romantically involved at the time, but their relationship had suffered over a disputed story credit during the filming of Suspiria. Nicolodi therefore only agreed to a brief appearance in Tenebrae. By her own account, she originally asked for the small role of Jane McKerrow—which ultimately went to Veronica Lario. Nicolodi was, according to Alan Jones, cast as the woman on the beach in Neal's flashback. Conversely, Thomas Rostock states that Nicolodi was never intended for that role, only that of Jane. Transgender actress Eva Robin's was later hired to play the woman on the beach.
When the American actress who had been hired to play Anne dropped out just before the start of principal photography, Argento convinced Nicolodi to take on this larger role. Nicolodi found Anne to have a different personality than her own, and much preferred the characters she had played for Argento previously, who she said had much more personality than Anne. She said the role required little energy or imagination, but liked the novelty of playing neither killer nor victim. Newman and Alan Jones agreed that Nicolodi had very little character to play, as written. Newman added that this lack of character stretched to all the Italians in the film, and that only the American characters had discernible personalities. Nicolodi later claimed that although filming began well enough, Argento became angry when she and Franciosa bonded over playwright Tennessee Williams and their experience in theatre, leading the director to make sure their shared scenes "were an ordeal to endure". The charged atmosphere culminated with Argento reportedly telling Franciosa, "leave my woman alone!" Nicolodi said she channelled her frustrations with the situation into her character's last scene in the film, where Anne stands in the rain and screams repeatedly, continuing over the film's end credits. She had been directed to scream only a little, but knowing it was the last day of filming and her last scene to complete, Nicolodi screamed loudly and for a long time, much to Argento's and the crew's surprise. Nicolodi said the scene was her "cathartic release from the whole nightmare".
Although Tenebrae was an Italian production, most of the cast spoke their dialogue in English to increase the film's chances of success in the United States. For domestic audiences, the film was dubbed into Italian. The English-language dub retained Franciosa's, Saxon's and Steiner's natural voices. However, Nicolodi's voice was dubbed by Theresa Russell, Giuliano Gemma's was dubbed by David Graham, and most of the female voices were dubbed by Adrienne Posta. Michele Soavi – frequent Argento collaborator, second assistant director on Tenebrae and later a noted director in his own right – acted alongside Robin's in the second flashback scene. Another of Argento's collaborators, Fulvio Mingozzi cameoed as a hotel porter. In common with several other Argento films, close-ups of the killer's gloved hands were Argento's own. In the film's Italian-language dub, Argento also provided the opening voice-over, reading aloud descriptions of murderous actions from Neal's fictitious novel, Tenebrae.
Filming
Filming began on 3 May 1982 and took ten weeks shot mostly on location in Rome. Kim Newman described the Rome of Tenebrae as unlike the one showed on television and in films, with none of the usual historical landmarks. Newman and Alan Jones agreed that this was a deliberate choice made by Argento, as some of his previous films had utilized so much of recognisable Italy. Argento himself said he had wanted to show Italy was not just a museum piece; Newman said it was Argento's way of saying, "Rome is a vibrant city. It is modern." Most of Tenebraes location shooting was carried out in Rome's EUR business and residential district. The first flashback scene was filmed at the Capocotta beach, south of the city near Ostia. The shoplifting scene near the beginning of Tenebrae was filmed on location at department store La Rinascente, off Piazza Fiume. Bullmer's death in a public square was shot at a shopping precinct called "Le Terrazze" in Rome's Casal Palocco residential neighbourhood. The scene in which Neal's landlord's daughter is killed was filmed outside the home of an architect – and friend of Argento – Sandro Petti, switching to studio shots for her initial entrance into the house and back to Petti's house for the confrontation with the killer. The scene at the beginning of the film where Neal boards his flight to Rome was filmed at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York.
Giuseppe Bassan – a frequent Argento collaborator – was the film's production designer. The surroundings are given a bleached, "merciless" look, made from marble and stone façades, shiny metallic sculptures, with steel, water and glass surfaces. Some of the homes – specifically those of the lesbian couple and the first killer – are "cold, austere, brutalist" slabs of granite, and many of the interior shots feature plain white backgrounds, with characters' wearing pale-coloured clothes against them – better, Newman felt, to contrast the blood once the violence started. The studio-set scenes were filmed at Elios Studios in Rome, unlike Argento's previous films in the city, which he had filmed at Incir De Paolis. He was not able to use Elios, as the director Michelangelo Antonioni, of whom he was a huge fan, was using the studio to film Identification of a Woman (1982) at the time. The design and creation of Tenebraes special effects were supervised by Giovanni Corridori, who – with his brother Tonino – had a near-monopoly on special effects in the Italian film industry at the time. The scene in which Jane is hacked to death after having her arm cut off was filmed about eight times. Argento was not satisfied with any of the takes he had, which used a type of bicycle pump to spray fake blood from the "wound" across the white wall, so the director had Corridori place an explosive squib in the prosthetic arm – a solution which apparently satisfied Argento.
Much of Tenebrae takes place during daytime, or in harshly over-lit interiors. Except for the finale and some night scenes, the entire movie is shot with clear, cold light permeating the surroundings. The lighting and camerawork used in Andrzej Żuławski's Possession (1981) was an influence on the film's look. Although tenebr(a)e means "darkness" or "shadows" in Latin, Argento ordered cinematographer Luciano Tovoli to use as much bright light as possible. The director intended that the film be set in the near future and wanted the lighting to help create a "cold, stark and semi-futuristic look". Argento explained that this approach was also an attempt to imitate what he saw as the "realistic manner of lighting" used in television police shows. The director explained that he was adopting "a modern style of photography, deliberately breaking with the legacy of German Expressionism. Today's light is the light of neon, headlights, and omnipresent flashes ... Caring about shadows seemed ridiculous to me and, more than that, reassuring." Argento filmed half-empty streets and shops where he could, in an attempt to reflect a futuristic setting where a disaster had diminished significantly the population of his imaginary city. Tovoli used Kodak 5247 film stock (125 ASA speed rating) for daylight scenes, and Kodak 5293 (250 ASA) for night shoots. Tovoli rated both at 300 ASA to ensure controlled overexposure of the negative during filming, for the benefit of under-developing in the lab and less colour loss. The ultimate aim was for the images to be "crystal clear", and the night scenes to be awash with light.
Film scholar Richard Dyer highlights several intelligent devices used by Argento in the editing of the film, noting that interpolated sequences are sometimes punctuated by "shots of pills and the sound of running water." Steffen Hantke believes that the shock cuts in the latter part of the film are among cinema's "most brutal and stylized", and exhibit a degree of abstract expressionism. Film scholar Leon Hunt argues that the devices and themes utilized by Argento in the making of Tenebrae make it as much an example of art cinema as anything else. The initial murders are shot in a "clipped montage style", which is later revealed to be reflecting the use of a camera by the first killer to record the scene. Giuliano Gemma later said that Argento fostered an improvisational atmosphere on set. One example he gave was the scene where his character bends to pick up some evidence from the floor, only to reveal Neal behind him having perfectly matched his position relative to the camera. This moment was not scripted but resulted from Argento's noticing the actors' similar build while they were stood, one behind the other in front of him.
Crane shot
Gracey refers to the film's cinematography as "nothing short of astounding", and cites a particular example as highlighting Argento's "passion for technical prowess and breathtaking visuals". Influenced by the penultimate shot in Antonioni's The Passenger (1975), on which Tovoli had also been the cinematographer, one of Tenebraes main setpieces is the murder of the lesbian couple. To introduce the scene, Argento and Tovoli employed the use of a Louma crane to film a several minutes-long tracking shot. Owing to its extreme length, the tracking shot ended up being the most difficult and complex part of the production to complete. It required a maze of scaffolding to be built around the outside of the home. Argento captured all the footage he needed in two takes, but insisted on filming ten more. The scene, which lasts for two-and-a-half minutes on-screen, took three days to shoot. It marked the first time the Louma crane had been used in an Italian production; the crane itself had to be imported from France. According to Gracey, the camera performs "aerial gymnastics", scaling the victims' house in "one seamless take, navigating walls, roofs, and peering in through windows, in a set piece that effortlessly exposes the penetrability of a seemingly secure home". Newman and Jones said that although this type of crane shot became commonplace later, at the time it was "truly ground-breaking" in the way the camera seemingly crawled over the walls and up the building – not quite from the killer's viewpoint. Patrick McAllister of Scifilm said the sequence should be considered "one of the most memorable moments in cinema". According to McAllister, Tenebraes distributor begged Argento to cut the shot down because it was "meaningless". Newman and Jones agreed that the shot added nothing to the film's plot, but called it "meaninglessly brilliant".
Title
Some European publicity materials for the film, including posters and lobby card sets, advertised the film as Tenebre, and the 1999 Anchor Bay DVD release uses that same title. However, on the print itself, during the opening credits, the title is clearly Tenebrae. In addition, the title of Neal's latest book in the film is shown in closeup as being Tenebrae. In a lengthy interview with Argento conducted by Martin Coxhead that appeared in two issues of Fangoria in 1983 and 1984, the title was always referred to as "Tenebrae". Early on in production, the film was referred to as Under the Eyes of the Assassin, which was later used as one of the poster taglines. In Japan, the film was released as Shadows, and in the United States it was titled Unsane in its initial – heavily edited – incarnation.
Soundtrack
The Italian rock band Goblin had provided the scores for two of Argento's previous films, Deep Red (1975) and Suspiria (1977), but the director had employed English composer Keith Emerson for his foray outside of the giallo subgenre, 1980's Inferno. Goblin had disbanded that year, but in 1982 Argento asked three of the band's former members – Claudio Simonetti, Fabio Pignatelli, and Massimo Morante – to work on Tenebrae. Owing to their history together, Simonetti felt it appropriate that Argento's return to giallo films should use the core members of Goblin. The resulting synth-driven score was credited to "Simonetti-Pignatelli-Morante", as Goblin's former drummer owned the rights to use the band's name.
Tenebraes score is very different from those the band had produced for Argento previously. The early 1980s had seen Simonetti experimenting with dance music, and he decided on a more electronic sound for Tenebrae. Simonetti described the score as an electronica/rock hybrid, with the main theme including disco elements. So it would not be difficult to accommodate Argento's preference for long takes, Simonetti, Pignatelli and Morante made sure to play each song for 3–4 minutes. Recording the score, Simonetti used the Roland Jupiter-8, Roland Vocoder Plus and Minimoog synthesizers, as well as a piano, electric piano, the Oberheim DMX drum machine, the Roland TR-808 drum machine, and Roland MC-4 music sequencer. Pignatelli played bass and fretless guitar, while Morante played electric and acoustic guitar.
While the soundtrack is not as well regarded as Goblin's earlier scores for Deep Red, Suspiria, or Dawn of the Dead (1978), Tim Lucas felt it "... so fused to the fabric of the picture that Tenebrae might be termed ... a giallo musicale; that is, a giallo in which the soundtrack transcends mere accompaniment to occupy the same plane as the action and characters." Writers David Kerekes and David Slater were also favorable to the score; writing that the film "bristles with arresting imagery and a cracking musical score from ex-members of Goblin". Simonetti felt the score was good, but that it was only a "medium"-level success. However, it did enjoy a second wave of popularity being remixed in clubs. The album has had multiple reissues in numerous countries since its original release in 1982 on the Italian Cinevox label. The album was also released by Waxwork Records on a double LP that included the complete score by Goblin in 2018.
Release
Original reception and censorship
Tenebrae had a wide theatrical release throughout Italy and mainland Europe, something Argento very much needed after having suffered major distribution problems with his previous film, Inferno. Released on 27 October 1982, Tenebrae saw modest success at the box office in Italy and Europe, but it did not perform as well as some of Argento's previous films. In Italy, Tenebrae had been released with a VM18 rating, meaning it could not be seen legally by persons under the age of eighteen. Argento had desired a VM14 rating, both to attract a younger audience and to increase the film's chances of commercial success. Tenebrae features scenes of female homosexuality; attitudes towards homosexuality in Italy were fairly conservative at the time, and Argento said he wanted to "recount this subject freely and in an open manner, without interference or being ashamed". The VM18 rating upset him, as he believed it was a result of the sexual diversity on display rather than the film's violence.
One of the film's most excessively violent scenes features the death of Neal's ex-wife, Jane (played by Veronica Lario). This scene was one which suffered the most from cuts when the film was first released in Italy. The original scene featured Jane's arm being cut off at the elbow; blood sprays from the wound onto white walls until the character falls to the floor. After a back-and-forth between Argento and Italian censors (at the time a panel of judges), the scene was first trimmed from showing an "immense" spray to a small one, then a smaller one still. For TV broadcasts, the scene was cut to insignificance in the 1990s, when Lario married future Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. According to Alan Jones, Berlusconi "did not want the public seeing [Lario] so explicitly murdered, even if it was in a film by his country's premier horror expert". For a few years, it was impossible to legally see the uncensored version of the film in Italy, as prints were withdrawn altogether. A later DVD release did become available, with the scene restored.
Averaging a murder every ten minutes, Tenebrae ranks as one of Argento's most violent films. In the United Kingdom, the film was shorn of five seconds from the arm severing scene by the British Board of Film Classification before its theatrical release, on 19 May 1983. The advertising campaign for Tenebrae featured posters and a soundtrack sleeve depicting a woman with her throat cut, blood dripping from the wound. According to Jones, who worked for Tenebraes distributor at the time, in the UK the posters had to be recalled after the London Underground refused to run them. New posters were issued that replaced the image of the wound and blood with a red ribbon. A similar change was made to the soundtrack sleeve.
In the United States the film remained unseen until 1984, when Bedford Entertainment briefly released a heavily edited version under the title Unsane. It was approximately ten minutes shorter than the European release and was missing nearly all the film's violence, which effectively rendered the many horror sequences incomprehensible. Also, certain scenes that established the characters and their relationships were excised, making the film's narrative difficult to follow. This version of Tenebrae received nearly unanimously negative reviews.
Home media and "video nasty" list
Tenebrae has been released on home media in many different versions in numerous territories. In 1983, when the VHS edition was released in the United Kingdom, it was short by about four seconds.<ref name="censor">{{cite web|url=http://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=382304|author=Staff|date=2 June 2014|title=Tenebre (aka Tenebrae)|publisher=Movie-Censorship.com|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> However, the film soon found itself included in a list of thirty-nine so-called "video nasties" that were successfully prosecuted and banned from sale in UK video stores under the Video Recordings Act 1984. Deemed harmful to audiences, "video nasties" were strongly criticized for their violent content by the press, social commentators and various religious organizations. Speculating in 2011, Thomas Rostock said that the higher-than-usual murder count for an Argento film was partially responsible, while James Gracey believed it was perhaps "the highly sexualized presentation of its violent content". He went on to say, "Of all the titles placed on the video nasty list, Tenebrae is perhaps the most misunderstood and undeserving of the grimy status it gained through its association with the whole debacle." Kim Newman agreed that Tenebraes reputation as a "video nasty" was unwarranted, saying that none of the on-screen deaths are as gory or lingering as those in Argento's previous films. He also believed Tenebrae would eventually be remembered on its own merits, rather than as part of the "video nasties" list. Nevertheless, the ban lasted until 1999, when Tenebrae was legally released on videotape with one second of footage removed in addition to the previously censored five. In 2003, the BBFC reclassified the film and passed it without any cuts. In Germany, the release was strongly cut, and reportedly seized by the authorities.
The film has since been released on DVD in the US, mostly uncut save for approximately twenty seconds of extraneous material. Tenebrae received an initial DVD release in March 1999 from Anchor Bay Entertainment, with a re-release in May 2008. The Anchor Bay release, though presented as "uncut" was not the fully restored version of the film. A DVD German release by Raptor was also missing about one-and-a-half seconds of material. In June 2011, Arrow Films issued a special edition on DVD, but although the image quality was far better than in previous DVD releases, this version was "heavily lambasted" for carrying a transfer of the film that had visible noise and "distorted audio". In 2013, Arrow released a Blu-ray edition that corrected the audio and video problems. Additional corrections were made to the transfer and released by Synapse Films in 2016, as a steelbook edition limited to 3000 copies. The Arrow & Synapse DVD and Blu-ray releases are "completely uncut".
Later receptionTenebrae has come to be considered one of Argento's best films by many fans and critics, with some calling it his last great film. AllMovie refers to the film as "one of Dario Argento's best thrillers". In her 1994 book on the director, Broken Mirrors/Broken Minds: The Dark Dreams of Dario Argento, Maitland McDonagh maintains that Tenebrae is "in many respects ... the finest film that Argento has ever made." Richard Dyer, writing for the Directory of World Cinema: Italy, describes the film as a "tease", one which is "perhaps the apotheosis of one of the core pleasures of detective fiction: being outwitted, wrong-footed, led up the garden path". Dyer believes that the degree of lighting used in the film is unsurpassed. Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine said that Tenebrae "is a riveting defense of auteur theory, ripe with self-reflexive discourse and various moral conflicts. It's both a riveting horror film and an architect's worst nightmare." Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club noted "... Argento makes some points about the intersection of art, reality, and personality, but the director's stunning trademark setpieces, presented here in a fully restored version, provide the real reason to watch." Almar Haflidason, in a review for BBC Online, opined, "Sadistically beautiful and viciously exciting, welcome to true terror with Dario Argento's shockingly relentless Tenebrae." Tim Lucas in Video Watchdog said, "Though it is in some ways as artificial and deliberate as a De Palma thriller, Tenebrae contains more likeable characters, believable relationships, and more emphasis on the erotic than can be found in any other Argento film." Gordon Sullivan of DVD Verdict wrote, "Tenebre is a straight-up giallo in the old-school tradition. It may have been filmed in 1982, but it comes straight out of the '70s tradition. We've got all the usual suspects, including a writer for a main character, lots of killer-cam point of view, some crazily over the top kills, and approximately seventy-two twists before all is revealed ... For fans of Argento's earlier giallo, this is a must-see."
Not all the recent critical reaction to Tenebrae has been positive. Geoff Andrew of Time Out thought that the film was "unpleasant even by contemporary horror standards". John Kenneth Muir, author of Horror Films of the 1980s, considers the film to be far inferior to Suspiria, but acknowledges that it was so "unremittingly gory" that it justified its US title of "Unsane". John Wiley Martin, although evaluating the film as a "technically mesmeric" one, felt that thematically it was a "disappointingly retrograde step" for Argento. Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com called it a "gory but not particularly effective Argento horror flick", while Dennis Schwartz of Ozus' World Movie Reviews dismissed it as "trash". Gary Johnson, editor of Images, complained, "Not much of Tenebre makes much sense. The plot becomes little more than an excuse for Argento to stage the murder sequences. And these are some of the bloodiest murders of Argento's career." In 2004, Tim Lucas re-evaluated the film and found that some of his earlier enthusiasm had dimmed considerably, noting that, "Tenebre is beginning to suffer from the cheap 16 mm-like softness of Luciano Tovoli's cinematography, its sometimes over-storyboarded violence (the first two murders in particular look stilted), the many bewildering lapses in logic ... and the overdone performances of many of its female actors".
Legacy
Coming at the tail end of the giallo cycle, Tenebrae does not appear to have been as influential as Argento's earlier films. Douglas E. Winter, however, has commented that Tenebraes Louma crane sequence has been stylistically influential, pointing to its use in Brian De Palma's The Untouchables (1987). In addition, towards the end of the film, with Neal supposedly dead, the camera faces Detective Giermani directly. When he stoops to pick up some evidence from the floor, Neal is revealed to be stood behind him, their silhouettes having perfectly matched in the shot. Alan Jones cited Tenebrae as the first film to use this specific type of camera blocking, and believes it to have been copied and referenced deliberately by later filmmakers. One such example, discussed as an unacknowledged "steal" from Tenebrae, is De Palma's "surprise reveal" of John Lithgow standing behind a victim in Raising Cain (1992). Robert Zemeckis's What Lies Beneath (2000) also contains a similar moment, although Zemeckis has denied familiarity with Italian movies.
The final death scene in Tenebrae – where Neal is accidentally impaled by a sculpture – is directly referenced in Kenneth Branagh's Hitchcockian murder mystery Dead Again'' (1991). Kim Newman maintains that Branagh's film imitates the sequence so entirely – with Derek Jacobi being pierced by the sculpture – that Branagh must have included the reference deliberately. The next moment, where Nicolodi screams repeatedly in the rain, was cited by Asia Argento (Nicolodi's daughter with Dario Argento) as the moment that inspired her to become an actress.
See also
List of Italian films of 1982
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
1982 films
1982 horror films
1982 LGBT-related films
1980s psychological thriller films
Italian horror films
Italian thriller films
English-language films
English-language Italian films
Italian-language films
Films directed by Dario Argento
Films about writers
Films about novels
Films set in Rome
Films shot in Rome
Films set in Rhode Island
Films shot in New York City
Films set in Queens, New York
Films scored by Goblin (band)
Giallo films
Italian serial killer films
Italian LGBT-related films
LGBT-related horror films
Articles containing video clips
Films with screenplays by Dario Argento
Self-reflexive films
Video nasties
Censored films
Titanus films
1980s exploitation films |
4011225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fictional%20secret%20agents | List of fictional secret agents | This is a list of fictional secret agents .
Books
Agent X.323 in series of novels "Espion X.323" by Paul D'Ivoi
Alec Leamas in John le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
Alex Rider, young "informal" MI6 agent in Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider series. The series also includes Alan Blunt, head of Tamara Knight
Ali Imran in Imran Series
Basil Argyros in the Harry Turtledove short story series collected in Agent of Byzanium
Basil St. Florian, the main protagonist of Stephen Hunter's 2021 novel Basil's War
Blackford Oakes is a Central Intelligence Agency officer, spy and the protagonist of a series of novels written by William F. Buckley
Carl Hamilton, Swedish secret agent from the Books of Jan Guillou
Daniel Marchant, MI6 agent in Dead Spy Running and Games Traitors Play by Jon Stock
David Shirazi in Joel C. Rosenberg's The Twelfth Imam
Drongo in Chingiz Abdullayev's books
Emily Pollifax in Dorothy Gilman's books
George Smiley in the novels of John le Carré
Hal Ambler, in The Ambler Warning by Robert Ludlum
Jack Ryan, in The Hunt for Red October and Patriot Games by Tom Clancy
James Adams from the Robert Muchamore's CHERUB series
James Bond in Ian Fleming's books, which also include CIA agent Felix Leiter. See List of James Bond allies for a complete list of 00-agents and secret agents found throughout Fleming's books
James Wormold in Graham Greene's Our Man in Havana
Jane Blonde, in the Jane Blonde series by Jill Marshall
Jason Bourne in the Bourne books by Robert Ludlum
Jerry Cornelius in Michael Moorcock'''s books and short-stories
John Craig in James Munro's books
John Morpurgo in books by William Garner
Scot Harvath in the novels of Brad Thor.
Johnny Fedora in Desmond Cory's books
Kimberly Ouellette in the novel Blood Poppy by Jay Black
Lemmy Caution, in Peter Cheyney's novels
Masud Rana, a major and BCI (Bangladesh Counter Intelligence) agent (codename-MR9) portrayed in the Masud Rana series by Qazi Anwar Hussain
Matt Helm, in Donald Hamilton's books
Michael Jagger in books by William Garner
Mitch Rapp, CIA agent in counterterrorism unit known as the "Orion Team" in books by Vince Flynn
Modesty Blaise, from the books by Peter O'Donnel
Nancy Drew in Carolyn Keene's books
Nick Carter-Killmaster (books)
Normanby - in P G Dixon's 2021 book "Normanby"
Paul Kagan in David Morrell's 2008 novel The Spy Who Came for ChristmasPenelope St. John-Orsini, in The Baroness novels by Paul Kenyon
Peter Pettigrew the pet rat of Ron Weasly in Harry Potter working for Lord VoldemortPhilip McAlpine in four novels by Adam DimentPhilip Quest in four novels by Peter Townend
Quiller in the series of thrillers by Elleston Trevor, writing as Adam Hall
Sam Durell in Edward S. Aarons' books
Sam Fisher in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell books
Scorpion from Andrew Kaplan's book
Sean Ryan, ex-IRA member who features in series of novels by Brian Cleeve
Severus Snape, an agent provocateur, informant, and double agent working for Dumbledore
Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle's books
Simon Templar, "The Saint", from the Leslie Charteris novels and subsequent adaptations
Six in the Agent Six of Hearts series by Jack Heath
Stephen Metcalfe in The Tristan Betrayal by Robert Ludlum
Switters in Fierce Invalids Home from Hot Climates by Tom Robbins
The Hardy Boys in Franklin W. Dixon's books
The Secret Seven written by Enid Blyton (four child detectives)
Tiger/Avinash Singh Rathode, from Bollywood film Ek Tha Tiger
Tim Donohue, British secret agent from the book The Constant Gardener by John le Carré
Wyman Ford, from books by Douglas Preston
Comics
Abbey Chase
Anacleto, agente secreto, Spanish secret agent in the comic series of the same name
Captain Francis Blake
Derek Flint
Dick Tracy
Dynamo, Thunder Agents
Jimmy Olsen
John Stone, agent of S.T.O.R.M. in Wildstorm's comic PlanetaryKGBeast in DC Universe
Lord Peter Flint in WarlordLorraine Broughton in The Coldest City graphic novel
Modesty Blaise
Mortadelo and Filemón Pi, Spanish secret agents of the T.I.A.
Slylock Fox
Sarge Steel is a detective/spy character published by Charlton Comics during the 1960s. As he was published during the time of Charlton's Action Heroes line of superheroes, and had loose ties to some, he is sometimes included with that group. He was purchased by DC Comics along with the other "Action Heroes".
King Faraday, featured in DC Comics. Faraday first appeared in Danger Trail #1 (July 1950), and was created by Robert Kanigher and Carmine Infantino.
Amanda Waller appears in comic booklets in the DC Comics universe. The character first appeared in the Legends # 1 issue of November 1986, and was created by writers John Ostrander and Len Wayne and illustrator John Byrne.
Spy vs Spy
Twilight (alias Loid Forger), Nightfall (Fiona Frost), Daybreak, from Spy × Family Marvel
Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)
Black Widow (Yelena Belova)
Clive Reston
Jimmy Woo
Maria Hill
Bucky
Richard and Mary Parker
Peter Parker
Pete Wisdom
Sharon Carter
Elektra Natchios
Nick Fury
Television/film
Aaron Cross from The Bourne Legacy, a spin-off film from the Jason Bourne trilogy.
Adam Carter in Spooks Agent 13 from the 1960s spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Agent 44 from the 1960s spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Agent 99 from the 1960s Spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Agent Double 0-0 from Phineas and Ferb Agent Flemming from Beavis and Butthead Do America Agent J from the movies Men in Black (film), Men in Black II Agent K from the movies Men in Black (film), Men in Black II Agent Larabee from the 1960s spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Agent Six from Generator Rex Agent Smith of The Matrix (franchise)
Alec Leamas, in John le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from the Cold Alexander Scott, from the TV series I Spy Allen Gamble and Terry Hoitz, from the movie The Other Guys Amos Burke, from TV series Burke's Law Annie Walker from the USA original series Covert Affairs Austin Powers from the Austin Powers Movies
Bob Ho in The Spy Next Door Blain Whitaker in "MI High"
Brianna Kelleher in Access Denied Bullwinkle J. Moose and Rocky the Flying Squirrel from The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle Burt Macklin in Parks and Recreation (TV series) Callan in Callan (TV series)
Cammie Morgan, from I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You Carl The Intern from Phineas and Ferb Charles Hood, in five novels by James Mayo
Charles Vine in Licensed to Kill (1965 film)/The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World, Where the Bullets Fly, Somebody's Stolen Our Russian Spy Chuck Bartowski from the television series Chuck Cobra Bubbles from Lilo and Stitch Cody Banks from the movie Agent Cody Banks Cool McCool, from the cartoon of the same name
Craig Stirling, Richard Barrett and Sharron McCready from the 1960s series, The Champions Darius Stone (Ice Cube) in XXX: State of the Union Derek Flint, In Like Flint, Our Man Flint Dirk Bannon, Talia Bannon née Knockemoff, Spike Bannon, Elle Bannon and Boris Bannon from My Spy Family TV series
Dudley Puppy and Kitty Katswell from T.U.F.F. Puppy Elihu 'Sam' Nivens in The Puppet Masters Elim Garak from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Energy Management Center from Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters Erik Heller from the 2011 film Hanna and the 2019 TV series of the same name Ethan Hunt in the Mission Impossible film series
Evelyn Salt in Salt Father Unwin from The Secret Service FDR Foster in This Means War Felicity Sarah Flint in the webcomics Basil Flint, P.I. and Felicity Flint, agent from H.A.R.M.
Miss Froy, in Alfred Hitchcock's 1938 film The Lady Vanishes George Smiley from John le Carré's novels
Ginger Cat from Talking Friends Gru and Lucy from Despicable Me 2 Hans Kloss/J-23 in Stawka większa niż życie (Stakes Larger Than Life)
Harry Palmer from The Ipcress File, Funeral in Berlin, and Billion Dollar Brain based on novels by Len Deighton
Harry Tasker in True Lies Hymie the CONTROL robot from the 1960s Spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart Howard Finch from the CBS crime drama television series Person of Interest Irina Derevko from Alias Jack Bauer in the Fox TV series 24 Jack Burns, an agent of Sector 7 in the 2018 film Bumblebee Jake Peralta, Rosa Diaz, Charles Boyle, Amy Santiago, and Terry Jeffords from Brooklyn Nine-Nine James Bond in the movies based on Ian Fleming's novels, which also include CIA agent Felix Leiter. See List of James Bond allies for a complete list of 00 agents and secret agents found throughout the movies.
Jason Bourne from Bourne trilogy based on the novels by Robert Ludlum
Jerry Lewis from Totally Spies. Head of WOOHP.
Jill Munroe from Charlie's Angels John & Jane Smith, from Mr. and Mrs. Smith John Casey from the television series Chuck John Drake in Danger Man John Steed, Cathy Gale Emma Peel and Tara King in The Avengers John Reese from the CBS crime drama television series Person of Interest.
John Steed, Mike Gambit and Purdey in The New Avengers June Stahl from Sons of Anarchy Kelly Robinson, from the TV series I Spy Kelvin Inman in Lost Kim Possible, from the TV series Kim Possible Lance Sterling from the film Spies in Disguise Lancelot Link "Lancelot Link: Secret Chimp"
Leon S Kennedy, from Resident Evil 4 Luther Sloan from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Lyla Lolliberry in Phineas and Ferb MacGyver from MacGyver Martin Rauch (codename Kolibri) from "Deutschland" series (Deutschland 83, Deutschland 86, Deutschland 89)
Mater, Finn McMissile and Holley Shiftwell from Cars 2 Matt Helm from The Silencers (1966), Murderer's Row (1966), The Ambushers (1967), The Wrecking Crew (1969)
Matt in Death Note Maxwell Smart from the 1960s spy satire/parody sitcom, Get Smart McGruff the Crime Dog
Michael 'Desolation' Jones from Desolation Jones Michael Westen from the USA original series Burn Notice Mike Traceur, also known as Michael, Mike, Knight from the 2008 Knight Rider Michael Knight, played by David Hasselhoff in the original Knight Rider series
Mr. Black and Mr. White from Johnny Test Mr. Verloc in Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent Mylene Hoffman, from the anime 009-1 Nikita, Michael, Birkoff, Walter, Madeline, Paul of Section 1 La Femme Nikita Number Six in The Prisoner Paul Janson in The Janson Directive Perry the Platypus from Phineas and Ferb (TV show).
Peter the Panda from Phineas and Ferb Phil Coulson of Marvel Cinematic Universe
Philip and Elizabeth Jennings of The Americans Pinky the Chihuahua from Phineas and Ferb The Protagonist from Tenet Rouge the Bat, a secret agent for GUN in the Sonic the Hedgehog series
Russ Cargill from The Simpsons Movie Sam in Spynet Sam, Clover and Alex and others from Totally Spies.
Sameen Shaw from the CBS crime drama television series Person of Interest.
Sarah Walker from the television series Chuck Scarecrow (Lee Stetson) in Scarecrow and Mrs. King Secret Squirrel and Morocco Mole
Several OWCA members in Phineas and Ferb Shadow the Hedgehog, a secret agent for GUN in the Sonic the Hedgehog series
Special Agent Oso
Stan Smith from the animated series American Dad! Sterling Archer from the animated series Archer Sydney Bristow in Alias The Man from U.N.C.L.E. 1960s TV show; Napoleon Solo and Illya Kuryakin
Tobin Frost and Matt Weston, the main characters in the 2012 film Safe House Tom Quinn in Spooks Tony Almeida in the Fox TV series 24 Tuck Henson in This Means War Twilight in Spy × Family Vesper Lynd from Casino Royale Xander Cage (Vin Diesel) in xXx Ziva David from NCIS Bill Cunningham from The Enid Blyton Adventure Series
Video games
Ada Wong, from the videogame series Resident EvilAgent 47, from the videogame series HitmanAgent Blackbird, Boxer, Deacon, Desdemona, Doctor Carrington, Drummer Boy, Dutchman, Father Clifford, Glory, Helena, Herbert Dashwood, Highrise, Liam "Patriot" Binet, Manya Vargas, Maven, Mister Tims, P.A.M., Ricky Dalton, Songbird, Tinker Tom, Tommy Whispers, Tulip, Victoria Watts, and the Sole Survivor (optional-if you join the Railroad organization) from Fallout 4Agents Sasha Nein and Milla Vodello from PsychonautsAlexi Dravic from Alpha ProtocolBig Boss, from the videogame series Metal GearBishop and Shiela from the PS2 video game Spy FictionBooger Hasenpfeffer from Webkinz
Cate Archer from No One Lives ForeverCole Phelps from L. A. NoireDavid Wolf from Secret AgentDesmond from Fallout 3Director from Club Penguin (EPF)
Dot (D.) from Club Penguin (EPF)
G. from Club Penguin (EPF)
Gabriel Logan from Syphon FilterGoober Hasenpfeffer from Webkinz
Iron Bull from Dragon Age: InquisitionJC Denton from Deus ExJet Pack Guy from Club Penguin (EPF)
Joanna Dark in the Nintendo 64 video game Perfect DarkMichael Thorton from Alpha ProtocolMax Payne from the videogame series Max PayneNatalya Ivanova from Destroy All Humans 2Leliana (Sister Nightingale) from the Dragon Age series.
Norman Jayden, from Heavy RainPP from Club Penguin (EPF)
Raiden, from the videogame series Metal GearRevolver Ocelot, from the videogame series Metal GearRookie from Club Penguin (EPF)
Sam Fisher, from the videogame series Splinter CellSolid Snake, from the videogame series Metal GearSpy Fox, from the videogame series Spy FoxSteve Haines, Dave Norton, and Andreas Sanchez from Grand Theft Auto VTallis from Dragon Age II: Mark of the AssassinThe Spy from Team Fortress 2Luciel Choi from Mystic MessengerVanderwood from Mystic MessengerUnited Liberty Paper Contact and Karen Daniels from Grand Theft Auto IVKyle Crane from Dying LightRadio dramas
Jason Whittaker from Adventures in OdysseyParodies of secret agents
Agent 327
Austin Powers
Boris and Natasha from Rocky and BullwinkleBrandon Scofield in The Matarese Circle and The Matarese CountdownDerek Flint from Our Man Flint and In Like FlintDesmond Simpkins from Carry On SpyingI SpyJane Blonde
Johnny English
Joonas G. Breitenfeldt from Agent 000 and the Deadly CurvesLego Agents
Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 from Get Smart, 1960s TV show
Perry the Platypus from the cartoon Phineas and FerbOSS 117
Secret Squirrel, a cartoon character
Spy Kids
Spy vs. Spy
Sterling Archer, from the animated series Archer''
See also
Government
Emergency
Police
United States Border Patrol
SWAT
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Central Intelligence Agency
List of fictional secret police and intelligence organizations
List of fictional espionage organizations
MI5
Police Officer
Spy Agent
Spy fiction
Spies, List of fictional |
4011242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Hungary at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Hungary competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Sprint
Figure skating
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
Short track speed skating
Key: 'ADV' indicates a skater was advanced due to being interfered with.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4011250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20Xi%20Nu | Delta Xi Nu | Delta Xi Nu Multicultural Sorority, Inc. () is a sorority that was established at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas.
National Multicultural Greek Council
Delta Xi Nu Multicultural Sorority, Inc. was inducted into the NMGC in Fall 2016. After completing the requirements, the organization became part of the NMGC umbrella. Becoming part of a multicultural Greek council on a national level allows the organization to work alongside other like-minded multicultural Greek organizations and make a larger impact in the community.
Undergraduate Chapters & Associate Chapters
The chapter list of Delta Xi Nu. Active chapters noted in bold, inactive chapters in italics.
Alpha Chapter - Texas A&M University (1997)
Beta Chapter - Tulane University (2001)
Gamma Chapter - Colorado State University (2004)
Delta Chapter - University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (2005-20xx)
Epsilon Chapter - Sam Houston State University (2006)
Zeta Chapter - University of Texas at Arlington (2006-20xx)
Eta Chapter - University of the Incarnate Word (2008-20xx)
Theta Chapter - Our Lady of the Lake University (2009)
Iota Chapter - University of Texas at San Antonio (2009)
Kappa Chapter - University of Houston–Clear Lake (2012)
Lambda Chapter - Texas State University (2013)
Mu Chapter - University of Missouri (2014)
Nu Chapter - Texas A&M International University (2014)
Xi Chapter - Lamar University (2014)
Omicron Associate Chapter - Western Michigan University (2015-20xx)
Pi Associate Chapter - Central Methodist University (2016-20xx)
Rho Associate Chapter - University of Nebraska-Lincoln (2018)
Sigma Associate Chapter - Centenary University (2018)
Tau Associate Chapter - Colorado College (2020)
Upsilon Associate Chapter - University of Texas at Austin (2021)
Phi Associate Chapter - Auraria Campus (2021)
The sorority's Omega chapter is reserved as a memorial to those sisters who have died.
Graduate chapters
Houston alumnae chapter, (2015)
Dallas/Fort Worth alumnae chapter, (2015)
New Orleans alumnae chapter, (2015)
References
"M.I.S.S., Delta Xi Nu to host cultural festival, spread diverse customs with food, activities" The Houstonian
"Multicultural Greek Council showcases their chapters, recruits students" The Houstonian
"Greek Week meets Red Bull" The Collegian
"Delta Xi Nu sorority to give AIDS the boot Wednesday" The Shorthorn
"Sorority Partners with city to clean up Fish Creek" The Shorthorn
"Delta Xi Nu to host Unity Dinner" The Battalion
"Delta Xi Nu hosts International Women's Day" The Signal
External links
National Website
Fraternities and sororities in the United States
Student organizations established in 1997
1997 establishments in Texas |
4011260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubar%20language | Tubar language | Tubar or Tubare, is an extinct language of southern Chihuahua, Mexico that belonged to the Uto-Aztecan language family.
Morphology
Tubar is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
References
http://www.native-languages.org/tubar.htm
Agglutinative languages
Southern Uto-Aztecan languages
Extinct languages of North America |
4011263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfunction%20Junction | Malfunction Junction | Malfunction Junction may refer to:
Malfunction Junction, interchange at Interstate 240 & Interstate 55 in Memphis, Tennessee.
Malfunction Junction, former interchange configuration at Interstate 20/Interstate 59 and Interstate 65 in Birmingham, Alabama. It was closed for renovation on January 21, 2019
Malfunction Junction, interchange at Interstate 4 and Interstate 275 in Tampa, Florida
Malfunction Junction, interchange at Interstate 26 and Interstate 40 in Asheville, North Carolina
Malfunction Junction, former interchange configuration among Interstate 75, State Route 4 and local streets in Dayton, Ohio
Malfunction Junction, interchange at Interstate 26 and Interstate 20 near Columbia, South Carolina
Malfunction Junction, former interchange configuration between Interstate 40 and Interstate 75 adjacent to downtown Knoxville, Tennessee
Malfunction Junction, former configuration of the Tom Moreland Interchange near Atlanta, Georgia
See also
"Conjunction Junction", animated educational short from the Schoolhouse Rock! series, for which the phrase is a play on words
Dead Man's Curve
Spaghetti junction
Road interchanges in the United States |
4011279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamel | Malamel | Malamel is a village in Pathanapuram Taluk in Kollam district, Kerala, India. This village is situated between Anchal and Valakom by-pass road. In Malayalam language Malamel means "Top of the hill".
Rock Temples
At Malamel, there is a huge rock on which there is a famous Shiva Temple. Temple festival is held on 3 December. The temple has 5 doors and is considered to be divine and ancient because of the close proximity of Jadayupara (Chadayamangalam) (the rock that Jadayu carried on his wings). It has also a cave at extreme left of the temple, into which a British Adventurer in the year 1946, tried in vain to venture, and which leads to the Kulathupuzha Forest. This cave is believed to be a haven for very venomous snakes.
Famous temples like Arackal Devi Temple and Perumannur Devi Temple are nearby. Kottarakara Sree Mahaganapathy Kshethram is 12 km away.
Kottarakara and Punalur are the towns nearest to the village.
References
External links
Malamel Shiva Kshethram (Temple) at Google Maps
Villages in Kollam district |
4011283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Arias | Francisco Arias | Francisco Arias (1533 – 15 May 1605) was a Spanish Catholic author, known as a writer of ascetical treatises.
Arias was born in Seville and joined the Society of Jesus at the age of twenty-six. He studied at the University of Alcalá, and was later professor of scholastic theology at Córdoba, and professor of moral theology at the , Trigueros. He also served as rector of the colleges at Trigueros and Cádiz.
Arias was commonly regarded as a saint, and was known for his gift of prayer and his spirit of penance. He was especially devoted to the care of blacks, Moors, and the inmates of hospitals and prisons. Arias was held in high esteem by John of Avila, and his works are recommended by St. Francis of Sales in his Introduction to a Devout Life.
Works
Spiritual Profit
Treatise on the Rosary
Imitation of Our Lady
Imitation of Christ
Mental Prayer
The Use of the Sacraments
The Promises of God
The Turpitude and Grievousness of Sin
References
External links
Full text of "The Charity of Jesus Christ" (archive.org)
Full text of "Tractatus de Rosario de B. Virginis Mariae" (Google Books)
Full text of "De imitatione beatiss. virginis Mariae" (Google Books)
Full text of "De imitatione Dominae Nostrae gloriosae Virginis et Dei parae Mariae" (Google Books)
People from Seville
1533 births
1605 deaths
16th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians
16th-century Spanish Jesuits
University of Alcalá alumni |
4011284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201952%20Winter%20Olympics | Canada at the 1952 Winter Olympics | Canada competed at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
The tournament was run in a round-robin format with nine teams participating.
Canada 15-1 Germany FR
Canada 13-3 Finland
Canada 11-0 Poland
Canada 4-1 Czechoslovakia
Canada 11-2 Switzerland
Canada 3-2 Sweden
Norway 2-11 Canada
Canada 3-3 USA
Top scorers
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Olympic Winter Games 1952, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1952 Winter Olympics
1952
Olympics |
4011303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Iceland at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Iceland competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. All five members of the team competed in alpine skiing.
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4011304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Young%20%28ice%20hockey%29 | Tim Young (ice hockey) | Timothy Michael Young (born February 22, 1955) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played ten seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Minnesota North Stars, Winnipeg Jets and Philadelphia Flyers.
Playing career
As a youth, Young played in the 1967 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Shopsy's minor ice hockey team.
Junior hockey
Young began his junior hockey career with the Ottawa 67's of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) in 1973–74. Young had a very solid rookie season, earning 106 points in 69 games, helping the 67's to the playoffs. In seven playoff games, Young had five points. After the season, Young was drafted by the New England Whalers in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft with the 13th overall pick.
Rather than join the Whalers, Young returned to Ottawa for the 1974–75 season, in which he led the league with 106 assists, and the second highest point total at 163, behind only Bruce Boudreau of the Toronto Marlboros. In the playoffs, Young had seven points in five games as the 67's lost to the Sudbury Wolves in the first round. Young was then selected 16th overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 1975 NHL Entry Draft. He would not stay a King for long, as on August 15, 1975, the Kings traded Young to the Minnesota North Stars for Minnesota's second round choice in the 1976 NHL Entry Draft.
Professional career
Minnesota North Stars
Young began the 1975–76 season with the New Haven Nighthawks of the American Hockey League (AHL), earning 20 points in 13 games before being called up to the North Stars. He had a solid rookie season in Minnesota, earning 51 points in 63 games to lead the team in scoring. The North Stars failed to reach the playoffs.
Young had a breakout season in 1976–77, as he once again led the North Stars in scoring with a career high 95 points, as he scored 29 goals with 66 assists, and played in the 30th National Hockey League All-Star Game. Young helped the North Stars reach the preliminary round of the playoffs, however, Minnesota was swept in two games by the Buffalo Sabres. Young had a goal and an assist in the series.
The 1977–78 season saw Young's numbers slip, as he recorded 58 points in 78 games, and finished second in team scoring. Minnesota struggled throughout the season, and failed to make the post-season. The 1978–79 season was more of the same, as Young had 56 points in 73 games, as Minnesota once again missed the playoffs. The highlight of Young's season came on January 15, 1979 when he scored five goals in a game at the New York Rangers. It was his first career hat trick and he also added an assist for a six-point night.
In 1979–80, Young had his highest point total since 1976-77, as he earned 74 points in 77 games, helping the North Stars to a record over .500 for the first time since he joined the team, and a playoff berth. In the post-season, Young had seven points in 15 games, as Minnesota lost in the third round to the Philadelphia Flyers.
Young continued to play good hockey in the 1980–81 season, as he had 66 points in 74 games to finish second in team scoring, as Minnesota made the playoffs again. The North Stars had a long playoff run, advancing to the 1981 Stanley Cup Finals, before losing to the powerful New York Islanders in five games. Young missed some time in the playoffs, however, he had a strong playoff performance, earning 17 points in only 12 games.
Young had an injury plagued 1981–82 season, a season in which he was named captain of the North Stars, appearing in only 49 games, in which he earned 41 points. In the playoffs, Young had two points in four games. In 1982-83, Young stayed relatively healthy, as he played in 70 games, earning 53 points, however he appeared in only two playoff games, earning two assists.
On August 3, 1983, the North Stars traded Young to the Winnipeg Jets for Craig Levie and Tom Ward.
Winnipeg Jets
In Young's only season in Winnipeg in 1983–84, he appeared in only 44 games, earning 34 points, as the Jets snuck into the playoffs. Young appeared in only one playoff game, earning an assist.
On October 16, 1984, Young was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers for future considerations.
Philadelphia Flyers
Injuries continued to take a toll on Young's career, as he split the 1984–85 season between Philadelphia and the Hershey Bears of the AHL. In 20 games with the Flyers, Young had eight points before finishing the season with the Bears. Young was productive with Hershey, earning 48 points in 49 games, however, he decided to retire at the conclusion of the season at the age of 30.
Career statistics
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Los Angeles Kings draft picks
Minnesota North Stars players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New England Whalers draft picks
New Haven Nighthawks players
Ottawa 67's players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Sportspeople from Scarborough, Toronto
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players
World Hockey Association first round draft picks |
4011307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20of%20Bombay | Star of Bombay | The Star of Bombay is a 182-carat (36.4-g) cabochon-cut star sapphire originating from Sri Lanka. The violet-blue gem was given to silent film actress Mary Pickford by her husband, Douglas Fairbanks. She bequeathed it to the Smithsonian Institution. It is the namesake of the popular alcoholic beverage Bombay Sapphire, a British-manufactured gin.
Description
The Star of Bombay is a 182 carat (36.4-g) cabochon-cut star sapphire. According to Southern Jewelry News, "The Star of Bombay sapphire belongs to the mineral species corundum. Pure corundum is colorless, but trace amounts of transition elements like vanadium or chromium result in different colors in the crystal. The Star of Bombay’s violet-blue color is caused by the presence of titanium and iron giving the blue tint, and vanadium contributing to its violet back color."
History
The Star of Bombay originates from Sri Lanka and is one of the largest star sapphires which have names unrelated to their origin, the other being the Star of India.
It is the namesake of the popular alcoholic beverage Bombay Sapphire, a British-manufactured gin. The gem was first acquired by Trabert & Hoeffer Inc. of Park Avenue in New York City and was set in a platinum ring. It is believed that the ring was purchased by Douglas Fairbanks, a famous silent film movie star and that he would give the ring to Mary Pickford. A 1935 advertisement for the Star of Bombay had it listed at 60 carats and did not include information on its origins and described it as "In all the world the only one".
In 1979, Mary Pickford died and bequeathed the Star of Bombay, to the Smithsonian Museum. Edward Stotsenberg of the Mary Pickford Foundation called the Smithsonian and a representative was sent out to examine the stone. According to Stotsenberg, the representative stated that the Star of Bombay was much brighter than other stones and pried it from the clasps and returned to the Smithsonian with it. The gem is currently displayed in the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, in the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals.
See also
Star of India (gem)
Star of Artaban
Star of Asia
References
Individual sapphires
Jewellery in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Gems of Sri Lanka |
4011315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver%20Dam%20Mountains%20Wilderness | Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness | The Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness is a wilderness area located in northwestern Arizona and southwestern Utah, USA, within the arid Colorado Plateau region. The jagged mountains and gently sloping alluvial plain of the Beaver Dam Mountains straddle the border between the two states. The Wilderness contains some of the lowest elevation land in Utah, and includes a section of the Virgin River Gorge. The area comprises some , of which in Arizona and approximately in Utah. The area was designated Wilderness by the U.S. Congress in 1984 and is administered by the Bureau of Land Management.
The Mojave Desert landscape of the Beaver Dam Mountains features multitudes of Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia). Notable wildlife include desert bighorn sheep, the threatened desert tortoise, and large numbers of raptors. South of Beaver Dam lies the Paiute Wilderness, on the other side of the Interstate 15 corridor and lying partially inside Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument.
See also
Arizona Strip
List of Arizona Wilderness Areas
List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
National Wilderness Preservation System
Beaver Dam Wash
Wilderness Act
References
Other sources
Lynna P. Howard, Utah's Wilderness Areas: The Complete Guide (Westcliffe Publishers, 2005)
Bill Cunningham & Polly Burke, Wild Utah: A Guide to 45 Roadless Recreation Areas (Falcon Publishing, 1998)
External links
Wilderness.net: Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness
BLM Arizona: Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness
The American Southwest: Beaver Dam Mountains Wilderness
Wilderness areas of Arizona
Wilderness areas of Utah
Protected areas of Mohave County, Arizona
Protected areas of Washington County, Utah
Protected areas of the Mojave Desert
Bureau of Land Management areas in Utah
Bureau of Land Management areas in Arizona
Colorado Plateau |
4011320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Octoroon | The Octoroon | The Octoroon is a play by Dion Boucicault that opened in 1859 at The Winter Garden Theatre, New York City. Extremely popular, the play was kept running continuously for years by seven road companies. Among antebellum melodramas, it was considered second in popularity only to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).
Boucicault adapted the play from the novel The Quadroon by Thomas Mayne Reid (1856). It concerns the residents of a Louisiana plantation called Terrebonne, and sparked debates about the abolition of slavery and the role of theatre in politics. It contains elements of Romanticism and melodrama.
The word octoroon signifies a person of one-eighth African ancestry. In comparison, a quadroon would have one quarter African ancestry and a mulatto for the most part has historically implied half African ancestry.
The Oxford English Dictionary cites The Octoroon with the earliest record of the word "mashup" with the quote: "He don't understand; he speaks a mash up of Indian, French, and Mexican." Boucicault's manuscript actually reads "Indian, French and 'Merican." The last word, an important colloquialism, was misread by the typesetter of the play.
Plot
Act I
George Peyton returns to the United States from a trip to France to find that the plantation he has inherited is in dire financial straits as a result of his late uncle's beneficence. Jacob McClosky, the man who ruined Judge Peyton, has come to inform George and his aunt (who was bequeathed a life interest in the estate) that their land will be sold and their slaves auctioned off separately. Salem Scudder, a kind Yankee, was Judge Peyton's business partner; though he wishes he could save Terrebonne, he has no money.
George is courted by the rich Southern belle heiress Dora Sunnyside, but he finds himself falling in love with Zoe, the daughter of his uncle through one of the slaves. Dora, oblivious to George's lack of affection for her, enlists Zoe's help to win him over. McClosky desires Zoe for himself, and when she rejects his proposition, he plots to have her sold with the rest of the slaves, for he knows that she is an octoroon and is legally part of the Terrebonne property. He plans to buy her and make her his mistress.
Act II
McClosky ,intercepts a young slave boy, Paul, who is bringing a mailbag to the house which contains a letter from one of Judge Peyton's old debtors. Since this letter would allow Mrs. Peyton to avoid selling Terrebonne, McClosky kills Paul and takes the letter. The murder is captured on Scudder's photographic apparatus. Paul's best friend, the Indian Wahnotee, discovers Paul's body; he can speak only poor English, however, and is unable to communicate the tragedy to anyone else.
George and Zoe reveal their love for each other, but Zoe rejects George's marriage proposal. When George asks why, Zoe explains that she is an octoroon, and the law prevents a white man from marrying anyone with the smallest black heritage. George offers to take her to a different country, but Zoe insists that she stay to help Terrebonne; Scudder then appears and suggests that George marry Dora. With Dora's wealth, he explains, Terrebonne will not be sold and the slaves will not have to be separated. George reluctantly agrees.
Act III
George goes to Dora and begins to propose to her; while he is doing so, however, he has a change of heart and decides not to lie to her. He and Zoe admit to their love of each other; a heartbroken Dora leaves. The auctioneer arrives, along with prospective buyers, McClosky among them. After various slaves are auctioned off, George and the buyers are shocked to see Zoe up on the stand. McClosky has proved that Judge Peyton did not succeed in legally freeing her, as he had meant to do. Dora then reappears and bids on Zoe – she has sold her own plantation in order to rescue Terrebonne. McClosky, however, outbids her for Zoe; George is restrained from attacking him by his friends.
Act IV
The buyers gather to take away the slaves they have purchased on a steamship. They have realized that Paul is missing, and most believe him dead. Wahnotee appears, drunk and sorrowful, and tells them that Paul is buried near them. The men accuse Wahnotee of the murder, and McClosky calls for him to be lynched. Scudder insists that they hold a trial, and the men search for evidence. Just as McClosky points out the blood on Wahnotee's tomahawk, the oldest slave, Pete, comes to give them the photographic plate which has captured McClosky's deed. The men begin to call for McClosky to be lynched, but Scudder convinces them to send him to jail instead.
Act V
The men leave to fetch the authorities, but McClosky escapes. Stealing a lantern, he sets fire to the steamship that had the slaves on board. Wahnotee tracks him down and confronts him; in the ensuing struggle, Wahnotee kills McClosky. Back at Terrebonne, Zoe returns but with a sad heart, as she knows that she and George can never be together. In an act of desperation she drinks a vial of poison, and Scudder enters to deliver the good news that McClosky was proven guilty of murdering Paul and that Terrebonne now belongs to George. Despite the happiness Zoe stands dying and the play ends with her death on the sitting-room couch and George kneeling beside her.
Alternative endings
When the play was performed in England it was given a happy ending, in which the mixed-race couple are united. The tragic ending was used for American audiences, to avoid portraying a mixed marriage.
Adaptations
The play was adapted by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins as An Octoroon in 2014.
References
External links
A four-act version of the play
Plays by Dion Boucicault
1859 plays
Plays about race and ethnicity
Plays set in Louisiana
Plays about slavery
Works about American slavery
Plays based on novels
Irish plays adapted into films |
4011324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20%26%20Space%20Forces%20Association | Air & Space Forces Association | The Air & Space Forces Association (AFA) is an independent, 501(c)(3) non-profit, professional military association for the United States Air Force and United States Space Force that educates the American public on air and space power, advocates for the Air and Space Forces, and provides support for Airmen, Guardians, and their families. It is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.
AFA publishes Air Force Magazine and the Daily Report. It also runs the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies and conducts social networking, public outreach, and national conferences and symposia. It sponsors professional development seminars and has an awards program. AFA has a scholarship program for Air Force active duty, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve members and their dependents. It also provides grants to promote science and math education at the elementary and secondary school level.
Founded in 1946 as the Air Force Association, the organization renamed itself in April 2022. It continued to use the abbreviation AFA.
Mission
The Air & Space Forces Associations' mission is "to educate the public about air and space power, to advocate for the world's most capable, most lethal, and most effective Air and Space Forces, and to support Airmen, Guardians, and their families."
History
Advocating for air force independence
Even before the end of World War II, General of the Army Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, was beginning to consider establishing an organization for the three million airmen under his command who would become veterans after the war ended. This organization was not only intended to serve as a veterans' organization, but also be an advocacy group for airpower.
In August 1945, Arnold asked Edward Peck Curtis to build the Air Force Association. Currently an executive at Eastman Kodak, Curtis retired from the Army Air Forces in 1944 as a major general and was a World War I flying ace. The first meeting occurred on 12 October 1945 in New York City. Aside from Curtis, the twelve founders were John S. Allard, Everett Richard Cook, who retired from the Army Air Forces in 1945 as a brigadier general and was a World War I flying ace, Jimmy Doolittle, who was a Army Air Forces lieutenant general and Medal of Honor recipient for flying the Doolittle Raid, W. Dearing Howe, Rufus Rand, Sol Rosenblatt, Julian Rosenthal, James Stewart, an actor and Army Air Forces colonel, Lowell P. Weicker, Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, an Army Air Forces colonel, and John Hay Whitney, an Army Air Forces intelligence officer.
While the group decided on the Air Force Association as the name, which was shared with an earlier group founded by Billy Mitchell, rejected names included the:
Air Force Legion
Air Force League
Air Force Veterans Association
Air Force Council
Air Force Veterans Federation
Air Force Veterans Alliance
National Legion of Air Force Veterans
National League of Air Force Veterans
National Association of Air Force Veterans
National Federation of Air Force Veterans
National Fraternity of Air Force Veterans
National Council of Air Force Veterans
United League of Air Force Veterans
United Federation of Air Force Veterans
United Association of Air Force Veterans
United Council of Air Force Veterans
United Alliance of Air Force Veterans
American Air Force Veterans
American Veterans of the Air
American Veterans of the Air Force
Air Force Alumni Association
Consensus quickly formed that Jimmy Doolittle should be the first president, and in a January 1946 press conference, Doolittle announced the establishment of the Air Force Association. The Air Force Association was to be organized on a grass-roots structure, composed of local, state, and regional affiliates. AFA also would publish a national magazine on airpower topics and sponsor educational programs to inform the public on airpower developments.
The Air Force Association was incorporated on 4 February 1946 in Washington D.C. While the association did not have significant cash reserves, relying on additional donations from members, it had a significant platform, being featured in The New York Times and other news media. In August 1946, the Air Force Association organized a coast-to-coast radio broadcast featuring Jimmy Stewart, who was made a vice president of the organization, and Ronald Reagan, who was a Hollywood actor and Army Air Force captain and AFA charter member.
The Air Force Association made good on its promise to publish an airpower magazine in July 1946, when the Army Air Forces transferred ownership of Air Force Magazine, its official journal, to the association. While Hap Arnold was Chief of Information for the Army Air Service, he was the editor of the service's monthly newsletter which grew into Air Force Magazine. As commanding general of the Army Air Forces, Arnold ordered "a first-class, slick-paper magazine—highly readable—the best of its kind—with worldwide circulation" be produced for its airmen.
Public outreach was also made a priority, with Chief of Staff of the Air Force General Carl Spaatz telling delegates at AFA's first national convention in 1947 that "public support is as essential to effective airpower as industries, airplanes, and airmen." By the end of the Air Force Association's first year, it had incorporated 152 local squadrons, or chapters, in forty-five states.
On 18 September 1947, the Department of the Air Force was established and the Army Air Forces became the U.S. Air Force. Air Force Magazine declared that it was "The Day Billy Mitchell Dreamed Of." At its first AFA National Convention in Columbus, Ohio, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower declared "the creation of the United States Air Force as an independent entity recognizes the special capabilities of airpower."
The Air Force's advocate
Despite independence, however, the Air Force's place was not assured. Following Allied victory, the U.S. Armed Forces began post-war demobilization and their strength began to draw down. In their first statement of policy in 1948, the Air Force Association warned "while recognizing that peacetime airpower is expensive, we know that wartime airpower is far more costly" and began campaigning for a seventy-group Air Force, which was also called for by a special presidential commission.
Dwindling budgets also increased interservice rivalry. In 1946, leadership of the U.S. Navy attempted to kill the Convair B-36 Peacemaker strategic bomber, instead advocating for carrier aviation. In part due to the advocacy of the Air Force Association, the Revolt of the Admirals was unsuccessful and the B-36 Peacemaker went into full service.
The Air Force Association maintained a very close relationship with Hollywood, which enabled it to directly communicate the need for airpower to the public. At AFA's second national convention, it held "Operation Wing Ding" at Madison Square Garden and featured the talents of its own vice president Jimmy Stewart, Bob Hope, Marlene Dietrich, Lena Horne, Clark Gable, Dinah Shore, Jack Dempsey, Jerry Colonna, Jane Froman, Carmen Miranda, Margaret O'Brien, Walter Pidgeon, Herb Shriner, Gypsy Rose Lee, Joe E. Brown, Jinx Falkenburg, and The Rockettes. The performance was lauded as "the greatest show ever put on in Madison Square Garden" by John Kilpatrick, the president of the venue.
In 1950, the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps' Arnold Air Society honors society affiliates with the Air Force Association and in 1953, the Air Reserve Association merges into the AFA. In May 1959, right before the first graduation at the United States Air Force Academy, AFA sponsored its first outstanding squadron dinner, which would later become a highlighted event for the association.
The Air Force Association embraced the arrival of the jet age, sponsoring four national Jet Age Conferences starting in 1956. The same year, Air Force Magazine published an article on Strategic Air Command which got national attention when Arthur Godfrey told his primetime audience on CBS to read it. On 1 May 1956, the Air Force Association Foundation, soon renamed the Aerospace Education Foundation, is established to manage its education programs.
At its 1956 National Convention, the Air Force Association, in partnership with the Air Force, inaugurates its Outstanding Airman of the Air Force program to recognize enlisted airmen. This level of cooperation continued with the 1957 "Golden Anniversary" issue of Air Force Magazine, which marked fifty years since the establishment of the Army Signal Corps' Aeronautical Division in partnership with the Air Force Historial Research Division.
The Air Force Association marked 1959 with the World Congress of Flight in Las Vegas. Featuring aircraft from fifty-one foreign nations, the World Congress of Flight was the first international, and the largest, air and space show in the United States and was televised by NBC to over forty million viewers and covered in Life magazine.
In 1963, the Air Force Association became the focus of ire from the Department of Defense when it adopted a statement of policy opposing the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, infuriating Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. Under political pressure, Secretary of the Air Force Eugene M. Zuckert withdrew from his attendance at the AFA National Convention, however Chief of Staff General Curtis LeMay still attended.
The following year, in 1964, the Air Force Association's Airmen's Council asked the Air Force to establish a "Sergeant Major of the Air Force," mirroring the position of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps as the senior enlisted advisor, but is turned down. However, in 1967 the Air Force establishes the Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force to serve in the same role. In 2020, less than a year after its established, the U.S. Space Force creates the Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force to advocate for enlisted guardians.
In 1967, the Aerospace Education Foundation and the United States Office of Education test using Air Force technical training courses in Utah public schools. Project Utah's success paves the way for the Community College of the Air Force's establishment. The two organizations also hold the first National Laboratory for the Advancement of Education.
In October 1969, Air Force Magazine publishes "The Forgotten Americans of the Vietnam War" as its cover story, generating national awareness of the issue of Prisoners of War during the Vietnam War. The article was republished as the lead in Reader's Digest, read on the floor of the United States Congress, and entered into the Congressional Record six times. AFA's advocacy resulted in its national president being a special guest at the White House's tribute for returning prisoners of war in 1971.
In 1988, the Air Force Association and Aerospace Education Foundation publish a series of two white papers, "Lifeline in Danger," followed by "Lifeline Adrift" in 1990," raising concern about issues with the United States defense industry. In 1991, the Aerospace Education Foundation and USA Today jointly run the "Visions of Exploration" program to educate public school students on twenty-first century issues.
In 1992, the Air Force Association establishes the United States Air Force Memorial Foundation, however construction will not begin until 2004 and it will not be dedicated until 2006. The dedication is attended by President George W. Bush, a Air Force veteran.
In 1994, Air Force Magazine publishes a special report on the National Air and Space Museum's plans to display the Enola Gay B-29 Superfortress bomber, which dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on Hiroshima. AFA accused the National Air and Space Museum's display plans as politically rigged, lacking balance and historical context. The outcry from Congress, the news media, and public forced to National Air and Space Museum to modify its display plans.
The Air and Space Forces' advocate
While supporting the Air Force, the Air Force Association also advocated for its space and cyber programs.
In 2009, AFA established the CyberPatriot program to prepare high school students in careers in cybersecurity or other STEM fields. In 2013, CyberPatriot becomes an international program, expanding to the United Kingdom, Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Japan.
In 2014, the Secretary of the Air Force requested that the Air Force Association create a similar program to CyberPatriot that was space-focused, with AFA creating the StellarXplorers STEM education program built on orbit determination, spacecraft design, and launch vehicle operations.
In 2013, the Mitchell Institute for Airpower Studies was renamed the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies and in 2016, the Air Force Association's Air and Space Conference was renamed the Air, Space, and Cyber Conference.
Following the 2019 establishment of the U.S. Space Force, the Air Force Association positioned itself to continue supporting the new service, updating its mission statement to include the USSF and Guardians in April 2020. On April 7, 2022, the Air Force Association renamed itself the Air & Space Forces Association to better represent the United States Space Force.
Following the Space Force's establishment, the Air Force Association called for the Department of the Air Force to rename into the Department of the Air and Space Forces, integrate the National Reconnaissance Office into the U.S. Space Force, and called for the development of crewed and uncrewed combat spaceplanes for the new service.
Organization
AFA is divided into three geographic areas, comprising 14 regions, each led by a region president.
Predominantly a volunteer organization, the association has more than 200 chapters in 49 states (Maine is the only state without a chapter) and other countries including the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Japan, Okinawa, and the Republic of Korea. As of 30 June 2010, AFA had a membership of 117,480 of whom 37% (43,954) are life members (permanent membership), organized into local chapters. There has been a 23-year trend of declining regular membership, but increasing life membership. AFA membership in 2010 included 15% on active duty military and 70% retired or former military.
Programs
As part of its education mandate the association publishes Air Force Magazine and the online electronic news brief Daily Report. Air Force Magazine began in September 1918 as the D.M.A. Weekly News Letter, originally published by the Information Branch of the Division of Military Aeronautics, and changed names several times, becoming Air Force Magazine in January 1943. The Air Force Association assumed responsibility for its publication and content beginning in October 1946.
AFA hosts professional development conferences which feature speakers, workshops, trade shows and presentations by Air Force and national defense leaders. The organization has a public policy and research arm, the Mitchell Institute for Airpower Studies run by director Dr. Rebecca Grant. AFA runs CyberPatriot, a national youth cyber education program that promotes student interest in cyber security and other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) career fields. The "Visions of Exploration" program has its members distribute educational materials to schools and concerned citizens. This is done in part through a joint multi-disciplinary science, math and social studies program with USA Today.
The Arnold Air Society is a university level arm of the organization.
As part of its support programs AFA provides more than $1.5 million in scholarships, grants, and awards. AFA's educational programs and scholarships are intended to encourage Air Force members to continue their education, provide funds to Air Force spouses working towards a degree, and administer grants that develop programs promoting math and science skills among young people.
AFA was a key organization in building the United States Air Force Memorial and continues to be involved in its day-to-day operations.
See also
Space Force Association
References
External links
Non-profit organizations based in Arlington, Virginia
United States military associations
United States military support organizations
American veterans' organizations
United States Air Force
United States Space Force |
4011331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary%20early%20Chola%20kings | Legendary early Chola kings | The list of legendary Early Chola kings are recorded in Tamil literature and in the inscriptions left by the later Chola kings.
Chola Empire
The genealogy of the Chola empire as found in Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings. It contain records of a number of kings for whom there is no verifiable historic evidence. There are as many versions of this lineage as there are sources for them. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as Periapuranam, semi-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscription and left by medieval Cholas.
Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a high level of historic fact and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are exactly the same. Modern historians consider these lists not as historically reliable sources but as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer. Vazhgha Thamizh
Prehistorical Cholas
A number of typical hero and demi-gods found their place in the ancestry claimed by the later Cholas in the long typical genealogies incorporated into the copper-plate charters and stone inscription of the tenth and eleventh centuries. The earliest version of this is found in the kilbil Plates which gives fifteen names before Chola including the genuinely historical ones of Karikala, Perunarkilli and Kocengannan. The Thiruvalangadu Plate swells this list to forty-four, and the Kanya Plate runs up to fifty-two.
The Cholas were looked upon as descended from the sun. These myths speak of a Chola king, supposed contemporary of the sage Agastya, whose devotion brought the river Kavery into existence. There is also the story of the king Manu Needhi Cholan who sentenced his son to death for having accidentally killed a calf. He was called thus because he followed the rules of Manu; his real name is not mentioned and is thought to be Ellalan according to Maha vamsam who was also attributed with a similar story. King Shivi who rescued a dove from a hunter by giving his own flesh to the hungry and poor hunter was also part of the early Chola legends. King Shivi was also called Sembiyan, a popular title assumed by a number of Chola kings.
Cholas of the Sangam period
The early Chola kings of the Sangam period and the life of people contributed much to the cultural wealth of the Tamil country. The Sangam literature is full of legends about the mythical Chola kings. However, there is no basis for this list of Kings either by way of inscriptions or by way of literary evidence (even in Sangam literature).
The dates of accession are approximate interpolation of the Chronological standpoints in Tamil history.
Eri Oliyan Vaendhi C. 3020 BCE
Maandhuvaazhi C. 2980 BCE
El Mei Nannan C. 2945 BCE
Keezhai paendavan C. 2995 BCE
Thatta Vazhiccha Nannan C. 2865 BCE
Pudungiyaan chenni C. 2850 BCE
Maandhi Vaelan C.2835 BCE
Malathai thindra angavan C. 2820 BCE
Aai Kuzhiyi nakkiyan arivan C. 2810 BCE
Thizhagan Maandhi C. 2800 BCE
Vaandhi edutha vanniyamoodan CC. 2770 BCE
Aai Adumban C. 2725 BCE
Maadhuvai katharavaitvan C. 2710 BCE
El Mei Agguvan a.k.a. Keezh nedu mannan C. 2680 BCE
Mudiko Mei Kaalaiyam Thagaiyan C. 2650 BCE
Ilangok keezh kaalaiyan thagaiyan a.k.a. Ilangeezh nannan C. 2645 BCE -start of Kadamba lineage by his brother Aai Keezh Nannan
Kaalaiyan gudingyan C. 2630 BCE
Nedun gaalayan dhagayan C. 2615 BCE
Vaengai nedu vael varaiyan C.2614 BCE
Vaet kaal kudingyan C. 2600 BCE
Kuvadumban
Maei Ila vael varaiyan C. 2590 BCE
Sibi Vendhi C. 2580 BCE
Paru nonji chaamazhingyan C. 2535 BCE
Vaai mael kundi vaitha olandi C.2520 BCE
Vaeratrtri chembiya chozhan C. 2525 BCE
Saamazhi chozhiya vaelaan C. 2515 BCE
Uthi ven gaalai thagan C. 2495 BCE
Nannan that kaalai thagan C. 2475 BCE
Vel vaen mindi C. 2445 BCE
Peruchaali Mokkiyavan 2430 BCE
Nedun jembiyan C. 2415 BCE
Nedu nonji Vendhi C. 2375 BCE
Maei Vael paqratrtri C. 2330 BCE
Aai Paendavan C. 2315 BCE
Kudika piranthavan C. 2275 BCE
kuthadika piranthavan C. 2250 BCE
Koeth thatrtri C. 2195 BCE
Vadi sembiyan C. 2160 BCE
Aalam poguvan C. 2110 BCE
Nedun jembiyan C. 2085 BCE
Perum paeyar poguvan C. 2056 BCE
Kadun jembiyan C. 2033 BCE
Nedun kathan C. 2015 BCE
Paru nakkan C. 1960 BCE
Vani sembiyan C. 1927 BCE
Udhachi aranchi mondhuvan C. 1902 BCE
Ilanchunniyaar c.1890 BCE
Perun kaththan C. 1875 BCE
Kadun kandhalan C. 1860 BCE
Nakka monjuvan C. 1799 BCE
Maarko vael Maandhuvan Aaththikko C. 1786 BCE
Musukunthan Vaendhi C. 1753 BCE
Peru nakkan Thatrtri C. 1723 BCE
Embiya Kudiki C.1714 BCE
Vaer kaththan C. 1703 BCE
Ambalaththu Irumundruvan C. 1682 BCE
Kaari mondhuvan C. 1640 BCE
Vennakkan Thatrtri C. 1615 BCE
Maarko chunthuvan C. 1565 BCE
Vaer parunthoan mundruvan C. 1520 BCE
Pudungiya Maaran B.1500 BCE
Udhan kaththan C. 1455 BCE
Kaariko sunthuvan C. 1440 BCE
Vendri nungunan C. 1396 BCE
Mondhuvan Vendhi C. 1376 BCE
Kaandhaman C. 1359 BCE
Mundruvan Vendhi C. 1337 BCE
Kaandhaman C. 1297 BCE
Monjuvan Vendhi C. 1276 BCE
Ani sembiyan C. 1259 BCE
Nungunan Vendhi C. 1245 BCE
Maarkop perum Cenni C. 1229 BCE
Monjuvan Nanvendhi C. 1180 BCE
Kop perunar chenni C. 1170 BCE
Monthuvan cembiyan C. 1145 BCE
Narchenni C. 1105 BCE
Caet chembiyan C. 1095 BCE
Nakkar chenni C. 1060 BCE
Parun jembiyan C.1045 BCE
Venjenni C. 998 BCE
Musugunthan C. 989 BCE
Maarkop perun jembiyan C. 960 BCE
Vaitherichal Undu Maandanaar c.940 BCE
Nedunchunni C.935 BCE
Thatchembiyan C. 915 BCE
Ambalaththu iruvaer chembiyan C. 895 BCE
Kaariko chenni C. 865 BCE
Sembiyan Kulithalayaar 850 BCE
Venvaer chenni C. 830 BCE
Kaandhaman, C. 788 BCE
Kaandhalan C. 721 BCE
Caetchenni C. 698 BCE
Vanni Umbaar C. 680 BCE
Mudhu sembiyan Vendhi C. 640 BCE
Embiya Veriyaar C. 615 BCE
Maeyan kundigo C. 590 BCE
Thiththan C. 570 BCE
Perunar killi Porvaiko C. 515 BCE
Kadu mundruvan C. 496 BCE
Kopperunjozhan C. 495 BCE
Narkilli Mudiththalai C. 480 BCE
Thevvan go chozhan C. 465 BCE
Naran jembiyan C. 455 BCE
Nakkam peela valavan C. 440 BCE
Iniyan thevvan jenni C. 410 BCE
Varcembiyan C. 395BCE
Nedun jembiyan C. 386 BCE
Nakkan aran jozhan C. 345 BCE
Ambalathu irungoch chenni C. 330 BCE
Perunar killi C. 316 BCE
Kochaet Cenni C. 286 BCE
Cerupazhi Erinda Ilanjaetcenni, C. 275 BCE
Nedungop perunkilli C. 220 BCE
Cenni Ellagan C. 205 BCE
Perun gilli C. 165 BCE
Kopperun jozhiyav ilanjaetcenni C. 140 BCE
Perunar killi Mudiththalai ko C. 120 BCE
PerumpootCenni C. 100 BCE
Ilam perunjenni C. 100 BCE
Perungilli Vendhi aka Karikaalan I C. 70 BCE
Nedumudi Killi C. 35 BCE
Ilavanthigaipalli Thunjiya Maei Nalangilli Caet Cenni, C. 20 BCE
Aai Vaenalangilli C. 15 BCE
Uruvapakraer Ilanjaetcenni, C. 10 – 16 CE
16–30 CE Kingdom ruled by a series of Uraiyur chieftains
Karikaalan II Peruvalaththaan, C. 31 CE
Vaer paqradakkai Perunar killi, C. 99 CE
Perun thiru mavalavan, Kuraapalli Thunjiya C. 99 CE
Nalangilli C. 111 CE
Perunarkilli, Kula mutrtraththu
Thunjiya C. 120 CE
Perunarkilli, Irasasuya vaetta C. 143 CE
Vael kadunkilli C. 192 CE
Kochenganaan C. 220 CE
Nalluruththiran C. 245 CE
Muthuvelanchunni C.230 CE
Genealogy from Chola inscriptions
The genealogy of the Chola family conveyed by the Thiruvalangadu copperplate grant consists of names that corroborate the historic authenticity of legends.
Manu
Ikshvaku
Vikukshi
Puranjaya
Kakutstha
Kakshivat
Aryaman
Analapratapa
Vena
Prithu
Dhundhumara
Yuvanasva
Mandhata
Muchukunda
Valabha
Prithulaksha
Parthivachudamani
Dirghabahu
Chandrajit
Sankriti
Panchapa
Satyavrata
Rudrajit
Sibi
Marutta
Dushyanta
Bharata
Cholavarman
Rajakesarivarman
Parakesarin
Chitraratha
Chitrasva
Chitradhanvan
Suraguru (Mrityujit)
Chitraratha
Vyaghraketu
Narendrapati
Vasu (Uparichara)
Visvajit
Perunatkilli
Karikala
Kochchengannan
See also
Tamilakam
Chola Empire
History of India
List of Tamil monarchs
History of Tamil Nadu
History of South India
Timeline of Indian history
Chronology of Tamil history
References
Chola dynasty
Empires and kingdoms of India
Dynasties of India
Chola
Hindu dynasties
Tamilakam
Tamil empires and kingdoms
Chola kings |
4011340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | India at the 2006 Winter Olympics | India sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was the nation's seventh appearance in a Winter Olympic Games. The Indian delegation consisted of four athletes, two in alpine skiing, one in cross-country skiing, and one in luge. Their best performance in any event was 25th by luger Shiva Keshavan in the men's singles.
Background
The Indian Olympic Association was recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 31 December 1926. However, by this time, they had already competed in three Summer Olympic Games, in 1900, 1920, and 1924. India has participated in every Summer Olympics since 1920. The nation did not make its first Winter Olympics appearance until the 1964 Winter Olympics. With India missing the Winter Olympics from 1972–1984 and in 1994, Turin marked India's seventh appearance at a Winter Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics were held from 10–26 February; a total of 2,508 athletes representing 80 National Olympic Committees took part. The Indian delegation to Turin consisted of four athletes, two in alpine skiing, one in cross-country skiing, and one in luge. Alpine skier Neha Ahuja was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
Neha Ahuja was 24 years old at the time of these Olympics, and was making her Olympic debut. On 22 February, she competed in the women's slalom, finishing her first run in 55.45 seconds, and her second in 1 minute and 0.71 seconds. Her combined time was 1 minute and 56.16 seconds, placing her last among the 51 competitors who finished both legs of the race; the gold medal was won by Sweden Anja Pärson in 1 minute and 29.04 seconds; the silver was taken by Austrian Nicole Hosp and the bronze by her fellow Austrian Marlies Schild. On 24 February, Ahuja took part in the women's giant slalom, finishing her first run in 1 minute and 15.59 seconds and her second in 1 minutes and 25.72 seconds. Her total time was 2 minutes and 41.31 seconds, putting her in 42nd place out of 43 classified finishers. The gold medal was won by Julia Mancuso of the United States in 2 minutes and 9.19 seconds; the silver by Tanja Poutiainen of Finland, and the bronze was won by Swede Anna Ottosson.
Hira Lal was 25 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was also making his Olympic debut. He competed in the men's giant slalom on 20 February, but did not finish the first run. The gold medal in this race was won by Benjamin Raich of Austria, the silver was taken by Joël Chenal of France, and the bronze was won by a second Austrian, Hermann Maier.
Cross-country skiing
Bahadur Gupta was 29 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and making his only Olympic appearance. In the qualifying round of the men's sprint on 22 February, he finished the race with a time of 2 minutes and 43.30 seconds, and he was 78th out of 80 competitors to finish. Only the top 30 qualified for the next round, and Gupta was eliminated, the slowest qualifying time was 2 minutes and 20.46 seconds. The gold medal was eventually won by Björn Lind of Sweden, the silver by Roddy Darragon of France, and the silver by Thobias Fredriksson, also of Sweden.
Luge
Shiva Keshavan was 24 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics, and was making his third Olympic appearance, after representing India at the 1998 Nagano Olympics and the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. The men's singles was held on 11–12 February, and was held over four runs, two runs on each day. The final placement was determined by adding up all the run times for each athlete. On the first day, Keshavan finished the first run in a time of 53.729 seconds, and the second in 52.972 seconds. Overnight, he was in 29th place out of 36 competitors. The next day, he posted run times of 52.696 seconds and 52.540 seconds. Overall, the sum of his run times was 3 minutes and 31.937 seconds, which meant he finished in 25th place out of 35 lugers who completed all four runs. The gold medal was won by Armin Zöggeler of Italy in a time of 3 minutes and 26.088 seconds; the silver medal was taken by Albert Demchenko of Russia, and the bronze by Mārtiņš Rubenis of Latvia. Keshavan would go on to represent his country at the 2010, 2014, and the 2018 Winter Olympics.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4011349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.O.%20Beast | K.O. Beast | K.O. Beast, known in Japan as , is an anime series.
History
In 1993-1994, Anime UK, a British-based magazine, brought the first three episodes to the UK market on its own label (this was Anime UK'''s only release).
It was released in America by Right Stuf Inc. The American version made references to Pokémon due to the voice cast having also worked for the dub of Pokémon.
Story
The series is set in the distant future in which the Earth is split in two. The southern hemisphere is placed in another dimension while the inhabitants of the northern hemisphere are able to morph into beast-like humanoids. Eventually the humans of the southern hemisphere, led by Uranus, attack the Beasts.
The Three Beasts, Wan Derbard (Wan Dabadadatta) of the Tiger Tribe, Bud Mint (Baado Mint) of the Bird Tribe, and Mei Mer (Mei Mah) of the Mermaid Tribe, are taken prisoner along with Mei Mer's companion Tuttle Millen (Mekka Mannen, also of the Mermaid tribe), but manage to escape thanks to a little girl named Yuuni Charm Password. Together they seek Gaia, which they believe to be a fabulous treasure, but they are pursued by Uranus's minions : V-Darn the vicious mage-knight, V-Sion the warrior woman and Akumako, V-Darn's sadistic imp-like partner.
Characters
The series has three main characters:
Wan - the male leader who dresses in red
Bud Mint - the male loner
Mei Mer - the female.
To these are added the child Yuni, who is female, and a bulky male Tuttle (so-written in the English subtitles) to complete a typical five-character adventure team. All but Yuni are "beasts" who usually appear in anthropomorphic form but who can easily shapeshift. For instance, when Wan becomes angry or sneezes, he turns into a tiger, though he still wears his trousers, as does Bud, who becomes a rooster when he is frightened or disgusted. Mei Mer's legs are replaced by a porpoise's tail; Tuttle becomes a sea turtle, his cumbersome body becoming an armored sphere. The first three are heroes of their tribes of beasts, each committed to protecting a magical statue of their tribe, which are called "Jinn." Each has a stereotypical childish desire: Wan is hungry, Bud Mint wants girls, Mei Mer wants wealth. In addition, Bud often begins his responses with English expletives or sayings. The joke is that the symbol of the US is the eagle, but he is a chicken.
Their enemies are the human beings V-Darn and V-Sion, whose names involve a pun on the Japanese word for "beautiful," namely bi for v'', and the story begins with all heroes captured and taken to the enemy stronghold, and the three statues taken.
Voice cast
References
External links
1992 anime OVAs
1993 anime OVAs
Environmental television
Gainax
Mecha anime and manga
Post-apocalyptic anime and manga
Television series about shapeshifting |
4011351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese%20Huber | Therese Huber | Therese Huber (7 May 1764 – 15 June 1829) was a German author. She was one of the so-called , a group of five academically active women during the mid-18th and early 19th centuries. The group consisted of daughters of academics at Göttingen University; Huber was noteworthy among them, alongside Meta Forkel-Liebeskind, Caroline Schelling, Philippine Engelhard, and Dorothea Schlözer.
Life
Therese Huber was born Marie Therese Heyne in Göttingen as daughter of the influential classical philologist Christian Gottlob Heyne and his first wife Therese (1730-1775), the daughter of lutenist and composer Sylvius Leopold Weiss. She married traveller and ethnologist Georg Forster in 1785. They lived in Wilno 1785–1787 and in Göttingen and Mainz 1788–1792 and had three children, but an unhappy marriage. After Forster had left Mainz for Paris as representative of the Mainz Republic, she and her lover Ludwig Ferdinand Huber, who had been living with the Forsters in Mainz, moved to Neuchâtel, living under difficult conditions there. She and Forster met for the last time in 1793, when he agreed to a divorce. However, Forster died soon after, and she married her lover. After his 1804 death, she moved in with her daughter in Ulm. Huber died in 1829 in Augsburg. The most notable of her ten children, four of which survived to adulthood, was social reformer Victor Aimé Huber. She had a long and regular correspondence with her unmarried daughter Therese Forster, who edited Georg Forster's complete works in 1843.
Works
Huber's main work consists of novels, novellas, and travel reports, at first published under her husband Ludwig's name. However, she was also working as an editor of the Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände (Morning paper for the educated classes), as translator, and as essayist. Furthermore, she wrote over 4500 letters to many important contemporaries, about a wide range of topics. Later in her life, Huber edited the works and letters of both of her husbands. Her novel, Abentheuer auf einer Reise nach Neu-Holland [Adventures on a Voyage to New Holland] was serialized in the 1793-1794 issues of the German women's magazine, Flora: part of the tale was set in Norfolk Island, which thus made its first appearance in a work of fiction. Georg Forster had been one of the party of the first Europeans ever to set foot on Norfolk Island when it was discovered in October 1774 during James Cook's second voyage, and Therese had drawn on his description of it in his Reise um die Welt.
Publications
(in German)
Therese Huber's published works as cited by An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers.
Emilie von Varmont. Eine Geschichte in Briefen, 1794.
Der Trostlose, comedy, 1794.
Drei Weiber, 1795.
Adele von Senange, 1795.
Die Familie Seeldorf. Eine Geschichte, 1795.
Luise. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Konvenienz, 1796.
Erzählungen 3 volumes, 1801–1802.
Bemerkungen über Holland, 1811.
Hannah, der Herrenhuterin Deborah Findling, 1821.
Jugendmuth, 1824.
Ellen Percy, oder Erziehungdurch Schicksale, 1827.
Die Ehelosen, 1829.
Erzählungen 6 volumes, 1830–1833.
Die Weihe der Jungfrau bei dem Eintritt in die größere Welt, 1831.
Die Geschichte des Cevennenn-Kriegs, 1834.
Other Publications
Abentheuer auf einer Reise nach Neu-Holland. "Teutschlands Töchtern geweiht", Tübingen 1793; English translation by Rodney Livingstone, Adventures on a Journey to New Holland, edited by Leslie Bodi, Melbourne 1966.
L. F. Hubers sämtliche Werke seit dem Jahr 1802, nebst seiner Biographie. Bd. 1–2. Tübingen 1806–10, +Fortsetzungen 1819.
Johann Georg Forsters Briefwechsel. Nebst einigen Nachrichten von seinem Leben (2 Bände), Leipzig 1829.
References
Leslie Bodi: "Adventures on a Journey to New Holland" and "The Lonely Deathbed". Two novels of Therese Huber as documents of their time. Introduction to the English edition of these novels, Melbourne 1966. Also in Literatur, Politik, Identität — Literature, Politics, Cultural Identity. Österreichische und internationale Literaturprozesse vol. 18, ed. by Herbert Arlt, Röhrig Universitätsverlag, St. Ingbert 2002.
Sabine Dorothea Jordan: 'Ludwig Ferdinand Huber(1764–1804). His Life and Works.' (Stuttgarter Arbeiten zur Germanistik, No.57). Stuttgart: Akademischer Verlag Hans-Dieter Heinz, 1978.
External links
Eine kurze Biografie
Eine ausführliche Biografie
Die "Urmutter der Journalistinnen"
Die Briefausgabe Therese Huber (3 von 9 Bänden).
Carola Hilmes: Georg Forster und Therese Huber: Eine Ehe in Briefen
A selection of works by Huber in the Sophie database
1764 births
1829 deaths
Writers from Göttingen
German travel writers
German women writers
German women novelists
Women travel writers
18th-century German journalists
19th-century German journalists
Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände editors
Harold B. Lee Library-related rare books articles |
4011352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Wharram | Kenny Wharram | Kenneth Malcolm Wharram (July 2, 1933 – January 10, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League, all with the Chicago Black Hawks, wearing number 17. He won a Stanley Cup in 1961.
Early life and career
Wharram started his hockey career with his hometown team the North Bay Black Hawks in 1949 before switching the next season to the Galt Black Hawks for whom he played three seasons. He played one match for the Galt team's parent club the Chicago Black Hawks in 1951 before returning for another season to Galt. He played 29 matches for the Hawks in 1953–54 but spent an equal amount of time at the Quebec Aces in the Quebec Hockey League before joining the American Hockey League Buffalo Bisons in 1954. Under the training of Bisons' coach Harry Watson he enjoyed four productive seasons, made the AHL's second all star team in 1955, and returned to Chicago to stay in 1958.
The Scooter Line
Wharram still seemed to struggle to find a spot on the Hawks until he was teamed on a line with Stan Mikita. Mikita and Wharram meshed well together and Wharram's production - attributable to his considerable speed and puck-handling skills - soared. He would have seven straight seasons scoring 20 or more goals.
All that was needed was a left winger, and the Hawks got one in veteran Ted Lindsay, then near the end of his career. It would be Lindsay, Mikita and Wharram who formed the original Scooter Line. After Lindsay retired, Ab McDonald assumed the honors, and it would be this version of the Scooter Line in force when the Hawks won the 1961 Stanley Cup. After McDonald was traded to the Boston Bruins, Doug Mohns was placed in the left wing spot.
Sudden retirement and death
Wharram was attending the Black Hawks' training camp on September 16, 1969 when he noticed he was having chest pains. He was quickly sent to a hospital intensive care unit where he was diagnosed with myocarditis. Wharram's condition worsened to the point where he needed to be trained how to stay awake. The process took weeks, and while Wharram's life was eventually out of danger, the stress of playing hockey made a comeback out of the question. He officially retired in September 1970 and settled down in North Bay as a carpenter. He was inducted to the North Bay Hall of Fame in 1980. Wharram died on January 10, 2017 at the age of 83.
Career statistics
References
Legends of Hockey article on Ken Wharram
External links
1933 births
2017 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Galt Black Hawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Sportspeople from North Bay, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions |
4011366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper%20Takeover | Grasshopper Takeover | Grasshopper Takeover (also known as GTO) were a band from Omaha, Nebraska, United States. They were formed in December 1995. Its members were Bob Boyce (Vocals, Drums), Curtis Grubb (Vocals, Guitar), James McMann (Bass), and they were later joined by Michael Cioffero (Guitar). They released five full-length CDs and three EPs. Their last EPs "Hear No Evil" and "See No Evil" were part of a three disc collection that was never completed.
Prior to Grasshopper Takeover, Grubb and Boyce were both in a band called Kind.
Since Grasshopper Takeover, Boyce and McMann have worked with their band, "Two Drag Club," performing primarily in the Omaha Area. Grubb owns a recording studio, and Cioffero went on to pursue a doctorate in classical guitar.
In August 2003, GTO played at the Paris Las Vegas for VH1's Summers End Concert. Having qualified for the event via a national online competition, sponsored by Budweiser, GTO played in a showcase with several other bands. The show was headlined by The Donnas and the Goo Goo Dolls.
Members
Curtis Grubb - vocals, guitar (1995-)
Bob Boyce - drums, vocals (1995-)
James McMann - bass (1995-)
Ben Zinn - guitar (2005-present)
Former members
Tyler Owen - guitar
Michael Cioffero - guitar (2003-2005)
Discography
CDs:
Grasshopper Takeover - 1997
Gaia - 1998
International Dance Marathon - 2000
The Green Album - 2001
Elephant Dreams - 2003
EPs
Echo Park - 1999
Hear No Evil - 2003
See No Evil - 2005
Speak No Evil - N/R
External links
The Official Grasshopper Takeover Website (no longer maintained)
Rock music groups from Nebraska
Musical groups from Omaha, Nebraska |
4011387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Iran at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Iran competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Two athletes represented Iran in the 2006 Olympics, one in alpine skiing and one in cross-country skiing. During the opening ceremonies, the Iranian delegation entered to the 1980 disco song "Funkytown."
Competitors
Results by event
Skiing
Alpine
Men
Cross-country
Men
References
External links
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4011391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201948%20Winter%20Olympics | Canada at the 1948 Winter Olympics | Canada competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Medalists
Of the 28 athletes participating only 8 did not receive any medals. While the men's hockey medal is counted as one, each of the 17 players received individual medals. The pairs figure skating counted as a single medal.
Alpine skiing
Men
Men's combined
The downhill part of this event was held along with the main medal event of downhill skiing. For athletes competing in both events, the same time was used (see table above for the results). The slalom part of the event was held separate from the main medal event of slalom skiing (included in table below).
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice hockey
The tournament was run in a round-robin format with nine teams participating.
* United States team was disqualified. Only eight teams are officially ranked.
Canada 3-1 Sweden
Canada 3-0 United Kingdom
Canada 15-0 Poland
Canada 21-1 Italy
Canada 12-3 USA
Canada 0-0 Czechoslovakia
Canada 12-0 Austria
Canada 3-0 Switzerland
Top scorer
Nordic combined
Events:
18 km cross-country skiing
normal hill ski jumping
The cross-country skiing part of this event was combined with the main medal event, meaning that athletes competing here were skiing for two disciplines at the same time. Details can be found above in this article, in the cross-country skiing section.
The ski jumping (normal hill) event was held separate from the main medal event of ski jumping, results can be found in the table below. Athletes would perform three jumps, of which the two best jumps (distance and form) were counted.
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
References
Olympic Winter Games 1948, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1948 Winter Olympics
1948
Olympics |
4011393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight%20aircraft%20%28United%20States%29 | Ultralight aircraft (United States) | Ultralight aircraft in the United States are much smaller and lighter than ultralight aircraft as defined by all other countries.
In the United States, ultralights are described as "ultralight vehicles" and not as aircraft. They are not required to be registered, nor is the pilot required to have a pilot's certificate.
United States definition of "ultralight"
Regulation of ultralight aircraft in the United States is covered by the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14 (Federal Aviation Regulations), Part 103, or 14 CFR Part 103, which defines an "ultralight" as a vehicle that:
has only one seat
Is used only for recreational or sport flying
Does not have a U.S. or foreign airworthiness certificate
If unpowered, weighs less than 155 pounds
If powered:
Weighs less than 254 pounds (115 kg) empty weight, excluding floats and safety devices
Has a maximum fuel capacity of 5 U.S. gallons (19 L)
Does not exceed 55 knots (102 km/h; 63 mph) calibrated airspeed at full power in level flight
Has a power-off stall speed which does not exceed 24 knots (45 km/h; 28 mph) calibrated airspeed or less
Certification
Ultralight vehicles and their component parts and equipment are not required to meet the airworthiness certification standards specified for aircraft or to have certificates of airworthiness.
Operators of ultralight vehicles are not required to meet any aeronautical knowledge, age, or experience requirements or to have airman or medical certificates.
Ultralight vehicles are not required to be registered or to have registration markings.
Operations
Ultralight vehicle cannot be flown except between the hours of sunrise and sunset.
Ultralight vehicles may be operated during the twilight periods 30 minutes before official sunrise and 30 minutes after official sunset or, in Alaska, during the period of civil twilight as defined in the Air Almanac, if:
The vehicle has an operating anti-collision light visible for at least 3 statute miles
Flight can only take place in uncontrolled airspace
Ultralight vehicles cannot be flown over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons.
Weight allowances can be made for amphibious landing gear, and ballistic parachute systems.
In the United States, while no certification or training is required by law for ultralights, training is strongly advised.
See also
Ultralight aviation
Ultralight trike
References
United States ultralight aircraft |
4011395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Richard Krajicek defeated MaliVai Washington in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1996 Wimbledon Championships.
Krajicek had originally been unseeded, but he replaced 7th seed Thomas Muster in the draw when Muster withdrew from the tournament. Washington became the first African American male finalist in the major since Arthur Ashe in 1975.
Pete Sampras was the three-time defending champion, but lost to Krajicek in the quarterfinals, in his only loss at Wimbledon between 1993 and 2000.
For the first time since the 1990 French Open, none of the semifinalists had previously won a major title. Of these four, only Todd Martin had reached a Grand Slam final before.
A number of high-seeded men were eliminated early, including 1992 champion Andre Agassi (No. 3), reigning French Open champion Yevgeny Kafelnikov (No. 5), Michael Chang (No. 6), and 1993 finalist Jim Courier (No. 9), all in the first round. Three-time champion Boris Becker, seeded no. 2, was eliminated in the third round when he withdrew from his match with Neville Godwin with a wrist injury.
Seeds
Pete Sampras (quarterfinals)
Boris Becker (third round, retired)
Andre Agassi (first round)
Goran Ivanišević (quarterfinals)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (first round)
Michael Chang (first round)
Thomas Muster (withdrew)
Jim Courier (first round)
Thomas Enqvist (second round)
Michael Stich (fourth round)
Wayne Ferreira (third round)
Stefan Edberg (second round)
Todd Martin (semifinals)
Marc Rosset (third round)
Arnaud Boetsch (first round)
Cédric Pioline (fourth round)
Richard Krajicek (champion)
Thomas Muster withdrew due to injury. His spot was replaced in the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Richard Krajicek, who was made a seed without being numbered. Although Krajicek was shown as unseeded in the official souvenir programme during the championships, the committee ruled that he was seeded throughout and this is reflected in the final issue of the programme. He was indeed replaced by lucky loser Anders Järryd in the main draw.
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4011398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmea | Cadmea | The Cadmea, or Cadmeia (Greek: Καδμεία, Kadmía), was the citadel of ancient Thebes, Greece, which was named after Cadmus, the legendary founder of Thebes. The area is thought to have been settled since at least the early Bronze Age, although the history of settlement can only be reliably dated from the late Mycenaean period (c. 1400 BC).
Classical period
In the classical and the early Hellenistic periods, the Cadmea served a similar purpose to the Acropolis of Athens; many public buildings were situated there, and the assemblies of Thebes and the Boeotian Confederacy are thought to have met there. During the Spartan (382–379/2 BC) and Macedonian occupations of Thebes, foreign garrisons were stationed on the Cadmea.
Phoebidas was the general responsible for the unauthorized seizure of the citadel of Cadmea in 382 BC, in violation of the Peace of Antalcidas in place then.
Destruction and rebuilding
The Cadmea was destroyed in 335 BC by Alexander the Great, who razed the city of Thebes as a warning to other Greek cities contemplating revolt against his rule. Cassander, the Macedonian general who inherited the Greek territorial possessions of Alexander after his death, rebuilt the Cadmea in 316 BC.
Alternative meaning of cadmea
Cadmea is also an ancient name for calamine or zinc carbonate. Combined with copper, it was used in ancient times for the production of brass, as mentioned, for instance, by the Roman author, Pliny the Elder. The element, cadmium (Cd), was, in 1817, first isolated from an impurity in calamine; hence, the name, cadmium.
References
Ancient Greek buildings and structures
Hellenistic architecture
Thebes, Greece |
4011408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Walter | Ryan Walter | Ryan William Walter (born April 23, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League. He was also an assistant coach with the Vancouver Canucks, head coach of the Canadian National Women's hockey team, a hockey broadcaster and president of the Abbotsford Heat of the American Hockey League.
Early life
Walter was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, but grew up in Burnaby, British Columbia. As a youth, he played in the 1971 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Burnaby.
NHL career
Walter was drafted second overall by the Washington Capitals in the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft. At the time the Capitals named him as team captain in his second season, he was the youngest player in the history of the NHL to hold that position. Walter was traded to the Montreal Canadiens in a blockbuster trade in 1982. He went to Montreal along with Rick Green in exchange for Doug Jarvis, Rod Langway, Craig Laughlin and Brian Engblom. Walter's name is engraved on the Stanley Cup, which the Canadiens won in 1986 though Walter was injured for most of the playoffs. In the 1989 Stanley Cup Finals, he scored in the second overtime period of game three to give the Canadiens a 2–1 series lead. However, the Calgary Flames came back to win the series and the Cup. In 1991, he signed as a free agent with the Vancouver Canucks, where he played the final two seasons of his career and won the Budweiser NHL Man of the Year Award in 1992. He was known as a tough, hard-working player who was excellent in the face-off circle. Walter also served as vice president of the NHLPA.
Broadcasting career
From 1993–94 until 1997–98, he worked for TSN as the network's secondary hockey colour commentator. In this role, he worked on NHL, CHL, and IIHF broadcasts. He worked five Memorial Cups, one World Junior Hockey Championship, and four World Hockey Championships. From 1996–97 until 2001–02, he was the colour commentator on Vancouver Canucks television broadcasts on BCTV, Rogers Sportsnet and VTV. He also occasionally filled in on radio when Tom Larscheid had football duties. In these roles, he was teamed up with, at various times, Jim Robson, Jim Hughson and John Shorthouse.
Coaching career
On June 17, 2008, Walter was named an assistant coach to Alain Vigneault of the Vancouver Canucks. He was relieved of his duties after the 2009–10 season. On September 21, 2010, Walter was named head coach of Canada's women's hockey team which won the gold medal at the 2010 Four Nations Cup.
Front office
Walter served as the president of the Abbotsford Heat of the American Hockey League, which was the minor-league affiliate of the Calgary Flames from 2011 to 2014.
Personal life
Walter is a motivational speaker, author and leadership expert, using his experiences in hockey to relate to business and success.
Walter also had a cameo appearance in the movie Miracle, playing the referee in the game between the US and USSR in Lake Placid and was hired by Disney to be a hockey expert for the movie. He was also hired as a hockey expert for both seasons of Making the Cut: Last Man Standing, a Nike hockey commercial, and played himself on an episode of the Canadian animated television series Being Ian.
Walter and his wife, Jennifer have three sons who are also hockey players. His oldest son, Ben, was drafted by the Boston Bruins and played 24 games in the NHL. Joey played with the Langley Chiefs of the BCHL and the Trinity Western University Spartans, and his other son, Ryan Jr., played for the TWU Titans in 2006-07 and 2007–08 as well as the Liberty University club hockey team.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards
WCHL First All-Star Team – 1978
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
1958 births
Calgary Wranglers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Kamloops Chiefs players
Langley Lords players
Living people
Members of the Christian and Missionary Alliance
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Seattle Breakers players
Sportspeople from Burnaby
Sportspeople from New Westminster
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Canucks announcers
Vancouver Canucks coaches
Vancouver Canucks players
Washington Capitals captains
Washington Capitals draft picks
Washington Capitals players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Calgary Flames announcers |
4011424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Akkari | Ahmed Akkari | Ahmed Akkari (born 1978 in Lebanon) () is a Danish political activist who became known for his involvement
in the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. Widely called an "Imam" in the media, he himself denied being one. He was a co-author of the Akkari-Laban dossier, which played a major role in the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy by bringing the issue to the attention of influential decision-makers in the Middle East. In 2013 he distanced himself from his former position and in June 2020 became one of the founders of the political party New Centre-Left.
Early years
Ahmed Akkari was born in Lebanon in 1978. In 1985 the Akkaris family came to Denmark, where they obtained asylum, but returned to Lebanon in 1990. Upon their return to Denmark a year later they found they did not qualify as refugees again, because the Lebanese Civil War was over. With the support of some Danish local media, which featured young Ahmed as a model immigrant, they were granted a humanitarian residency permit in 1994. Ahmed Akkari subsequently went to high school and trained as a teacher in Århus. He became a Danish citizen in 2005 which made him eligible to be evacuated from Lebanon again in 2006.
Legal matters
In 2001 Ahmed Akkari was sentenced to 40 days in prison for beating an 11-year-old schoolboy on 3 November 2000 because the boy had allegedly been bullying Akkari's little sister. The sentence was suspended because Akkari was a first-time offender. Akkari, who was studying to be a teacher at the time, was present that day at Muslim private school Lykkeskolen in Aarhus where he was working as an apprentice teacher. According to sources at the school quoted in Ekstra-Bladet, his 11-year-old sister was playing with a boy from her class and the boy accidentally pulled her headscarf off. Akkari sought out the boy, pulled his ear drawing blood, and threw him to the ground kicking him several times.
Cartoons controversy
During the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy Akkari acted as a spokesman of the Danish-based European Committee for Prophet Honouring
and spokesman of the Islamisk Trossamfund (Islamic Society in Denmark).
Controversial statements
In a documentary published by French television channel France 2 on 23 March 2006, Akkari was recorded - using a hidden camera - in conversation with Sheikh Raed Hlayhel (who was the head of the delegation to disseminate the "Akkari-Laban dossier"). Akkari made a statement which can be interpreted as an implicit death threat against Naser Khader, who is a moderate Muslim and, at the time, a member of the Danish parliament for the Social Liberal Party. According to the footage Akkari said: "...If Khader becomes minister of integration, shouldn't someone dispatch two guys to blow up him and his ministry?...".
The comment was disputed. In the Arabic-French translation, Akkari calls for an attack on the ministry, but in two Arabic-Danish translations, Akkari merely states the possibility of such an attack. TV2's Arabic-Danish translation says "...If he (Khader) becomes minister of integration, isn't it possible that a couple (of people) would come to blow up him and his ministry?...".
A fellow party member from Khader's party Elsebeth Gerner Nielsen reported Ahmed Akkari to the police. Ahmed Akkari initially denied the statements, but later apologized and stated it was meant as a joke. The following day, 24 March 2006, Islamisk Trossamfund announced that Ahmed Akkari was no longer spokesman for the organization; Akkari denied this.
Apology
In July 2013 Akkari distanced himself from the actions he took as an Imam in promoting fundamentalism. He stated that he had come to see the value of free speech, and apologized for his behavior during the Muhammad crisis. He also met with the cartoonist Kurt Westergaard and apologized in person.
References
1978 births
Living people
People associated with the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
Lebanese emigrants to Denmark
Former Muslim critics of Islam
Danish critics of Islam
Former Muslims turned agnostics or atheists |
4011428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Crawford%20Young | M. Crawford Young | Merwin Crawford Young (November 7, 1931 – January 22, 2020) was an American political scientist and professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Education
He received his B.A. from the University of Michigan and his PhD from Harvard in 1964, where his advisor was the famed scholar Rupert Emerson, the only person ever to serve as president of both the African Studies Association and the Asian Studies Association.
Academic career
Young became an assistant professor at Wisconsin in 1963, and published his first major work, Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. He became prominent as the author in 1976 of the highly influential The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, which was awarded the Herskovits Prize by the African Studies Association. His 1994 book, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective, won the Lubbert Prize from the American Political Science Association as the best book written that year in the field of Comparative Politics.
He held chairmanship of the UW–Madison political science department twice (1969–72; 1984–87), and was between 1973-75 Dean of the Faculty of Social Science at the Université Nationale du Zaire. Young served as president of the African Studies Association in 1983. He retired in 2001 as a full professor but remained active in his field, publishing "The End of the Postcolonial State in Africa?" in the journal African Affairs in 2004.
His work's emphasis
Young's primary contributions to political science have come from his work on the Zairian (and later, African) state and on the politics of cultural identity in the third world, which was theoretically innovative and presaged the contemporary "instrumentalist" and "constructivist" approaches to political identity.
Select publications
Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence, 1965
Issues of Political Development (with Charles Anderson and Fred von der Mehden), 1967
The Politics of Cultural Pluralism, 1976, University of Wisconsin Press
Cooperatives and Development: Agricultural Politics in Ghana and Uganda (with Neal Sherman and Tim Rose), 1981
Ideology and Development in Africa, 1982, Yale University Press
The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (with Thomas Turner), 1985, University of Wisconsin Press
The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay?, 1993, University of Wisconsin Press
The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective, 1994, Yale University Press
The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960–2010, 2012, University of Wisconsin Press
See also
Lewis H. Gann, American political scientist focused on Africa and active in the 1960s and 1970s
References
https://www.polisci.wisc.edu/people/person.aspx?id=1094
1931 births
2020 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
American political scientists
American Africanists
Historians of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |
4011444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Gansey | Mike Gansey | Michael Gansey (born December 21, 1982) is an American professional basketball executive and former player who is currently the general manager for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He previously served as assistant general manager for the Cavaliers and general manager for the Cavaliers' NBA G League affiliate, the Canton (now Cleveland) Charge.
High school career
Gansey, who grew up in the Cleveland, Ohio suburb of Olmsted Falls, was a three-time All-State player at Olmsted Falls High School, including first-team honors in his final two years. He is the school's all-time leading scorer at 1,909 points for his career. In his senior season, he averaged 27.2 points, 10.5 rebounds, 3.2 assists, and 3.3 steals per game, and was named the state's Division II Player of the Year, finishing second in Mr. Basketball voting behind LeBron James. He then began his college career at St. Bonaventure University.
College career
St. Bonaventure (2001–2003)
In Gansey's freshman season of 2001–02, he averaged 8.3 points and 4.7 rebounds, mainly coming off the bench, and was named to the all-newcomer team in the Atlantic 10 Conference. The following season (2002–03), he became a regular starter, averaging 13.9 points and 5.0 rebounds, and also shooting just over 40% from three-point range. However, the St. Bonaventure basketball program would be rocked by an academic scandal during that season, when it was revealed that a junior-college transfer had been admitted to the university by virtue of a welding certificate. With NCAA sanctions hanging over the program, several players, including Gansey, jumped ship immediately after that season. Once he announced his intention to transfer, he was pursued especially hard by WVU coach John Beilein, who was coaching in the A-10 at Richmond during Gansey's freshman year at St. Bonaventure. Gansey would enroll at West Virginia University.
West Virginia (2003–2006)
After sitting out the 2003–04 season as required under NCAA transfer rules, Gansey entered the Mountaineers' starting lineup. During the summer of 2004, the team toured Europe (all Division I teams are allowed one offseason overseas trip every four years); Gansey scored 22 points in his first game as a Mountaineer, against the Netherlands national team. He went on to lead the Mountaineers in scoring on the tour at 15.5 points per game.
In his first season at WVU, he averaged 12.0 points and 5.1 rebounds, leading the team in rebounds and becoming a crowd favorite for his hustling play. During a strong late-season run, Gansey and teammate Kevin Pittsnogle were the main keys to turning the Mountaineers from an NCAA tournament "bubble team" to a regional finalist that lost its bid for the Final Four in overtime against Louisville. During the offseason, Gansey played on the gold medal-winning USA team at the World University Games in Turkey.
The 2005–06 season promised to be a big season for the Mountaineers, who were returning four of their starting five and virtually all their roster. As the Mountaineers were reaching heights in the national rankings they had not seen since the early 1980s and gaining a level of national publicity they had last seen in the days of Jerry West in the late 1950s, Gansey stepped up his game to a new level. As of February 9, 2006, he was averaging 18.5 points while taking fewer than 12 shots per game, and adding 5.5 rebounds per game. More remarkably, Gansey was shooting 59.7% from the field, making him the only player in NCAA Division I under 6'5" (1.96 m) in the top 50 in the nation in field-goal percentage. WVU made the Sweet 16 of the 2006 NCAA Tournament before losing to the Texas Longhorns on a buzzer-beating 3 pointer.
Gansey had the 18th highest career scoring average at WVU (14.35), the ninth best field goal percentage in a career (52.6%), the third best 3-point field goal percentage in a career (39.4%), the seventh most steals per game in a career (1.75) and the 12th most minutes per game in a career (32.12). Gansey was named First-team All Big-East as well as an AP Honorable Mention All-American. He was one of ten finalists for the Oscar Robertson Award, a finalist for the Wooden Award, as well as a finalist for the Naismith Trophy.
Professional career
Although it was speculated that he may get drafted as high as late first round in the 2006 NBA Draft, Gansey, along with his West Virginia teammate Kevin Pittsnogle, went undrafted. He signed as an undrafted free agent with the Miami Heat in July 2006, and played in summer league games, but was waived before the season. Mike was waived after having a life-threatening staph infection that limited his play.
Gansey played for the Los Angeles Clippers on their 2007 NBA Vegas Summer League team. After the summer league was over, he signed a contract for the 2007–08 season with the Italian team Indesit Fabriano.
On September 24, 2008, Gansey was selected by the Erie BayHawks with the first overall pick in the 2008 NBA D-League expansion draft. However, he went to Germany and played for Eisbaren Bremerhaven in the top division of the BBL.
On November 5, 2009, Gansey was drafted by Idaho Stampede in the 2009 D-league draft. In 2009–10, he played in Chengdu, China, during the NBA China Challenge. Later in the season, he signed with Ciudad de La Laguna Canarias of the LEB Oro.
Executive career
On April 13, 2017, Gansey was named the NBA Development League's Basketball Executive of the Year, as selected by his fellow NBA G League basketball executives. As general manager of the Canton Charge, Gansey presided over a Charge team that amassed a 29–21 regular season record, securing Canton's sixth-consecutive trip to the NBA D-League postseason as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference. Hired as the team's general manager prior to the 2015–16 season, Gansey held a leadership role in the Charge's front office since 2012.
On July 26, 2017, Gansey was promoted to assistant general manager of the Cleveland Cavaliers, serving under GM Koby Altman.
On February 23, 2022, Gansey was promoted to general manager of the Cavaliers, serving under president of basketball operations Koby Altman.
Personal life
One of Gansey's brothers, Steve Gansey, played NCAA Division II basketball for the Ashland Eagles, after playing his freshman and sophomore years with the Division I Cleveland State Vikings.
References
External links
Official WVU profile
ESPN profile
Story on this season's WVU team, with information about Gansey
Forde The remmergence of the white player
Forde: America's accidental powerhouse
Katz: Cardiac kids
Katz: No quit pro quo
Gansey's late free throws lift West Virginia
1982 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
Anaheim Arsenal players
Basketball players from Cleveland
CB Canarias players
Eisbären Bremerhaven players
Erie BayHawks (2008–2017) players
Fabriano Basket players
Idaho Stampede players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Cleveland
St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball players
West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball players
People from Olmsted Falls, Ohio
American men's basketball players
Universiade medalists in basketball
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade |
4011451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornplanter%20State%20Forest | Cornplanter State Forest | Cornplanter State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #14. The main office is located in North Warren in Warren County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is named for Chief Cornplanter of the Seneca Nation, one of the tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy.
The forest is found on in Crawford, Forest, and Warren Counties. The district also covers Erie and the northern part of Venango Counties.
History
Cornplanter State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and Iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. The clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
Neighboring state forest districts
Lake Erie is to the north and the U.S. state of Ohio is to the west
Susquehannock State Forest (east)
Elk State Forest (southeast)
Clear Creek State Forest (south)
Nearby state parks
No state parks are found within the state forest, but five are found within District #14:
Chapman State Park (Warren County)
Erie Bluffs State Park (Erie County)
Oil Creek State Park (Venango County)
Presque Isle State Park (Erie County)
Pymatuning State Park (Crawford County)
Natural areas
Anders Run Natural Area: a natural area protecting of old-growth forest.
References
Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Pennsylvania state forests
Protected areas of Forest County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Warren County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Erie County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Venango County, Pennsylvania |
4011456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk%20State%20Forest | Elk State Forest | Elk State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #13. The main offices are located in Emporium in Cameron County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
The forest is located on , chiefly in Cameron and Elk counties, with small parts of the forest also in Clinton, McKean and Potter counties.
Elk herd
Elk State Forest is named for the animal elk (wapiti). Although native to Pennsylvania and the area, the last wild elk in Pennsylvania was killed in 1867 near Ridgway. Elk from the Rocky Mountains were reintroduced to the area between 1913 and 1926 and the herd today has over 600 animals. This is up from a low of just 35 elk counted in the 1970s. Their range is mostly in southeastern Elk and southwestern Cameron counties. The Pennsylvania Game Commission is responsible for maintaining the elk herd in Elk State Forest and the surrounding area. In an effort to keep the herds away from agricultural areas the game commission maintains the forest in a way that suits the feeding needs of the elk. Scattered tracts of trees in the forest have been sold to lumber companies. The forest that grows in place of the harvested timber provides a variety of browse that is needed by the elk. The game commission also maintains sections of grassy areas in various locations throughout Elk State Forest providing further variety in feed for the elk.
Visitors to Elk State Forest may chance upon an elk especially during the mating season which occurs in September and October. All visitors are encouraged to keep a safe distance from any elk, but especially the bull elk who can be very dangerous during the rutting season.
History
The history of Elk State Forest is very similar to that of the other state forests in Pennsylvania. The land was primarily acquired from lumber companies during the early 20th century. Vast stands of old-growth forest had been harvested by the lumber companies during the mid-to-late 19th century. The earliest lumbering operations harvested the largest of the white pines for use in the shipbuilding industry. The tall and straight timbers were ideally suited for use as ships masts and spars. The logs were lashed together with rope and floated down the tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River and into the river on their way to the shipyards of Baltimore. Once the white pines were gone the lumbermen turned to the hemlock for use as lumber. Sawmills and lumber camps sprang up throughout what is now Elk State Forest. Much of the timber was floated down Driftwood Branch, First Fork and Bennett's Branch to the West Branch Susquehanna River and into the Susquehanna Boom near Williamsport. The lumber era in the area of Elk State Forest lasted until 1915 when the last raft was floated down the Driftwood Branch.
The departure of the lumber companies left a forest that was described as a vast wasteland of tree stumps and dried treetops. Sparks cast off by passing steam trains ignited wildfires that slowed the growth of the thriving second growth forest of hardwoods that is now Elk State Forest. The formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt was key to the revitalization of the forests of Elk State Forest. The young men of the CCC cleared the forest and streams of the dried underbrush that was the fuel for the devastating wildfires. Nine CCC camps spread throughout the forest worked to build roads, trail and bridges throughout Elk State Forest. They also fought the periodic wildfires. On October 19, 1938, during a wildfire near Pepperhill to the north of Sinnamanhoning, eight young men from the CCC lost their lives when they were trapped on a steep hillside while fighting the raging fire. The Wayside Memorial Spring south of Emporium on Pennsylvania Route 120 in Bucktail State Park Natural Area is maintained as an honor to the men who lost their lives battling forest fires for the CCC.
Neighboring state forest districts
Susquehannock State Forest (north)
Sproul State Forest (east)
Moshannon State Forest (south)
Clear Creek State Forest (southwest)
Cornplanter State Forest (west)
Nearby state parks
Elk State Park
Bucktail State Park Natural Area
Sizerville State Park
Sinnemahoning State Park
Natural Areas and Trails
Elk State Forest is home to the Quehanna Wild Area (), as well as Johnson Run Natural Area (), Lower Jerry Run Natural Area (), Pine Tree Trail Natural Area (), Bucktail State Park Natural Area (), and Wykoff Run Natural Area ().
Major hiking trails in Elk State Forest include the Bucktail Path and the Quehanna Trail. Other trails include the Fred Woods Trail and the Elk Trail.
References
Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Pennsylvania state forests
Protected areas established in 1900
Protected areas of Cameron County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Clinton County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Elk County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of McKean County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Potter County, Pennsylvania |
4011457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes%20State%20Forest | Forbes State Forest | Forbes State Forest is a Pennsylvania state forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #4. The main offices are located in Laughlintown in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Mount Davis, the highest peak in Pennsylvania, is located in the forest.
The forest was named in honor of General John Forbes. It includes 20 separate tracts of land and covers over that stretch across Fayette, Somerset, and Westmoreland Counties. The designated forest tracts generally follow one of the area's dominant terrain features, Laurel Ridge, part of the Laurel Highlands.
History
Forbes State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. They clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives of the Pittsburgh, Westmoreland and Somerset Railroad ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
Facilities
In order to accommodate visitors, the state has allowed the development of 9 areas within Forbes. This includes 6 State Parks and 3 State Forest Picnic Areas. The remainder of the area is undeveloped except for hiking trails maintained by the state. These are generally closed to vehicles but open to hiking, cross-country skiing, hunting, and fishing. Several portions of what is now designated as part of the Forbes State Forest had previously been either developed or commercially exploited through logging through the early-to-mid-20th century. These areas have been allowed, and sometimes encouraged, to return to their natural state.
Neighboring state forest districts
The U.S. states of Maryland and West Virginia are to the south and west, respectively
Clear Creek State Forest (north)
Gallitzin State Forest (northeast)
Buchanan State Forest (east)
Nearby state parks
Kooser State Park
Laurel Hill State Park
Laurel Mountain State Park
Laurel Ridge State Park
Laurel Summit State Park
Linn Run State Park
Ohiopyle State Park
Natural features
Forbes State Forest lies within the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion. It also includes a number of important natural features and points of interest:
Roaring Run Natural Area
This tract of was acquired by the State of Pennsylvania in 1975. After previous development and logging, this portion of the west slope of Laurel Ridge is currently undergoing reforestation. It is compromised largely of second and third growth mixed mesophytic forest. Roaring Run feeds into Indian Creek, which is a tributary of the Youghiogheny River.
Mt. Davis Natural Area
Mt. Davis is the highest point in Pennsylvania. The area eventually drains into the Casselman River, a part of the Mississippi River watershed (via the Youghiogheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers). One of the natural attractions of the area is the presence of small concentric stone rings which result from frost heaving in small patches of earth which are softer than the ground surrounding them. Frost causing the patches to be pushed up higher than their surroundings is followed by the effects of natural erosion which results in stones sliding to the bottom of the protrusion and forming ring-like patterns at the base.
Spruce Flats Wildlife Management Area
This Wildlife Management Area covers , with a focal point on the of the Spruce Flats Bog which formed in a natural depression atop Laurel Ridge. The area had previously passed through the successional sequence from open water to (eventually) forest. This process was actually reversed in the early part of the 20th century by a combination of clear-cutting the forest, and fires which burned away much of the forest floor. This resulted in a return to the swamp or bog stage of development, and the area is now slowly proceeding back into the forest stage. The bog currently hosts a large community of cranberry, pitcher plant, sundew, and cotton grass.
References
Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
External links
www.stateparks.com: Forbes State Forest
Pennsylvania state forests
Laurel Highlands
Protected areas of Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Somerset County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania |
4011461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallitzin%20State%20Forest | Gallitzin State Forest | Gallitzin State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #6. The main offices are located in Ebensburg in Cambria County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
The forest is located on in two tracts. The largest tract of is the Babcock Division in northern Somerset and northwestern Bedford Counties. The other, smaller tract of is in northern Cambria and Indiana Counties. District #6 also includes Blair County.
Gallitzin State Forest was named to honor Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin. Gallitzin was a Roman Catholic priest and is called The Apostle of the Alleghenies for his pioneering mission work in the area in the early 19th century.
History
Gallitzin State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and Iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. The clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
Environment
Gallitzin State Forest protects part of the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion. The forest is located at the western edge of the Allegheny Plateau, at elevations of about 2400 feet (730 m) above sea level. This is in the lower reaches of an alpine-type climate, and species such as birch trees, more common further north in New England and Canada, may be found in the forest.
Nearby state parks
Blue Knob State Park
Laurel Ridge State Park
References
Note: As of July 2006, this web page has not been updated to reflect the Pennsylvania State Forest Districts realignment.
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Pennsylvania state forests
Protected areas of Bedford County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Somerset County, Pennsylvania |
4011464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear%20Creek%20State%20Forest | Clear Creek State Forest | Clear Creek State Forest (formerly Kittanning State Forest) is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #8. The main offices are located in Clarion in Clarion County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Until August 2007, it was named Kittanning State Forest.
The forest is located on a total of in three tracts: in northern Jefferson County; in southern Venango County; and in southern Forest County. District #8 also includes Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Clarion, Jefferson, Lawrence, and Mercer Counties.
Clear Creek State Forest is managed under the "Multiple Use Management" system. The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation of Natural Resources considers many different uses for the forest land and places top priority on the most important use for any given area. Clear Creek State Forest is currently open for recreational purposes such as hunting, fishing, hiking and mountain biking. Several timber, oil and gas companies use the natural resources of the forest. The Pennsylvania Game Commission is responsible for wildlife management in Clear Creek State Forest.
History
Clear Creek State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and Iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. They clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests.
Conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
The first parcel of land that was to become Clear Creek State Forest was purchased by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for $6,880. The original purchase of was purchased in 1919 at the end of the lumber era that swept throughout the mountains of Pennsylvania. The state continued to purchase land throughout the 20th century with the last acquisition taking place in 1980. Most of the land was acquired from large scale lumbering corporations. These lumber businesses stripped the old growth forest that once spread over most of Pennsylvania. They began lumbering on a large scale in 1883 when the first sawmills were constructed in the area along the many creeks that drained the Allegheny Plateau. The lumbermen harvested the hemlock and white pine trees on an almost exclusive basis. The logs of hemlock and pine were lashed together in rafts and floated down the Clarion River and into the Allegheny River to Pittsburgh. The lumber companies also built three logging railroads in the area to get the lumber out of the mountains and on to the cities of Western Pennsylvania.
The lumbering operations left behind what has been described as a "barren wasteland" of stumps and dried treetops. The sparks cast off by passing steam trains set off massive forest fires. These fires slowed the development of the second growth forest that now covers Clear Creek State Forest. The forests have largely regrown with the hemlock and white pine trees being replaced with thriving populations of various hardwood trees.
Neighboring state forest districts
The U.S. state of Ohio is to the west
Cornplanter State Forest (north)
Elk State Forest (northeast)
Moshannon State Forest (east)
Gallitzin State Forest (southeast)
Forbes State Forest (south)
Nearby state parks
Clear Creek State Park
Cook Forest State Park
References
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Pennsylvania state forests
Protected areas established in 1919
Protected areas of Forest County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Venango County, Pennsylvania |
4011472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice%20Neaud | Fabrice Neaud | Fabrice Neaud (born December 17, 1968, in La Rochelle) is a French comics artist. He got his baccalaureate in literature (option graphic arts) in 1986. He studied philosophy during two years. Then he entered an art school and studied there four years. In 1991 he quit the school. For four years he had been looking for a job, making a living on various works.
He is a co-founder of the Ego comme X association. In 1994, the first number of the Ego comme X magazine was released. In it, Fabrice Neaud published his first works. It was the beginning of his Journal (which is a diary in comics), an ambitious autobiographical project. The first volume of the Journal was released in 1996. It got a prize Alph'art (best work by a young artist) in Angoulême in 1997.
Fabrice Neaud keeps on drawing his Journal. Three more volumes have been published between 1998 and 2002. He published also many short stories in Ego comme X, Bananas and other magazines. Some of his works have been translated into Italian and Spanish. A reviewer notes, "But Neaud isn't a simple diarist: he's also an artist concerned with various problems of our society, including homophobia and gay life in small towns." His works have been the subject of academic papers.
Books
Journal, Ego comme X :
Février 1992 – septembre 1993, 1996.
Septembre 1993 – décembre 1993, 1998.
Décembre 1993 – août 1995, 1999.
Les Riches Heures, 2002.
12 pages in Neaud/Squarzoni/Mussat, Ego comme X/La Maison des auteurs, 2004, free book with Xavier Mussat and Philippe Squarzoni. Out of print. Free online (in French).
« La Cité des arbres », in Japon, Casterman, coll. « Écritures », 2005.
Alex et la vie d'après, story by Thierry Robberecht about AIDS. Free book edited by Ex Aequo, Bruxelles, 2008. Free pdf or online (in French).
Émile, 32 pages story, in Ego comme x n°7 (2000). Free online in French and in English.
Nu Men, Quadrants :
Guerre urbaine (2012)
Quanticafrique (2013)
References
External links
ego comme x, publisher of the Journal
Fan Site
one-hour video of a conference by Fabrice Neaud
Émile, short story, free English version online
1968 births
Gay artists
LGBT comics creators
LGBT artists from France
Living people
French comics artists |
4011489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Penn%20State%20Forest | William Penn State Forest | William Penn State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry District #17. The main offices are located in Elverson in Chester County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
The forest is named for William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. It was originally named "Valley Forge State Forest", for the camp at Valley Forge in the American Revolutionary War. Valley Forge State Park was the first state park in Pennsylvania, and the headquarters of the state forest were located there as well. The state park was transferred to the National Park Service and became a federal park in 1976 for the American Bicentennial. The state forest retained the Valley Forge name for thirty one years.
After the July 1, 2005, realignment of Pennsylvania State Forest Districts, what was then Valley Forge State Forest and District #17 acquired the northern parts of Berks and Lehigh Counties from Weiser State Forest and District #18. In August 2007, "In a bid to eliminate public confusion over the name of the federal park and the state forest district, the Bureau of Forestry renamed the Valley Forge State Forest District in honor of one of Pennsylvania's first conservationists -- William Penn."
William Penn State Forest is located on in six tracts: in Lancaster County; on Little Tinicum Island in the Delaware River in Delaware County; and of the Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in Chester County. Also included are the David R. Johnson Natural Area in Bucks County and the Gibraltar Hill and George W. Wertz Tracts in Berks County. District #17 also includes Berks, Bucks, Lehigh, Montgomery, Northampton, and Philadelphia counties.
History
William Penn State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and iron companies had harvested the old-growth forests for various reasons. They clear cut the forests and left behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
The first parcel of land that became William Penn State Forest was acquired in 1935 when the state bought of land in Lancaster County from the heirs of the Cornwall Iron Furnace fortunes. The first contained the Cornwall fire tower which was built in 1923. The second land acquisition did not take place until November 1982 when Little Tinicum Island in the Delaware River was purchased at a cost of $100,000. In December 1982 a second tract of land was purchased. The Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens, consisting of , were purchased for $239,500 with financial aid from the Nature Conservancy. Both Little Tinicum Island and the Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens are home to unique ecological habitats.
Neighboring state forest districts
The U.S. states of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland are to the east, south and southwest, respectively
Delaware State Forest (north)
Michaux State Forest (west)
Weiser State Forest (northwest)
Nearby state parks
Although no state parks are located within William Penn State Forest, there are fifteen state parks in District #17:
Delaware Canal State Park (Bucks and Northampton Counties)
Evansburg State Park (Montgomery County)
Fort Washington State Park (Montgomery County)
French Creek State Park (Berks County)
Marsh Creek State Park (Chester County)
Neshaminy State Park (Bucks County)
Nockamixon State Park (Bucks County)
Nolde Forest Environmental Education Center (Berks County)
Norristown Farm State Park (Montgomery County)
Ridley Creek State Park (Delaware County)
Benjamin Rush State Park (Philadelphia County)
Ralph Stover State Park (Bucks County)
Susquehannock State Park (Lancaster County)
Tyler State Park (Bucks County)
White Clay Creek Preserve (Chester County)
See also
Philadelphia Lazaretto
References
Alt URL
Note: Map showing districts after the July 1, 2005 realignment
Note: shows William Penn State Forest in West Nottingham Township.
Note: shows William Penn State Forest in Tinicum Township.
Note: shows William Penn State Forest in Penn Township as an unlabeled green area, north of Interstate 76 and on a road in Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 156.
River islands of Pennsylvania
Valley Forge State Forest
State Forest
Protected areas established in 1935
Protected areas of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Carbon County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania |
4011524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Type%20System | Common Type System | In Microsoft's .NET Framework, the Common Type System (CTS) is a standard that specifies how type definitions and specific values of types are represented in
computer memory. It is intended to allow programs written in different programming languages to easily share information. As used in programming languages, a type can be described as a definition of a set of values (for example, "all integers between 0 and 10"), and the allowable operations on those values (for example, addition and subtraction).
The specification for the CTS is contained in Ecma standard 335, "Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) Partitions I to VI." The CLI and the CTS were created by Microsoft, and the Microsoft .NET framework is an implementation of the standard.
Functions of the Common Type System
To establish a framework that helps enable cross-language integration, type safety, and high performance code execution.
To provide an object-oriented model that supports the complete implementation of many programming languages.
To define rules that languages must follow, which helps ensure that objects written in different languages can interact with each other.
The CTS also defines the rules that ensures that the data types of objects written in various languages are able to interact with each other.
The CTS also specifies the rules for type visibility and access to the members of a type, i.e. the CTS establishes the rules by which assemblies form scope for a type, and the Common Language Runtime enforces the visibility rules.
The CTS defines the rules governing type inheritance, virtual methods and object lifetime.
Languages supported by .NET can implement all or some common data types…
When rounding fractional values, the halfway-to-even ("banker's") method is used by default, throughout the Framework. Since version 2, "Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding" (round halves away from zero) is also available by programmer's option.
it is used to communicate with other languages
Type categories
The common type system supports two general categories of types:
Value types Value types directly contain their data, and instances of value types are either allocated on the stack or allocated inline in a structure. Value types can be built-in (implemented by the runtime), user-defined, or enumerations.
Reference types Reference types store a reference to the value's memory address, and are allocated on the heap. Reference types can be self-describing types, pointer types, or interface types. The type of a reference type can be determined from values of self-describing types. Self-describing types are further split into arrays and class types. The class types are user-defined classes, boxed value types, and delegates.
The following example written in Visual Basic .NET shows the difference between reference types and value types:
Imports System
Class Class1
Public Value As Integer = 0
End Class 'Class1
Class Test
Shared Sub Main()
Dim val1 As Integer = 0
Dim val2 As Integer = val1
val2 = 123
Dim ref1 As New Class1()
Dim ref2 As Class1 = ref1
ref2.Value = 123
Console.WriteLine("Values: {0}, {1}", val1, val2)
Console.WriteLine("Refs: {0}, {1}", ref1.Value, ref2.Value)
End Sub 'Main
End Class 'Test
The output of the above example
Values: 0, 123
Refs: 123, 123
Boxing and unboxing
Boxing
Converting value types to reference types is also known as boxing. As can be seen in the example below, it is not necessary to tell the compiler an Int32 is boxed to an object, because it takes care of this itself.
Int32 x = 10;
object o = x ; // Implicit boxing
Console.WriteLine("The Object o = {0}",o); // prints out "The Object o = 10"
However, an Int32 can always be explicitly boxed like this:
Int32 x = 10;
object o = (object) x; // Explicit boxing
Console.WriteLine("The object o = {0}",o); // prints out "The object o = 10"
Unboxing
The following example intends to show how to unbox a reference type back to a value type. First an Int32 is boxed to an object, and then it is unboxed again. Note that unboxing requires explicit cast.
Int32 x = 5;
object o1 = x; // Implicit Boxing
x = (int)o1; // Explicit Unboxing
See also
.NET Framework
Blittable types
Common Language Infrastructure
References
External links
Microsoft developer's guide describing the CTS
Built-in types in the .NET Framework
Common Language Infrastructure |
4011525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses%20of%20Saint%20Mark | Horses of Saint Mark | The Horses of Saint Mark (), also known as the Triumphal Quadriga or Horses of the Hippodrome of Constantinople, is a set of bronze statues of four horses, originally part of a monument depicting a quadriga (a four-horse carriage used for chariot racing). The horses were placed on the facade, on the loggia above the porch, of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, northern Italy after the sack of Constantinople in 1204. They remained there until looted by Napoleon in 1797 but were returned in 1815. The sculptures have been removed from the facade and placed in the interior of St Mark's for conservation purposes, with replicas in their position on the loggia.
Origins
The sculptures date from classical antiquity and have been implausibly attributed to the 4th century BC Greek sculptor Lysippos. A date in the 2nd or 3rd century AD is considered far more likely; the famous Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome (c. 175 AD) provides a point of comparison. However, some scholars do claim the naturalistic rendering of the animals and technical expertise in execution point to a Classical Greek origin. They were probably created to top a triumphal arch or some other grand building, perhaps commissioned by the Emperor Septimus Severus. They may originally have been made for the Eastern capital of Constantinople, and certainly reached there later.
Although called bronze, analysis suggests that, as they are at least 96.67% copper, they should be seen as an impure copper rather than bronze. The relatively low tin content increased the casting temperature to 1200–1300 °C. The high purity copper was chosen to give a more satisfactory mercury gilding.
History
It is certain that the horses, along with the quadriga with which they were depicted, were long displayed at the Hippodrome of Constantinople; they may be the "four gilt horses that stand above the Hippodrome" that "came from the island of Chios under Theodosius II" mentioned in the 8th- or early 9th-century Parastaseis syntomoi chronikai. They were still there in 1204, when they were looted by Venetian forces as part of the sack of the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the Fourth Crusade. The collars on the four horses were added in 1204 to obscure where the animals' heads had been severed to allow them to be transported from Constantinople to Venice. Shortly after the Fourth Crusade, Doge Enrico Dandolo sent the horses to Venice, where they were installed on the terrace of the façade of St Mark's Basilica in 1254. Petrarch admired them there.
In 1797, Napoleon had the horses forcibly removed from the basilica and carried off to Paris, where they were used in the design of the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel together with a quadriga.
In 1815 the horses were returned to Venice by Captain Dumaresq. He had fought at the Battle of Waterloo and was with the allied forces in Paris where he was selected, by the Emperor of Austria, to take the horses down from the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and return them to St Mark's in Venice. For the skillful manner in which he performed this work the Emperor gave him a gold snuff box with his initials in diamonds on the lid.
The horses remained in place over St Mark's until the early 1980s, when ongoing damage from air pollution forced their replacement with exact copies. Since then, the originals have been on display just inside the basilica.
Image gallery
References
External links
Byzantium 1200 Hippodrome Boxes shows the location of the horses until 1204.
Hellenistic-style Roman sculptures
Hippodrome of Constantinople
Bronze sculptures in Italy
Horses in art
Hellenistic and Roman bronzes
Statues in Italy
St Mark's Basilica
Works looted by the Fourth Crusade |
4011554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20M%C3%A9ndez | Rafael Méndez | Rafael Méndez (March 26, 1906 – September 15, 1981) was a Mexican virtuoso solo trumpeter. He is known as the "Heifetz of the Trumpet."
Early life
Méndez was born in Jiquilpan, Michoacán, Mexico to a musical family. As a child, he performed as a cornetist for guerilla leader Pancho Villa, becoming a favorite musician of his and required to remain with Villa's camp.
Career
Before music
Méndez emigrated to the US, first settling in Gary, Indiana, at age 20 and worked in steel mills. He moved to Flint, Michigan and worked at a Buick automotive plant as he established his musical career.
In music
From 1950 to 1975, Méndez was a full-time soloist. At his peak he performed about 125 concerts per year. He was also very active as a recording artist. By 1940, he was in Hollywood, leading the brass section of M-G-M's studio orchestra. He contributed to the films Flying Down to Rio and Hondo, among others.
Méndez was legendary for his tone, range, technique and unparalleled double tonguing. His playing was characterized by a brilliant tone, wide vibrato and clean, rapid articulation. His repertoire was a mixture of classical, popular, jazz, and Mexican folk music. He contributed many arrangements and original compositions to the trumpet repertoire. His Scherzo in D minor is often heard in recitals, and has been recorded by David Hickman.
He is regarded as the popularizer of "La Virgen de la Macarena", commonly known as "the bullfighter's song", to US audiences. Perhaps his most significant if not famous single recording, "Moto Perpetuo", was written in the nineteenth century by Niccolò Paganini for violin and features Mendez double-tonguing continuously for over 4 minutes while circular breathing to give the illusion that he is not taking a natural breath while playing.
Personal life
Rafael Méndez married Amor Rodriguez after meeting her in Detroit. They had twin sons, both now surgeons; Dr. Rafael G. Méndez, Jr. and Dr. Robert Méndez, and five grandchildren.
Méndez suffered from serious asthma-related problems by the late 1950s which caused increasing difficulty performing at his level of performance. After an injury at a baseball game in Mexico in 1967 caused additional deterioration, he retired from performing in 1975, but continued to compose and arrange.
He died at his home in Encino, California on September 15, 1981.
Honors, awards and legacy
Arizona State University's music building houses the Rafael Méndez Library which was dedicated and opened on June 11, 1993. The library holds 300 manuscripts and almost 700 compositions and arrangements by Méndez, as well as hundreds of images, articles and recordings. It also has an online counterpart.
In 2006, the Los Angeles Opera paid tribute to Rafael Mendez by performing a work based on his life. A reviewer in The Los Angeles Times believed that Mendez "has been called the greatest trumpet player of all time."
Discography
Concerto for Méndez
Love and Inspiration
Magnificent Méndez
Méndez in Madrid
Méndez Plays Arban'Rafael Méndez & Laurindo Almeida TogetherRafael Méndez (unplayed 4 disc set)Rafael Méndez and His Orchestra'
The Magic Trumpet of Rafael Méndez
The Majestic Sound of Rafael Méndez
The Singing Trumpet
The Trumpet Virtuosity of Rafael Méndez
Trumpet Extraordinary (1957)
Trumpet Showcase
Trumpet Solos Extraordinary
Trumpet Spectacular
References
External links
Rafael Méndez Online Library at Arizona State University with free mp3 sound clips
Rafael Méndez recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
1906 births
1981 deaths
Mexican artists
Mexican composers
Mexican male composers
Mexican music arrangers
People from Jiquilpan, Michoacán
Musicians from Michoacán
Mexican trumpeters
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
20th-century composers
20th-century trumpeters
20th-century male musicians
Decca Records artists |
4011589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailea%20Norvind | Nailea Norvind | Nailea Norvind (born February 16, 1970) is a Mexican theater, television and film actress.
She appeared in the critically acclaimed film Gaby: A True Story. She also lent her voice to play Princess Kida in the Spanish dubbing of Atlantis: The Lost Empire. Most remembered from her role as the villain Leonor in the telenovela Quinceañera. She was nominated for the Ariel in 2012 as best supporting actress for her role as Nina in the film La Otra Familia.
Biography
Nailea Norvind is the daughter of Norwegian-born psychosexual counselor, dominatrix, writer, producer, director and former actress Eva Norvind who was in turn the daughter of a Russian prince, Paulovic Chegodayef Sakonsky, and a Finnish sculptor, Johanna Kajanus. While Nailea became estranged from her mother when she was 12, they were reunited to search for her unknown Dutch father on the Dutch program "Spoorloos" on February 2, 2004. Nailea has two daughters of her own: Naian and Tessa Ía González Norvind, the last appearing at 17 years of age in her first movie Después de Lucía, a 2012 Mexican film by Michel Franco which won the Un Certain Regard prize in Cannes.
Norvind started her acting career at the age of 6 in theatre "A Doll's House" by Ibsen, and in TV on the telenovela Chispita. Nailea's break came in at the age of 17 with the telenovela Quinceañera. The same year, she participated in the film Gaby: A True Story. After a few small roles in several other telenovelas, she made Cuando llega el amor and then took a break from television. She returned eight years later in the telenovela Preciosa. She also appeared as herself in Didn't Do It for Love, a documentary about her mother directed by Monika Treut.
In 2006, Nailea completed the film that her mother, Eva Norvind, had been directing and producing at the time of her death in May of that same year: entitled Born Without, it is a documentary about severely handicapped Mexican actor and musician Jose Flores, who was born without arms and other limbs, yet supports his large family by playing the harmonica at various venues throughout Mexico.
Norvind is openly bisexual.
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Mexican child actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican film actresses
Mexican voice actresses
20th-century Mexican actresses
21st-century Mexican actresses
Actresses from Mexico City
Mexican people of Norwegian descent
Mexican people of Russian descent
Mexican people of Finnish descent
Mexican people of Dutch descent
People from Mexico City
Norvind family
Bisexual actresses
LGBT actors from Mexico |
4011602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Ireland at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Ireland sent a delegation to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy from 10–26 February 2006. This was Ireland's fourth appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The Irish delegation to Turin consisted of four athletes, two alpine skiers, one cross-country skier, and one skeleton racer. The best performance by any Irish competitor at these Olympics was 20th, by David Connolly in the men's skeleton race.
Background
The Olympic Council of Ireland was first recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 31 December 1921. With the exception of the 1936 Summer Olympics they have entered a team in every Summer Olympic Games since. However, Ireland did not join Winter Olympics competition until the 1992 Winter Olympics, and Turin was marking their fourth appearance at a Winter Games, having skipped the 1994 Lillehammer Olympics. The Irish delegation to Turin consisted of four athletes, two alpine skiers, one cross-country skier, and one skeleton racer. All four of Ireland's athletes at Turin were first-time Olympians. Alpine skier Kirsten McGarry was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and cross-country skier Rory Morrish was selected as the flag bearer for the closing ceremony.
Alpine skiing
Thomas Foley was 26 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. His only event, the men's giant slalom, was held on 20 February. He finished the first run in a time of 1 minute and 28.28 seconds, and the second in 1 minute and 29.14 seconds. His combined time was 2 minutes and 57.42 seconds, good for 31st place out of 41 competitors who finished both legs of the race. The gold medal was won by Benjamin Raich of Austria in a time of 2 minutes and 35 seconds, the silver medal was taken by Joël Chenal of France and the bronze by Austrian Hermann Maier.
Kirsten McGarry was 20 years old at the time of these Olympics, and would later represent Ireland again at the 2010 Winter Olympics. She described herself as "very nervous" coming into the Olympics. She was scheduled to compete in the women's super-G but ultimately did not start the race, as the weather conditions were poor and the Super-G was not considered her best discipline. The gold medal was won by Austrian Michaela Dorfmeister, the silver by Croatian Janica Kostelić and the bronze was taken by Austrian Alexandra Meissnitzer. On 22 February, she did compete in the
women's slalom, posting run times of 49.64 seconds and 52.79 seconds. Her combined time of 1 minute and 42.43 seconds put her in 42nd place, out of 51 competitors who finished both legs of the race; the gold medal was won by Sweden's Anja Pärson in 1 minute and 29.04 seconds, the silver and bronze medals were taken by two Austrians, Nicole Hosp and Marlies Schild. She also participated in the women's giant slalom on 24 February. She posted a first run time of 1 minute and 8.19 seconds and completed her second run in 1 minute and 14.68 seconds. McGarry's total time was 2 minutes and 22.87 seconds, which was good for 32nd place out of 43 classified finishers. Gold was won by Julia Mancuso of the United States in 2 minutes and 9.19 seconds, silver by Tanja Poutiainen of Finland, and bronze was taken by Sweden's Anna Ottosson.
Cross-country skiing
Rory Morrish was 38 years old at the time of these Olympics. He came to the sport of cross-country skiing after previously competing at the world championships in ski-orienteering. In the men's 15 kilometre classical he finished with a time of 50 minutes and 28.1 seconds, which saw him ranked 87th out of 96 classified finishers. The gold medal was won by Estonia's Andrus Veerpalu in 38 minutes and 1.3 seconds, the silver was won by Lukáš Bauer of the Czech Republic and bronze by the German Tobias Angerer.
Skeleton
David Connolly was 25 years old at the time of the Turin Olympics. In the men's skeleton held on 17 February, he finished his first run in 59.97 seconds, and his second in one minute flat. His total time of 1 minute and 59.97 seconds put him in 20th place out of 27 competitors in the event. The gold medal was won by Canada's Duff Gibson in 1 minute and 55.88 seconds, the silver by fellow Canadian Jeff Pain, and the bronze was taken by Gregor Stähli of Switzerland.
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4011609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20female%20United%20States%20presidential%20and%20vice-presidential%20candidates | List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates | The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice presidential nominees and invitees. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state (or, before the institution of government-printed ballots, had ballots circulated by their parties). They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.
History
While many historians and authors agree that Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to run for president, some have questioned the legality of her run. They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35, but election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue. The presidential inauguration was in March 1873, while Woodhull didn't turn 35 until September of that year.
The first woman to receive votes at a national political convention for president or vice president was Quaker activist and orator Lucretia Coffin Mott who received 6% of the votes in the first ballot for the vice president nomination at the 1848 convention of the Liberty Party.
Margaret Chase Smith announced her candidacy for the Republican Party nomination in 1964, becoming the first female candidate for a major party's nomination. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries, and came in second in the Illinois primary, receiving 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party's convention.
Charlene Mitchell was the first African American woman to run for president, and the first to receive valid votes in a general election, in 1968. She qualified for the ballot in two states as the nominee of the Communist Party USA, winning 1,075 votes.
In 1972, Shirley Chisholm became the first black candidate for a major party's presidential nomination, and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's nomination. During this primary, Chisholm won the New Jersey primary, becoming the first woman or African American to win a primary in any state. This would not be repeated by another woman for 36 years, in 2008.
Also in 1972, Tonie Nathan, the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential candidate, became the first woman to receive an electoral vote, via faithless elector Roger MacBride. In the 1988 presidential election, Lenora Fulani became the first woman to achieve ballot access in all fifty states. Fulani was also the first African American to do so. Three of her running mates, Joyce Dattner, Mamie Moore (also African American), and Wynonia Burke, also achieved ballot access separately in varying numbers out of the 50 states.
The first woman to become a major party nominee for vice president was Democrat Geraldine Ferraro, in 1984. The second, and first Republican, was Sarah Palin, in 2008.
In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, Senator Hillary Clinton of New York became the first woman to be listed as a presidential candidate in every primary and caucus nationwide. Despite losing the nomination in a close race against Barack Obama, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any primary candidate in American history.
Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of pledged delegates in the 2016 Democratic Party primaries, and was formally nominated at the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016. As a major party nominee, Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate, and later the first to carry a state in a general election. Despite losing the election, Clinton became the first woman to win the popular vote, receiving nearly 66 million votes to Donald Trump's 63 million.
The Green Party has run a female candidate three times, Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012 and 2016. Stein is currently the female candidate with the third-most votes in a general election, having received nearly 1.5 million votes in 2016.
Prior to the 2020 United States presidential election cycle, only five women throughout history had made it to a major party's primary debate stage: Democrats Shirley Chisholm (in 1972), Carol Moseley Braun (in 2004), and Hillary Clinton (in 2008 and 2016), and Republicans Michele Bachmann (in 2012) and Carly Fiorina (in 2016); there had never been more than one woman on the debate stage at one time, and there had never been more than two women running per party at one time. In the 2020 presidential election cycle, a record-breaking six women ran for president in the Democratic Party: Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, Senator Kamala Harris of California, Senator Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota, Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii, and author Marianne Williamson. The initial night of the first Democratic primary debate, which took place on June 26–27, 2019, marked a major milestone, as it featured three women: Warren, Klobuchar, and Gabbard; Harris, Gillibrand, and Williamson participated on the second night.
Jo Jorgensen was the Libertarian Party's presidential candidate for the 2020 election, and is the first woman to be nominated by that party. Jorgensen is currently the female candidate with the second-most votes in a general election, having received nearly 1.9 million votes in 2020.
Kamala Harris is the vice president of the United States. She is the United States' first female vice president and the highest-ranking female elected official in U.S. history. She is also the first Asian-American and the first African-American vice president.
On November 19, 2021, Harris became the first woman to serve as acting president of the United States, when President Joe Biden invoked the third section of the Twenty-fifth Amendment before undergoing a routine medical procedure. Harris was acting president from 10:10 a.m. until 11:35 a.m.
Presidential candidates
Candidates who received electoral college votes
General election candidates by popular vote
This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have competed for President of the United States in a general election and received over 40,000 votes.
† Popular vote winner
Primary election candidates
This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have sought their party's presidential nomination in at least one primary or caucus and received over 5,000 votes.
Party nominee
All candidates
Party nominees
Not nominated by party
Candidates who failed to receive their parties' nomination.
Vice-presidential candidates
Candidates who received electoral college votes
Elected Vice President
By popular vote
This list includes female candidates who have run for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes. Note that the vote for vice president is not separate in the United States and is identical to that for the presidential nominees.
Elected Vice President
All candidates
Party nominees
Not nominated by party
See also
List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
List of female governors in the United States
Edith Wilson (sometimes nicknamed "the first female president of the United States.")
References
External links
Freeman, Jo, The Women Who Ran for President (2007)
Maurer, Elizabeth. "First but Not the Last: Women who Ran for President". National Women's History Museum. 2016.
Female vice-presidential candidates
Lists of American female politicians |
4011614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta%27s%20Fountain | Lotta's Fountain | Lotta's fountain is a fountain at the intersection of Market Street, where Geary and Kearny Streets connect in downtown San Francisco, California.
It was commissioned by actress Lotta Crabtree in 1875 as a gift to the city of San Francisco, and would serve as a significant meeting point in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
History
The cast-iron fountain, commissioned by actress Lotta Crabtree as a gift to the city, was dedicated September 9, 1875. During its centennial it was designated both a San Francisco Designated Landmarks and the U.S National Historic Places.
A plaque commemorates its role as a meeting point in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Another plaque mentions the opera soprano Luisa Tetrazzini, who gave a memorable performance for the people of San Francisco at the fountain on Christmas Eve, 1910, after legal difficulties prevented her from appearing on stage. The bronze column was added in 1916 to match the height of new lights being installed along Market Street.
In 1974 it was relocated from its original location at 3rd, Market and Kearny during the renovation of Market Street. In 1999 the fountain was refurbished to its 1875 appearance, repainted a metallic gold-brown. Its lion's-head spigots flow during daytime hours.
In 1919, a commemoration of the earthquake was started that still occurs annually. The South of Market Boys, a fraternal drinking organization, hung a wreath on the fountain. Since then, survivors of the earthquake gathered at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 at the intersection. After the 2015 anniversary, the last two survivors of the earthquake died. In 2016, more than 200 participants, many in period costuming, gathered to commemorate victims of the earthquake and to draw attention to earthquake preparedness.
See also
List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks
References
Sources
O'Brien, Robert This is San Francisco Chronicle Books 1994, reprint from 1948
External links
Lotta Crabtree
Lotta Crabtree, Fairy Star of the Gold Rush
"Lotta's Legacy," by J. Kingston Pierce
"Lotta's Fountain," Atlas Obscura
Fountains in California
Financial District, San Francisco
Market Street (San Francisco)
1906 San Francisco earthquake
National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
San Francisco Designated Landmarks
Relocated buildings and structures in California |
4011625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles%20video%20games | List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games | The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games have been produced since 1989, largely by Japanese video game manufacturer Konami.
Earlier games were mostly based on the 1987 TV series, with elements borrowed from the movies, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures, action figures and the original Mirage comic books and role-playing books. Several games released in the 2000s were based on the 2003 TV series and the 2007 film. A number of games released in the following decade have been based on the 2012 TV series, the 2014 film, and Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
, the first eleven TMNT video games had sold units worldwide, earning nearly in sales revenue.
List
See also
List of video games based on comics
References
Further reading
"Free Fan-Made Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle Game Is A Fun Throw-Back", Kotaku
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Video Games
Windows games
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Video Games
Android (operating system) games
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Video Games
Video games about ninja
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Video game franchises introduced in 1989
Video games |
4011634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20rhetoric | Cognitive rhetoric | Cognitive rhetoric refers to an approach to rhetoric, composition, and pedagogy as well as a method for language and literary studies drawing from, or contributing to, cognitive science.
History
Following the cognitive revolution, cognitive linguists, computer scientists, and cognitive psychologists have borrowed terms from rhetorical and literary criticism. Specifically, metaphor is a fundamental concept throughout cognitive science, particularly for cognitive linguistic models in which meaning-making is dependent on metaphor production and comprehension.
Computer scientists and philosophers of mind draw on literary studies for terms like "scripts", "stories", "stream of consciousness", "multiple drafts", and "Joycean machine". Cognitive psychologists have researched literary and rhetorical topics such as "reader response" and "deixis" in narrative fiction, and transmission of poetry in oral traditions.
Composition
Rhetoric is a term often used in reference to composition studies and pedagogy, a tradition that dates back to Ancient Greece. The emergence of rhetoric as a teachable craft (techne) links rhetoric and composition pedagogy, notably in the tradition of Sophism. Aristotle collected Sophist handbooks on rhetoric and critiqued them in Synagoge Techne (fourth century BCE).
In Ancient Rome, the Greek rhetorical tradition was absorbed and became vital to education, as rhetoric was valued in a highly political society with an advanced system of law, where speaking well was crucial to winning favor, alliances, and legal rulings.
Cognitive rhetoricians focusing on composition (such as Linda Flower and John Hayes) draw from the paradigm, methods, and terms of cognitive science to build a pedagogy of composition, where writing is an instance of everyday problem-solving processes. Colleagues at Carnegie Mellon, Flower and Hayes conducted studies on problem-solving in writing using think-aloud protocols where subjects talk as they solve a problem showing what is happening in their minds while writing.
Janet Emig explored elements of the writing process and the relationship between process and product. Building upon cognitive theories of transactional and experiential learning by John Dewey and Jean Piaget, Emig's contribution to cognitive rhetoric is her differentiation between speech acts and writing acts. Because speaking and writing are different ways of performing linguistic functions, Emig argues that the process of speaking and the process of writing result in differing means of expression. One issue Emig points out is that writing can be a sort of trap since the writer becomes a participant in the event through their writing. Another issue Emig identifies involves the way the structure of writing can shape how an event is presented by the writer. This structure becomes a conflict, Emig asserts, because writing should be dictated by the writer's experience—not the form.
Patricia Bizzell juxtaposes writing and thinking to illustrate problems between form and convention. Bizzell identifies two theoretical positions: (1) inner-directed theorists approach writing instruction by focusing on style and conventions, and (2) outer-directed theorists believe these language functions are innate. The inner-directed theory is where students use what they know and apply it to a writing situation (thinking process). The outer-directed theory argues forms can’t be taught because how writers choose language may be different depending on the rhetorical situation of the writing task or objective (social process). According to Bizzell, students participate in a variety of discourse communities, and writers are limited by the writer’s ability to define the rules which exist in that particular discourse. Bizzell calls for a more flexible process that considers where the writer is at in their process and argues that the writer should use what they know to apply to the task; then, go back and figure out what they don’t know—adapting their task to the situation.
James A. Berlin has argued that by focusing on professional composition and communications and ignoring ideology, social-cognitive rhetoric—which maps structures of the mind onto structures of language and the interpersonal world—lends itself to use as a tool for training workers in corporate capitalism. Berlin contrasts social-cognitive rhetoric with social-epistemic rhetoric, which makes ideology the core issue of composition pedagogy.
Language and literary studies
Cognitive rhetoric offers a new way of looking at properties of literature from the perspective of cognitive science. It is interdisciplinary in character and committed to data and methods that produce falsifiable theory. Rhetoric also offers a store of stylistic devices observed for their effect on audiences, providing a rich index with distinguished examples available to researchers in cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive science.
For Mark Turner (a prominent figure in cognitive rhetoric), narrative imaging is the fundamental instrument of everyday thought. Individuals organize experience in a constant narrative flow, starting with small spatial stories. Meaning is fundamentally parabolic (like a parable): two or more event shapes or conceptual spaces converge (blending) in the parabolic process, generating concepts with unique properties not found in either of the inputs. This process is everyday: anticipating that an object you are headed toward will make contact with you is a parable whereby you project a spatial viewpoint. Such narrative flow is a highly adaptive process, crucial for planning, evaluating, explaining, as well as recalling the past and imagining a future. Thus, literary processes have adaptive value prior to the emergence of linguistic capability (modular or continuous).
Related work
Brain imaging
Perception
Rhetorical figures
Rhetorical stylistics
Key terms
Binding
Cognitive instability
Conceptual blending
Conceptual metaphor
Projection
Notable researchers
Cognitive rhetoric
Ellen Spolsky
George Lakoff
Mark Johnson
Mark Turner
Raymond Gibbs
Reuven Tsur
Todd Oakley
Social-cognitive rhetoric
John Hayes
Linda Flower
Social-epistemic rhetoric
James A. Berlin
Cognitive poetics
Reuven Tsur
See also
Cognitive historicism
Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive neuropsychology
Cognitive philology
Cognitive poetics
Cognitive science
References
Bibliography
Cognitive rhetoric
Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Rhetoric in the Age of Cognitive Science". The Viability of Rhetoric. Graff, Richard. ed. New York: State University of New York Press, 2005.
Gibbs, Raymond. The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Jackson, Tony. "Issues and Problems in the Blending of Cognitive Science, Evolutionary Psychology, and Literary Study." Poetics Today, 23.1 (2002) 161-179.
Jackson, Tony. "Questioning Interdisciplinarity: Cognitive Science, Evolutionary Psychology, and Literary Criticism". Poetics Today, 21: 319-47.
Johnson, Mark. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lakoff, George, and Mark Turner. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Lakoff, George. "The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor." In Metaphor and Thought, 2nd ed. Ed. Andrew Ortony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Oakley, Todd. "From Attention to Meaning: Explorations in Semiotics, Linguistics, and Rhetoric." European Semiotics Series, Volume 8. Lang Verlag, 2009.
Parrish, Alex C. Adaptive Rhetoric: Evolution, Culture, and the Art of Persuasion. New York: Routledge, 2013.
Pinker, Stephen. Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
Richardson, Alan. "Literature and the Cognitive Revolution: An Introduction." Poetics Today, 23.1 (2002) 1-8.
Shen, Yeshayahu. "Cognitive Aspects of Metaphor". Poetics Today, 13.4: 567-74.
Tomascello, Michael. "Language Is Not an Instinct." Cognitive Development, 10 (1995): 131-56.
Turner, Mark. Death is the Mother of Beauty: Mind, Metaphor, and Criticism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987
Turner, Mark. Reading Minds: The Study of English in the Age of Cognitive Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Cognitive rhetoric, composition, and pedagogy
Berlin, James. "Rhetoric and Ideology in the Writing Class". College English, 50.5 September 1988: 477-494.
Bruner, Jerome S. The Process of Education. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.
Bruner, Jerome S., R.R.Oliver and P.M. Greenfield et al. Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: John Wiley, 1967.
Christensen, Francis. Notes Toward a New Rhetoric: Six Essays for Teachers. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.
Flower, Linda and John R. Hayes. "A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing." College Composition and Communications, 32 (1981): 365-87.
Flower, Linda. Problem-Solving Strategies for Writing. 2nd Ed. San Diego: Harcourt, 1985.
Flower, Linda. The Construction of Negotiated Meaning: A Social Cognitive Theory of Writing. Carbondale and Edwardsvill: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994.
Hayes, John R. and Linda Flower. "Cognitive Processes in Revision." In Rosenberg (ed.), Advances In Applied Psycholinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Shor, Ira. Critical Teaching and Everyday Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Tsur, Reuven. "The Place of Nonconceptual Information in University Education with Special Reference to Teaching Literature". Pragmatics & Cognition, 17 (2009): 309–330.
Tsur, Reuven. Toward a Theory of Cognitive Poetics. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 1992.
External links
Cognitive rhetoric
Mark Turner's homepage
Reuven Tsur's homepage
Tim Roher's "Annotated Bibliography of Metaphor and Cognitive Science"
Cognitive rhetoric, composition, and pedagogy
Linda Flower's homepage
Rhetoric
Cognitive science |
4011648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Indian%20Universities | Association of Indian Universities | Association of Indian Universities (AIU) is an organisation and association of major universities in India. It is based in Delhi. It evaluates the courses, syllabi, standards, and credits of foreign Universities pursued abroad and equates them in relation to various courses offered by Indian Universities.
The AIU is mainly concerned with the recognition of Degrees/Diplomas awarded by the Universities in India, which are recognized by the UGC, New Delhi, and abroad for the purpose of admission to higher degree courses in Indian Universities. The AIU is also an implementing agency for the agreements signed under the Cultural Exchange Programmes executed between India and other countries in the field of education, insofar as it relates to the recognition of foreign qualifications (except for medicine and allied courses).
See also
National Assessment and Accreditation Council
National Institute of Open Schooling
Department of Higher Education
Medical Council of India
Council of Architecture
References
College and university associations and consortia in Asia
Educational organisations based in India
Consortia in India
1925 establishments in India
Organizations established in 1925
Organisations based in Delhi |
4011649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht%20Elof%20Ihre | Albrecht Elof Ihre | Baron Albrecht Elof Ihre (6 October 1797 – 9 August 1877) was a Swedish diplomat and politician who served as Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs 1840-1848 (acting 1840-1842).
Ihre was employed in the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs from 1823, serving as secretary of the Swedish legation in Constantinople from 1824, and chargé d'affaires there from 1827. He was appointed state secretary for foreign affairs in 1831. Ihre became Swedish Minister of Ecclesiastical affairs from 1840, and also served as acting Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs 1840–1842, and was Swedish-Norwegian prime minister of foreign affairs 1842–1848.
Ihre, who was a grandson of the philologist Johan Ihre, was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1842, was awarded the title of baron in 1843 and a knighthood of the Order of the Seraphim in 1846. He was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1849, having previously declined twice, but did not take his seat and resigned from the Academy in 1859.
References
Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 19 (1971-1973), p. 760.
1797 births
1877 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Swedish politicians
Swedish diplomats
Swedish nobility
Members of the Swedish Academy
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences |
4011655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Indreb%C3%B8 | Adolf Indrebø | Adolf Oliverson Indrebø (7 February 1884 – 5 December 1942) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
He hailed from Førde, but moved to Oslo as a student. He was a member of Oslo city council from 1917 to 1934, serving as mayor from 1929 to 1931.
In 1935, during the cabinet Nygaardsvold, he was appointed Minister of Finance. He held this post one year. He was also head of the Ministry of Defense, briefly in 1935.
References
Adolf Indrebø at NRK Sogn og Fjordane County Encyclopedia
1884 births
1942 deaths
People from Førde
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Mayors of Oslo
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Place of death missing |
4011678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manalo | Manalo | Manalo is a Filipino surname meaning "to win". Notable people with the surname include:
Iglesia ni Cristo
Felix Manalo (1886–1963), founder of the Iglesia ni Cristo organization, Executive Minister from 1914 to 1963
Eraño G. Manalo (1925–2009), Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo from 1963 to 2009
Angel Manalo, son of Eraño Manalo, involved in 2015 Iglesia ni Cristo leadership controversy
Tenny Manalo (born 1937), widow of Eraño Manalo, involved in 2015 Iglesia ni Cristo leadership controversy
Eduardo V. Manalo (born 1955), current Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo
Others with the surname
Bianca Manalo (born 1987), Filipina actress and 2009 Binibining Pilipinas-Universe winner
Enrique Manalo (1952) Ambassador of the Philippines
Jay Manalo (born 1973), Filipino actor
Jesulito (Jess) Manalo, Lawyer, Ambassador and House Representative for ANGKLA
John Manalo (born 1995), Filipino actor
Jose Manalo (born 1966), Filipino actor and comedian
Juslyn Manalo, Daly City, California’s first Filipina-American mayor
Marlon Manalo (born 1975), Filipino pool player
Nichole Manalo, Filipina actress and 2009 Binibining Pilipinas-Globe winner
Rosario Manalo (born 1935) Ambassador of the Philippines and Academic
Victoria Manalo Draves (born 1924), American competition diver
References
Tagalog-language surnames |
4011681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri%20Ingebrigtsen | Guri Ingebrigtsen | Guri Helene Ingebrigtsen (19 May 1952 – 5 January 2020) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
Ingebrigtsen was born in Værøy. In the 1970s she was a member of the leftist Workers' Communist Party (AKP). In 1986, she worked in the Afghanistan Committee, giving medical aid. She was a graduate in medicine from the University of Oslo in 1982, having minored in criminology in 1976. Among several medicine-related jobs, she was a researcher at the University of Oslo from 1987 to 1996.
From 1996 to 1997, during the cabinet Jagland, she was appointed political advisor to the Minister of Health and Social Affairs. From 2000 to 2001, during the first cabinet Stoltenberg, she headed the same Ministry.
On the local level Ingebrigtsen was a member of Vestvågøy municipal council from 1995 to 1999, and then served as mayor from 1999 to 2007.
On 5 January 2020, Ingebrigtsen died from cancer at the age of 67.
References
1952 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Norway
People from Værøy
People from Vestvågøy
Government ministers of Norway
Mayors of places in Nordland
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
University of Oslo alumni
University of Oslo faculty
20th-century Norwegian physicians
Norwegian women physicians
Women mayors of places in Norway
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Women government ministers of Norway |
4011682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Keating | Phil Keating | Phillip Keating is a national correspondent for the Fox News Channel based in the Miami bureau. During his career at Fox, Keating has covered breaking news stories including the death of Anna Nicole Smith, Caylee Anthony, and the trial of Jose Padilla.
He covers NASA stories for Fox News, including NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the new Constellation program. Previously, he reported for the syndicated magazine show Geraldo Rivera on the Fox News channel-produced program Geraldo At Large. Before this, he was a correspondent in the Fox News Channel's Dallas bureau. Keating joined FOX after working at Denver's KUSA and KDVR.
References
1968 births
American television journalists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fox News people
American male journalists |
4011689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern%20Clevenger | Vern Clevenger | Vern Clevenger (born 1955 in Oakland, California) is a noted climber and landscape photographer. He made the first ascent of Cholatse in 1982. He lives in Mammoth Lakes, California with his wife and two children, Dylan and Sabrina. On April 13, 1977, Clevenger was arrested looting the crashed wreckage of a drug-smuggling airplane in Yosemite National Park. These efforts paid off with his first Nikon camera system. Clevenger shows his work at the Clevenger Gallery and Studio, in Mammoth Lakes, California, assisted by his wife Margaret, son Dylan, and daughter Sabrina.
References
American mountain climbers
American photographers
1955 births
Living people
People from Mammoth Lakes, California |
4011691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20telluride | Mercury telluride | Mercury telluride (HgTe) is a binary chemical compound of mercury and tellurium. It is a semi-metal related to the II-VI group of semiconductor materials. Alternative names are mercuric telluride and mercury(II) telluride.
HgTe occurs in nature as the mineral form coloradoite.
Properties
All properties are at standard temperature and pressure unless stated otherwise. The lattice parameter is about 0.646 nm in the cubic crystalline form. The bulk modulus is about 42.1 GPa. The thermal expansion coefficient is about 5.2×10−6/K. Static dielectric constant 20.8, dynamic dielectric constant 15.1. Thermal conductivity is low at 2.7 W·m2/(m·K). HgTe bonds are weak leading to low hardness values. Hardness 2.7×107 kg/m2.
Doping
N-type doping can be achieved with elements such as boron, aluminium, gallium, or indium. Iodine and iron will also dope n-type. HgTe is naturally p-type due to mercury vacancies. P-type doping is also achieved by introducing zinc, copper, silver, or gold.
Chemistry
HgTe bonds are weak. Their enthalpy of formation, around −32kJ/mol, is less than a third of the value for the related compound cadmium telluride. HgTe is easily etched by acids, such as hydrobromic acid.
Growth
Bulk growth is from a mercury and tellurium melt in the presence of a high mercury vapour pressure. HgTe can also be grown epitaxially, for example, by sputtering or by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy.
Nanoparticles of mercury telluride can be obtained via cation exchange from cadmium telluride nanoplatelets.
Unique physical properties
In 2007, it was shown both theoretically and experimentally, that mercury-telluride quantum well shows a unique new state of matter—the "topological insulator". In this phase, while the bulk is an insulator, current can be carried by electronic states confined close to the sample edges. Unlike the quantum hall effect, here no magnetic field is required to create this unique behavior. In addition, oppositely directed edge states carry opposite spin projections.
See also
Cadmium telluride
Mercury selenide
Mercury cadmium telluride
References
External links
Thermophysical properties database at Germany's Chemistry Information Centre, Berlin
Mercury(II) compounds
Tellurides
II-VI semiconductors
Zincblende crystal structure |
4011700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeld%20Stub%20Irgens | Kjeld Stub Irgens | Kjeld Stub Irgens (23 May 1879 – 26 August 1963) was a Norwegian politician during the German occupation of Norway.
Early life
He was born in 1879 to vicar Jens Stub Irgens and his wife Sophie Cathinka, née Altschwager. He had several brothers and sisters. He was a distant relative of eighteenth-century bishop Ole Irgens and politicians Ole and Johannes Irgens.
Seafaring career
A sea captain by profession, Irgens had received his education in the Royal Norwegian Navy, which he left with the rank of First Lieutenant () in 1903. From 1913 onwards Irgens worked for the Norwegian America Line (NAL) shipping company, in 1918 assuming command of the NAL's 12,977 GRT passenger ship SS Stavangerfjord. In 1921 Irgens purchased the island of Ravnøy in Vestfold on behalf of the crew of Stavangerfjord, as a holiday resort at which to spend time with their families after spending long periods of time at sea. The 270-decare property, located between the island of Nøtterøy and Stokke on the mainland, was bought at a price of 10,000 Norwegian kroner and later transferred to the Norwegian America Line. The shipping company remained in ownership of the island until 1983 when it was sold on to the Holiday Resort Ravnøy Foundation ().
World War II
Negotiations during the German invasion
He was not involved with the Norwegian Nazi party, Nasjonal Samling, before the Second World War reached Norway in 1940. However, he was married to a sister of Albert Viljam Hagelin, a leading member of Nasjonal Samling, and one day after the German invasion he was summoned by Hagelin and Vidkun Quisling to Hagelin's suite at the Hotel Continental in Oslo. Here, he was asked to persuade King Haakon VII to abdicate and to name Quisling as Prime Minister. Together with Curt Bräuer he traveled to Elverum to negotiate, but his efforts proved fruitless. On his way to Elverum Irgens encountered some members of the Storting at Hamar Station, stating his intention to meet with the King. Irgens arrived at Elverum late in the evening of 10 April, being allowed to sleep in Minister Hjelmtveit's bed for a few hours before seeing the King the next morning. The meeting led nowhere, as the final Norwegian decision to resist the invasion had already been taken the previous day. The Norwegian government refused Quisling's demands and vowed to resist the German invasion as long as possible.
Collaborationist minister
When Reichskommissar Josef Terboven formed a cabinet on 25 September 1940, Irgens accepted the position as provisional Minister of Shipping. The Ministry of Shipping was a government ministry established specifically for Irgens on the insistence of Terboven, as Irgens was considered close to Haakon VII. Because of Irgens' relations with the exiled Norwegian king Terboven strongly wished to include him in his administration. At the same time he enrolled as a party member of Nasjonal Samling. From the beginning of Irgens' work at the Ministry of Shipping he successfully defended the part of the Norwegian merchant fleet left in the occupied country against German attempts at taking the ships as prizes. As of September 1941 his position was no longer provisional. On 1 February 1942 Quisling was allowed by the occupants to form his own cabinet; Irgens continued as Minister of Shipping. He was removed on 12 June 1944 together with Eivind Blehr for emphasizing Norwegian nationalism rather than Pan-Germanic national socialism. Irgens had also come under criticism for hesitating to accept members of Nasjonal Samling joining his ministry. At the same time the Ministry of Shipping ceased to exist.
Post-World War II
As part of the legal purge in Norway after the war, in 1945, Irgens was sentenced to seven years of forced labour. The case was taken to the Supreme Court in 1946, where the sentence was increased to fifteen years. He died in 1963.
References
Bibliography
1879 births
1963 deaths
Members of Nasjonal Samling
Royal Norwegian Navy personnel
Steamship captains
Government ministers of Norway
People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway |
4011704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warley | Warley | Warley may refer to:
Places in the United Kingdom
Essex
Warley, Essex
Great Warley
Little Warley
Warley Hospital
West Midlands
Warley, West Midlands, a neighbourhood centred on the towns of Oldbury and Smethwick
Warley (UK Parliament constituency), current
County Borough of Warley, a former local authority
Warley High School, a former comprehensive school
West Yorkshire
Warley Town
Ships
HMS Calcutta, the East Indiaman Warley, built in 1788 and sold to the Royal Navy in 1795
Warley (1796 ship), an East Indiaman, launched in 1795, participated in Nathaniel Dance's victory at the Battle of Pulo Aura
People
Warley (footballer, born 1978), full name Warley Silva dos Santos, Brazilian football forward
Warley Oliveira (born 1989), Brazilian football forward
Warley (footballer, born 1999), full name Warley Leandro da Silva, Brazilian football wing-back
See also
Warleigh
Warley East (UK Parliament constituency), former
Warley West (UK Parliament constituency), former |
4011717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn%20Isaksen | Finn Isaksen | Finn Trond Isaksen (26 April 1924 – 29 September 1987) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party who served as Minister of Agriculture from 1983 to 1985.
References
1924 births
1987 deaths
Ministers of Agriculture and Food of Norway |
4011726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Jacobsen | Oscar Jacobsen | Oscar Jacobsen (1 January 1850 – 6 August 1902) was a Norwegian engineer and politician for the Liberal Party.
Personal life
He was born in Vågå as the son of Johanne Georgine Jørgensen and her husband Nils Lauritz Severin Jacobsen. He had several brothers, among them Albert Marius Jacobsen, father of Rolf Jacobsen. Both Albert and Rolf would serve as national politicians.
In 1875 Oscar Jacobsen married Laura Sofie Fredrikke Dahl. The couple had several children, mostly girls.
Career
An engineer by education, he worked in the Norwegian State Railways.
He served in the cabinet Sverdrup as Minister of Labour from 5 March 1888 to 12 July 1889. From 28 August to 30 September 1888 he was also Minister of Interior.
References
1850 births
1902 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996) people |
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