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4004123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Vitoriano | José Vitoriano | José Rodrigues Vitoriano (1918, Silves - 3 February 2006) was a Portuguese politician and a major figure in the struggle against the Portuguese fascist regime led by António Oliveira Salazar.
Vitoriano started working very young in a cork factory in Algarve and joined the Portuguese Communist Party in 1941. Between 1945 and 1948 he was the president of the cork workers' Trade Union. After that, in 1951, he became a cadre of the Party. Meanwhile, in 1948, he had been imprisoned by the regime's political police, the PIDE, only leaving jail in 1950. In 1953 he was arrested once more, and was sentenced to four years; however, as the fascist sentences for political prisoners were open-ended, Vitoriano only left jail in 1966. In January 1967 he became a clandestine, a usual method used by the members of the Communist Party to avoid detentions. He would only leave that status after the democratic revolution of 1974. Vitoriano spent a total of 17 years in jail.
Vitoriano was a member of the Party's Central Committee between 1968 and 2000 and a member of its Secretariat between 1968 and 1972. Between 1977 and 1987, he was a member of the Portuguese Parliament, being its vice-president between 1977 and 1984.
José Vitoriano died on 3 February 2006 in Lisbon.
1918 births
2006 deaths
People from Silves, Portugal
Portuguese Communist Party politicians
Portuguese anti-fascists
Portuguese prisoners and detainees |
4004125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina%20Planck | Nina Planck | Nina Planck (born 1971) is a food writer and farmers' market entrepreneur.
Biography
She was born in Buffalo, New York in 1971 and was brought up on an ecological vegetable farm in Loudoun County, Virginia. She wrote The Real Food Cookbook: Traditional Dishes for Modern Cooks, The Farmers' Market Cookbook, Real Food: What to Eat and Why, and Real Food for Mother and Baby. In 2003 Nina Planck also was director of Greenmarket, the largest group of farmers‘ markets in the United States. Planck adopted her career in food following a period in politics, working first for Dick Gephardt and then for the American Ambassador to Britain. In 1999, she opened the first farmers' market in Islington, London, in the process setting up London Farmers' Markets, a company that now runs 18 farmers' markets in London. The New Yorker reported that the London farmers referred to her as "The American". In 2003, she returned to the United States as the director of the New York Greenmarket program; she was dismissed after six months, on December 23, 2003, following resistance from farmers to proposed changes.
Ms. Planck's London Farmers‘ Markets sell, among other things, “organic & outdoor reared meat, game in season, dairy“ and fish. Her book on so-called “real food” seeks to reassure readers regarding traditional diets. Her website invites browsers to “Learn why butter and lard are good for you and corn oil and soy milk are not.” She is also a proponent of drinking raw milk.
In 2007, she gained notoriety due to a controversial op-ed in the New York Times criticizing an exclusively vegan diet for babies and children. The editorial was in response to the case of a vegan Atlanta couple who were convicted of murder and child cruelty in the death of their newborn son, whom they fed primarily soy milk and apple juice.
She lives in New York City with Robert Kaufelt, proprietor of Murray's Cheese Store, and their children: Julian, born October 24, 2006, and Jacob and Rose, born August 4, 2009. Rob and Nina were married in August 2010 and Nina took the name Kaufelt, though she continues to use Planck professionally.
Publications
The Real Food Cookbook: Traditional Dishes for Modern Cooks. Bloomsbury USA, 2014
The Farmer's Market Cookbook. Hodder and Stoughton 2002; Kindle version, Diversion Books, 2013
Real Food: What to Eat and Why. Bloomsbury USA 2007
Real Food for Mother and Baby: The Fertility Diet, Eating for Two, and Baby's First Foods. Bloomsbury USA, 2009
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
American cookbook writers
American food writers
Businesspeople from New York City |
4004130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincian%20Hill | Pincian Hill | The Pincian Hill (; ; ) is a hill in the northeast quadrant of the historical centre of Rome. The hill lies to the north of the Quirinal, overlooking the Campus Martius. It was outside the original boundaries of the ancient city of Rome, and was not one of the Seven hills of Rome, but it lies within the wall built by Roman Emperor Aurelian between 270 and 273.
Villas and gardens
Several important families in Ancient Rome had villas and gardens (horti) on the south-facing slopes in the late Roman Republic, including the Horti Lucullani (created by Lucullus), the Horti Sallustiani (created by the historian Sallust), the Horti Pompeiani, and the Horti Aciliorum. The hill came to be known in Roman times as Collis Hortorum (the "Hill of Gardens"). Its current name comes from the Pincii, one of the families that occupied it in the 4th century AD.
Modern Rome
The Pincio as seen today was laid out in 1809-14 by Giuseppe Valadier; the French Academy at Rome had moved into the Villa Medici in 1802. The orchards of the Pincian were laid out with wide gravelled allées (viali) that are struck through dense boschi to unite some pre-existing features: one viale extends a garden axis of the Villa Medici to the obelisk (illustration, left) placed at the center of radiating viali. The obelisk was erected in September 1822 to provide an eye-catcher in the vistas; it is a Roman obelisk, not an Egyptian one, erected under the Emperor Hadrian in the early 2nd century, as part of a memorial to his beloved Antinous outside the Porta Maggiore. The Piazza Napoleone— in fact Napoleon's grand urbanistic example was set from a distance, as he never visited Rome— is a grand open space that looks out over Piazza del Popolo, also laid out by Valadier, and provides views to the west, and of the skyline of Rome beyond. Valadier linked the two spaces with formal staircases broken by generous landings, (illustration) and a switchback carriageway.
In 1873 a hydrochronometer on the 1867 design of Gian Battista Embriaco, O.P. inventor and professor of the College of St. Thomas in Rome was built on the Pincian Hill in emulation of the one at the College of St. Thomas. Another version stands in the Villa Borghese gardens. Embriaco had presented two prototypes of his invention at the Paris Universal Exposition in 1867 where it won prizes and great acclaim.
In the gardens of the Pincian, it was Giuseppe Mazzini's urging that lined the viali with busts of notable Italians.
Though the Villa Ludovisi was built over at the turn of the 20th century, several villas and their gardens still occupy the hill, including the Borghese gardens, linked to the Pincio by a pedestrian bridge that crosses the via del Muro Torto in the narrow cleft below; the Muro Torto is the winding stretch of the Aurelian Wall, pierced by the Porta Pinciana.
See also
References
External links
Hills and walls of Ancient Rome
Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London: Oxford University Press, 1929: Pincius Mons
Pinician Hill at Rome Reborn at University of Virginia
"Cisterne, mosaici e terme private. La collina del Pincio scopre i suoi segreti" La Repubblica 11 December 2014
Hills of Rome
Rome R. IV Campo Marzio |
4004131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kest%C5%99any | Kestřany | Kestřany is a municipality and village in Písek District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Lhota u Kestřan and Zátaví are administrative parts of Kestřany.
Etymology
The name Kestřany is probably derived from Kestra, which was the name of the first settler. His name has origin in kostra, meaning skeleton.
Geography
Kestřany lies approximately south-west of Písek, north-west of České Budějovice, and south of Prague.
Kestřany lies on the Otava River. The National nature reserve Řežabinec a Řežabinecké tůně is located in the municipal area.
History
The first written mention of the fortress called Horní tvrz is from 1315, the first written mention of Kestřany is from 1338.
Climate
References
Villages in Písek District |
4004136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Birks | Gerald Birks | Lieutenant Gerald Alfred Birks (30 October 1894 – 26 May 1991) was a Canadian First World War fighter ace credited with twelve aerial victories while serving in the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force.
Family background and education
He was one of seven children (four sons and three daughters) born to William Massey Birks and Miriam (née Gifford). His father was a partner in the jewelers Henry Birks & Sons with his father and brothers. The Birks were descended from a farming family from Darfield, Yorkshire, who emigrated to Canada in 1832.
Birks was educated at Montreal High School and Lower Canada College, and was studying architecture at McGill University when the war broke out.
World War I
Birks enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force on 31 August 1915, serving as a lieutenant in the 73rd Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), and was wounded in November 1916 during the Battle of the Somme.
Birks joined RFC Canada on 8 March 1917, and trained as a pilot at Deseronto and Camp Borden. He flew solo after only 2 hours of flight training, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the RFC on 13 August 1917, but did not travel out to England until November. He was posted to No. 54 Training Squadron in December, was appointed a flying officer on 15 January 1918, and posted to the No. 2 School of Aerial Gunnery in February.
This extended training period meant that he had accumulated 138 flying hours in his pilot's logbook before he finally joined No. 66 Squadron RFC in Italy on 10 March 1918. He was assigned to "C" Flight, flying a Sopwith Camel single seat fighter, and became the preferred wingman of fellow Canadian ace Billy Barker. Birks' first aerial victory came on 18 March, when he destroyed a Rumpler reconnaissance aircraft over Pravisdomini, killing an Austro-Hungarian pilot named Shneeberger. Six days later, he set another reconnaissance aircraft on fire, killing the crew of Poelzi and Suski. His third victory would not come until 2 May, when he wounded Leutnant K. Kosiuski and drove him into a crash landing that destroyed his Albatros D.V. Two days later, Birks shot down and killed ace Oberleutnant Karl Patzelt, as well as F. Frisch. In addition to killing both Austro-Hungarian pilots, he destroyed both their Albatros D.Vs; they were credited as "captured" because they fell within Italian lines. The new ace shot down another D.V in flames a week later, on 11 May. He destroyed two Berg fighters in five minutes on a morning patrol on 19 May. The following day, he destroyed another. On 24 May, while flying with Barker, Birks was credited with shooting down Hungarian ace József Kiss of Flik 55J; Birks thus became a double ace. On 9 June Birks set another Albatros D.V on fire in mid-air. On the 21st, he capped his list of triumphs by destroying another D.V over Motta. Most unusually for a British pilot, he had no "soft" victories, such as "driven down out of control".
Birks left No. 66 Squadron on 1 July 1918, returning to the Home Establishment to serve as an instructor at the School of Aerial Fighting and Gunnery from September. He was awarded the Military Cross and a bar in lieu of a second award; both were gazetted on 16 September 1918. His citations read:
Military Cross
Lieutenant Gerald Alfred Birks, RAF.
"For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in destroying six enemy aeroplanes, two of which fell on our side of the lines."
Bar to Military Cross
Lieutenant Gerald Alfred Birks, MC, RAF.
"For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in destroying four enemy aeroplanes, two of which were destroyed in one fight."
Birks was transferred to the RAF's unemployed list on 13 March 1919.
List of aerial victories
Postwar career
After the war, Birks rejoined the family jewelry business, and on 21 August 1924, he married Margaret Ryrie of Toronto. Birks became a patron of the arts, and was an active painter until his death in Toronto on 26 May 1991.
Footnotes
References
Notes
Bibliography
1894 births
1991 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian people of English descent
Military personnel from Montreal
McGill School of Architecture alumni
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Canadian World War I flying aces
Canadian recipients of the Military Cross |
4004139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik%20Airport | Dubrovnik Airport | Dubrovnik Airport (; ), also referred to as Čilipi Airport (), is the international airport of Dubrovnik, Croatia. The airport is located approximately 15.5 km (9.5 mi) from Dubrovnik city centre, near Čilipi. It was the third-busiest airport in Croatia in 2019 after Zagreb Airport and Split Airport in terms of passenger throughput. It also has the country's longest runway, allowing it to accommodate heavy long-haul aircraft. The airport is a major destination for leisure flights during the European summer holiday season.
History
Yugoslav flag carrier Aeroput used a seaplane station in Dubrovnik to open the first route to the city in 1936. It linked Dubrovnik to the national capital Belgrade via Sarajevo. The following year a route to Zagreb was inaugurated. But it was in 1938 that Dubrovnik saw a significant increase in air traffic, with the introduction by Aeroput of regular flights to Vienna, Brno and Prague with stops in Sarajevo and Zagreb, and also the introduction of a regular flight between Belgrade and Tirana with a stop in Dubrovnik. The city was originally served by the Gruda Airfield which opened for commercial traffic in 1936 and was in use only during the summer months. However, by early 1940s, due to World War II, Aeroput operations were suspended.
The current Dubrovnik Airport opened in 1962. During 1987, the busiest year in Yugoslav aviation, the airport handled 835,818 passengers on international flights and a further 586,742 on domestic services. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the airport surpassed the one-million-passenger mark in 2005.
Today, Dubrovnik boasts the most modern passenger terminal in the country. A new terminal has been built in place of the old airport building, that dated from 1962, which has now been demolished to make way for a new modern structure. The price tag of the project amounts to seventy million euros and is to be financed out of a loan from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In May 2010 a new terminal opened stretching over 13,700 square metres. Dubrovnik Airport has the capacity to handle two million passengers per year.
Terminal facilities
Dubrovnik Airport consists of three terminal areas, A, B and C. The spacious new Terminal C was opened in February 2017 and became fully functional in April 2017 as it replaced Terminal A for all passenger departures including check-in and security check. The new terminal features check-in and commercial space stretching over 1,000 square metres, eight security lanes, a departure lounge with commercial and catering facilities, a premium lounge and restaurants. Furthermore, it boasts sixteen gates, two of which will be used for domestic flights and the remaining fourteen for international services. With an area of 24,181 square metres, the airport's annual capacity has increased to 3.5 million passengers. The Terminal A building has been permanently closed for passenger traffic and is now being used solely as a baggage sorting facility. The new Terminal C is located next to the existing Terminal B building which handles arriving passengers. The two have been combined into a single functioning unit. Future airport plans call for an extensive commercial zone and a four-star airport hotel, and long-term plans call for a new runway and the conversion of the existing runway into a taxiway.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
Traffic figures
Largest airlines
Ground transport
A shuttle bus operated by the company Platanus connects the airport to Dubrovnik Old Town and Dubrovnik Bus Station in Gruž.
References
External links
Official website
Airports in Croatia
Airports established in 1962
Dubrovnik
1962 establishments in Yugoslavia
Buildings and structures in Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Transport in Dubrovnik-Neretva County |
4004148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Wynn | Graeme Wynn | Graeme Wynn (born 19 April 1959) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for the St. George Dragons and the Western Suburbs Magpies in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership. His position of choice was at second-row forward, where his height and strong build made him among the most powerful runners in the game during the 1980s.
Background
Wynn was born in Thirroul, New South Wales, Australia.
Career
The lanky younger brother of rugby league player Peter Wynn of Parramatta, Wynn represented the Jack Gibson-coached New South Wales under-18s in 1977. The next year he won a premiership with Western Suburbs in the Newcastle competition, scoring 17 points in the grand final, and went on to represent Country NSW. That sparkling form saw him receive a contract from the St George Dragons to start with them in 1979.
St George Dragons
He stunned the rugby league world as a 19-year-old in 1979 with his powerful running wide of the rucks propelled by long, powerful legs. His ability to break defensive lines created attacking runs and tries for St George Dragons in his debut year. Wynn was described as playing, "a major role in the club's grand final win over Canterbury with his great attacking game," as they won their second premiership in three years. Although he was beaten by his brother to selection in representative teams, Graeme was named "Rookie of the Year". The following year he played, "an astounding game," for New South Wales in the inaugural State of Origin match and went on to be selected in the Australian squad for that season's New Zealand tour.
Wynn did not play in a Test but was reserve for both tests and in the following years was subject to a serious knee injury and then to a suspension for twelve matches for biting Parramatta Eels Ray Price. He was adamant in his denial of the biting charge, saying, "I feel I've been branded. I'm innocent of this charge. I wonder if I can ever live it down. After 19 years without a blemish on my record." He was the first player to be suspended for biting by the NSWRL.
Described as "an accomplished goalkicker" in his early days, Wynn no longer kicked after the 1982 season. Nonetheless, Wynn remained a vital part of St. George's big forward pack right up to their minor premiership win in 1985. However, Wynn was strong in the Grand Final, being replaced with 10 minutes to go after being king hit by Peter Kelly. In 1988, he was to play for Chorley Borough in England, but left without taking the field. In the later years at St.George his form was strong Had a sensational game at the opening of the Sydney Football Stadium Sydney where he scored two barnstorming tries), and he also played in the victorious Dragons team that won the 1988 Panasonic Cup.
Warren Ryan, however, thought Wynn still had something left in him and he won a first-grade berth with the Western Suburbs Magpies in 1991 and played solidly. Graeme won a new contract at the age of thirty-two, and was again a member of the Magpies semi-finals team, but was used mainly as a reserve and retired at the end of 1992.
References
Sources
1959 births
Australian rugby league players
St. George Dragons players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
Australia national rugby league team players
Western Suburbs Magpies players
Western Suburbs Rosellas players
Country New South Wales rugby league team players
City New South Wales rugby league team players
Living people
Rugby league second-rows |
4004150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%20Wasgatt%20Clark | Davis Wasgatt Clark | Davis Wasgatt Clark (25 February 1812 – May 23, 1871) was an American Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1864; the first President of the Freedman's Aid Society; and the namesake of Clark Atlanta University, an HBCU.
Birth and early life
Clark was born on Mount Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine. He was a grandson of Davis Wasgatt, a soldier of the American Revolutionary War. Influenced by the family altar, at the age of 16 he joined the first Methodist Class formed by the Rev. David Stimson on Mount Desert Island.
Education
Clark graduated from Kents Hill School in 1833. He then graduated from Wesleyan University of Connecticut in 1836.
Ordained ministry
After some years of teaching at Amenia Seminary in New York, Clark joined the Traveling Ministry of the New York Annual Conference in 1843. He served as pastor, educator and editor, including time spent as the editor of the Ladies' Repository, a Methodist Episcopal women's magazine. This appointment was spent in Cincinnati.
Episcopal ministry
Clark was elected a bishop in 1864. In 1866 he was called upon to serve as a mediator to reunite the northern and southern branches of the M.E. Church. He also played an important role in healing the spiritual wounds created by the American Civil War.
He was the first president of the Freedman's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Clark College, founded in 1869, was named in his honor. In 1877, the school was chartered as Clark University and its first degree was conferred in 1880. The school was relocated in 1833. In 1988, the school merged with Atlanta University, thus becoming Clark Atlanta University.
Bishop Clark became one of the most popular and best known Methodist leaders during the post-Civil War years.
He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 23, 1871. At the time of his death, he was one of the country's leading religious personalities.
Books
Elements of Algebra: Embracing Also the Theory and Application of Logarithms. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1846.
Man All Immortal; or, The Nature and Destination of Man as Taught by Reason and Revelation. Cincinnati: Poe & Hitchcock, 1864.
Mental Discipline: With Reference to the Acquisition and Communication of Knowledge. New York: Lane & Tippett, 1847.
Sermons for the College. Akers, 1851.
Note: Many other works which were edited by Rev. Clark are currently available at Google Books.
Notes
References
Some Kents Hill School Notables
See also
Clark Atlanta University
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
1812 births
1871 deaths
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
People from Mount Desert Island
Wesleyan University alumni
Editors of Christian publications
People of the Reconstruction Era
American magazine editors
American sermon writers
Religious leaders from Cincinnati
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century male writers
19th-century Methodists
19th-century American clergy |
4004167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Wylie | Mike Wylie | Mike Wylie (born in Penrith, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played one first grade match for the Penrith Panthers in the 1968 New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition.
Wylie is Panther number 42.
Sources
Whiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Rugby league players from Sydney
Australian rugby league players
Penrith Panthers players |
4004169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontornithes | Odontornithes | Odontornithes is an obsolete and disused taxonomic term proposed by Othniel Charles Marsh for birds possessing teeth, notably the genera Hesperornis and Ichthyornis from the Cretaceous deposits of Kansas.
In 1875 Marsh divided this "subclass" into Odontolcae, with the teeth standing in grooves, and Odontotormae, with the teeth in separate alveoles or sockets. In his 1880 work, Odontornithes: A monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America, he added the Saururae, represented by Archaeopteryx, as a third order.
The resulting classification was paraphyletic, not accurately resolving evolutionary relationships, and so it has been abandoned by most modern scientists, though at least one 21st century paper re-used the concept under the older name Odontoholomorphae (first coined by Stejneger, 1885).
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire stated in 1821 that he had found a considerable number of tooth buds in the upper and lower jaws of the Palaeornis torquatus (rose-ringed parakeet). Émile Blanchard felt justified in recognizing flakes of dentine. However, M. Braun and especially P. Fraisse showed later that the structures in question are of the same kind as the well-known serrated "teeth" of the bill of anserine birds. In fact the papillae observed in the embryonic birds are the soft cutaneous extensions into the surrounding horny sheath of the bill, comparable to the well-known nutritive papillae in a horse's hoof. They are easily exposed in the well-macerated under jaw of a parrot, after removal of the horny sheath. Occasionally calcification occurs in or around these papillae, as it does regularly in the egg tooth of the embryos of all birds.
The best known of the "Odontornithes" are Hesperornis regalis, standing about 3 ft. high, the somewhat taller H. crassipes, and Ichthyornis dispar. Hesperornis looked somewhat similar to a loon, while Ichthyornis was quite similar to a gull or petrel. However, they were entirely distinct groups of birds and merely shared with modern birds some distant ancestry in the Early Cretaceous. The Hesperornis lineage may have derived even sooner or possibly independently from the ancestors of modern birds.
References
(1880): Odontornithes, a Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Vertebrate paleozoology
Obsolete bird taxa
Vertebrate subclasses
Birds by classification
Paraphyletic groups |
4004177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouseburn | Ouseburn | The Ouseburn is a small river in Newcastle upon Tyne, England that flows through the city of Newcastle upon Tyne into the River Tyne. It gives its name to the Ouseburn Valley and the Ouseburn electoral ward for Newcastle City Council elections.
The Ouseburn has its source at Callerton in the north of the city near Newcastle Airport. It then flows through the Kingston Park area of the city, Newcastle Great Park, Gosforth Park and Whitebridge Park. The Ouseburn then continues through Paddy Freeman's Park in South Gosforth and into Jesmond Dene, Armstrong Park and Heaton Park, where it marks the boundary between Heaton and Sandyford. The river then flows through a culvert before re-emerging under Ouseburn railway viaduct, whence it flows past the City Farm, Seven Stories and the Toffee Factory and meets the River Tyne.
The river was previously tidal from the Viaduct, revealing dark mud at low tide. However, since 2009 a tidal barrage at the river mouth retains high water in the Ouseburn at low tide, with the objective of providing a more pleasant environment alongside its banks at low tide, thus promoting development. Despite the expense of its construction, the Ouseburn barrage has had operational problems and was left open for a length of time while they were corrected.
The lower Ouseburn Valley, whilst heavily industrialised in the past, serves as a hub for the arts and creative industries, and has a lively pub scene, noted for live music and real ale.
In Roman times the lower Ouseburn Valley was crossed by Hadrian's Wall, but there are now no visible traces to be seen. On the eastern side of the valley, at the eastern end of a new block of flats, there is an information board with an artist's impression of the Wall crossing the valley. This section of the Wall was the later extension from the Roman fort of Pons Aelius (Newcastle) to that of Segedunum (Wallsend). This newer section of the Wall was not backed by the Vallum ditch, because the River Tyne rendered it superfluous.
See also
Ouseburn Valley
List of rivers of England
References
External links
Newcastle Council Ward Info: Ouseburn
Ouseburn Trust
Ouseburn Guide
Victoria Tunnel
Geography of Newcastle upon Tyne
Districts of Newcastle upon Tyne
Wards of Newcastle upon Tyne
Rivers of Tyne and Wear |
4004203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Bay%20High%20School | East Bay High School | East Bay High School is a public high school in Gibsonton, Florida. It was chartered in 1957 on Big Bend Road in Gibsonton. The school's current facility was established in 1972 on a new campus adjacent to the east of the old one. Its former campus is now the campus of Eisenhower Middle School.
Demographics
East Bay HS is 34.4% Hispanic, 28.8% White, 26.9% Black, 2.6% Asian, 0.2% Native American, and 7.0% multiracial.
References
External links
East Bay High School website
High schools in Hillsborough County, Florida
Public high schools in Florida
1957 establishments in Florida
Educational institutions established in 1957 |
4004205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korneuburg | Korneuburg | Korneuburg () is a town in Austria. It is located in the state Lower Austria and is the administrative center of the district of Korneuburg. Korneuburg is situated on the left bank of the Danube, opposite the city of Klosterneuburg, and is 12 km northwest of Vienna. It covers an area of 9.71 square km and, , there were 11,032 inhabitants.
Korneuburg was originally a bank settlement associated with Klosterneuburg under the name Nivenburg. It was first mentioned in 1136, and in 1298 received the right to formal separation from Klosterneuburg.
In 1938, the shipyard Korneuburg was integrated into the Hermann-Göring-Werke, and significantly enlarged. In 1941, 16 barracks for Germans, forced laborers and prisoners of war were added. In 1945, the Red Army captured the shipyard.
Military campaigns involving the city include the Battle of Vienna, the Thirty Years' War, the French Revolutionary Wars, and the Oil Campaign of World War II.
The Korneuburg Shipyard is now the site of a branch of the Museum of Military History, Vienna comprising two patrol boats, Niederösterreich and Oberst Brecht. These were the Austrian Army's last patrol ships on the Danube, and the successors of the KuK Kriegsmarine.
Population development
1900: 8,292
1939: 9,893
1971: 9,023
2012: 12,267
People
Johann Georg Lickl (1769–1843), Austrian composer
(1827–1888), civil engineer
Max Burckhard (1854–1912), director of the k.k. Hofburg Theater (Viennese Burgtheater)
Nikolaus "Nico" (Josef Michael) Dostal (1895–1981), Austrian Operetta and film music composer
Viktor Matejka (1901–1993), Austrian writer, politician
Kurt Binder (born 1944), Austrian physicist
Helmuth Lehner (born 1968), singer and guitarist of the blackened death metal band Belphegor
Mario Majstorović (born 1977), footballer
References
External links
KO2100 Korneuburg Community
Website
Revisiting the Transit Camp at Korneuburg after 58 Years
Cities and towns in Korneuburg District
Populated places on the Danube
Oil campaign of World War II |
4004214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeotherium | Palaeotherium | Palaeotherium (Ancient Greek for 'old beast') is an extinct genus of perissodactyl ungulate known from the Mid Eocene to earliest Oligocene of Europe. First described by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1804, Palaeotherium was among the first Paleogene mammals to be described.
Taxonomy
Palaeotherium belongs to the family Palaeotheriidae, a group proposed to consist of two subfamilies, the Palaeotheriinae representing Palaeotherium and the Plagiolophinae containing the closely related Plagiolophus. Although at times proposed to be ancestral to modern horses the palaeotheres are now considered a sister taxon to the Equidae, and not part of the same lineage.
The species and subspecies referable to Palaeotherium are a subject of debate, due in part to the diversity of species within the genus. Species and subspecies are mainly assigned based on dental and cranial characteristics.
Description
Palaeotherium was a diverse genus of herbivorous perissodactyl exhibiting a wide range of sizes from the large horse-sized Palaeotherium magnum at over 1.45m tall at the shoulder to diminutive species such as Palaeotherium minus. The average species of Palaeotherium stood at c.75 cm (2 ft 6 in) tall at the shoulder.
Post-cranially Palaeotherium was relatively robust with long legs and three-toed fore and hindfeet. The forelimbs were proportionally longer than the hindlimbs. Elongated but robust tarsal and carpal bones indicate a cursorial locomotion for the genus. The cervical vertebra are also elongate, and particularly so in P. magnum, giving Palaeotherium a relatively long neck.
Palaeotherium exhibits a selenolophodont dentition, with high crowned cheek teeth. The genus shows a trend for increasingly molariform premolars, beginning with early species such as P. medium and developing further in P. muehlbergi and P. magnum.
Palaeotherium possessed a skull with a vaguely similar shape to that of a horse, although the skull was much shorter with the orbits in a more anterior position. This is partly due to the greater development of the temporal muscles, which required longer temporal pits.
Georges Cuvier originally described Palaeotherium as a kind of tapir, and as such, Palaeotherium was popularly reconstructed as a tapir-like animal. 19th and 20th century reconstructions, most famously those at Crystal Palace Park, depicted Palaeotherium with a short trunk like that seen in tapirs. Reconstructions of this nature are now considered erroneous with Palaeotherium exhibiting a suite of distinct skeletal characteristics to Tapirs, such as more elongated legs, relatively long upright necks, and longer forelimbs than hindlimbs. Furthermore, although the nasal bones are set back, there is no specialization of the nasal area for proboscis like that observed in tapirs. A closer post-cranial would be the okapi.
Palaeontology
Fossils of Palaeotherium have been found across Europe in Middle Eocene-early Oligocene strata in France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Greece.
Palaeotherium magnum the type species of the genus was first described based on fossils from the Gypsum of Montmartre and the Buttes Chaumont in Paris, since then fossils have been collected at a variety of sites across France including the Phosphorites du Quercy, La Debruge, Aubrelong and Escamps.
In the United Kingdom Palaeotherium material has been found in the Hampshire Basin, occurring alongside the closely related palaeothere Plagiolophus. Isolated teeth, bones and rare articulated material of P. magnum, P. medium, P. curtum and P. muehlbergi have been regularly collected from the Priabonian to Rupelian coastal plain sediments of the Solent Group, exposed along the northern coastline of the Isle of Wight and at Hordle Cliff in Hampshire. Rarer and slightly older material dating to the Bartonian has also been collected from the lacustrine Creechbarrow Limestone in Dorset, and in the shallow marine sediments of the Barton Group at Barton Cliff and Elmore in Hampshire.
In 2010 a reassessment of perissodactyl post cranial material collected in the mid-19th century from Balouk Keui in Thrace revealed the bones to belong to a Palaeothere. The bones were attributed to Palaeotherium sp., cf. P. Magnum. The discovery of Palaeotherium fossils at Balouk Keui constitutes the easternmost record of the genus and greatly extends the known biogeographical range of Palaeotherium, previously considered to be limited to western Europe.
Paleobiology
Palaeotherium was a relatively large herbivore for Late Eocene Europe. Proportionally longer forelimbs, an elongated neck (especially evident in P. magnum), and high crowned teeth suggest Palaeotherium is likely to have been a browser, with a diet of soft fruit and leaves taken from low hanging vegetation and ground level. The largest species P. magnum may have been capable of browsing at heights of up to 2m. These browsing adaptions indicate Palaeotherium may have had a preference for wooded or at least semi-wooded habitats.
Palaeotherium became extinct during the Grande Coupure c.33.6 million years ago, an important faunal turnover event in the early Oligocene that saw the extinction of many of the mammal groups that typify Late Eocene Europe. As climatic conditions cooled and dried at the onset of the Oligocene immigrant taxa from Asia dispersed into Europe, including anthracotheres, entelodonts, and rhinocerotids. These groups may have been better adapted to the changed climatic conditions and rapidly replaced most of the components of the Late Eocene faunas. The ecological niches left vacant by the extinction of the Palaeotheres were likely assumed by rhinocerotids such as Ronzotherium.
The facies represented in the Solent Group of the Hampshire Basin indicate Palaeotherium was residing on a low-lying coastal floodplain, with areas of seasonally inundated wetlands and lakes, with floodplain forests.
References
External links
Eocene odd-toed ungulates
Eocene genus extinctions
Eocene mammals of Europe
Fossil taxa described in 1804
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier |
4004215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20binary%20search | Uniform binary search | Uniform binary search is an optimization of the classic binary search algorithm invented by Donald Knuth and given in Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming. It uses a lookup table to update a single array index, rather than taking the midpoint of an upper and a lower bound on each iteration; therefore, it is optimized for architectures (such as Knuth's MIX) on which
a table lookup is generally faster than an addition and a shift, and
many searches will be performed on the same array, or on several arrays of the same length
C implementation
The uniform binary search algorithm looks like this, when implemented in C.
#define LOG_N 4
static int delta[LOG_N];
void make_delta(int N)
{
int power = 1;
int i = 0;
do {
int half = power;
power <<= 1;
delta[i] = (N + half) / power;
} while (delta[i++] != 0);
}
int unisearch(int *a, int key)
{
int i = delta[0] - 1; /* midpoint of array */
int d = 0;
while (1) {
if (key == a[i]) {
return i;
} else if (delta[d] == 0) {
return -1;
} else {
if (key < a[i]) {
i -= delta[++d];
} else {
i += delta[++d];
}
}
}
}
/* Example of use: */
#define N 10
int main(void)
{
int a[N] = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 17, 19};
make_delta(N);
for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i)
printf("%d is at index %d\n", i, unisearch(a, i));
return 0;
}
References
Knuth. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3. Page 412, Algorithm C.
External links
An implementation of Knuth's algorithm in Pascal, by Han de Bruijn
An implementation of Knuth's algorithm in Go, by Adrianus Warmenhoven
Search algorithms
Articles with example C code |
4004223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Wyer | Russell Wyer | Russell Wyer is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s for the Western Suburbs Magpies, Newcastle Knights and the Parramatta Eels in the National Rugby League competition.
Playing career
Wyer made his first grade debut for Western Suburbs in 1990 at the age of 18 scoring 2 tries in his first game against Penrith.
After 4 years at Wests, Wyer joined Newcastle in 1994 and finished top try scorer at the club. In 1995, Wyer joined Parramatta and in 1997 played in both finals matches for the club, this was the first time since 1986 that Parramatta had qualified for the finals.
Wyer's final match in first grade was the 1997 elimination final loss against North Sydney.
Sources
Whiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney
References
Australian rugby league players
Newcastle Knights players
Parramatta Eels players
Living people
1972 births
Rugby league players from Sydney
Western Suburbs Magpies players |
4004224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20McCormack%20%28American%20football%29 | Mike McCormack (American football) | Michael Joseph McCormack Jr. (June 21, 1930 – November 15, 2013) was an American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He played with the Cleveland Browns from 1954 through 1962 and served as head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles, Baltimore Colts, and Seattle Seahawks. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1984.
Playing career
McCormack played college football at University of Kansas and assumed that he would take up a career as a high school coach. He was selected by the New York Yanks in the 1951 NFL Draft, but had to wait until the third round before being taken. After the 1951 season concluded, he was conscripted into the U.S. Army and served in the Korean War. While he was away, the Yanks moved to Dallas and became the Texans, which folded after just one season.
McCormack came home in 1954 to find that his team had ceased to exist, so he became a free agent and was immediately signed by the Baltimore Colts, a new franchise created the previous year to replace the defunct Yanks/Texans. Cleveland Browns founder Paul Brown had not forgotten seeing McCormack play in his rookie season three years earlier and was sufficiently impressed that he decided to add him to the roster in a trade exchange with Baltimore. In his first season with the team in 1954, he played on the defensive line, and famously grabbed the ball out of Lions QB Bobby Layne's hands (in what the referees ruled as a fumble recovery) in the 1954 NFL Championship game against the Detroit Lions, helping set up an important early touchdown.
The following season, he was shifted to offensive tackle and helped the Browns once again capture the NFL title. He played a key role in helping legendary running back Jim Brown become one of the dominant players in the game, ending his career with six selections to the Pro Bowl.
Paul Brown, legendary Cleveland Browns founder, owner, and coach, stated in his 1979 memoir, PB: The Paul Brown Story, "I consider (Mike) McCormack the finest offensive tackle who ever played pro football." Also, according to Paul Zimmerman's 1984 book, The New Thinking Man's Guide to Pro Football, Brown also stated that McCormack was the best offensive lineman he ever coached. The book states that McCormack "[c]ould handle the Colts' Gino Marchetti better than any tackle in the game. Power combined with great intelligence and 4.8 speed. 'I've seen him have games,' former player and NFL executive Bucko Kilroy says, 'where if you were grading him, he'd score 100. Not one mistake, and his guy would never make a tackle.'"
Coaching career
McCormack retired from playing in 1962 and began coaching with the first of four consecutive stints as an assistant in the annual College All-Star Game. In 1965, he was hired as an assistant coach with the Washington Redskins, spending the next eight seasons working under four different head coaches, including former teammate Otto Graham from 1966–1968.
McCormack was hired to replace Ed Khayat as head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles on January 17, 1973. He inherited a team that ended 1972 in the NFC East cellar at 2–11–1 and hadn't had a winning campaign since 1966. Three seasons and a 16–25–1 record later, he was dismissed on December 22, 1975, following a 4–10 last-place finish.
After four years as offensive line coach with the Cincinnati Bengals from 1976 through 1979, he was selected over Frank Kush and George Welsh to succeed Ted Marchibroda as head coach of the Baltimore Colts on January 17, 1980. The ballclub finished in last place at 5–11 in each of the two seasons prior to McCormack's arrival. When the Colts fell from 7–9 in 1980 to 2–14 the following year, he was fired on December 21, 1981, and replaced by Kush the next day. As McCormack put it, "I wanted to be like my mentor, Paul Brown. He was a great teacher and I tried to do the same but unfortunately I always let my emotions carry me away."
Administrative career
In 1982, McCormack joined the Seattle Seahawks, eventually becoming president and general manager. That year, the Seahawks lost their first two games, then a 57-day players strike ensued. During the hiatus, seventh-year head coach Jack Patera was fired in mid-October and McCormack took over as interim head coach. He led them to a 4–3 record, the only time he compiled a winning record as an NFL head coach, but Seattle did not qualify for the 16-team postseason. McCormack then returned to his management position when the Seahawks hired Chuck Knox as their new head coach in 1983 and declined all further offers to become a head coach.
In late January 1989, he was abruptly fired by the new Seahawks owner, Ken Behring, who explained the decision was necessary in order to make changes in the financial operations of the team. Later that year, McCormack became a consultant for Jerry Richardson and his ownership group that were seeking to land an NFL expansion team in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1993, he was hired by the newly-formed Carolina Panthers as their team president and general manager, and their inaugural season was in 1995. He retired from the Panthers organization in 1997, which erected a monument in their stadium honoring him.
Death
At age 83 in 2013, McCormack died of heart failure in Palm Desert, California.
See also
List of American Football League players
References
External links
1930 births
2013 deaths
American football offensive tackles
Baltimore Colts head coaches
Carolina Panthers executives
Cincinnati Bengals coaches
Cleveland Browns players
Kansas Jayhawks football players
New York Yanks players
Philadelphia Eagles head coaches
Players of American football from Chicago
Seattle Seahawks head coaches
Washington Redskins coaches
National Football League general managers
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
Sportspeople from Chicago |
4004231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecora | Pecora | Pecora is an infraorder of even-toed hoofed mammals with ruminant digestion. Most members of Pecora have cranial appendages projecting from their frontal bones; only two extant genera lack them, Hydropotes and Moschus. The name “Pecora” comes from the Latin word pecus, which means “horned livestock”. Although most pecorans have cranial appendages, only some of these are properly called “horns”, and many scientists agree that these appendages did not arise from a common ancestor, but instead evolved independently on at least two occasions. Likewise, while Pecora as a group is supported by both molecular and morphological studies, morphological support for interrelationships between pecoran families is disputed.
Evolutionary history
The first fossil ruminants appeared in the Early Eocene and were small, likely omnivorous, forest-dwellers. Artiodactyls with cranial appendages first occur in the early Miocene. The appearance of Pecora during the Miocene suggests that its rapid diversification may correspond to the climate change events of that epoch.
Taxonomy and Classification
Pecora is an infraorder within the larger suborder Ruminantia, and is the sister clade to the infraorder Tragulina (of which Tragulidae is the only surviving family).
Pecora's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram:
Current attempts to determine the relationships among pecoran families (as well as all artiodactyls) rely on molecular studies, as little consensus exists in morphological studies. Different families within Pecora are recognized as valid by different groups of scientists.and sources therein, pp. 4–5
Until the beginning of the 21st century it was understood that the family Moschidae (musk deer) was sister to Cervidae. However, a 2003 phylogenetic study by Alexandre Hassanin (of National Museum of Natural History, France) and colleagues, based on mitochondrial and nuclear analyses, revealed that Moschidae and Bovidae form a clade sister to Cervidae. According to the study, Cervidae diverged from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago. The following cladogram is based on the 2003 study.
Infraorder Pecora ("horned ruminants", "higher ruminants")
Family †Gelocidae
Family †Palaeomerycidae
Family Cervidae (deer)
Family Moschidae (musk deer)
Family Bovidae (cattle, goats, sheep, and antelopes)
Superfamily Giraffoidea
Family Antilocapridae (pronghorn)
Family Giraffidae (giraffe, okapi)
Family †Climacoceratidae
Anatomy
Pecorans share characteristics with other artiodactyls, including a four-chambered stomach, and a paraxonic foot, meaning that it supports weight on the third and fourth digits. Several characteristics distinguish Pecora from its sister taxon, Tragulina: an astragalus with parallel sides, a loss of the trapezium, and differences in parts of the skull such as the petrosal bone.
The distinguishing features of most pecoran families are cranial appendages. Most modern pecorans (with the exception of the Moschidae) have one of four types of cranial appendages: horns, antlers, ossicones, or pronghorns.
True horns have a bone core that is covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. They are indicative of Bovidae. Horns develop in the periosteum over the frontal bone, and can be curved or straight. Surface features on the keratin sheath (e.g., ridges or twists) are thought to be caused by differential rates of growth around the bone core.
Antlers are bony structures that are shed and replaced each year in members of the family Cervidae. They grow from a permanent outgrowth of the frontal bone called the pedicle. Antlers can be branched, as in the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), or palmate, as in the moose (Alces alces).
Ossicones are permanent bone structures that fuse to the frontal or parietal bones during the lifetime of an animal. They are found only in the Giraffidae and closely related extinct clades, represented in modern animals by the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and the okapi (Okapia johnstoni).
Pronghorns are similar to horns in that they have keratinous sheaths covering permanent bone cores; however, these sheaths are deciduous and can be shed like antlers. Very little is known about the development of pronghorns, but they are generally presumed to have evolved independently. The only extant animal with pronghorns is the pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana).
References
External links
Ruminants
Extant Burdigalian first appearances |
4004242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nooksack%20Valley%20School%20District | Nooksack Valley School District | The Nooksack Valley School District in Whatcom County, Washington, U.S. is a school district named after the Nooksack River. It has five schools and some 1,870 students as of 2006. The district includes one high school, one middle school, and three elementary schools.
High school
Nooksack Valley High School is located just north of Nooksack at the junction of State Route 9 and State Route 546. Nooksack Valley High School (NVHS) enrolls students in ninth through twelfth grades. Upon successful completion of the twelfth grade, students graduate and may participate in a graduation ceremony. Students must complete required courses and pass the tenth grade Washington Assessment of Student Learning (WASL) tests to graduate. Core classes focus on English literature and composition, math, science, and social sciences. Classes are also offered in art, health, music, physical education, technology, world languages, and vocational education. College preparatory and Advanced Placement courses are available. Academically qualified students may take college courses at Whatcom Community College or Bellingham Technical College through the Running Start program. Extracurricular offerings include clubs, social activities, competitions, and sports. NVHS competes in numerous sports through the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association (WIAA). NVHS is a WIAA Division A (single A) school.
Middle school
Nooksack Valley Middle School is located on State Route 544 (W. Columbia Street) in Nooksack. The school opened as a middle school in 1998 after conversion from an elementary school. As a middle school, it enrolls students in sixth through eighth grades. Classes focus on English literature and composition, math, science, and social sciences. Additional courses include music, fine arts, health, and physical education. Extracurricular offerings include field trips, social events, academic competitions, and sports.
Elementary schools
Everson Elementary School is located on State Route 544 (Everson-Goshen Road) in Everson. Everson Elementary opened in 1993. The school enrolls students in kindergarten through fifth grade. It also offers a preschool as part of the Head Start program. Breakfast and lunch are served daily.
Nooksack Elementary School is located on Breckenridge Road in Nooksack. Breckenridge Creek borders this school campus. Nooksack Elementary opened in 1998. The school enrolls students in kindergarten through fifth Grade. A preschool is available for eligible children; it is part of the Head Start program. Breakfast and lunch are served daily.
Sumas Elementary School is located on Lawson Street in Sumas. The school opened in 1975 and currently enrolls students in kindergarten through fifth grade. The school has early childhood programs for birth to age three and preschool. The birth to three program serves children with disabilities and children eligible for Early Head Start. The preschool provides Head Start services to eligible children. Breakfast and lunch are served daily.
References
External links
Nooksack Valley School District (official site)
Great Schools.net: Nooksack Valley Schools
Nooksack
Nooksack, Washington
School districts in Washington (state)
Education in Whatcom County, Washington |
4004252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20vanden%20Heuvel | William vanden Heuvel | William Jacobus vanden Heuvel (April 14, 1930 – June 15, 2021) was an American attorney, businessman, author and diplomat of Belgian descent. He was known for advising Robert F. Kennedy during the latter's campaigns for Senate in 1964 and President in 1968. Vanden Heuvel established the Roosevelt Institute in 1987. He was the father of longtime editor of The Nation magazine Katrina vanden Heuvel and Wendy vanden Heuvel, children from his marriage to author-editor Jean Stein, the daughter of MCA founder Jules C. Stein.
Early life and education
Vanden Heuvel was born in Rochester, New York, on April 14, 1930. His father, Joost, immigrated to the United States from the Netherlands and worked at an R.T. French Company factory; his mother, Alberta (Demunter), immigrated from Belgium. He attended public schools in New York. He attended Deep Springs College (Deep Springs does not "graduate" attendees) and graduated from Cornell University, where he was a member of the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association. While a student at Cornell Law School, he was editor-in-chief of the Cornell Law Review, served as president of the Young Democrats and Debate Club, and was elected to the Tompkins County Board of Commissioners. He was admitted to the New York Bar in 1952, and then joined the law firm of Donovan, Leisure, Newton & Irvine as an associate.
Career
An early protégé of Office of Strategic Services founder William J. Donovan, vanden Heuvel served at the U.S. embassy (1953–1954) in Bangkok, Thailand, as Donovan's executive assistant during his ambassadorship. In 1958, vanden Heuvel served as special counsel to New York State Governor W. Averell Harriman.
Vanden Heuvel became U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy's assistant in 1962, and was involved in Kennedy's 1964 and 1968 political campaigns. As special assistant to Attorney General Kennedy, vanden Heuvel played the key role in court, orchestrating the desegregation of the Prince Edward County school system, which expanded the scope of the landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education.
In 1965, vanden Heuvel joined Stroock & Stroock & Lavan as senior partner, where he practiced international and corporate law. In the 1970s, vanden Heuvel, as Chairman of the New York City Board of Corrections, led a campaign to investigate conditions in the city's prison system. He subsequently served as U.S. Ambassador to the European office of the United Nations in Geneva (1977–79) and United States Deputy Ambassador to the United Nations (1979–1981) during the Carter administration.
Vanden Heuvel founded the Roosevelt Institute in 1987 and served as its chairman until the early 2000s. He was a Senior Advisor to the investment banking firm Allen & Company starting in 1984. He also served as Chairman of the American Austrian Foundation. He acted as co-chairman of the Council of American Ambassadors, and was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He was a Governor and former Chairman of the United Nations Association of the United States of America, and wrote extensively on the United Nations and American foreign policy. He was also a member of Collegium International, an organization of leaders with political, scientific, and ethical expertise whose goal is to provide new approaches in overcoming the obstacles in the way of a peaceful, socially just and an economically sustainable world.
Political campaigns
In 1960, vanden Heuvel ran as a Democrat for New York's 17th congressional district against incumbent Republican John Lindsay. The 17th district was strongly identified with the Upper East Side of Manhattan, which has been often referred to as the "Silk Stocking" district. Lindsay handily won the highly contested race by 80,000 votes to vanden Heuvel's 54,000.
In June 1973, vanden Heuvel challenged Frank Hogan in the Democratic primary for the position of Manhattan District Attorney. Hogan had served for 32 years in the position and easily won the primary, assuring Hogan victory in the general election in November, with the support of all the political parties.
Personal life
Vanden Heuvel married his first wife, Jean Stein, in 1958. Together, they had two children: Katrina and Wendy. They divorced in 1969. A decade later, he married Melinda Fuller Pierce. They remained married until his death. Vanden Heuvel died on June 15, 2021, at his home in Manhattan. He was 91, and suffered from complications of pneumonia prior to his death.
Books
William vanden Heuvel, editor. The Future of Freedom in Russia, Templeton Foundation Press (2000), .
William vanden Heuvel, with Milton S. Gwirtzman. On His Own: Robert F. Kennedy, 1964–1968, Doubleday (1970), .
William vanden Heuvel. Hope and History: A Memoir of Tumultuous Times, Cornell University Press (2019), .
References
External links
The Roosevelt Institute.
History News Network, debating FDR and World War II.
FERI, "America, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust," speech (1996).
Oral history interview with William J. vanden Heuvel, 2011, part of Justice in New York, in the Lloyd Sealy Library Digital Collections, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
1930 births
2021 deaths
Writers from Rochester, New York
New York (state) Democrats
County legislators in New York (state)
Ambassadors of the United States
Cornell Law School alumni
Deep Springs College alumni
American people of Dutch descent
American people of Belgian descent
New York (state) lawyers
Stein family (MCA) |
4004268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Wurth | Matthew Wurth | Matthew Wurth (1960-2021) was an Australian former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s. He played for the North Sydney Bears in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition.
Wurth was born in Sydney, New South Wales and attended St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill. He played in the school's champion first XVs of 1976, 1977 & 1978 and represented at the GPS and State schoolboy level in his senior year and the two years prior. He joined the Western Suburbs Magpies in 1980 but made no first grade appearances for that club. He played 6 reserve grade and 27 U/23 matches at Wests. He then joined the North Sydney Bears, making his first grade debut in 1983. He played eleven first grade matches for the Bears between 1983 and 1985.
The Wests Magpies and the North Sydney Bears clubs both posted obituary messages on their social media pages announcing Wurth's death on 8 September 2021. He had been battling cancer.
Sources
Whiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney
St Joseph's College Annual Magazine (December 1978)
References
1960 births
2021 deaths
Australian rugby union players
Australian rugby league players
North Sydney Bears players
Rugby league locks
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Rugby league players from Sydney
People educated at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill |
4004315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milograd%20culture | Milograd culture | The Milograd culture (also spelled Mylohrad, also known as Pidhirtsi culture on Ukrainian territory) is an archaeological culture, lasting from about the 7th century BC to the 1st century AD. Geographically, it corresponds to present day southern Belarus and northern Ukraine, in the area of the confluence of the Dnieper and the Pripyat, north of Kyiv. Their ethnic origin is uncertain, but likely to be Early Slavic
The town of Milograd, after which the culture is named, is located in the Homiel Province of the Belarus republic.
See also
Middle Dnieper culture
Pomeranian culture
Zarubintsy culture
Przeworsk culture (Middle and Upper Vistula with Rightbank Oder)
Chernoles culture (Pripyat' basin, Middle Dnieper and part of Upper Dnieper)
References
External links
Scythians/Sacae by Jona Lendering
Archaeological cultures of Eastern Europe
Iron Age cultures of Europe
Baltic archaeological cultures
Slavic archaeological cultures
Archaeological cultures in Belarus
Archaeological cultures in Ukraine |
4004324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westonbirt%20%28disambiguation%29 | Westonbirt (disambiguation) | Westonbirt may refer to the following places in Gloucestershire, England:
Westonbirt (village), a village in the parish of Westonbirt with Lasborough
Westonbirt House, a country house
Westonbirt School, which now occupies the house
Westonbirt Arboretum |
4004326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUG | GUG | GUG, an abbreviation for "Generic UTC Greeting". (See List of Internet slang)
GUG, a codon for the amino acid valine
GuG, Groupe Utilisateur Garneau
Gugs, fictional giant creatures in the Dreamlands, a fictional world part of H. P. Lovecraft's Dream Cycle.
Gugulethu, nicknamed Gugs, South African township
The Times Good University Guide, information and league tables on British universities
gay until graduation, a variant of lesbian until graduation |
4004332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Ornstein | Norman Ornstein | Norman Jay Ornstein (; born October 14, 1948) is an American political scientist and an Emeritus scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a Washington, D.C. conservative think tank. He is the co-author (along with Thomas E. Mann) of It's Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided With the New Politics of Extremism.
Biography
Norman Jay Ornstein was born in Grand Rapids, Minnesota on October 14, 1948. His father was a traveling salesman, and the family spent much of Norman's childhood in Canada. He was a child prodigy, graduated from high school when he was fourteen and from college when he was eighteen. He received his BA from the University of Minnesota, and subsequently, received a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Michigan in 1974. By the mid-1970s, he had become a professor of political science at Catholic University in Washington, D.C. and was establishing a reputation as an expert on the United States Congress.
Ornstein studies American politics and is a frequent contributor to The Washington Post and many magazines, such as The Atlantic and the National Journal. He wrote a weekly column for Roll Call from 1993 until April 10, 2013, and was co-director, along with Thomas E. Mann, of the AEI-Brookings Election Reform Project. He helped draft key parts of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, also known as the McCain-Feingold Act. Ornstein is a registered Democrat, but considers himself a centrist, and has voted for individuals from both parties.
Ornstein is a member of the advisory board of the Future of American Democracy Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan foundation in partnership with Yale University Press and the Yale Center for International and Area Studies "dedicated to research and education aimed at renewing and sustaining the historic vision of American democracy". He also served on the advisory board of the Institute for Law and Politics at the University of Minnesota Law School. Ornstein is also a member of the board of directors of the nonpartisan election reform group Why Tuesday?. He is on the advisory council of the cross-partisan grassroots campaign Represent.Us, where he served as a consultant in the crafting of the American Anti-Corruption Act.
Foreign Policy named Ornstein, along with Thomas E. Mann, one of its 2012 Top 100 Global Thinkers "for diagnosing America's political dysfunction".
As of 2013, Ornstein has become known for "blistering critiques of Congress", which he has been following for the past three decades.
Ornstein supports legal recognition of same-sex marriages.
He opposed President Donald Trump. He also criticized the Electoral College, saying that the more presidents are elected without the popular vote, "the more you get the sense that voters don’t have a say in the choice of their leaders".
Personal
Ornstein is married to Judith L. Harris, a litigation attorney specializing in regulatory matters. He is a long-time friend of former U.S. Senator and comedian Al Franken. A fictional version of Ornstein appears in Franken's political spoof novel, Why Not Me?, as the campaign manager for Franken's improbable presidential run.
Ornstein and his wife, as well as their younger son Danny, established the Matthew Harris Ornstein Memorial Foundation in honor of the couple's eldest son, who died in 2015 at age 34 from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning.
Works
References
External links
AEI Scholar Website
AEI-Brookings Election Reform Project
Continuity of Government Project
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
1948 births
Living people
People from Grand Rapids, Minnesota
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
American political scientists
American people of Jewish descent
University of Minnesota alumni
Washington, D.C. Democrats |
4004335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Wurth | Gary Wurth | Gary Wurth is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s for the Canberra Raiders, Eastern Suburbs Roosters and the Newcastle Knights in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership and National Rugby League competitions. His position of choice was at .
Background
Wurth was born in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
Playing career
A wholehearted player, Wurth played 73 matches for the Roosters scoring 35 tries. Wurth scored a hat-trick of tries in Easts last match at the Sydney Sports Ground.
In 1989 the Fullback was selected in the NSW Country representative side.
References
Australian rugby league players
Living people
Country New South Wales Origin rugby league team players
Newcastle Knights players
Canberra Raiders players
Sydney Roosters players
Rugby league fullbacks
1961 births |
4004350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Railroad%20of%20New%20Jersey%20Terminal | Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal | The Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, also known as Communipaw Terminal and Jersey City Terminal, was the Central Railroad of New Jersey's waterfront passenger terminal in Jersey City, New Jersey. The terminal was built in 1889, replacing an earlier one that had been in use since 1864. It operated until April 30, 1967.
It also serviced the Central Railroad of New Jersey-operated Reading Railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the Lehigh Valley Railroad during various periods in its 78 years of operation.
The terminal was one of five passenger railroad terminals that lined the Hudson Waterfront during the 19th and 20th centuries, the others being Weehawken, Hoboken, Pavonia and Exchange Place, with Hoboken being the only station that is still in use, as of 2021.
The headhouse was renovated and incorporated into Liberty State Park. The station has been listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places since September 12, 1975. Additionally it is a New Jersey State Historic Site.
Description
Tha terminal is part of Liberty State Park, and along with nearby Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty recalls the era of massive immigration through the Port of New York and New Jersey. It is estimated that around 10.5 million entered the country through the station. The area has long been known as Communipaw, which in the Lenape language means big landing place at the side of a river. The first stop west of the station was indeed called Communipaw, and was not far from the village that had been established there in 1634 as part of the New Netherland settlement of Pavonia. The land on which the extensive yards were built was reclaimed, or filled. The terminal itself is next to the Morris Canal Big Basin, which to some degree was made obsolete by the railroads which replaced it. The long cobbled road which ends at the terminal (once called Johnston Avenue for a president of CNJ) is named Audrey Zapp Drive, after the environmentalist active in the creation of the park.
The main building is designed in a Richardsonian Romanesque style. The intermodal facility contains more than a dozen platforms and several ferry slips. Arriving passengers would walk to the railhead concourse and could either pass through its main waiting room, by-pass it on either side, and take stairs to the upper level. The ferry slips have also been restored though the structure which housed them has been removed, as have the tracks. The Bush-type trainsheds, the largest ever to be constructed and designed by A. Lincoln Bush, were not part of the original construction, but were built in 1914 and have not been restored. The abandoned shed covered 12 platforms and 20 tracks.
Service
Trackage
The terminal, along with its docks and yards, was one of several massive terminal complexes (the other being the terminals of the Pennsylvania Railroad in Exchange Place, the Erie Railroad Terminal in Pavonia, the Lackawanna Railroad Terminal in Hoboken, and the West Shore Railroad Terminal in Weehawken) that dominated the western waterfront of the New York Harbor from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century. Of the two still standing, the Hoboken Terminal (the former Lackwanna Railroad Terminal) is the only one still in use. Lines from the station headed to the southwest. Arriving at the waterfront from the points required overcoming significant natural obstacles including crossing the Hackensack River and Meadows and Hudson Palisades, and in the case of New Jersey Central, traversing the Newark Bay. For its mainline, the railroad constructed the Newark Bay Bridge to Elizabeth. Its Newark and New York Branch cut through Bergen Hill and crossed two bridges at Kearny Point. Both rights-of-way in Hudson County are now used by the Hudson Bergen Light Rail, one terminating at West Side Avenue and the other at 8th Street station in Bayonne.
Ferries and ships
The Communipaw ferry constituted the main ferry route from the terminal and was operated by four ferries that crossed the North River to Liberty Street Ferry Terminal in lower Manhattan. Additional service to 23rd Street was also operated until the CRNJ went bankrupt in 1945 and scrapped its ferry boats used on the 23rd street route in 1947. In the early 1900s the B&O Railroad requested the CRNJ operate ferries for its luxury Royal Blue service passengers to Whitehall Terminal and this was accomplished for several years until the City of New York purchased the Staten Island Ferry from the B&O's subsidiary, the Staten Island Railway, and ended the service in 1905. Until the opening of the Verrazano Narrows Bridge there was also service to Brooklyn and Staten Island Other boats, among them the and , which travelled to the Raritan Bayshore.
In 1941, the CRRNJ ferryboat fleet made 374 one-way crossings of the North River each day.
Railroad lines
Jersey Central's Blue Comet offered elaborate service to Atlantic City. The railroad's suburban trains served passengers to west and south, including the Jersey Shore. CNJ's long-distance service into Pennsylvania ran to Harrisburg, Scranton, and Mauch Chunk.
The Reading Company used the terminal for its Crusader and Wall Street trains. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), whose Royal Blue was a premier passenger train to Washington, DC, also had trains to Chicago and St. Louis.
In April 1967 the opening of the Aldene Connection led to the end of passenger service to the station and the diverting of all remaining passenger trains to Penn Station in Newark. Since then, Hoboken Terminal has served as the main commuter rail station for Jersey City as well; it straddles the Jersey City/Hoboken line.
The timetable of 27 September 1936 shows 132 weekday departures, including 25 to CNJ's Broad St. Newark station, 25 that ran south from Elizabethport (two to Chrome and the rest to the NY&LB) and 19 Reading and B&O trains that turned southwest at Bound Brook Junction. Three trains ran to Mauch Chunk and two to Harrisburg via Allentown; the other 58 trains terminated along the main line between West 8th St in Bayonne and Hampton.
Named passenger trains
Until April 1958 several long-distance trains originated at the station, and trains to Philadelphia lasted until 1967.
* With the closing of Baltimore & Ohio passenger service north of Baltimore in 1958 the Royal Blue was abandoned and the Capitol Limited, Metropolitan Special and National Limited were terminated east of Baltimore.
Post-railroad service uses
Following the Aldene Connection's opening in 1967, the terminal sat unused but maintained and guarded by the Central Railroad of New Jersey. When CNJ shops and engine facilities nearby closed in the early 1970s, the terminal sat abandoned.
A portion of the 1968 movie Funny Girl was filmed at the terminal. Numerous fairs, concerts, and other sponsored events (among them the Central Jersey Heritage Festival and the All Points West Music & Arts Festival) take place at the station and its grounds. It is a very popular place from which to view July 4 fireworks. On September 11, 2001, its parking lot was the staging area for dozens of ambulances that were mobilized to transport victims of the attack.
Ferries to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island, and Liberty Island depart daily. No public transport options exist between the terminal and Hudson Bergen Light Rail's Liberty State Park Station. In 2009 Rutgers University students proposed building a trolley line to the terminal building and other points in the park from the light rail station to improve access.
The terminal was badly damaged by flooding during Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and was reopened in 2016.
On Election Day 2020, an episode of the political program Fox & Friends was filmed in a portable studio placed outside the terminal. Promotional footage for the episode frequently features the terminal.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey
Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource (New Jersey)
Timeline of Jersey City area railroads
List of ferries across the Hudson River in New York City
List of stations on the Central Railroad of New Jersey
National Limited
Central Railroad of New Jersey Freight Station
Newark Bay, New Jersey rail accident
Newark and New York Railroad Bridge
References
External links
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1864
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1889
Railway stations closed in 1967
Buildings and structures in Jersey City, New Jersey
Former Central Railroad of New Jersey stations
Ferry terminals in New Jersey
Former railway stations in New Jersey
Hudson River
Museums in Hudson County, New Jersey
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Railroad museums in New Jersey
Richardsonian Romanesque architecture in New Jersey
Former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stations
Transit hubs serving New Jersey
Railway stations in Hudson County, New Jersey
Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Hudson County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Union stations in the United States
Ferry terminals on the National Register of Historic Places
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Railway stations serving harbours and ports |
4004351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Jeanloz | Raymond Jeanloz | Raymond Jeanloz is a professor of earth and planetary science and of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley. Educated at the California Institute of Technology, Amherst College and at Deep Springs College, he has contributed research fundamental to understanding of the composition of the Earth and the behavior of materials under high temperatures and pressures. He is working with colleagues to investigate the conditions inside supergiant exoplanets. Jeanloz is also a prominent figure in nuclear weapons policy, chairing the Committee on International Security and Arms Control at the National Academy of Sciences. He was an Annenberg Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution from 2012 to 2013. He is a co-editor of the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
Awards and honors
1984 James B. Macelwane Medal, American Geophysical Union
1988 MacArthur Foundation "genius grant."
1992 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1992 Miller Research Professor, Miller Institute, University of California Berkeley
2004 Member, National Academy of Sciences, Geology Section.
2008 Hans Bethe Award, Federation of American Scientists
2009 Leo Szilard Lectureship Award of the American Physical Society for "contributions to development of sound public policy for nuclear weapons management and nuclear non-proliferation."
2011-2016 Miller Senior Fellow, Miller Institute, University of California Berkeley
References
External links
Jeanloz's website
Academic journal editors
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
University of California, Berkeley faculty
California Institute of Technology alumni
Amherst College alumni
Deep Springs College alumni
Planetary scientists
American people of Swiss-German descent
American people of Swiss-French descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Annual Reviews (publisher) editors |
4004365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalu | Baalu | Baalu may refer to:
T R Baalu, an Indian politician
Balu Mahendra, a Tamil movie director |
4004387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion%20of%20Mary%20%28disambiguation%29 | Legion of Mary (disambiguation) | Legion of Mary can refer to several things;
Legion of Mary, a Catholic association founded in Dublin
Legio Maria, a new religious movement in Kenya
Legion of Mary (band), an American rock band
Legion of Mary: The Jerry Garcia Collection, Vol. 1, an album |
4004412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky%20dancer | Dusky dancer | The dusky dancer (Argia translata) is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae, native to eastern and southern North America.
References
External links
Argia translata photos
Argia translata at AzOdes
Coenagrionidae
Insects described in 1865 |
4004417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Neild | Robert Neild | Robert Ralph Neild (10 September 1924 – 18 December 2018) was a Professor of Economics at Cambridge University.
Robert Neild was born in Hertfordshire in 1924, and was educated at Charterhouse School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Elected a Fellow of Trinity in 1971, he has also served on the Secretariat of the UN Economic Commission for Europe and has held posts in the UK Cabinet Office, HM Treasury (its first Economic Advisor in the 1960s) and at the MIT Center for International Studies, India Project. A former Deputy Director of the National Institute for Economic and Social Research, he was in 1966 appointed as founding Director (with Alva Myrdal and then Gunnar Myrdal as chairman) of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and has held other influential posts in commerce and on advisory bodies. In that same year, he was appointed by Harold Wilson as a member of the Fulton Committee on the Civil Service.
Widely published on issues concerned with economics and peace studies, Neild was also the author of The English, The French and the Oyster. Written on his retirement and spurred by a holiday in France, this is a historical-economic exploration of relative prices of oysters in Britain and France and the political and economic origins of these. He also wrote Public Corruption: The Dark Side of Social Evolution (Anthem Press).
Among memorable quotes, Neild, rebuffing Blair’s claims about Saddam Hussein's alleged biological weapons, wrote: 'To say that the UN inspectors found "enough to have killed the world's population several times over" is equivalent to the statement that a man in his prime can produce a million sperm any day, therefore he can produce a million babies a day. The problem in both cases is that of delivery systems.'
He died on 18 December 2018 at the age of 94.
References
1924 births
2018 deaths
British economists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Fabian Society
People educated at Charterhouse School |
4004432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balu | Balu | Balu may refer to:
Places
Balu, Kaithal, an archeological site near Kaithal, Haryana, India
Balu, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Balu, West Azerbaijan, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Balū, alternate name of Parcheh Balut, a village in Iran
Balu River, Bangladesh
Balu (Lotru), a river in Romania
People
S. N. Balagangadhara (born 1952), Indian religious philosopher and academic also known as "Balu"
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (born 1946), Indian singer sometimes known as "Balu"
Balu Mahendra (1939–2014), Tamil filmmaker, screenwriter, editor and cinematographer
Balu Sankaran (1926–2012), Indian doctor, researcher and academic
T. R. Baalu (born 1941), Indian politician
Other uses
Balu (film), 2005 Telugu film
See also
Balas (disambiguation)
Jean Balue (c. 1421–1491), French cardinal and minister of King Louis XI
Baloo, a main character in The Jungle Book |
4004434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20X%20%28mtDNA%29 | Haplogroup X (mtDNA) | Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.
Haplogroup X arose from haplogroup N, roughly 30,000 years ago (just prior to or during the Last Glacial Maximum). It is in turn ancestral to subclades X2 and X1, which arose ca.16-21 thousand and ca.14-24 thousand years ago, respectively.
Distribution
Haplogroup X is found in approximately 2% of native Europeans, and 13% of all native North Americans . Native Assyrians have roughly 3%.
Overall, haplogroup X is found in around 2% of the population of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.
It is especially common, 14.3%, among the natives of Bahariya Oasis (Western Desert, Egypt.
The X1 subclade is much less frequent, and is largely restricted to North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Near East.
Subclade X2 appears to have undergone extensive population expansion and dispersal around or soon after the Last Glacial Maximum, roughly 20,000 years ago.
It is more strongly represented in the Near East, the Caucasus and southern Europe and somewhat less strongly present in the rest of Europe. The highest concentrations are found in the Ojibway (Canada) (25%), Sioux (USA) (15%), Nuu-Chah-Nulth (12%), Georgia (8%), Orkney (Scotland) (7%), and amongst the Druze Assyrian community in Israel (27%).
Subclades of X2 are not present in native South Americans. The oldest known archeological site associated with X2 is Kennewick Man, whose ca. 9000-year old remains were discovered in Washington State.
Archaeogenetics
Haplogroup X has been found in various other fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the Alföld Linear Pottery (X2b-T226C, Garadna-Elkerülő út site 2, 1/1 or 100%), Linearbandkeramik (X2d1, Halberstadt-Sonntagsfeld, 1/22 or ~5%), and Iberia Chalcolithic (X2b, La Chabola de la Hechicera, 1/3 or 33%; X2b, El Sotillo, 1/3 or 33%; X2b, El Mirador Cave, 1/12 or ~8%) cultures.
Haplogroup X has been found in ancient Assyria and ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the late New Kingdom and Roman periods.
Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud (Kehf el Baroud) in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 years old, have also been found to carry the X2 subclade.
Druze
The greatest frequency of haplogroup X is observed in the Druze, a minority population in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, as much in X1 (16%) as in X2 (11%). The Druze also have much diversity of X lineages. This pattern of heterogeneous parental origins is consistent with Druze oral tradition. The Galilee Druze represent a population isolate, so their combination of a high frequency and diversity of X signifies a phylogenetic refugium, providing a sample snapshot of the genetic landscape of the Near East prior to the modern age.
North America
Haplogroup X is also one of the five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas. (namely, X2a subclade).
Although it occurs only at a frequency of about 3% for the total current indigenous population of the Americas, it is a bigger haplogroup in northern North America, where among the Algonquian peoples it comprises up to 25% of mtDNA types. It is also present in lesser percentages to the west and south of this area—among the Sioux (15%), the Nuu-chah-nulth (11%–13%), the Navajo (7%), and the Yakama (5%). In Latin America, Haplotype X6 was present in the Tarahumara 1.8% (1/53) and Huichol 20% (3/15) X6 and X7 was also found in 12% in Yanomani people.
Unlike the four main Native American mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, D), X is not strongly associated with East Asia. The main occurrence of X in Asia discovered so far is in the Altai people in Siberia.
One theory of how the X Haplogroup ended up in North America is that the people carrying it migrated from central Asia along with haplogroups A, B, C, and D, from an ancestor from the Altai Region of Central Asia. Two sequences of haplogroup X2 were sampled further east of Altai among the Evenks of Central Siberia. These two sequences belong to X2* and X2b. It is uncertain if they represent a remnant of the migration of X2 through Siberia or a more recent input.
This relative absence of haplogroup X2 in Asia is one of the major factors used to support the Solutrean hypothesis during the early 2000s.
The Solutrean hypothesis postulates that haplogroup X reached North America with a wave of European migration emerging from the Solutrean culture, a stone-age culture in south-western France and in Spain, by boat around the southern edge of the Arctic ice pack roughly 20,000 years ago.
Since the later 2000s and during the 2010s, evidence has turned against the Solutrean hypothesis, as no presence of mt-DNA ancestral to X2a has been found in Europe or the Near East. New World lineages X2a and X2g are not derived form the Old World lineages X2b, X2c, X2d, X2e, and X2f, indicating an early origin of the New World lineages "likely at the very beginning of their expansion and spread from the Near East".
A 2008 study came to the conclusion that the presence of haplogroup X in the Americas does not support migration from Solutrean-period Europe.
The lineage of haplogroup X in the Americas is not derived from a European subclade, but rather represent an independent subclade, labelled X2a.
The X2a subclade has not been found in Eurasia, and has most likely arisen within the early Paleo-Indian population, at roughly 13,000 years ago. A basal variant of X2a was found in the Kennewick Man fossil (ca. 9,000 years ago).
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup X subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
X
X1
X1a
X1a1
X1b
X2
X2a
X2a1
X2a1a
X2a1b
X2a2
X2b
X2b1
X2b2
X2b3
X2b4
X2c
X2c1
X2c2
X2d
X2e
X2e1
X2e1a
X2e1a1
X2e1a1a
X2e2
X2e2a
X2f
X2g
X2h
See also
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Indigenous American genetic studies
Kennewick Man
The Seven Daughters of Eve
References
External links
General
Mannis van Oven's – mtDNA subtree N
Haplogroup X
Ian Logan's DNA Site
Carolyn Benson's X mtDNA Project at Family Tree DNA
Spread of Haplogroup X, from National Geographic
CBC, The Solutrean Hypothesis, and Jennifer Raff, A podcast with Jennifer Raff discussions claims in 2018 linking Haplogroup X to the Solutrean hypothesis
Further reading
X |
4004448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Municipality%20of%20Big%20Arm%20No.%20251 | Rural Municipality of Big Arm No. 251 | The Rural Municipality of Big Arm No. 251 (2016 population: ) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 11 and Division No. 5. It is located in the southern portion of the province near Last Mountain Lake northwest of Regina.
History
The RM of Big Arm No. 251 incorporated as a rural municipality on December 11, 1911.
Geography
Communities and localities
The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.
Towns
Imperial
Villages
Liberty
Resort villages
Etters Beach
The following unincorporated communities are located within the RM.
Unincorporated hamlets
Hendersons Beach
Stalwart
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Big Arm No. 251 had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Big Arm No. 251 recorded a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Government
The RM of Big Arm No. 251 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Monday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Sheldon Vance while its administrator is Yvonne (Bonny) Goodsman. The RM's office is located in Imperial.
References
B |
4004451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisking | Whisking | Whisking may refer to:
The use or action of a whisk
Movement of the whiskers in some animal species |
4004458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental%20Beat | Oriental Beat | Oriental Beat is the second studio album by the Finnish glam punk band Hanoi Rocks, recorded in London and released in 1982. Oriental Beat also opened markets in the UK and Japan, where Hanoi eventually became very popular.
Background
Recordings for Oriental Beat (then with the working-title, Second Attempt for Suicide) started in late 1981, at the Advision-studio in London. The album was produced, recorded and mixed by Peter Wooliscroft who had worked with Frank Zappa for example. This album also marked the first time McCoy was not the sole songwriter, with Monroe being the second songwriter on the songs "Motorvatin'" and "Teenangels Outsiders". Many of the lyrics deal with typical rock n' roll topics like breaking the law ("No Law or Order) and teenage rebellion ("Teenangels Outsiders"). The album features backing vocals by Katrina Leskanich, the lead singer of Katrina and the Waves. There's also a legend that originally Nasty Suicide sang the song "Devil Woman", but when asked about it Suicide replied: "you know too much".
The previous album, Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks, was only released in Finland and Sweden, but this album opened the doors to an international career. British music magazine Kerrang! released their first article about Hanoi Rocks, when they reviewed Oriental Beat. Kerrang! since covered Hanoi Rocks career in the 80's extensively.
The band's drummer Gyp Casino—who can famously be heard missing a beat during the song "Motorvatin'"—was fired from the band shortly after the album's release and tour, due to his increasing heroin addiction and for being too critical of his own playing.
Cover art
The artwork features the band covered in paint behind a glass panel with blue and red paint-pressed hand marks on it. The artwork was originally supposed to feature guitarist Andy McCoy's girlfriend's naked breasts painted blue and red with the legend "Hanoi Roxx" written across it. This was changed due to Castle Records' view that some record shops may refuse to stock the album due to the graphic nature of the cover. The record company was also worried that potential customers may get confused by the alternate spelling of the band's name. The original cover was used as the album's back cover.
Re-mix
Over the years, both Michael Monroe and Andy McCoy have stated their dissatisfaction with the mixing of Oriental Beat. The original multitrack recordings of the album were found in 2020 after being lost for over 30 years and a newly mixed version of Oriental Beat will be released later.
Reception
Even though Oriental Beat is considered a Hanoi classic, many of the band members have called the album a failure. Michael Monroe has called the album great, but blamed the producer, Pete Wooliscroft, of ruining the album's sound with all-around bad producing and mixing, claiming that Wooliscroft had mixed the album while Hanoi Rocks was on tour, didn't know what Hanoi Rocks was about, and had mixed it without understanding the band's aesthetic. Sami Yaffa called the album "a piece of shit" in a 1985 interview. Even with these comments, the album was voted the 91st best rock album in the "100 Greatest Rock Albums" poll by the Finnish radio station Radio Rock. Oriental Beat beat out such albums as Kiss' Lick It Up and The Doors' Morrison Hotel. The song "Fallen Star" features in the episode titled "Monkey Dory" of the 2022 TV-series Peacemaker.
Track listing
Personnel
Hanoi Rocks
Michael Monroe – vocals, saxophone, harmonica
Andy McCoy – guitar, backing vocals
Nasty Suicide – guitars, backing vocals
Sam Yaffa – bass
Gyp Casino – drums
Additional personnel
Katrina Leskanich - backing vocals on "Don't Follow Me"
Production
Producer: Pete Wooliscroft
Mixing: Pete Wooliscroft
Mastering: Pete Wooliscroft
Chart positions
Album
References
Hanoi Rocks albums
1982 albums |
4004465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1eren%20Day | Prešeren Day | Prešeren Day (), full name Prešeren Day, the Slovene Cultural Holiday (), is a public holiday celebrated in Slovenia on 8 February. It is marking the anniversary of the death of the Slovene national poet France Prešeren on 8 February 1849 and is the celebration of the Slovenian culture. It was established in 1945 to raise the cultural consciousness and the self-confidence of the Slovene nation, and declared a work-free day in 1991. On February 7, the eve of the holiday, the Prešeren Awards and the Prešeren Fund Awards, the highest Slovenian recognitions for cultural achievements, are conferred. Prešeren Day continues to be one of the most widely celebrated Slovene holidays. During the holiday all state and municipal museums and galleries offer free entry, and various other cultural events are held. The holiday is celebrated not only in Slovenia, but also by Slovene communities all around the world.
History
The anniversary of Prešeren's death first became a prominent date during World War II in 1941, when 7 February was celebrated as the day of all-Slavic unity. The proposal to celebrate 8 February as the Slovene cultural holiday was put forward in January 1945, during World War II, in Črnomelj by the Slovene Liberation Front's cultural worker Bogomil Gerlanc. It was officially proclaimed a cultural holiday with a decree passed by the Presidency of the Slovene National Liberation Council on 28 January 1945 and published in the newspaper Slovenski poročevalec on 1 February 1945. It remained a public holiday during the era of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia within the SFR Yugoslavia and was celebrated also by the Carinthian Slovenes and the Slovenes in Italy. It was marked with many cultural festivals and remembrances and with school excursions to culturally significant institutions.
The declaration of Prešeren Day as a work-free day in 1991 was opposed by many, claiming it would bring the banalisation of a holiday designed to be dedicated to cultural events. As a result, 3 December, the anniversary of the poet's birth, has also become widely celebrated as an alternative holiday. Today both days are almost equally celebrated, with no antagonism between the two, although only Prešeren Day in February is officially recognised as a national holiday. Since it became a work-free day, it has become even more highly valued.
See also
Holidays in Slovenia
References
February observances
Public holidays in Slovenia
Recurring events established in 1945
Winter events in Slovenia |
4004488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorabji%20Tata | Dorabji Tata | Sir Dorabji Tata (27 August 1859 – 3 June 1932) was an Indian businessman of the British Raj, and a key figure in the history and development of the Tata Group. He was knighted in 1910 for his contributions to industry in British India.
Early life and education
Dorab was the elder son of Hirabai and Parsi Zoroastrian Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata. Through an aunt, Jerbai Tata, who married a Bombay merchant, Dorabji Saklatvala, he was a cousin of Shapurji Saklatvala who later became a Communist Member of the British Parliament.
Tata received his primary education at the Proprietary High School in Bombay (now Mumbai) before travelling to England in 1875, where he was privately tutored. He entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1877, where he remained for two years before returning to Bombay in 1879. He continued his studies at St. Xavier's College, Bombay, where he obtained a degree in 1882.
Upon graduating, Dorab worked for two years as a journalist at the Bombay Gazette. In 1884, he joined the cotton business division of his father's firm. He was first sent to Pondicherry, then a French colony, to determine whether a cotton mill might be profitable there. Thereafter, he was sent to Nagpur, to learn the cotton trade at the Empress Mills which had been founded by his father in 1877.
Marriage
Dorabji's father, Jamshetji, had visited Mysore State in south India on business, and had met Dr. Hormusji Bhabha, a Parsi and the first Indian Inspector-General of Education of that state. While visiting the Bhabha home, he had met and approved of young Meherbai, Bhabha's only daughter. Returning to Bombay, Jamshetji sent Dorab to Mysore State, specifically to call on the Bhabha family. Dorab did so, and duly married Meherbai in 1897. The couple had no children.
Meherbai's brother, Jehangir Bhabha, became a reputed lawyer. He was the father of scientist Homi J. Bhabha. Thus Dorabji was Homi Bhabha's uncle by marriage. The Tata Group funded Bhabha's research and his research institutions, including the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
Business career
Dorabji was intimately involved in the fulfilment of his father's ideas of a modern iron and steel industry, and agreed to the necessity for hydroelectric electricity to power the industry. Dorab is credited with the establishment of the Tata Steel conglomerate in 1907, which his father founded and Tata Power in 1911, which are the core of the present-day Tata Group.
Dorabji accompanied the mineralogists searching for iron fields. It is said that his presence encouraged researchers to search areas that would otherwise have been neglected. Under Dorabji's management, the business that had once included three cotton mills and the Taj Hotel Bombay grew to include India's largest private sector steel company, three electric companies and one of India's leading insurance companies.
Founder of New India Assurance Co Ltd. in 1919, the largest General Insurance company in India, Dorabji Tata was knighted in January 1910 by Edward VII, becoming Sir Dorabji Tata.
Non-business interest
Dorabji was extremely fond of sports, and was a pioneer in the Indian Olympic movement. As president of the Indian Olympic Association, he financed the Indian contingent to the Paris Olympics in 1924. The Tata family, like most of India's big businessmen, were Indian nationalists.
Tata was also a member of the International Olympic Committee during most of the years between World War I and World War II.
Death
Meherbai Tata died of leukaemia in 1931 at the age of 52. Shortly after her death, Dorabji established the Lady Tata Memorial Trust to advance the study into diseases of the blood.
On 11 March 1932, one year after Meherbai's death and shortly before his own, he established a trust fund which was to be used "without any distinction of place, nationality or creed," for the advancement of learning and research, disaster relief, and other philanthropic purposes. That trust is today known as the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. Dorabji additionally provided the seed money to fund the setting up of India's premier scientific and engineering research institution, the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Dorabji died in Bad Kissingen, Germany on 3 June 1932, at the age of 73. He is buried alongside his wife Meherbai in Brookwood Cemetery, Woking, England. They had no children.
References
Further reading
Choksi, R. "Tata, Sir Dorabji Jamshed (1859–1932)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004) accessed 28 Jan 2012, a brief scholarly biography
Nomura, Chikayoshi. "Selling steel in the 1920s: TISCO in a period of transition," Indian Economic & Social History Review (January/March 2011) 48: pp 83–116,
External links
Biography at the Dorabji Tata Trust
Biography at Tata Central Archives
Tata family tree
1859 births
1932 deaths
Dorabji
Parsi people from Mumbai
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Indian knights
Indian industrialists
Indian businesspeople in mining
Indian businesspeople in coal
Businesspeople in steel
Indian philanthropists
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Indian businesspeople in insurance
Indian businesspeople in textiles
Tata Group people
Indian emigrants to Germany
International Olympic Committee members
Parsi people
Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom |
4004489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estahban | Estahban | Estahban (, , also Romanized as Estahbān and Eşţahbān; formerly, Eşţahbānāt, Estehbanat, Istehbānāt, Istahbanát and Shahr-e Eşţahbānāt; also formerly known as Savānāt) is a city and capital of Estahban County, Fars Province, Iran.
The area about Estahban is very fertile, being the largest producer of dried fig, saffron, grain, cotton, walnut, almond, grapes and other fruits in the Middle East. Estahban has been the most famous provider of figs to the world. It is also one of the biggest producers of saffron. Its original name Estahbanat was changed to Estahban in 1970.
Estahbanat was formerly called by the Farsname Naseri. It is rooted from Pahlavi word of "Seteh" and suffix "Ban" which mean place for keeping grapes.
Demographics
Language and ethnic groups
The majority of the people of Estahban are Persians, and they speak Persian with the Shirazi accent, not the Persian accent of Tehran.
Religion
The majority of people in Estahban are Muslims.
Population
According to the Iranian Census of 2011, the population of Estahban is 66,172 people from 12,714 families, which includes 32,654 women and 33,518 men.
Geography
Estahban is located at 29.1291° N, 54.358° E and surrounded by Bakhtagan Lake from the north, by Fars township from the south and by Shiraz and Darab from the west. Its average elevation from sea level is about 1767 m.
Climate
Estahban is a dry City, with a yearly precipitation amount of 224 millimeters, with summer temperatures frequently about 28.1 °C (104 °F) in blazing sunshine with no humidity.
Economy
Because of fertile soil, economy in Estahban is mostly based on agriculture and consequently significant portion of population is employed in agriculture industries. Estahban dried figs are exported all over the world.
Dry Fig
Growing rain-fed and organically, having sweeter taste, drying naturally on tree and many health benefits make this fig unique.
There is no process for drying this product. Figs become dried by sun lights on the tree and then fall on the earth. Farmers collect them to warehouse to classify them.
Notables from Estahban
Nezam Al Olama Estahbanati
Nezameddin Faghih
References
Populated places in Estahban County
Cities in Fars Province |
4004503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementina%20Maude%2C%20Viscountess%20Hawarden | Clementina Maude, Viscountess Hawarden | Clementina Maude, Viscountess Hawarden (née Elphinstone Fleeming; 1 June 1822 – 19 January 1865), commonly known as Lady Clementina Hawarden, was a British amateur portrait photographer of the Victorian Era. She produced over 800 photographs mostly of her adolescent daughters.
Family
Clementina was born in Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire on 1 June 1822, the third of five children of Admiral Charles Elphinstone Fleeming (1774–1840), and Catalina Paulina Alessandro (1800–1880).
Her father served in the Colombian war of independence, the Venezuelan war of independence, as well as the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. He was a member of parliament for Stirlingshire in 1802, and died when Clementina was eighteen years old.
In 1845, she married Cornwallis Maude, 4th Viscount Hawarden, who was an Irish Conservative politician, and they lived mainly in Ireland; the couple had eight girls and two boys.
Photography
She turned to photography in late 1856 or, probably, in early 1857, whilst living on the family estate in Dundrum, Co. Tipperary, Ireland. A move to London in 1859 allowed her to set up a studio in her elegant home in South Kensington. There she took many of the characteristic portraits for which she is principally remembered. Many include her adolescent daughters Isabella Grace, Clementina and Florence Elizabeth. The furniture and characteristic decor of an upper-class London home was removed in order to create mise-en-scene images and theatrical poses within the first floor of her home. Hawarden used mirrors to create a 'body double' and natural sunlight to light her shots, which was 'groundbreaking'. She produced her own albumen prints from wet-plate collodion negatives, a method commonly used at the time.
The Viscountess Hawarden first exhibited in the annual exhibition of the Photographic Society of London in January 1863 and was elected a member of the Society the following March. Her work was widely acclaimed for its artistic excellence, winning her the silver medal for composition at the exhibition.
Sadly she then died of pneumonia, before formally collecting it; she was aged 42.
Works and legacy
At a Grand Fête and Bazaar held to raise funds for a new building for the Royal Female School of Art she set up a booth where she photographed guests, the only known occasion on which she took photographs in public. Lewis Carroll, an admirer of her work, brought two children to be photographed at this booth, and purchased the resulting prints.
Her work is often likened or 'compared favourably' to fellow aristocratic photographer Julia Margaret Cameron, although their aesthetics differ widely, as Cameron put less of an emphasis on composition, backgrounds or props.
Her photographic years were brief but prolific. Hawarden produced over eight hundred photographs between 1857 and her sudden death in 1864. Lady Hawarden's photographic focus remained on her children. There is only one photograph believed to feature the Viscountess herself, yet it could also be a portrait of her sister Anne Bontine.
A collection of 775 portraits were donated to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London in 1939 by Hawarden's granddaughter, Clementina Tottenham. The photographs were torn, or cut, from family albums. This accounts for the torn or trimmed corners which are now considered a hallmark of Hawarden's work. It also indicates that the images were produced for family pleasure not for commercial gain, which would have been considered inappropriate for 'an elite lady'.
Carol Mavor writes extensively about the place of Hawarden's work in the history of Victorian photography. She states, "Hawarden's pictures raise significant issues of gender, motherhood, and sexuality as they relate to photography's inherent attachments to loss, duplication and replication, illusion, fetish."
Gallery
Notes
References
Further reading
Virginia Dodier. Clementina, Lady Hawarden: studies from life, 1857–1864. New York: Aperture, 1999. .
Graham Ovenden (editor). Clementina Lady Hawarden, 1974 .
John Hannavy. Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography (CRC Press, 2008, )
1822 births
1865 deaths
Irish viscountesses
English women photographers
19th-century British women artists
19th-century British photographers
Photographers from London
19th-century women photographers
Pioneers of photography
Women of the Victorian era |
4004507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst%20dancer | Amethyst dancer | The amethyst dancer (Argia pallens) is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae, native from southwestern North America south to Guatemala.
References
External links
Argia pallens description and photo
Coenagrionidae
Insects described in 1902 |
4004522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfric | Wulfric | Wulfric or Wolfric is an Anglo-Saxon masculine given name, composed of the elements wulf "wolf" and ric "rich, powerful". It is the equivalent of the Scandinavian Rikiwulf.
People
Wulfric Spot (died ), Earl of Mercia and Chief Councillor of State to King Ethelred
Wulfric of Haselbury ( - 1154), hermit and miracle worker
Fictional characters
The chief protagonist in Wulfric the Weapon Thane by Charles W. Whistler
The middle name of Albus Dumbledore, a main character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series
Wulfric Bedwyn, Duke of Bewcastle, in Mary Balogh's Slightly series
Wulfric, one of the main characters in Outlander (film)
Wulfric, a main character in World Without End (Follett novel) by Ken Follett
Wulfric, the eighth and last Gym Leader to be challenged in Pokémon X and Y
Wulfric the Wild, a common-born ally of the King Alfred the Great, primary protagonist in Gary Whitta's novel Abomination
Wulfric, a rare blade awakened from the Beastly Core Crystal in Xenoblade Chronicles 2. |
4004523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Hartigan | Neil Hartigan | Neil F. Hartigan (born May 4, 1938) is an American lawyer and politician from Illinois. He served as the Attorney General of Illinois, the 40th Lieutenant Governor, and a justice of the Illinois Appellate Court. Hartigan was also the Democratic nominee for governor in 1990, but lost the close race to Republican Jim Edgar.
Background
Hartigan grew up in Chicago's Rogers Park neighborhood, in an Irish Catholic family. His father David was Alderman of the 49th Ward. Hartigan graduated from Loyola Academy.
Upon graduation, He went on to attend and graduate from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. with a bachelor's degree. He received a juris doctor degree from Loyola University College of Law in 1966.
Upon completion of law school Hartigan worked for a couple years for the city of Chicago. He served as the city's legislative counsel in Springfield, as attorney for the Chicago Board of Health and as general counsel for the Chicago Park District.
Hartigan was elected the Democratic Committeeman for the 49th ward in 1968 and served in the position until stepping down in 1980. Former state legislator Michael Brady defeated Hartigan's choice, Cook County Treasurer Edward J. Rosewell in the Democratic primary.
Court Positions
In 2002, Hartigan won election to the Illinois Appellate Court from the First District, which is composed of Cook County, Illinois to fill a vacancy created by the retirement of Robert Chapman Buckley.
After two years, Hartigan chose to retire voluntarily from the bench. Hartigan's retirement date was June 1, 2004. He was succeeded by P. Scott Neville Jr.
Hartigan was a member of Hillary Clinton's Illinois Steering Committee and February 5 Rapid Responders.
On March 22, 2013, Governor Pat Quinn appointed Hartigan to the Illinois Court of Claims for a term starting March 18, 2013 and ending January 21, 2019. Hartigan was confirmed by the Illinois Senate on May 2, 2013. He succeed Norma F. Jann. The Court rules on claims filed against state, except those under Workers' Compensation or Workers' Occupational DiseasesActs, or claims for expenses in civil litigation. Hartigan officially ended his term in July of 2019.
External links
1973–1974 Illinois Blue Book
1975–1976 Illinois Blue Book p36
References
|-
|-
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|-
1938 births
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Living people
American people of Irish descent
Georgetown University alumni
Illinois Democrats
Illinois Attorneys General
Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
Judges of the Illinois Appellate Court
Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni
Loyola University Chicago School of Law alumni |
4004541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Municipality%20of%20Willner%20No.%20253 | Rural Municipality of Willner No. 253 | The Rural Municipality of Willner No. 253 (2016 population: ) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 11 and Division No. 5. It is located in the south-central portion of the province.
History
The RM of Willner No. 253 incorporated as a rural municipality on January 1, 1913.
Geography
The RM is between the RMs of Arm River No. 252 and Loreburn No. 254.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Willner No. 253 had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Willner No. 253 recorded a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Government
The RM of Willner No. 253 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Thursday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Len Palmer while its administrator is Yvonne (Bonny) Goodsman. The RM's office is located in Davidson.
References
External links
Willner
Division No. 11, Saskatchewan |
4004546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Wilson | George Wilson | George Wilson may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
George Balch Wilson (born 1927), American composer, professor emeritus at the University of Michigan
George Washington Wilson (1823–1893), Scottish photographer
George Christopher (actor) (George Wilson, born 1970), British actor
Law and politics
George Wilson (reformer) (1808–1870), English political activist, known as chairman of the Anti-Cornlaw League
George A. Wilson (1884–1953), United States Senator and Governor of Iowa
George Grafton Wilson (1863–1951), distinguished professor of international law
George H. Wilson (1905–1985), member of the United States House of Representatives
George M. Wilson (1913–?), politician in Newfoundland, Canada
George W. Wilson (politician) (1840–1909), member of the United States House of Representatives
George W. Wilson (IRS commissioner) (1843–1900), Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1899-1900
George Wilson (mayor) (1816–1902), mayor of Pittsburgh
George P. Wilson (1840–1920), Minnesota lawyer and politician
George Wilson (Australian politician) (1895–1942), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
George Henry Wilson (1893–1988), Canadian politician
Military
George Wilson (Royal Navy officer) (1756–1826), naval officer
George Wilson (major) (1836–?), German-American Union Army officer
George Wilson (VC) (1886–1926), Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross
Science and engineering
George Wilson (chemist) (1818–1859), Regius Professor of Technology at the University of Edinburgh
George Ambler Wilson (1906–1977), British civil engineer
George Fergusson Wilson (1822–1902), English industrial chemist
Sports
American football
George Wilson (safety) (born 1981), American football player
George Wilson (American football coach) (1914–1978), professional football player and coach
George Wilson (American football halfback) (1905–1990), American football halfback at Lafayette College, College Football Hall of Fame inductee, World War II U.S. Marine general
George Wilson (quarterback) (1943–2011), American football player
Wildcat Wilson (George Wilson, 1901–1963), American football player for the University of Washington and the Los Angeles Wildcats of the first American Football League
Baseball
George Wilson (outfielder) (1925–1975), American professional baseball outfielder
George Wilson (pitcher) (1875–1915), American baseball pitcher, Negro leagues career 1895–1905
George F. Wilson (1889–1967), American professional baseball catcher
Basketball
George Wilson (basketball, born 1942), retired American professional basketball player
George Wilson (American football coach) (1914–1978), American professional basketball player
Association football
George Wilson (footballer, born 1883) (1883–1960), Scottish footballer (Newcastle, Hearts, Everton, Scotland)
George Wilson (footballer, born 1887) (1887–1970), Scottish footballer (Aberdeen)
George Wilson (footballer, born 1892) (1892–1961), English footballer (Blackpool, Sheffield Wednesday, Nelson)
George Wilson (footballer, born 1905) (1905–1984), Scottish footballer (Clydebank, Leeds United)
George Wilson (footballer, born 1912) English football goalkeeper (Ayr United, York City)
Cricket
George Alfred Wilson (1877–1962), English cricketer, played for Worcestershire 1899–1906
George Wilson (New Zealand cricketer) (George Charles Lee Wilson, 1887–1917), New Zealand cricketer
George Clifford Wilson (1902–1957), English cricketer, played for Worcestershire 1924–26, son of George Alfred Wilson
Billy Wilson (cricketer) (George Lindsay Wilson, 1868–1920), Australian cricketer, played for Sussex 1887–95 and Victoria 1898–99
George Wilson (Yorkshire cricketer) (George Arthur Wilson, 1916–2002), English first class cricketer, played for Yorkshire 1936–39
George Wilson (Irish cricketer) (1916–1995), Irish cricketer
Other sports
George Wilson (Australian footballer) (1920–2014), Australian footballer for Collingwood and St Kilda
George Wilson (rugby), rugby union, and rugby league player of the 1940s and 1950s
George Wilson (rugby league) (born 1975), Australian rugby league player
George Wilson (rugby union) (1866-1908), Scottish rugby union player
George Wilson (racewalker) (1766–1839), Newcastle born competitive walker
George Wilson (bowls) (1903–?), South African lawn bowler
Other
George Wilson of Glenluce (1823–1899), Scottish archaeologist
George Everett Wilson, fictional character in the comic strip Dennis the Menace
George Wilson (Coronation Street), fictional character in the British soap opera Coronation Street
George Wilson (The Great Gatsby), fictional character in the novel The Great Gatsby
George Wilson (businessman) (1869–1939), New Zealand philanthropist knighted in the 1934 Birthday Honours
George Wilson, convicted of robbing the US Mail and sentenced to death, subject of United States v. Wilson
See also
Georges Wilson (1921–2010), French film and TV actor |
4004559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Roads | Elizabeth Roads | Elizabeth Ann Roads, LVO OStJ (née Bruce; born 1951) is a former Scottish herald; in July 2018 she retired as Lyon Clerk at the Court of the Lord Lyon in favour of Russell Hunter.
Personal life and education
Elizabeth Roads is the daughter of Lt Col. James Bruce MC and his wife Mary Hope Sinclair. She was born in 1951 and educated at Lansdowne House in Edinburgh, the Cambridgeshire College of Technology, the Study Centre for Fine Art in London, and Edinburgh Napier University (LLB with distinction). She married Christopher Roads in 1983, and they have two sons Timothy and William and a daughter Emily.
Heraldic career
Elizabeth Roads joined the staff of the Court of the Lord Lyon in 1975 and was appointed Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records in 1986 an office she held until her retirement in 2018. In this position, she maintained, among other things, the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. She was appointed Linlithgow Pursuivant in 1987, becoming the first female Officer of arms in the world. This was a temporary appointment, when she represented the Lord Lyon in Canada in the discussions that led to the establishment of the Canadian Heraldic Authority. Roads was appointed Carrick Pursuivant in 1992 and promoted to Snowdoun Herald in 2010, and retired from being an officer of arms in 2021. She was appointed Secretary of the Order of the Thistle in 2014.
As Elizabeth Bruce, Roads was a founder member of the Heraldry Society of Scotland in 1977. She was Chairman of that Society in the late 1990s and is now a Fellow of the Heraldry Society of Scotland, of the Heraldry Society of New Zealand and of the Heraldry Society, and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. She is an Academician of the Academie Internationale d'Heraldique and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, honours in recognition of her heraldic expertise. She has published many articles and lectures regularly on heraldic and genealogical subjects.
She is President of the Bureau Permanent des Congres Genealogique and Heraldique and serves on the Board of the Academie Internationale d'Heraldique, the International Commisson on Orders of Chivalry, and the Confederation of Genealogy and Heraldry.
In addition to her heraldic interests she is Vice Chair of the Scottish Council on Archives, a Trustee of the Black Watch Museum and Dean of the 900 year old Merchant Guildry of Stirling.
Orders and Decorations
Arms
See also
Heraldry
Pursuivant
Herald
The Court of the Lord Lyon
The Heraldry Society of Scotland
External links
The Court of the Lord Lyon
The Heraldry Society of Scotland
References
Scottish officers of arms
Scottish genealogists
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
1951 births
Living people
British women historians |
4004572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Dorabji%20Tata%20and%20Allied%20Trusts | Sir Dorabji Tata and Allied Trusts | The Sir Dorabji Tata Trust was established by Sir Dorab Tata (fondly called Sir Dorabji), the elder son of Tata Group founder Jamsetji Tata. Founded in 1932, it is one of the oldest non-sectarian philanthropic organisations in India.
History
Like his respected father, Sir Dorabji believed that one must make use of the wealth one had acquired for constructive purposes. So, in less than a year after his wife Meherbai's death, he donated all his wealth to the Trust, insisting that it must be used "without any distinction of place, nationality or creed", for the advancement of learning and research, the relief of distress and other charitable purposes. He died three months later.
The wealth that he turned over to the Trust comprised his substantial share holdings in Tata Sons, Indian Hotels and allied companies, his landed properties and 21 pieces of jewellery left by his wife, including the famous Jubilee Diamond, estimated then to be of the value of Rs 10 million. Today, these would be worth more than Rs 500 million.
Mission
As the Trust got formed and the trustees deliberated on the policy aspects and finalised them, it decided to adopt a broad framework—that it should undertake such projects, which are too large for individuals to handle and that each of these projects should have a genuine relevance to the welfare of the country. The Trust is mandated to:
Maintain and support schools, educational institutions and hospitals
Provide relief in distress caused by the elements of nature such as famine, pestilence, fire, tempest, flood, earthquake or any other calamity
Help advancement of learning in all its branches especially research work in medical and industrial problems
Offer financial aid to the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, by instituting professorships or lectureships or giving scholarships
Award fellowships in any branch of science or assist students to study abroad either by payment of lump sums grants or by payment of periodical sums
Give aid to any other charitable institutions or objects endowed by the settler in his lifetime, or by the grandfather, father or both of the settler.
Notable national institutes
The Trust is best known for promoting and setting up pioneering institutions of national importance.
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, (1936)
Tata Memorial Hospital, (1941)
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research-Mumbai, (1945)
National Centre for the Performing Arts, (1966)
The National Institute of Advanced Studies, (1988)
Indian Institute of Science
The J. R. D. Tata Center for Ecotechnology, (1998)
The Sir Dorabji Tata Center for Research in Tropical Diseases, (2000)
The Tata Agricultural and Rural Training Center for the Blind.
The International Institute of Demographic Studies.
Sir Dorabji Tata Centre for Research in Tropical Diseases at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 1912
TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics- Bangalore,
TIFR Hyderabad, 2011
Tata Medical center, Rajarhat, Kolkata (2011)
Each of these institutions works in frontier areas of learning, research and knowledge dissemination. The ideas that have generated from these institutions and the people who have passed through their portals have enriched the various facets of India's development. Each of these institutions has produced many social scientists, cancer specialists, nuclear scientists and distinguished institutional administrators who have all strived to make the country a power to reckon with in science and technology.
In the last decade, the Trust has also given shape to the National Institute of Advanced Studies in Bangalore and helped the Dr MS Swaminathan Research Foundation to start the JRD Tata Centre for Ecotechnology in Chennai.
In addition to these institutions, it has started with the assistance of the Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind, Asia's first institute for the training of the rural blind, The Tata Agricultural and Rural Training Centre for the Blind, and with the cooperation of the United Nations, the International Institute of Demographic Studies.
The Trust also helps various organisations and individuals with its grants. Its grants consist of Endowment Grants, grants to Non-Governmental Organisations and Small Grants, while Individual Grants are given to deserving individuals for medical, travel or educational purposes.
Under JRD Tata
What has helped the Trust in achieving its objectives has been the presence of distinguished personalities, most of them industry pioneers, on its board. Among them were JRD Tata, chairman of the Tata Group, Sir Ardeshir Dalal, Dr John Matthai and Sir Homi Mody.
The involvement of JRD Tata in the affairs of Trust is not just incidental. Being a trustee since the Trust's inception, he held the position of chairman during the last 25 years of his life. His imprint is visible in the setting up of the Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, National Institute of Advanced Studies and National Centre for the Performing Arts. His role was especially crucial in the establishment of the Tata Memorial Hospital. Right from its conceptual stages in early 1941, till it became a national centre for cancer research and treatment, JRD Tata was there all along to guide its destinies. In 1957, when the government of India's ministry of health temporarily took over the Tata Memorial Hospital, JRD Tata, along with Dr Homi Bhabha, the pioneer of India's nuclear energy programme, had the vision to foresee the role of radiation in cancer treatment and prevailed on the government to have the administrative control of the hospital transferred to the department of atomic energy in 1962.
He had also put his own money and efforts to set up, in 1944, the multipurpose JRD Tata Trust. Many years later, he established the JRD and Thelma J Tata Trust, selling part of his shares and an apartment in Mumbai. The Trust works to improve the lot of India's disadvantaged women.
Tata Memorial Hospital
What is typical of the Trust is that after establishing pioneering institutions, giving them shape and stabilising them, the Trust has handed over their day-to-day running to the Government of India. Thus, The Tata Memorial Hospital is now under the government, run by the department of atomic energy.
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research too has been handed over to the Atomic Energy Commission. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research today is a Deemed University.
In the case of TISS and the TIFR, the chairmen of the boards have so far been the representatives of the Tata Trusts. The Trust is represented on the governing council of the Tata Memorial Hospital. However, the Trust still takes interest in these institutions and contributes its mite to their running.
As neither Sir Dorabji nor Sir Ratan had any children, their holdings could well have been fragmented and with them Tata Sons. The Trusts that Sir Dorabji and Sir Ratan set up gave to Tata Sons a cohesive and a continuing character over decades.
The Trust sanctioned institutional grants, as well as grants to private individuals. The total disbursal made by the Trust in the fiscal year 2003 - 2004 was Rs 442.39 million.
See also
Sir Dorabji Tata
Tata Group
Tata Sons
Tata family
References
External links
Tata trusts
1932 establishments in India
Tata institutions
Organizations established in 1932
Foundations based in India |
4004598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%20Portuguese%20local%20elections | 1982 Portuguese local elections | The Portuguese local elections of 1982 took place on 12 December. They were the third local elections in Portugal since the democratic revolution of 1974 introduced the concept of democratic local power.
The elections consisted of three separate elections in the 305 Portuguese municipalities that existed at the time, the election for the Municipal Chambers, whose winner is elected mayor, another election for the Municipal Assembly and a last one for the lower-level Parish Assembly, whose winner is elected parish president, this last was held separately in the more than 4,000 parishes around the country.
The Socialist Party finished once more on the top of the results table, increasing its share by 4%, however that was because the coalition between the two major right-wing parties, the Democratic and Social Center and the Social Democratic Party, the Democratic Alliance, did not participate in all Municipalities and Parishes, being the parties which composed it, separated in many Municipalities. This right wing coalition did, however, lose some voting in relation to the previous election.
The left-wing United People Alliance dominated the election in the municipalities of the South of the country, gathering more than 60% of the voting and achieving its best result ever with 20.7% and 55 mayors.
Parties
The main political forces involved in the election were:
Democratic Alliance (AD) (only in some municipalities)
Democratic and Social Center (CDS) (only in some municipalities)
Socialist Party (PS)
Social Democratic Party (PSD) (only in some municipalities)
United People Alliance (APU)
Results
Municipal Councils
National summary of votes and seats
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Candidacies
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Councillors
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Mayors
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Total
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|±
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Total
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|±
|-
|
|align=right| 1,547,664
|align=right| 31.18
|align=right|
|align=right| 619
|align=right|103
|align=right| 83
|align=right|23
|-
|
|align=right| 1,038,033
|align=right| 20.91
|align=right|
|align=right| 316
|align=right| 0
|align=right| 55
|align=right|5
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#2A52BE align="center" |
|align=left|Democratic Alliance
|align=right| 988,347
|align=right| 19.91
|align=right|
|align=right| 322
|align=right|104
|align=right| 49
|align=right|24
|-
|
|align=right| 745,048
|align=right| 15.01
|align=right|
|align=right| 439
|align=right|36
|align=right| 88
|align=right|13
|-
|
|align=right| 369,263
|align=right| 7.44
|align=right|
|align=right| 185
|align=right|29
|align=right| 27
|align=right|7
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#E2062C align="center" |
|align=left|People's Democratic Union
|align=right| 31,567
|align=right| 0.64
|align=right|
|align=right| 3
|align=right|0
|align=right| 0
|align=right|0
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#FF66FF align="center" |
|align=left|Socialist / UEDS
|align=right| 31,251
|align=right| 0.63
|align=right|
|align=right| 11
|align=right|—
|align=right| 1
|align=right|—
|-
|
|align=right| 15,315
|align=right| 0.31
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right|0
|align=right| 0
|align=right|0
|-
|
|align=right| 11,149
|align=right| 0.22
|align=right|
|align=right| 5
|align=right|1
|align=right| 1
|align=right|0
|-
|
|align=right| 5,684
|align=right| 0.11
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right|0
|align=right| 0
|align=right|0
|-
|
|align=right| 4,236
|align=right| 0.09
|align=right|
|align=right| 7
|align=right| —
|align=right| 1
|align=right|—
|-
|
|align=right| 3,840
|align=right| 0.08
|align=right|
|align=right| 2
|align=right|—
|align=right| 0
|align=right|—
|-
|
|align=right| 1,388
|align=right| 0.03
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right|—
|align=right| 0
|align=right|—
|-
|
|align=right| 855
|align=right| 0.02
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right|0
|align=right| 0
|align=right|0
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
|width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|4,785,586
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|96.40
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|1,909
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|9
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|305
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|0
|-
|colspan=2|Blank ballots
|87,381||1.76||colspan=6 rowspan=4|
|-
|colspan=2|Invalid ballots
|91,403||1.84
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
|width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|4,964,370
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|-
|colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
||6,987,106||71.05
|}
City control
The following table lists party control in all district capitals, as well as in municipalities above 100,000 inhabitants. Population estimates from the 1981 Census.
Municipal Assemblies
National summary of votes and seats
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Candidacies
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Mandates
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Total
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|±
|-
|
|align=right| 1,583,804
|align=right| 31.23
|align=right|
|align=right| 3,182
|align=right|496
|-
|
|align=right| 1,070,247
|align=right| 21.10
|align=right|
|align=right| 1,763
|align=right|17
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#2A52BE align="center" |
|align=left|Democratic Alliance
|align=right| 990,315
|align=right| 19.53
|align=right|
|align=right| 1,625
|align=right|497
|-
|
|align=right| 717,131
|align=right| 14.14
|align=right|
|align=right| 2,148
|align=right|82
|-
|
|align=right| 379,833
|align=right| 7.49
|align=right|
|align=right| 1,003
|align=right|171
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#E2062C align="center" |
|align=left|People's Democratic Union
|align=right| 35,128
|align=right| 0.70
|align=right|
|align=right| 21
|align=right|37
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#FF66FF align="center" |
|align=left|Socialist / UEDS
|align=right| 31,481
|align=right| 0.63
|align=right|
|align=right| 52
|align=right|—
|-
|
|align=right| 30,707
|align=right| 0.61
|align=right|
|align=right| 40
|align=right|—
|-
|
|align=right| 10,314
|align=right| 0.21
|align=right|
|align=right| 28
|align=right|2
|-
|
|align=right| 7,120
|align=right| 0.14
|align=right|
|align=right| 1
|align=right|1
|-
|
|align=right| 3,858
|align=right| 0.08
|align=right|
|align=right| 32
|align=right|—
|-
|
|align=right| 2,499
|align=right| 0.05
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right|—
|-
|
|align=right| 847
|align=right|0.02
|align=right|
|align=right| 2
|align=right|2
|-
|
|align=right| 526
|align=right| 0.01
|align=right|
|align=right|0
|align=right|—
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
|width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|4,865,027
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|95.93
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|9,897
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|194
|-
|colspan=2|Blank ballots
|115,352||2.27||colspan=6 rowspan=4|
|-
|colspan=2|Invalid ballots
|91,128||1.80
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
|width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,071,507
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|-
|colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
||7,114,983||71.28
|}
Parish Assemblies
National summary of votes and seats
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Candidacies
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Mandates
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Presidents
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Total
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|±
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|Total
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|±
|-
|
|align=right| 1,527,322
|align=right| 31.03
|align=right|
|align=right| 12,803
|align=right| 2,190
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 1,071,831
|align=right| 21.76
|align=right|
|align=right| 4,997
|align=right|265
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#2A52BE align="center" |
|align=left|Democratic Alliance
|align=right| 905,696
|align=right| 18.40
|align=right|
|align=right| 7,684
|align=right| 2,101
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 760,847
|align=right| 15.46
|align=right|
|align=right| 9,499
|align=right|52
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 381,150
|align=right| 7.74
|align=right|
|align=right| 4,837
|align=right|176
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=gray align="center" |
|align=left|Independents
|align=right| 65,865
|align=right| 1.34
|align=right|
|align=right| 1,038
|align=right|331
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 29,284
|align=right| 0.59
|align=right|
|align=right| 342
|align=right|—
|align=right|
|align=right| —
|-
|style="width: 9px" bgcolor=#FF66FF align="center" |
|align=left|Socialist / UEDS
|align=right| 25,265
|align=right| 0.51
|align=right|
|align=right| 258
|align=right|—
|align=right|
|align=right| —
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#E2062C align="center" |
|align=left|People's Democratic Union
|align=right| 24,799
|align=right| 0.50
|align=right|
|align=right| 30
|align=right|25
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 6,261
|align=right| 0.13
|align=right|
|align=right| 99
|align=right|21
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 5,023
|align=right| 0.10
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right|3
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 2,768
|align=right| 0.06
|align=right|
|align=right| 49
|align=right| —
|align=right|
|align=right| —
|-
|
|align=right| 856
|align=right| 0.02
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right|1
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 482
|align=right| 0.00
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right| 26
|align=right|
|align=right|
|-
|
|align=right| 444
|align=right| 0.00
|align=right|
|align=right| 0
|align=right| —
|align=right|
|align=right| —
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
|width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|4,738,913
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|96.28
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|41,636
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|width="45" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
|-
|colspan=2|Blank ballots
|87,935||1.79||colspan=6 rowspan=4|
|-
|colspan=2|Invalid ballots
|95,380||1.94
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
|width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|4,922,228
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|-
|colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
||7,073,336||69.59
|}
Maps
Notes
The source of the voting data is the Portuguese Electoral Commission
Further Notes:
Democratic Alliance (AD) was composed by the Democratic Social Center (CDS), the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the People's Monarchist Party (PPM).
Although the PSD, the CDS and the PPM were united in the Democratic Alliance, they appear in the scorecard because they ran separated in several municipalities.
United People Alliance (APU) was composed by the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Portuguese Democratic Movement (MDP/CDE).
The number of candidacies expresses the number of municipalities or parishes in which the party or coalition presented lists.
The number of mandates expresses the number of municipal deputies in the Municipal Assembly election and the number of parish deputies in the Parish Assembly election.
The turnout varies because one may choose not to vote for all the organs.
See also
Politics of Portugal
List of political parties in Portugal
Elections in Portugal
References
External links
Portuguese Electoral Commission
1982
1982 elections in Portugal
December 1982 events in Europe |
4004621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FS%20Class%20E.646 | FS Class E.646 | The FS E.645 and E.646 are two classes of similar electric locomotives used on Italian railways. They were introduced during the 1950s and they were retired in 2009.
History
The E.646 and E.645 locomotives project was started in 1953, with a new model engine that was to be installed on the modified chassis of the already-existing six-axle locomotive E.636. A similar concept for a 4-axle locomotive led to the development of the E.444 high-speed locomotive in the 1960s.
The first prototypes were delivered in October 1958. The first thirty-seven individual locomotives differed only in their livery: twenty built for passenger traffic were painted in grey-green, while seventeen built for goods were painted in auburn. Later, the freight locomotives were reclassed E.645. The total number of locomotives built amounted to 295 units.
Initially, the class E.646 was assigned to fast and heavy passenger trains while the class E.645 was assigned to heavy cargo trains, though it occasionally pulled also passenger trains.
Responding to the need for push-pull locomotives, units E.646 187 to 210 were manufactured with control circuits and connectors to be remotely commanded.
With the availability of newer locomotive types the E.646 were replaced for fast passenger trains by E.444 and later by E.656 in long range passenger trains. Eventually most of the class E.646 was converted to FS Trenitalia push-pull services, while the remaining others were converted in E.645 and assigned to goods services until 2009. They were replaced by E.464 engines on regional services.
Technical details
Class E.646 did not follow the standard Italian class numbering rules where the last digit indicates the number of motors, as it mounted 12 two by two mechanically coupled 82-333FS type electric motors, each providing , fed from the 3000 V catenary. These motors were more powerful than those mounted on the predecessor E.636 class and able to improve performance up to 50% with only a 20% increase in weight; this also increased the mass available for adhesion, giving it better hauling ability.
Maximum speed was for the E.646. The E.645 had a different gear ratio — 21/68 instead of 25/64 — which reduced the maximum speed to , while increasing tractive effort. The locomotives weighed (E.645: 112).
To reach higher speeds, the motors could be electrically connected in four ways:
Due to the ability of the DC motors to draw very high currents at low speeds, a rheostat needed to be connected in series to the traction motors when starting the train, to avoid drawing excessive current. The rheostat was gradually shunted as speed builds up and is also reintroduced when a transition to another motor configuration is made; like almost every Italian electric locomotive since the E.626, rheostatic shunting was achieved through a controller (a lever mounted on a curved notched support, commonly called respectively maniglione and roncola in Italian) with several notches, each representing a portion of the rheostat, plus four (one for each combination) special intermediate "end combination" notches.
The driver gradually shunted the rheostat by rotating the lever counterclockwise, paying attention to not exceed the maximum allowed current (in that case, the "maximum current relay", and consequently the "Main Breaker" - IR, Interruttore Rapido - opens), until he reached the end combination notches, meaning that the rheostat is fully shunted for that combination; at this point, he could pass to the following combination or insert the field weakening shunts to further increase the motor current.
There were 31, 11, 9 and 8 notches on the roncola, each representing a portion of rheostat in the respective combinations.
In the 1960s the E.646 locomotives were updated with the standard 78-wire cables, fire extinguishing systems and automatic rheostatic shunting systems (Avviatore Automatico) to permit remote commanding by driving coaches on commuter push-pull passenger services.
Air pressure was provided by two 1000 l compressors that filled the main tanks used by the braking system and other components (horn, whistle, contactors etc.).
Main auxiliary services also included the 3000 V motor cooling fans, which were also used as generators to create the voltage used to recharge the 24 V DC batteries which fed the low voltage devices (lights, relays, solenoid valves, etc.).
Some units were also fitted with static converters to feed auxiliary services and recharge batteries.
Like all non-electronic Italian locomotives, E.646 were technically simple; driving personnel could often easily fix problems and get the locomotive moving for enough time to end the service or at least free the tracks.
Modified E.645s
For testing purposes, units E.645.016 and 017 were built with an even shorter gear ratio (20/69) that allowed a maximum speed of 110 km/h. These units were intended to be used for hauling heavy trains on steep lines. This modification was not applied to other E645s, however units 016 and 017 remained on regular service with their gear ratio for many years. Unit 016 was scrapped prematurely, after being involved in Murazze di Vado (see below) accident in 1978, while unit 017 reverted to the usual 21/68 ratio in the first half of the 1990s; however it retained the shorter roncola with considerably less notches than the usual E.645/6 ones.
Accidents
On April 15, 1978, an accident involved units E.645.016 and E.636.282 in Murazze di Vado (in the province of Bologna). The train hauled by the two locomotives derailed due to damage to the line caused by a landslide, and ended poised over a slope. When the first rescue had already arrived, both locomotives were hit by an ALe 601 railcar on the express service Freccia della Laguna; the railcar coaches fell into the slope, while the locomotives piled up one on top of the other on their sides. The accident caused 32 deaths and 120 wounded.
Verona's football club was travelling on the Freccia della Laguna train. They escaped unhurt because at the time of the accident they were having lunch in the restaurant wagon. After the accident, E.645.016 was scrapped.
In Florence Firenze Castello station, on March 23, 1998, unit E.646.009 was hit by EMU ETR 480-34, that was running between Rome and Bergamo, and that passed a signal at 'danger' without stopping (SPAD); the accident caused one dead and 39 wounded. The E.646 was later decommissioned.
See also
FS Class E.636
FS Class E.424
FS Class E.656
FS Class E.464
Sources
External links
FS E646 @ Trainspo
3000 V DC locomotives
E.646
Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1957
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Passenger locomotives |
4004632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient%20category | Quotient category | In mathematics, a quotient category is a category obtained from another one by identifying sets of morphisms. Formally, it is a quotient object in the category of (locally small) categories, analogous to a quotient group or quotient space, but in the categorical setting.
Definition
Let C be a category. A congruence relation R on C is given by: for each pair of objects X, Y in C, an equivalence relation RX,Y on Hom(X,Y), such that the equivalence relations respect composition of morphisms. That is, if
are related in Hom(X, Y) and
are related in Hom(Y, Z), then g1f1 and g2f2 are related in Hom(X, Z).
Given a congruence relation R on C we can define the quotient category C/R as the category whose objects are those of C and whose morphisms are equivalence classes of morphisms in C. That is,
Composition of morphisms in C/R is well-defined since R is a congruence relation.
Properties
There is a natural quotient functor from C to C/R which sends each morphism to its equivalence class. This functor is bijective on objects and surjective on Hom-sets (i.e. it is a full functor).
Every functor F : C → D determines a congruence on C by saying f ~ g iff F(f) = F(g). The functor F then factors through the quotient functor C → C/~ in a unique manner. This may be regarded as the "first isomorphism theorem" for categories.
Examples
Monoids and groups may be regarded as categories with one object. In this case the quotient category coincides with the notion of a quotient monoid or a quotient group.
The homotopy category of topological spaces hTop is a quotient category of Top, the category of topological spaces. The equivalence classes of morphisms are homotopy classes of continuous maps.
Let k be a field and consider the abelian category Mod(k) of all vector spaces over k with k-linear maps as morphisms. To "kill" all finite-dimensional spaces, we can call two linear maps f,g : X → Y congruent iff their difference has finite-dimensional image. In the resulting quotient category, all finite-dimensional vector spaces are isomorphic to 0. [This is actually an example of a quotient of additive categories, see below.]
Related concepts
Quotients of additive categories modulo ideals
If C is an additive category and we require the congruence relation ~ on C to be additive (i.e. if f1, f2, g1 and g2 are morphisms from X to Y with f1 ~ f2 and g1 ~g2, then f1 + g1 ~ f2 + g2), then the quotient category C/~ will also be additive, and the quotient functor C → C/~ will be an additive functor.
The concept of an additive congruence relation is equivalent to the concept of a two-sided ideal of morphisms: for any two objects X and Y we are given an additive subgroup I(X,Y) of HomC(X, Y) such that for all f ∈ I(X,Y), g ∈ HomC(Y, Z) and h∈ HomC(W, X), we have gf ∈ I(X,Z) and fh ∈ I(W,Y). Two morphisms in HomC(X, Y) are congruent iff their difference is in I(X,Y).
Every unital ring may be viewed as an additive category with a single object, and the quotient of additive categories defined above coincides in this case with the notion of a quotient ring modulo a two-sided ideal.
Localization of a category
The localization of a category introduces new morphisms to turn several of the original category's morphisms into isomorphisms. This tends to increase the number of morphisms between objects, rather than decrease it as in the case of quotient categories. But in both constructions it often happens that two objects become isomorphic that weren't isomorphic in the original category.
Serre quotients of abelian categories
The Serre quotient of an abelian category by a Serre subcategory is a new abelian category which is similar to a quotient category but also in many cases has the character of a localization of the category.
References
Category theory
Category |
4004640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaewon%20station | Itaewon station | Itaewon Station is a station on Line 6 of the Seoul Subway. It takes its name from the neighborhood in which it is located in, also called Itaewon. There are many shops and restaurants for foreigners located close to Itaewon Station.
Station layout
Vicinity
Exit 1 : Hamilton Hotel
Exit 2 : Pakistani, Egyptian, Ecuadorian, Argentine Embassies in Korea
Exit 3 : Bogwang Elementary School
Exit 4 : Itaewon Market
Tourism
In January 2013, the Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, which operated the line and the station until Seoul Metro took over in 2017, distributed free guidebooks from the station. These were printed in three languages: English, Japanese and Chinese (simplified and traditional), which features eight tours as well as recommendations for accommodations, restaurants and shopping centers.
References
Metro stations in Yongsan District
Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Railway stations opened in 2001 |
4004666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanlong | Guanlong | Guanlong (冠龍) is a genus of extinct proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid from the Late Jurassic of China. The taxon was first described in 2006 by Xu Xing et al., who found it to represent a new taxon related to Tyrannosaurus. The name is derived from Chinese, translating as "crown dragon". Two individuals are currently known, a partially complete adult and a nearly complete juvenile. These specimens come from the Oxfordian stage of the Chinese Shishugou Formation.
Description
About , its fossils were found in the Shishugou Formation dating to about 160 million years ago, in the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic period, 92 million years before its well-known relative Tyrannosaurus. This bipedal saurischian theropod shared many traits with its descendants, and also had some unusual ones, like a large crest on its head. Unlike later tyrannosaurs, Guanlong had three long fingers on its hands. Aside from its distinctive crest, it would have resembled its close relative Dilong, and like Dilong may have had a coat of primitive feathers.
Discovery
Guanlong was discovered in the Dzungaria area of China by a joint expedition by scientists from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and George Washington University, and named by Xu Xing and others in 2006. Guanlong comes from the Chinese words for "crown", 冠, and "dragon", 龍, referring to the crest. The specific epithet (五彩), wucaii (Hanyu Pinyin: wǔcǎi), means "multicoloured" and refers to the colours of rock of the Wucaiwan (五彩灣, "5-colored bay", "multicolored bay"), the multi-hued badlands where the creature was found.
At present, Guanlong is known from two specimens, one discovered on top of the other, with three other individual theropod dinosaurs, in the Shishugou Formation. The holotype (IVPP V14531) is a reasonably complete, partially articulated adult skeleton, and was the one on top. Another, immature specimen, the paratype IVPP V14532, is known from fully articulated and nearly complete remains. It was presumed to have been trampled, after death, by the adult. The crest on the skull of the immature specimen is notably smaller and restricted to the forward portion of the snout, while the adult has a larger and more extensive crest. The crests of both specimens are thin, delicate structures that likely served as display organs, possibly for events like mating.
Classification
In a recent study, Guanlong was found to be in a clade with both Proceratosaurus and Kileskus. Together they formed the family Proceratosauridae with a clade containing Sinotyrannus, Juratyrant and Stokesosaurus. However, in 2014 another study was published, instead finding Stokesosaurus outside the family, which only included Guanlong, Proceratosaurus, Kileskus and Sinotyrannus.
Below is a simplified cladogram of the later analysis, from Fiorillo & Tykoski, 2014.
Paleobiology
The age of the two individuals were determined using a histological analysis. The adult was shown to have matured at 7 years of age, and died at the age of 12. The juvenile died at 6, and was still growing. As the individuals are different ages, it can be seen some of the changes that happened during growth. In the juvenile, the crest is restricted to the snout, which is proportionally shorter. The orbit is also larger, the hand comparatively larger, the lower leg is longer, the pubic bone has a less expanded end, and other features found in more derived coelurosaurs and tyrannosauroids.
Guanlong possessed a cranial crest, which may have been used for display. It is similar to those of Dilophosaurus and Monolophosaurus, and like those it was highly pneumatized. However, it was more delicate than in the other genera, and also proportionately larger and more elaborate. Structures in Dilophosaurus and Monolophosaurus have also been suggested to be for species recognition, but the more gracile crest of Guanlong is more likely for display purposes.
See also
Timeline of tyrannosaur research
References
External links
Pictures of newly discovered tyrannosaur
(BBC News), "Oldest T. rex relative unveiled" 8 February 2006
(National Geographic), "Tyrannosaur Trap" July 2008 Accessed 17 June 2008
Proceratosaurids
Oxfordian life
Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Jurassic China
Fossils of China
Paleontology in Xinjiang
Fossil taxa described in 2006
Taxa named by Xu Xing |
4004673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Lithuania at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Lithuania competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Lithuania is represented by the Lithuanian National Olympic Committee (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Tautinis Olimpinis Komitetas).
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Biathlon
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Sprint
Figure skating
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
References
Official Website of the Lithuanian National Olympic Committee
News Website "Penki" Olympic Pages
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 Winter Olympics
Winter Olympics |
4004677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon%20Clerk%20and%20Keeper%20of%20the%20Records | Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records | Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records is a legal and heraldic office in Scotland. The holder of this office is appointed by the Crown, and like the Lord Lyon King of Arms receives an annual salary. Lyon Clerk's duties include heraldic research, the preparation of papers, lectures and conducting and assisting with the preliminary business of application for a grant or matriculation of armorial bearings. This includes scrutiny of documents supporting the application. As Keeper of the Records the duties include maintaining the records of the Court of the Lord Lyon, overseeing the preparation of documents, allowing inspection of the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland and other records, and issuing certified extracts when required. Until 1867 there was a Lyon Clerk Depute, and in 1986 Elizabeth Ann Roads became the first woman appointed to the office of Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records.
Role
In 1669 the Parliament of Scotland passed the Lyon King of Arms Act of 1669, the act confirmed the privileges and emoluments of the: '"Lyon King at Armes and his breethren heraulds and pursevants their Clerk of Court and thair successors". The Lyon King of Arms Act of 1672 mentioned the 'Lyon Clerk' as one of the recipients of all documents, on behalf of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.
The Lyon Clerk, together with the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the Procurator fiscal, the Herald painter and the Macer of the Court constitutes the Court of the Lord Lyon. The Lyon Court is a part of the Scottish judiciary and deals with the subject of heraldry and genealogy in Scotland. The Lyon Clerk assists the Lord Lyon in both his ministerial and judicial work. The Lyon Clerk is appointed by the Crown through the Royal sign-manual, the appointment is then published in the Edinburgh Gazette. The Lyon Clerk's salary is paid for by the Crown. This has been the case since the Lyon King of Arms Act of 1867, when the whole of the Lyon Court and Her Majesty's Officers of Arms were formally made into civil servants. Prior to this reform the Lyon Clerk received fees for every grant and matriculation. In 1837 the Lyon Clerk is paid £19 6s. for a grant of arms with supporters and £15 15s. without, for a matriculation £4 10s. 6d with supporters and £2 17s. without.
The Lyon Clerks have a prominent role in the operations of the Lyon Court. Every submission of application for a grant of arms, a matriculation of arms or the recording of genealogy must be made through the Lyon Clerk. This submission must be done either personally, by an intermediary agent or by correspondence, the Lyon Clerk is required to personally interview and reply to each applicant. As such the Lyon Clerk must take receipt of all documents and evidence submitted by the applicant in each case. Finally after the grant or matriculation has been made the Lyon Clerk must ensure that the resulting patent of arms is properly illuminated and emblazoned for the applicant and for the Lyon Court's register.
As Keeper of the Records, the Lyon Clerk is responsible for the maintenance of the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. This is done through the regular addition of new grants and matriculations. The Lyon Clerk must ensure that members of the public have access to the register by facilitating searches and studies of the records.
Lyon Clerks and Keepers of the Records
Lyon Clerks Depute
See also
Heraldry Society of Scotland
References
Appointments
Citations
Bibliography
External links
The Court of the Lord Lyon
The Heraldry Society of Scotland
Scottish heraldry |
4004683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles%27%20Funeral%20Oration | Pericles' Funeral Oration | "Pericles's Funeral Oration" (Ancient Greek: Περικλέους Επιτάφιος) is a famous speech from Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The speech was supposed to have been delivered by Pericles, an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War () as a part of the annual public funeral for the war dead.
Background
It was an established Athenian practice by the late to hold a public funeral in honour of all those who had died in war. The remains of the dead were left in a tent for three days so that offerings could be made. Then a funeral procession was held, with ten cypress coffins carrying the remains, one for each of the Athenian tribes, and another left symbolically empty for the missing or those whose remains were unable to be recovered. Finally they were buried at a public grave (at Kerameikos). The last part of the ceremony was a speech delivered by a prominent Athenian citizen chosen by the state.
Several funeral orations from classical Athens are extant, which seem to corroborate Thucydides' assertion that this was a regular feature of Athenian funerary custom in wartime.
The Funeral Oration was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his famous History of the Peloponnesian War. Although Thucydides records the speech in the first person as if it were a word for word record of what Pericles said, there can be little doubt that he edited the speech at the very least. Thucydides says early in his History that the speeches presented are not verbatim records, but are intended to represent the main ideas of what was said and what was, according to Thucydides, "called for in the situation". We can be reasonably sure that Pericles delivered a speech at the end of the first year of the war, but there is no consensus as to what degree Thucydides's record resembles Pericles's actual speech. Another confusing factor is that Pericles is known to have delivered another funeral oration in during the Samian War. It is possible that elements of both speeches are represented in Thucydides's version. Nevertheless, Thucydides was extremely meticulous in his documentation, and records the varied certainty of his sources each time. Significantly he begins recounting the speech by saying: "", i.e. "Pericles, son of Xanthippos, spoke like this". Had he quoted the speech verbatim, he would have written "" ("this", or "these words") instead of "" ("like this" or "words like these"). The authorship of the Funeral Oration is also not certain. Plato, in his Menexenus, ascribes authorship to Pericles's companion, Aspasia.
Content of the speech
The Funeral Oration is significant because it differs from the usual form of Athenian funeral speeches. David Cartwright describes it as "a eulogy of Athens itself...". The speech glorifies Athens' achievements, designed to stir the spirits of a state still at war.
Proemium (2.35)
The speech begins by praising the custom of the public funeral for the dead, but criticises the inclusion of the speech, arguing that the "reputations of many brave men" should "not be imperilled in the mouth of a single individual". Pericles argues that the speaker of the oration has the impossible task of satisfying the associates of the dead, who would wish that their deeds be magnified, while everyone else might feel jealous and suspect exaggeration.
Praise of the dead in war (2.36–2.42)
Pericles begins by praising the dead, as the other Athenian funeral orations do, by regard the ancestors of present-day Athenians (2.36.1–2.36.3), touching briefly on the acquisition of the empire.
At this point, however, Pericles departs most dramatically from the example of other Athenian funeral orations and skips over the great martial achievements of Athens' past: "That part of our history which tells of the military achievements which gave us our several possessions, or of the ready valour with which either we or our fathers stemmed the tide of Hellenic or foreign aggression, is a theme too familiar to my hearers for me to dwell upon, and I shall therefore pass it by." Instead, Pericles proposes to focus on "the road by which we reached our position, the form of government under which our greatness grew, and the national habits out of which it sprang". This amounts to a focus on present-day Athens; Thucydides' Pericles thus decides to praise the war dead by glorifying the city for which they died.
The greatness of Athens
"If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences...if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. The freedom we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life. There, far from exercising a jealous surveillance over each other, we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbour for doing what he likes..." These lines form the roots of the famous phrase "equal justice under law." The liberality of which Pericles spoke also extended to Athens' foreign policy: "We throw open our city to the world, and never by alien acts exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of an enemy may occasionally profit by our liberality..." Yet Athens' values of equality and openness do not, according to Pericles, hinder Athens' greatness, indeed, they enhance it, "...advancement in public life falls to reputations for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit...our ordinary citizens, though occupied with the pursuits of industry, are still fair judges of public matters...at Athens we live exactly as we please, and yet are just as ready to encounter every legitimate danger."
In the climax of his praise of Athens, Pericles declares: "In short, I say that as a city we are the school of Hellas; while I doubt if the world can produce a man, who, where he has only himself to depend upon, is equal to so many emergencies, and graced by so happy a versatility as the Athenian." Finally, Pericles links his praise of the city to the dead Athenians for whom he is speaking, "...for the Athens that I have celebrated is only what the heroism of these and their like have made her...none of these men allowed either wealth with its prospect of future enjoyment to unnerve his spirit, or poverty with its hope of a day of freedom and riches to tempt him to shrink from danger. No, holding that vengeance upon their enemies was more to be desired than any personal blessings, and reckoning this to be the most glorious of hazards, they joyfully determined to accept the risk... Thus, choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting, they fled only from dishonour..." The conclusion seems inevitable: "Therefore, having judged that to be happy means to be free, and to be free means to be brave, do not shy away from the risks of war". With the linkage of Athens' greatness complete, Pericles moves to addressing his audience.
Praise for the military of Athens
In his speech, Pericles states that he had been emphasising the greatness of Athens in order to convey that the citizens of Athens must continue to support the war, to show them that what they were fighting for was of the utmost importance. To help make his point he stated that the soldiers whom he was speaking of gave their lives to a cause to protect the city of Athens, and its freedom. He praised Athens for its attributes that stood out amongst their neighbours such as its democracy when he elaborates that trust is justly placed on the citizens rather than relying only on the system and the policy of the city. Where citizens boast a freedom that differs from their enemies' the Lacedaemonians. He regards the soldiers who gave their lives as truly worth of merit. That if anyone should ask, they should look at their final moments when they gave their lives to their country and that should leave no doubt in the mind of the doubtful. He explained that fighting for one's country was a great honour, and that it was like wearing a cloak that concealed any negative implications because his imperfections would be outweighed by his merits as a citizen. He praises the soldiers for not faltering in their execution during the war. That the soldiers put aside their desires and wishes for the greater cause. Because as they are described by Pericles, Athenian citizens were distinct from the citizens of other nations – they were open minded, tolerant, and ready to understand and follow orders. Where their system of democracy allowed them to have a voice amongst those who made important decisions that would affect them. Therefore, he proceeds to point out that the greatest honour and act of valour in Athens is to live and die for freedom of the state Pericles believed was different and more special than any other neighbouring city.
Exhortation to the living (2.43–2.45)
Pericles then turns to the audience and exhorts them to live up to the standards set by the deceased, "So died these men as becomes Athenians. You, their survivors, must determine to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier outcome."
Pericles addresses the widows of the dead only here, telling them that "the greatest glory for a woman is not to be spoken of at all, either for good or ill." This passage is often cited as characteristic of Athenian attitudes to women's role in public life, but is also connected to the standard behaviour of women as mourners at private funerals.
Epilogue (2.46)
Pericles ends with a short epilogue, reminding the audience of the difficulty of the task of speaking over the dead. The audience is then dismissed.
Language and translations
Thucydides' Greek is notoriously difficult, but the language of Pericles Funeral Oration is considered by many to be the most difficult and virtuosic passage in the History of the Peloponnesian War. The speech is full of rhetorical devices, such as antithesis, anacoluthon, asyndeton, anastrophe, hyperbaton, and others; most famously the rapid succession of proparoxytone words beginning with e ("" [judging courage freedom and freedom happiness]) at the climax of the speech (43.4). The style is deliberately elaborate, in accord with the stylistic preference associated with the sophists. There are several different English translations of the speech available.
Peter Aston wrote a choral version, So they gave their bodies, published in 1976.
Modern parallels of Pericles's oration
American Civil War scholars Louis Warren and Garry Wills have addressed the parallels of Pericles's funeral oration to Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address. Lincoln's speech, like Pericles':
Begins with an acknowledgement of revered predecessors: "Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent..."
Praises the uniqueness of the State's commitment to democracy: "...a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal...government of the people, by the people, and for the people..."
Addresses the difficulties faced by a speaker on such an occasion, "...we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground"
Exhorts the survivors to emulate the deeds of the dead, "It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the great task remaining before us"
Contrasts the efficacy of words and deeds, "The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract...The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here."
It is uncertain to what degree, if any, Lincoln was directly influenced by Pericles's funeral oration. Wills never claims that Lincoln drew on it as a source, though Edward Everett, who delivered a lengthy oration at the same ceremony at Gettysburg, began by describing the "Athenian example".
References
External links
An English translation of Pericles's Funeral Oration
The original Greek text of the speech
Funeral orations
Peloponnesian War
Ancient Greek orations
History of Classical Athens |
4004691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbridge | Redbridge | Redbridge may refer to:
Places
London Borough of Redbridge, England
Redbridge, London, a place in that borough
Redbridge tube station
Redbridge, Kansas City, a neighborhood in South Kansas City, Missouri, USA
Redbridge, Hampshire, England
Redbridge, Ontario, Canada
Redbridge, Oxford, England
Other
An Anheuser-Busch brand
Redbridge F.C.
See also
Red Bridge (disambiguation) |
4004711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Ratajczak | Donald Ratajczak | Donald Ratajczak (born 1942 or 1943) is an American economist specializing in economic forecasting. He is Emeritus Regents' Professor in the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies at Georgia State University.
Early life and education
Ratajczak was born in Philadelphia, where he was educated at Girard College after his father died when he was six years old. He earned a bachelor's degree from Haverford College and a PhD in economics from MIT in 1972, with a dissertation titled "An examination of the impact of World War II upon economic development in the United States".
Career
Ratajczak began his academic career at UCLA, where he was a faculty member and research director of the economic forecasting project. From 1973 until his retirement in 2000, he was on the economics faculty of Georgia State University, and was founder director of the Economic Forecasting Center within the J. Mack Robinson College of Business. He is now an Emeritus Regents' Professor. While at Georgia State he wrote a regular column for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and also consulted as an economic forecaster and investment consultant, in particular with M. Irby & Co. and following that company's dissolution, from 1975 until 2009 with Morgan Keegan & Company, of which he was also a board member, and its successor Raymond James Financial.
In 2000 he founded venture capital company Brainworks Ventures, Inc., in Atlanta; it merged with AssuranceAmerica in April 2003, after which he remained on the board of the combined company. He has also served on the boards of First Citizens BancShares, Crown Crafts, and Ruby Tuesday among others.
By 1988 Ratajczak had become known as an excellent predictor of the Consumer Price Index. In November 1994 the Economic Forecasting Center at Georgia State received the Blue Chip award for the most accurate national economic forecasts over four years. In December 1996 Business Week recognized him as the most accurate forecaster in its survey of predictions for the preceding year. USA Today ranked him second in accuracy in 2006 and fourth in 2007 out of 45 economists consulted. The Wall Street Journal has called him one of the world's 20 most-quoted economists.
Personal life
Ratajczak is married to Rosalinda Reynolds, also an economist and a teacher; they have two children.
References
Living people
1940s births
Educators from Philadelphia
Haverford College alumni
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Georgia State University faculty
21st-century American economists |
4004716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le%20Freund | Gisèle Freund | Gisèle Freund (born Gisela Freund; 19 December 1908 in Schöneberg District, Berlin 31 March 2000 in Paris) was a German-born French photographer and photojournalist, famous for her documentary photography and portraits of writers and artists. Her best-known book, Photographie et société (1974), is about the uses and abuses of the photographic medium in the age of technological reproduction. In 1977, she became president of the French Association of Photographers, and in 1981, she took the official portrait of French President François Mitterrand.
She was made Officier des Arts et Lettres in 1982 and Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, the highest decoration in France, in 1983. In 1991, she became the first photographer to be honored with a retrospective at the Musée National d'art Moderne in Paris (Centre Georges Pompidou).
Freund's major contributions to photography include using the Leica Camera (with its ability to house one film roll with 36 frames) for documentary reportage and her early experimentation with Kodachrome and 35 mm Agfacolor, which allowed her to develop a "uniquely candid portraiture style" that distinguishes her in 20th-century photography.
She is buried at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris, France near her home and studio at 12 rue Lalande.
Biography
Freund was born into a textile merchant family on 19 December 1908 to Julius and Clara (nee Dressel) Freund, a wealthy Jewish couple in the Schöneberg district of Berlin.
Her father, Julius Freund, was a keen art collector with an interest in the work of photographer Karl Blossfeldt, whose close-up studies explored the forms of natural objects. Freund's father bought Gisèle her first camera, a Voigtländer 6 × 9 in 1925 and a Leica camera as a present for her graduation in 1929.
In 1931, Freund studied sociology and art history at Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany; and in 1932 and 1933 she studied at the Institute for Social, Sciences, University of Frankfurt under Theodor W. Adorno, Karl Mannheim and Norbert Elias (also known as the Frankfurt School). At university she became an active member of a student socialist group and was determined to use photography as an integral part of her socialist practice. One of her first stories, shot on 1 May 1932, "shows a recent march of anti-fascist students" who had been "regularly attacked by Nazi groups".
The photos show Walter Benjamin, a good friend of Freund, and Bertolt Brecht.
In March 1933, a month after Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany, Walter Benjamin fled to Paris on 30 May, Gisèle followed him since she was both a socialist activist and a Jew. She escaped to Paris with her negatives strapped around her body to get them past the border guards. Gisèle and Walter Benjamin would continue their friendship in Paris, where Freund would famously photograph him reading at the National Library. They both studied and wrote about art in the 19th and 20th centuries as Freund continued her studies at the Sorbonne.
In 1935, Andre Malraux invited Freund to document First International Congress in Defence of Culture in Paris, where she was introduced to and subsequently photographed many of the notable French artists of her day. Freund befriended the famed literary partners, Sylvia Beach of Shakespeare and Company, and Adrienne Monnier of Maison des Amis des Livres. In 1935, Monnier arranged a marriage of convenience for Freund with Pierre Blum so that Freund could obtain a visa to remain in France legally (they officially divorced after the war in 1948).
In 1936, while Sylvia Beach was visiting the United States, Freund moved into Monnier and Beach's shared apartment and they became intimates. When Beach returned, she ended her intimate relationship with Monnier yet maintained a strong friendship with both Monnier and Freund. Freund finished her Ph.D. in sociology and art at the Sorbonne in 1936, and Monnier published the doctoral dissertation as "La photographie en France au dix-neuvieme siècle", under the La Maison des Amis des Livres imprint by Monnier.
Monnier "introduced [Freund] to the artists and writers who would prove her most captivating subjects." Later that year, Freund became internationally famous with her photojournalistic piece, "Northern England", which was published in Life magazine on 14 December 1936, and showed the effects of the depression in England. No magazine in France could publish color photographs at that time, so Freund's work with Life—one of the first color mass magazines—would start a lifelong relationship between the photographer and magazine.
In 1938, Monnier suggested that Freund photograph James Joyce for his upcoming book, Finnegans Wake. Joyce, who disliked being photographed, invited Freund to his Paris flat for a private screening of her previous work. He was impressed enough by Freund's work to allow her to photograph him, and over a period of three days, she captured the most intimate portraits of Joyce during his time in Paris.
In 1939, after being "twice refused admission to Tavistock Square", Freund gained the confidence of Virginia Woolf and captured the iconic color photographs of the Woolfs on display in the English National Portrait Gallery. Woolf even "agreed to change her clothes to see which best suited the colour harmony and insisted on being photographed with Leonard (and their spaniel Pinka). In some of the prints, Woolf is pale and lined, in others smiling a little and more youthful. The background of fabrics and mural panels by Bell and Grant adds to the value of the images; this was the inner sanctum of the queen of Bloomsbury where parties were given and friends came to tea. Just over a year later the house was destroyed in The Blitz."
On 10 June 1940, with the Nazi invasion of Paris looming, Freund escaped Paris to Free France in the Dordogne. Her husband by convenience, Pierre, had been captured by the Nazis and sent to a prison camp. He was able to escape and met with Freund before going back to Paris to fight in the Resistance. As the wife of an escaped prisoner, a Jew, and a socialist, Freund "feared for her life".
In 1942, with the help of André Malraux, who told his friends, "we must save Gisele!", Freund fled to Buenos Aires, Argentina "at the invitation of Victoria Ocampo, director of the periodical Sur. Ocampo was at the center of the Argentinean intellectual elite, and through her Freund met and photographed many great writers and artists, such as Jorge Luis Borges and Pablo Neruda."
While living in Argentina, Freund started a publishing venture called Ediciones Victoria. She writes, "In reality, I started this for the De Gaulle government in exile where I was working in the Information ministry, volontairement without payment." She also founds a relief action committee for French artists and becomes a spokesperson for Free France.
In 1947, Freund signed a contract with Magnum Photos as a Latin America contributor, but by 1954, she was declared persona non grata by the U.S. government at the height of the Red Scare for her socialist views, and Robert Capa forced her to break ties with Magnum. In 1950, her photocoverage of a bejewelled Eva Peron for Life magazine caused a diplomatic stir between the United States and Argentina and upset many of Peron's supporters—the ostentatious photographs went against the official party line of austerity; Life was blacklisted in Argentina, and once again, Freund had to escape a country with her negatives. She moved to Mexico and became friends with Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo, Alfaro Siqueiros, and José Clemente Orozco. In 1953, she moved back to Paris permanently. Over the life of her career, she went on over 80 photojournalism assignments, primarily for Life and Time, but also Du, The Sunday Times (London), Vu, Picture Post, Weekly Illustrated, and Paris Match, among others. From the 1960s onward, Freund continued to write, and her reputation as an important portrait photographer grew with each successive exhibition. She is now celebrated as one of the best portrait photographers of the twentieth century: Upon her death, "President Jacques Chirac praised her as 'one of the world's greatest photographers.
Notable work
In 1936 Freund photographed the effects of the Depression in England for Life. Freund's dissertation was published in book form by Adrienne Monnier (1892–1955). One of her best-known early works shows her friends Walter Benjamin and Bertolt Brecht participating in one of the last political street demonstrations in Germany before Hitler took power.
In 1938, Freund had the opportunity to photograph James Joyce in Paris through her connections with Adrienne Monnier and Sylvia Beach. Joyce hated being photographed, and during one of the sessions he hit his head on a light, which cut his forehead. Joyce exclaimed, "I'm bleeding. Your damned photos will be the death of me", which he said, "forgetting in his pain that he had made it a rule never to swear in the presence of a lady." Freund was in a taxi crash right after the photo-session, which caused her cameras to crash to the ground. She called Joyce and said, "Mr. Joyce, you damned my photos — you put some kind of a bad Irish spell on them and my taxi crashed. I was almost killed and your photos are ruined". Being superstitious, Joyce was convinced that his cursing in front of a lady had caused the crash, so he invited Freund back to his home for a second round of photographs. Time magazine used one of these photos for its cover on 8 May 1939. The entire series of photographs would eventually be published in 1965 in James Joyce in Paris: His Final Years by Freund and V. B. Carleton and a Preface by Simone de Beauvoir. Freund became famous for her portraits of literary geniuses, including Samuel Beckett, Virginia Woolf, George Bernard Shaw and many others.
In 1981, Freund made her official portrait of François Mitterrand, who was President of France (1981–1995).
In Freund's obituary for The New York Times, Suzanne Daley writes, "[Freund] specialized in conveying the attitude of her subjects. She focused on hands, body posture and clothing. Reviewing an exhibition of her life's work in 1979, Hilton Kramer wrote in The New York Times that she excelled in 'brilliant documentation rather than originality.' In a 1996 interview, Ms. Freund said she read her subjects' work and often spent hours discussing their books with them before taking a portrait." Indeed, it was Freund's ability to connect with writers and artists—especially the famously difficult James Joyce—that gave her the ability to photograph them with their guard down.
Quotations
From "Photographer" (1985)
"For a writer, his portrait is the only link he can establish with his readers. When we read a book whose content moves us, we are interested to look at the author's face, which is generally printed on the jacket since the publisher is aware of our wish to see if these features correspond to the idea we have formed of the author. This image is thus very important to the man of letters. He prefers a photographer in whom he can have confidence."
From Photography & Society
"The lens, the so-called impartial eye, actually permits every possible distortion of reality: the character of the image is determined by the photographer's point of view and the demands of his patrons. The importance of photography does not rest primarily in its potential as an art form, but rather in its ability to shape our ideas, to influence our behaviour, and to define our society" (4).
"In our technological age, when industry is always trying to create new needs, the photographic industry has expanded enormously because the photograph meets modem man's pressing need to express his own individuality" (5).
Although the first inventor of photography, Nicéphore Niépce, tried desperately to have his invention recognized, his efforts were in vain and he died in misery. Few people know his name today. But photography, which he discovered, has become the most common language of our civilization" (218).
"When you do not like human beings, you cannot make good portraits."
Exhibitions
1938 Private viewing for James Joyce in his Paris apartment (on his request to see if he liked her work)
1939 La Maison des Amis des Livres, Paris, France
1942 Galerie Amigos del Arte, Buenos Aires, Argentina
1945 Palacio de Bellas Artes, Valparaiso Galeria de Arte, Buenos Aires, Argentina
1946 Maison de l'Amerique latine, Paris, France
1962 Musee des Beaux-Arts de la Ville a Paris—Petit Palais, France
1963 "Le portrait francais au xxe siecle" [French portraiture in the 20th Century]" Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cabinet des estampes, Paris, France & Berlin and Dusseldorf, Germany
1964 "Ecrivains et artistes francais et britanniques". Institut Francais du Royaume-Uni, London, U.K.
1965 Princeton Art Museum, US
1966 American Centre, Paris, France
1968 "Au pays des visages, 1938-1968: trente ans d'art et de litterature a travers la camera de Gisèle Freund". [In the realm of faces: thirty years of art and literature through the lens of Gisèle Freund]. Musee Art moderne de la ville de Paris & Fondation Rayaumont, Asnieres-sur-Oise
1973 Musee Descartes, Amsterdam, Netherlands
1975 "Giselle Freund [sic]", Robert Schoelkopf Gallery, New York, US
1976 Focus Gallery, San Francisco, California, US
1977 "A Retrospective", Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn, Germany [Gisèle Freund: Fotographien 1932-1977]; Musée Réattu, Arles; Fotoforum, Frankfurt; Documenta 6, Kassel, Germany; David Mirvich Gallery, Toronto, Canada.
1978 Watari Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan; Shadai Gallery, Tokyo, Japan; Marcus Krakow Gallery, Boston, US
1979 Sidney Janis Gallery, New York, US
1980 Galerie Agathe Gaillard, Paris, France; Photo Art Basel, Switzerland
1981 Galerie municipale du Chateau d'Eau, Toulouse, France; Center for Creative Photography, Tucson, Arizona, US; Axiom Gallery, Sidney, Australia.
1982 Koplin Gallery, Los Angeles, US; The Photographers Gallery, London
1983 Boston National Library, US; Center for Creative Art, New Orleans, US; Stanford University Museum
1984 Fotoforum, Frankfurt, Germany
1986 "Itinéraires", Galerie de France, Paris
1987 Galerie zur Stockeregg, Zurich, Switzerland; "Photographs of James Joyce and Friends" Gotham Book Mart & Gallery, New York, US
1988 "Gisèle Freund", Werkbund-Archiv, Museum der Alltagskultur des 20. Berlin, Germany
1989 "Gisèle Freund: James Joyce, 1939", Galerie de France, Paris, France; "Gisèle Freund, James Joyce in Paris", Galerie Anita Neugebauer, Photo Art Basel, Switzerland & Bale, France
1991 Photo Art Gallery, Bale, France
1991 "Gisèle Freund, Itinéraires", Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France; "Frida Kahlo et ses amis", Galerie de France, Paris.
1992 Center for Contemporary Art, Mexico
1993 "Gisèle Freund", Seoul Museum, South Korea
1994 Galerie Clairefontaine, Luxembourg
1995 Museum of Modern Art, Frankfurt, Germany
1996 "Gisèle Freund, 1st International Congress of Writers for the Defence of Culture, Paris 1935", Goethe Institute, Paris, France; Sprengel Museum, Hanover, Germany; "Malraux sous le regard de Gisele Freund, Galerie du Jeu de Paume, Paris, France; Verso Gallery, Tokyo, Japan; Galerie Michiko Matsumoto, Tokyo, Japan; "Gisele Freund: Berlin, Frankfurt, Paris: Fotographien 1929-1962, Berliner Festspeil, Berlin, Germany
1999 "Adrienne Monnier, Saint John Perse et les amis des livres", Musee Municipal Saint John Perse; Point-a-Pitre, and the Fondation Saint John Perse, Aix-en-Provence, France
2002 "El mon i la meva camera-Gisèle Freund", Centre de Cultura Contemporanea, Barcelona; Fundacio Sa Nostra, Palma de Majorque, Spain
2006 "Susana Soca and her circles seen by Gisèle Freund", Maison de l'Amerique latine, Paris, France; Montevideo, Uruguay; Soca, Uruguay
2008 "Gisèle Freund, ritratti d'autore" Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milan, Italy; "Gisèle Freund reframes Berlin, 1957-1962", Ephraim-Palais, Berlin.
2011–2012 "Gisèle Freund: L'Œil frontière, Paris 1933-1940"
2014 "From Paris to Victoria: Gisèle Freund's James Joyce Photographs". University of Victoria, Canada
2014 "Gisèle Freund: Photographic scenes and portraits"
2015 "Frida Kahlo: Mirror, Mirror".
Books published by Gisèle Freund
"La photographie en France au dix-neuvieme siècle" [French Photography in the 19th Century], Paris, La Maison des Amis des Livres, (1936)
"France" (1945)
Guia Arquitectura Mexicana Contemporánea [Guide to Contemporary Mexican Architecture]
"Mexique precolombien" [Pre-Columbian Mexico] (1954)
"James Joyce in Paris. His final years" (1965)
"Le monde et ma camera" [The World and My Camera] (1970)
"Photographie et societe" [Photography and Society] (1974)
"Memoires de l'Oeil" [My Eye's Memories] (1977)
"Portfolio: Au pays des visages" [Portfolio: the Landscape of faces] (1978)
"Trois Jours avec Joyce" [Three Days with Joyce] (1982)
"Itineraires" [Itinerary] (1985)
"Gisèle Freund, photographer" (1985)
"Gisèle Freund, Portraits d'ecrivains et d'artistes [Gisèle Freund's Portraits of writers and Artists] (1989)
"Gisèle Freund, portrait. Entretiens avec Rauda Jamis [Portrait: Interviews with Rauda Jamis] (1991)
"The Poetry of the Portrait: Photographs of Writers and Artists" (1998)
"La Photographie en France au dix-neuvieme siecle" [Revised and expanded edition with Andre Gunthert] (2011)
Awards
1989 Doctor honoris causa, National Museum of Photography at Bradford University
1983 Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (France)
1982 Officier des Arts et Lettres (France)
1980 Grand prix national des Arts pour la Photographie (France)
1978 German Society's cultural photography prize (Germany)
1977 Elected President, French Federation of Creative Photographers (France)
Books about Gisèle Freund
2015 Frida Kahlo: The Gisèle Freund Photographs
2011 Catalogue de l'exposition Gisèle Freund L'Oeil Frontière Paris 1933-1940
1998 Gisèle Freund
1994 You have seen their faces : Gisèle Freund, Walter Benjamin and Margaret Bourke-White as headhunters of the thirties
1991 Catalogue de l'œuvre photographique Gisèle Freund
Articles about Gisèle Freund
2015 The Times Magazine "Frida Kahlo's last years"
2015 Leica Fotographie International "Gisèle Freund – On the Streets On May 1st"
2014 The Guardian "Portraits of Virginia Woolf: here, the true face of the modern writer"
2009 The New York Times "A Berliner's Portraits of People and Her Familiar, and Foreign, Home"
Websites about Gisèle Freund
Galerie Clairefontaine: Gisèle Freund, Europe's most Prominent Photographer
From Paris to Victoria: The James Joyce Photographs of Gisèle Freund
Film and television
The 1996 documentary Paris Was a Woman features interviews with Dr. Gisèle Freund as she recollects her experiences in Paris during the 1930s.
1979 Zeugen des Jahrhunderts [Witnesses of the Century].
Rights and permissions
Freund's estate is managed through l'Institut Mémoires de l'édition contemporaine (IMEC), Paris, France.
References
External links
Robert Mapplethrope's photograph of Gisèle Freund
The Fondation Pierre Bergé – Yves Saint Laurent Includes video and press kit
Jewish Women's Archive written by Carlene Meeker
Gisele Freund fonds at University of Victoria, Special Collections
Gisèle Freund Photographs of James Joyce in Paris at University of Victoria, Special Collections
GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture
Peggy Guggenheim Museum
About women's history
French photographers
1908 births
2000 deaths
French women photographers
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
20th-century photographers
20th-century French women artists
LGBT artists from France
20th-century women photographers
20th-century LGBT people |
4004719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Hill | Golden Hill | Golden Hill or Golden Hills may refer to:
Places
China
Golden Hill, Hong Kong, a mountain
South Africa
Golden Hill, Western Cape, a suburb in Somerset West
United Kingdom
Golden Hill, Bristol, a suburb
Golden Hill Fort, Isle of Wight
United States
Golden Hill (New York), a mountain in the Catskills
Golden Hills, California, a census-designated place in Kern County
Golden Hill, San Diego, an urban neighborhood
Golden Hill, Indiana, an unincorporated community in White County
Golden Hill Historic District (Indianapolis, Indiana), a wealthy historic neighborhood in Indianapolis, Indiana
Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation, Connecticut
Golden Hill State Park, in Niagara County, New York
Other
Battle of Golden Hill, a 1770 clash between British soldiers and the Sons of Liberty in New York City
Golden Hill (novel), a 2016 novel by Francis Spufford |
4004720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20renaissance | Urban renaissance | The urban renaissance of the United Kingdom is the recent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities, including Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, and parts of London after a period of inner city urban decay and suburbanisation during the mid-20th century. The most common equivalent term used in North America is New Urbanism.
History
Urban regeneration was achieved through a number of initiatives including tax incentives and the lifting of some urban planning restrictions, as well as positive state intervention encouraging business and residents back into city centre areas. Urban renaissance deals with the negative impact of major factors driving change in urban areas such as technical revolution, ecological threat and social transformation. It differs from the New Urbanism popular in North America, but could be considered the British equivalent. Large developments such as the London Docklands project have helped to encourage people back into the city, assisted by gentrification.
Often redundant land, such as 17th and 18th-century canals and docks, railway yards and derelict industrial sites have been the focus of regeneration by agencies such as 'urban renewal companies' and 'regional development agencies'. The most common re-development is mixed use, with flats, townhouse and offices, often with public art and high-quality streetscapes. Derelict but attractive historical buildings have been converted into residential or commercial premises (dubbed "loft apartments" in the US) with generous grants or tax relief.
In the United States, efforts to revitalise urban areas often involve ideas of downtown/city centre as an art and cultural hub or arts district, somewhat akin to Richard Florida's concept of making the urban core friendly to the Creative Class. City leaders may promote events such as First Friday art walks and the construction of convention centers and theatres in order to attract visitors who live in suburbs.
Many American cities have renaissance-themed agency and building. An example is the Renaissance Center and Detroit Renaissance Board in the city of Detroit, Michigan. Many American cities have seen at least a modest bounce in interest in core cities and older neighborhoods in recent years with a special emphasis on condominium projects, often in formerly non-residential structures.
Criticism
In a 2008 report, the Policy Exchange think tank argued that policies to regenerate struggling cities over the previous ten, twenty, or even fifty years have failed - "we can’t buck economic geography... Places that enjoyed the conditions for creating wealth in the coal-powered 19th-century are often
poorly positioned today. There is no realistic prospect that our regeneration towns and cities can converge with London and the South East. There is, however, a very real prospect of encouraging significant numbers of people to move from those towns to London and the South East." The report was criticised by a number of British politicians.
See also
Towards an Urban Renaissance
Urban vitality
Notes
External links
Detroit Renaissance Board
City of Rochester New York Renaissance plan
Google Search for other cities touting an urban renaissance
Urban planning |
4004722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20US%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 2002 US Open – Men's singles | Pete Sampras defeated Andre Agassi in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2002 US Open. It was his record-extending 14th and final major title. The final was also a rematch of the 1990 and 1995 US Open finals, where Sampras won his first and seventh major titles respectively. It was Sampras' last professional appearance, though he did not officially announce his retirement until 2003. Sampras became the only man in the Open Era to win the final major at which he played.
Lleyton Hewitt was the defending champion, but lost to Agassi in the semifinals.
Notably, this was the most recent occasion that eight different men appeared in the four major singles finals in a calendar year.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Other entry information
Wild cards
Protected ranking
Qualifiers
Lucky losers
Withdrawals
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 2002 US Open Men's Singles draw
2002 US Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
2002 US Open (tennis)
US Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles |
4004726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Corona%2C%20Canterbury%20Cathedral | The Corona, Canterbury Cathedral | The Corona, Canterbury Cathedral is the east end of Canterbury Cathedral, named after the severed crown of Thomas Becket (St. Thomas the Martyr), whose shrine it was built to contain.
Becket was murdered in the north transept of the cathedral on 29 December 1170. Four years later a disastrous fire destroyed the eastern end of the church. After William of Sens had rebuilt the Choir, William the Englishman added the immense Corona as a shrine for the crown of St. Thomas (with a new shrine for the main relics in the form of the Trinity Chapel between the Corona and the Choir).
The shrine was not installed in the Corona until 1220, in a ceremony at which the king, Henry III, assisted. The anniversary of the occasion was celebrated each year as the Feast of the Translation of the Blessed St Thomas, until suppressed by royal injunction in 1536.
The income from pilgrims who visited Becket's shrine, which was regarded as a place of healing, largely paid for the subsequent rebuilding of the Cathedral and its associated buildings.
In 1538 Henry VIII allegedly summoned the dead saint to court to face charges of treason. Having failed to appear within thirty days, he was tried in his absence, and found guilty. Becket's remains were buried, and the treasures of his shrine confiscated, carried away in two coffers and twenty-six carts.
Archbishop Cardinal Reginald Pole was also buried in the Corona.
References
Canterbury Cathedral |
4004740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal%20warm-up | Vocal warm-up | A vocal warm-up is a series of exercises meant to prepare the voice for singing, acting, or other use.
There is very little scientific data about the benefits of vocal warm-ups. Relatively few studies have researched the effects of these exercises on muscle function and even fewer have studied their effect on singing-specific outcomes.
Description
Vocal warm-ups are intended to accomplish five things: a physical whole-body warm-up, preparing the breath, preparing the articulators and resonators, moving from the spoken register to the singing register (or an extended spoken register for acting), and preparing for the material that is going to be rehearsed or performed.
Physical whole-body warm-ups help prepare a singer or actor's body in many ways. Muscles all over the body are used when singing/acting. Stretching helps to activate and prepare the large muscle groups that take care of balance and posture, and the smaller muscle groups that are directly involved with breathing and facial articulation. Stretches of the abdomen, back, neck, and shoulders are important to avoid tension, which influences the sound of the voice through constriction of the larynx and/or breathing muscles. Actors (including opera singers or musical theatre performers) may need to do a more comprehensive physical warm-up if their role is demanding physically.
Preparing the breath involves not only stretching the many muscles involved with respiration, but preparing them to sustain exhalation during long singing/speaking passages. Specific training of the respiratory muscles is required for singers to take very quick deep breath and sustain their exhalation over many bars of music. A good vocal warm-up should include exercises such as inhaling for 4 counts, then exhaling for 8 counts (and slowly transitioning until the performer can inhale for 1 count and exhale for as long as possible); panting or puffing air are also used to engage in the intercostal muscles.
Vocal articulation is controlled by a variety of tissues, muscles, and structures (place of articulation), but can be basically understood as the effects of the lips, the teeth, and the tip of the tongue. Often we also try and use our jaw for articulation, which creates unnecessary tension in the facial muscles and tongue. A good vocal warm up will relax the jaw, while activating the lips and the tongue in a variety of exercises to stretch the muscles and prepare for the more defined vocal articulation that is required when singing or acting. These exercises may include tongue twisters, or the famous "me, may, ma, moh, moo" that many actors are seen doing in film.
Resonators are the hard and soft surfaces within the oral cavity that affect the sound waves produced during phonation. Hard surfaces, such as the hard palate, cannot be controlled by the singer, but soft surfaces, such as the soft palate, can be trained to change the timbre of the sound. A vocal warm up should include exercises which direct sound towards these hard and soft surfaces – these exercises can incorporate a variety of sound effects, including whoops, wails, and nasal sounds. Other exercises can help singers/actors be aware of lifting the soft palate, which can create a darker richer timbre when singing – an example would be simulating a sudden shocked gasp, and then maintaining the openness at the back of the mouth.
Changing pitch undoubtedly stretches the vocal muscles, and singing or projecting one's voice for acting requires a more strenuous use of these muscles. A good vocal warm-up should move the singer/actor from the spoken register (small pitch range, small dynamic range, colloquial diction) into the singing register (large pitch range, large dynamic range, and diction specific to the demands of the role or piece). This is often the largest and most complex part of the vocal warm-up, and requires a multitude of exercises. These exercises also provide voice training, and are sometimes called vocalises. These activities teach breath control, diction, blending, and balance. A vocalise is a vocal exercise (often one suitable for performance) without words, which is sung on one or more vowel sounds.
Finally, a good vocal warm-up should prepare the specific material that is going to be rehearsed or performed (usually a vocal warm-up is a precursor to either rehearsal or performance). This could be as simple as doing some exercises in the key that is to be sung, or with the accent that an actor must use for their role. Certain difficult passages of the forthcoming repertoire might be broken down and used as an exercise, and any language requirements must be prepared (if the performer is singing in their non-native language, they will want to do exercises to prepare for the sounds and shapes which are required in that language).
When a vocal warm-up is led by a director (either musical or theatrical), it also provides an important opportunity to assess the vocal abilities of the singers/actors at hand without the distraction of the repertoire and to specifically train areas of weakness. For some, their director will be the only voice teacher they ever work with, so the vocal warm-up is the only time where they receive specific training for the muscles required by their craft.
Vocalise
Classical music
Vocalises date back to the mid-18th century. Jean-Antoine Bérard's 1755 compilation L'art du chant includes a selection of songs without words (sans paroles) by composers such as Lully (1632–1687) and Rameau (1683–1764), chosen for their value as exercises in vocal technique. Accompanying the exercises are instructions on mastering the technical challenges they pose. By the 19th century, vocalises were commonly composed specifically for pedagogical purposes rather than being adapted from existing songs.
A related tradition of vocalises sprang up in the 19th century with wordless technical etudes set to piano accompaniment. This followed the fashion of the time of setting even the most mechanical of études to piano accompaniment with the thought that this would inspire the performer to execute the music more artistically.
In the early 20th century, many orchestral scores incorporated wordless choruses (especially female choruses) for coloristic effects, and such choruses may be found in works by Debussy, Ravel, Vaughan Williams, Holst, and in many film scores.
Notable examples
Gabriel Fauré: Vocalise-étude (1906)
Maurice Ravel: Vocalise-étude en forme de habanera, M.51, for voice and piano (1907)
Igor Stravinsky: Pastorale for soprano (1907)
Carl Nielsen: Symphony No. 3, Op. 27: second movement (1911)
Sergei Rachmaninoff: Vocalise, Op. 34, No. 14, for soprano (1912)
Nikolai Medtner: Sonata-Vocalise, Op. 41, No. 1 (1922) and Suite-Vocalise, Op. 41, No. 2 (1927)
Heitor Villa-Lobos: Bachianas Brasileiras No. 5: first movement (1938)
Reinhold Glière: Concerto for Coloratura Soprano and Orchestra, Op. 82 (1943)
John Corigliano: Vocalise, for soprano, electronics and orchestra (1999)
Gilad Hochman: Night Winds, vocalise for soprano and piano (2015)
Jazz and world music
Vocalese (with the -ese suffix) refers to a type of jazz singing in which new words are created and sung to existing instrumental improvisations. Both The Swingle Singers and Jon Hendricks famously combined both these techniques. This style is pre-composed (i.e. not improvised); therefore, it is not to be confused with scat singing, which is wordless improvisation.
The 1929 gospel blues song "I Had a Good Father and Mother" by Washington Phillips has a vocalise as refrain.
In Indian classical music, the tradition of aakar is used as a vocal exercise before singing, and also to a certain extent adds to the singing and the melody.
See also
National Center for Voice and Speech
Vocology – science and practice of voice habilitation
Human Voice
Melisma
References
External links
www.ncvs.org – suggested warm-ups from the National Center for Voice & Speech
Warm up using Flow Resistant Straws from Journal of Singing article: and a video illustrating the technique featuring Ingo Titze
List of vocalises
Singing
Human voice
Vocal music
Song forms |
4004747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20top-division%20football%20clubs%20in%20UEFA%20countries | List of top-division football clubs in UEFA countries | The Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) is the administrative and controlling body for European football. It consists of 55 member associations, each of which is responsible for governing football in their respective countries.
All widely recognised sovereign states located entirely within Europe are members, with the exceptions of the United Kingdom, Monaco and Vatican City. Eight states partially or entirely outside Europe are also members: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Israel, Cyprus and Turkey. The United Kingdom is divided into the four separate football associations of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales; each association has a separate UEFA membership. The Faroe Islands, an autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, also has its own football association which is a member of UEFA. The football association of Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory, was approved as a member by UEFA in 2013. Kosovo was approved as a member in 2016, even though it is claimed by Serbia and is not recognised by several other UEFA member states.
Each UEFA member has its own football league system, except Liechtenstein. Clubs playing in each top-level league compete for the title as the country's club champions. Clubs also compete in the league and national cup competitions for places in the following season's UEFA club competitions, the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and UEFA Europa Conference League. Due to promotion and relegation, the clubs playing in the top-level league are different every season, except in San Marino and Gibraltar where there is only one level.
Some clubs play in a national football league other than their own country's. Where this is the case the club is noted as such.
UEFA coefficients
The UEFA league coefficients, also known as the UEFA rankings, are used to rank the leagues of Europe, and thus determine the number of clubs from a league that will participate in UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. A country's ranking determines the number of teams competing in the season after the next; the 2009 rankings determined qualification for European competitions in the 2010–11 season.
A country's ranking is calculated based on the results of its clubs in UEFA competitions over the past five seasons. Two points are awarded for each win by a club, and one for a draw. If a game goes to extra time, the result at the end of time is used to calculate ranking points; if the match goes to a penalty shootout, it is considered to be a draw for the purposes of the coefficient system. The number of points awarded to a country's clubs are added together, and then divided by the number of clubs that participated in European competitions that season. This number is then rounded to three decimal places; two and two-thirds would become 2.667.
For the league coefficient the season's league coefficients for the last five seasons must be added up. In the preliminary rounds of both the Champions League and Europa League, the awarded points are halved. Bonus points for certain achievements are added to the number of points scored in a season. Bonus points are allocated for:
Qualifying for the Champions League group phase. (4 bonus points)
Reaching the second round of the Champions League. (5 bonus points)
Reaching the quarter, semi and final of both Champions League and Europa League. (1 bonus point)
Current champions
The below is a list of the current champions of the UEFA countries (except Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic championship).
Notes
Full list by country
Albania
Football association: Football Association of Albania
Top-level league: Albanian Superliga ()
UEFA ranking: 42nd
Soccerway profile: here
The top division of Albanian football was formed in 1930, and the inaugural title was won by SK Tirana (now known as KF Tirana). Tirana are the most successful team in the league's history, having won the competition on 24 occasions, followed by FK Dinamo Tirana (now playing in the second division) with 18 championships, and Partizani with 16. The league became affiliated with UEFA in 1954. Since the 2014–15 season, 10 teams compete in the division. The teams finishing in the bottom two places are relegated to the Albanian First Division and are replaced by the champions of each of that league's two groups.
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Andorra
Country: Andorra
Football association: Andorran Football Federation
Top-level league: Andorran First Division ()
UEFA ranking: 54th
Soccerway profile: here
Andorra's national league system was formed in 1993, and the Andorran Football Federation gained UEFA membership in 1996. Records from the league's first three seasons are incomplete, but FC Santa Coloma have won more First Division titles than any other team, with at least 13.
Another Andorran football club, FC Andorra, play in the Spanish football league system. In recent years, eight teams have competed in the First Division. Each team plays two matches against the other seven clubs. After fourteen games, the league splits into two groups, with teams carrying their previous points totals forward. The top four teams play each other a further two times in the championship round to decide 1st–4th places, while the bottom four teams do likewise in the relegation round, to determine the 5th–8th positions. At the end of the season, the bottom-placed team is relegated, while the seventh-placed team plays a two-legged play-off against the second-placed team in the Second Division to decide which team plays in which division for the following season.
Clubs and locations as of 2021–22 season:
Armenia
Country: Armenia
Football association: Football Federation of Armenia
Top-level league: Armenian Premier League ()
UEFA Ranking: 43rd
Soccerway profile: here
Armenia gained independence in 1991, following the break-up of the Soviet Union. Organised football had been played in Armenia since 1936, as part of the Soviet football system. The Football Federation of Armenia gained UEFA affiliation in 1992, and the league ran as the national championship for the first time in the same year. Since independence, the country's most successful team is Pyunik, who has won 14 league titles.
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Austria
Country: Austria
Football association: Austrian Football Association
Top-level league: Austrian Football Bundesliga ()
UEFA ranking: 12th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Azerbaijan
Country: Azerbaijan
Football association: Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan
Top-level league: Azerbaijan Premier League ()
UEFA ranking: 26th
Soccerway profile: here
Although the country was part of the Soviet Union, the first Azerbaijan-wide football competition took place in 1928, and became an annual occurrence from 1934. Following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first independent Azeri championship took place in 1992, and the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan gained UEFA affiliation in 1994 Since independence, the country's most successful team is Neftçi Baku, with eight league titles. In recent years, 10 teams had competed in the Azerbaijan Premier League, but two teams that otherwise would have competed in the 2016–17 season were denied professional licenses, making it an eight-team league at present.
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Belarus
Country: Belarus
Football association: Football Federation of Belarus
Top-level league: Belarusian Premier League ()
UEFA ranking: 32nd
Soccerway profile: here
Belarus declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1990. Its independence was widely recognised within Europe in 1991, an independent national championship began in 1992, and UEFA membership followed in 1993. Through the 2018 season, the most successful team is BATE Borisov, with 15 league championships, including an ongoing streak of 13 titles. The 2016 season saw the league expand from 14 teams to 16, accomplished by promoting three clubs from the Belarusian First League and relegating only the last-place team in the 2015 Premier League. At the end of the season, the bottom two teams are relegated to the First League and replaced by that league's top two finishers.
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
Belgium
Country: Belgium
Football association: Royal Belgian Football Association
Top-level league: Belgian First Division A (, , )
UEFA ranking: 9th
Soccerway profile: here
Organised football reached Belgium in the 19th century; the Royal Belgian Football Association was founded in 1895, and FC Liégeois became the country's first champions the following year. Belgium joined European football's governing body, UEFA, upon its formation in 1954. Historically the country's most successful team are Anderlecht, with 34 league titles as of 2019. The Belgian First Division A, historically known as the First Division and also known as the Pro League from 2008 to 2009 through 2015–16, currently consists of 16 teams. Initially, each team plays the other clubs twice for a total of 30 matches. At this point, the league proceeds as follows (as of the current 2016–17 season):
The top six teams take half of their points (rounded up) into a championship play-off, playing each other two further times to determine the national champion.
The teams finishing the regular season between 7th and 15th enter one of two six-team groups. The remaining teams in this competition are the top three teams from the Belgian First Division B (historically known as the Second Division), excluding that division's champion (which earns automatic promotion to First Division A). Each team plays the other five teams in its group home and away, and the winners of each group play one another in a two-legged play-off. The winner of that match advances to a two-legged play-off against the fourth- or fifth-place team (depending on results) from the championship play-off for the country's final UEFA Europa League place for the following season.
The bottom team on the regular-season table is automatically relegated to First Division B.
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Football association: Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Top-level league: Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina ()
UEFA ranking: 35th
Soccerway profile: here
Prior to gaining independence from Yugoslavia, clubs from Bosnia and Herzegovina were eligible to compete in the Yugoslav First League, which they won three times. The country gained independence in 1992, and its Football Association gained UEFA membership in 1998. Due to political tensions between Bosniaks, Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats, the country did not have a single national top division until the 2002–03 season, but rather two or three. Since then, Zrinjski Mostar have won six titles, Sarajevo have won four, Željezničar have won three, Široki Brijeg have won twice and three other teams have won it once each.
Since the 2016–17 season, the Premier League has consisted of 12 clubs, reduced from 16 in previous seasons. The 2016–17 season was the first for a two-stage season. In the first stage, each team played all others home and away, after which the league split into two six-team groups that also played home and away. The top six teams played for the championship and European qualifying places; the bottom six played to avoid relegation. At the end of the second stage, the bottom two clubs of the relegation group dropped to either the First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina or the First League of the Republika Srpska. Since the 2018–19 season, the league is not played as the one in the 2016–17 season. Actually very simple, after all the 12 clubs play each other two times, once home and once away, they play each other three times, also playing home or away depending on how the schedule is made. With that, the league season has 33 full rounds instead of the 22 rounds and an additional 10 rounds in the relegation and championship games.
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Bulgaria
Country: Bulgaria
Football association: Bulgarian Football Union
Top-level league: First Professional Football League (; short form "Parva Liga" [Първа лига])
UEFA ranking: 24th
Soccerway profile: here
A national Bulgarian championship has been held in every year since 1924, although the 1924, 1927 and 1944 seasons were not completed. The country gained UEFA membership in 1954. Historically, the most successful teams in Bulgarian football have been CSKA Sofia and Levski Sofia; no other team has won more than ten league titles. In recent years, Ludogorets Razgrad has dominated the league; although the team did not make its first appearance in the top flight until 2011–12, it has won the championship in each of its first eight seasons at that level. The 2015–16 season was intended to have 12 teams, but was reduced to 10 after four clubs (the two clubs that would otherwise have been promoted to what was then known as the A Group, plus two from the previous season's A Group) were denied professional licenses. Following that season, the Bulgarian Football Union revamped the country's professional league structure, expanding the top flight to 14 teams and changing that league's name from "A Group" to "First League".
Under the current structure that began in 2016–17, each team plays the others twice, once at each club's stadium. At the end of the season the league splits into separate playoffs, with table points and statistics carrying over in full. The top six teams enter a championship playoff, with each team playing the others home and away. The top finisher is league champion and enters the UEFA Champions League; the second-place team earns a place in the UEFA Europa League; and the third-place team (or fourth-place team, should the winner of that season's Bulgarian Cup finish in the top three) advances to a playoff for the country's final Europa League place. The bottom eight split into two four-team groups, playing home and away within each group. The top two teams from each group enter a knockout playoff consisting of two-legged matches (note, however, that if one of these four teams is the Bulgarian Cup winner, it is withdrawn from the playoff and its opponent receives a bye into the final). The winner of this playoff then plays the third-place team in a one-off match for the final Europa League place. The bottom two clubs from each group enter an identical knockout playoff. The winner remains in the First League; the other three teams face a series of relegation playoffs that also include the second- and third-place clubs from the Second League, with places for only two of these five teams in the next season's First League.
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Croatia
Country: Croatia
Football association: Croatian Football Federation
Top-level league: Croatian First Football League ()
UEFA ranking: 15th
Soccerway profile: here
National Croatian leagues were organised in 1914 and during the Second World War, but during peacetime Croatia's biggest clubs competed in the Yugoslav First League. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, a national football league was formed in 1992, and the Croatian Football Federation gained UEFA membership in 1993. Since its formation, the Croatian First League has been dominated by Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split; as of the end of the 2018–19 season, one of these teams has won the title in all but two of the league's 28 seasons. Since the 2013–14 season, the First League has consisted of 10 teams. At the end of the season, the 10th-placed team is relegated directly to the second division, while the 9th-placed team enters a relegation play-off.
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Cyprus
Country: Cyprus
Football association: Cyprus Football Association
Top-level league: Cypriot First Division (, )
UEFA ranking: 16th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2019–20 season:
Czech Republic
Country: Czech Republic
Football association: Football Association of the Czech Republic
Top-level league: Czech First League ()
UEFA ranking: 13th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2021–22 season:
Denmark
Country: Denmark
Football association: Danish Football Association
Top-level league: Danish Superliga ()
UEFA ranking: 14th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
England
Country: England
Football association: The Football Association
Top-level league: Premier League
UEFA ranking: 2nd
Soccerway profile: here
Founded in 1888, the Football League was the world's first national football league. The inaugural competition was won by Preston North End, who remained unbeaten throughout the entire season. It was the top level football league in England from its foundation until 1992, when the 22 clubs comprising the First Division resigned from the Football League to form the new FA Premier League. As of the 2019–20 season the Premier League comprises 20 clubs; each team plays every other team twice, with the bottom 3 clubs at the end of the season relegated to the EFL Championship. The most successful domestic club is Manchester United, who have won the league 20 times, while the most successful English club in Europe is Liverpool, who have won 6 European Cups, 3 UEFA Cups and 4 UEFA Super Cups, more than any other English team.
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Estonia
Country: Estonia
Football association: Estonian Football Association
Top-level league: Estonian Premier Division ()
UEFA ranking: 51st
Soccerway profile: here
An independent Estonian league took place between 1921 and 1940. However, after the Second World War it became part of the Soviet Union, and became a regional system. Estonia regained independence after the dissolution of the USSR, organising the first national championship in 52 years in 1992, the same year that the Estonian Football Association joined UEFA. FC Flora is the most successful team in the modern era, with 11 league titles as of the end of the 2018 season. Since 2005, the Premier Division has consisted of 10 teams, which play one another four times. At the end of the season the bottom team is relegated to the second level of Estonian football, while the ninth-placed team enters into a relegation playoff.
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
Faroe Islands
Country: Faroe Islands
Football association: Faroe Islands Football Association
Top-level league: Faroe Islands Premier League ()
UEFA ranking: 53rd
Soccerway profile: here
The Faroe Islands are a constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark, which also comprises Greenland and Denmark itself. The league was formed in 1942, and has been contested annually since, with the exception of 1944 due to a lack of available balls. The Faroe Islands gained UEFA recognition in 1992. The most successful teams are HB and KI, with 23 and 17 Premier League titles respectively as of the most recently completed 2018 season. Since the 1988 season, the Premier League has consisted of 10 teams. They play each other three times, with the bottom two teams relegated to the First Division.
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
Finland
Country: Finland
Football association: Football Association of Finland
Top-level league: Finnish Premier League (, )
UEFA ranking: 43rd
Soccerway profile: here
Finland's current league has been contested annually since 1898, with the exceptions of 1914 and 1943. The most successful team are HJK with 29 titles; as of 2018, no other team has won 10 or more. However, between 1920 and 1948 a rival championship operated, organised by the Finnish Workers' Sports Federation. Frequent champions in that competition before it came under the jurisdiction of the Football Association of Finland included Kullervo Helsinki, Vesa Helsinki and Tampereen Pallo-Veikot. The Premier League consists of 12 teams. Since 2019 season teams play one another two times, then the top 6 teams play the championship round, and the bottom 6 the relegation round. At the end of the season the bottom club is relegated to the First Division, and the second-last club contests a in a play-off with the 2nd team of the First Division.
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
France
Country: France
Football association: French Football Federation
Top-level league: Ligue 1 ()
UEFA ranking: 5th
Soccerway profile: here
France's first football team—Le Havre AC—formed in 1872. The first French championship was first held in 1894, but only featured teams from the capital, Paris. Between 1896 and 1912, national championships were organised by several competing federations; the first universally recognised national championship took place in the 1912–13 season. However, it only lasted two seasons; from the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, French football operated on a regional basis until 1932. A national league resumed between 1932 and 1939, and has operated annually since the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945. Ligue 1 and its predecessors have featured 20 teams since the 1946–47 season. Each team plays the other nineteen sides home and away, and at the end of the season the bottom three teams are relegated to Ligue 2. So far, Olympique de Marseille are the only French club to have won the UEFA Champions League, in 1993.
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Georgia
Country: Georgia
Football association: Georgian Football Federation
Top-level league: Georgian Premier League (; Erovnuli Liga, literally "National League")
UEFA ranking: 44th
Soccerway profile: here
A Georgian football championship first took place in 1926, as part of the Soviet football system. The first independent championship took place in 1990, despite the fact that Georgia remained a Soviet state until 1991. Upon independence, Georgia subsequently joined UEFA and FIFA in 1992.
When Georgia organised its first independent championship, it operated with a spring-to-autumn season contained entirely within a calendar year. After the 1991 championship, the country transitioned to an autumn-to-spring season spanning two calendar years. This format continued through the 2015–16 season, after which it returned to a spring-to-autumn format. This was accomplished by holding an abbreviated 2016 season in autumn; the transition was completed for the 2017 season. Before the most recent transition, 16 teams had competed in the top flight, but the league was reduced to 14 teams for the 2016 season, and was reduced further to 10 for 2017 and beyond.
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
Germany
Country: Germany
Football association: German Football Association
Top-level league: Bundesliga ()
UEFA ranking: 3rd
Soccerway profile: here
The Bundesliga consists of 18 teams, who play each other twice, for a total of 34 matches. The teams finishing in 17th and 18th places are relegated directly to the 2. Bundesliga, while the team finishing in 16th place enters into a two-legged play-off with the team finishing 3rd in the lower division.
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Gibraltar
Country: Gibraltar
Football association: Gibraltar Football Association
Top-level league: Gibraltar Premier Division
UEFA ranking: 49th
Soccerway profile: here
The Gibraltar Football Association was founded in 1895, making it one of the ten oldest active football associations in the world. League football has been organized by the GFA since 1905. The first league season after Gibraltar were accepted as full members of UEFA was 2013–14, making qualification to the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League possible since the 2014–15 season, provided the relevant club has received a UEFA licence. The Premier Division has consisted of 10 teams since the 2015–16 season. All league matches are held at Victoria Stadium.
Clubs as of 2019–20 season:
Greece
Country: Greece
Football association: Hellenic Football Federation
Top-level league: Superleague Greece ()
UEFA ranking: 15th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2019–20 season:
Hungary
Country: Hungary
Football association: Hungarian Football Federation
Top-level league: Hungarian National Championship ()
UEFA ranking: 33rd
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Iceland
Country: Iceland
Football association: Football Association of Iceland ()
Top-level league: Icelandic Premier Division ()
UEFA ranking: 46th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2019 season:
Israel
Country: Israel
Football association: Israel Football Association
Top-level league: Israeli Premier League (; Ligat HaAl, literally "Super League")
UEFA ranking: 23rd
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Italy
Country: Italy
Football association: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio
Top-level league: Serie A (Series A)
UEFA ranking: 4th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020-21 season:
Kazakhstan
Country: Kazakhstan
Football association: Football Union of Kazakhstan
Top-level league: Kazakhstan Premier League (, literally "Kazakhstan Professional Football League")
UEFA ranking: 25th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2019 season:
Kosovo
Country: Kosovo
Football association: Football Federation of Kosovo
Top-level league: Kosovo Superliga ()
UEFA ranking: 52nd
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2019–20 season:
Latvia
Country: Latvia
Football association: Latvian Football Federation
Top-level league: Latvian Higher League ()
UEFA ranking: 37th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
Lithuania
Country: Lithuania
Football association: Lithuanian Football Federation
Top-level league: A League ()
UEFA ranking (2019-2020): 35th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs as of 2021 season:
Luxembourg
Country: Luxembourg
Football association: Luxembourg Football Federation
Top-level league: Luxembourg National Division ( )
UEFA ranking: 35th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Malta
Country: Malta
Football association: Malta Football Association
Top-level league: Maltese Premier League ()
UEFA ranking: 45th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs as of 2020–21 season:
Moldova
Country: Republic of Moldova
Football association: Football Association of Moldova
Top-level league: Moldovan National Division ()
UEFA ranking: 41st
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2019 season:
Montenegro
Country: Montenegro
Football association: Football Association of Montenegro
Top-level league: Montenegrin First League (Montenegrin: Prva crnogorska fudbalska liga)
UEFA ranking: 50th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Netherlands
Country: Netherlands
Football association: Royal Dutch Football Association
Top-level league: Eredivisie (Honorary Division)
UEFA ranking: 9th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs as of 2020–21 season:
North Macedonia
Country: North Macedonia
Football association: Football Federation of Macedonia
Top-level league: Macedonian First Football League ()
UEFA ranking: 39th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs as of 2020–21 season:
Northern Ireland
Country: Northern Ireland
Football association: Irish Football Association
Top-level league: NIFL Premiership
UEFA ranking: 41st
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
Derry City, a club from Northern Ireland, has competed in the Republic of Ireland's football league system, the League of Ireland, since 1985.
Norway
Country: Norway
Football association: Football Association of Norway (NFF)
Top-level league: Eliteserien
UEFA ranking: 22nd
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
Poland
Country: Poland
Football association: Polish Football Association
Top-level league: Ekstraklasa
UEFA ranking: 28th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2019–20 season:
Portugal
Country: Portugal
Football association: Portuguese Football Federation
Top-level league: Primeira Liga (English: Premier League)
UEFA ranking: 6th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs as of 2020–21 season:
Republic of Ireland
Country: Republic of Ireland
Football association: Football Association of Ireland
Top-level league: League of Ireland Premier Division ()
UEFA ranking: 40th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
Romania
Country: Romania
Football association: Romanian Football Federation
Top-level league: Liga I
UEFA ranking: 25th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2022–23 season:
Russia
Country: Russia
Football association: Football Union of Russia
Top-level league: Russian Football Premier League ()
UEFA ranking: 7th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs as of 2020–21 season:
San Marino
Country: San Marino
Football association: San Marino Football Federation
League: Sammarinese Football Championship ()
UEFA ranking: 55th
Soccerway profile: here
This is a complete list of football clubs in San Marino (as San Marino has only one level domestic amateur league), apart from San Marino Calcio, the only professional Sammarinese club, which as of 2019–20 competes in Serie D, the fourth level of the Italian football league system.
Clubs and locations as of 2019–20 season:
Because there is no promotion or relegation in the league, the same 15 teams compete in the league.
S.P. Cailungo (Borgo Maggiore)
S.S. Cosmos (Serravalle)
F.C. Domagnano (Domagnano)
S.C. Faetano (Faetano)
F.C. Fiorentino (Fiorentino)
S.S. Folgore Falciano Calcio (Serravalle)
A.C. Juvenes/Dogana (Serravalle)
S.P. La Fiorita (Montegiardino)
A.C. Libertas (Borgo Maggiore)
S.S. Murata (San Marino)
S.S. Pennarossa (Chiesanuova)
S.S. San Giovanni (Borgo Maggiore)
S.P. Tre Fiori (Fiorentino)
S.P. Tre Penne (Serravalle)
S.S. Virtus (Acquaviva)
Scotland
Country: Scotland
Football association: Scottish Football Association
Top-level league: Scottish Premiership ()
UEFA ranking: 19th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Serbia
Country: Serbia
Football association: Football Association of Serbia
Top-level league: Serbian SuperLiga ()
UEFA ranking: 17th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs as of 2020–21 season:
Slovakia
Country: Slovakia
Football association: Slovak Football Association
Top-level league: Slovak Super Liga ()
UEFA ranking: 29th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Slovenia
Country: Slovenia
Football association: Football Association of Slovenia
Top-level league: Slovenian PrvaLiga (, literally "First Slovenian Football League")
UEFA ranking: 32nd
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Spain
Country: Spain
Football association: Royal Spanish Football Federation
Top-level league: La Liga
UEFA ranking: 1st
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2019–20 season:
Sweden
Country: Sweden
Football association: Swedish Football Association
Top-level league: Allsvenskan (The All-Swedish)
UEFA ranking: 22nd
Soccerway profile: here
A Swedish championship was first organised in 1896, and the champions were decided by a knockout cup format until 1925, when Allsvenskan was formed. Sweden was one of the founding members of UEFA in 1954. As of the most recently completed 2018 season, Malmö FF have won the most national titles with 20, followed by IFK Göteborg with 18 and IFK Norrköping with 13. Malmö also have the most league titles, with 23 to 13 for both IFK Götebörg and IFK Norrköping. Since 2008, Allsvenskan has featured 16 teams. They each play one another home and away, for a total of 30 games. The bottom two teams are relegated to the Superettan (The Super One), and the 14th-placed Allsvenskan team enters into a relegation playoff with the 3rd-placed Superettan team to decide which will play in Allsvenskan for the following season.
Clubs and locations as of 2021 season:
Switzerland
Country: Switzerland
Football association: Swiss Football Association
Top-level league: Swiss Super League ()
UEFA ranking: 20th
Soccerway profile: here
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Turkey
Country: Turkey
Football association: Turkish Football Federation
Top-level league: Süper Lig (English: Super League)
UEFA ranking: 11th
Soccerway profile: here
Turkish football operated on a regional basis until the 1950s. A national knockout tournament took place in 1957 and 1958, to decide European qualification. The Turkish Football Federation retrospectively recognised these tournaments as deciding the Turkish champions; both competitions were won by Beşiktaş. A national league was formed in 1959, and has been held annually from then onwards. Since the formation of a national league, the most successful teams are Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, with 22 and 19 league titles respectively, as of the most recently completed 2018–19 season. Currently, 18 teams compete in the Süper Lig. Each team plays the other teams home and away, with the bottom three teams relegated to the TFF First League for the following season.
Clubs as of 2020–21 season:
Ukraine
Country: Ukraine
Football association: Football Federation of Ukraine
Top-level league: Ukrainian Premier League ()
UEFA ranking: 10th
Soccerway profile: here
As a member of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's league operated as a feeder to the national Soviet leagues, meaning that until 1992 the strongest Ukrainian teams did not take part. The Football Federation of Ukraine was formed shortly after the country achieved independence in 1991, and gained UEFA membership the following year. Since the formation of a national league, Dynamo Kyiv have won 15 titles, Shakhtar Donetsk 12, and Tavriya Simferopol one, as of the most recently completed 2018–19 season.
Through the 2013–14 season, 16 teams participated in the Premier League. However, during that season's winter break, the Euromaidan protests began, soon followed by Russia's annexation of the Crimean peninsula and the still-ongoing war in the country's east. These developments led to the league dropping to 14 teams in 2014–15 and 12 in 2016–17.
Beginning with the 2016–17 season, the league season is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the teams play one another home and away, after which the league splits into two groups, each playing a home-and-away schedule within the group and with table points carrying over intact. The top six teams play to determine the league champion and European qualifying spots, while the bottom six teams play to avoid relegation, with the bottom two at the end of the second stage dropping to the Ukrainian First League.
Clubs and locations as of 2020–21 season:
Wales
Country: Wales
Football association: Football Association of Wales
Top-level league: Cymru Premier ()
UEFA ranking: 50th
Soccerway profile: here
Although Wales joined UEFA in 1954, Welsh football operated on a regional basis until 1992, with no national championship. Five Welsh clubs play not in the Welsh football league system, but in the English football league system. Currently, there are no Welsh clubs competing in the Premier League. Welsh club Swansea City was relegated to the second level, the EFL Championship, at the end of the 2017–18 season, while Cardiff City were relegated following the 2018–19 season. Three other Welsh clubs participate lower down the English football league system: Newport County, Wrexham, and Merthyr Town. Despite competing in Football Association competitions, the latter three are under the jurisdiction of the Football Association of Wales. Until 2011 Swansea City and Cardiff City had similar arrangements with the FAW but are now under the jurisdiction of The Football Association. The most successful Welsh club since the formation of the Welsh Premier League is The New Saints, with 13 league titles after having clinched their eighth straight league crown in 2018–19. Since the 2010–11 season, the Welsh Premier League has featured 12 teams. Relegation to and promotion from lower regional leagues is in part dictated by whether or not clubs can obtain a Premier League licence; only clubs able to obtain a licence are eligible for promotion, and clubs which fail to obtain one are relegated regardless of their final league position.
Clubs and locations as of 2021-22 season:
See also
List of top-division football clubs in AFC countries
List of top-division football clubs in CAF countries
List of top-division football clubs in CONCACAF countries
List of top-division football clubs in CONMEBOL countries
List of top-division football clubs in OFC countries
List of top-division football clubs in non-FIFA countries
List of second division football clubs in UEFA countries
List of second division football clubs in AFC countries
Notes
References
+UEFA
Association football in Europe |
4004777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20rule | Nitrogen rule | The nitrogen rule states that organic compounds containing exclusively hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens either have (1) an odd nominal mass that indicates an odd number of nitrogen atoms are present or (2) an even nominal mass that indicates an even number of nitrogen atoms in the molecular formula of the neutral compound. The nitrogen rule is not a rule as much as a general principle which may prove useful when attempting to solve organic mass spectrometry structures.
Formulation of the rule
This rule is derived from the fact that, perhaps coincidentally, for the most common chemical elements in neutral organic compounds (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens), elements with even numbered nominal masses form even numbers of covalent bonds, while elements with odd numbered nominal masses form odd numbers of covalent bonds, with the exception of nitrogen, which has a nominal (or integer) mass of 14, but has a valency of 3.
The nitrogen rule is only true for neutral structures in which all of the atoms in the molecule have a number of covalent bonds equal to their standard valency (counting each sigma bond and pi bond as a separate covalent bond for the purposes of the calculation). Therefore, the rule is typically only applied to the molecular ion signal in the mass spectrum.
Mass spectrometry generally operates by measuring the mass of ions. If the measured ion is generated by creating or breaking a single covalent bond (such as protonating an amine to form an ammonium center or removing a hydride from a molecule to leave a positively charged ion) then the nitrogen rule becomes reversed (odd numbered masses indicate even numbers of nitrogens and vice versa). However, for each consecutive covalent bond that is broken or formed, the nitrogen rule again reverses.
Therefore, a more rigorous definition of the nitrogen rule for organic compounds containing exclusively hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens would be as follows:
An even nominal mass indicates that a net even number of covalent bonds have been broken or formed and an even number of nitrogen atoms are present, or that a net odd number of covalent bonds have been broken or formed and an odd number of nitrogen atoms are present. An odd nominal mass indicates that a net even number of covalent bonds have been broken or formed and an odd number of nitrogen atoms are present, or that a net odd number of covalent bonds have been broken or formed and an even number of nitrogen atoms are present.
Inorganic molecules do not necessarily follow the rule. For example, the nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 have an odd number of nitrogens but even masses of 30 and 46, respectively.
See also
Mass (mass spectrometry)
References
Mass spectrometry
Parity (mathematics)
Rule
Nuclear chemistry |
4004778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Bache | Joe Bache | Joseph William Bache (8 February 1880 – 10 November 1960), was an English footballer who played for Aston Villa.
Joe Bache was a prolific centre forward for Aston Villa between 1900 and 1919. He played for the England national team seven times, and during that period scored four goals for his country, one in each of his first four appearances.
He was one of Aston Villa's all-time greatest forwards, enjoying a successful career at the club, winning an FA Cup winners medal in both 1905 and 1913. He was also a vital part of the Villa team that won the League Championship in 1910. Bache appeared for the team 474 times and had scored a total of 185 goals at the end of his career.
Bache joined the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War and went on to serve on the Western Front, where he rose to the rank of Lance-Corporal. Despite being involved in a number of actions, Bache survived the war and returned home after the 1918 armistice to resume his playing career.
After spending 1919–20 in South Wales with Mid Rhondda, Bache made a brief comeback as player/coach for Grimsby Town in 1920, playing five games, scoring once.
His son, David Bache became a famous car designer, producing many designs, mainly for Rover.
References
External links
Player profile at Aston Villa Players Database
Player Profile at Football and the First World War
Aston Villa F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
English footballers
England international footballers
Association football forwards
Sportspeople from Stourbridge
1880 births
1960 deaths
English Football League players
Mid Rhondda F.C. players
English Football League representative players
Royal Garrison Artillery soldiers
FA Cup Final players
British Army personnel of World War I |
4004781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Frail | Dale Frail | Dale A. Frail is a Canadian astronomer working at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Socorro, New Mexico.
Early life
He was born in Canada, spent much of his childhood in Europe, and his professional career has been based in the United States.
Career
Frail received his university education in Canada: first an undergraduate degree in Physics from Acadia University in Nova Scotia, followed by MSc and PhD degrees in Astrophysics from the University of Toronto. In 1989 he moved to the United States as an NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow. After completing a prized Jansky Postdoctoral Fellowship in 1993, he joined the research staff of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, where he remains today.
He is the author of over 250 peer-reviewed research papers, including more than 30 articles in the prestigious journal Nature. He has made contributions to numerous sub-fields of astrophysics including multi-wavelength electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational-wave events, gamma-ray bursts, extrasolar planets, soft gamma-ray repeaters, the interstellar medium, pulsars, masers, and supernova remnants. To the public he is best known for discoveries in extrasolar planets and gamma-ray bursts. In 2010, he was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship. From August 2011 through September 2015, he was NRAO's Assistant Director for the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array and the Very Long Baseline Array, and site director for New Mexico operations. In 2016, he received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Acadia University.
Key discoveries
In early 1992, Frail and Polish astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan announced their discovery of the existence of two planets and a possible third around the pulsar PSR B1257+12. Their discovery was confirmed in mid-1992. In addition to being the first confirmed discovery of pulsar planets, the find is also generally considered to be the first confirmed discovery of extrasolar planets of any kind.
Beginning in 1997, Frail was part of a Caltech-NRAO team that helped unravel the long-standing mystery of the origin of gamma-ray bursts. They used an optical spectrum taken with the Keck Telescope toward the optical afterglow of GRB 970508 to establish that gamma-ray bursts were at cosmological distances. They then used the Very Large Array radio telescope discovery of radio afterglow emission from this same burst to measure the object's size and infer that the source was expanding relativistically. These two observations have remained cornerstones in the cosmological fireball model for gamma-ray bursts. In 2009 Thomson ISI listed Frail as the third-most cited researcher in the field of gamma-ray bursts over the period from 1999 to February 2009.
There are many popular science accounts of the discovery of extra-solar planets as well as those of gamma-ray bursts and their afterglows. Links to a few of these and other relevant articles can be found below.
References
External links
Dale Frail's home page
Flash! The Hunt for the Biggest Explosions in the Universe
PBS Nova Episode Death Star
Thomson ISI Special Topics interview
El Defensor Chieftain, Blast from the past gives clues about early universe, October 31, 2009
El Defensor Chieftain/Albuquerque Journal, 'Time Machine' Peers Back 13 Billion Years, November 4, 2009
A radio counterpart to a neutron star merger, Science Magazine, December 22, 2017
Radio observations point to likely explanation for neutron-star merger phenomena, December 20, 2017
20th-century Canadian astronomers
Discoverers of exoplanets
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Living people
Acadia University alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian astronomers |
4004807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence%20and%20Security%20Media%20Advisory%20Committee | Defence and Security Media Advisory Committee | The Defence and Security Media Advisory Committee is a British advisory body established in 2015 which oversees a voluntary code which operates between the government departments which have responsibility for national security and the media.
History
Preceding organisations:
Admiralty, War Office and Press Committee, 1912–1919. An Assistant Secretary of the War Office and Mr. Robbins, the representative of the Press Association, were joint Secretaries. Letters, or telegrams, were sent to editors when agreed. They came to be known as "Parkers" after Mr. Parke who was then the representative of the Newspaper Proprietors' Association on the Committee. This evolved into the D-Notice system.
Admiralty, War Office, Air Ministry and Press Committee, 1919–1939.
Admiralty, War Office, Air Ministry and Press Committee, 1945–1967. Admiral George Thompson, who had been the Chief Press Censor during the war, became the Secretary of the committee in 1945.
Services, Press and Broadcasting Committee c.1967–1993. Vice Admiral Sir Norman Denning was appointed Secretary in 1967.
Defence, Press and Broadcasting Committee, 1993–2015.
The records of the committees are held in the British National Archives.
The Defence, Press and Broadcasting Advisory Committee issued DA-Notices from 1993 to 2015. The secretary was a former two-star military officer employed from a Ministry of Defence budget and is housed by them (although technically independent) and the committee is made up of senior civil servants and representatives of national media organisations.
Membership
The committee consisted of five government representatives and 16 media representatives.
The five government positions on the committee were all ex officio - the chairman being the current Permanent Under Secretary of the Ministry of Defence. The 2nd Permanent Under Secretary of the Ministry of Defence, the Cabinet Office Permanent Secretary, the Permanent Under Secretary of the Home Office and the Deputy Under Secretary from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office were the other officers. The Vice Chairman was chosen by the press members from among their number.
The media representatives were nominated by the following organisations:
BBC
ITV
ITN
Sky TV
Periodical Publishers Association (2 nominations)
Newspaper Publishers Association (3 nominations)
Newspaper Society (2 nominations)
Press Association
Scottish Daily Newspaper Society
Society of Editors
(Book) The Publishers Association
Google
Actions
On 25 November 2010, the Defence, Press and Broadcasting Advisory Committee sent DA-Notices to UK newspapers regarding an expected major publication by WikiLeaks of a "huge cache" of United States (US) diplomatic cables. Index on Censorship presented this as part of "a harm minimisation strategy the US government has embarked on [with] an impressive briefing campaign, reaching out to allies across the world."
References
External links
Official web site of DA-Notices and of the committee
Nicholas Wilkinson: Secrecy and the Media, The Official History of the United Kingdom's D-Notice System, Routledge, Chapman &Hall, London, 2009
Censorship in the United Kingdom
Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government |
4004809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herberts%20Vasi%C4%BCjevs | Herberts Vasiļjevs | Herberts Vasiļjevs (born May 27, 1976) is a retired Latvian professional ice hockey player who played as a center and right winger. In the course of his playing career, he saw action in 51 NHL contests and spent more than ten years playing in the German DEL with Krefeld Pinguine. He represented the Latvian national teams at three Olympic Games.
Playing career
Herberts Vasiļjevs is a son of Haralds Vasiļjevs, a well-known Latvian ice hockey player and coach, who coached the Latvian national ice hockey team from 1999 to 2001. He grew up in Latvia, but came to Germany in the early 1990s when his father accepted the player-coach position of the senior team at ERC Westfalen 90 Dortmund. Herberts played in the junior team of Dortmund. His father later moved on to coach the junior team of Krefeld Pinguine of the German DEL (Deutsche Eishockey League).
After playing the 1994/95 season for Krefeld Pinguine, Herberts Vasiļjevs moved to North America where he played junior and minor league hockey. He was then signed by the Florida Panthers of NHL as a free agent in 1998.
Vasiļjevs was one of three Latvian players who have reached NHL without ever being drafted in an NHL Entry Draft (the other two were Pēteris Skudra and Raitis Ivanāns). From 1998 to 2002, Vasiļjevs played 51 NHL games with the Florida Panthers, Atlanta Thrashers and Vancouver Canucks, scoring 8 goals and 7 assists. After spending the entire 2002–03 season with Vancouver Canucks' minor league affiliate, Manitoba Moose of the AHL, Vasiļjevs was not re-signed by the Canucks.
He continued his career in the Russian Superleague and the DEL. In 2005, he returned to the Krefeld Pinguine organization, the team where he started his professional hockey career 11 years earlier. In the summer of 2010, after long negotiations, Vasiļjevs re-signed a new contract with Krefeld up until 2013.
On May 21, 2015, Vasiljevs solidified his status amongst Krefeld's history in agreeing to a one-year extension to return for an 11th season with the Pinguine. He announced his retirement on February 26, 2017.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Amur Khabarovsk players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Beast of New Haven players
Carolina Monarchs players
Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Florida Panthers players
Guelph Storm players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Kentucky Thoroughblades players
Krefeld Pinguine players
Knoxville Cherokees players
Latvian ice hockey right wingers
Manitoba Moose players
Nürnberg Ice Tigers players
Olympic ice hockey players of Latvia
Orlando Solar Bears (IHL) players
Port Huron Border Cats players
Sportspeople from Riga
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Vancouver Canucks players |
4004811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Register%20of%20All%20Arms%20and%20Bearings%20in%20Scotland | Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland | The Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland, established in 1672, is an official register of Scottish coats of arms maintained by the Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records. As a public register, it can be seen by anyone on application, and on payment of a statutory fee.
History
The Register was established by Act of the Scottish Parliament in 1672. It is held at the Court of the Lord Lyon, and contains every grant of arms by Lord Lyon King of Arms since that date, as well as older coats of arms that the owners have chosen to register. Bearings that are not matriculated in the Register may not be used in Scotland, unless it can be proved that they were in use before 1672.
The first volume of the Register (now divided into two parts for ease of handling and conservation reasons) continued in use from 1672 until 1804, and contains 2,702 entries. It begins with the arms of the Lyon Office, followed by the personal achievement of Sir Charles Erskine, Bt, who was Lord Lyon at the time. Most of the arms in this volume are given in blazon only: relatively few are painted.
From the beginning of the second volume in 1804 the arms are consistently painted. The Register now consists of over eighty volumes of parchment, and is illustrated by a succession of the most prominent heraldic artists working in Scotland.
Published ordinaries
In 1893, Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms, published the contents of the first twelve volumes of the Register, to that date, in the form of an ordinary (i.e. with the entries in blazon, rearranged by design; and with a name index): the work contained roughly 5,200 entries. Ten years later, by which time the Register had reached its sixteenth volume, he published an updated second edition including all arms registered to the end of 1901: this edition contained 5,532 entries. By 1973 the Register had reached its 57th volume, and in 1977 Lyon Office published a second volume of the Ordinary: this covered all arms registered from 1902 to the end of 1973, and contained a further 6,040 entries. This volume was edited by David Reid of Robertland, Carrick Pursuivant (who died in December 1973, while the work was in progress), and Vivien Wilson.
The three published volumes are therefore:
Digitisation
The Register down to 1913 has been digitised, and is available on the ScotlandsPeople Website (maintained by the National Records of Scotland). Searching the index is free, but there is a fee to view the page images.
See also
Heraldry
The Court of the Lord Lyon
Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records
The Heraldry Society of Scotland
References
Further reading
External links
Public Register of Arms on the National Records of Scotland website
Coats of arms on the ScotlandsPeople website
The Court of the Lord Lyon
1672 establishments in Scotland
17th century in Scotland
Scottish heraldry
Public records
Heritage registers in Scotland |
4004829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Foreign%20Legion%20%28song%29 | French Foreign Legion (song) | "French Foreign Legion" is a popular song.
The music was written by Guy Wood, the lyrics by Aaron Schroeder. The song was published in 1958. It is best known in a version recorded by Frank Sinatra on 29 Dec 1958, released as a single and which appears on the albums All The Way and early UK stereo releases of Come Fly with Me.
References
Songs about the military
Songs written by Aaron Schroeder
1958 songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Songs written by Guy Wood
French Foreign Legion in popular culture |
4004845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%20Pacific%20typhoon%20season | 1946 Pacific typhoon season | The 1946 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1946, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1946 Pacific hurricane season. At the time, tropical storms that formed within this region of the western Pacific were identified and named by the United States Armed Services, and these names are taken from the list that USAS publicly adopted before the 1945 season started.
Storms
Typhoon Barbara
Typhoon Barbara formed on March 27, and moved west. It strengthened briefly to a category 3 with 115 mph winds. But shortly after, it began to weaken. Typhoon Barbara curved northward and then westward, in turn hitting the Philippines as a category 1. After making landfall, it curved back to the east and continued to weaken until April 7, when it dissipated.
Typhoon Charlotte
Charlotte formed in the open Pacific on May 11. It then dissipated on May 17.
Typhoon Dolly
On June 17, Typhoon Dolly formed. It moved northwestward, only to strengthen. After passing by the Philippines, it reached its maximum intensity of 125 mph, a strong major hurricane. It rounded around Taiwan and made landfall on China's shoreline. It dissipated hours after on June 23.
Tropical Storm Elinor
Elinor formed near Northern Luzon on June 23. However, due to the interaction with nearby Dolly, it didn't strengthened further and it dissipated on June 25.
Typhoon Ginny
Ginny formed on July 30 in the open western Pacific. It then moved to the north, weakening and dissipated on July 2. No landmasses were affected.
Early-July Typhoon
A tropical storm was first noted in weather maps on July 8, near Palau. Moving to the northwest, it strengthened to a minimal typhoon before it hit Formosa as a weakening storm. It then crossed the Formosa Strait, before making another landfall near Xiamen on July 12. It was last noted on the same day.
The damages and deaths, if any, were unknown.
Typhoon Ingrid
Tropical Storm Ingrid formed July 12, immediately moving west. After strengthening, it briefly became a category four on July 15. It weakened to a category two and struck the northern part of the Philippines. Ingrid retained its strength until it hit Hong Kong and Macau. Right after it made landfall immediately to the west of Macau, it moved north and dissipated on July 20.
Typhoon Janie
Janie formed on July 23. It moved northwest and then curved west. It was then that she became a major hurricane with 115 mph winds. After heading westward for a while, Janie began curving the opposite direction. But that was short-lived; it began moving northwest and struck southern Japan. Janie traveled over the island and dissipated near Russias coast on July 31.
Typhoon Lilly
On August 10, a disturbance managed to organize itself enough to be designated Tropical Storm Lilly. It moved in a generally northwest direction while intensifying at a moderate pace-becoming Typhoon Lilly shortly after its formation. Before Lilly moved over cold waters, it attained a peak intensity of 145 mph. It narrowly missed Japan's shoreline as a category two before striking Korea as a moderate tropical storm. Lilly dissipated on August 21, after eleven days of the traveling of the western Pacific Ocean.
Typhoon Maggie
Early September Typhoon
Typhoon Opal
Typhoon Opal is a Tropical Cyclone that formed in the Western Pacific in 1946. It reached category 3 status and struck The Philippines and China.
Typhoon Priscilla
Typhoon Priscilla is a Category 3 typhoon that went out to sea during 1946.
Typhoon Querida
On September 25, the typhoon passed over southern Taiwan with a minimum pressure of 937 mbar (27.68 inHg), producing wind gusts of 198 km/h (123 mph). Across the island, Querida destroyed 373,748 houses, killed 154 people, and injured another 618. The storm also wrecked of crops and forestry, killing 28,448 animals.
Early October Philippine Typhoon
Mid October Typhoon
Typhoon Alma
Typhoon Betty
Typhoon Dianne
Storm names
See also
1946 Atlantic hurricane season
List of Pacific typhoon seasons
References
External links
Unisys tracks
1946
1946 natural disasters
1946 meteorology
1946 in Asia
1946 in Oceania |
4004870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain%20monasticism | Jain monasticism | Jain monasticism refers to the order of monks and nuns in the Jain community and can be divided into two major denominations: the Digambara and the Śvētāmbara. The monastic practices of the two major sects vary greatly, but the major principles of both are identical. Five mahāvratas (Great Vows), from Mahavira's teachings, are followed by all Jain ascetics. Historians believe that a united Jain sangha (community) existed before 367 BCE, about 160 years after the moksha (liberation) of Mahavira. The community then gradually divided into the major denominations.
Terminology
Digambaras use the word for male monastics and aryika for female monastics. Digambara monks are also called nirgrantha (without bonds). Śvētāmbaras use the word sadhvis for female monastics.
History
Mahavira had 11 chief disciples, Indrabhuti Gautama being the most senior. Each chief disciple was made responsible for 250 to 500 monks. The Jain sangha (community) was led and administered by an organised system consisting of acharyas (leaders), upadhyayas (teachers), sthaviras (motivators of self-discipline), pravartakas (preachers) and ganis (leader of smaller groups of monks). Other titles included panyasa (canonical text experts), mahattara (female leader) and pravartini (female preacher).
The leadership of Jain order passed from Mahavira to Indrabhuti, who was succeeded by Sudharma (607–506 BCE). After 12 years, it was further passed on to Jambu (543–449 BCE), Prabhava (443–338 BCE) and Shayyambhava (377–315 BCE).
Historians believe that a united Jain community existed before 367 BCE, about 160 years after the moksha (liberation) of Mahavira. The community then gradually divided into two denominations: the Digambara and the Śvētāmbara. Acharya Kundakunda is the most revered acharya (preceptor) of the Duḥṣamā period of the present avasarpiṇī (descending) era. The Kalpa Sūtra describes Mahavira's asceticism in detail; from it, most of the ascetic practices (including the restraints and regulations) are derived:
Initiation
A Śvētāmbara initiation involves a procession in which the initiate symbolically disposes of his material wealth and makes donations. This is followed (or preceded) by another ritual in which the initiate receives an ogho (a small broom made of wool) from their mentor as a symbol of welcome into the monastic order. The initiate then puts on monastic clothing and pluck out hairs by hand. Further rituals formally initiate them into the monastic order. The Śvētāmbara Terapanth And Sthanakwasi sect requests written permission from a person's parents before initiating them into the ascetic order.
Rules of conduct
The earliest known texts often ask for ascetics to be in complete solitude, identifying the isolation of soul and non-soul. However, soon after Mahavira's nirvana ascetics organized themselves into groups. A few examples of ascetics living in complete solitude are found in the Digambara sect. Jain ascetics are detached from social and worldly activities; all activities are aimed at self-purification for self-realization. They follow established guidelines for daily worship and austerity.
The monk's daily routine is broadly structured by three ideological formulae: the five great vows (mahavrata), the eight matrices of doctrine (pravacana-matrka), and the six obligatory actions (avasyaka). The first two are restrictions, and the third is positively framed in what the monk is encouraged to do daily. Ascetics do not have a home or possessions. They choose austerity, avoid services such as telephones and electricity. Monks engage in activities such as meditation, seeking knowledge and acquiring self-discipline. Jain monks and advanced laypeople avoid eating after sunset, observing a vow of ratri-bhojana-tyaga-vrata. Digambara monks observe a stricter vow by eating only once a day.
The Yati of the Śvētāmbara sect and the Bhattaraka of the Digambara Terapanth do not wander; they usually live in temples and perform daily rituals. The monks rise before dawn, most around 5:00 a.m. but some as early as 2:00 a.m.
Five mahāvratas (Great Vows), from Mahavira's teachings, are followed by all Jain ascetics. Although Jain householders are also required to observe them, ascetics are bound more strictly.
Ranks
Monks and nuns from the Digambara traditions are assigned to ranks:
In the Digambara tradition, an ascetic rises from kshullak (one who uses two pieces of cloth) through Ailak (uses one piece of cloth) to muni (or sadhu). Over time a number of designations were mentioned in shastras, such as gani, pannyas and pravartak. The Śvētāmbara Terapanth sect has a new rank of junior monks, samana.
Attire and possessions
Observing complete abstinence, male Digambara monks wear no clothing. Aryikas wear plain, seamless white saris. All Digambara monks and nuns traditionally carry only three things: a mor-pichhi (peacock-feather whisk), a kamandalu (water pot) and shastras (scriptures).
Śvētāmbara monastics wear white, seamless clothing.
Chaturmas
Chaturmas is the four-month monsoon period during which ascetics stay in one place to reduce the risk of accidentally killing insects and other small forms of life which thrive during the rains. This period is suitable for sravakas to renew their faith by listening to teachings of the dharma, meditation and vartas (acts of self-control).
During Chaturmas, a few sadhu of each group give a daily pravacana or vyakhyana (sermon) attended mostly by shravaka and shravikas (Jain followers). During their eight months of travel, the sadhus give sermons whenever requested (most often when they arrive in a new village or town in their travels).
Digambara monks
Digambara monks follow 28 vratas (vows): five mahāvratas (Great Vows); five samitis (regulations); the five-fold control of the senses (pañcendriya nirodha); six Şadāvaśyakas (essential duties), and seven niyamas (restrictions).
See also
List of Jain ascetics
Jain schools and branches
References
Citations
Sources
External links
List of All Digamber Jain Monks With detailed description
Photo documentary of the Jain monks
Asceticism
Monasticism
Monasticism
Titles and occupations in Hinduism |
4004872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20Pacific%20typhoon%20season | 1945 Pacific typhoon season | The 1945 Pacific typhoon season was the first official season to be included in the West Pacific typhoon database. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1945, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1945 Pacific hurricane season. Predecessor agency to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Fleet Weather Center/Typhoon Tracking Center was established on the island of Guam in June 1945, after multiple typhoons, including Typhoon Cobra in the previous season and Typhoon Connie in this season, had caused a significant loss of men and ships. It would not take major responsibility in the West Pacific basin until 1950 season. Instead, storms in this season are identified and named by the United States Armed Services, and these names are taken from the list that USAS publicly adopted before this season had started earlier this year. Since this is the first season to be included in the West Pacific typhoon database, this would also be the first season where the names of Western Pacific tropical cyclones are preserved publicly.
Systems
Tropical Storm Ann
The first named storm of the season, Tropical Storm Ann formed on April 19 at relatively low latitude. The storm didn't affect any landmasses and dissipated on April 26.
Tropical Storm Betty
The second named storm of the season, Tropical Storm Betty formed on May 13, 1945, and began to move in a northeastern direction. It strengthened into a tropical storm only 18 hours later and continued on its path. However, the storm eventually moved further north, and into colder waters. Betty weakened into a tropical depression and dissipated on May 16th, having not threatened land at all.
Typhoon Connie
A small yet powerful typhoon, Connie was first spotted on June 1 by the Fleet Weather Center on Guam, moving northeast. Winds were reported to have been as high as 140 mph. But by June 7, it began to weaken. Its final fate is unknown.
The U.S. Navy's Third Fleet was hit by Connie, and reporting about the storm frequently refers to it as Typhoon Viper. The same fleet had previously been hit, with great loss of life, by Cobra the previous year. Connie being lesser, only one officer and five seamen were lost or killed because of Connie, and around 150 airplanes on its carriers were either lost or damaged.
Tropical Storm Doris
Tropical Storm Doris existed from June 18 to June 21 and did not make landfall.
Tropical Storm Nancy
Tropical Storm Nancy formed on July 3 to the east of Vietnam. It started to move in a northeast direction before shifting its course to the northwest until it eventually made landfall near Hong Kong as a tropical storm. It rapidly weakened over land and dissipated on June 8. The damage is unknown.
Typhoon Opal
Tropical Storm Peggy
Tropical Storm Edna
Typhoon Eva
Typhoon Queenie
Tropical Storm Frances
Tropical Storm Grace
Typhoon Ruth
Typhoon Susan
Typhoon Tess
Typhoon Helen
Typhoon Helen formed on August 29. It moved west-northwest and strengthened into a category 3 typhoon with 120 mph winds. It weakened slightly to a category two and struck Taiwan. It briefly was over waters before it hit Mainland China as a tropical storm. It rapidly weakened and dissipated on September 4.
Typhoon Ursula
This typhoon is especially remembered for the 6 aircraft containing liberated prisoners of war brought down by the typhoon between Okinawa and Manila. Over 120 servicemen lost their lives. At the time, it was the single greatest loss of life in an aviation disaster during peacetime.
Typhoon Ida
In Japan, Typhoon Ida is called Makurazaki Typhoon. It was the strongest typhoon to hit Kyushu on record, with a minimum sea-level pressure of 916.1 hPa (27.05 inHg) observed on the land and a maximum wind gust of , which was recorded at a weather station in Makurazaki. More than 2,000 people were killed in the Hiroshima Prefecture after heavy rains brought by a weakening Ida caused severe landslides.
Tropical Storm Verna
Tropical Storm Wanda
Typhoon Jean
Tropical Storm Kate
Typhoon Louise
Louise was first seen developing on October 2, 1945, in the Caroline Islands. It unexpectedly veered north and slowed down, only to intensify as it passed over Okinawa on October 9 with 90 mph wind gusts and a minimum central pressure of 968.5 mbar. Shortly after, Louise began to weaken, and hit Japan as a strong tropical storm. The tropical cyclone became extratropical shortly after on October 12. In Okinawa, 36 people died, 47 people were reported missing, and 100 people were seriously injured.
In Buckner Bay, where the US military were occupying a temporary base, to waves were reported to have crashed ashore, tearing into Quonset huts and other buildings. At the time, Buckner Bay was being used as a port by the US military. Fifteen merchant ships were driven ashore, with a few wrecked. Three US Navy destroyers were grounded and declared beyond salvage. Over 200 other US military vessels, including six LSTs, a number of special purpose boats, patrol boats, and amphibious landing craft were grounded, severely damaged, or wrecked beyond repair. Eighty percent of the buildings in the bay were completely wiped out, while all 60 airplanes at the local airports were damaged.
Tropical Storm Marge
A tropical storm was tracked on November 1 to the northwest of the Marianas. It moved to the west, before making landfall on Tayabas (now Quezon) in the Philippines. It was last noted on November 4 over Aurora. The damage is unknown.
Tropical Storm Yvonne
Typhoon Nora
Typhoon Nora formed on November 22nd, 1945, and began to move towards the Philippines. It became a typhoon and a category 1 equivalent storm on the SSHWS scale. The slow-moving storm moved towards the Philippines, but it turned northeast at the last moment, moving over colder waters and dissipating.
Storm names
See also
1945 Atlantic hurricane season
List of Pacific typhoon seasons
References
Bibliography
External links
Information on Typhoon of June 1945
Information on Typhoon of October 1945 (archive link)
Unisys Tropical Cyclone Data for 1945
1945
1945 natural disasters
1945 meteorology
1945 in Asia
1945 in Oceania |
4004884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABkan%C3%AFk%20D%C3%ABstrukt%C3%AF%E1%BA%81%20K%C3%B6mmand%C3%B6h | Mëkanïk Dëstruktïẁ Kömmandöh | Mekanïk Destruktïẁ Kommandöh, also abbreviated as MDK, is the third studio album by French zeuhl band Magma, released May 6, 1973. Magma's original recording of the composition that makes up the album was refused by the record company at the time, but was eventually released as Mekanïk Kommandöh in 1989.
MDK is the group's most famous and acclaimed record. The French edition of Rolling Stone magazine named the album the 33rd greatest French rock album. In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked the album 24th on its list of the '50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time'.
Track listing
Track 8 is a (mostly) instrumental demo of the piece that also appears on the double-CD rarities compilation Archiẁ I & II, available only on the 12 disc box set Studio Zünd: 40 Ans d'Evolution.
Personnel
Klaus Blasquiz – vocals, percussion
Stella Vander – vocals
Muriel Streisfield – vocals
Evelyne Razymovski – vocals
Michele Saulnier – vocals
Doris Reinhardt – vocals
René Garber – bass clarinet, vocals
Teddy Lasry – brass, flute
Jean-Luc Manderlier – piano, organ
Claude Olmos – guitar
Jannick Top – bass
Christian Vander – drums, vocals, organ, percussion
with
Giorgio Gomelsky – producer
Eddie Sprigg – engineer
Gilbert – engineer
Gilles Sallé – engineer
Simon Heyworth – engineer
Steve Michell – engineer
Tom Rabstener – engineer
Loulou Sarkissian – stage manager
References
External links
Magma (band) albums
1973 albums
Concept albums
Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky
A&M Records albums
Vertigo Records albums
Mercury Records albums |
4004900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperosmolar%20hyperglycemic%20state | Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state | Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a complication of diabetes mellitus in which high blood sugar results in high osmolarity without significant ketoacidosis. Symptoms include signs of dehydration, weakness, leg cramps, vision problems, and an altered level of consciousness. Onset is typically over days to weeks. Complications may include seizures, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, mesenteric artery occlusion, or rhabdomyolysis.
The main risk factor is a history of diabetes mellitus type 2. Occasionally it may occur in those without a prior history of diabetes or those with diabetes mellitus type 1. Triggers include infections, stroke, trauma, certain medications, and heart attacks. Diagnosis is based on blood tests finding a blood sugar greater than 30 mmol/L (600 mg/dL), osmolarity greater than 320 mOsm/kg, and a pH above 7.3.
Initial treatment generally consists of intravenous fluids to manage dehydration, intravenous insulin in those with significant ketones, low molecular weight heparin to decrease the risk of blood clotting, and antibiotics among those in whom there are concerns of infection. The goal is a slow decline in blood sugar levels. Potassium replacement is often required as the metabolic problems are corrected. Efforts to prevent diabetic foot ulcers are also important. It typically takes a few days for the person to return to baseline.
While the exact frequency of the condition is unknown, it is relatively common. Older people are most commonly affected. The risk of death among those affected is about 15%. It was first described in the 1880s.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of high blood sugar including increased thirst (polydipsia), increased volume of urination (polyuria), and increased hunger (polyphagia).
Symptoms of HHS include:
Altered level of consciousness
Neurologic signs including: blurred vision, headaches, focal seizures, myoclonic jerking, reversible paralysis
Motor abnormalities including flaccidity, depressed reflexes, tremors or fasciculations
Hyperviscosity and increased risk of blood clot formation
Dehydration
Weight loss
Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
Weakness
Low blood pressure with standing
Cause
The main risk factor is a history of diabetes mellitus type 2. Occasionally it may occur in those without a prior history of diabetes or those with diabetes mellitus type 1. Triggers include infections, stroke, trauma, certain medications, and heart attacks.
Other risk factors:
Lack of sufficient insulin (but enough to prevent ketosis)
Poor kidney function
Poor fluid intake (dehydration)
Older age (50–70 years)
Certain medical conditions (cerebral vascular injury, myocardial infarction, sepsis)
Certain medications (glucocorticoids, beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and phenytoin)
Pathophysiology
HHS is usually precipitated by an infection, myocardial infarction, stroke or another acute illness. A relative insulin deficiency leads to a serum glucose that is usually higher than 33 mmol/L (600 mg/dL), and a resulting serum osmolarity that is greater than 320 mOsm. This leads to excessive urination (more specifically an osmotic diuresis), which, in turn, leads to volume depletion and hemoconcentration that causes a further increase in blood glucose level. Ketosis is absent because the presence of some insulin inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated fat tissue breakdown.
Diagnosis
Criteria
According to the American Diabetes Association, diagnostic features include:
Plasma glucose level >30 mmol/L (>600 mg/dL)
Serum osmolality >320 mOsm/kg
Profound dehydration, up to an average of 9L (and therefore substantial thirst (polydipsia))
Serum pH >7.30
Bicarbonate >15 mEq/L
Small ketonuria (~+ on dipstick) and absent-to-low ketonemia (<3 mmol/L)
Some alteration in consciousness
BUN > 30 mg/dL (increased)
Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL (increased)
Imaging
Cranial imaging is not used for diagnosis of this condition. However, if MRI is performed, it may show cortical restricted diffusion with unusual characteristics of reversible T2 hypointensity in the subcortical white matter.
Differential diagnosis
The major differential diagnosis is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In contrast to DKA, serum glucose levels in HHS are extremely high, usually greater than 40-50 mmol/L (600 mg/dL). Metabolic acidosis is absent or mild. A temporary state of confusion (delirium) is also more common in HHS than DKA. HHS also tends to affect older people more. DKA may have fruity breath, and rapid and deep breathing.
DKA often has serum glucose level greater than 300 mg/dL (HHS is >600 mg/dL). DKA usually occurs in type 1 diabetics whereas HHS is more common in type 2 diabetics. DKA is characterized by a rapid onset, and HHS occurs gradually over a few days. DKA also is characterized by ketosis due to the breakdown of fat for energy.
Both DKA and HHS may show symptoms of dehydration, increased thirst, increased urination, increased hunger, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, blurred vision, headaches, weakness, and low blood pressure with standing.
Management
Intravenous fluids
Treatment of HHS begins with reestablishing tissue perfusion using intravenous fluids. People with HHS can be dehydrated by 8 to 12 liters. Attempts to correct this usually take place over 24 hours with initial rates of normal saline often in the range of 1 L/h for the first few hours or until the condition stabilizes.
Electrolyte replacement
Potassium replacement is often required as the metabolic problems are corrected. It is generally replaced at a rate 10 mEq per hour as long as there is adequate urinary output.
Insulin
Insulin is given to reduce blood glucose concentration; however, as it also causes the movement of potassium into cells, serum potassium levels must be sufficiently high or dangerously low blood potassium levels may result. Once potassium levels have been verified to be greater than 3.3 mEq/l, then an insulin infusion of 0.1 units/kg/hr is started. The goal for resolution is a blood glucose of less than 200 mg/dL.
References
External links
Medical emergencies
Diabetes
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate |
4004920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Roberts%20%28actor%29 | Ben Roberts (actor) | Bennett Roberts (1 July 1950 – 7 June 2021) was a Welsh actor most famous for his portrayal of Chief Inspector Derek Conway in the ITV British television series The Bill.
Early life
Roberts was born in Bangor, Gwynedd on 1 July 1950. He attended Friars School and went on to study at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London, graduating in 1978.
Career
He was best known for playing Chief Inspector Derek Conway in The Bill between 1987 and 2002.
Other numerous television appearances include The Professionals, Angels, The Queen's Nose, Doctors and Casualty.
He had also been active in films. In 2010, he appeared in the Mike Leigh film, Another Year. In 2011, he played Briggs in Cary Fukunaga's Jane Eyre. In 2014, he played Jean in A Little Chaos directed by Alan Rickman, and then in 2016 appearing in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children, directed by Tim Burton. In 2019, he appeared as William, in the Danish biographical film Daniel.
Personal life
Roberts lived in Ilkeston, Derbyshire, with his wife, Helen Lloyd, a former television producer and continuity announcer for Central TV. Roberts had one son, Joe, and one granddaughter, Elsie.
Roberts died on 7 June 2021, at the age of 70.
Filmography
Television
A Woman's Place? (1978) – Mark
The Professionals (1980) – CI5 Man
Angels (1980) – Graham
Doctor Who (1984) – Trooper
The Bretts (1987) – Milkman
Hard Cases (1988) – Tom Gregory
The Bill (1988–2002) – Chief Inspector Derek Conway
Tales of Sherwood Forest (1989) – Malcolm
The Bill: Target (1996) – Acting Supt. Conway
Sooty Heights (2000) – Policeman
The Queen's Nose (2001) – Sir Cedric Barkhouse
Casualty (2005) – Mike Meller
Fallet - Skandia (TV Movie) (2009) – Will Mesdag
Doctors (2010) – Brian Taylor
Doctors (2012) – Dennis Hirst
Casualty (2016) – Isaac Sandison
Film
Another Year (2010) – Mourner
Jane Eyre (2011) – Briggs
A Little Chaos (2014) – Jean
Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) – 40's First Old Man
Daniel (2019) – William
References
External links
People from Bangor, Gwynedd
Welsh male television actors
1950 births
2021 deaths |
4004944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidobatrachus | Lepidobatrachus | Lepidobatrachus is a genus of ceratophryidid frogs. They are commonly known as Paraguay horned frogs or Budgett's frogs (in honor of John Samuel Budgett, who described the genus), although the latter technically describes a specific species, Lepidobatrachus laevis.
Geographic range
Lepidobatrachus are found in South America, in Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia.
Description
Lepidobatrachus frogs are generally a light, olive green in color, sometimes with lighter green or yellow mottling. They have a rounded, flattened body with eyes set high on their head. They have short limbs, which make them inefficient swimmers. They do not have teeth, but they do have two sharp protrusions, common to all Ceratophryidae, inside their mouth, which serve the same purpose.
In captivity
Budgett's frogs are very rarely found in a traditional chain pet shop. The most commonly available species is L. laevis. Due to their comical appearance, they tend to make an attractive option for the intermediate to advanced amphibian keeper. They have an average lifespan of about 10 years.
References
Ceratophryidae
Amphibians of South America
Amphibian genera |
4004960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20I%20Have%20to%20Do%20Is%20Dream | All I Have to Do Is Dream | "All I Have to Do Is Dream" is a song made famous by the Everly Brothers, written by Boudleaux Bryant of the husband-and-wife songwriting team Felice and Boudleaux Bryant, and published in 1958. The song is ranked No. 141 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song is in AABA form.
The Everly Brothers' original version
The best-known version was recorded by the Everly Brothers at RCA Studio Nashville and released as a single in April 1958. It had been recorded by the Everly Brothers live in just two takes on March 6, 1958, and features Chet Atkins on guitar. It was the only single ever to be at No. 1 on all of the Billboard singles charts simultaneously, on June 2, 1958. It first reached No. 1 on the "Most played by Jockeys" and "Top 100" charts on May 19, 1958, and remained there for five and three weeks, respectively; with the August 1958 introduction of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, the song ended the year at No. 2. "All I Have to Do Is Dream" also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart as well as becoming the Everly Brothers' third chart topper on the country chart. The Everly Brothers briefly returned to the Hot 100 in 1961 with this song.
Outside the United States, "All I Have to Do Is Dream" saw massive success in various countries, most notably the United Kingdom, where it topped the UK's New Musical Express chart in June 1958 and remained there for seven weeks (including one week as a joint number one with Vic Damone's "On the Street Where You Live"), spending 21 weeks on the chart in Britain. The song has also featured on several notable lists of the best songs or singles of all time, including British music magazine Qs 1001 best songs ever in 2003.
It was named one of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll" by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2004.
The B-side, "Claudette", was the first major song writing success for Roy Orbison (who also recorded his own version of the song) and was named after his first wife. As a result of this success Orbison terminated his contract with Sun Records and affiliated himself with the Everly's publisher, Acuff-Rose Music.
Personnel
Don Everly – lead vocals and acoustic guitar
Phil Everly – lead vocals and acoustic guitar
Chet Atkins – electric guitar
Floyd Chance – upright bass
Certifications
Cover versions
Richard Chamberlain covered the song on his 1962 album Richard Chamberlain Sings. Released as a single in 1963, it peaked at No. 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and No. 6 on Billboards Middle-Road Singles chart.
Roy Orbison covered the song on his 1963 album In Dreams.
Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell released a duet version in 1969. Their version reached No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 6 on Billboards Hot Country Singles chart, No. 4 on Billboards Easy Listening chart, No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart, No. 6 in Sweden (Radio Sweden), and No. 3 in South Africa (Springbok Radio).
Donny Osmond's cover version appeared on his 1972 album Portrait of Donny.
The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's version, from their 1975 album Symphonion Dream, reached No. 66 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 30 on Billboards Easy Listening chart, and No. 79 on Billboards Hot Country Singles chart.
Andy Gibb and Victoria Principal peaked at no. 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1981 with their remake.
R.E.M. contributed their rendition titled "(All I've Got To Do Is) Dream" to the Athens, GA: Inside/Out soundtrack in 1987.
British singer Cliff Richard, singing with Phil Everly, recorded a version of the song that peaked at No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart in 1994.
French singer Laurent Voulzy recorded a version of the song in a duet with Andrea Corr. It was featured on his album La Septième Vague, recorded in 2006 and on the Corrs album Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection'', also recorded in 2006.
At the 1994 AFI Life Achievement Award, which was awarded to Jack Nicholson, Harry Dean Stanton and Art Garfunkel performed a rendition of the song for Nicholson.
References
1958 singles
1963 singles
1969 singles
1981 singles
Songs written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant
The Everly Brothers songs
Richard Chamberlain songs
Cliff Richard songs
Glen Campbell songs
Bobbie Gentry songs
Andy Gibb songs
Jan and Dean songs
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band songs
Ant & Dec songs
Billboard Top 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Number-one singles in Canada
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
MGM Records singles
Capitol Records singles
Rockabilly songs
Songs about loneliness
Songs about dreams
1958 songs
Jangle pop songs
Cadence Records singles
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
1950s ballads
Barry Manilow songs |
4004973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Namaraq | Battle of Namaraq | Battle of Namaraq () (634 CE) was a conflict between Muslims and the Sasanians that occurred in Namaraq, near modern-day Kufa (Iraq). During the Khilafat of Abu Bakr, Muslims under the command of Musana and Khalid bin Walid conquered Al-Hirah, a part of the Persian Empire. The Persians became furious and determined to recover Al-Hirah from the Muslims. Rostam Farrokhzād, a famous Sasanian general, sent some of his relatives from the Ispahbudhan family along with some Persian generals. Khalid bin Walid had already left for Syria so Musana had to fight alone. Umar sent Abu Ubaid with reinforcements. In the battle that followed the Persians were defeated.
References
Muslim conquest of Persia
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
Namaraq
Namaraq
Namaraq |
4004981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT%20%28Tanya%20Tucker%20album%29 | TNT (Tanya Tucker album) | TNT is the ninth studio album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was released on November 6, 1978, by MCA Records. Working with a new producer in Jerry Goldstein, Tucker drifts away from her earlier country style to do a much more rock-based effort. She covers well-known rock songs originally performed by such artists as Buddy Holly ("Not Fade Away"), Elvis Presley ("Heartbreak Hotel"), and Chuck Berry ("Brown Eyed Handsome Man"). Tucker also covers John Prine's "Angel from Montgomery". The album was Tucker's second-highest ranked ever on the Billboard Country charts at #2, and even reached #54 in the Pop category. Released singles and their Billboard positions were: "Texas (When I Die)" at #5, "Not Fade Away" at #70, and "I'm the Singer, You're the Song" at #18. While not necessarily embraced by the country music establishment, the album garnered critical and commercial success. It was certified Gold by the RIAA and earned her a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female.
Critical reception
Billboard published a review of the album in the November 18, 1978 issue, which said, "Tucker's newest release sheds a new light on her singing and image. Working within a pop framework, Tucker's vocals convey a wholesome richness, evident in her rendition of John Prine's "Angel from Montgomery" (in which he also gives background vocal help), "Not Fade Away" and others. The inside photo makes Tucker out to be a sexpot, a ploy that gives her broader appeal. Tucker is backed by a tight band which utilizes both country and rock orchestrations and strings for sweetening."
The review in the November 11, 1978 issue of Cashbox said, "If country fans have raised an eyebrow at the changes Dolly Parton has made lately, they certainly aren't ready for the 'new'
Tanya Tucker. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, the cover graphics are the most blatantly sexual of any album jacket ever released by a country artist. And the music inside is tough LA rock. Tanya does throw in a small dose of country, but this is in no way a country album. At any rate, it is a fine album and should garner airplay and sales in all markets."
Track listing
Production
Produced By Jerry Goldstein
Engineered & Mixed By Ed Barton
Digital Editing: Milan Bogdan
Mastered By Glenn Meadows
Personnel
Tanya Tucker - lead vocals
Paul Leim - drums, percussion, electronic drums
Jerry Scheff - bass guitar
John Hobbs - piano
Lonnie Jordan - organ
Billy Joe Walker Jr. - acoustic and electric guitar, mandolin
Jerry Swallow - electric guitar, dobro, mandolin
Mickey Raphael - harmonica
Larry Muhoberac - string arrangements
Curt Becher, Joe Chemay, Dash Crofts, Phil Everly, Venetta Fields, Jerry Goldstein, La Costa, Michael McGinnis, Brent Nelson, Joey Paige, Jody Payne, John Prine, Jim Seals, Julia Tillman-Waters, Tanya Tucker, Luther Waters, Oren Waters, Lorna Willard - background vocals
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1978 albums
Tanya Tucker albums
albums produced by Jerry Goldstein (producer)
MCA Records albums |
4005017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ris%20Ziedi%C5%86%C5%A1 | Māris Ziediņš | Māris Ziediņš (born 3 July 1978 in Talsi, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Latvian ice hockey forward currently playing for the Peterborough Phantoms of the English Premier Ice Hockey League.
Ziediņš spent four years in St. Norbert College before turning pro with the Rockford IceHogs of the United Hockey League. He then went on to have spells in the ECHL with the Toledo Storm, Greenville Grrrowl and the Stockton Thunder before returning to the UHL with the Chicago Hounds. In 2007, Ziediņš moved to the United Kingdom and signed with the Peterborough Phantoms. In 2008–09, he scored 34 goals and 45 assists for 79 points in 54 games for the Phantoms.
Ziediņš represented Latvia in the 2005 World Ice Hockey Championship and the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
External links
1978 births
Living people
Chicago Hounds players
English Premier Ice Hockey League players
Green Bay Gamblers players
Greenville Grrrowl players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Latvian ice hockey forwards
Olympic ice hockey players of Latvia
People from Talsi
Rockford IceHogs (UHL) players
Stockton Thunder players
Toledo Storm players
St. Norbert College alumni |
4005025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon%20Loch | Devon Loch | Devon Loch (1946–1963) was a racehorse, which fell on the final straight while leading the 1956 Grand National.
Owned by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and ridden by Dick Francis, Devon Loch had won two races already that season and finished third in the National Hunt Handicap Chase at Cheltenham. His progress was helped when the favourite, Must, and a previous winner, Early Mist, fell early on.
He went to the front of the race with three jumps remaining, cleared the last half a length ahead of E.S.B., and took a commanding lead on the final stretch. Then, in front of the royal box just 40 yards from the winning post and five lengths ahead, he suddenly inexplicably jumped into the air and landed on his stomach, allowing E.S.B. to overtake and win. Although jockey Dick Francis tried to cajole the horse, it was unable to continue. Afterwards, the Queen Mother said: "Oh, that's racing."
It is not known why Devon Loch jumped; some reports claimed he suffered a cramp in his hindquarters causing the collapse. Another report asserted that a shadow thrown by the adjacent water-jump fence (which horses only traverse on the first circuit of the Aintree course) may have baffled Devon Loch into thinking a jump was required and – confused as to whether he should jump or not – he half-jumped and collapsed. Jockey Dick Francis later stated that a loud cheer from the crowd, for an expected royal winner, distracting the horse is a more likely explanation.
Reports that the horse had suffered a heart attack were dismissed, as Devon Loch recovered far too quickly for this to have been the case. He lived another six years, being put down during or shortly after the cold winter of 1962–3.
Modern use
"To do a Devon Loch" is a modern metaphor now sometimes used in sports and otherwise to explain a sudden, last-minute failure of teams or a sportsperson to complete an expected victory, for example: "Manchester United won't do a Devon Loch and lose the title after beating Chelsea" or "Lewis Hamilton surrendering the championship having led Kimi Räikkönen by 17 points with just two races remaining was a Devon Loch calamity". Another example occurred ahead of the 2011 Irish presidential election when Seán Gallagher's campaign came undone in the final television debate, his fall from grace was compared to Devon Loch's fall just before the winning post in the 1956 Grand National.
In an article in The Times on 4 August 2012, Rick Broadbent wrote about the final day of the 2012 Olympics heptathlon competition: "Jessica Ennis is almost there. It would take a Devon Loch-style collapse to deny her the gold medal now." Referencing Leicester City F.C.'s position atop the Premier League table into the second half of the season, on 23 January 2016 Stuart James for The Guardian wrote, "Without wishing to put any extra pressure on Ranieri and his players, it is starting to look as though it would take a Devon Loch-style collapse for Leicester to miss out on a place in the top four." Conversely, after Liverpool F.C.'s 4–0 victory over Leicester in December 2019, extending their lead at the top of the table, Phil McNulty for the BBC wrote, "The Queen's famous horse Devon Loch, who inexplicably fell within sight of the winning line in the 1956 Grand National, would be wiped from the history books as the worst finisher if the Reds made a hash of this."
References
External links
Devon Loch Horse Pedigree Thoroughbred Database
News footage of the 1956 Grand National from youtube.com
1946 racehorse births
1963 racehorse deaths
Thoroughbred family 13-c
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
National Hunt racehorses |
4005048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Carroll | John F. Carroll | John F. Carroll (1932–1969) was one of 23 known people in medical history to have reached a height of or more. He suffered from severe, 2-dimensional spinal curvature (Kyphoscoliosis) and acromegalic gigantism. He had a standing height of on October 14, 1959, at age 27 but, according to calculations by an engineer, his height would have been , assuming normal curvature of the spine. He was later measured at in 1968, having shrunk in stature due to his worsening spinal condition.
Carroll was born in Buffalo, New York and also known as the Buffalo Giant in medical literature. He was third in stature only to Robert Wadlow and John Rogan. His extraordinary growth started at the age of sixteen and continued until his death, despite extensive treatments at Mercy Hospital. At one point he grew in height in a year. He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Lackawanna, New York.
See also
List of tallest people
Robert Wadlow
John Rogan
Gigantism
References
1932 births
1969 deaths
People from Buffalo, New York
People with gigantism
Burials in New York (state) |
4005053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Western%20Railway%20%28disambiguation%29 | North Western Railway (disambiguation) | North Western Railway is the name of:
North Western Railway zone, India
"Little" North Western Railway (NWR), a British railway company from 1848 to 1879
North Western Railway (fictional), the railway company featured in The Railway Series and Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends
North Western Railway (British India) (NWR) - upon division of British India in year 1947 the major portion of it became Pakistan Railways and remaining portion in India became Eastern Punjab Railway.
North Western Railway may also refer to:
Austrian Northwestern Railway, former railway company during the Austro-Hungarian monarchy
Chicago & North Western Railway, a previous name of the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company, an American railway company from 1859 to 1995
First North Western, former British passenger train company; originally known as North Western Trains
London and North Western Railway, a British railway company from 1846 to 1922; ancestor of today's West Coast Main Line
North Western Railroad, a short-lived Pennsylvania short-line railroad in the 1850s |
4005063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Ring | Planet Ring | Planet Ring may refer to:
Planet Ring (video game), a 2000 SEGA Dreamcast game
Planetary ring or ringed planet, an astronomical phenomenon
See also
Orbital ring, a speculative mega-structure |
4005072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20Rupe | Mitchell Rupe | Mitchell Edward Rupe (1955 – February 7, 2006) was a convicted murderer who achieved notoriety when his death sentence was overturned after a judge determined that Rupe was too obese to hang.
On the morning of September 17, 1981 Rupe fatally shot bank tellers Candace Hemmig and Twila Capron during a robbery of Tumwater State Bank in Olympia, Washington. Capron's husband arrived at the bank shortly after the robbery and called 9-1-1. While police were investigating the scene they were approached by Rupe, who told them that he had been at the bank that morning. Rupe was questioned by police several times and confessed to committing the crimes, giving three statements to police officers. Additionally, Rupe's bloodstained checkbook was found at the crime scene, and the type of ammunition used in the crime was found in Rupe's car.
At his trial, Rupe denied any involvement in the crime and blamed a friend of his. A psychologist testified that he had given Rupe a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder and a secondary diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder, and that these disorders caused Rupe to make a false confession. Mitchell Rupe was found guilty of aggravated murder and sentenced to death.
His death sentence was overturned twice, the second time being in 1994 when United States federal judge Thomas S. Zilly ruled that Rupe was too heavy to hang. Rupe was over 425 pounds at the time (as high as the scale went) and the judge was concerned that execution by hanging could cause Rupe to be decapitated, which would constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
Rupe was re-sentenced a third time in 2000 by a new jury. After a two-week sentencing hearing, Rupe escaped a new death sentence when the jury deadlocked by an 11–1 vote in favor of the death penalty, falling short of the unanimous verdict required by Washington law for imposition of a death sentence.
Rupe died of liver disease in the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla, Washington on February 7, 2006.
References
Mitchell Rupe, inmate found too heavy to hang, dead at 51 (The Seattle Times, February 7, 2006)
http://law.justia.com/cases/washington/supreme-court/1984/48729-4-1.html
1955 births
2006 deaths
American people convicted of murder
Deaths from hepatitis
American prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by Washington (state)
American people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Washington (state) detention
People convicted of murder by Washington (state)
People with histrionic personality disorder
People with schizotypal personality disorder |
4005082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan%20Adams | Hassan Adams | Hassan Olawale Adams (born June 20, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Arizona.
High school career
Adams attended Westchester High School in Westchester, Los Angeles, where he averaged 18 points, 5 rebounds and 3 assists while leading his team to a 32–2 record, the California State Division I-A Championship, and a USA Today No. 1 ranking in his senior year. A McDonald's All-American and second team Parade All-America pick. Named California Mr. Basketball, the first guard to receive the honor since Baron Davis in 1997.
Collegiate career
Adams played collegiately at the University of Arizona from 2002 to 2006. Adams played primarily at the small forward position under coach Lute Olson and wore number 21 throughout his collegiate career. He was named All-Pac-10 First Team in 2006.
Professional career
In the 2006 NBA draft, Adams was selected by the New Jersey Nets in the second round with the 54th pick. In pre-draft workouts, Adams was injured after Texas forward P. J. Tucker stepped on his foot. Adams made the Nets roster and in his rookie year and started eight games, finishing with 61 played games that season. He scored his first points on November 24. On November 29, 2006, Adams scored a career-high 16 points against the Boston Celtics in 23 minutes of playing time. On July 14, 2007, the Nets waived Adams.
Adams worked out with the Cleveland Cavaliers and played in three preseason games for the Cavs, averaging 2.7 ppg, 0.7 rpg and 0.3 apg in 6.3 mpg. On October 27, 2007, the Cavs waived him.
On July 1, 2008, Adams signed a two-year contract with the Toronto Raptors after attending the team's free-agent camp.
On January 7, 2009, Adams was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers along with cash considerations for a future conditional second-round pick. He was quickly waived by the Clippers, and signed with KK Vojvodina Srbijagas shortly after.
In 2011, Adams played in the Philippine Basketball Association as an import for the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters during the 2011 PBA Commissioner's Cup.
In July 2014, he signed with the Singapore Slingers for the 2014 ABL season.
On October 12, 2015, Adams signed with the upcoming AmeriLeague, however, the league folded after it was discovered the founder was a con-artist.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|New Jersey
| 61 || 8 || 8.1 || .556 || .000 || .667 || 1.3 || .2 || .3 || .1 || 2.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
| 12 || 0 || 4.3 || .308 || || .500 || .6 || .1 || .1 || .1 || .9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 73 || 8 || 7.5 || .534 || .000 || .643 || 1.2 || .2 || .2 || .1 || 2.5
Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2007
| style="text-align:left;"|New Jersey
| 6 || 0 || 1.5 || .500 || || || .2 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .3
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 6 || 0 || 1.5 || .500 || || || .2 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .3
References
External links
Legabasket.it Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Arizona Wildcats Bio
Hassan Adams Player Card
1984 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Serbia
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela
Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players
Basketball players from Los Angeles
KK Vojvodina Srbijagas players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
New Jersey Nets draft picks
New Jersey Nets players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Rain or Shine Elasto Painters players
Small forwards
Basketball players from Inglewood, California
Teramo Basket players
Toronto Raptors players
Westchester High School (Los Angeles) alumni
American men's basketball players |
4005101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame%20skimmer | Flame skimmer | The flame skimmer or firecracker skimmer (Libellula saturata) is a common dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to western North America.
Description
Male flame skimmers are known for their entirely red or dark orange body, this includes eyes, legs, and even wing veins. Females are usually a medium or darker brown with some thin, yellow markings. This particular type of skimmer varies in size but is generally measured somewhere between two and three inches long. These naiads are known for being rather large and chubby-looking due to their rounded abdomen. They are covered with hair but, unlike most young dragonflies, they lack hooks or spines.
Location
Due to its choice habitat of warm ponds, streams, or hot springs, flame skimmers are found mainly in the southwestern part of the United States. They also make their homes in public gardens or backyards.
Feeding habits
An immature flame skimmer (nymph) feeds mainly on aquatic insects. Its diet consists of mosquito larvae, aquatic fly larvae, mayfly larvae, freshwater shrimp, small fish, and tadpoles. The nymphs, which live in the mud at the bottom of warm streams or ponds, catch their prey by waiting patiently for it to pass by. Adult skimmers usually feed on moths, flies, ants, or any other soft-bodied insect while waiting perched on a small rock or twig or while flying through the air.
Reproduction
Breeding for flame skimmers occurs during their flight season from May to September. Males compete with other males for prime breeding locations and females. After mating, the male and female separate, and the female flies off alone to lay her eggs. She does this by hovering above small streams or ponds and dipping the end of her abdomen into the water. Often she deposits her eggs in many different places in order to prevent the naiads from using each other as a source of food.
References
Mason, Jim. "Dragonflies & Damselflies." Plains Nature Center, March 13, 2008
Sabet-Peyman, Jason. "Introduction to the Odonata." University of California Museum of Paleontology. University of California, Berkeley., March 13, 2008
External links
Libellulidae
Odonata of North America
Insects of Mexico
Insects of the United States
Fauna of the Western United States
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
Fauna of the Mojave Desert
Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
Insects described in 1857
Taxa named by Philip Reese Uhler |
4005113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Hall | Benjamin Hall | Benjamin or Ben Hall may refer to:
Ben Hall (baseball) (born 1983), American college baseball coach and former second baseman
Benjamin Hall (industrialist) (1778–1817), Welsh entrepreneur
Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover (1802–1867), British civil engineer and politician
Ben Hall (bushranger) (1837–1865), Australian bushranger
Ben Hall (TV series), 1975
Ben Hall (actor) (1899–1985), American actor
Ben M. Hall (1921–1970), American writer
Ben Hall (footballer, born 1879) (1879–1963), English football player, manager and trainer
Ben Hall (footballer, born 1997), Northern Irish football player for Linfield
Benjamin F. Hall (1814–1891), Chief Justice of the Colorado Territorial Supreme Court
Ben L. Hall (fl. 2010s), American politician
Benjamin Hall (athlete) (born 1984), Australian Paralympian
Benjamin Hall (journalist) (born 1982), British journalist
See also
Benn Hall, a venue in Rugby, Warwickshire, England
Benedict Hall, known as Ben
The Legend of Ben Hall, a 2016 Australian film about the bushranger |
4005116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Would%20You%20Lay%20with%20Me%20%28In%20a%20Field%20of%20Stone%29 | Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone) | Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone) is the third studio album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was released on February 11, 1974, by Columbia Records. The album was produced by Billy Sherrill and includes Tucker's third No. 1 single, "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)". It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 1995 for sales of more than 500,000 copies.
Critical reception
In the issue dated March 2, 1974, Billboard published a review of the album which said, "The little girl who sings grown up songs has some pretty strong ones here. And she does an extraordinary amount of that done previously by others. In all, she acquits herself well. Her best is probably "How Can I Tell Him", although there are a lot of close seconds."
The review published in the February 23, 1974 issue of Cashbox said, "Currently riding high on the charts, the title track is a good indication of the kind of polish, poise and true professionalism that Tanya possesses. Her vocal capacity is surprisingly developed considering her age. But in this young lady's case age is no barrier to success as her past record of achievement clearly indicates. "How Can I Tell Him", a moving and tender ballad is finely orchestrated. A pleasing rendition of "Let Me Be There" gives this catchy song added dimension and new life. Other cuts of particular interest include the up-tempo "The Man That Turned My Mama On", "The Baptism of Jesse Taylor", and "No Man's Land"."
Commercial performance
The album peaked at No. 4 on the US Billboard Hot Country LP's chart and No. 159 on the US Billboard Top LP's & Tape chart.
The album's first single, "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)", was released in December 1973 and peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and No. 46 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also peaked at No. 1 in Canada on the RPM Country Singles chart and No. 54 on the RPM Top Singles chart. The second single, "The Man That Turned My Mama On", was released in May 1974 and peaked at No. 4 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and No. 86 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It peaked at No. 10 in Canada on the RPM Country Singles chart. The third and final single, "I Believe the South Is Gonna Rise Again", was released in December 1974 and peaked at No. 18 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and No. 10 in Canada on the RPM Country Singles chart.
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.
Bill Barnes – cover design, photography
Lou Bradley – engineer
Bill McElhiney – string arrangements
The Nashville Edition – background vocals
Billy Sherrill – producer
Tanya Tucker – lead vocals
Bergen White – string arrangements
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
References
1974 albums
Tanya Tucker albums
Albums produced by Billy Sherrill
Columbia Records albums |
4005126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Hunt%20flat%20race | National Hunt flat race | National Hunt flat races, informally known as bumper races, are a type of flat racing but run under National Hunt racing rules in Britain and Ireland.
National Hunt flat races were created on 15 July 1891 when a conference between the stewards of the British and Irish National Hunt Committees decided to abolish the distinction between the hunter and handicap horses and created a new amalgamated rule:
In modern days the National Hunt flat races are designed for horses who have not previously run under any other form of racing except National Hunt flat or French AQPS races and in Great Britain are restricted to horses aged seven years or less. They are used by trainers to give horses experience on a racecourse before beginning a career in jumps racing. Because of the lack of fences and hurdles, the horses sometimes run faster; however, the low quality of many of these races, and that horses are only taking part to gain experience, often results in a slow pace. Bumpers are typically put at the end of a race meeting and such races are notorious for being difficult to predict the winner. The vast majority of National Hunt meetings in Ireland include a bumper. They are run much less frequently in Britain.
The term "bumper" arose because in the past only amateur riders were allowed to compete and had an ungainly bumping style in comparison to the professionals.
Bumpers are most commonly run over distances of 13–20 furlongs.
References
Horse racing in Great Britain
Hunt racing |
4005138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry%20Killinger | Kerry Killinger | Kerry Killinger (born June 6, 1949) is an American businessman and author. He is founder and CEO of Crescent Capital Associates, and previously served as chairman and chief executive officer of Washington Mutual. Killinger was included in CNBC's September 2018 10-year look-back coverage about the 2008 financial crisis and his thoughts on the current state of finances in the US and around the world. He is the author of the 2021 book Nothing is Too Big to Fail: How the Last Financial Crisis Informs Today.
Early life and career
Killinger was born in Des Moines, Iowa. He received his education at the University of Iowa, from which he received his BBA in 1970 and MBA in 1971. He began his career in the financial services industry in 1972 as an investment analyst with Bankers Life Insurance Company of Nebraska, and moved on to Murphey Favre in 1976 where he rose from a securities analyst to executive vice president and director.
Philanthropy
Throughout his life, Killinger (with wife Linda) has supported charitable organizations and higher education institutions in Seattle, Iowa, and Palm Desert, including 2018-2021 donations to support Cascade Public Media's Crosscut Festival in Seattle and a Communications and Civility in our Democracy Summit at Iowa State University in fall 2019.
In 2021, the Killingers authored the book Nothing is Too Big to Fail: How the Last Financial Crisis Informs Today. All proceeds of the book are donated to charity to aid in criminal and social justice, government reform, civil discourse, and community building.
Washington Mutual
Washington Mutual acquired Murphey Favre in 1983. Killinger was named executive vice president, and promoted in 1986 to senior vice president, and to director in 1988. He was named president of the company that year, CEO in 1990, and chairman in 1991. American Banker named him its 2001 Banker of the Year. In 2003, Killinger predicted that by 2008, Washington Mutual would not be identified as a bank. He said "We hope to do to this industry what Walmart did to theirs, Starbucks did to theirs, Costco did to theirs and Lowe’s-Home Depot did to their industry."
Faced with mounting losses from the mortgage market and steep declines in the stock price as a result of the subprime mortgage crisis, the board of directors removed Killinger as CEO on September 8, 2008. The Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) seized Washington Mutual's banking divisions on September 25, 2008, and named the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as their receiver in the largest bank failure in the history of the United States.
While CEO of Washington Mutual in 2007, Killinger earned a total compensation of $14,364,883. In 2008, he took home $25.1 million in compensation. Killinger received a $15.3 million severance payment in September 2008 "as well as a $445,200 lump-sum payment for vacation benefits and a $300,669 'special payment'".
In March 2011, Killinger and two other bank officers were sued by the FDIC for "reckless lending". That case was settled in 2012. As of 2013, "Killinger, who was investigated by the Justice Department but never charged with any crimes, now appears to be clear of all legal action against him."
The portrayal of Killinger’s role in WaMu's downfall, told by Wall Street Journal reporter Kirsten Grind in The Lost Bank: The Story of Washington Mutual —the Biggest Bank Failure in American History was challenged by Killinger in an open letter.
Selected works
Nothing is Too Big to Fail: How the Last Financial Crisis Informs Today (2021, RosettaBooks; )
External links
Interview at Bellevue Rotary
References
1949 births
Living people
University of Iowa alumni
American chief executives of financial services companies
Businesspeople from Des Moines, Iowa
Businesspeople from Seattle |
4005155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%20Noiseam | Ad Noiseam | Ad Noiseam is an independent record label that has from 2001 onwards published electronic music in the form of (breakcore, drum'n'bass, IDM, dubstep) as well as hip-hop and jazz based in Berlin, Germany. Ad Noiseam was founded in April of 2001 by Nicolas Chevreux, who also has done some of the design work for the label's releases. Ad Noiseam originally started out as a webzine but quickly moved on to being a record-label establishing a name for itself with its first release "Krach Test" (adn 01), a true tour-de-force 3CDr set featuring anyone who was anyone in the 2001 electronic music scene. After releasing high quality, small batch (mini)-CDr releases, the label phased out the CDr's in favour of factory pressed CDs with 2001's "Subfusc" by Tarmvred, after which numerous releases on both vinyl and CD followed. Continuing its forward vision music- and designwise, Ad Noiseam built a huge following of music enthusiasts as well as musicians.
On top of the label activities, Ad Noiseam is also a mailorder and a distribution channel for both in-house and other labels' releases. Since 2001, Ad Noiseam has spread CDs and records to end customers, stores and other mailorders worldwide.
In 2011, Ad Noiseam celebrated its 10th anniversary with a festival held at the Berghain club, followed by a series of birthday concerts in more than 10 European countries. As of July 2016 the label is in a state of "deep freeze".
Roster
Ad Noiseam has released music by the following artists:
See also
Breakcore
Dubstep
Maschinenfest
Power noise
List of record labels
References
External links
Official site
Ad Noiseam on Twitter
Ad Noiseam on Facebook
- Interview with Nicolas Chevreux about Ad Noiseam
Interview with Ad Noiseam artist Hecq
Ad Noiseam discography on Discogs
Electronic music record labels
German independent record labels
Record labels established in 2001
Industrial record labels
Noise music record labels |
4005163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershon%20%28disambiguation%29 | Gershon (disambiguation) | Gershon (Hebrew: גֵּרְשׁוֹן) was the oldest son of Levi in the Torah.
Gershon may also refer to:
Gersonides (1288–1344), French rabbi also known as Levi ben Gershon
Gershon Review (2004–2005), a review of efficiency in the UK public sector
People with the surname
Amit Gershon (born 1995), Israeli basketball player
Pini Gershon (born 1951), Israeli basketball player and coach
Gina Gershon (born 1962), American actress
Grant Gershon (born 1960), American pianist, conductor, chorus master
Michael D. Gershon, American neurobiologist and author of The Second Brain
Nina Gershon (born 1940), American jurist
Peter Gershon (born 1947), British business executive and civil servant
Yitzhak Gershon (born 1958), Israeli general
People with the given name
Gershon Agron (1894–1959), mayor of Jerusalem (1955–59)
Gershon Ben-Shakhar (born 1942), Israeli psychologist and former President of the Open University of Israel
Gershon Kingsley (1922–2019), German-American composer
Gershon Legman (1917–1999), American folklorist
Ted "Kid" Lewis (born Gershon Mendeloff; 1893–1970), English world champion Hall of Fame welterweight boxer
Gershon Sirota (1874–1943), Polish cantor
See also
Gershom (disambiguation)
Gerson (disambiguation)
Hebrew-language surnames |
4005167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto%20Super%207 | Lotto Super 7 | Lotto Super 7 was a national lottery game in Canada, operated by the Interprovincial Lottery Corporation (ILC). It was launched on June 10, 1994, and its last draw was on September 18, 2009.
Drawn every Friday night, the lottery had a guaranteed jackpot of , which was carried forward to the next draw if no purchased ticket matched all seven numbers in that draw. The largest jackpot awarded was in May 2002, in which four winning tickets shared a $37.8 million jackpot.
Its final draw date was announced by ILC in March 2009, and in July 2009, ILC announced that it would be replaced by a new game, Lotto Max.
Organization
ILC works with various lottery corporations owned by provincial governments. Profits are shared amongst the various retailers who sell tickets. Retailers receive from the lottery a percentage of the winnings for tickets sold from their shop (the money is not taken from the prize award).
Prize structure
Lotto Super 7 involved picking seven numbers from 1 through 47. The prizes ranged from a free play to the jackpot. Prizes were awarded as follows:
Note: The fixed prizes for 3 of 7, 3 of 7+ Bonus and 4 of 7 were payable from the Prize Fund (45% of sales). The remainder was the Pools Fund, from which all other pari-mutuel shares of prizes were paid. The "+" symbol denotes matching the bonus number.
Largest jackpots
The largest Super 7 jackpot, and the largest jackpot in Canadian lottery history at the time, was , on May 17, 2002.
The prior record for largest Canadian lottery jackpot had been a Lotto 6/49 draw for $26.4 million in 1995, and the Super 7 record was not surpassed until a Lotto 6/49 draw for in 2005.
Purchasing tickets
Tickets for Super 7 were sold in each of the five lottery jurisdictions: British Columbia Lottery Corporation, Western Canada Lottery Corporation, Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation, Loto-Québec and the Atlantic Lottery Corporation. Tickets were purchased until the cutoff time of 9:00 p.m. ET on Friday nights. For every $2 spent, three selections of seven numbers were given. In addition, each jurisdiction had an add-on regional game.
In the Western Canada Lottery Corporation, the add on game was called the Extra, and offered players a maximum prize of $250,000. The Extra was a seven-digit number. Players won money by matching numbers from the end (i.e., in the number 1234567, matching the 7 won $2, matching 67 won $10, etc.)
In Ontario, the add on game was called Encore. The largest possible prize for Encore (all 7 digits match) was $1 million.
In Quebec, the add on game was called Extra. The largest possible prize for Extra (all 7 digits match) was $500,000.
In Atlantic Canada, the add on game was called Tag. The largest possible prize for Tag (all 6 digits match) was $100,000.
Advertising
The Super 7 radio and TV ads were part of a marketing campaign featuring seven "super heroes". They usually began with the catchphrase "because you can!" and the super hero repeated the phase at the end of the commercial, with the next jackpot amount listed. Commercials usually aired as a pair, such as Relaxo and 2 Weeks Notice Man.
They were:
2 Weeks Notice Man
Relaxo
The Splurger
Cosmetica
Jesse Streets
Professor Posh
The Destinator
Catchphrases
"Unleash the power of the Super 7!"
"Because you can! With this Friday's (jackpot amount) Lotto Super 7 jackpot!" (2007-2009)
See also
Lotto 6/49
References
Lotteries in Canada
Games and sports introduced in 1994
1994 establishments in Canada
2009 disestablishments in Canada |
4005204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Fergusson%20%28diplomat%29 | George Fergusson (diplomat) | George Duncan Raukawa Fergusson (born 30 September 1955) is a British diplomat. He was the British High Commissioner to New Zealand and Samoa, and the Governor of the Pitcairn Islands, from 2006 to 2010. He was the Governor of Bermuda from 2012 to 2016.
Early life
George Fergusson was born in 1955, the son of Baron Ballantrae, who was Governor-General of New Zealand 1962–1967. His middle name "Raukawa" is Māori and reflects the history of Fergussons being appointed to vice-regal posts in New Zealand (two Governors and two Governors-General; George Fergusson is a direct descendant of all four). He was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he edited the student newspaper The Tributary.
Political career
Fergusson joined the Northern Ireland Office in 1978. While serving in Belfast he introduced the Foreign Office to Christie Davies's humorous suggestion that Northern Ireland be the new home of Hong Kong's British population when the territory was handed over to China in 1997. In 1988 he transferred to the Foreign Office as 1st Secretary (Political) in Dublin.
From 1991 to 1993, he was in the Soviet and then the Eastern Department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London. From 1994, he was 1st Secretary (Political/Information) in Seoul, and in 1996 he returned to London as Deputy Head of the Southern African Department. Later, in 1996, he became Head of the Republic of Ireland Department.
In 1999, Fergusson became Consul-General in Boston, and in 2003 was seconded to the Cabinet Office as Head of the Foreign Policy Team.
In 2006 he was appointed High Commissioner to New Zealand and Samoa, and Governor of the Pitcairn Islands. He left this Wellington based post in May 2010.
Fergusson was seriously injured in a mugging attack on 20 April 2012 in London. He suffered facial injuries that resulted in loss of the sight in his left eye.
In May 2012, Fergusson took over as Governor of Bermuda from the retiring Sir Richard Gozney and served until August 2016.
Family
He is married to Margaret (née Wookey), and they have three daughters. The couple also had a son, who died in 2005.
References
|-
|-
1955 births
Living people
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Governors of Pitcairn
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to New Zealand
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Samoa
Governors of Bermuda
Children of national leaders
Sons of life peers |
4005218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonia%20Public%20Schools | Leonia Public Schools | The Leonia Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Leonia, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising three schools, had an enrollment of 1,952 students and 170.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "GH", the third-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Students from Edgewater attend the district's schools for grades 7-12 as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Edgewater Public Schools.
In 2005, Leonia Middle School finished the construction of its new addition. That marked the completion of the expansion of the Leonia Public Schools, along with the completion of the high school's math and science wing and Anna C. Scott Elementary School's addition and renovation, completed in 2002 and 2001, respectively.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Anna C. Scott Elementary School with 663 students in grades PreK-5
Maria Barcelo Martinez, Principal
Leonia Middle School with 533 students in grades 6-8
David Saco, Principal
Leonia High School with 740 students in grades 9-12
Charles Kalender, Principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Edward Bertolini, Superintendent
Rashon Hasan, Business Administrator / Board Secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education, with nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. A tenth representative is appointed to represent Edgewater.
References
External links
Leonia Public Schools
School Data for the Leonia Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Leonia, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group GH
School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey |
4005220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljean%20Harmetz | Aljean Harmetz | Aljean Meltsir Harmetz (born December 30, 1929) is an American journalist and film historian. She was the Hollywood correspondent for The New York Times from 1978 to 1990.
Her film books include The Making of The Wizard of Oz (1977), a detailed study of the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, and Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca: Bogart, Bergman, and World War II (1992).
Early life and education
Born in 1929, Harmetz began life as Aljean Meltsir Levin and grew up in Southern California, near the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios, where her mother worked in the wardrobe department.
She is a graduate of Beverly Hills High School and a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Stanford University, summa cum laude. While at Stanford, she was a reporter for The Stanford Daily.
The Making of The Wizard of Oz
In the mid-1970s, Harmetz began writing a book about the production of the 1939 MGM film, The Wizard of Oz. She interviewed over fifty surviving cast and crew members from the film, including: Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, producer Mervyn LeRoy, writer Noel Langley, songwriter Yip Harburg, and Wicked Witch actress Margaret Hamilton, who became a personal friend.
The book was published by Knopf in 1977, and has never been out of print. It was re-released in 2013 for the 75th anniversary of the film.
In 1979, Harmetz wrote and narrated a television documentary about the making of The Wizard of Oz for KCET titled, The Wizardry of Oz. The documentary included filmed interviews with Bolger, Haley, LeRoy, and Margaret Hamilton, and was shown three times nationally on PBS. It was nominated for a local Emmy.
Harmetz hosted a tribute to The Wizard of Oz at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1982. The event featured a panel of six remaining cast and crew members, moderated by Harmetz.
Off the Face of the Earth
Harmetz’s Off the Face of the Earth is a suspense novel about a boy's abduction and the efforts to free him. It was published by Scribner in 1997 and as a paperbound by Pocket Books in 1998.
The Sunday New York Daily News called the book "a sizzling summertime thriller" and added, "Harmetz spins her tale with taut, wiry prose, and her pages are filled with insight and intrigue. You might have nightmares after reading this book, but you won't regret it."
Publishers Weekly called the book "engrossing," a "tightly controlled, intelligently told, acutely creepy debut thriller." Glamour called it the "best of the beach reads....a terrifying but revealing take on the most universal of horror stories." And The New York Times Book Review said of the book: "well above the classic thriller fare... powerful... psychologically complex... lingers in the mind well after the reader has raced through its pages to the conclusion."
Other work
Harmetz was the Hollywood correspondent of The New York Times from 1978 to 1990.
She wrote a teaser trailer for the 1978 film The Wiz and provided the map of the Land of Oz.
She has written for magazines, publishing poetry in The Atlantic and a Best First Story in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine. She has contributed articles to Esquire, The New Republic, Cosmopolitan, The New York Times, TV Guide, Architectural Digest, and the Los Angeles Times.
Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of "Casablanca" was published by Hyperion in 1992 and has been called “pretty much the definitive sourcebook on Casablanca. In September of that year, a documentary, Casablanca: Round Up the Usual Suspects, based on the book, was screened on Showtime.
She has written dozens of celebrity obituaries for The New York Times since retiring in 1990. Her obituaries include: Mickey Rooney, Lena Horne, Shirley Temple, Billy Wilder, Jack Lemmon, Doris Day, Dina Merrill, and Paul Newman, and Tab Hunter.
Harmetz also wrote and narrated a documentary on video games for The Disney Channel.
Awards and recognition
Harmetz is a recipient of Yale University's Poynter Fellowship, an award for distinguished journalism.
In 1993, her book The Making of The Wizard of Oz was named by The Book Collectors (Los Angeles) as one of the hundred best books ever written on the movies. It was honored at a reception hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Criticism
In a 1988 article, Spy magazine characterized Harmetz as possibly "the most inexplicable journalist in Hollywood. If Harmetz writes a story, then it is either (a) wrong, (b) late, (c) trivial or (d) designed to advance the career of one of her sources. Or all of the above."
Personal life
Aljean Levin married to Richard Harmetz On August 9, 1959, and they have three children. They live in Los Angeles.
She is related by marriage to the corporate lawyer, Lloyd Harmetz.
Selected works
My Three Sons (1960)
"The Way Childbirth Really Is" in Today's Health, February 1972
The Making of The Wizard of Oz (Knopf, 1977)
Rolling Breaks and Other Movie Business (Random House, 1983)
Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of "Casablanca" (Hyperion, 1992)
On the Road to Tara: The Making of Gone with the Wind (Harry N. Abrams, 1996)
Off the Face of the Earth (Scribner, 1997)
References
External links
1929 births
20th-century American novelists
American women novelists
American film historians
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
The New York Times writers
Writers from California
American women historians
20th-century American women writers
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women |
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