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4006193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyu | Xinyu | Xinyu (, formerly ), is a prefecture-level city in west-central Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China.
History
Geography
Xinyu has an area of . It has a four-season, monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate. It can be very hot and rainy in summer. The city is located southwest of Nanchang, the provincial capital - about two and half hours away by car via highway. The city's main industry is the XinYu steel plant, which dominates the area.
Administration
Xinyu has direct jurisdiction over 1 urban district, scenic district, 1 development zone, 1 county, 17 towns, 15 townships, 2 sub-districts, 446 villages, and 51 communities.
Urban District:
Yushui District ()
County:
Fenyi County ()
Scenic District:
Xiannühu (Fairy Lake) Scenic District ()
Development Zone:
Gaoxin Technical & Economic Development Zone ()
Tourism
Xinyu is known for the scenery and cultural sites of Xiannühu (). The legend of Dong Yong () and the Seventh Fairy () has been passed down until now. Their love story took place at today's Xiannühu (Fairy Lake).
Colleges and universities
Xinyu University ()
International relations
Friendship cities
Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Climate
References
External links
Official Xinyu city website (Chinese)
Cities in Jiangxi
National Forest Cities in China
Prefecture-level divisions of Jiangxi |
4006194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20free%20royal%20cities%20of%20Croatia | List of free royal cities of Croatia | This is a list of the cities proclaimed free royal cities in Croatia's history.
1209 – Varaždin – Granted by King Andrew II
1231 – Vukovar – Granted by Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria
1234 – Virovitica – Granted by Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria
1242 – Zagreb – Granted by King Béla IV via the Golden Bull of 1242
1242 – Samobor – Granted by King Béla IV.
1244 – Ozalj – Granted by King Béla IV.
1245 – Križevci – Granted by Ban Stjepan, confirmed by King Béla IV in 1253
1262 – Bihać (today in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was Croatian at the time) – Granted by King Béla IV
1356 – Koprivnica – Confirmed by King Louis I
1765 – Požega – Granted by Empress Maria Theresa
1781 – Karlovac – Granted by Emperor Joseph II
1788 – Hrvatska Kostajnica – Granted by Emperor Joseph II
1809 – Osijek
1874 – Bjelovar – Granted by Ban Ivan Mažuranić
1874 – Sisak
Sources
Lists of populated places in Croatia
Croatia history-related lists |
4006219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitra | Sitra | Sitra ( or , As-Sitra), also known as Sitrah () or Sitra Island (), is an island in Bahrain.
It lies south of the capital, Manama, on Bahrain Island.
History
Conflict with Al Khalifa in 1782
In 1782, a conflict occurred between locals and a number of Al Khalifa who came from Zubara to buy supplies. The clashes resulted in deaths from both sides.
Arab Spring
During the Arab Spring, there was a big protest here. Many protesters were injured or killed. (See Day of Rage (Bahrain)).
Geography
The Island is located just east of Bahrain Island in Persian Gulf. It lies south of Manama and Nabih Saleh. The island's western coast forms the boundary of Tubli Bay.
The island used to be covered in date palm groves and farms, watered by several freshwater springs. Mangroves used to line the western coast, however they have almost disappeared due to development.
Demography
Most of the inhabitants of the island live in nine historic villages:
Wadyan
Al Kharijiya
Marquban
Al Garrya
Mahazza
Sufala
Abul Aish
Halat Um al-Baidh (the location of the yacht club and Al Bandar resort)
Al Hamriya
There is a massive land reclamation project called East Sitra which increased the island size by 50% and has a new city built on it.
Economy
The island's economy used to be based on agriculture and fishing.
The northern section of the island has been turned into an industrial area. Bapco oil storage reservoirs are located in the south. Sitra is also the terminus of the 42-km Dhahran-Sitra natural gas pipeline, which connects it to Dahran in Saudi Arabia.
Several car and furniture showrooms also make up the new development on the island.
The Sitra Club is a cultural and sports club for the island.
Today Sitra handles Bahrain's entire petroleum production. It is the location of Port of Sitra. It is also the export center for the oil fields in northeastern Saudi Arabia.
Education
Sitra is the site of many school campuses such as Al Noor International School and Indian School, Bahrain. The Applied Science University is located here.
Transportation
The Sitra Causeway connects the north of the island to Nabih Saleh and to Umm al Hussam (Manama) on Bahrain Island.
Two small bridges on the south west of Sitra also joins Bahrain Island, near the villages of Ma'ameer and Eker.
Administration
The southern part of the island belongs to Southern Governorate and the northern part to Capital Governorate.
Between 1990 and 2013 it was part of Central Governorate of Bahrain, but that is now dissolved.
Between 1920 and 1990 it was part of Sitra Municipality.
Sitra Municipality
This was a municipality in Bahrain before they were re-organized as Governorates. The Sitra Municipality consisted of the island of Sitra and three villages close to it on the main island of Bahrain: Ma'ameer, Eker and Nuwaidrat.
Image gallery
Sitra Island
References
External links
Populated places in Bahrain
Islands of Bahrain
Artificial islands of Bahrain
Former municipalities (regions) of Bahrain |
4006225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba%20Court%20of%20Appeal | Manitoba Court of Appeal | The Manitoba Court of Appeal () is the court of appeal in, and the highest court of, the Canadian province of Manitoba. It hears criminal, civil, and family law cases, as well as appeals from various administrative boards and tribunals.
Seated in Winnipeg, the Court is headed by the Chief Justice of Manitoba, and is composed of a total of 13 justices. At any given time, there may be one or more additional justices who sit as supernumerary justices.
The Court hears appeals from the Provincial Court and the Court of Queen's Bench, as well as certain administrative tribunals, including the Residential Tenancies Commission, the Municipal Board, and the Manitoba Labour Board, among others.
Most cases are heard by a panel of three justices. A single justice presides over matters heard in "chambers", usually interlocutory matters or applications for leave to appeal. Proceedings before the court are governed by the Court of Appeal Rules.
Judges
Pursuant to The Court of Appeal Act, the Court consists of a Chief Justice and 12 other judges, all of whom are federally-appointed pursuant to the Judges Act.
As a "Superior Court" under section 96 of the federal Constitution Act, 1867, Court of Appeal judges are appointed by the Governor-General of Canada (in practical terms, the Prime Minister of Canada). Appointees must be members of the Manitoba bar, but need not have had previous experience as a judge. However, appointees almost always have some experience as a judge, usually on the Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench.
Under the Judges Act, federally-appointed judges (such as those on the Manitoba Court of Appeal) may—after being in judicial office for at least 15 years and whose combined age and number of years of judicial service is not less than 80 or after the age of 70 years and at least 10 years judicial service—elect to give up their regular judicial duties and hold office as a supernumerary judge.
The first female appointed to the Court was Bonnie M. Helper, on 30 June 1989. The sons of two former Court of Appeal justices (Samuel Freedman and Alfred Monnin) currently or have recently served as judges on the court (Martin Freedman, Michel Monnin, and Marc Monnin).
Current justices
Past justices
Chief Justice of Manitoba
The Chief Justice of Manitoba heads the Manitoba Court of Appeal. The Chief Justice is responsible for the judicial functions of the court, including direction over sittings of the court and the assignment of judicial duties.
From 1872 to 1906, the Chief Justice was seated in the Court of Queen’s/King's Bench, which held appellate jurisdiction. The appellate jurisdiction was transferred to the Court of Appeal upon its creation in 1906, and thereafter, the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal has been the Chief Justice of Manitoba.
Further reading
Dale Brawn, "The Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba 1870-1950: A Biographical History" (Toronto: Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, 2006)
Peter McCormick, "Caseload and Output of the Manitoban Court of Appeal: An Analysis of Twelve Months of Reported Cases" (1990) 19 Man. L. J. 31
Peter McCormick, "Caseload and Output of the Manitoba Court of Appeal 1989" (1990) 19 Man. L. J. 334
Peter McCormick, "A Tale of Two Courts: Appeals from the Manitoba Court of Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, 1970-1990" (1990) 19 Man. L. J. 357
Peter McCormick and Suzanne Maisey, "A Tale of Two Courts II: Appeals from the Manitoba Court of Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, 1906-1990" (1992) 21 Man. L. J. 1
Peter McCormick, "Caseload and Output of the Manitoba Court of Appeal, 1990" (1992) 21 Man. L. J. 24
Peter McCormick, "Caseload and Output of the Manitoba Court of Appeal 1991" (1993) 22 Man. L. J. 263
Peter McCormick, "The Manitoba Court of Appeal, 2000-2004: Caseload, Output and Citations" (2005) 31 Man. L. J. 1
Frederick Read, "Early History of the Manitoba Courts", Manitoba Bar News (1937) Vol. 10, Nos. 1 & 2
References
External links
Official webpage
Public database of the court's decisions
Publicly accessible court registry system
Court of Appeal Rules
Manitoba courts
Canadian appellate courts
1906 establishments in Manitoba
Courts and tribunals established in 1906 |
4006229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Seeman | Philip Seeman | Philip Seeman, (8 February 1934 – 9 January 2021) was a Canadian schizophrenia researcher and neuropharmacologist, known for his research on dopamine receptors.
Career
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Seeman was raised in Montreal. He received a Bachelor of Science degree, honours physics & physiology (1955), a Master of Science degree, physiology of transport & secretion (1956), and a Doctor of Medicine (1960) from McGill University. In 1966, he received a Ph.D. in life sciences from Rockefeller University.
In 1967, Seeman became an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Toronto. In 1970, he was appointed a professor.
In 1974, having spent years in search of the binding site of antipsychotic medication, he discovered the dopamine D2 receptor, the basis for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
In 2001, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his research on dopamine receptors and their involvement in diseases such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's and Huntington's".
In 1985, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
He was married to Dr. Mary V. Seeman.
Notes
References
P. Seeman (2010). "Dopamine D2 Receptors as Treatment Targets in Schizophrenia. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses April: 56-73.
P. Seeman (2007), Scholarpedia, 2(10): 3634 doi.4249/scholarpedia.3634
External links
Home Page of Philip Seeman's Laboratory
Probing the Biology of Psychosis, Schizophrenia, and Antipsychotics: An Expert Interview With Dr. Philip Seeman, MD, PhD – an interview on the Medscape website
Schizophrenia – an essay by Philip Seeman, November 2001
1934 births
2021 deaths
Canadian pharmacologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Winnipeg
Schizophrenia researchers
Neuropharmacologists
Canadian neuroscientists |
4006255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Natural%20History%20and%20Theory%20of%20the%20Heavens | Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens | Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (), subtitled or an Attempt to Account for the Constitutional and Mechanical Origin of the Universe upon Newtonian Principles, is a work written and published anonymously by Immanuel Kant in 1755.
According to Kant, the Solar System is merely a smaller version of the fixed star systems, such as the Milky Way and other galaxies. The cosmogony that Kant proposes is closer to today's accepted ideas than that of some of his contemporary thinkers such as Pierre-Simon Laplace. Moreover, Kant's thought in this volume is strongly influenced by atomist theory, in addition to the ideas of Lucretius.
Background
Kant had read a 1751 review of Thomas Wright's An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe (1750), and he credited this with inspiring him in writing the Universal Natural History.
Kant answered to the call of the Berlin Academy Prize in 1754 with the argument that the Moon's gravity would eventually cause its tidal locking to coincide with the Earth's rotation. The next year, he expanded this reasoning to the formation and evolution of the Solar System in the Universal Natural History.
Within the work Kant quotes Pierre Louis Maupertuis, who discusses six bright celestial objects listed by Edmond Halley, including Andromeda. Most of these are nebulae, but Maupertuis notes that about one-fourth of them are collections of stars—accompanied by white glows which they would be unable to cause on their own. Halley points to light created before the birth of the Sun, while William Derham "compares them to openings through which shines another immeasurable region and perhaps the fire of heaven." He also observed that the collections of stars were much more distant than stars observed around them. Johannes Hevelius noted that the bright spots were massive and were flattened by a rotating motion; they are in fact galaxies.
Contents
Kant proposes the nebular hypothesis, in which solar systems are the result of nebulae (interstellar clouds of dust) coalescing into accretion disks and then forming suns and their planets. He also discusses comets, and postulates that the Milky Way is only one of many galaxies.
In a speculative proposal, Kant argues that the Earth could have once had a ring around it like the rings of Saturn. He correctly theorizes that the latter are made up of individual particles, likely made of ice. He cites the hypothetical ring as a possible explanation for "the water upon the firmament" described in the Genesis creation narrative as well as a source of water for its flood narrative.
Kant's book ends with an almost mystical expression of appreciation for nature: "In the universal silence of nature and in the calm of the senses the immortal spirit’s hidden faculty of knowledge speaks an ineffable language and gives [us] undeveloped concepts, which are indeed felt, but do not let themselves be described."
Translations
The first English translation of the work was done by the Scottish theologian William Hastie, in 1900. Other English translations include those by Stanley Jaki and Ian Johnston.
Criticism
In his introduction to the English translation of Kant's book, Stanley Jaki criticises Kant for being a poor mathematician and downplays the relevance of his contribution to science. However, Stephen Palmquist argued that Jaki's criticisms are biased and "[a]ll he has shown ... is that the Allgemeine Naturgeschichte does not meet the rigorous standards of the twentieth-century historian of science."
References
Footnotes
Citations
External links
1755 books
Books by Immanuel Kant
German non-fiction books |
4006258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patek%20Philippe%20Calibre%2089 | Patek Philippe Calibre 89 | The Patek Philippe Calibre 89 is a commemorative pocket watch created in 1989, to celebrate the company's 150th anniversary. Declared by Patek Philippe as "the most complicated watch in the world" at the time of creation, it has 33 complications, weighs 1.1 kg, exhibits 24 hands and has 1,728 components in total, including a thermometer, and a star chart. Before Calibre 89, Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication (created in 1933) had been the world’s most complicated timepiece ever assembled with a total of 24 different functions.
Patek Philippe Calibre 89 was made from 18 carat (75%) gold or
platinum, with an estimated value of $6 million. It took five years of research and development, and four years to manufacture. Four watches were made: one in white gold, one in yellow gold, one in rose gold and one in platinum. The yellow-gold and the white-gold Calibre 89 were sold at auction by Antiquorum in 2009 and 2004, respectively, and both watches currently rank among the top 10 most expensive watches ever sold at auction, with final prices over 5 million US dollars. The one in yellow gold was later offered at Sotheby’s in 2017, but remained unsold due to disappointing biddings, less than $6.4 million, excluding buyer's premium.
Roughly 27 years later, on September 17, 2015, Vacheron Constantin introduced the Reference 57260 which took over the title of 'most complicated watch in the world' with a total of 57 complications.
Complications (features)
Grand sonnerie
Petite sonnerie
Trip minute repeater (westminster on 4 gongs)
Alarm
Day of the month
12-hour recorder
Day of the week
Hour of second time zone
Moon phase display
Winding crown position indicator
Century decade and year displays
Leap year indicator
Power reserve
Month
Thermometer
Date of Easter
Time of sunrise
Equation of time
Star chart
Sun hand
Time of sunset
Split second hand
Specifications
Total diameter 89 mm
Total thickness 41 mm
Total weight 1100 grams
See also
The Vacheron Constantin Reference 57260
Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication
References
External links
The Patek Philippe Museum
The 9 Most Important Watches in the World John Biggs, Popular Mechanics
Watch models |
4006292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Skinner | Lisa Skinner | Lisa Maree Skinner (born 17 February 1981 Brisbane and lived in Clear Mountain, Brisbane, Australia) is an Australian artistic gymnast who competed at the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Olympic Games. She was the first Australian gymnast to qualify for an individual event final at the Olympics. She has toured with Cirque du Soleil performing aerial hoops.
Gymnastic career
Skinner began gymnastics in 1987 at Lawnton Academy. Between 1995 and 2004, she was a consistent presence on the Australian team, competing at four World Championships, three Olympic Games and many other international meets. She was the Australian national champion in 1996 and 1997.
Skinner made her senior international debut at the 1995 World Championships in Sabae, placing 12th with the Australian team. The next year, at the 1996 Summer Olympics, she helped Australia place 10th in the team finals and finished 36th in the individual all-around.
In the following years, Skinner's international performance improved dramatically. She earned two gold medals at the 1998 Commonwealth Games: one with the Australian team, the other as an individual on the uneven bars. At the 1999 World Championships, she placed 15th in the all-around.
At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Skinner was the highest-ranked Australian female gymnast. At one point in the all-around competition, she was in third place. However, her vault had a low start value, and she therefore did not score high enough to win a medal. She eventually finished in 8th place, the highest placement ever for an Australian gymnast. In the floor exercise final, she had another chance to earn a medal, but ended up in 8th place after a fall. Her appearance was still notable, because it was the first time that an Australian gymnast had qualified to an Olympic event final. The score she received for the same routine in the all-around, a 9.75, would have been enough for a bronze medal in the final.
After the 2000 Olympics, Skinner retired, but in 2002 she decided to resume training. She returned to competition in 2003, representing Australia at the 2003 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, the 2004 Pacific Alliance Championships, and the 2004 Summer Olympics. At her third Olympics, Skinner was an uneven bars and balance beam specialist.
As a gymnast, Skinner was known for her expressive, balletic presentation and clean lines. She was a floor exercise specialist for many years, displaying routines with unique choreography and music. She also designed several leotards worn by the Australian national team at major competitions.
Following the 2004 Olympics, Skinner retired again.
Cirque du Soleil
Skinner later began working with Cirque du Soleil with their production Alegría as a power-track artist and dance captain for the show in April 2006. After that, she joined another Cirque show, Quidam in 2010 as the backup for the character 'Target' as well as performing aerial hoop trio until the show closed in February 2016. Most recently, following the closure of Quidam, Skinner has begun performing solo Aerial Hoop with their touring show Koozå, joining its tour in her home state, Queensland, from 24 November 2016. However just 3 days later she suffered a neck fracture and broken arm during a Koozå performance in Brisbane.
See also
List of Olympic female gymnasts for Australia
References
External links
Gymnastics Australia profile
Athens Olympics profile
1981 births
Living people
Australian female artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts of Australia
Gymnasts at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia |
4006297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons%20of%20the%20Guyane%20department | Cantons of the Guyane department | The following is a list of the 19 former cantons of the French Guiana department, an overseas department of France, sorted by arrondissement. The cantons were abolished in 2015, when the Assembly of French Guiana replaced the General Council of French Guiana and the Regional Council of French Guiana.
Arrondissement of Cayenne (16 cantons)
Approuague-Kaw
Cayenne 1st Canton Nord-Ouest
Cayenne 2nd Canton Nord-Est
Cayenne 3rd Canton Sud-Ouest
Cayenne 4th Canton Centre
Cayenne 5th Canton Sud
Cayenne 6th Canton Sud-Est
Iracoubo
Kourou
Macouria
Matoury
Montsinéry-Tonnegrande
Rémiré-Montjoly
Roura
Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock
Sinnamary
Arrondissement of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (3 cantons)
Mana
Maripasoula
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
References
Geography of French Guiana
French Guiana 2 |
4006301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gachal%C3%A1%20Emerald | Gachalá Emerald | The Gachalá Emerald, one of the most valuable and famous emeralds in the world, was found in the year 1967, in the mine called Vega de San Juan, located in Gachala, a town in Colombia, located from Bogota. Gachalá Chibcha means "place of Gacha." Presently the emerald is in the United States, where it was donated to the Smithsonian Institution by the New York City jeweler, Harry Winston.
Symbolism
The emerald was named in honor of Gachalá, the municipality of Cundinamarca where it was found.
Characteristics
Shape: Emerald
Color: Intense green
Carats: 858 Carats
Weight: 172 grams
Size: 5 centimeters
Year of extraction: 1967
Conservation
The emerald is part of the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. It was donated in 1969 by the American jeweler Harry Winston, and is labeled under number 122078 in the catalog.
See also
Colombian emeralds
Chivor
References
External links
Digital article from the Colombian Newspaper El Diario
Emerald history of Colombia
Gachalá Emerald
Natural history of Colombia
Jewellery in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Individual emeralds
Colombian emeralds
Muysccubun |
4006303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394%20UEFA%20Champions%20League | 1993–94 UEFA Champions League | The 1993–94 UEFA Champions League was the 39th season of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA's premier club football tournament, and the second season with the UEFA Champions League logo (it was adopted in the group stage and semi-finals, the rest of the tournament continued to be called "European Champion Clubs' Cup" or "European Cup"). The competition was won by Milan, their fifth title, beating Barcelona 4–0 in the final. The defending champions, Marseille, were not allowed to enter the competition due their involvement in a match-fixing scandal in Division 1 the season prior. This saw them stripped of their league title and demoted to Division 2 at the end of 1993–94. This was the first and only time which the defending champions did not participate in the following season of the competition. Third-placed Monaco took the vacated French berth (second-placed Paris Saint-Germain, who refused the defaulted French title, competed in the Cup Winners' Cup instead as Coupe de France winners).
There were changes made to the UEFA Champions League's format from the previous year. After two seasons, with the groups, it introduced one legged semi-finals taking place after the group stage, meaning the two sides qualified from each group as group winners playing the semi-finals at home.
This edition was marked by the absence of Yugoslav participants because Yugoslavia was under UN economic sanctions. Yugoslav participants were frequently present in advanced stages of the competition with Red Star Belgrade having won the European Cup in 1991 and finished second in the group the following season. FK Partizan were to represent Yugoslavia in this edition, but were not allowed to participate. Meanwhile, Croatia, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia and Wales entered their champions for the first time this edition.
Teams
42 national champions participated in 1993–94 UEFA Champions League season. 20 lowest-ranked of them by 1993 UEFA club ranking entered in the Preliminary Round, 22 best-ranked champions entered in the First Round.
Notes
Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows. All draws were held in Geneva, Switzerland.
Preliminary round
First round
Second round
Group stage
The group stage began on 24 November 1993 and ended on 13 April 1994. The eight teams were divided into two groups of four, and the teams in each group played against each other on a home-and-away basis, meaning that each team played a total of six group matches. For each win, teams were awarded two points, with one point awarded for each draw. At the end of the group stage, the two teams in each group with the most points advanced to the semi-finals.
All teams except Milan and Porto made their group stage debuts. Two of these teams (Barcelona and Anderlecht) had previously contested the 1991–92 group stage, the only season of the European Cup to adopt such a format.
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
Semi-finals
Final
Top goalscorers
The top scorers from the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League (excluding preliminary round) are as follows:
See also
1993–94 European Cup Winners' Cup
1993–94 UEFA Cup
Notes
References
External links
1993–94 All matches – season at UEFA website
European Cup results at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
All scorers 1993–94 UEFA Champions League (excluding preliminary round) according to protocols UEFA + all scorers preliminary round
1993/94 UEFA Champions League - results and line-ups (archive)
Champions League
UEFA Champions League seasons |
4006321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Senario%20College | Mount Senario College | Mount Senario College (MSC or Mt. Senario) was a private non-profit college located in Ladysmith, Wisconsin, in the Diocese of Superior.
History
Early history
The College began in 1930, when summer extension courses were conducted in Ladysmith for the Servants of Mary (Servite Sisters) by Eau Claire State Teachers College (now University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire). In 1952, courses were expanded to a junior college affiliated with the College of St. Scholastica.
Ten years later, the Servants of Mary established Mount Senario College as a four-year college. Enrollment was open to the public and emphasis was placed on teacher training. The college was named after Monte Senario, the birthplace of the Servite Order, near Florence, Italy. In 1963, it received approval for certification of elementary teachers by the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction; approval for secondary certification was received in 1965.
Mount Senario College became a non-sectarian institution in 1972, when a plan for the reorganization of the school was adopted by the board of trustees and approved by the Servants of Mary. The college was granted academic accreditation by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools in 1975. Mount Senario had 28 satellite locations serving students mostly in the areas of criminal justice, public administration, business administration and liberal arts.
Main campus
The main campus consisted of two major buildings. The largest was the college, consisting of college administration, library, bookstore, cafeteria, lecture hall, several classrooms, chemistry laboratory, biology laboratory and physics laboratory. Adjacent to the college building was the dormitory.
Fine arts campus
The fine arts campus was located a half mile east of the main campus, on the corner of Wisconsin Highway 27 and College Avenue, and consisted of one building. It had originally been erected in 1959 for Our Lady of Sorrows High School, which eventually became Servite High. When that facility closed in 1967, the building became the Fine Arts Center for Mount Senario College. This building housed MSC's music and art programs. The college used the gymnasium as a multi-functional space for basketball games, concerts and other large public gatherings.
Later history
Mount Senario closed on August 31, 2002 as a result of financial trouble. The college had been in poor financial health that was exacerbated by mismanagement and corruption involving school president Norman Stewart that ultimately led to the school's closing. The city of Ladysmith offered some financial assistance (purchasing the athletic fields); however, it was not enough to save "The Mount".
Official student transcripts became the responsibility of the State of Wisconsin Educational Approval Board in August 2003 by court action. The transcript responsibility was transferred in December 2005 to The Wisconsin Association of Independent Colleges and Universities.
Since closing
For the 2006–07 school year, part of the former campus was operated as Concordia Preparatory School, a private Christian preparatory school. That institution also faced financial problems and closed midseason. Silver Lake College of Manitowoc, Wisconsin began offering courses at Mount Senario, renamed "Mount Senario Education Center", beginning September, 2009.
Athletics
The school colors were blue and gold, with the athletic teams named the Fighting Saints. Prior to the school suspending all athletics in December 2001, the school was a member of the Upper Midwest Athletic Conference.
Notable people
A. R. Morlan (1958–2016), author
References
Kurtz, Bill. "Now or never at embattled Mount Senario College" Superior Catholic Herald, 2002.
Kurtz, Bill. "Mount Senario loses its struggle for survival" Superior Catholic Herald, 2002.
"Mount Senario College's Administration of the Title IV, HEA Programs for the Period July 1, 1998 through June 30, 1999" United States Department of Education September 2000.
Rust, Pamela. "Fiscal, management problems undo Mount Senario" BusinessNorth.com, August 1, 2002
Defunct private universities and colleges in Wisconsin
Defunct Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
Buildings and structures in Rusk County, Wisconsin
Educational institutions established in 1930
Educational institutions disestablished in 2002
1930 establishments in Wisconsin
2002 disestablishments in Wisconsin
Catholic universities and colleges in Wisconsin
Servite Order |
4006322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Perry | James Perry | James Perry may refer to:
James Perry (journalist) (1756–1821), journalist
James Franklin Perry (1790–1853), early Texas settler (with wife Emily Austin Perry)
Jimmy Perry (1923–2016), English actor and scriptwriter
James E. C. Perry (born 1944), jurist
James Stewart Perry (born 1947), sculptor
James L. Perry (born 1948), academic
James Perry, strongman, see 1992 World's Strongest Man
James Lewis Perry (born 1979), cyclist
James M. Perry (1927–2016), American journalist and author
James M. Perry (lawyer) (1894–1964), South Carolina's first female lawyer
James Perry (American football), American football coach and player
James Perry (luthier), Irish luthier
Jim Perry (television personality) (1933–2015), television personality and game show host
Jim Perry (baseball) (born 1935), baseball player
Jim Perry (politician) (born c. 1972), member of the North Carolina State Senate
Rick Perry (James Richard Perry, born 1950), American politician
See also
James De Wolf Perry (1871–1947), bishop
James Perry House, historic house in Rehoboth, Massachusetts |
4006326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Lines | Ian Lines | Ian Lines (born 1965) is an international croquet player. He has played international representative croquet for Great Britain since 2004 and has represented England in the Home Internationals
Profile
Ian started playing croquet in 1993, and won the All England Association Handicap Championship in 1995. More recently, he won the Chairman’s Salver in 2004 and played for Great Britain in their successful Solomon Trophy team against the United States in Palm Springs.
Ian's achieved his highest world ranking of ninth in early 2005. During that year he also represented England in the Home Internationals, played in the Plate Final of the British Opens and got through to the knockout stages of the WCF Association World Championships. Although mainly an Association player, Ian won the Lancashire International Golf Croquet Championship in 2005, and was a member of the Lancashire team which won the very first UK Inter-County Golf Championship.
March 2006 sees Ian represent England in the World Golf Croquet Championships in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.
Club Activities
Ian is a very active member of the Bowdon Croquet Club in Manchester, and is secretary of the NorthWest croquet federation. As well as winning most of the region's A Class tournaments, Ian is a very popular coach and player at Bowdon, and regularly travels around the UK to compete in tournaments.
See also
History of croquet
References
External links
Croquet world rankings
Bowdon Croquet Club
1965 births
Living people
English croquet players |
4006337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20Australian%20Open | 1991 Australian Open | The 1991 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 79th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 14 through 27 January 1991.
Seniors
Men's singles
Boris Becker defeated Ivan Lendl 1–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
It was Becker's 5th career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title. He became the first male German player to win an Australian Open singles title.
Women's singles
Monica Seles defeated Jana Novotná 5–7, 6–3, 6–1
It was Seles's 2nd career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title. She became the only Yugoslav player – male or female – to win a Grand Slam singles title.
Men's doubles
Scott Davis / David Pate defeated Patrick McEnroe / David Wheaton 6–7(4–7), 7–6(10–8), 6–3, 7–5
It was Davis' only career Grand Slam title. It was Pate's only career Grand Slam title.
Women's doubles
Patty Fendick / Mary Joe Fernández defeated Gigi Fernández / Jana Novotná 7–6(7–4), 6–1
It was Fendick's only career Grand Slam title. It was Fernandez's 1st career Grand Slam title and her only Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Jo Durie / Jeremy Bates defeated Robin White / Scott Davis 2–6, 6–4, 6–4
It was Durie's 2nd and last career Grand Slam title and her only Australian Open title. It was Bates' 2nd and last career Grand Slam title and his only Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Thomas Enqvist defeated Stephen Gleeson 7–6, 6–7, 6–1
Girls' singles
Nicole Pratt defeated Kristin Godridge 6–4, 6–3
Boys' doubles
Grant Doyle / Joshua Eagle defeated Jamie Holmes / Paul Kilderry 7–6, 6–4
Girls' doubles
Karina Habšudová / Barbara Rittner defeated Joanne Limmer / Angie Woolcock 6–2, 6–0
External links
Australian Open official website
1991 in Australian tennis
January 1991 sports events in Australia
1991,Australian Open |
4006345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20David%20Gold | Glen David Gold | {{Infobox writer
| name = Glen David Gold
| image = Photo_of_American_author_Glen_David_Gold%2C_2018.jpeg
| caption = Glen David Gold in 2018
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Corona del Mar, California, U.S.
| spouse =
| occupation =
| notableworks = Carter Beats the DevilSunnyside, I Will Be Complete
}}
Glen David Gold (born 1964) is an American novelist, memoirist and screenwriter. Known for his bestselling novels exploring the roles of entertainment and popular culture in historical America, he has also published a critically acclaimed memoir and worked extensively in a broad range of media, including comics, television and podcasting. Gold is also a collector and authority on comics and graphic novels, particularly the works of Jack Kirby and other architects of the Marvel Universe.
Biography
Gold was born in Corona del Mar, California, the son of a recording industry executive and a British expatriate mother. His parents divorced when he was ten years old. Relocated to San Francisco, he grew up in a milieu of 70s-era Bohemianism "by the side of his increasingly erratic mother, among con men and get-rich schemes." When he was twelve, she moved to New York without telling him, leaving him to fend for himself with minimal long-distance support. Despite his unorthodox childhood, he was admitted to the Thacher School in Ojai, California. He later studied at Wesleyan University, then transferred to the University of California at Berkeley, where he completed his undergraduate degree. He worked as a freelance writer before entering the graduate writing program at University of California, Irvine, where he received his MFA in creative writing.
In 2001, Gold married the novelist Alice Sebold; they divorced in 2012. He currently lives in the Silver Lake region of Los Angeles.
Books
Carter Beats the Devil
His first novel, Carter Beats the Devil (2001) was a national bestseller, receiving critical praise and translation into 14 languages. The New Yorker described it as "A magical first novel...one of the most entertaining appearing acts of recent years." Janet Maslin of The New York Times called it "an enormously assured first novel...no small feat of legerdemain." A L Kennedy in The Observer stated that "Carter Beats the Devil is a big, mischievous, intelligent read – nice to see a bit of magic in fiction again". The book was a 2001 Washington Post Notable Book of the Year, a Christian Science Monitor Best Book of the Year, and shortlisted for the 2001 Guardian First Book Award.
The novel is a fictionalised biography of the American stage magician Charles Joseph Carter (1874–1936), following Carter through his career, from his first encounter with magic to his last performance. Along the way he encounters many historical figures, including fellow magicians Harry Houdini and Howard Thurston, United States President Warren G. Harding, BMW founder Max Friz, the Marx Brothers, business magnate Francis Marion "Borax" Smith, the inventor of electronic television Philo Farnsworth, and San Franciscan madams Tessie Wall and Jessie Hayman.
Most of the novel centers on the mysterious death of President Harding, who dies shortly after taking part in Carter's stage show. President Harding apparently knew of many serious scandals that seemed likely to bring down the establishment, and it seems certain that he was assassinated by persons and methods unknown. Much of Carter's past is shown in the form of flashbacks, as U.S. Secret Service Agent Griffin investigates the magician as a suspect.
Sunnyside
Gold's second novel, Sunnyside (2009) was also both critically well received and a national bestseller. Once again interweaving real historical figures and events into a tapestry of fiction, the novel begins in 1916, when a mass delusion results in no less than eight hundred sightings of Charlie Chaplin, appearing simultaneously at various locations throughout the world. It then traces the life and career of Chaplin himself, while "we are introduced to a dazzling cast of characters that take us from the battlefields of France to the Russian Revolution and from the budding glamour of Hollywood to madcap Wild West shows.". Called "Ingenious...a thoughtful commentary on the creation of celebrity in modern America" by The New Yorker, Sunnyside was described by the Christian Science Monitor as "a big book crammed with big ideas and ambitions, and, with its multiple plots and mix of history and fiction, it’s easy to see why many reviews have compared it to the work of E.L. Doctorow . . . full of intelligence, ambition, and generosity."
I Will Be Complete
Gold's first memoir, I Will Be Complete, was published in 2018 by Knopf in the United States, and by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom. Lev Grossman, author of The Magicians, called it "[a]n extraordinary account of an extraordinary life," and Joseph Fink, co-author of Welcome to Night Vale, said Gold "is one of the best storytellers working today. He could write about anything and make it gripping."
Other media
Gold's essays, journalism and short fiction have appeared in The New York Times Sunday Magazine, Playboy, McSweeney's, and Wired, among other publications.
His work in television include writing an episode of the Nickelodeon series Hey Arnold!, and an appearance in the documentary Houdini: Unlocking the Mystery. He co-wrote an episode of the popular podcast Welcome to Night Vale in 2013, contributed to another episode in 2014, and wrote the three-episode arc "eGemony" in 2017.
Gold has also ventured into comic books, writing storylines for Dark Horse Comics' The Escapist, as well as a reprise of Will Eisner's classic creation The Spirit for DC Comics. In 2019, Marvel Comics commissioned him to write a script for Marvel Comics #1000, a special edition anthology of original stories and artwork commemorating Marvel's 80th anniversary. Entitled "The Tender, Flaky Taste of Weltschmerz", the story enlists Howard the Duck in an affectionate send-up of advertisements for Hostess Fruit Pies, once ubiquitous in Marvel comics ("a delight in every bite").
As commentator on comics and comic art
Gold was a voracious reader of comics "when I was a kid in the 1970s", but had moved on to reading science fiction, as well as the works of Robertson Davies and John Irving, by the age of thirteen. In 1992, convinced that "Some comic artwork can belong on gallery walls — not just as "low" art but as something important on its own," he began collecting original art from both comics and graphic novels, as well as commissioning original art from artists including Gene Colan and Herb Trimpe.
In 2005, the Hammer Museum and the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art invited him to contribute an essay on Jack Kirby to their exhibit Masters of American Comics, billed as an event "to establish a canon of fifteen of the most influential artists working in the medium throughout the 20th century."; the catalogue was published by Yale University Press. In 2015, the exhibit Comic Book Apocalypse: The Graphic World of Jack Kirby, presented at California State University, Northridge, commissioned Gold to contribute an essay as well. The resulting work, entitled "The Red Sheet", was one of the first critical essays to connect Kirby's harrowing experiences as an combat infantryman in World War II with his distinctive approach to comics, postulating that Kirby's creation of Captain America may have been an attempt to mediate (and personify) the effects of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. "Here's something we tend not to think of when evaluating Jack Kirby's artistic intent: Kirby killed Nazis, and he did it in hand-to-hand combat." Gold wrote. "He did it with the same hands that drew Captain America and Thor...in fact, he was wrestling with such deep nuances about the intermingled natures of good and evil that they're only comprehensible when viewed through the effects of wartime experience."
BibliographyCarter Beats the Devil (2001) , ; , Sunnyside (2009) , I Will Be Complete'' (2018) ,
References
External links
Interview with Glen David Gold
Glen David Gold on Twitter
Glen David Gold's official website
1964 births
21st-century American novelists
American television writers
American comics writers
American male novelists
Living people
Writers from Long Beach, California
Wesleyan University alumni
University of California, Irvine alumni
American male short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American male writers
Screenwriters from California
American male television writers
21st-century American screenwriters |
4006356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Saxe | Henry Saxe | Henry Saxe (born September 24, 1937) is a Canadian artist who creates sculpture, painting and drawing.
Career
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Saxe attended Sir George Williams University (1955-1956) and
the École des Beaux-Arts de Montréal (1956-1961), then studied printmaking with Albert Dumouchel (1960-1961). Saxe made his first sculpture in 1965. He continued printmaking in London (1967-1968). He taught at the École des beaux-arts de Montréal (1968-1969) and at the École des arts visuels de l'Université Laval (1970-1973). His work has been presented in numerous solo and group exhibitions, including at the Biennale de Paris in 1963 and 1968, as well as the Cent jours d’art contemporain de Montréal, in 1985. In 1994, a retrospective of his work (1960-1993) was held at the Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal. In 2007, he had a show titled Henry Saxe, The Anarchy of Space at the Freedman Gallery at Albright College, Reading, Pennsylvania, curated by Christopher Youngs. In 2019, he had a show titled Henry Saxe Sculpture and Drawings at the Galerie d'art du Centre culturel de l'Université de Sherbrooke.
From 1965 on, his practice has undergone changes from modular sculptures to sculpture made from familiar materials used in installations to sculpture made from lighter materials.
His sculptures may be situated outside public institutions, such as Dex (1977) which is on a lot adjacent to the Musée de Lachine, and stretches horizontally, near ground level. Other works are in the National Gallery of Canada and Musée d’art contemporain, Montreal.
He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1978, along with Ron Martin, he represented Canada at the Venice Biennale. In 1988, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for "his own unconventional works" which have "left an indelible imprint on Canadian sculpture". In 1994, he was awarded the Government of Quebec's Prix Paul-Émile-Borduas.
Saxe has lived and worked in Tamworth, Ontario, north of Kingston, since 1973.
References
External links
Prix Paul-Émile-Borduas profile
1937 births
Living people
Artists from Montreal
Canadian sculptors
Canadian male sculptors
École des beaux-arts de Montréal alumni
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Officers of the Order of Canada
Sculptors from Quebec
Canadian contemporary artists
Canadian abstract artists |
4006358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20de%20Wendenal | William de Wendenal | William de Wendenal (also William de Wendeval) was a late-12th-century Norman baron, a High Sheriff for two English counties from 1190 to 1194, when King Richard the Lionheart was away on the Third Crusade.
Biography
Little is known of William. He is mentioned in the book Chronica magistri Rogeri de Hoveden by the historian Roger of Howden. William served as the High Sheriff (or law-enforcer and bailiff) of the counties of both Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire during the years of King Richard's absence from the country. William took over these duties in 1190 from baron Roger de Lizoures. However, when King Richard landed back in England in late March 1194, William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby succeeded William de Wendenal as sheriff. After this, William de Wendenal simply disappears from the historical record.
References
12th-century births
Anglo-Normans |
4006362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Finland | Languages of Finland | The two main official languages of Finland are Finnish and Swedish. There are also several official minority languages: three variants of Sami, Romani, Finnish Sign Language and Karelian.
Finnish
Finnish is the language of the majority, 86.9% of the population in 2020. It is a Finnic language closely related to Estonian and less closely to the Sami languages. The Finnic languages belong to the Uralic language family, so Finnish is distantly related to languages as diverse as Hungarian (an Ugric language) and Nenets (a Samoyedic language) in Siberia.
Swedish
Swedish is the main language of 5.2% of the population in 2020 (92.4% in the Åland autonomous province), down from 14% at the beginning of the 20th century. In 2012, 44% of Finnish citizens with another registered primary language than Swedish could hold a conversation in this language. Swedish is a North Germanic language, closely related to Norwegian and Danish. As a subbranch of Indo-European, it is also closely related to other Germanic languages such as German, Dutch, and English.
Swedish was the language of the administration until the late 19th century. Today it is one of the two main official languages, with a position equal to Finnish in most legislation, though the working language in most governmental bodies is Finnish. Both Finnish and Swedish are compulsory subjects in school with an exception for children with a third language as their native language. A successfully completed language test is a prerequisite for governmental offices where a university degree is required.
The four largest Swedish-speaking communities in Finland, in absolute numbers, are those of Helsinki, Espoo, Porvoo and Vaasa, where they constitute significant minorities. Helsinki, the capital, had a Swedish-speaking majority until late in the 19th century. Currently 5.9% of the population of Helsinki are native Swedish speakers and 15% are native speakers of languages other than Finnish and Swedish.
The Swedish dialects spoken in Finland mainland are known as Finland-Swedish. There is a rich Finland-Swedish literature, including authors such as Tove Jansson, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Edith Södergran and Zacharias Topelius. Runeberg is considered Finland's national poet and wrote the national anthem, "Vårt land", which was only later translated to Finnish.
Within language policy making in Finland, Taxell’s paradox refers to the notion that monolingual solutions are essential to the realization of functional bilingualism, with multilingual solutions ultimately leading to monolingualism. The thinking is based on the observation of the Swedish language in environments such as schools is subordinated to the majority language Finnish for practical and social reasons, despite the positive characteristics associated with mutual language learning.
English
The English language is spoken by most Finns. Official statistics in 2012 show that at least 70% of Finnish people can speak English.
In 2021, Juhana Vartiainen, the mayor of Helsinki, proposed declaring Helsinki an English-speaking city.
Sami languages
The Sami languages are a group of related languages spoken across Lapland. They are distantly related to Finnish. The three Sami languages spoken in Finland, Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami, have a combined native speaker population of 2,004 in 2019.
Karelian
Up to World War II, Karelian was spoken in the historical Border-Karelian region on the northern shore of Lake Ladoga. After the war, immigrant Karelians were settled all over Finland. In 2001 the Karelian Language Society estimated that the language is understood by 11,000–12,000 people in Finland, most of whom are elderly. A more recent estimate is that there are 5000 first language speakers in Finland but the size of the language community is 30,000.
Karelian was recognized in a regulation by the President in November 2009, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. This is the Karelian language which has several dialects, and not a Karelian dialect of the Finnish language.
Russian
The Russian language is the third most spoken native language in Finland (1.5%). The Russian language has no official status in Finland, though historically it served as the third co-official language with Finnish and Swedish for a relatively brief period between 1900 and 1917.
Territorial bilingualism
All municipalities outside Åland where both official languages are spoken by either at least 8% of the population or at least 3,000 people are considered bilingual. Swedish reaches these criteria in 59 out of 336 municipalities located in Åland (where this does not matter) and the coastal areas of Ostrobothnia region, Southwest Finland (especially in Åboland outside Turku) and Uusimaa. Outside these areas there are some towns with significant Swedish-speaking minorities not reaching the criteria. Thus the inland is officially unilingually Finnish-speaking. Finnish reaches the criteria everywhere but in Åland and in three municipalities in the Ostrobothnia region, which is also the only region on the Finnish mainland with a Swedish-speaking majority (52% to 46%).
The Sami languages have an official status in the northernmost Finland, in Utsjoki, Inari, Enontekiö and part of Sodankylä, regardless of proportion of speakers.
In the bilingual municipalities signs are in both languages, important documents are translated and authorities have to be able to serve in both languages. Authorities of the central administration have to serve the public in both official languages, regardless of location, and in Sami in certain circumstances.
Places often have different names in Finnish and in Swedish, both names being equally official as name of the town. For a list, see Names of places in Finland in Finnish and in Swedish.
Statistics
93% of Finns aged 18–64 can speak a foreign language, and 78% can speak two or more. 2,184,000 or 66% can speak both Swedish and English, while 1,003,000 (30%) can speak German and English and 882,000 (27%) Swedish and German.
See also
Finland's language strife
Languages of Åland
Names of places in Finland in Finnish and in Swedish
Languages of Sweden
Languages of Norway
Languages of Denmark
Languages of Greenland
References
External links |
4006364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santon%20%28parish%29 | Santon (parish) | Santon (), historically Santan, is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man.
It is located in the south-east of the island (part of the traditional South Side division) in the sheading of Middle.
Settlements in the parish include Newtown.
Local government
For the purposes of local government, the whole of the historic parish forms a single parish district with commissioners.
The Captain of the Parish (since 2003) is Donald James Gelling, CBE.
Politics
Santon parish is part of the Middle constituency, which elects two members to the House of Keys. From 1986 until 2016 it was in the Malew and Santon constituency.
Geography
It has an area of approximately and is the island's smallest parish. The parish is now popularly known as Santon instead of the older Santan. Currently the Captain of the Parish is Mr Donald Gelling.
To the north of the parish is Newtown and the recently built estate of Mount Murray where the northern border along the Crogga River Glen is to be found. The western boundary is slightly east of Ballalonna Glen and the modern Fairy Bridge. The coastal extremities stretch from the mouth of the Crogga River at Port Soderick over Santon Head, Port Grenaugh and Port Soldrick to the mouth of the Santon Burn which rarely encroaches on Santon territory but forms the northwestern (inland) boundary for much of its course.
While the parish lacks size and good soil, it does have some high cliffs, ancient monuments, ruins, and various other scenery.
All along the Manx coastline, and particularly on the rocky slate headlands of the south, are the remains of promontory forts which date back almost 2,000 years. Four out of more than twenty have been excavated and several, especially in Santon, can be visited using the coastal footpath. All have a rampart on their vulnerable landward side, and excavations at have shown that access to the fort was by a strongly built gate.
The Scandinavians who arrived in Mann in the 8th and 9th centuries sometimes re-used these Iron Age promontory forts, often obliterating the old domestic quarters with their characteristic rectangular houses; the fine example at has been used as the basis of the reconstruction in the House of Manannan.
Demographics
The Isle of Man census of 2016 returned a parish population of 700, an increase of 1.3% from the figure of 691 in 2011.
Ecclesiastical parish
The ecclesiastical parish of Santon no longer exists as a separate area. Until 1 November 2012 it was coterminous with the civil parish (see below), but on that date part of the ecclesiastical parish of Braddan between Mount Murray and Port Walberry, including part of the Mount Murray estate, Port Soderick and Quine's Hill, was transferred to the parish of Santon. On 1 February 2013 the parish of Santon and the parish of Malew (except a detached part of the latter to the west of Castletown) were united to form a new ecclesiastical parish of Malew and Santon. The parish church of the former parish of Santon, which is now one of the four parish churches of the united parish, is St Sanctain. St Sanctain's stands on the site of an ancient 1500-year-old chapel - well before St. Augustine came from Rome to Canterbury. The name St Sanctain is of Irish origin and according to legend, the saint was a disciple of St Patrick and Bishop of Cell da Les (Church of Two Forts). Occasioned by an error, the church was referred to as St Ann (or Anne) during the 17th century and this lasted until it was officially corrected in 1891.
The living of Santon was in the patronage of the Crown, in the person of Her Majesty the Queen, the Lord of Mann. Before the Dissolution of the Monasteries, it was in the hands of the Abbot of Rushen Abbey. The united benefice of Malew and Santon is also in the patronage of the Crown. When the Queen appoints a new vicar, the Lieutenant Governor receives presentment documents signed by the Queen. At the Service of Institution and induction of a new vicar, these documents, together with the new vicar, are presented by the Lieutenant Governor to the Bishop of Sodor and Man with the request that the Bishop institute the nominee of the Crown. This duty is always carried out by the Governor in person.
References
External links
map of the parish
Parish History of Santon on the Santon Parish Commissioners website
Manx notebook Kirk Santan - St Sanctain
Manx notebook - Santan
Isle of Man Building Control Districts
Manx notebook Kirk Santan Antiquities
Glenology - Manx Glens
Website of the Santon Parish Commissioners
Parishes of the Isle of Man |
4006372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill%20Award | Quill Award | The Quill Award was an American literary award that ran for three years in 2005-2007. It was a "consumer-driven award created to inspire reading while promoting literacy." The Quills Foundation, the organization behind the Quill Award, was supported by a number of notable media corporations, including Reed Business Information, then parent of Publishers Weekly, and NBC Universal Television Stations, along with Parade Magazine, Borders, Barnes & Noble and the American Booksellers Association.
Reed Business Information announced plans to dissolve the awards program in February 2008 and distribute the remaining Foundation funds to non-profit organizations First Book and Literacy Partners. Reed declined to give reasons for the suspension, but the awards had produced little effect on book sales, and the televised ceremonies were criticized for being too long and poorly planned.
Selection process
Winners were selected through a two-part process involving nomination by industry experts and final selection by consumer votes. To be eligible for nomination, a book had to be published in English during the previous year and be included in at least one industry or sponsor listing. Readers selected the winners from among the five nominees selected by the board for each category. However, for the 2007 edition, the choice by public vote was restricted to book of the year, and winners in other categories were chosen by retailers and librarians.
2007 Quill Award winners
Book of the year: Angels Fall, Nora Roberts
Debut author of the year: Diane Setterfield, The Thirteenth Tale
Audio book: To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee, (read by Sissy Spacek)
Children's illustrated book: Flotsam, David Wiesner
Children's chapter book/middle grade: The Invention of Hugo Cabret, Brian Selznick
Young adult/teen: Sold, Patricia McCormick
General fiction: The Road, Cormac McCarthy
Graphic novel: Making Comics: Storytelling Secrets of Comics, Manga and Graphic Novels, Volume 7, Scott McCloud
Mystery/suspense/thriller: What the Dead Know, Laura Lippman
Poetry: For the Confederate Dead, Kevin Young
Romance: Angels Fall, Nora Roberts
Science fiction/fantasy/horror: The Name of the Wind, Patrick Rothfuss
Religion/spirituality: Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know - And Doesn't, Stephen Prothero
Biography/memoir: Einstein: His Life and Universe, Walter Isaacson
Business: The No Asshole Rule: Building a Civilized Workplace and Surviving One That Isn't, Robert I. Sutton
Cooking: Joy of Cooking: 75th Anniversary Edition, Irma S. Rombauer, Marion Rombauer Becker, and Ethan Becker
Health/self-improvement: How Doctors Think, Jerome Groopman, M.D.
History/current events/politics: The Assault on Reason, Al Gore
Humor: I Like You: Hospitality Under the Influence, Amy Sedaris
Sports: The Kings of New York: A Year Among the Geeks, Oddballs and Geniuses Who Make Up America's Top High-School Chess Team, Michael Weinreb
2006 Quill Award winners
Book of the Year: Don't Make a Black Woman Take off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life, Tyler Perry
Debut Author of the Year: Julie Powell for work in Julie & Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment KitchenAudio Book: Marley & Me: Life and Love with the World's Worst Dog, John Grogan
Children's Illustrated Book: If You Give a Pig a Party, Laura Joffe Numeroff
Children's Chapter Book/Middle Grade: The Penultimate Peril, Lemony Snicket
Young Adult/Teen: Eldest, Christopher Paolini
General Fiction: A Dirty Job: A Novel, Christopher Moore
Graphic Novel: Naruto, Volume 7, Masashi Kishimoto
Mystery/Suspense/Thriller: Twelve Sharp, Janet Evanovich
Poetry: Amazing Peace: A Christmas Poem, Maya Angelou
Romance: Blue Smoke, Nora Roberts
Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror: A Breath of Snow and Ashes, Diana Gabaldon
Religion/Spirituality: Mama Made the Difference, T. D. Jakes
Biography/Memoir: Marley & Me: Life and Love with the World's Worst Dog, John Grogan
Business: The Girl's Guide to Being a Boss (Without Being a Bitch): Valuable Lessons, Smart Suggestions, and True Stories for Succeeding as the Chick-in-Charge, Caitlin Friedman and Kimberly Yorio
Cooking: Rachael Ray 365: No Repeats: A Year of Deliciously Different Dinners, Rachael Ray
Health/Self Improvement: It's Not Easy Being Green: And Other Things to Consider, Jim Henson
History/Current Events/Politics: An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore
Humor: Don't Make a Black Woman Take off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life, Tyler Perry
Sports: Get Your Own Damn Beer, I'm Watching the Game!: A Woman's Guide to Loving Pro Football, Holly Robinson Peete
Variety Blockbuster Book to Film: The Devil Wears Prada and its film adaptation, author Lauren Weisberger and director David Frankel.
2005 Quill Award winners
Book of the Year: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, J.K. Rowling, Mary GrandPré (Illustrator)
Debut Author of the Year: Elizabeth Kostova for The Historian
Audio Book: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents America: A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, Jon Stewart and the Writers of the Daily Show
Children's Illustrated Book: Runny Babbit: A Billy Sook, Shel Silverstein
Children's Chapter Book/Middle Grade: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, J.K. Rowling, Mary GrandPré (Illustrator)
Young Adult/Teen: Girls in Pants: The Third Summer of the Sisterhood, Ann Brashares
General Fiction: The Mermaid Chair, Sue Monk Kidd
Graphic Novel: Marvel 1602 Volume I, Neil Gaiman, Andy Kubert and Richard Isanove
Mystery/Suspense/Thriller: Eleven on Top, Janet Evanovich
Poetry: Let America Be America Again: And Other Poems, Langston Hughes
Romance: 44 Cranberry Point, Debbie Macomber
Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror: The Stupidest Angel: A Heartwarming Tale of Christmas Terror, Christopher Moore
Religion and Spirituality: Peace is the Way: Bringing War and Violence to an End, Deepak Chopra
Biography/Memoir: Chronicles, Vol. 1, Bob Dylan
Business: Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner
Cooking: Rachael Ray's 30-Minute Get Real Meals: Eat Healthy Without Going to Extremes, Rachael Ray
Health and Self-Improvement: He's Just Not That Into You: The No-Excuses Truth to Understanding Guys, Greg Behrendt and Liz Tuccillo
History/Current Events/Politics: 1776, David McCullough
Humor: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents America: A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, Jon Stewart and the Writers of the Daily Show
Sports: Faithful: Two Diehard Boston Red Sox Fans Chronicle the Historic 2004 Season, Stewart O'Nan and Stephen King
The foundation awarded a Quills Corporate Literacy Award to Verizon for its support of literacy programs in the United States.
References
External links
Awards established in 2005
Awards disestablished in 2008
American literary awards
2005 establishments in the United States
2008 disestablishments in the United States |
4006379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igabi | Igabi | Igabi is a Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna State, Nigeria. It is chaired by the Executive Chairman, - Jabir Khamis, It is one of 774 local government areas,in Nigeria. Rigasa ward is under Igabi LGA, one of the largest ward in terms of population, in Nigeria.
History
Research by the dRPC Nigeria (development Research and Projects Center Nigeria) has shown that Igabi was founded by a man from Kukawa, in Borno state, the man was a Qur'anic scholar who settled near Rigachikun, to teach Qur'an and Islamic studies in the region due to an overflow of Hausa people to the northeastern Nigeria specially Borno state in search of Islamic religious knowledge. The current local government's capital is Turunku. The genesis of Igabi town that led to local government was a man name Igabi who came and settled in the area. The man was from Borna named Mallam Ahmadu, an Islamic scholar who arrived at the site where he founded the town with a large number of Almajirai (students), numbering more than a hundred. Later more students from neighboring villages around joined him.
in 1907, Igabi was officially recognized as a district under Zazzau Emirate by the British colonial government of Northern Nigeria and the first district head was Turaki Babba of Zazzau. After the death of Turaki Babba in the early 1950s the leadership was transferred to Dan Madami Zubairu, then to Dan Madami Umaru and now Bello Sani.
The first confirmed H5N1 (bird flu) outbreak in an African country was on February 8, 2006, on a commercial chicken farm in Jaji, a village in Igabi.
Demographic
The indigenous people of Igabi are predominantly Muslims with the exception of Gbagyi who were non Muslims or traditionalist and they later accepted Christianity.
Wards
Afaka
Birnin Yero
Gadan Gayan
Gwaraji
Igabi ward
Kerawa
Kwarau
Rigachikun
Rigasa
Sabon Birni
Jaji
Turunku
Zangon Aya
Education
There are primary, secondary and tertiary education institutions in Igabi. The first Igabi primary school was established in 1945 at Rigachikun.
The Armed Forces Command and Staff College is a military training institution which was founded in May 1976, so also Demonstration Battalion, The Army School of Artillery are located at Jaji.
The Nigerian Tulip International College (NTIC) formerly Nigerian Turkish is located at Rigachikun.
Economy
The economy of Igabi largely depends on agriculture and makes it one of the largest contributors to the domestic product in the state, with a total output of about $10m. Igabi contribute economically to kaduna state in term of production of maize in large quantity. Also production of feed for animals consumption this led to socio - economic growth.
References
Local Government Areas in Kaduna State
Populated places in Kaduna State |
4006395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20West | Golden West | Golden West may refer to:
Places
Rural Municipality of Golden West No. 95, Saskatchewan, Canada
Transportation
Golden West Airlines, a defunct airline
Golden West (clipper), an 1852 clipper ship in the California trade
Companies
Golden West Broadcasters, a broadcasting company owned by Gene Autry
Golden West Broadcasting, a Canadian radio broadcasting company
Golden West Financial, a financial institution
Other
Golden West College, a community college in Huntington Beach, California
Golden West Network, the Seven Network affiliate in Western Australia
The Golden West (1911 film), an Australian film
The Golden West (1932 film), an American Western film
Native Sons of the Golden West, a charitable organization which promotes California history
La fanciulla del West (The Girl of the Golden West), a 1910 opera |
4006397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%20at%20the%201948%20Summer%20Olympics | Syria at the 1948 Summer Olympics | Syria competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, England.
Diving
References
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1948 Summer Olympics
1948
Olympics, Summer |
4006399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Schilling%20School%20for%20Gifted%20Children | The Schilling School for Gifted Children | The Schilling School for Gifted Children is a K-12 private school for gifted and talented students located in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was founded by Dr. Sandra Kelly Schilling in 1997. The school employs an accelerated curriculum, and classes are formed according to student ability, as opposed to grade level.
It was named in Cincinnati Magazine's August 2007 edition as the second best private school in the greater Cincinnati area. The school is also one of only two schools in the United States serving gifted children in grades K-12.
Faculty
The faculty is composed of gifted adults who are experienced teachers, subject specialists, and practitioners in their fields of expertise, many of whom are currently teaching at local universities. Approximately 20 percent of the staff have doctorates and 75 percent have their master's degrees.
Students
Students must have an IQ of at least 130 for admission. The Schilling School has the highest average SAT score among Greater Cincinnati public and private high schools. 45% of the students have IQ's between 130 and 144, and 55% are between 145 and 200.
References
External links
High schools in Hamilton County, Ohio
Private schools in Cincinnati
Private high schools in Ohio
Private middle schools in Ohio
Private elementary schools in Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Ohio |
4006406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20State%20College%20of%20Law | Western State College of Law | Western State College of Law at Westcliff University is a private, for-profit law school in Irvine, California. It offers full and part-time programs and is approved by the American Bar Association. Western State pays a fee to receive services from Association of American Law Schools (AALS).
History
Western State College of Law was founded in 1966 in Orange County, California. It is the oldest existing law school in the county. In 1987, the school applied for accreditation with the American Bar Association (ABA). Although the school was unsuccessful in this attempt, it was at the time accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges and by the California State Committee of Bar Examiners (CBE). The accreditation by the CBE made graduates eligible to sit for the California Bar Examination.
By 1990, Western State had expanded to three campuses in California including locations in Fullerton, Irvine and San Diego. At that time, the school was the largest law school in California. In 1995, Western State again began pursuing accreditation with the ABA for all three of its campuses. In the latter half of the 1990s, the school underwent several changes as part of the accreditation process. In 1995, the school's San Diego campus became the independently owned Thomas Jefferson School of Law and the following year, the school closed its Irvine location and consolidated students to its Fullerton campus. In 1998, the school received provisional accreditation from the ABA and opened a new law library.
In 2000, the college's owners sold Western State to Argosy Education Group, which owned the school for a year before it was purchased by Education Management Corporation. Western State was granted full accreditation with the ABA in 2005, and became the third for-profit law school to receive ABA approval. In April 2012, the school was incorporated as one of the colleges of Argosy University and officially changed its name to Western State College of Law at Argosy University. The same year, the school sold its property to California State University, Fullerton for roughly $18 million. In January 2016, the campus moved to Irvine, California.
In October 2017, it was announced that the college of law was sold, along with the rest of Argosy University, to the Dream Center Foundation, a subsidiary of the Dream Center megachurch. The transaction was funded in part by the Najafi Companies, a private equity firm. Critics have claimed that the sale and shift to non-profit status was designed to evade consumer protection regulations focused on for-profit institutions.
In 2019, a federal court approved Westcliff University's plan to purchase the school and revert it to for-profit status. The ABA allowed continued accreditation under the ownership of Westcliff University in December 2019.
Academics
Programs
Western State offers both full-time and part-time programs. The school offers two areas of focus through their Business Law Center and their Criminal Law Practice Center, which are aimed at preparing graduates for a career in business or criminal law through additional training, internships and networking with lawyers. The law school also offers certificates in Immigration Law, Family Law, and Real Estate.
, the school had 274 full-time students and 149 part-time students, and 61 members of faculty.
Bar passage
The school's bar pass rate was 58% for first-time takers of the July 2019 California bar exam. The Ultimate Bar Pass Rate, which the ABA defines as the pass rate for graduates who sat for a bar exam within two years of graduating, is 76.63% for the Class of 2018.
Rankings
U.S. News & World Report ranks the school in the quartile known as #148-194. Among all law schools, Western State has the third-highest Diversity Index, as reported by U.S. News & World Report. In addition, it received an A+ for Diversity in National Jurist's Best Law Schools.
Costs
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at the Western State College of Law for the 2018-19 academic year is $63,692 for a student living at home and $77,126 for a full-time student that is self-supporting.
Post-graduation employment
According to Western State's ABA-required disclosures, 81.2% of the Class of 2021 obtained employment nine months after graduation. 76.5% of the class obtained JD-required or JD-advantage employment. Excluding solo practitioners, 55.3% of the class obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment.
Notable alumni
Anthony Adams, a former member of the California State Assembly
Leslie Alexander (businessman), former owner of the Houston Rockets
Vito Barbieri, an Idaho state representative
Roger Benitez, a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California
Bob Chandler, a former American football player
Bonnie Dumanis, the District Attorney for San Diego County
Michael Dvorak, former Indiana state representative and St. Joseph County, Indiana Prosecutor
Mike Garrett, a former American football player and former athletic director at the University of Southern California
George Gascón, the District Attorney for Los Angeles County and the former District Attorney for San Francisco
Duncan Hunter, a former member of the United States House of Representatives and 2008 Presidential candidate
Ross Johnson, a former long-time California state legislator
Mangala Moonesinghe, a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka and Ambassador
Nguyen Cao Ky Duyen, a Vietnamese-American personality and co-host of Thuy Nga's Paris by Night shows
Ruth Parasol, the founder of PartyGaming
Dick Walsh, a former Major League Baseball executive
George O. Wood, the General Superintendent of Assemblies of God
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 1966
Universities and colleges in Orange County, California
ABA-accredited law schools in California
For-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Education in Fullerton, California
Education Management Corporation
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Western State University College of Law alumni
1966 establishments in California
Private universities and colleges in California |
4006412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fityk | Fityk | Fityk is a curve fitting and data analysis application, predominantly used to fit analytical,
bell-shaped functions to experimental data. It is positioned to fill the gap between general plotting software and programs specific for one field, e.g. crystallography or XPS.
Originally, Fityk was developed to analyse powder diffraction data. It is also used in other fields that require peak analysis and peak-fitting, like chromatography or various kinds of spectroscopy.
Fityk is distributed under the terms of GNU General Public License, but since version 1.0.0, subscription is required for downloading binaries. It runs on Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, FreeBSD and other platforms. It operates either as a command line program or with a graphical user interface.
It is written in C++, using wxWidgets, and providing bindings for Python and other scripting languages.
Features
three weighted least squares methods:
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm,
Nelder-Mead method
Genetic algorithm
about 20 built-in functions and support for user-defined functions
equality constraints
data manipulations,
handling series of datasets,
automation of common tasks with scripts.
Alternatives
The programs LabPlot, MagicPlot and peak-o-mat have similar scope.
More generic data analysis programs with spread-sheet capabilities include the proprietary Origin and its free clones QtiPlot and SciDAVis.
See also
Comparison of numerical analysis software
External links
References
2004 software
Data analysis software
Free plotting software
Free science software
Free software programmed in C++
Free software projects
Regression and curve fitting software
Software that uses wxWidgets |
4006416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian%20dialect | Cumbrian dialect | The Cumberland dialect is a local Northern English dialect in decline, spoken in Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire North of the Sands, not to be confused with the area's extinct Celtic language, Cumbric. Some parts of Cumbria have a more North-East English sound to them. Whilst clearly spoken with a Northern English accent, it shares much vocabulary with Scots. A Cumbrian Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore by William Rollinson exists, as well as a more contemporary and lighthearted Cumbrian Dictionary and Phrase Book.
History of Cumbrian language
Northumbrian origin
As with other English dialects north of the Humber-Lune Line and the closely-related Scots language, Cumbrian is descent from Northern Middle English and in turn Northumbrian Old English. Old English was introduced to Cumbria from Northumbria where it was initially spoken alongside the native Cumbric language.
Celtic influence
Despite the modern county being created only in 1974 from the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland and north Lancashire and parts of Yorkshire, Cumbria is an ancient division. Before the arrival of the Romans the area was the home of the Carvetii tribe, which was later assimilated to the larger Brigantes tribe. These people would have spoken Brythonic, which developed into Old Welsh, but around the 5th century AD, when Cumbria was the centre of the kingdom of Rheged, the language spoken in northern England and southern Scotland from Lancashire and Yorkshire to Strathclyde had developed into a dialect of Brythonic known as Cumbric (the scarcity of linguistic evidence, however, means that Cumbric's distinctness from Old Welsh is more deduced than proven). Remnants of Brythonic and Cumbric are most often seen in place names, in elements such as caer 'fort' as in Carlisle, pen 'hill' as in Penrith and craig 'crag, rock' as in High Crag.
The most well known Celtic element in Cumbrian dialect is the sheep counting numerals which are still used in various forms by shepherds throughout the area, and apparently for knitting. The word 'Yan' (meaning 'one'), for example, is prevalent throughout Cumbria and is still often used, especially by non-speakers of 'received pronunciation' and children, e.g. "That yan owr there," or "Can I have yan of those?"
The Northern subject rule may be attributable to Celtic Influence.
Before the 8th century AD Cumbria was annexed to English Northumbria and Old English began to be spoken in parts, although evidence suggests Cumbric survived in central regions in some form until the 11th century.
Norse influence
A far stronger influence on the modern dialect was Old Norse, spoken by Norwegian settlers who probably arrived in Cumbria in the 10th century via Ireland and the Isle of Man. The majority of Cumbrian place names are of Norse origin, including Ulverston from Ulfrs tun ('Ulfr's farmstead'), Kendal from Kent dalr ('valley of the River Kent') and Elterwater from eltr vatn ('swan lake'). Many of the traditional dialect words are also remnants of Norse settlement, including beck (bekkr, 'stream'), laik (leik, 'to play'), lowp (hlaupa, 'to jump') and glisky (gliskr, 'shimmering').
Old Norse seems to have survived in Cumbria until fairly late. A 12th-century inscription found at Loppergarth in Furness bears a curious mixture of Old English and Norse, showing that the language was still felt in the south of the county at this time, and would probably have hung on in the fells and dales (both Norse words) until later.
Once Cumbrians had assimilated to speaking English, there were few further influences on the dialect. In the Middle Ages, much of Cumbria frequently swapped hands between England and Scotland but this had little effect on the language used. In the nineteenth century miners from Cornwall and Wales began relocating to Cumbria to take advantage of the work offered by new iron ore, copper and wadd mines but whilst they seem to have affected some local accents (notably Barrow-in-Furness) they don't seem to have contributed much to the vocabulary.
The earliest recordings of the dialect were in a book published by Agnes Wheeler in 1790. The Westmoreland dialect in three familiar dialogues, in which an attempt is made to illustrate the provincial idiom. There were four editions of the book. Her work was later used in Specimens of the Westmorland Dialect published by the Revd Thomas Clarke in 1887.
One of the lasting characteristics still found in the local dialect of Cumbria today is an inclination to drop vowels, especially in relation to the word "the" which is frequently abbreviated. Unlike the Lancashire dialect, where 'the' is abbreviated to 'th', in Cumbrian (as in Yorkshire) the sound is harder like the letter '?' or simply a 't' and in sentences sounds as if it is attached to the previous word, for example "int" instead of "in the" "ont" instead of "on the".
Accent and pronunciation
Cumbria is a large area with several relatively isolated districts, so there is quite a large variation in accent, especially between north and south or the coastal towns. There are some uniform features that should be taken into account when pronouncing dialect words.
Vowels
When certain vowels are followed by , an epenthetic schwa is often pronounced between them, creating two distinct syllables:
'feel' >
'fool' >
'fail' >
'file' >
The pronunciation of moor and poor is a traditional feature of Received Pronunciation but is now associated with some old-fashioned speakers. It is generally more common in the north of England than in the south. The words cure, pure, sure may be pronounced with a triphthong .
Consonants
Most consonants are pronounced as they are in other parts of the English speaking world. A few exceptions follow:
and have a tendency to be dropped or unreleased in the coda (word- or syllable-finally). This can sometimes occur in the onset as well in words such as finger.
is realised in various ways throughout the county. When William Barrow Kendall wrote his Furness Wordbook in 1867, he wrote that 'should never be dropped', suggesting the practice had already become conspicuous. It seems the elision of both and began in the industrial towns and slowly spread out. In the south, it is now very common.
in the word final position may be dropped or realised as : woo wool ; pow pole .
is realised as following consonants and in word-initial position but is often elided in the coda, unless a following word begins with a vowel: ross ; gimmer ; gimmer hogg .
is traditionally always pronounced as a voiceless alveolar plosive, although in many places it has been replaced by the glottal stop now common throughout Britain.
may be consonantal as in yam home . As the adjectival or adverbial suffix -y it may be or as in clarty (muddy) . Medially and, in some cases, finally it is as in Thorfinsty (a place) .
Finally, in some parts of the county, there is a tendency to palatalize the consonant cluster in word-initial and medial position, thereby rendering it as something more closely approaching [tl]. As a result, some speakers pronounce clarty (muddy) as , "clean" as , and "likely" and "lightly" may be indistinguishable.
Stress
Stress is usually placed on the initial syllable: "acorn" .
Unstressed initial vowels are usually fully realised, whilst those in final syllables are usually reduced to schwa .
Dialect words
General words
(pronounced eye) yes
yours
thee / thou you (singular)
yous / thous you (plural)
yat gate
us, es me
our, mine
wherst where is the
djarn doing (as in 'whut yer djarn? - what are you doing?)
divn't don't (as in 'divn't do that, lad')
hoo'doo How are you doing? (strain of 'How do?')
canna can't (as in 'ye canna djur that!' - 'You can't do that!')
cannae can't (more typically Scottish, but used throughout the North)
djur do
frae from
yon that (when referring to a noun which is visible at the time)
reet Right
(h)arreet All right? (Greeting)
be reet It'll be all right
nae No
yonder there (as in 'ower yonder')
owt aught; anything (got owt? - got anything?)
nowt naught; nothing (owt for nowt - something for nothing)
bevvie drink (alcoholic)
eh? what/ isn't it? (that's good eh?)
yan/yaa One
Adjectives
clarty messy, muddy
kaylied intoxicated
kystie squeamish or fussy
la'al small
T'ol old. "T'ol fella" dad, old man
ladgeful embarrassing or unfashionable
slape slippery or smooth as in slape back collie, a border collie with short wiry hair
yon used when indicating a place or object that is usually in sight but far away. abbreviation of yonder.
Adverbs
barrie good
geet/gurt very
gey very
owwer/ovver over/enough ("a'rs garn owwer yonder fer a kip" - I'm going over there for a sleep)
secca/sicca such a
vanna/vanya almost, nearly.
Nouns
attercop spider
bab'e/bairn baby
bait packed meal that is carried to work
bait bag bag in which to carry bait
bar pound (money) (used in Carlisle and occasionally in West Cumberland)
biddies fleas or head lice or old people "old biddies"
bog toilet (as garn't bog / I'm going to the toilet)
britches trousers (derived from breeches)
byat boat
byuts boots (wuk byuts / work boots)
cack/kack faeces (load a cack)
cheble or chable table
clout/cluwt punch or hit "aas gonna clout thou yan" (I'm going to punch you one); also clout means a cloth
crack/craic gossip "ow marra get some better crack"
cur dog sheepdog - collie
cyak cake
den toilet
doilem idiot
dookers swimming trunks
fratch argument or squabble
fyass face
ginnel a narrow passage
jinnyspinner a daddy long legs
kecks trousers/pants or underpants
keppards ears
ket/kets sweets
kebbie a stick
lewer money
lugs ears
mebby maybe
mockin or kack faeces / turd "I need to have a mockin" (see also above, cack)
mowdy or mowdywarp a mole (the animal)
peeve drink (alcoholic)
push iron or push bike bicycle
scran food
scrow a mess
shillies small stones or gravel
skemmy or skem beer
snig small eel
styan stone (styans / stones)
watter water
wuk work, as in: as garn twuk (I'm going to work)
yam home, as in: as garn yam (I'm going home)
yat gate
yhuk hook ("yuk es a wurm on't yhuk" / throw me a worm on the hook)
Verbs
beal cry
bowk retch (as in before vomiting)
bray beat (as in beat up someone)
chess chase
chor steal (Romany origin, cf. Urdu chorna)
chunder vomit
clarten messing about
clout/cluwt hit "al clout ya yan"
deek look (Romany origin, cf Urdu dekhna)
doss Idle or skive. To mess about and avoid work
fettle to fix or mend. ("as i' bad fettle" - I'm not very well)
fistle to fidget
gander look
gan going to somewhere
gar / gaa go
garn / gaan going
git go ("gar on, git yam" / go on, go home)
hoik to pick at or gouge out
hoy throw
jarn/jurn doing
laik play
lait look for
liggin lying down
lob throw
lowp jump
nash run away
radged broken (radged in the head/mental)
ratch to search for something
scop to throw
scower look at
shag sexual intercourse
skit make fun of
smowk smoking ("As garrn out for a smowk")
sow sexual intercourse
twat hit someone ("I twatted him in the face")
twine to whine or complain
whisht one word command to be quiet
wukn working
yit yet ("ars nut garn yam yit" / i'm not going home yet)
yuk to throw
People
bairden/bairn/barn child
boyo brother/male friend (Carlisle/ West Cumberland)
buwler/bewer ugly girl
cus or cuz friend (from cousin) (East Cumberland)
gammerstang awkward person
mot woman/girl/girlfriend
offcomer a non-native in Cumberland
potter gypsy
gadgey man
charva man/friend (West Cumberland, Carlisle)
marra friend (West Cumberland)
t'ol fella father
t'ol lass mother
t'ol bastard Grandparent
our lass wife/girlfriend
laddo male of unknown name
lasso female of unknown name
jam eater used in Whitehaven to describe someone from Workington, and vice versa.
Farming terms
boose a division in a shuppon
byre cow shed
cop the bank of earth on which a hedge grows
dyke raised bank, often topped with a hedge. Many small roads are flanked by dykes
fodder gang passage for feeding cattle (usually in a shuppon)
kack crap/feces/excrement
ky cow
liggin' kessin when an animal is lying on its back and can't get up
lonnin country lane
stoop a gate post
yakka farmer (There is however in some cases a distinction between yakka and farm-yakker)
yat gate
yow sheep (ewe)
Weather
hossing raining heavily (it's hossing it doon)
glisky when the sky is really bright so you can't see properly
mizzlin misty drizzly rain
syling pouring rain
gey windy 'appen very windy
hoyin it doown teeming it down with rain
yukken it down (it's throwing it down with rain)
whaarm warm(it's gey whaarm / it's very warm)
Places
Barra Barrow
Cockamuth Cockermouth
Jam Land, Whitehaven or Workington
Pereth Penrith
Kendul Kendal
Kezik, Kesik Keswick (It is a silent 'w') Norse 'cheese' and -vik 'place'
Merrypoort Maryport
Mire-Us or My-Rus Mirehouse
Sanneth Sandwith
Sloth Silloth
Spatry / Speeatry Aspatria
Trepenah, Trappena Torpenhow (Tor, Pen, and How are all words for "hill")
Wukington, Wukinton, Wukintun, Wukiton, Wukitn, Wuki'n, Wucki'n Workington
Phrases
assa marra used by Cumbrians to refer to the cumbrian dialect
nevva evva av a sin owt like it never ever have I seen anything like it
i ope thou's garna put that in ye pocket I hope you're going to put that in your pocket
ars garn yam I'm going home
av ye? Have you?
en wo? and what?
i urd ye fathas wure in't bad fettle I heard your father was in a bad way or not very well
werst thew of te where are you going
wh'ista*who ar ye? Who are you? (especially used in Appleby) (H is silent in second version)
whure ye from? Where are you from?
owz't ga'an? How is it going? (how are you)
gaan then provoke fight
wha ya de'yan? What are you doing?
where y'ofta? Where are you off to? (Where are you going?)
ahreet, mattttte. All right, mate? (emphasis the A and T a little)
cought a bug illness
mint/class/necta Excellent (Updated-1 February 2016)
lal lad's in bovver that young man is always in trouble
Tha wants f'ot git thasel 'a pint a 'strangba You really ought to be drinking strongbow
Vaas boddy Who is that (female)
Hoo'ista How are you
Sum reet tidy cluwt oot on tuwn like There are some nice looking girls out
hasta iver deeked a cuddy loup a 5 bar yat have you ever seen a donkey jump a 5 bar gate
out the road not in the way
shy bairns/barns get nowt shy children get nothing; if you don't ask, you will not receive
Cumbrian numbers
The Cumbrian numbers, often called 'sheep counting numerals' because of their (declining) use by shepherds to this very day, show clear signs that they may well have their origins in Cumbric. The table below shows the variation of the numbers throughout Cumbria, as well as the relevant cognate in Welsh, Cornish and Breton, which are the three geographically closest British languages to Cumbric, for comparison.
NB: when these numerals were used for counting sheep, repeatedly, the shepherd would count to fifteen or twenty and then move a small stone from one of his pockets to the other before beginning again, thus keeping score. Numbers eleven, twelve etc. would have been 'yandick, tyandick', while sixteen and seventeen would have been 'yan-bumfit, tyan-bumfit' etc.
Although yan is still widely used, wan is starting to creep into some sociolects of the area.
Survey of English Dialects sites
There were several villages in Cumbria that were used during the Survey of English Dialects to minutely detail localised dialects. At the time, Cumbria did not exist as a unit of local government; there were 12 sites within modern Cumbria spread across four different counties:
Longtown (Cu1)
Abbey Town (Cu2)
Brigham (Cu3)
Threlkeld (Cu4)
Hunsonby (Cu5)
Great Strickland (We1)
Patterdale (We2)
Soulby (We3)
Staveley-in-Kendal (We4)
Coniston (La1)
Cartmel (La2)
Dent (Y5)
Cumbrian poetry
There were several among the well-educated in the 18th century who used dialect in their poetry. One of the earliest was the Rev. Josiah Relph, whose imitations of Theocritan Pastorals self-consciously introduce the demotic for local colour. Although written about 1735, they were not published until after the author's death in A Miscellany of Poems (Wigton, 1747), followed by two further editions in 1797 and 1805. The Rev. Robert Nelson followed him in the same tradition with A choice collection of poems in Cumberland dialect (Sunderland, 1780). Ewan Clark, a contemporary of Nelson's, also wrote a handful of dialect imitations that were included in his Miscellaneous Poems (Whitehaven 1779). Female members of the gentry writing in dialect at this time included Susanna Blamire and her companion Catherine Gilpin. Miss Blamire had written songs in Scots that were set to music by Joseph Haydn. Her work in Cumbrian dialect was less well known and remained uncollected until the publication of The Muse of Cumberland in 1842. This was followed by Songs and Poems, edited by Sidney Gilpin in 1866, in which Miss Gilpin's work also appeared.
In the 19th century appeared a few poems in dialect in the Miscellaneous Poems of John Stagg (Workington, 1804, second edition the following year). Known as 'the Cumbrian Minstrel', he too wrote in Scots and these poems appeared in the new editions of his poems published from Wigton in 1807 and 1808. What seems to have lifted use of Cumbrian dialect from a passing curiosity to a demonstration of regional pride in the hands of labouring class poets was the vogue of Robert Burns, among whose disciples the calico worker Robert Anderson counted himself. His Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect were published from Carlisle in 1805 and were reprinted in several different formats over the following decades. Some of these publications also incorporated the work of his precursors and a few other contemporaries, such as Ewan Clark and Mark Lonsdale. One such collection was Ballads in the Cumberland dialect, chiefly by R. Anderson (1808, second edition 1815, Wigton), and a third from Carlisle in 1823.
A more ambitious anthology of dialect verse, Dialogues, poems, songs, and ballads, by various writers, in the Westmoreland and Cumberland dialects, followed from London in 1839. This contained work by all the poets mentioned already, with the addition of some songs by John Rayson that were later to be included in his Miscellaneous Poems and Ballads (London, 1858). Another anthology of regional writing, Sidney Gilpin's The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland (London, 1866), collects together work in both standard English and dialect by all the poets mentioned so far, as well as Border Ballads, poems by William Wordsworth and family, and other verse of regional interest. Some later poets include John Sewart (Rhymes in the Westmoreland Dialect, Settle, 1869) and Gwordie Greenup (the pseudonym of Stanley Martin), who published short collections in prose and verse during the 1860s and 1870s. A more recent anthology, Oor mak o' toak: an anthology of Lakeland dialect poems, 1747-1946, was published from Carlisle in 1946 by the Lakeland Dialect Society.
Barrovian Dialect
Barrow-in-Furness is unique within Cumbria and the local dialect tends to be more Lancashire orientated. Like Liverpool this is down to the large numbers of settlers from various regions (including predominantly Scotland, elsewhere in England and Ireland amongst other locations). In general the Barrovian dialect tends to drop certain letters (including h and t) for example holiday would be pronounced as 'oliday, and with the drop of the h there is more emphasis on the letter o. The indefinite article used would be 'an'. 'A hospital' becomes an 'ospital. Another example is with the letter t where twenty is often pronounced twen'y (again an emphasis on the n could occur).
See also
Cumbria
Cumbric language
Dialect
Etymology of Cumbrian place names
Northumbrian dialect
References
Bibliography
External links
Sounds Familiar? — Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
Listen to Pronunciation www.dokeswick.com
Lakeland Dialect Society
The GonMad Cumbrian Dictionary (online since 1997)
Cumbrian Dictionary
The BabelSheep online English to Cumbrian translator
The Routes of English B.B.C. radio programme on the Cumbrian dialect, sound files, 2000
Low Nest Farm's webpage with many useful references
Books:
Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect, by R. Anderson, with Notes and a Glossary; and an Essay on the Manners and Customs of the Cumberland Peasantry, by Thomas Sanderson. 1828: Google
Westmoreland and Cumberland Dialects. Dialogues, Poems, Songs, and Ballads, by various Writers, in the Westmoreland and Cumberland Dialects, now first collected: with a copious Glossary of Words peculiar to those Counties. London, 1839: Google (Google)
The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland, to which are added Dialect and other Poems; with biographical Sketches, Notes, and Glossary. Edited by Sidney Gilpin. 1866: Google
A Bibliography of the Dialect Literature of Cumberland and Westmorland, and Lancashire North-of-the-Sands. By Archibald Sparke., Kendal, 1907: Internet Archive
Culture in Cumbria
British English
Dialects by location
Dialects of English |
4006424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus%20hymn | Oxyrhynchus hymn | The Oxyrhynchus hymn (or P. Oxy. XV 1786) is the earliest known manuscript of a Christian Greek hymn to contain both lyrics and musical notation. The papyrus on which the hymn was written dates from around the end of the 3rd century AD. It is on Papyrus 1786 of the Oxyrhynchus papyri, now kept at the Papyrology Rooms of the Sackler Library, Oxford. The manuscript was discovered in 1918 in Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, and later published in 1922.
Description
The lyrics of the Oxyrhynchus hymn were written in Greek, and poetically invoke silence for the praise of the Holy Trinity (i.e. cosmic stillness, a motif of ancient Greek hymnody). Historically, the hymn demonstrates Greek civilizational continuity where erudite Christian Greeks used and accepted the musical notation of their classical Greek predecessors.
The music is written in Greek vocal notation. It is entirely diatonic, with an ambitus of exactly an octave from F to F an octave above, and a final nominally on G (assuming a key signature without sharps or flats). The notation is Hypolydian, and employs the rhythmic symbols macron (diseme), leimma + macron, stigme, hyphen, and colon. The text is largely set syllabically, with a few short melismas. The hymn's meter is essentially anapaestic, though there are some irregularities.
The Oxyrhynchus hymn is the only surviving fragment of notated Christian Greek music from the first four hundred years of the Christian period, although historian and musician Kenneth Levy has argued that the Sanctus melody best preserved in the Western medieval Requiem mass dates from around the fourth century. Modern recordings of the hymn have been included on a number of releases of Ancient Greek music.
Text
The Phos Hilaron and the Oxyrhynchus hymn constitute the earliest extant Christian Greek hymn texts reasonably certain to have been used in Christian worship, but are neither drawn from the Bible nor modeled on Biblical passages.
. . . together all the eminent ones of God. . .
. . . night] nor day (?) Let it/them be silent. Let the luminous stars not [. . .],
. . . [Let the rushings of winds, the sources] of all surging rivers [cease]. While we hymn
Father and Son and Holy Spirit, let all the powers answer, "Amen, amen, Strength, praise,
[and glory forever to God], the sole giver of all good things. Amen, amen."
See also
Oxyrhynchus papyri
References
Citations
Sources
Discography
Ensemble Kérylos a music group directed by scholar Annie Bélis and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music. 1996. "Hymne chrétienne d'Oxyrhynchus." Musique de l'Antiquité grecque. K617.069.
Atrium Musicæ de Madrid, Gregorio Paniagua. 1979. "Christian Hymn of Oxyrhynchus." Musique de la Grèce Antique. Harmonia Mundi (France) HMA 1901015. Arles: Harmonia Mundi.
Christodoulos Halaris. 1992. "Hymn to the Holy Trinity". Music of Ancient Greece. Orata ORANGM 2013. [Greece]: Orata Ltd.
Ensemble De Organographia. 1995. "Christian hymn, Anonymous (3rd c. AD) Oxyrhynchus papyrus 1786." Music of the Ancient Greeks. Pandourion PRCD1001. Oregon City: Pandourion Records. Track sample available at: http://www.liturgica.com/Home/litEChLit
External links
Oxyrhynchus 1786 at Oxyrhynchus Online, with low-resolution and high-resolution images of the papyrus itself.
Greek Christian hymns
1786
3rd-century Christian texts
3rd century in music
Ancient music genres
Ancient Christian texts
Ancient Greek music
Sackler library manuscripts |
4006429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional%20memory | Transactional memory | In computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing.
Transactional memory systems provide high-level abstraction as an alternative to low-level thread synchronization. This abstraction allows for coordination between concurrent reads and writes of shared data in parallel systems.
Motivation
In concurrent programming, synchronization is required when parallel threads attempt to access a shared resource. Low-level thread synchronization constructs such as locks are pessimistic and prohibit threads that are outside a critical section from making any changes. The process of applying and releasing locks often functions as additional overhead in workloads with little conflict among threads. Transactional memory provides optimistic concurrency control by allowing threads to run in parallel with minimal interference. The goal of transactional memory systems is to transparently support regions of code marked as transactions by enforcing atomicity, consistency and isolation.
A transaction is a collection of operations that can execute and commit changes as long as a conflict is not present. When a conflict is detected, a transaction will revert to its initial state (prior to any changes) and will rerun until all conflicts are removed. Before a successful commit, the outcome of any operation is purely speculative inside a transaction. In contrast to lock-based synchronization where operations are serialized to prevent data corruption, transactions allow for additional parallelism as long as few operations attempt to modify a shared resource. Since the programmer is not responsible for explicitly identifying locks or the order in which they are acquired, programs that utilize transactional memory cannot produce a deadlock.
With these constructs in place, transactional memory provides a high-level programming abstraction by allowing programmers to enclose their methods within transactional blocks. Correct implementations ensure that data cannot be shared between threads without going through a transaction and produce a serializable outcome. For example, code can be written as:
def transfer_money(from_account, to_account, amount):
"""Transfer money from one account to another."""
with transaction():
from_account.balance -= amount
to_account.balance += amount
In the code, the block defined by "transaction" is guaranteed atomicity, consistency and isolation by the underlying transactional memory implementation and is transparent to the programmer. The variables within the transaction are protected from external conflicts, ensuring that either the correct amount is transferred or no action is taken at all. Note that concurrency related bugs are still possible in programs that use a large number of transactions, especially in software implementations where the library provided by the language is unable to enforce correct use. Bugs introduced through transactions can often be difficult to debug since breakpoints cannot be placed within a transaction.
Transactional memory is limited in that it requires a shared-memory abstraction. Although transactional memory programs cannot produce a deadlock, programs may still suffer from a livelock or resource starvation. For example, longer transactions may repeatedly revert in response to multiple smaller transactions, wasting both time and energy.
Hardware vs. software
The abstraction of atomicity in transactional memory requires a hardware mechanism to detect conflicts and undo any changes made to shared data. Hardware transactional memory systems may comprise modifications in processors, cache and bus protocol to support transactions. Speculative values in a transaction must be buffered and remain unseen by other threads until commit time. Large buffers are used to store speculative values while avoiding write propagation through the underlying cache coherence protocol. Traditionally, buffers have been implemented using different structures within the memory hierarchy such as store queues or caches. Buffers further away from the processor, such as the L2 cache, can hold more speculative values (up to a few megabytes). The optimal size of a buffer is still under debate due to the limited use of transactions in commercial programs. In a cache implementation, the cache lines are generally augmented with read and write bits. When the hardware controller receives a request, the controller uses these bits to detect a conflict. If a serializability conflict is detected from a parallel transaction, then the speculative values are discarded. When caches are used, the system may introduce the risk of false conflicts due to the use of cache line granularity. Load-link/store-conditional (LL/SC) offered by many RISC processors can be viewed as the most basic transactional memory support; however, LL/SC usually operates on data that is the size of a native machine word, so only single-word transactions are supported. Although hardware transactional memory provides maximal performance compared to software alternatives, limited use has been seen at this time.
Software transactional memory provides transactional memory semantics in a software runtime library or the programming language, and requires minimal hardware support (typically an atomic compare and swap operation, or equivalent). As the downside, software implementations usually come with a performance penalty, when compared to hardware solutions. Hardware acceleration can reduce some of the overheads associated with software transactional memory.
Owing to the more limited nature of hardware transactional memory (in current implementations), software using it may require fairly extensive tuning to fully benefit from it. For example, the dynamic memory allocator may have a significant influence on performance and likewise structure padding may affect performance (owing to cache alignment and false sharing issues); in the context of a virtual machine, various background threads may cause unexpected transaction aborts.
History
One of the earliest implementations of transactional memory was the gated store buffer used in Transmeta's Crusoe and Efficeon processors. However, this was only used to facilitate speculative optimizations for binary translation, rather than any form of speculative multithreading, or exposing it directly to programmers. Azul Systems also implemented hardware transactional memory to accelerate their Java appliances, but this was similarly hidden from outsiders.
Sun Microsystems implemented hardware transactional memory and a limited form of speculative multithreading in its high-end Rock processor. This implementation proved that it could be used for lock elision and more complex hybrid transactional memory systems, where transactions are handled with a combination of hardware and software. The Rock processor was canceled in 2009, just before the acquisition by Oracle; while the actual products were never released, a number of prototype systems were available to researchers.
In 2009, AMD proposed the Advanced Synchronization Facility (ASF), a set of x86 extensions that provide a very limited form of hardware transactional memory support. The goal was to provide hardware primitives that could be used for higher-level synchronization, such as software transactional memory or lock-free algorithms. However, AMD has not announced whether ASF will be used in products, and if so, in what timeframe.
More recently, IBM announced in 2011 that Blue Gene/Q had hardware support for both transactional memory and speculative multithreading. The transactional memory could be configured in two modes; the first is an unordered and single-version mode, where a write from one transaction causes a conflict with any transactions reading the same memory address. The second mode is for speculative multithreading, providing an ordered, multi-versioned transactional memory. Speculative threads can have different versions of the same memory address, and hardware implementation keeps track of the age for each thread. The younger threads can access data from older threads (but not the other way around), and writes to the same address are based on the thread order. In some cases, dependencies between threads can cause the younger versions to abort.
Intel's Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) is available in some of the Skylake processors. It was earlier implemented in Haswell and Broadwell processors as well, but the implementations turned out both times to be defective and support for TSX was disabled. The TSX specification describes the transactional memory API for use by software developers, but withholds details on technical implementation. ARM architecture has a similar extension.
As of GCC 4.7, an experimental library for transactional memory is available which utilizes a hybrid implementation. The PyPy variant of Python also introduces transactional memory to the language.
Available implementations
Hardware:
Arm Transactional Memory Extension (TME)
Blue Gene/Q processor from IBM (Sequoia supercomputer)
IBM zEnterprise EC12, the first commercial server to include transactional memory processor instructions
Intel's Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX), available in select Haswell-based processors and newer until be removed in Comet Lake
IBM POWER8 and 9, removed in Power10 (Power ISA v.3.1)
Rock processor (canceled by Oracle)
Software:
Vega 2 from Azul Systems
STM Monad in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler
STMX in Common Lisp
Refs in Clojure
gcc 4.7+ for C/C++
PyPy
Part of the picotm Transaction Framework for C
The TVar in concurrent-ruby, a concurrency library for Ruby
See also
Memory semantics
Automatic mutual exclusion
References
Further reading
Dave Dice, Yossi Lev, Mark Moir, Dan Nussbaum, and Marek Olszewski. (2009) "Early experience with a commercial hardware transactional memory implementation." Sun Microsystems technical report (60 pp.) SMLI TR-2009-180. A short version appeared at ASPLOS’09
Amy Wang, Matthew Gaudet, Peng Wu, José Nelson Amaral, Martin Ohmacht, Christopher Barton, Raul Silvera, and Maged Michael. "Evaluation of Blue Gene/Q hardware support for transactional memories". In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques, pp. 127–136. ACM, 2012.
Jacobi, C., Slegel, T., & Greiner, D. (2012, December). "Transactional memory architecture and implementation for IBM System z". In Microarchitecture (MICRO), 2012 45th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on (pp. 25–36). IEEE.
Harold W. Cain, Maged M. Michael, Brad Frey, Cathy May, Derek Williams, and Hung Le. "Robust Architectural Support for Transactional Memory in the Power Architecture." In ISCA '13 Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, pp. 225–236, ACM, 2013.
External links
Michael Neuling (IBM), "What's the deal with Hardware Transactional Memory!?!" introductory talk at linux.conf.au 2014
Transactional Memory Online: Categorized bibliography about transactional memory
Concurrency control
Transaction processing
Computer memory |
4006431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants%20of%20Jesus%20and%20Mary | Servants of Jesus and Mary | The Servants of Jesus and Mary (Servi Jesu et Mariae – SJM) are a Roman Catholic Congregation which was founded in 1988 by Andreas Hönisch, a former Jesuit, expelled by his congregation due to his traditional views of the Catholic doctrine and pedagogy.
The first members were the German Catholic Scouts of Europe founded in Giessen 1976. Until today the pastoral care of European scout groups and youth work is one of the main priorities of the congregation. The first priests were trained and formed at the seminary of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter and at the seminary of the Diocese of Fulda, but now they have their own seminary in Blindenmarkt in Lower Austria.
On 16 July 1994, cardinal Antonio Innocenti recognised Servi Jesu et Mariae as a Congregation of Papal Law, attached to the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei. According to themselves they try to fulfill the pre-conciliar life of the Society of Jesus. In accordance with that goal they celebrate the Tridentine Mass, but also use the current missal of Pope Paul VI. Since 2014, Paul Schindele heads the congregation.
References
External links
Homepage of the Servi Jesu et Mariae
Ecclesia Dei
Catholic religious institutes established in the 20th century
Scouting and Guiding in Germany
Christian organizations established in 1988
Society of Jesus |
4006435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSix%20Sixth%20Form%20College | BSix Sixth Form College | BSix Sixth Form College: Brooke House is a sixth form college located in Upper Clapton, London, England. It was established in 2002, giving students in Hackney the opportunity to study at a college close to where they live. Brooke House has previously been the site of other educational institutions.
History
BSix Brooke House Sixth Form College was opened on the Brooke House school site in September 2002, on a site that was previously part of Hackney College. It was set up by the then Secretary of State for Education, David Blunkett, and formed part of an unrealised plan to build eleven new sixth form colleges in London. BSix is unusual in the sixth form college sector because it offers courses at all levels and across a wide range of subjects, including vocational courses, like hair and beauty, business and art as well as a significant number of A-Levels.
After an initial surge of enthusiasm, the educational context changed rapidly. Hackney's local education authority, the Learning Trust, introduced a programme to create five City Academies in the borough, all with sixth forms. As a consequence, many other 11-16 schools applied to open their own sixth forms.
The growth in student recruitment was not as rapid as the Learning and Skills Council (LSC), the funding body, had anticipated. Although by 2019 it had seen improvements to A and AS level results.
Students
In 2014, around 88% of its pupils came from disadvantaged areas.
References
External links
College Website
Sixth form colleges in London
Education in the London Borough of Hackney
Educational institutions established in 2002
2002 establishments in England
Clapton, London |
4006440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20Australian%20Open | 1992 Australian Open | The 1992 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne, Australia and was held from 13 through 26 January 1992. It was the 80th edition of the Australian Open and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year.
Seniors
Men's singles
Jim Courier defeated Stefan Edberg 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2
It was Courier's 2nd career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title.
Women's singles
Monica Seles defeated Mary Joe Fernández 6–2, 6–3
It was Seles' 5th career Grand Slam title and her 2nd Australian Open title.
Men's doubles
Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde defeated Kelly Jones / Rick Leach 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
It was Woodbridge's 2nd career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title. It was Woodforde's 2nd career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title.
Women's doubles
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario / Helena Suková defeated Mary Joe Fernández / Zina Garrison 6–4, 7–6 (7–2)
It was Sánchez Vicario's 3rd career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title. It was Suková's 8th career Grand Slam title and her 2nd Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Nicole Provis / Mark Woodforde defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario / Todd Woodbridge 6–3, 4–6, 11–9
It was Provis' 1st career Grand Slam title and her only Australian Open title. It was Woodforde's 3rd career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Grant Doyle defeated Brian Dunn 6–2, 6–0
Girls' singles
Joanne Limmer defeated Lindsay Davenport 7–5, 6–2
Boys' doubles
Grant Doyle / Brad Sceney defeated Lex Carrington / Jason Thompson 6–4, 6–4
Girls' doubles
Lindsay Davenport / Nicole London defeated Maija Avotins / Joanne Limmer 6–2, 7–5
Prize money
References
External links
Australian Open official website
1992 in Australian tennis
January 1992 sports events in Australia
1992,Australian Open |
4006456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudovye%20Rezervy | Trudovye Rezervy | Trudovye Rezervy (; English: Workforce/Labour Reserves) — one of the Voluntary Sports Societies of the USSR. It was to involve in physical culture and sports the students of the country's vocational schools, while higher education students were admitted to Burevestnik ("Storm-petrel") society. Like its sister organisations, the society had eponymous sports teams and facilities. On the system of mass Soviet vocational training in 1940-59 see Государственные трудовые резервы СССР.
Notable members
Svetlana Boginskaya (artistic gymnastics)
Yelena Belevskaya (athletics)
Marina Zhirova (athletics)
Yevgeniy Ivchenko (athletics)
Vladimir Lovetskiy (athletics)
Valeriy Podluzhniy (athletics)
Oleg Grigoryev (boxing)
Boris Kuznetsov (boxing)
Viktor Mednov (boxing)
Danas Pozniakas (boxing)
Vassily Solomin (boxing)
Stanislav Stepashkin (boxing)
David Torosyan (boxing)
Vladimir Yengibaryan (boxing)
Ivans Klementjevs (canoeing)
Liliya Vassilchenko (cross-country skiing)
Dmitri Bulykin (football)
External links
VSS Trudovye Rezervy in Minsk
Sport Flags of the USSR
Sport societies in the Soviet Union
1943 establishments in the Soviet Union
Multi-sport clubs in Russia
Student sport in Russia |
4006459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Australian%20Open | 1993 Australian Open | The 1993 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 81st edition of the Australian Open and was held from 18 through 31 January 1993.
Seniors
Men's singles
Jim Courier defeated Stefan Edberg 6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5
It was Courier's 4th and last career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title.
Women's singles
Monica Seles defeated Steffi Graf 4–6, 6–3, 6–2
It was Seles' 8th career Grand Slam title and her 3rd Australian Open title.
Men's doubles
Danie Visser / Laurie Warder defeated John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
It was Visser's 3rd and last career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title. It was Warder's only career Grand Slam title.
Women's doubles
Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva defeated Pam Shriver / Elizabeth Smylie 6–4, 6–3
It was Fernández's 7th career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title. It was Zvereva's 7th career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario / Todd Woodbridge defeated Zina Garrison-Jackson / Rick Leach 7–5, 6–4
It was Sánchez Vicario's 5th career Grand Slam title and her 2nd Australian Open title. It was Woodbridge's 3rd career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
James Baily defeated Steven Downs 6–3, 6–2
Girls' singles
Heike Rusch defeated Andrea Glass 6–1, 6–2
Boys' doubles
Lars Rehmann / Christian Tambue defeated Scott Humphries / Jimmy Jackson 6–7, 7–5, 6–2
Girls' doubles
Joana Manta / Ludmila Richterová defeated Åsa Carlsson / Cătălina Cristea 6–3, 6–2
Prize money
Total prize money for the event was A$6,455,000.
References
External links
Australian Open official website
1993 in Australian tennis
January 1993 sports events in Australia
1993,Australian Open |
4006469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Central%20Elementary%20High%20School | London Central Elementary High School | London Central Elementary High School (LCEHS), formerly London Central High School, was a United States Department of Defense Dependents School (DoDDS) in the Isles District of DoDDS Europe for pupils in kindergarten through grade 12. It operated from 1952 until 2007, with its first graduating class in 1953.
In about 2005 the average number of students was 360 and there were at least 75 students boarding. Students originated from the United States and Canada, with most students being in military families; those from non-military families paid tuition fees. The school had a high rate of students enrolling or transferred away due to job changes. Students living in dormitories, which served grades 9-12, had parents doing military duties or other duties for the U.S. federal government in remote areas in other countries.
LCEHS fell under the command of the U.S. Naval Activities, United Kingdom (COMNAVACTUK).
History
London Central High School (commonly known as "LCHS" or just "Central") was established in 1952 at Bushy Park, in south west London, for students in grades 7 through 12. Subsequent base closures led to two moves: to Bushey Hall in 1962, and to RAF Daws Hill, its final location, in 1971.
For the 2006–07 school year, LCHS merged with West Ruislip Elementary School, which had closed in the spring of 2006. Consequently, it accommodated grades K-12 and "elementary" was added to the school's name. At the time of its closing, LCEHS was the last remaining DoDDS school with dormitories.
The USNAVEUR Headquarters were relocated from London to Naples, Italy in 2007. As a result, RAF Daws Hill, along with other naval installations in the area, was scaled down and eventually closed. LCHS staged a formal closing ceremony on May 15, 2007 and locked its doors for the last time in June 2007, with a handover of keys back to the US Navy/RAF on 30 June. The website was completely removed in mid-June 2014.
Facilities
Male students lived in Mansfield Hall while female students lived in Trinity Hall.
Notable students
Charles Baker, actor
Gerry Beckley, co-founder of the band America
Bo Bice, singer
Dewey Bunnell, co-founder of the band America
Jerry Donahue, guitarist and producer
Charles Easley, Mississippi Supreme Court Judge
William Frederick Fisher, NASA astronaut and physician
Megan McArthur, NASA astronaut and oceanographer
Paul Miller, Canadian actor
Dan Peek, co-founder of the band America
Doc Rosser, former keyboardist for John Mellencamp and convicted felon
Dale Van Atta, columnist
A book about London Central High School entitled From the Faculty Lounge was published in 2008. It features memories of the school in all three of its locations from around 35 former principals, teachers and staff.
Notes and references
External links
Archived official websites
(after December 31, 2004)
LCHS alumni website
Photos of West Ruislip Elementary
1951 establishments in England
2007 disestablishments in England
American international schools in the United Kingdom
Bushy Park
Defunct boarding schools in England
Defunct schools in Buckinghamshire
Defunct schools in Hertfordshire
Defunct schools in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Educational institutions disestablished in 2007
Educational institutions established in 1951
High Wycombe
History of the United States Army in the United Kingdom
International schools in London
United States Department of Defense |
4006471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Australian%20Open | 1994 Australian Open | The 1994 Australian Open (also known as the 1994 Ford Australian Open for sponsorship purposes) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 82nd edition of the Australian Open and was held from 17 to 30 January 1994.
Seniors
Men's singles
Pete Sampras defeated Todd Martin 7–6(7–4), 6–4, 6–4
It was Sampras' 4th career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title.
Women's singles
Steffi Graf defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6–0, 6–2
It was Graf's 15th career Grand Slam title and her 4th and last Australian Open title.
Men's doubles
Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis defeated Byron Black / Jonathan Stark 6–7(3–7), 6–3, 6–4, 6–3
It was Eltingh's 1st career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title. It was Haarhuis' 1st career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title.
Women's doubles
Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva defeated Patty Fendick / Meredith McGrath 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
It was Fernández's 10th career Grand Slam title and her 2nd and last Australian Open title. It was Zvereva's 11th career Grand Slam title and her 3rd Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Larisa Neiland / Andrei Olhovskiy defeated Helena Suková / Todd Woodbridge 7–5, 6–7(0–7), 6–2
It was Neiland's 4th career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title. It was Olhovskiy's 2nd and last career Grand Slam title and his only Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Ben Ellwood defeated Andrew Ilie 5–7, 6–3, 6–3
Girls' singles
Trudi Musgrave defeated Barbara Schett 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
Boys' doubles
Ben Ellwood / Mark Philippoussis defeated Jamie Delgado / Roman Kukal 4–6, 6–2, 6–1
Girls' doubles
Corina Morariu / Ludmila Varmužová defeated Yvette Basting / Alexandra Schneider 7–5, 2–6, 7–5
External links
Australian Open official website
1994 in Australian tennis
January 1994 sports events in Australia
1994,Australian Open |
4006482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20watch%20me | Just watch me | "Just watch me" is a phrase made famous by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau on October 13, 1970, during the October Crisis. The term is still regularly used in Canadian political discussion.
Trudeau, who had in previous years been a strong proponent of civil liberties, spoke of the need for drastic action to restore order in Quebec. When questioned by CBC reporter Tim Ralfe on how far he would go in the suspension of civil liberties to maintain order, Trudeau replied "Well, just watch me."
Three days later, he invoked the War Measures Act, which led to police action against many Quebec dissidents and great public controversy.
Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation is the title of a 1999 documentary by Catherine Annau. The phrase has also been the title of several biographies of Trudeau, e.g., Larry Zolf's Just Watch Me: Remembering Pierre Trudeau (1984); Ron Coleman's Just Watch Me: Trudeau's Tragic Legacy (2003); and the 2nd volume of John English's biography, Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 1968–2000 (2009).
Excerpt from interview
The following is a partial transcript of the impromptu interview between Tim Ralfe of the CBC and Trudeau.
Contemporary usage
In March 2013, Trudeau's son Justin, while running for the Liberal Party leadership, evoked his father's memory during his campaign by repeating this phrase. It was in answer to a fellow airplane passenger's question in a handwritten note, asking Justin if he could beat Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The comment sparked a frenzy on Twitter, as well as mixed reaction from several commentators, some of whom saw the quote as a politically sensitive and risky one in Quebec. Two years later, Justin Trudeau became Prime Minister of Canada, beating Harper in federal election by a significant margin.
On September 12, 2021, Justin Trudeau said that NDP leader Jagmeet Singh could not go after Canada's wealthiest people with "unlimited zeal" in response to his party's campaign promise to tax the rich. Singh responded on Twitter with the line "Just watch me."
In response to the Freedom Convoy protests in 2022, some commentators called for Justin Trudeau to have a "just watch me" moment of his own. The younger Trudeau later invoked the Emergencies Act for the first time in Canadian history.
See also
Trudeaumania
Trudeauism
Fuddle duddle
Just society
References
1970 in Canada
English phrases
Political history of Canada
Canadian political phrases
Pierre Trudeau
October Crisis
Human rights in Canada
Political debates |
4006483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Ward | Castle Ward | Castle Ward is an 18th-century National Trust property located near the village of Strangford, in County Down, Northern Ireland, in the townland of the same name. It overlooks Strangford Lough and is 7 miles from Downpatrick and 1.5 miles from Strangford.
Castle Ward is open to the public and includes of landscaped gardens, a fortified tower house, Victorian laundry, theatre, restaurant, shop, saw mill and a working corn mill. It has a shore on Strangford Lough. From 1985 to 2010 it has also hosted Castleward Opera, an annual summer opera festival.
Features
The most interesting aspect of Castle Ward is that of its dual architecture, representing the differing tastes of Lord Bangor and his wife, Lady Ann Bligh. While the entrance side of the building is done in a classical Palladian style with columns supporting a triangular pediment, the opposite side is Georgian Gothic with pointed windows, battlements and finials. This difference in style continues throughout the interior of the house with the divide down the centre.
There is a tower house in the estate's farmyard, built as a defensive structure during 1610 by Nicholas Ward.
History
Castle Ward has been the home of the Ward family since ca. 1570. Known originally as Carrick na Sheannagh and owned by the Earls of Kildare, it was bought by Bernard Ward, father of Sir Robert Ward, Surveyor-General of Ireland. The 850 acre walled demesne also dates from the 16th century. The Ward family built a succession of homes in their estate; Old Castle Ward, built about 1590 near to Strangford Lough, still survives, but a mansion built about 1720 by Judge Michael Ward was demolished about 1850, although some of the associated landscaping remains.
The architect of the current building, built during the early 1760s for Michael Ward's son, Bernard Ward, is unknown, although he may have come from the Bristol area, with which the Ward family had associations. It may have been James Bridges, who practised in Bristol between 1757 and 1763 and whose work there has some similarity to Castle Ward. Bernard Ward was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as The 1st Baron Bangor in May 1770. In January 1781, Lord Bangor was further advanced in the Peerage of Ireland when he was created The 1st Viscount Bangor.
The property was inherited in May 1781, under a settlement made in 1748, by the 1st Viscount's eldest son and heir apparent, Nicholas, 2nd Viscount Bangor, who was clearly insane. When his younger brother, Edward, died in 1812, leaving a young son, the youngest brother Robert took the opportunity to relocate the insane Lord Bangor into a smaller house in Downpatrick and strip Castle Ward of everything valuable. The house stood empty until the death of the 2nd Viscount in September 1827, when it was inherited by Edward's son, now the 3rd Viscount. He and his descendants restored the building and its furnishings, but on the death of the 6th Viscount in 1950 the house and estate were given in lieu of death duties to the Government of Northern Ireland, who presented the house and its gardens to the National Trust in 1952.
On 10 February 1973, Leonard O'Hanlon (age 23) and Vivienne Fitzsimmons (age 17), both members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, were killed when the bomb they planted exploded prematurely in the grounds of Castle Ward estate.
In popular culture
Castle Ward was used as a filming location for Winterfell in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.
See also
The Troubles in Strangford
References
External links
Castle Ward - official site at National Trust
Virtual Tour of Castle Ward Northern Ireland - Virtual Visit Northern Ireland
Buildings and structures in County Down
National Trust properties in Northern Ireland
Historic house museums in Northern Ireland
Museums in County Down
Grade A listed buildings
Ward family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy) |
4006484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Australian%20Open | 1995 Australian Open | The 1995 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 83rd edition of the Australian Open and was held from 16 through 29 January 1995.
Seniors
Men's singles
Andre Agassi defeated Pete Sampras 4–6, 6–1, 7–6(8–6), 6–4
It was Agassi's 3rd career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title.
Women's singles
Mary Pierce defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6–3, 6–2
It was Pierce's 1st career Grand Slam title and her only Australian Open title.
Men's doubles
Jared Palmer / Richey Reneberg defeated Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
It was Palmer's 1st career Grand Slam title and his only Australian Open title. It was Reneberg's 2nd and last career Grand Slam title and his only Australian Open title.
Women's doubles
Jana Novotná / Arantxa Sánchez Vicario defeated Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 6–4
It was Novotná's 11th career Grand Slam title and her 4th and last Australian Open title. It was Sánchez Vicario's 10th career Grand Slam title and her 3rd Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Natasha Zvereva / Rick Leach defeated Gigi Fernández / Cyril Suk 7–6(7–4), 6–7(3–7), 6–4
It was Zvereva's 14th career Grand Slam title and her 3rd Australian Open title. It was Leach's 6th career Grand Slam title and his 3rd Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Nicolas Kiefer defeated Lee Jong-min 6–4, 6–4
Girls' singles
Siobhan Drake-Brockman defeated Annabel Ellwood 6–3, 4–6, 7–5
Boys' doubles
Luke Bourgeois / Lee Jong-min defeated Nicolas Kiefer / Ulrich Jasper Seetzen 6–2, 6–1
Girls' doubles
Corina Morariu / Ludmila Varmužová defeated Saori Obata / Nami Urabe 6–1, 6–2
References
External links
Australian Open official website
1995 in Australian tennis
1995,Australian Open
January 1995 sports events in Australia |
4006508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20Australian%20Open | 1990 Australian Open | The 1990 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 78th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 15 through 28 January 1990.
Seniors
Men's singles
Ivan Lendl defeated Stefan Edberg 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 5–2 (Edberg retired)
It was Lendl's 8th and last career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title.
Women's singles
Steffi Graf defeated Mary Joe Fernández 6–3, 6–4
It was Graf's 9th career Grand Slam title and her 3rd Australian Open title.
Men's doubles
Pieter Aldrich / Danie Visser defeated Grant Connell / Glenn Michibata 6–4, 4–6, 6–1, 6–4
It was Aldrich's 1st career Grand Slam title and his only Australian Open title. It was Visser's 1st career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title.
Women's doubles
Jana Novotná / Helena Suková defeated Patty Fendick / Mary Joe Fernández 7–6(7–5), 7–6(8–6)
It was Novotná's 6th career Grand Slam title and her 3rd Australian Open title. It was Suková's 4th career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Natasha Zvereva / Jim Pugh defeated Zina Garrison / Rick Leach 4–6, 6–2, 6–3
It was Zvereva's 2nd career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title. It was Pugh's 7th career Grand Slam title and his 5th and last Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Dirk Dier defeated Leander Paes 6–4, 7–6
Girls' singles
Magdalena Maleeva defeated Louise Stacey 7–5, 6–7, 6–1
Boys' doubles
Roger Pettersson / Mårten Renström defeated Robert Janecek / Ernesto Munoz de Cote 4–6, 7–6, 6–1
Girls' doubles
Rona Mayer / Limor Zaltz defeated Justine Hodder / Nicole Pratt 6–4, 6–4
Prize money
References
External links
Australian Open official website
1990 in Australian tennis
January 1990 sports events in Australia
1990,Australian Open |
4006513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney%20Friel | Courtney Friel | Courtney Friel (born April 22, 1980) is a anchor and reporter on television in the U.S. She currently works for KTLA in Los Angeles, California. She previously covered entertainment for Fox owned-and-operated station KTTV in Los Angeles as well as other local stations and also the Fox News. Prior to her move to Los Angeles, Friel was the entertainment reporter at Fox News Channel, contributing to a number of entertainment-related programs for the network's website, FoxNews.com. She was a frequent guest contributor on the Fox News late-night satire show Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld.
Early life
Friel attended Methacton High School in Eagleville, Pennsylvania, where she regularly made the televised morning announcements and was active in the school's media production class. After submitting a short video, she was chosen to appear in Channel One News student-produced week in Los Angeles.
She earned a Bachelor of Arts in political science from San Diego State University.
Career
Friel was a sports anchor and entertainment reporter for GoTV Mobile Television, as well as the hostess for the World Poker Tour on the Travel Channel. She hosted GameStop/EBGames "EB TV" which boasted of recently released and upcoming video games. Before that, she co-anchored Court TV's The Saturday Night Solution. She also worked as a field reporter for various networks including E!, Oxygen Channel and Comcast Cable, the World Poker Tour, as well as the syndicated program Extra.
She worked as an anchor at ABC affiliate WBBJ-TV in Jackson, Tennessee in 2003. Friel arrived at WBBJ during the May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence, and covered the devastation in Jackson. She joined Fox News Channel in February 2007. She has appeared in Maxim and FHM. She stated on the November 22, 2011 Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld show that she would be moving to Fox News' Los Angeles bureau. She has appeared on TV shows and movies such as Veep, Goliath, and XXX: Return of Xander Cage.
Personal life
Friel was previously married to Carter Evans, a correspondent for CBS News, with whom she has two children. The couple divorced in 2016. She remarried in October 2020 to Jim Hecht. Courtney released an autobiography entitled Tonight at 10: Kicking Booze and Breaking News that details her past drug and alcohol addictions. It was announced in August 2020 that Zero Gravity had optioned the film rights to turn the memoir into a biopic.
Bibliography
Tonight At 10: Kicking Booze and Breaking News (Launch Pad Publishing, 2020)
References
External links
Biography at KTLA.com
Profile at WorldPokerTour.com
1980 births
American women journalists
Fox News people
Journalists from Pennsylvania
Living people
Television anchors from Philadelphia
Poker commentators
San Diego State University alumni
21st-century American women |
4006521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Weathering%20Continent | The Weathering Continent | is a Japanese fantasy light novel series written by Sei Takekawa and illustrated by Mutsumi Inomata. The Weathering Continent centers on three travelers – the delicately beautiful sorcerer Tieh, the burly and reticent warrior Bois, and the spritely young Lakshi – as they trek through the shattered wastelands of the ancient continent of Atlantis.
The first installment of The Weathering Continent was published in Monthly Dragon Magazine in April 1988, with a total of 28 collected novels released from November 1990 to April 2006. An anime feature film based on the novels was also released theatrically in Japan on July 18, 1992. It is available in the United States courtesy of Media Blasters. During the novels' original run, several side stories were published. A short, sequel series also followed when the original The Weathering Continent ended.
Media
Novels
The Weathering Continent, serial novels written by Sei Takekawa and illustrated by Mutsumi Inomata, was first serialized in the Fujimi Shobo seinen publication Monthly Dragon Magazine in the April 1990 issue. The series totals 28 collected volumes. The first was released on November 11, 1988 and the last was released on April 20, 2006. The entire The Weathering Continent series was also collected into five larger volumes and published on September 28, 2007.
During the publication of The Weathering Continent, several related stories were issued: The three volume ; the three volume ; and the single volume . A sequel light novel series, , has been published in two volumes by Kadokawa Haruki Corporation from November 2010 to March 2011.
Anime film
The Weathering Continent anime film was produced by I.G. Tatsunoko (later Production I.G) and released theatrically in Japan on July 18, 1992 as part of a triple bill with The Heroic Legend of Arislan II and Silent Möbius: The Motion Picture 2. It was written and directed by Kōichi Mashimo and features character designs by Nobuteru Yūki and music by Michiru Oshima. The film made its way to VHS in Japan via Bandai on December 16, 1992. It has aired on both the NHK network and the Bandai Channel. The film was localized in the United States by Media Blasters with English voice recordings by NYAV Post. It was released on DVD on July 29, 2003. The film was aired on the Starz network channels throughout 2006.
CDs and artbooks
A number of audio CDs relating to The Weathering Continent have been published in Japan. An original soundtrack to the anime film, consisting of a total of 25 background and vocal tracks, was released in two volumes by Victor Entertainment on July 18, 1991 and January 21, 1993. The company also released CD singles for the anime's vocal songs by Yui Nishiwaki and Arai Akino.
Three art books based on The Weathering Continent have also been issued: Mutsumi Inomata Paintings Collection The Weathering Continent: Un Ballo en Maschera, Dragon Magazine Collection The Weathering Continent The Approach of Atlantis, and Fujimi Fantasia Comics: The Weathering Continent.
Reviews from Outside of Japan
Brian Hanson of the Anime News Network had high expectations for the anime, but was ultimately bored by it. He summarized the film as "a group of mopey kids on a dying mid-Atlantic continent from long, long ago comment on their bleak lives and their bleak world and how bleak everything is". Raphael See of THEM Anime Reviews made similar comments, calling the pace of the plot "a little faster than the diffusion of molasses through a granite wall" and that the key characters constantly reflect on past events.
References
External links
1988 manga
1990 Japanese novels
1992 anime films
2010 Japanese novels
Adventure anime and manga
Fujimi Fantasia Bunko
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Japanese serial novels
Light novels
Production I.G
Seinen manga
Japanese fantasy novels
1990 fantasy novels
2010s fantasy novels
Japanese films
Japanese-language films
Japanese animated fantasy films
Films based on Japanese novels
Japanese novels adapted into films
1990s fantasy films |
4006526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20Australian%20Open | 1989 Australian Open | The 1989 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 77th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 16 through 29 January 1989.
Seniors
Men's singles
Ivan Lendl defeated Miloslav Mečíř 6–2, 6–2, 6–2
It was Lendl's 7th career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title.
Women's singles
Steffi Graf defeated Helena Suková 6–4, 6–4
It was Graf's 6th career Grand Slam title and her 2nd Australian Open title.
Men's doubles
Rick Leach / Jim Pugh defeated Darren Cahill / Mark Kratzmann 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
It was Leach's 2nd career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title. It was Pugh's 4th career Grand Slam title and his 3rd Australian Open title.
Women's doubles
Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver defeated Patty Fendick / Jill Hetherington 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
It was Navratilova's 52nd career Grand Slam title and her 11th Australian Open title. It was Shriver's 21st career Grand Slam title and her 7th and last Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Jana Novotná / Jim Pugh defeated Zina Garrison / Sherwood Stewart 6–3, 6–4
It was Novotná's 3rd career Grand Slam title and her 2nd Australian Open title. It was Pugh's 5th career Grand Slam title and his 4th Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Nicklas Kulti defeated Todd Woodbridge 6–2, 6–0
Girls' singles
Kim Kessaris defeated Andrea Farley 6–1, 6–2
Kessaris was the first and only American junior ever to win this event.
Boys' doubles
Johan Anderson / Todd Woodbridge defeated Andrew Kratzmann / Jamie Morgan 6–4, 6–2
Girls' doubles
Andrea Strnadová / Eva Švíglerová defeated Nicole Pratt / Angie Woolcock 6–2, 6–0
External links
Australian Open official website
1989 in Australian tennis
January 1989 sports events in Australia
1989,Australian Open |
4006534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean%20station | McLean station | McLean (preliminary names Tysons East, Tysons–McLean) is a Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia, on the Silver Line. The station is located in Tysons, with a McLean postal address. It began operation on July 26, 2014.
Station layout
Access to McLean station is provided by two entrances, one on each side of SR 123. The southern entrance connects to the northern entrance and mezzanine with a pedestrian bridge about above SR 123, with the mezzanine containing ticket machines and faregates.
McLean has a simple island platform setup with two tracks. While there was some controversy about whether to build the rail through Tysons below ground or on elevated tracks, McLean is also elevated. No permanent car parking is planned at the station. A bus station and kiss-and-ride lot are on the southern side of SR 123. Bike parking is also available.
The main platform has a height of at its east end and at its west end.
History
This station was one of 19 WMATA stations closed due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. Shuttle buses began serving the station on June 28, 2020.
From May 23 until August 15, 2020, this station was further closed due to the Platform Reconstruction west of and the Silver Line Phase II tie construction. This station reopened beginning on August 16, 2020 when trains were able to bypass East Falls Church station.
Location
McLean station is located in the northeast section of Tysons, at the northwest corner of the intersection of SR 123/Dolley Madison Boulevard and Scotts Crossing Road. This area is bordered on the south by SR 123, on the west by Exit 46A-B of the I-495/Capital Beltway, and by Exit 19A-B of SR 267. Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) traffic counts show heavy usage of all three roads in the area, with around 122,000 cars per day using SR 267 north of Exit 18; of these, about one-third continue on the Dulles Toll Road with the other two-thirds (67,000) using the Beltway. In addition, 44,000 cars use Dolley Madison Boulevard each day.
The station is located 2 miles (3.2 km) west of downtown McLean, Virginia. McLean itself took the name of the McLean station, of the former Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad interurban trolley line, that the town grew around. Fairfax County's long-range transportation plan contains no plans for returning mass transit to the town of McLean, making it an appropriate name for the nearest Silver Line station.
The station serves the headquarters of Capital One, several intelligence agency facilities of the Federal government of the United States, various government contractors, and local residents. Tysons is nearby with major shopping malls.
Station facilities
2 station entrances (each side of SR 123)
Pedestrian bridge crossing SR 123
Bus dropoff/pickup
Kiss & Ride
56 bike parking spaces
References
External links
McLean, Virginia
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2014
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington Metro stations in Virginia
2014 establishments in Virginia
Tysons, Virginia
Washington Metro stations located above ground |
4006541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Town%20BluesFest | Old Town BluesFest | The Old Town BluesFest is a free music festival that takes place each year in the early autumn in Lansing, Michigan. It showcases nationally, regionally, and locally known blues artists such as W. C. Clark, Grana' Louise, Byther Smith, Eddie Shaw and the Wolf Gang, A.C. Reed, Jan James, and Lady Sunshine and the X Band, Calvin Cooke and Sacred Steel Ensemble, Mojo Phoenix, Those Delta Rhythm Kings, the Automatic Blues Band, Root Doctor, Doug Deming and the All Stars, J.R. Clark, and more. The festival welcomes nearly 20,000 attendees over the weekend of the festival.
Festival history
The Old Town BluesFest was started by the Old Town Business and Art Development Association in 1994 under the name OctoberFest and without the specific focus on blues music. Lansing's alternative radio station, 92.1 WWDX, signed on as media sponsor; Message Makers, a local media company, became the founding business sponsor. In its early years, the festival welcomed such renowned artists as Marcy Playground, Kid Rock, Duncan Sheik and 19 Wheels, as well as local artists Powerface, Knee Deep Shag, The Lash, and The Weepers. In its early years, the festival had 2,000-3,000 attendees.
In 2003, the festival committee changed the focus of the festival to blues music and welcomed local radio station 94.9 WMMQ as its new primary media sponsor.
17 years later, the COVID-19 pandemic caused the festival to go virtual.
See also
List of blues festivals
List of folk festivals
References
External links
Old Town BluesFest
Music festivals established in 1994
Blues festivals in the United States
Folk festivals in the United States
Music festivals in Michigan
Economy of Lansing, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Lansing, Michigan
Free festivals |
4006542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20Australian%20Open | 1988 Australian Open | The 1988 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 76th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 11 through 24 January 1988 and was the first edition of the tournament hosted at Flinders Park. It would mark the first time a Grand Slam final would be played indoors under a roof; after the first 3 games of the Women's Final, there was a 1-hour & 23 min delay to close the roof.
This was the first Australian Open to have 128-players in each singles category, in line with the other three majors.
Seniors
Men's singles
Mats Wilander defeated Pat Cash 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 3–6, 6–1, 8–6
It was Wilander's 5th career Grand Slam title and his 3rd and last Australian Open title.
Women's singles
Steffi Graf defeated Chris Evert 6–1, 7–6(7–3)
It was Graf's 2nd career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title. She became the first German player – male or female – to win an Australian Open singles title.
Men's doubles
Rick Leach / Jim Pugh defeated Jeremy Bates / Peter Lundgren 6–3, 6–2, 6–3
It was Leach's 1st career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title. It was Pugh's 1st career Grand Slam title and his 1st Australian Open title.
Women's doubles
Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver defeated Chris Evert / Wendy Turnbull 6–0, 7–5
It was Navratilova's 49th career Grand Slam title and her 10th Australian Open title. It was Shriver's 20th career Grand Slam title and her 7th Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Jana Novotná / Jim Pugh defeated Martina Navratilova / Tim Gullikson 5–7, 6–2, 6–4
It was Novotná's 1st career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title. It was Pugh's 2nd career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Johan Anderson defeated Andrew Florent 7–5, 7–6
Girls' singles
Jo-Anne Faull defeated Emmanuelle Derly 6–4, 6–4
Boys' doubles
Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge defeated Johan Anderson / Richard Fromberg 6–3, 6–2
Girls' doubles
Jo-Anne Faull / Rachel McQuillan defeated Kate McDonald / Rennae Stubbs 6–1, 7–5
External links
Australian Open official website
1988 in Australian tennis
January 1988 sports events in Australia
1988,Australian Open |
4006544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Russell | Tom Russell | Thomas George Russell is an American singer-songwriter. Although most strongly identified with the Americana music tradition, his music also incorporates elements of folk, rock, and the cowboy music of the American West. Many of his songs have been recorded by other artists, including Johnny Cash, The Texas Tornados, k.d. lang, Guy Clark, Joe Ely, The Sir Douglas Quintet, Jason Boland, Nanci Griffith, Katy Moffatt, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Sailcat, Iris Dement, Dave Alvin, and Suzy Bogguss.
In addition to his music, Russell is also a painter and author. He has published a book of songwriting quotes (co-edited with Sylvia Tyson), a detective novel (in Scandinavia), a book of letters with Charles Bukowski, and two books from Bangtail Press: 120 Songs of Tom Russell, and Blue Horse/Red Desert - The Art of Tom Russell.
In 2016 a new book of Tom Russell essays was published: Ceremonies of the Horsemen. The essays, originally published in Ranch & Reata magazine, are centered on the American West and include an essay on Johnny Cash for which Russell won a 2015 ASCAP AWARD for music journalism.
Frontera, Russell's recording label, has published several books, including companion pieces to two recording projects, The Rose of Roscrae and Folk Hotel as well as an essay/art book, The Ballad of Western Expressionism and a novel, Against The Blood.
Early life and career
Russell was born in Los Angeles. He graduated from the University of California, Santa Barbara with a master's degree in sociology of law and criminology. In 1969, he spent a year teaching in Ibadan, Nigeria, during the Biafran War. He has also lived in Spain and Norway -- and played music at a circus in Puerto Rico. He began his musical career in the early 1970s in Vancouver, British Columbia, playing strip bars along Skid Row, then later relocated to Texas and formed a band with singer-pianist Patricia Hardin. In 1975, the duo won the Kerrville Folk Festival New Folk Singer-Songwriter Contest.
In 1977, the duo moved to San Francisco, performing regularly in clubs there as Hardin & Russell, during which time they recorded the second of their two studio albums. They eventually split in 1979, at which point Russell drifted out of the music industry for a year. It was during this hiatus that Russell wrote his classic song "Gallo Del Cielo". Both Hardin & Russell albums (Ring of Bone and Wax Museum) received high critical acclaim, and the first was reviewed in Rolling Stone by Chet Flippo. During this period Russell was also the winner of the first Woody Guthrie - William Oliver Award for songwriting, as well as the professional country category in the first American Song Festival.
Russell moved to New York City in 1980 and while working as a taxi driver in Queens, he met guitarist Andrew Hardin (no relation to Patricia). After hearing his songs, Hardin convinced him that they should form a new band. Shortly afterward, Robert Hunter of the Grateful Dead was a passenger in Russell's cab; Russell sang Hunter his song "Gallo Del Cielo" and an impressed Hunter invited Russell to join him on stage at New York's Bitter End. Hunter encouraged Russell to make a full-fledged return to the music business and Russell later opened for Hunter at the Lone Star Cafe. Hunter sang Russell's "Gallo Del Cielo" at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK.
Andrew Hardin remained Russell's full-time sideman until April, 2006. "Gallo del Cielo" became one of Russell's most fabled songs and has been recorded by Ian Tyson, Joe Ely, Brian Burns, Jason Boland and the Stragglers, and Katie Lee. The song has been cited as a favorite by Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen (as noted in Clarence Clemons' book Big Man.)
Tom Russell Band
Between 1984 and 1994, the Tom Russell Band, composed of Russell on acoustic guitar and vocals, Andrew Hardin (guitar), Fats Kaplin (pedal steel, fiddle, harmonica, button accordion), Billy Troiani (bass), Rich Crane, Charlie Caldarola, and Mike Warner (drums), released four albums on Philo Records. These albums blended elements of folk, country and rock music, and often featured songs inspired by the American Southwest, blue-collar American life, and events from Russell's own life (for instance, the track "Road to Bayamon" draws on his experiences playing in a carnival in Puerto Rico). Russell's storytelling approach was also prominent in songs such as "Haley's Comet", which was also recorded by co-writer Dave Alvin and Doug Sahm and The Texas Tornados. "Haley's Comet" imaginatively recalls the last, tragic days in the life of rock and roll music legend Bill Haley. These early Tom Russell albums are now considered pioneering recordings of the genre which would come to be known as Americana.
Russell was next signed to HighTone Records in California. He released five albums for Hightone before the label was acquired by Shout! Factory Records. Russell's first album on the HighTone label, The Rose of the San Joaquin, was produced by Dave Alvin and Greg Leisz.
The Man From God Knows Where
In the 1990s Russell released several critically acclaimed solo albums and also collaborated with blues singer Barrence Whitfield on two albums (Hillbilly Voodoo and Cowboy Mambo - recently released as a double CD). Russell also recorded an acoustic album mixing new material with his favorite cowboy-themed songs. His albums include guest appearances from other folk, country, and Americana artists, such as Chris Gaffney and Dave Alvin. Russell's song "Outbound Plane", co-written with Nanci Griffith, became a top-ten country hit for Suzy Bogguss. However, his most significant album of the 1990s was the innovative 1999 folk opera, The Man From God Knows Where.
Drawing on the music of Norway and Ireland in addition to American folk and country, The Man From God Knows Where is a song cycle tracing the journeys of Russell's ancestors from Europe to America and the struggles they encountered. Recorded in Norway near the spot where his great-grandfather was born in 1847, the album features singers Iris DeMent, Dolores Keane, Dave Van Ronk, and Kari Bremnes, portraying (and telling the stories of) Russell's various ancestors. The album's title came from the epitaph of a different Tom Russell, an Irish activist executed in 1803.
Recent work
Russell's albums in the 21st century have been heavily influenced by the art, culture, history and folklore of the American Southwest. Albums such as Borderland resonate with a strong and authentic Tex-Mex influence, reflecting life on both sides of the border.
Russell's songs "Tonight We Ride" and "Navajo Rug" were chosen by members of the Western Writers of America as two of the top 100 Western songs of all time. In 2005 Russell released Hotwalker, the second part of his Americana trilogy (the first part being The Man From God Knows Where). It was another conceptual work largely inspired by his correspondence with author Charles Bukowski. Subtitled A Ballad for Gone America, the album features songs and spoken word pieces, many of the latter delivered by another friend of Bukowski, circus midget Little Jack Horton. The sampled voices of Lenny Bruce and Edward Abbey are also heard on the album, which takes the form of a musical collage lamenting the passing of the America of Russell's childhood and the Beat Generation. Jack Kerouac, Charles Bukowski, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Harry Partch, and Dave Van Ronk also appear on the record.
Russell made five nationally televised appearances on the Late Show with David Letterman, as well as playing a show for Letterman in Montana.
In 2006, Russell released Love and Fear, a collection of original songs that were inspired by the highs and lows of his own relationships. This was followed in 2007 by Wounded Heart of America, a tribute album of Tom Russell songs covered by other artists, including Johnny Cash, Doug Sahm, Joe Ely, Suzy Bogguss, Dave Alvin, Jerry Jeff Walker, and beat poet laureate Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Two new songs, "Who's Gonna Build Your Wall?" and "The Death of Jimmy Martin", are also included on the album.
In 2008, Russell's new record company, Shout! Factory, released a 2-CD retrospective album entitled Veteran's Day: Anthology. Russell and legendary Canadian singer/songwriter Ian Tyson held court at Elko, Nevada's National Cowboy Poetry Gathering, producing Mano a Mano, a DVD on the art of songwriting.
In 2009, Shout! Factory released Russell's album Blood and Candle Smoke, featuring twelve original songs. The album was recorded at WaveLab Recording Studio in Tucson, Arizona with members of Calexico providing a world music beat to many of the songs. The album was produced by Tom Russell and Craig Schumacher, who has worked with Neko Case, Iron & Wine and Calexico. 2011 saw Russell release both a new album, Mesabi, and a documentary DVD, Don't Look Down.
In 2013, Frontera Records released Aztec Jazz, a concert recording made with the Norwegian Wind Ensemble (the oldest working orchestra in the world). With the ensemble, Russell was able to realize the vision of reframing some of his more recent songs. He also released Museum of Memories Vol. 2 (1973–2013), a collection of demos, outtakes and previously unreleased live recordings covering a forty-year span.
2014 saw the release of several new projects, including two on Frontera Records: Midway To Bayamon, a compilation of two mid-80s cassette-only releases plus bonus tracks, and Tonight We Ride, an anthology of cowboy songs, including some previously unreleased tracks. The Rockbeat label issued a 2-CD set, The Western Years, collecting western-themed songs primarily from Russell's years on the HighTone label. Rockbeat also re-issued the acclaimed Americana classic Tulare Dust: A Songwriters' Tribute To Merle Haggard which Russell co-produced with Dave Alvin, including a bonus disc taken from a live concert given by many of the artists involved with the project.
In April 2015 Russell released The Rose of Roscrae, a double-album on Frontera Records, a Western folk opera that completes the trilogy begun with The Man From God Knows Where and Hotwalker. The double album depicts the journey of an Irishman named Johnny Dutton who sails to America to become a cowboy. There are 52 tracks interspersed with historic and contemporary voices that include: Johnny Cash, Walt Whitman, John Trudell, Lead Belly, Joe Ely, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Tex Ritter, Eliza Gilkyson, Augie Meyers, Finbar Furey, Maura O'Connell, Jimmy LaFave, A.L. Lloyd, Glen Orhlin, Sourdough Slim, David Olney and others, as well as an overture by Mats Halling and The Norwegian Wind Ensemble. The Rose of Roscrae was hailed as the top folk album of 2015 in many publications, including The Irish Times, Mojo Magazine, Uncut Magazine, and The Los Angeles Times.
In 2016 Frontera Records released the second Tom Russell Anthology: Gunpowder Sunsets, including favorites from recent albums along with previously unreleased material.
Russell released two projects in 2017, "Play One More: The Songs of Ian & Sylvia" through True North Records, and the Frontera Records release of new original songs, "Folk Hotel," which was well received.
To replace the out-of-print "Veteran's Day" anthology, Russell returned to the studio with former guitarist Andrew Hardin to re-record his best known songs in an acoustic format called "Old Songs Yet To Sing."
In 2019, Russell released an album of new compositions, "October in the Railroad Earth," featuring Bill Kirchen on guitar and Eliza Gilkyson guesting on harmony vocals on two tracks. The project was favorably reviewed by critics, including a 4-star review on allmusic.
Discography
References
External links
Official Website
Recording Label Website
Official YouTube Channel
Tom Russell Art
1940s births
Songwriters from California
Living people
Singers from Los Angeles
Fast Folk artists
Stony Plain Records artists
Proper Records artists
American taxi drivers |
4006552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing%20Union%20for%20the%20Socialist%20Democracy | Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy | The Leftwing Union for the Socialist Democracy () was a Portuguese leftwing party founded in January 1978. The party has its origins in the Socialist Culture Association - Worker Brotherhood, a socialist organization and in groups of independent people linked to the Socialist Party.
The party participated in the legislative election of 1980 in coalition with the Socialist Party and the Independent Social Democratic Action in the Republican and Socialist Front. In the subsequent elections, the party's members integrated the lists of the Socialist Party. In the Presidential election of 1986 the UEDS members split, one part supporting Mário Soares and the other supporting Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo.
The party was disbanded in 1986 and some of its members joined the Socialist Party.
References
Defunct socialist parties in Portugal
Political parties established in 1978
Political parties disestablished in 1986
1978 establishments in Portugal
1986 disestablishments in Portugal |
4006553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villasur%20expedition | Villasur expedition | The Villasur expedition of 1720 was a Spanish military expedition intended to check New France's growing influence on the North American Great Plains, led by Lieutenant-General Pedro de Villasur. Pawnee and Otoe Indians attacked the expedition in Nebraska, killing 36 of the 40 Spaniards, 10 of their Indian allies, and a French guide. The survivors retreated to their base in New Mexico.
Background
In the first part of the 18th century, French explorers and fur traders began to enter the plains west of the Missouri River, which they claimed as Louisiana. In 1714, Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont became the first colonial explorer known to have reached the mouth of the Platte River, although other French traders may have visited the area and lived among the Indians. Spain had claimed ownership of the Great Plains since the Coronado expedition of the 16th century, but had done little to assert this claim, and now worried about the growing French influence in the region. In 1718, the War of the Quadruple Alliance broke out between France and Spain.
Expedition
Antonio Valverde y Cosío, governor of the Spanish colony of Nuevo México based in Santa Fe, ordered Villasur to capture French traders on the plains. Spanish authorities hoped to gather intelligence about French ambitions in the region. Villasur had no experience with Indians, but he left Santa Fe on June 16, 1720, leading an expedition which included about 40 soldiers of a mounted frontier corps known as cuera or leather soldiers, 60 to 70 Pueblo allies, a priest, a Spanish trader, and approximately 12 Apache guides, who were tribal enemies of the Pawnee. Scout leader José Naranjo was of African-Hopi parentage, and he might have previously reached the South Platte River area.
The expedition made its way northeast through Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska. In August, they made contact with the Pawnee and Otoe along the Platte and Loup rivers. Villasur made several attempts to negotiate with Indians in the area, using Francisco Sistaca, a Pawnee held as a slave, to translate. On August 13, Sistaca disappeared from camp. Villasur camped that night just south of the Loup–Platte confluence near Columbus, Nebraska, nervous about the possibility of attack and the increasing number and belligerence of the Pawnee and Otoe Indians.
Battle
The Pawnees and Otoes attacked at dawn on August 14, shooting heavy musketry fire and flights of arrows, then charging into combat clad only in paint, headbands, moccasins, and short leggings. Some survivors reported that Frenchmen had been among the attackers, and men in European dress are shown in a surviving painting of the battle. The Spanish were mostly asleep at this hour; possibly Sistaca had told the Pawnees the best time to attack. In a brief battle, they killed 36 Spaniards, including Villasur and Naranjo, 10 Pueblo scouts, and Jean L'Archevêque, a Frenchman who had been brought as an interpreter. The Pueblo allies were encamped nearby but separately from the Spanish, and they were not the first targets of the attack; most of them escaped. The few Cuera soldiers who escaped were horse-holders, who were able to break loose while their comrades attempted to form a defensive cluster.
Aftermath
The Spanish and Pueblo survivors returned to Santa Fe on September 6. The expedition had journeyed farther to the north and east than any other Spanish military expedition, and its defeat marked the end of Spanish influence on the central Great Plains. The governors of New Mexico inquired into and apportioned blame for the disaster over the next seven years. The French in Illinois were elated to learn of the battle in October, but subsequent French expeditions did not establish French trade and influence in the area.
Notes
References
External links
Nebraska Studies.org: "Villasur Sent to Nebraska"
NMHistorymuseum.org: "The Segesser Hides Explorer"
Expeditions from Spain
Military expeditions
Louisiana (New France)
Colonial New Mexico
Colonial United States (Spanish)
Pawnee
1720 in New France
1720 in New Spain
1720s in New Mexico
Conflicts in 1720
Pre-statehood history of Colorado
Pre-statehood history of Kansas
Pre-statehood history of Nebraska
Spanish conquests in the Americas
Otoe |
4006557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20Australian%20Open | 1987 Australian Open | The 1987 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 75th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 12 through 25 January 1987; the first tournament to be held after New Year's Day since the late 1960s and also the last tournament to be played on grass before the change of surface.
Change of schedule
After the event did not hold a schedule in 1986 due to the Open changing dates from December to January. This allowed it to count as a Grand Prix event after the movement of the Grand Prix Masters from March to early December. As such, this edition of Australian Open was held.
Seniors
Men's singles
Stefan Edberg defeated Pat Cash 6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 5–7, 6–3
It was Edberg's 2nd career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title.
Women's singles
Hana Mandlíková defeated Martina Navratilova 7–5, 7–6(7–1)
It was Mandlíková's 4th career Grand Slam title and her 2nd and last Australian Open title.
Men's doubles
Stefan Edberg / Anders Järryd defeated Peter Doohan / Laurie Warder 6–4, 6–4, 7–6(7–3)
It was Edberg's 3rd career Grand Slam title and his 3rd Australian Open title. It was Järryd's 2nd career Grand Slam title and his only Australian Open title.
Women's doubles
Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver defeated Zina Garrison / Lori McNeil 6–1, 6–0
It was Navratilova's 43rd career Grand Slam title and her 9th Australian Open title. It was Shriver's 15th career Grand Slam title and her 6th Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
Zina Garrison / Sherwood Stewart defeated Anne Hobbs / Andrew Castle 3–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–3
It was Garrison's 1st career Grand Slam title and her only Australian Open title. It was Stewart's 4th career Grand Slam title and his 2nd and last Australian Open title.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Jason Stoltenberg defeated Todd Woodbridge 6–2, 7–6
Girls' singles
Michelle Jaggard defeated Nicole Provis 6–2, 6–4
Boys' doubles
Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge defeated Shane Barr / Bryan Roe 6–2, 6–4
Girls' doubles
Ann Devries / Nicole Provis defeated Genevieve Dwyer / Danielle Jones 6–3, 6–1
Prize money
Total prize money for the event was A$1,372,375.
References
External links
Official website Australian Open
1987 in Australian tennis
January 1987 sports events in Australia
1987,Australian Open |
4006559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Steilacoom | Lake Steilacoom | Lake Steilacoom is a reservoir approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Tacoma in Pierce County, Washington, United States. Its boundaries lie entirely within the city of Lakewood, Washington. The reservoir covers approximately , has a mean depth of and a maximum depth of . Lake Steilacoom is a freshwater lake and drains into Puget Sound via Chambers Creek, which begins at its northern tip. The lake is fed at its southeastern end by two creeks: Ponce de Leon Creek, which originates in springs below what is now Lakewood Towne Center, as well as Clover Creek which flows from its source near Frederickson to the lake.
The reservoir was created in 1853 when Andrew Byrd built a dam across Chambers Creek, flooding what had previously been a small pond in a wetland. The dam was used for his sawmill (also built in 1853) and a grist mill (100 yards downstream, in 1857). A public boat launch can be found on the eastern shore in Edgewater Park.
The smaller pond was known as Lake Wyatchew prior to the dam's installation, and was briefly known later as Byrd's lake.
The Rhodesleigh mansion is located by the lake.
The Nisqually Indians say this lake was possessed by an evil female monster known as Whe-atchee. Legends of the creature attacking people go back over a century. To this day, Nisqually refuse to fish or swim here.
External links
Lake Steilacoom Improvement Club, including history
References
Steilacoom
Steilacoom
Lakewood, Washington
Protected areas of Pierce County, Washington |
4006587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past%20Times%20with%20Good%20Company | Past Times with Good Company | For the English folk song written by King Henry VIII, see Pastime with Good Company.
Past Times with Good Company is a double live album by the band Blackmore's Night, recorded in May 2002 in Groningen, the Netherlands. It was released in October 2002 in Europe and in February 2003 in the USA and Canada. The European version includes a Greek rendition of "Home Again" and extra live tracks recorded at a press show in Solingen, Germany. CD 2 of the special Limited Edition leather-bound hard-cover package includes two bonus tracks: an acoustic "Fires At Midnight" and "Home Again" sung in Greek. The album's title is a homage to the 16th century English folk song "Pastime with Good Company", composed by King Henry VIII, and performed in a special 2-part arrangement by Blackmore's Night on this recording. "Fires At Midnight" is another piece with a royal lineage, attributed to King Alphonso X of Spain.
Track listing
Personnel
Ritchie Blackmore - electric and acoustic guitar, mandolin, mandola, hurdy-gurdy, Renaissance drum
Candice Night - vocals, shawn, rauschpfeife, tambourine, pennywhistle, cornamuse
Sir Robert of Normandie (Bob Curiano) - bass, rhythm guitar, harmony vocals
Carmine Giglio - keyboards, harmony vocals
Squire Malcolm of Lumley - drums
Kevin Dunne - drums on 16th Century Greensleeves
Lady Rraine - harmony vocals
Chris Devine - violin, recorder, mandolin
Production notes
Produced by Ritchie Blackmore
Covers
Two of the tracks on this album are covers from Ritchie Blackmore's earlier bands.
"Soldier of Fortune" is a Deep Purple song, from their Stormbringer album.
"16th Century Greensleeves" comes from Rainbow's Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow debut album.
Charts
References
Blackmore's Night albums
2002 live albums
SPV/Steamhammer albums |
4006590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Australian%20Open | 1985 Australian Open | The 1985 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 74th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 25 November through 8 December 1985; the last to be held at this time of year, 17 days before Christmas Day 1985.
With the decision to hold the tournament in January in future, the next Australian Open would be the 1987 Open, held just over a year later.
Seniors
Men's singles
Stefan Edberg defeated Mats Wilander, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3
• It was Edberg's 1st career Grand Slam singles title.
Women's singles
Martina Navratilova defeated Chris Evert, 6–2, 4–6, 6–2
• It was Navratilova's 13th career Grand Slam singles title and her 3rd and last title at the Australian Open.
Men's doubles
Paul Annacone / Christo van Rensburg defeated Mark Edmondson / Kim Warwick, 3–6, 7–6, 6–4, 6–4
• It was Annacone's 1st and only career Grand Slam doubles title.
• It was van Rensburg's 1st and only career Grand Slam doubles title.
Women's doubles
Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver defeated Claudia Kohde-Kilsch / Helena Suková 6–3, 6–4
It was Navratilova's 37th career Grand Slam title and her 8th Australian Open title. It was Shriver's 12th career Grand Slam title and her 4th Australian Open title.
Mixed doubles
The competition was not held between 1970 and 1985.
Juniors
Boys' singles
Shane Barr defeated Steve Furlong 7–6, 6–7, 6–3
Girls' singles
Jenny Byrne defeated Louise Field 6–1, 6–3
Boys' doubles
Brett Custer / David Macpherson defeated Petr Korda / Cyril Suk 7–5, 6–2
Girls' doubles
Jenny Byrne / Janine Thompson defeated Sally McCann / Alison Scott 6–0, 6–3
External links
Official website Australian Open
1985 in Australian tennis
November 1985 sports events in Australia
December 1985 sports events in Australia
1985,Australian Opene |
4006591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican%20Institute%20for%20Vocational%20Education | Republican Institute for Vocational Education | The Republican Institute for Vocational Education (or RIPO, ) is a higher education institution in Minsk, Belarus. Founded in December 1992, it is managed by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus.
Structure
3 science-methodological centres
8 departments in the Faculty of Improvement of Skills
model centre for economic education, created with support of Germany.
more than 200 employees work in this institute.
Sport affiliation
Republican Institute for Vocational Education was a partner of a Belarusian Premier League football team MTZ-RIPO Minsk.
External links
RIPO website
Universities in Minsk
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in Belarus |
4006619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Marsh%20%28swimming%20coach%29 | David Marsh (swimming coach) | David "Dave" Marsh (born December 29, 1958) is the head coach of Team Elite in San Diego, California, and the ‘Professional Adviser’ of the Israel Swimming Association.
Marsh worked to build Team Elite under SwimMAC Carolina since 2007. Prior to founding Team Elite he was the men's and women's swimming coach at Auburn University. After becoming head coach of Auburn in 1990, Marsh led the men's team to seven NCAA national championships (1997, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007) and the women's team to five national championships (2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007). He finished his coaching career at Auburn at the conclusion of the 2007 season, after which he became the Head Elite Coach and CEO of the United States Olympic Committee Center of Excellence with SwimMAC Carolina. To date, Marsh has led SwimMAC to three consecutive USA club excellence championships, a first for any program, outdistancing the second-place finisher by 12,000 points (see www.usaswimming.org). He was the head swim coach for University of California San Diego, an NCAA Division II program for two seasons from 2017 to 2019.
The internationally known coach has coached 49 Olympians from 19 countries. In December 2016 Marsh was named the ‘Professional Adviser’ of the Israel Swimming Association, with a goal of preparing the country's swimmers for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.
Early life
Marsh is originally from Miami, Florida and received his degree in Business Administration from Auburn in 1981. Marsh was a five-time All-American backstroker at Auburn.
Success at Auburn
Marsh has won 17 SEC titles (13 men and 4 women), by far the most of any Auburn coach or team.
In 2003 he led both the men's and women's teams to a sweep of the NCAA titles, a first in collegiate Swimming and Diving. Marsh and the Tigers went on to repeat this accomplishment three more times (2004, 2006, and 2007).
Marsh inherited a strong swimming program that was a fixture in the national swimming scene and regularly in the top 20 but was in a slump and turned it into a dynastic powerhouse. Since Marsh took over the Auburn swimming and diving program, Auburn's men finished in the Top 10 every year but his first two years (1991 & 1992 Auburn teams finished 20th and 15th). In 1990, the year before Marsh came to Auburn, the team failed to qualify any swimmers for the NCAA Division I Championship Meet; in Marsh's first year in 1991, the men's team placed 20th at the championship meet. In 1993 the Tigers finished #6 in the NCAAs and have not fallen out of the top 10 since, with the lowest placing in that time being #7 in 2001. The women have been equally successful, jumping from #30 in Marsh's first year to #8 in his second of 92. The lowest finish for the Tiger women since 1992 was #13 in 1995.
SwimMAC Carolina (formerly known as Mecklenburg Aquatic Club )
Marsh, Head Coach at Auburn University, became CEO & Director of Coaching for SwimMAC Carolina Mecklenburg Aquatic Club in the summer of 2007. Marsh focused his attention on developing an Elite component of the program, for athletes who rise to a world-class level from within the SwimMAC program, as well as those relocating to North Carolina, such as post-graduate and professional swimmers focusing on their Olympic dreams. Marsh stated, “I am thrilled to have had the opportunity to move to Charlotte and join one of the country's premier programs. I have a long history with SwimMAC athletes and have found them to be remarkable individuals. SwimMAC athletes such as Aaron Ciarla, Daniel Slocki, and Catherine Caldwell have been a key part of the championship program we have built at Auburn. I look forward to joining the quality coaching staff at this club and working with the coaches, athletes, and parents to build a championship program in Charlotte.”
In 2016 Marsh and Team Elite placed Anthony Ervin, Ryan Lochte, Cammille Adams, Kathleen Baker, Jimmy Feigen, and Katie Meili on the US Olympic Team.
In late 2016, the board decided to move forward without Marsh as CEO and agreed to work to redefine his and Team Elite's role at the club. In May 2017, SwimMAC and Marsh announced a mutual parting of ways.
Olympians
Marsh has coached 49 Olympians from 19 countries.
Individual champions
Marsh's swimmers have combined to win 89 individual NCAA titles and 277 individual SEC titles. Auburn swimmers have also brought home 90 medals from international competitions such as the World Championships, Goodwill Games, Pan-American Games, and the Olympics.
2016 Olympics
On September 9, 2015, USA Swimming announced that Marsh would serve as the head coach of the women's roster of the 2016 US Olympic Swimming Team. Marsh stated: "I will do all I can to uphold the unmatched tradition of excellence that has been established by the swimmers and coaches from the previous Olympic Games." A total of 8 medals were achieved by the Team Elite Athletes. 1 Gold for Ryan Lochte (4x200 relay), 2 Gold for Anthony Ervin (100 free relay prelims & 50 free); 2 for Katie Meili (Bronze 100 Br & Gold 4x100 Medley relay prelims); 1 Gold for Jimmy Feigen (4x100 free relay prelims); 2 for Kathleen Baker (Silver 100 back; Gold 4x100 medley relay)
Israel
In December 2016 Marsh was named the ‘Professional Adviser’ of the Israel Swimming Association, with a goal of preparing the country's swimmers for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.
Coaching honors
CSCAA Women's Coach of the Year: `01, `02, `03
CSCAA Men's Coach of the Year: `94, `97, `99, `03, `04
SEC Men's Coach of the Year: `92, `93, `97, `98, `99, `01, `03, `04, `05
SEC Women's Coach of the Year: `93, `02, `03
Knoxville News-Sentinel Men's Coach of the Year: `93, `95, `98, `99, `01, `03, `04
Knoxville News-Sentinel Women's Coach of the Year: `92, `93, `03
Inside the Auburn Tigers Coach of the Year: `93, `96, `97, `03, `04
2016 USA Women's Olympic Team Head Coach
2014 USA Women's Team Assistant Pan Pac Championships, Australia
2012 USA Men's Olympic Team Assistant
2010 USA Men's Duel in the Pool Head Coach
2005 USA World Championships Assistant Men's Assistant Coach
2003 USA World Championships Head Coach
2003 & 2005 USA Men's Mutual of Omaha Duel in the Pool Head Coach
2000 & 2003 National Collegiate and Scholastic Swimming Trophy
2003 Board Member of the Greater Lee County Boys and Girls Club
2000 USA Men's Olympic Team Assistant Coach
1999 USA Men's Pan-Pacific Team Assistant Coach
1996 USA Men's Olympic Team Assistant Coach
1995 USA Men's Pan-Pacific Team Head Coach
1994 USA Women's Assistant Coach-World Championship Team
Honored on the "Tiger Trail" of Auburn which commemorates athletic achievements by coaches and athletes.
2016 Inducted into the North Carolina Swimming Hall of Fame
2015 Inducted into the Auburn Swimming Hall of Fame
Marsh also serves on the boards of the American Swimming Coaches Association as well as the Championship Performance Advisory Board.
References
External links
Bio from AuburnTigers.com
MAC Website
Surrey St John Website
Living people
American Olympic coaches
American swimming coaches
Auburn Tigers swimming coaches
Auburn Tigers men's swimmers
UC San Diego Tritons swimming coaches
Sports coaches from Miami
1957 births |
4006628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMC%20Cup | CMC Cup | The CMC Cup () is a Go competition sponsored by CMC Magnetics of Taiwan and JPMorgan Chase. Its finals consist of only one game, unlike other competitions that have a best-of-three format. The winner's purse is 2,000,000 TD ($62,700).
Winners & runners-up
International Go competitions |
4006640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion%20center | Fusion center | In the United States, fusion centers are designed to promote information sharing at the federal level between agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Department of Justice, and state, local, and tribal law enforcement. , the U.S. Department of Homeland Security recognized 79 fusion centers. Fusion centers may also be affiliated with an Emergency Operations Center that responds in the event of a disaster.
The National Network of Fusion Centers was established after the September 11 attacks to allow collaboration across jurisdictions in order to respond to criminal and terrorist activity. It is a decentralized, distributed, self-organizing network of individual fusion centers and their respective partners within each center's area of responsibility. The process is a method of managing the flow of information and intelligence across levels and sectors of government to integrate information for analysis.[1] Fusion centers rely on the active involvement of state, local, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies—and sometimes on non–law enforcement agencies—to provide intelligence for their analysis. The intent is that, as the diversity of information sources increases, there will be more accurate and robust analysis that can be disseminated as intelligence.
The effectiveness of this strategy is disputed. Reports by the US House of Representatives Committee on Homeland security have found fusion centers to be a national asset, though they have at times raised concerns about the ability to evaluate their effectiveness. A 2012 Senate report analyzed 13 months of fusion center reports and found no instances where they helped uncover or prevent a terror attack. The American Civil Liberties Union and the Department of Homeland Security have separately raised concerns about the threats fusion centers pose to privacy rights such as excessive secrecy, little oversight, and mission creep. The actions of individual fusion centers have also been criticized for actions such as labeling universities as terrorism threats, targeting third party candidates and supporters as potential militia members, and incorrectly blaming a faulty water pump on Russian hackers.
Operations
A fusion center is a collaborative effort between law enforcement agencies to share resources, expertise, and information in order to detect criminal and terrorist activity. The goal is to integrate the information each agency has together to prevent security gaps due to lack of communication. A fusion center is typically organized by combining representatives from different federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies into one physical location. Some fusion centers gather information not only from government sources, but also from their partners in the private sector. Each representative is intended to report information from their agency and use that agency-specific information to contribute to the collective analysis of the group. Similarly, the representative reports the analytic products and threat information back to their home agency.
State and local police departments provide both space and resources for the majority of fusion centers. The analysts working there can be drawn from a range of agencies and organizations, including DHS, FBI, Customs and Border Protection, Drug Enforcement Administration, Coast Guard, National Guard, Highway Patrol, state-level Departments of Corrections, local police, and the private sector. A number of fusion centers operate tip hotlines and also invite relevant information from public employees, such as sanitation workers or firefighters.
Fusion centers are often confused with investigative support centers or emergency operations centers. Investigative support centers, for example, respond to inquiries and requests from investigators, whereas fusion centers have the responsibility of proactively gathering intelligence, analyzing that information, and then disseminating it to their local, state and federal partners. Fusion centers are also constantly staffed, unlike emergency operations centers which are minimally staffed until a crisis.
The National Fusion Center Association
The NFCA is an association that represents all of the fusion centers located across the country that make up the National Network. It is headed by an Executive board composed of a President, Vice President, Executive Director, Treasurer, Secretary, and two regional co-chairs that represent Fusion Centers from the North East, South East, Central, and West regions of the country. The mission of the NFCA is as follows:
"To represent the interests of state and major urban area fusion centers, as well as associated interests of states, tribal nations, and units of local government, in order to promote the development and sustainment of fusion centers to enhance public safety; encourage effective, efficient, ethical, lawful, and professional intelligence and information sharing; and prevent and reduce the harmful effects of crime and terrorism on victims, individuals, and communities."
Below are the overarching goals of the NFCA in their support of the National Network, and clearly define their existence as an association.
Provide an independent and consolidated voice for state and major urban area fusion centers;
Maintain the focus of state, tribal, local, and federal governments on the needs of the fusion centers;
Represent fusion center concerns to the federal government through an education process;
Provide support for the development of effective fusion center policy for the nation's state and local government elected officials and tribal leaders;
Serve as a catalyst for the careful consideration and promotion of effective and efficient fusion center policies and practices;
Advocate for the commitment of adequate resources to support a national, integrated network of state and major urban area fusion centers; and
Coordinate between and among the different branches and levels of government and promote broad philosophical agreement.
The NFCA have their own website located at www.nfcausa.org, which contains contact information for each of the 79 Fusion centers, a tool to submit a Suspicious Activity Report, and general news on the works of Fusion Centers across the country.
NFCA annual training event
The NFCA hosts an annual training event in Alexandria Virginia. Over 700 fusion center employees, federal and local partners come together to share innovative ideas and business practices for the purpose of enhancing fusion center capabilities and the National Network's contribution to public safety. The conference agenda consists of numerous breakout sessions, presentations and briefings on several topics related to public safety challenges and the domestic terrorism threat picture. Experts from around the country provide outstanding, in-depth instruction on a wide variety of topics to included cyber security, domestic terrorism, federal partner collaboration, private sector engagement, and social media monitoring. The event will also feature several keynote speakers from Federal Entities. Speakers in the past have included FBI director James Comey, former acting Secretary of DHS Elaine Duke, and Attorney General Jeff Sessions.
History of the fusion center concept
The Fusion Center was originally called Terrorism Early Warning Group. It began in 1997. The author was a Los Angeles County Deputy Sheriff Sergeant John Sullivan. The concept was bring together law enforcement, LA County Health Services, and the Fire Service to acquire and share intelligence related to domestic and international terrorism. The TEWG expanded to include representatives from state and federal agencies who staffed and contributed and shared intelligence collected from their agencies. The TEWG eventually evolved into Fusion Centers throughout the nation.The fusion center concept was created as a result of the September 11 report, in an attempt by the Department of Homeland Security to create better communication and cooperation between state, local, and territorial law enforcement with federal law enforcement entities including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland Security and several others. With domestic and foreign threats constantly changing, the strategies used by each Fusion Center have to be defined, and altered, which calls for a specific plans and guidelines as to how to best protect the homeland. The National Strategy for Information Sharing and Safeguarding, as well as The National Strategy for Information Sharing are two documents that influenced the workings of the Fusion Center network, and defined a broad strategy for a more proactive information sharing network. The NFCA alongside several other federal and local law enforcement associations formulated the "Baseline Capabilities for State and Major Fusion Centers" as well as the "National Strategy for the National Network of Fusion Centers" are documents that defined a clear understanding of the role of Fusion Centers as well as time sensitive goals they should achieve. The National Strategy is constantly being developed as time passes to meet the needs of the changing environment of national security. Additionally, a "Cyber Appendix" was added to the Baseline Capabilities document, that defines the roles and operational capabilities of Fusion Centers to fight cyber crime that effects their areas of responsibility.
Success stories
Hurricane Irma
Hurricane Irma hit several of the Islands off the coast of the U.S.A., including the Virgin Islands. A couple from Falls Church, Virginia had been trapped in their vacation home near St. John due to damage from the hurricane. They had no means to escape their island, no electricity, and a limited amount of water. After their daughter found a video that a pilot had taken from above the island, she noticed the landslide that had trapped her parents in their home. She reached out to congressmen, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Department of Defense, and the Red Cross, but the resources were not available to provide any assistance. Executive Director of the National Fusion Center Association Glenn Archer was alerted of the family's situation, and reached out to the Fusion Center in the Virgin Islands, and after working through the night the Director of the Virgin Islands Fusion Center was able to locate the couple and deploy an FBI SWAT team to their location. The operation was successful, and the couple was able to return to Virginia and be reunited with their daughter. At the time of the rescue, the couple had been trapped for 7 days, and had run out of potable water.
Congressional reports
The United States Congress in its oversight capacity has issued multiple reports on fusion centers in the United States. The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations released a report in 2012 criticising the usefulness of fusion centers and practices. In a review of 13 months of fusion center reports, the Subcommittee found no examples of a fusion center uncovering a terrorist threat, and they criticized the use of reporting quotas for leading to a high rate of useless information being reported on by the centers. An example highlighted in the Senate report was a California fusion center report on the Mongols Motorcycle Club's distribution of leaflets to its members instructing them how to behave when stopped by police. According to the Senate report, the leaflet suggested to the Club members that they should be courteous, control their emotions and, if drinking, have a designated driver. One supervisor eventually killed the fusion center report, noting that "There is nothing illegal or even remotely objectionable [described] in this report," and that "The advice given to the groups' members is protected by the First Amendment."
The Senate report argued that the report quality was diminished by the DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis imposing a quota on the number of reports that must be filed by the fusion centers. The report noted that of the 386 unclassified reports it reviewed, nearly 300 had no connection to terrorists or terrorism threats. The Senate committee estimated that as much as $1.4 billion had been spent on the fusion centers. Matthew Chandler, a spokesperson for the DHS, said that "In preparing the report, the committee refused to review relevant data, including important intelligence information pertinent to their findings," and that the "report fundamentally misunderstands the role of the federal government in supporting fusion centers and overlooks the significant benefits of this relationship to both state and local law enforcement and the federal government."
A 2013 report by the House Homeland Security committee reported on visits to 32 of the 78 fusion centers and 9 committee hearings. The Committee found that fusion centers were an asset, but needed improved federal assistance to reach their full potential. The lack of a State-focused, national strategy for fusion centers was highlighted as a major barrier to the effectiveness of fusion centers. The report notes that fusion centers do not universally focus on the implications of intelligence for national security, and while fusion centers should fulfill their State and local missions, they must do so in a way that requires analysis with an eye towards counterterrorism. The Committee takes issue with the previous performance metrics which focused on quantity rather than quality of reports, and this inability to assess the quality of reports makes evaluating the value of fusion centers difficult. They point out that the uncertainty of annual budgets due to the funding structure makes long term planning difficult.
A 2017 report by the House Homeland Security committee reported on interviews with staff from 15 fusion centers and 68 responses to its survey of the 78 fusion centers. The report highlight the growth of fusion center operations since its previous 2013 report and highlighted particular challenges which threaten to reduce the effectiveness of fusion centers. The report highlighted the expanded efforts to include emergency personnel such as fire department and emergency medical services. Respondents to the survey raised concerns about their centers' limited access to unclassified and classified information, and the Committee critiqued the level of technical support offered to fusion centers in order to handle cyber threats. The report took issue with the recent decisions of social media companies to restrict access to their data by fusion centers.
Criticism
There are a number of documented criticisms of fusion centers, including relative ineffectiveness at counterterrorism activities, the potential to be used for secondary purposes unrelated to counterterrorism, and their links to violations of civil liberties of American citizens and others. One such fusion center has been involved with spying on anti-war and peace activists as well as anarchists in Washington state.
David Rittgers of the Cato Institute has noted:
a long line of fusion center and DHS reports labeling broad swaths of the public as a threat to national security. The North Texas Fusion System labeled Muslim lobbyists as a potential threat; a DHS analyst in Wisconsin thought both pro- and anti-abortion activists were worrisome; a Pennsylvania homeland security contractor watched environmental activists, Tea Party groups, and a Second Amendment rally; the Maryland State Police put anti-death penalty and anti-war activists in a federal terrorism database; a fusion center in Missouri thought that all third-party voters and Ron Paul supporters were a threat; and the Department of Homeland Security described half of the American political spectrum as "right wing extremists."
A 2007 ACLU report raised concerns with four areas of fusion center aspects, the first of which was that they suffered from "ambiguous lines of authority", meaning that the fusion process "allows the authorities to manipulate differences in federal, state and local laws to maximize information collection while evading accountability and oversight through the practice of 'policy shopping'." The ACLU was also concerned with the private sector and military participation in the surveillance of US citizens through these fusion centers. Finally, the ACLU report argued that fusion centers were likely to engage in poorly contained data mining because the "Federal fusion center guidelines encourage wholesale data collection and manipulation processes that threaten privacy" and that the centers were "hobbled by excessive secrecy". An updated ACLU report in 2008 argued that the fusion centers were creating a "total surveillance society" in the US. An ACLU spokesperson compared the fusion centers initiative with Operation TIPS because of the involvement of private Terrorism Liaison Officers.
MIAC report
Missouri Information Analysis Center (MIAC) made news in 2009 for targeting supporters of third party candidates, Ron Paul supporters, anti-abortion activists, and conspiracy theorists as potential militia members. Anti-war activists and Islamic lobby groups were targeted in Texas, drawing criticism from the ACLU.
According to the Department of Homeland Security:
[T]he Privacy Office has identified a number of risks to privacy presented by the fusion center program:
Justification for fusion centers
Ambiguous Lines of Authority, Rules, and Oversight
Participation of the Military and the Private Sector
Data Mining
Excessive Secrecy
Inaccurate or incomplete information
Mission Creep
2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment
In early April 2009, the Virginia Fusion Center came under criticism for publishing a terrorism threat assessment which stated that certain universities are potential hubs for terror related activity. The report targeted historically black colleges and identified hacktivism as a form of terrorism.
2011 Illinois fusion center finds water pump was "hacked"; the FBI disagrees
A November 2011 report by the Illinois fusion center was criticized for alleging that Russia hacked and deliberately disabled a water pump of the municipal water system in Illinois. The Senate report writes: "Apparently aware of how important such an event could have been had it been real, DHS intelligence officials included the false allegations—stated as fact—in a daily intelligence briefing that went to Congress and the intelligence community." A subsequent FBI investigation found however that: "The only fact that they got right was that a water pump in a small Illinois water district had burned out."
Washington State Fusion Center
A lawsuit alleges that a Washington State Fusion Center employee added members of the Port Militarization Resistance to the domestic terrorists list on unsubstantiated grounds.
See also
ADVISE
COINTELPRO
Council of Governors
Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007
Investigative Data Warehouse
Laird v. Tatum
Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit
Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative
Open-source intelligence
PRISM (surveillance program)
Public-private partnerships in the United States
Surveillance
TALON (database)
Terrorism Liaison Officer
Total Information Awareness
USA PATRIOT Act
References
External links
List of Fusion Centers
Fusion Center Guidelines issued by the US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs
Information Fusion Centers and Privacy Information related to Fusion Centers and privacy. Electronic Privacy Information Center June 2008.
Fusion Center Update Report from the ACLU July 2008.
Council on Foreign Relations: Fusion Centers
"Fusion Centers", July 15, 2010, Radio4All podcast about fusion centers and the Total Information Awareness program
"Fusion Centers Map, Locations, Contact Information", February 15, 2011, PublicIntelligence blog's listing of centers
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/are-we-safer/
Counterterrorism in the United States
Surveillance
Public–private partnership projects in the United States |
4006643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technician%20%28newspaper%29 | Technician (newspaper) | Technician is the student newspaper of North Carolina State University. Its first edition was published in 1920, and it has been published continuously since that date, becoming a daily paper in fall 1988. Since 2018, the newspaper has been published on Thursdays, with stories also published online throughout the week at http://www.technicianonline.com. The newspaper is funded by in-paper and online advertising and is a part of NC State Student Media. NC State's Student Media Board of Directors oversees NC State Student Media, which includes Technician, other student-led publications, and a college radio station, WKNC-FM.
Notable alumni
Roy H. Park, media mogul, founder of broadcasting and newspaper chain Park Communications Inc.
William C. Friday (1941), American educator and leader of the University of North Carolina system from 1956-86.
Chris Hondros, photographer and 2003 finalist for the Pulitzer Prize
Richard Curtis (1972), a founder and managing editor of graphics and photography for USA Today
Joseph Galarneau (1989), chief operating officer for Newsweek
Controversies
Like many student newspapers, Technician has seen its share of controversies, including:
In 1990, the newspaper ran an editorial calling for the dismissal of embattled head basketball coach Jim Valvano. Valvano, a popular figure who led the team to the 1983 national championship, had come under fire for ethical and regulatory lapses in handling the basketball program. The editorial was resented as a publicity stunt. Valvano ultimately left the university under fire.
On September 3, 1992, a conservative opinion columnist harshly criticized African-American students' demands for a black cultural center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This column, paired with a front-page article with the headline "Black Students Vent Rage in Dining Hall"—a report on a NC State Student Government meeting to get feedback from African-American students on campus in a follow-up to recent events in Chapel Hill—resulted in widespread theft of the edition (it is distributed free). Students also burned copies of the Technician in the Brickyard in protest. The aftermath led to the creation of the university's African-American interest publication, Nubian Message.
Following disastrous Wolfpack basketball seasons in 1995 and 1996, Technician published staff editorials asking for the resignation or firing of coach Les Robinson. The editorials were timed to run on the eve of the ACC Tournament play-in game for last-place teams, which had become known throughout the conference as "The Les Robinson Invitational." Robinson resigned following his team's loss at the tournament. Asked if he had any regrets at his farewell press conference, Robinson said, "Only that the school paper called me a loser."
After new leadership took the helm at the paper in Spring 1997, several Technician editors and reporters were fired without just cause and escorted from the newspaper's offices by university public safety officers. Two months later, three of the fired editors used their inside knowledge of the production process to hijack the last edition of the paper for the school year, secretly inserting a full-column editorial criticizing the new editor-in-chief for using her power over personnel matters to settle personal scores and calling on university administrators to intervene. All 18,000 copies of the paper were distributed on campus the next morning containing the critical editorial, and the new student management was left unable to retract it until the resumption of publication the following semester. Technician's insulted editor-in-chief filed a report with public safety, which investigated the matter as a larceny. Despite dusting for fingerprints and questioning the former employees, investigators were unable to find any evidence against the suspected perpetrators and no charges were filed.
On August 29, 2005, a crowd of approximately 200 Greek Life and African American Student Advisory Council representatives gathered on Harris Field to protest a Technician article entitled "Sorostitutes are weak and wounded." Students complained the article was an unfair representation of women's activities in Greek Life. While the event received a lot of media attention, it was quickly overshadowed by Hurricane Katrina's destruction on the Gulf Coast.
In January 2006, Technician ran an article by student contributor Jeff Gaither, stating that drunk driving was at times unavoidable and giving tips on how to avoid getting caught. The author subsequently wrote a retraction of the article.
In February 2014, Editor-in-Chief Sam DeGrave discontinued the traditional "Daily Tar Hell" satire newspaper while citing racist, sexist, and homophobic humor of past editions as his motivation for halting the ever-popular publication. Several students and alumni were unhappy with the decision and consequently sent a plethora of letters to the editor to voice their frustration. Many argued that the "hateful humor" was not prevalent in recent years and the satire was all in good taste while others were upset to see one of the few longstanding traditions of the university being tampered with. Very few wrote letters in support of the decision to discontinue the satire edition. DeGrave published a letter from the editor titled "One week in Daily Tar Hell", in which he condescendingly responded to his readers' criticism. Nonetheless, the "Daily Tar Hell" was later brought back into publication.
Technician Editors-in-Chief
1919-1920 • vol. 1 • Marion Francis
1920-1921 • vol. 2 • J.H. Lane
1921-1922 • vol. 3 • E.C. Tatum
1922-1923 • vol. 4 • Alvin M. Fountain
1923-1924 • vol. 4 • W.S. Morris
1924-1925 • vol. 5 • S.R. Wallis
1925-1926 • vol. 6 • E. G. Moore
1926-1927 • vol. 7 • R.R. Fountain
1927-1928 • vol. 8 • W.L. Roberts
1928-1929 • vol. 9 • A. Lawrence Aydlett
1929-1930 • vol. 10• A.L. Weaver
1930-1931 • vol. 11• Roy H. Park
1931-1932 • vol. 12 • Louis H. Wilson
1932-1933 • vol. 13 • H.A. McClung Jr.
1933-1934 • vol. 14 • E.J. Lassen
1934-1935 • vol. 15 • Eugene S. Knight
1935-1936 • vol. 16 • Robert B. Knox Jr.
1936-1937 • vol. 17 • R. Hall Morrison, Jr.
1937-1938 • vol. 18 • Dick McPhail
1938-1939 • vol. 19 • Stephen Sailer
1939-1940 • vol. 20 • E.P. Davidson
1940-1941 • vol. 21 • Henry B. Rowe
1941-1942 • vol. 22 • Carl Sickerott
1942-1943 • vol. 23 • Don Barksdale
1943-1944 • vol. 24 • Gordon West
1944-1945 • vol. 25 • Walter W. Harper
1945-1946 • vol. 26 • Bobby Wooten
1946-1947 • vol. 27 • Jack Fisler
1947-1948 • vol. 28 • Dick Fowler
1948-1949 • vol. 29 • Avery Brock
1949-1950 • vol. 30 • Joe Hancock
1950-1951 • vol. 31 • Bill Haas
1951-1952 • vol. 32 • Paul Foght
1952-1953 • vol. 33 • Bob Horn
1953-1954 • vol. 34 • George Obenshain
1954-1955 • vol. 35 • John Parker
1955-1956 • vol. 36 • L.C. Draughon
1956-1957 • vol. 37 • Terry Lathrop
1957-1958 • vol. 38 • Jim Moore
1958-1959 • vol. 39 • Ray Lathrop
1959-1960 • vol. 40 • Jim Moore
1960-1961 • vol. 41 • Jay Brame
1961-1962 • vol. 42 • Mike Lea
1962-1963 • vol. 43 • Mike Lea
1963-1964 • vol. 44 • Grant Blair & Allen Lennon
1964-1965 • vol. 45 • Cora Kemp
1965-1966 • vol. 46 • Bill Fishburne & Bob Holmes
1966-1967 • vol. 47 • Jim Kear
1967-1968 • vol. 48 • Bob Harris
1968-1969 • vol. 49 • Pete Burkhimer
1969-1970 • vol. 50 • George Panton
1970-1971 • vol. 51 • Jack Cozort
1971-1972 • vol. 52 • Richard Curtis
1972-1973 • vol. 53 • John N. Walston
1973-1974 • vol. 54 • Beverly Privette
1974-1975 • vol. 55 • Bob Estes
1975-1976 • vol. 56 • Kevin Fisher
1876-1977 • vol. 57 • Howard Barnett
1977-1978 • vol. 58 • Lynne Griffin
1978-1979 • vol. 59 • David Pendered
1979-1980 • vol. 60 • John Flesher
1980-1981 • vol. 61 • Andrea Cole
1981-1982 • vol. 62 • Tucker Johnson
1982-1983 • vol. 63 • Tom Alter
1983-1984 • vol. 64 • Jeffrey Bender
1984-1985 • vol. 65 • Jeffrey Bender
1985-1986 • vol. 66 • Barry Bowden
1986-1987 • vol. 67 • John Austin
1987-1988 • vol. 68 • Joseph Galarneau
1988-1989 • vol. 69 • Michael Hughes
1989-1990 • vol. 70 • Dwuan June, editor
1990-1991 • vol. 71 • Wade Babcock
1991-1992 • vol. 72 • William Holmes
1992-1993 • vol. 73 • Joe Johnson
1993-1994 • vol. 74 • Mark Tosczak
1994-1995 • vol. 75 • Colin B. Boatwright
1995-1996 • vol. 76 • Ron Batcho & Jean Lorscheider
1996-1997 • vol. 77 • Chris Baysden
1997-1998 • vol. 78 • Terry H. Bennett
1998-1999 • vol. 79 • Phillip Reese
1999-2000 • vol. 80 • Ebonie Polite
2000-2001 • vol. 81 • Jack Daly & Mark McLawhorn
2001-2002 • vol. 82 • Mark McLawhorn & Jimmy Ryals
2002-2003 • vol. 83 • Jerry Moore & Mathew Pelland
2003-2004 • vol. 84 • Thushan Amarasiriwardena & Carie Windham
2004-2005 • vol. 85 • Matthew Middleton
2005-2006 • vol. 86 • Rebecca Heslin
2006-2007 • vol. 87 • M. Tyler Dukes
2007-2008 • vol. 88 • Joshua Harrell
2008-2009 • vol. 89 • Saja Hindi
2009-2010 • vol. 90 • Ty Johnson, fall editor; Lauren Blakely, Kate Shefte and Russell Witham, spring co-editors
2010-2011 • vol. 91 • Amanda Wilkins
2011-2012 • vol. 92 • Laura Wilkinson
2012-2013 • vol. 93 • Mark Herring
2013-2014 • vol. 94 • Sam DeGrave
2014-2015 • vol. 95 • Ravi K. Chittilla
2015-2016 • vol. 96 • Kaitlin Montgomery
2016-2017 • vol. 97 • Rachel Tanner Smith
2017-2018 • vol. 98 • Jonathan T. Carter
2018-2019 • vol. 99 • Jonathan T. Carter
2019-2020 • vol. 100 • Dan Gilliam
2020-2021 • vol. 101 • Rachael Davis
2021-2022 • vol. 102 • Jaylan Harrington
2022-2023 • vol. 103 • Shilpa Giri
References
1. NCSU Libraries Special Collections Resource Center, Raleigh. North Carolina State University. 17 August 1998 https://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/technician
External links
Technician Online
Guide to the North Carolina State University Division of Student Affairs Publications, 1889-2008
Student newspapers published in North Carolina
North Carolina State University |
4006694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwitting%20testimony | Unwitting testimony | Unwitting testimony is the unintentional evidence provided by historical sources. It may reflect the attitudes and preconceptions of an author, or the culture to which he or she belongs. The recognition and interpretation of unwitting testimony by historians acknowledges that primary sources may contain flaws as well as several layers of evidence, and that there are messages that are not explicit.
Origin
The phrase "unwitting testimony" was coined by the British historian Arthur Marwick of the Open University. Marwick acknowledged, however, that he had adopted and developed the concept from some earlier remarks made by the American historian of science, Henry Guerlac. Marwick defined it as a feature of historical evidence to be distinguished from "witting testimony", which is the message of the primary source consciously intended to be conveyed by the author. Witting and unwitting testimonies can be applied both to the primary source itself or the historian who is constructing a secondary source.
Unwitting testimony has been employed by historians to establish the beliefs and customs of past societies particularly in their interpretation of words and phrases, which tend to change meaning over time. It does not refer to the testimony itself but the intention of the writer, author or creator of the historical source. The unwitting nature of the testimony include culture-bound views of the observer on events, which some scholars say can lead to a failure in understanding historical texts if ignored. Aside from the author's intent, reader utility is also considered an important factor in unwitting testimony. The concept was also applied to film by Karsten Fledelius, referring to the incidental aspects of reality that slipped into the camera that were unwittingly recorded.
References
External links
Philosophy of history |
4006704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20Airman%20Promotion%20System | Weighted Airman Promotion System | The Weighted Airman Promotion System (WAPS) is a United States Air Force program that determines promotions to the ranks of Staff Sergeant (E-5) through Technical Sergeant (E-6). It provides feedback score sheets to enlisted members considered for promotion, which help members to focus on specific professional development needs. Selections for promotion to Master Sergeant (E-7), Senior Master Sergeant (E-8), and Chief Master Sergeant (E-9) utilize an integrated weighted and central selection board system. In addition to the weighted score, the central selection board evaluates each individual using the whole person concept. Board scores are determined by considering performance, leadership, breadth of experience, job responsibility, professional competence, specific achievements, and education. The board score is added to the weighted score to determine order of merit for promotion.
Online score calculator
The WAPS Promotion Score Calculator is used by enlisted airmen to estimate the minimum test score for promotion to the next enlisted rank. Users enter the promotion year, enlisted grade, their "Total Active Federal Military Service Date", date of their last promotion, EPRs, military decorations, and an estimate of the "Air Force Promotion Cutoff Score" in the Web page's form. The calculator displays the estimated score if the airman is eligible for promotion during the promotion cycle.
Number of promotions
Each year, The Air Force determines the number of promotions needed to fulfill mission requirements and manning goals as set forth by law and regulation. The Air Force then divides these slots by percentages across its various Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSCs), with a few career fields receiving a few extra slots. The result is a system in which each candidate for promotion only competes against those in the same Air Force Specialty (AFS). The numbers of promotion slots are not disclosed until after testing.
Points
Eligible candidates receive points based on a number of criteria, including awards and decorations, Enlisted Performance Report (EPR) points, Promotion Fitness Examination (PFE) points, and Specialty Knowledge Test (SKT) points. Fractions of points are awarded for certain categories, resulting in scores that are not whole numbers. Candidates with the highest numbers of points, up to the promotion allowance in each career field, are promoted.
The score of the last person promoted is known as the cutoff. The cutoff can gauge how narrowly a given candidate missed a promotion. The cutoff score varies because of variations in both the number of promotion slots and the number of points earned by the top candidates.
Awards and decorations
For awards and decorations, a maximum of 25 points is allowed. Point values follow order of precedence.
1 pt – Achievement Medal (all versions)
3 pts – Commendation Medal (all versions)
3 pts – Aerial Achievement Medal
3 pts – Air Medal
5 pts – Meritorious Service Medal
5 pts – Defense Meritorious Service Medal
5 pts – Purple Heart
5 pts – Bronze Star
5 pts – Airman's Medal
7 pts – Distinguished Flying Cross
7 pts – Defense Superior Service Medal
7 pts – Legion of Merit
9 pts – Silver Star
9 pts – Distinguished Service Medal
9 pts – Defense Distinguished Service Medal
11 pts – Air Force Cross, Navy Cross, or Distinguished Service Cross
15 pts – Medal of Honor (Note: Promotion to next highest grade usually will occur the first day of the month following awarding of MOH)
Promotion Fitness Examination (PFE)
The Promotion Fitness Examination is a test of material taken from the Professional Development Guide. It covers a wide range of US Air Force knowledge, including history, organization, regulations, practices, traditions, and customs. The number of PFE points awarded is equal to the number of correct responses out of the 100 items on the exam.
Specialty knowledge test (SKT)
The Specialty Knowledge Test is a multiple choice test consisting of 100 questions. Test material is taken from the Career Development Course (CDCs) and applicable Air Force instructions and manuals for each AFSC, as the SKT is specific to a candidate's AFSC. The number of points earned on the SKT is the number of points awarded toward promotion.
Some members do not take the SKT. A common reason for this is that a candidate is performing a special duty and does not have CDCs. In other cases, candidates are in the process of retraining and have not completed the CDCs for the new role. Other candidates may not have access to their CDCs for one reason or another. When a candidate does not take the SKT, the PFE score counts again in place of the SKT. This is termed either "PFE only" or "SKT exempt".
Taking the tests is known as "WAPS testing" or "promotion testing".
Line numbers
When promotions have been determined, a list is drawn up and each person is assigned a promotion sequence number, commonly known as a line number. The line number dictates the order in which candidates will be promoted, as if all of the promotees were waiting in a line. Line numbers are issued according to time in current grade, not by promotion scores, as is frequently perceived. Line numbers are assigned across the entire Air Force rather than by AFSC. Promotions begin in September and continue each month (on the first of the month) for 12 months for SSgts. TSgt and MSgt promotions start in August.
Criticisms
The promotion system has come under heavy criticism from all ranks in the Air Force. The primary complaint is that the EPR system has become "inflated," with most average and above average individuals (including the stellar performers) receiving scores of five. Academic testing thus becomes a major deciding factor, which may not be a true indication of readiness for leadership and responsibility.
Prior to the WAPS system, the entire promotion fitness was determined by the APR (Airman Performance Report) - the predecessor of the current EPR. These were also inflated to the point that anything less than a 9 (top rating at the time) would not get one promoted.
References
Notes
AFI 36-2502, Airman Promotion Program (PDF)
AFPAM 36-2241, Professional Development Guide (PDG) (PDF), also as MP3s
WAPS Catalog (PDF)
External links
Air Force Institute for Advanced Distributed Learning WAPS info
United States Air Force Enlisted Promotions |
4006709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLong%20Star%20Ruby | DeLong Star Ruby | The DeLong Star Ruby, a oval cabochon star ruby, was discovered in Burma in the 1930s. It was sold by Martin Ehrmann to Edith Haggin DeLong for , who then donated it to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City in 1937.
On October 29, 1964, the DeLong star ruby was one of a number of precious gems stolen in a notorious jewelry heist by Jack Roland Murphy and two accomplices. In January 1965, nine of the stolen gems, including the Star of India and the Midnight Star, were recovered in a bus depot locker; however, the DeLong ruby was not among them. After months of negotiation, the unknown holder of the ruby agreed, through third parties including Dick Pearson, to ransom it for $25,000. The ransom was paid by wealthy Florida businessman John D. MacArthur and he was present on September 2, 1965, when the ruby was recovered at the designated drop off site: a phone booth at a service plaza on the Sunshine State Parkway near Palm Beach, Florida. Months later Dick Pearson was arrested burglarizing a jewelry store in Georgia and was found in possession of $100 bills with serial numbers matching the ransom money. He was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison for his involvement in the DeLong Star ruby case.
References
External links
The DeLong Star Ruby
100-Carat Delong Star Ruby Recovered Near Palm Beach
Individual rubies
Individual thefts |
4006721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20government%20areas%20of%20Nigeria | Local government areas of Nigeria | Nigeria has 774 local government areas (LGAs), each administered by a local government council consisting of a chairman, who is the chief executive, and other elected members, who are referred to as councillors. Each LGA is further subdivided into a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 20 wards. A ward is administered by a councillor, who reports directly to the LGA chairman. The councillors fall under the legislative arm of the local government, the third tier of government in Nigeria, below the state governments and the federal government.
Functions
The functions of local governments are detailed in the Nigerian constitution and include the following:
Economic recommendations to the State
Collection of taxes and fees
Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries, burial grounds and homes for the destitute or infirm
Licensing of bicycles, trucks (other than mechanically propelled trucks), canoes, wheel barrows and carts
Establishment, maintenance and regulation of markets, motor parks and public conveniences
Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, drains and other public highways, parks, and open spaces
Naming of roads and streets and numbering of houses
Provision and maintenance of public transportation and refuse disposal
Registration of births, deaths and marriages
Assessment of privately owned houses or tenements for the purpose of levying such rates as may be prescribed by the House of Assembly of a State
Control and regulation of outdoor advertising, movement and keeping of pets of all descriptions, shops and kiosks, restaurants and other places for sale of food to the public, and laundries
List of LGAs
Abia State
Aba North
Aba South
Arochukwu
Bende
Ikwuano
Isiala Ngwa North
Isiala Ngwa South
Isuikwuato
Obi Ngwa
Ohafia
Osisioma
Ugwunagbo
Ukwa East
Ukwa West
Umuahia North
Umuahia South
Umu Nneochi
Adamawa State
Demsa
Fufure
Ganye
Gayuk
Girei
Gombi
Hong
Jada
Lamurde
Madagali
Maiha
Mayo Belwa
Michika
Mubi North
Mubi South
Numan
Shelleng
Song
Toungo
Yola North
Yola South
Akwa Ibom State
Abak
Eastern Obolo
Eket
Esit Eket
Essien Udim
Etim Ekpo
Etinan
Ibeno
Ibesikpo Asutan
Ibiono-Ibom
Ika
Ikono
Ikot Abasi
Ikot Ekpene
Ini
Itu
Mbo
Mkpat-Enin
Nsit-Atai
Nsit-Ibom
Nsit-Ubium
Obot Akara
Okobo
Onna
Oron
Oruk Anam
Udung-Uko
Ukanafun
Uruan
Urue-Offong/Oruko
Uyo
Anambra State
Aguata
Anambra East
Anambra West
Anaocha
Awka North
Awka South
Ayamelum
Dunukofia
Ekwusigo
Idemili North
Idemili South
Ihiala
Njikoka
Nnewi North
Nnewi South
Ogbaru
Onitsha North
Onitsha South
Orumba North
Orumba South
Oyi
Bauchi State
Alkaleri
Bauchi
Bogoro
Damban
Darazo
Dass
Gamawa
Ganjuwa
Giade
Itas/Gadau
Jama'are
Katagum
Kirfi
Misau
Ningi
Shira
Tafawa Balewa
Toro
Warji
Zaki
Bayelsa State
Brass
Ekeremor
Kolokuma/Opokuma
Nembe
Ogbia
Sagbama
Southern Ijaw
Yenagoa
Benue State
Ado
Agatu
Apa
Buruku
Gboko
Guma
Gwer East
Gwer West
Katsina-Ala
Konshisha
Kwande
Logo
Makurdi
Obi
Ogbadibo
Ohimini
Oju
Okpokwu
Oturkpo
Tarka
Ukum
Ushongo
Vandeikya
Borno State
Abadam
Askira/Uba
Bama
Bayo
Biu
Chibok
Damboa
Dikwa
Gubio
Guzamala
Gwoza
Hawul
Jere
Kaga
Kala/Balge
Konduga
Kukawa
Kwaya Kusar
Mafa
Magumeri
Maiduguri
Marte
Mobbar
Monguno
Ngala
Nganzai
Shani
Cross River State
Cross River State is divided into the following LGAs.
Abi
Akamkpa
Akpabuyo
Bakassi
Bekwarra
Biase
Boki
Calabar Municipal
Calabar South
Etung
Ikom
Obanliku
Obubra
Obudu
Odukpani
Ogoja
Yakuur
Yala
Delta State
Aniocha North
Aniocha South
Bomadi
Burutu
Ethiope East
Ethiope West
Ika North East
Ika South
Isoko North
Isoko South
Ndokwa East
Ndokwa West
Okpe
Oshimili North
Oshimili South
Patani
Sapele
Udu
Ughelli North
Ughelli South
Ukwuani
Uvwie
Warri North
Warri South
Warri South West
Ebonyi State
Abakaliki
Afikpo North
Afikpo South (Edda)
Ebonyi
Ezza North
Ezza South
Ikwo
Ishielu
Ivo
Izzi
Ohaozara
Ohaukwu
Onicha
Edo State
Akoko-Edo
Egor
Esan Central
Esan North-East
Esan South-East
Esan West
Etsako Central
Etsako East
Etsako West
Igueben
Ikpoba Okha
Orhionmwon
Oredo
Ovia North-East
Ovia South-West
Owan East
Owan West
Uhunmwonde
Ekiti State
Ado Ekiti
Efon
Ekiti East
Ekiti South-West
Ekiti West
Emure
Gbonyin
Ido Osi
Ijero
Ikere
Ikole
Ilejemeje
Irepodun/Ifelodun
Ise/Orun
Moba
Oye
Enugu State
Aninri
Awgu
Enugu East
Enugu North
Enugu South
Ezeagu
Igbo Etiti
Igbo Eze North
Igbo Eze South
Isi Uzo
Nkanu East
Nkanu West
Nsukka
Oji River
Udenu
Udi
Uzo-Uwani
Gombe State
Akko
Balanga
Billiri
Dukku
Funakaye
Gombe
Kaltungo
Kwami
Nafada
Shongom
Yamaltu/Deba
Imo State
Aboh Mbaise
Ahiazu Mbaise
Ehime Mbano
Ezinihitte
Ideato North
Ideato South
Ihitte/Uboma
Ikeduru
Isiala Mbano
Isu
Mbaitoli
Ngor Okpala
Njaba
Nkwerre
Nwangele
Obowo
Oguta
Ohaji/Egbema
Okigwe
Orlu
Orsu
Oru East
Oru West
Owerri Municipal
Owerri North
Owerri West
Unuimo
Jigawa State
Auyo
Babura
Biriniwa
Birnin Kudu
Buji
Dutse
Gagarawa
Garki
Gumel
Guri
Gwaram
Gwiwa
Hadejia
Jahun
Kafin Hausa
Kaugama
Kazaure
Kiri Kasama
Kiyawa
Maigatari
Malam Madori
Miga
Ringim
Roni
Sule Tankarkar
Taura
Yankwashi
Kaduna State
Birnin Gwari
Chikun
Giwa
Igabi
Ikara
Jaba
Jema'a
Kachia
Kaduna North
Kaduna South
Kagarko
Kajuru
Kaura
Kauru
Kubau
Kudan
Lere
Makarfi
Sabon Gari
Sanga
Soba
Zangon Kataf
Zaria
Kano State
Ajingi
Albasu
Bagwai
Bebeji
Bichi
Bunkure
Dala
Dambatta
Dawakin Kudu
Dawakin Tofa
Doguwa
Fagge
Gabasawa
Garko
Garun Mallam
Gaya
Gezawa
Gwale
Gwarzo
Kabo
Kano Municipal
Karaye
Kibiya
Kiru
Kumbotso
Kunchi
Kura
Madobi
Makoda
Minjibir
Nasarawa
Rano
Rimin Gado
Rogo
Shanono
Sumaila
Takai
Tarauni
Tofa
Tsanyawa
Tudun Wada
Ungogo
Warawa
Wudil
Katsina State
Bakori
Batagarawa
Batsari
Baure
Bindawa
Charanchi
Dandume
Danja
Dan Musa
Daura
Dutsi
Dutsin Ma
Faskari
Funtua
Ingawa
Jibia
Kafur
Kaita
Kankara
Kankia
Katsina
Kurfi
Kusada
Mai'Adua
Malumfashi
Mani
Mashi
Matazu
Musawa
Rimi
Sabuwa
Safana
Sandamu
Zango
Kebbi State
Aleiro
Arewa
Argungu
Augie
Bagudo
Birnin Kebbi
Bunza
Dandi
Fakai
Gwandu
Jega
Kalgo
Koko/Besse
Maiyama
Ngaski
Sakaba
Shanga
Suru
Danko-Wasagu
Yauri
Zuru
Kogi State
Adavi
Ajaokuta
Ankpa
Bassa
Dekina
Ibaji
Idah
Igalamela Odolu
Ijumu
Kabba/Bunu
Kogi
Lokoja
Mopa Muro
Ofu
Ogori/Magongo
Okehi
Okene
Olamaboro
Omala
Yagba East
Yagba West
Kwara State
Asa
Baruten
Edu
Ekiti
Ifelodun
Ilorin East
Ilorin South
Ilorin West
Irepodun
Isin
Kaiama
Moro
Offa
Oke Ero
Oyun
Pategi
Lagos State
Agege
Ajeromi-Ifelodun
Alimosho
Amuwo-Odofin
Apapa
Badagry
Epe
Eti Osa
Ibeju-Lekki
Ifako-Ijaiye
Ikeja
Ikorodu
Kosofe
Lagos Island
Lagos Mainland
Mushin
Ojo
Oshodi-Isolo
Shomolu
Surulere
Nasarawa State
Akwanga
Awe
Doma
Karu
Keana
Keffi
Kokona
Lafia
Nasarawa
Nasarawa Egon
Obi
Toto
Wamba
Niger State
Agaie
Agwara
Bida
Borgu
Bosso
Chanchaga
Edati
Gbako
Gurara
Katcha
Kontagora
Lapai
Lavun
Magama
Mariga
Mashegu
Mokwa
Moya
Paikoro
Rafi
Rijau
Shiroro
Suleja
Tafa
Wushishi
Ogun State
Abeokuta North
Abeokuta South
Ado-Odo/Ota
Ewekoro
Ifo
Ijebu East
Ijebu North
Ijebu North East
Ijebu Ode
Ikenne
Imeko Afon
Ipokia
Obafemi Owode
Odeda
Odogbolu
Ogun Waterside
Remo North
Shagamu
Yewa North
Yewa South
Ondo State
Akoko North-East
Akoko North-West
Akoko South-East
Akoko South-West
Akure North
Akure South
Ese Odo
Idanre
Ifedore
Ilaje
Ile Oluji/Okeigbo
Irele
Odigbo
Okitipupa
Ondo East
Ondo West
Ose
Owo
Osun State
Aiyedaade
Aiyedire
Atakunmosa East
Atakunmosa West
Boluwaduro
Boripe
Ede North
Ede South
Egbedore
Ejigbo
Ife Central
Ife East
Ife North
Ife South
Ifedayo
Ifelodun
Ila
Ilesa East
Ilesa West
Irepodun
Irewole
Isokan
Iwo
Obokun
Odo Otin
Ola Oluwa
Olorunda
Oriade
Orolu
Osogbo
Oyo State
Afijio
Akinyele
Atiba
Atisbo
Egbeda
Ibadan North
Ibadan North-East
Ibadan North-West
Ibadan South-East
Ibadan South-West
Ibarapa Central
Ibarapa East
Ibarapa North
Ido
Irepo
Iseyin
Itesiwaju
Iwajowa
Kajola
Lagelu
Ogbomosho North
Ogbomosho South
Ogo Oluwa
Olorunsogo
Oluyole
Ona Ara
Orelope
Ori Ire
Oyo East
Oyo West
Saki East
Saki West
Surulere
Plateau State
Bokkos
Barkin Ladi
Bassa
Jos East
Jos North
Jos South
Kanam
Kanke
Langtang North
Langtang South
Mangu
Mikang
Pankshin
Qua'an Pan
Riyom
Shendam
Wase
Rivers State
Abua/Odual
Ahoada East
Ahoada West
Akuku-Toru
Andoni
Asari-Toru
Bonny
Degema
Eleme
Emuoha
Etche
Gokana
Ikwerre
Khana
Obio/Akpor
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni
Ogu/Bolo
Okrika
Omuma
Opobo/Nkoro
Oyigbo
Port Harcourt
Tai
Sokoto State
Binji
Bodinga
Dange Shuni
Gada
Goronyo
Gudu
Gwadabawa
Illela
Isa
Kebbe
Kware
Rabah
Sabon Birni
Shagari
Silame
Sokoto North
Sokoto South
Tambuwal
Tangaza
Tureta
Wamako
Wurno
Yabo
Taraba State
Ardo Kola
Bali
Donga
Gashaka
Gassol
Ibi
Jalingo
Karim Lamido
Kumi
Lau
Sardauna
Takum
Ussa
Wukari
Yorro
Zing
Yobe State
Bade
Bursari
Damaturu
Fika
Fune
Geidam
Gujba
Gulani
Jakusko
Karasuwa
Machina
Nangere
Nguru
Potiskum
Tarmuwa
Yunusari
Yusufari
Zamfara State
Anka
Bakura
Birnin Magaji/Kiyaw
Bukkuyum
Bungudu
Chafe
Gummi
Gusau
Kaura Namoda
Maradun
Maru
Shinkafi
Talata Mafara
Zurmi
Federal Capital Territory
Abaji
Abuja Municipal Area Council
Bwari
Gwagwalada
Kuje
Kwali
See also
Lists of villages in Nigeria
References
Local Government Areas In Nigeria By State: A comprehensive list of all local government areas (LGAs) in Nigeria and their respective states.
External links
Postcodes.NG - comprehensive directory of LGAs, districts, and villages in Nigeria
Postcodes.NG - map of LGAs with boundaries
Nigeria Congress
Online Nigeria
Sustainable Urban Development and Good Governance in Nigeria
Thomas Brinkhoff: NIGERIA: Administrative Division (interactive map), in www.citypopulation.de
Subdivisions of Nigeria
Local Government Areas
Nigeria 2
Local Government Areas, Nigeria
Nigeria geography-related lists
Local Government Areas of Nigeria |
4006725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longport%20railway%20station | Longport railway station | Longport railway station is a station serving the areas of Longport, Middleport, Tunstall and Burslem, all districts in the northern part of Stoke-on-Trent, England. The station is served by trains on the Crewe to Derby Line, which is also a community rail line known as the North Staffordshire line. The station also has two trains a day on the Stoke-on-Trent to Manchester Piccadilly line. The station is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway.
History
The station was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) on 9 October 1848 and was then named Burslem. It was renamed to Longport when a new station (which was much nearer to the town) opened after the NSR built their Loop Line.
Until 2003 Longport along with were request stops on Central Trains services running from the station.
Location and facilities
Longport is currently un-staffed. The station has 2 platforms both of which are wheelchair accessible. The Footbridge at the station is however not wheelchair accessible.
The station is adjacent to Longbridge Hayes industrial estate and the A500 road, as such, it sees a number of "park and ride" commuters. Longport station has its own bus stop which is served by routes 94, 98, and 99. These serve the nearby town of Newcastle-under-Lyme, for which Longport is the closest station.
This station is also the closest to Port Vale F.C.
The station has cycle parking facilities, and a waiting shelter and real-time information displays on each platform.
The former station buildings have been sold into private ownership, and have now been converted into a Hindu wedding venue.
Services
Off-peak, all services at Longport are operated by East Midlands Railway and London Northwestern Railway using Class 156, 158 and 170 DMUs and 350 EMUs.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
1 tph to via and
3 tp2h to
1 tp2h to
The station is also served by two trains per day to of which one continues to . These services are operated by Northern Trains using Class 323 and 331 EMUs.
On Sundays, there is an hourly service between Crewe and Derby after 14:00 and a few trains to Birmingham with no service to Manchester, Nottingham or Newark.
Services operated by Avanti West Coast and CrossCountry and all other London Northwestern Railway services pass through the station but do not stop.
References
External links
Railway stations in Stoke-on-Trent
Former North Staffordshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway
Northern franchise railway stations |
4006745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s%20Wall | Trajan's Wall | Trajan's Wall (Valul lui Traian in Romanian) is the name used for several linear earthen fortifications (valla) found across Eastern Europe, in Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. Contrary to the name and popular belief, the ramparts were not built by Romans during Trajan's reign, but during other imperial periods. Furthermore, the association with the Roman Emperor may be a recent scholarly invention, only entering the imagination of the locals with the national awakening of the 19th century. Medieval Moldavian documents referred to the earthworks as Troian, likely in reference to a mythological hero in the Romanian and Slavic folklore. The other major earthen fortification in Romania, Brazda lui Novac (Novac's Furrow), is also named after a mythological hero.
Romania
There are three valla in Romania, in south-central Dobruja, extending from the Danube to the Black Sea coast. While the relative chronology of the complex is widely accepted, the exact dating of each fortification is currently under dispute. Scholars place their erection at different dates in the Early Mediaeval period, in the second half of the first millennium. In what regards the builders, two theories have gained acceptance, with supporters split, to a large degree, along national lines. Thus, Bulgarian historiography considers the fortifications were built by the First Bulgarian Empire as a defence against the various nomad groups roaming the North-Pontic steppes. On the other hand, several Romanian historians have tried to attribute at least part of the walls to the Byzantine Empire under emperors John I Tzimisces and Basil II, which controlled the region in the second part of the 10th century and throughout the 11th.
The oldest and smallest vallum, the Small Earthen Dyke, is 61 km in length, extending from Cetatea Pătulului on the Danube to Constanţa on the sea coast. Entirely made of earth, it has no defensive constructions built on it, but has a moat on its southern side. This feature has been interpreted as indicating construction by a population living to the north of the earthwork, in order to protect itself from an enemy in the South.
The second vallum, the Large Earthen Dyke, 54 km in length, overlaps the smaller one on some sections. It begins on the Danube, follows the Carasu Valley and ends at Palas, west of Constanţa. Its average height is 3.5 m, and it has moats on both sides. On it are built 63 fortifications: 35 larger (castra), and 28 smaller (castella). The average distance between fortifications is 1 km. The vallum shows signs of reconstruction.
The last vallum to be built, the Stone Dyke, is also made of earth, but has a stone wall on its crest. It is 59 km in length, extending from south of Axiopolis to the Black Sea coast, at a point 75 m south of the little earth wall. The agger is about 1.5 m in height, while the stone wall on top has an average height of 2 m. It has a moat on its northern side and 26 fortifications, the distance between them varying from 1 to 4 km.
The commune Valu lui Traian (formerly Hasancea) is named after the vallum.
In the Northern part of Dobrogea, on South bank of Danube there was a wall, probably built by Trajan. The wall was constructed between today Tulcea and ancient town of Halmyris (60 km) on the East.
The wall was discovered by means of aerial photographs
Moldova
The remnants in Moldova comprise earthen walls and palisades. There are two major fragments preserved in Moldova: Upper Trajan's Wall and Southern (or Lower) Trajan's Wall.
The Southern Trajan's Wall in Moldova is thought to be dated by the 3rd century, and built by Athanaric and stretches from Romania: Buciumeni-Tiganesti-Tapu-Stoicani and in after that another 126 km from the village of Vadul lui Isac in Cahul district by the Prut River stretches into Ukraine and ends at Lake Sasyk by Tatarbunar. The Coat of Arms of Cahul district of Bessarabia, Russian Empire, incorporated Trajan's Wall. Some academics like Dorel Bondoc and Costin Croitoru think that it was done by the Romans, because -to be done- it required plenty of knowledge and workforce that barbarians like Athanaric did not have.
The Upper Trajan's Wall is thought to be constructed in the 4th century by Greuthungi Goths in order to defend the border against the Huns. It stretches 120 km from Dniester River by Chiţcani in Teleneşti district to Prut River and extend until Tiganesti Sendreni in Romania.
Fragments of Trajan's Wall are also found by Leova.
Ukraine
The rampart known as Trajan's Wall in Podolia and stretches through the modern districts of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Nova Ushytsia(Uşiţa) and Khmelnytskyi. A part of the Moldavian Lower Trajan's Wall ends in Ukraine. See also Serpent's Wall.
The historian Alexandru V. Boldur regards the "Trajan's Wall" starting near Uşiţa on Dniester/Nistru river as the western limit of the territories of the 13th-century Bolokhoveni.
See also
Upper Trajan's Wall
Southern Trajan's Wall (in Bessarabia)
Limes Moesiae
Limes Romanus
Limes Transalutanus
Pietroasele
References
Rădulescu Adrian, Bitoleanu Ion, Istoria românilor dintre Dunăre şi Mare: Dobrogea, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, București, 1979
Notes
Moesia
History of Dobruja
History of Budjak
History of Bessarabia
History of Khmelnytskyi Oblast
History of Podolia
Fortifications in Ukraine
Buildings and structures in Constanța County
Bessarabia
Roman fortifications in Ukraine
Roman fortifications in Moldova
Roman fortifications in Romania
Roman frontiers
Linear earthworks |
4006749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZBM-TV | ZBM-TV | ZBM-TV (channel 20) is a television station in Hamilton, Bermuda, serving the British territory as an affiliate of CBS. It is owned by the Bermuda Broadcasting Company alongside ABC affiliate ZFB-TV (channel 19). The two stations share studios on Fort Hill Road in Devonshire Parish.
History
ZBM-TV was founded in 1958 by Bermuda Broadcasting Company as the first local television station in Bermuda. Before then, residents living near Kindley Field at the East End of Bermuda could watch television via unauthorized reception of the TV signal on base. An affiliation with CBS was added in 1960. The station transitioned to colour in 1968, possibly the first color television service on the island of Bermuda. Originally, ZBM-TV broadcast on channel 10, but in 1982, Capital Broadcasting Company merged with Bermuda Broadcasting Company, and ZBM-TV was moved to channel 9.
Technical information
Subchannel
Analog-to-digital conversion
On the week of March 9, 2016, Bermuda Broadcasting ended analog broadcasts and converted ZFB-TV and ZBM-TV to digital, with both services sharing a multiplex on channel 20. The transmitter was knocked out of service some time later when lightning struck the transmitter. In 2017, in time for the America's Cup, Bermuda Broadcasting completed an upgrade that added a second transmitter for ZFB, using virtual channel 19.7, allowing both ZFB and ZBM to broadcast in HD; it also replaced its radio transmitters. With the upgrade, ZBM began using virtual channel 20.9.
References
External links
Bermuda News media
Television stations in Bermuda
CBS network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1958
1958 establishments in Bermuda
Transnational network affiliates |
4006762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20history%20of%20Iran | Military history of Iran | The military history of Iran has been relatively well-documented, with thousands of years' worth of recorded history. Largely credited to its historically unchanged geographical and geopolitical condition, the modern-day Islamic Republic of Iran (historically known as Persia) has had a long and checkered military culture and history; ranging from triumphant and unchallenged ancient military supremacy, affording effective superpower status for its time; to a series of near-catastrophic defeats (beginning with the destruction of Elam) at the hands of previously subdued and conquered peripheral nations, most notably including the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon as well as the Asiatic nomadic tribes at the northeastern boundary of the lands traditionally home to the Iranian peoples.
Elam (3500 BCE–539 BCE)
Medes (678 BCE–549 BCE)
Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE)
The Achaemenid Empire (559 BC–330 BC) was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran. The empire possessed a "national army" of roughly 120.000-150.000 troops, plus several tens of thousands of troops from their allies.
The Persian army was divided into regiments of a thousand each, called hazarabam.
Ten hazarabams formed a haivarabam, or division. The best known haivarabam were the Immortals, the King's personal guard division. The smallest unit was the ten-man dathaba. Ten dathabas formed the hundred man sataba.
The royal army used a system of color uniforms to identify different units. A large variety of colors were used, some of the most common being yellow, purple, and blue. However, this system was probably limited to native Persian troops and was not used for their numerous allies.
The usual tactic employed by the Persians in the early period of the empire, was to form a shield wall that archers could fire over. These troops (called sparabara, or shield-bearers) were equipped with a large rectangular wicker shield called a spara, and armed with a short spear, measuring around six feet long.
Though equipped and trained to conduct shock action (hand-to-hand combat with spears, axes and swords), this was a secondary capability and the Persians preferred to maintain their distance from the enemy in order to defeat him with superior missile-power. The bow was the preferred missile-weapon of the Persians. At maximum rate of fire a sparabara haivarabam of 10,000 men could launch approximately 100,000 arrows in a single minute and maintain this rate for a number of minutes. Typically the Persian cavalry would open the battle by harassing the enemy with hit and run attacks - shooting arrows and throwing small javelins - while the Persian sparabara formed up their battle-array. Then the Persian cavalry would move aside and attempt to harass the flanks of the enemy. Defending against the Persian cavalry required the enemy infantry to congregate in dense static formations, which were ideal targets for the Persian archers. Even heavily armoured infantry like the Greek hoplites would suffer heavy casualties in such conditions. Enemy infantry formations that scattered to reduce casualties from the dense volleys of Persian arrows, were exposed to a close-in shock assault by the Persian cavalry. Torn by the dilemma between exposure to a gradual attrition by the arrows or to being overwhelmed by a cavalry charge on their flanks, most armies faced by the Persians succumbed.
The major weaknesses of the typical Persian tactics were that proper application of these tactics required:
a) A wide battlefield composed of fairly flat and expansive terrain that would not hinder the rapid movement of massed horses and where the cavalry could conduct proper flanking maneuvers.
b) Good coordination between the cavalry, infantry, and missile units.
c) An enemy inferior in mobility.
d) An enemy lacking a combined-arms military.
Most Persian failures can be attributed to one or more of these requirements not being met. Thus, the Scythians evaded the Persian army time and again because they were all mounted and conducted only hit-and-run raids on the Persians; at Marathon the Athenians deployed on a rocky mountainous slope and only descended to the plain after the Persian cavalry had reboarded their transport-ships - charging through the arrow-shower to conduct close-combat with spears and swords - a form of combat for which the Athenians were better equipped and better trained; at Thermopylae the Greek army deliberately deployed in a location that negated the Persians ability to use cavalry and missile-power, again forcing them to fight only head-on in close-combat and was forced to retreat only after the Persians were informed of a bypass that enabled them to circumvent this defensive position to defeat the Spartans; at Plataea the Persian attack was poorly coordinated and defeated piecemeal; Alexander the Great's Macedonian army that invaded the Persian empire was composed of a variety of infantry and cavalry types (combined-arms approach) that enabled it, together with Alexander's superior tactical generalship, to negate the Persian capabilities and, once again, force them to fight close-combat.
Seleucid Empire (312 BCE–63 BCE)
The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Great's dominion, including central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir and the Indus valley.
Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE)
Parthia was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran, but at the height of its power, the Parthian dynasty covered all of Iran proper, as well as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf, the coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and the UAE.
The Parthian empire was led by the Arsacid dynasty, led by the Parni, a confederation of Scythians which reunited and ruled over the Iranian plateau, after defeating and disposing the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, beginning in the late 3rd century BC, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between 150 BC and 224 AD. It was the third native dynasty of ancient Iran (after the Median and the Achaemenid dynasties). Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire for nearly three centuries.
After the Scythian-Parni nomads had settled in Parthia and built a small independent kingdom, they rose to power under king Mithridates the Great (171-138 BC). The power of the early Parthian empire seems to have been overestimated by some ancient historians, who could not clearly separate the powerful later empire from its more humble obscure origins. The end of this long-lived empire came in 224 AD, when the empire was loosely organized and the last king was defeated by one of the empire's vassals, the Persians of the Sassanid dynasty.
Sassanid Empire (224–651)
The birth of the Sassanid army dates back to the rise of Ardashir I (r. 226–241), the founder of the Sassanid dynasty, to the throne. Ardashir aimed at the revival of the Persian Empire, and to further this aim, he reformed the military by forming a standing army which was under his personal command and whose officers were separate from satraps, local princes and nobility. He restored the Achaemenid military organizations, retained the Parthian cavalry model, and employed new types of armour and siege warfare techniques. This was the beginning for a military system which served him and his successors for over 400 years, during which the Sassanid Empire was, along with the Roman Empire and later the East Roman Empire, one of the two superpowers of Late Antiquity in Western Eurasia. The Sassanid army protected Eranshahr ("the realm of Iran") from the East against the incursions of central Asiatic nomads like the Hephthalites, Turks, while in the west it was engaged in a recurrent struggle against its rival, the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire, setting on forth the conflict that had started since the time of their predecessors, the Parthians, and would end after around 720 years, making it the longest conflict in human history.
Arab-Muslim conquest (633–654)
The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity.
Most Muslim historians have long offered the idea that Persia, on the verge of the Arab invasion, was a society in decline and decay and thus it embraced the invading Arab armies with open arms. This view is not widely accepted however. Some authors have for example used mostly Arab sources to illustrate that "contrary to the claims, Iranians in fact fought long and hard against the invading Arabs." This view further more holds that once politically conquered, the Persians began engaging in a culture war of resistance and succeeded in forcing their own ways on the victorious Arabs.
Tahirid dynasty (821–873)
Although nominally subject to the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, the Tahirid rulers were effectively independent. The dynasty was founded by Tahir ibn Husayn, a leading general in the service of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. Tahir's military victories were rewarded with the gift of lands in the east of Persia, which were subsequently extended by his successors as far as the borders of India.
The Tahirid dynasty is considered to be the first independent dynasty from the Abbasid caliphate established in Khorasan. They were overthrown by the Saffarid dynasty, who annexed Khorasan to their own empire in eastern Persia.
Alavid dynasties (864–928)
The Alavids or Alavians were a Shia emirate based in Mazandaran of Iran. They were descendants of the second Shi'a Imam (Imam Hasan ibn Ali) and brought Islam to the south Caspian Sea region of Iran. Their reign was ended when they were defeated by the Samanid empire in 928 AD. After their defeat some of the soldiers and generals of the Alavids joined the Samanid dynasty. Mardavij the son of Ziar was one of the generals that joined the Samanids. He later founded the Ziyarid dynasty. Ali, Hassan and Ahmad the sons of Buye [bu:je] (that were founders of the Buyid or Buwayhid dynasty) were also among generals of the Alavid dynasty who joined the Samanid army.
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
The Saffarid dynasty ruled a short-lived empire in Sistan, which is a historical region now in southeastern Iran and southwestern Afghanistan. Their rule was between 861 and 1003.
The Saffarid capital was Zaranj (now in Afghanistan). The dynasty was founded by – and took its name from – Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, a man of humble origins who rose from an obscure beginning as a coppersmith (saffar) to become a warlord. He seized control of the Seistan region, conquering all of Afghanistan, modern-day eastern Iran, and parts of Pakistan. Using their capital (Zaranj) as base for an aggressive expansion eastwards and westwards, they overthrew the Tahirid dynasty and annexed Khorasan in 873. By the time of Ya'qub's death, he had conquered Kabul Valley, Sindh, Tocharistan, Makran (Baluchistan), Kerman, Fars, Khorasan, and nearly reaching Baghdad but then suffered defeat.
The Saffarid empire did not last long after Ya'qub's death. His brother and successor Amr bin Laith was defeated in a battle with the Samanids in 900. Amr bin Laith was forced to surrender most of their territories to the new rulers. The Saffarids were subsequently confined to their heartland of Sistan, with their role reduced to that of vassals of the Samanids and their successors.
Samanid Empire (819–999)
The Samanids (819–999) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Khuda who converted to Sunni Islam despite being from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility. It was among the first native Iranian dynasties in Greater Iran and Central Asia after the Arab conquest and the collapse of the Sassanid Persian empire.
Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090)
The Ziyarids, also spelled Zeyarids (زیاریان or آل زیار), were an Iranian dynasty that ruled in the Caspian sea provinces of Gorgan and Mazandaran from 930 to 1090 (also known as Tabaristan). The founder of the dynasty was Mardavij (from 930 to 935), who took advantage of a rebellion in the Samanid army of Iran to seize power in northern Iran. He soon expanded his domains and captured the cities of Hamadan and Isfahan.
Buyid dynasty (934–1062)
The Buyid dynasty were a Shī‘ah Persian dynasty that originated from Daylaman in Gilan. They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries.
Ghaznavid dynasty (977–1186)
The Ghaznavids were a Muslim dynasty of Turkic slave origin which existed from 975 to 1187 and ruled much of Persia, Transoxania, and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent.
The dynasty was founded by Sebuktigin upon his succession to rule of territories centered around the city of Ghazni from his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, a break-away ex-general of the Samanid sultans. Sebuktigin's son, Shah Mahmoud, expanded the empire in the region that stretched from the Oxus river to the Indus Valley and the Indian Ocean; and in the west it reached Rey and Hamadan. Under the reign of Mas'ud I it experienced major territorial losses. It lost its western territories to the Seljuqs in the Battle of Dandanaqan resulting in a restriction of its holdings to what is now Afghanistan, as well as Balochistan and the Punjab. In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to Ala al-Din Husayn of Ghur and the capital was moved to Lahore until its subsequent capture by the Ghurids in 1186.
Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
The Seljuqs were a Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. They set up an empire, the Great Seljuq Empire, which at its height stretched from Anatolia through Persia and which was the target of the First Crusade. The dynasty had its origins in the Turcoman tribal confederations of Central Asia and marked the beginning of Turkic power in the Middle East. After arriving in Persia, the Seljuqs adopted the Persian culture and are regarded as the cultural ancestors of the Western Turks – the present-day inhabitants of Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.
Khwarazmian Empire (1077–1231)
The Khwarezmian dynasty, also known as Khwarezmids or Khwarezm Shahs was a Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin.
They ruled Greater Iran in the High Middle Ages, in the period of about 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuqs, Kara-Khitan, and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.
The dynasty was founded by Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed the governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ud-Dīn Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm.
Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
The Ilkhanate was a Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, considered a part of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on Genghis Khan's campaigns in the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis's grandson, Hulagu, in what territories which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and western Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to Buddhism and Christianity, and sought a Franco-Mongol alliance with the Crusaders in order to conquer Palestine. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, embraced Islam.
Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)
Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)
Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)
The Jalayirids (آل جلایر) were a Mongol descendant dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol Khanate of Persia (or Ilkhanate) in the 1330s.
The Jalayirid sultanate lasted about fifty years, until disrupted by Tamerlane's conquests and the revolts of the "Black sheep Turks" or Kara Koyunlu. After Tamerlane's death in 1405, there was a brief unsuccessful attempt to re-establish the Jalayirid sultanate and Jalayirid sultanate was ended by Kara Koyunlu in 1432.
Timurid Empire (1370–1507)
The Timurids were a Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of originally Turko-Mongol descent whose empire included the whole of Central Asia, Iran, modern Afghanistan, as well as large parts of Pakistan, India, Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the Caucasus. It was founded by the militant conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century.
In the 16th century, Timurid prince Babur, the ruler of Ferghana, invaded India and founded the Mughal Empire, which ruled most of the Indian subcontinent until its decline after Aurangzeb in the early 18th century, and was formally dissolved by the British Empire after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans (1374–1468)
Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans (1378–1503)
Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
The Safavid rulers of Persia, like the Mamluks of Egypt, viewed firearms with distaste, and at first made little attempt to adopt them into their armed forces. Like the Mamluks they were taught the error of their ways by the powerful Ottoman armies. Unlike the Mamluks they lived to apply the lessons they had learnt on the battlefield. In the course of the sixteenth century, but still more in the seventeenth, the shahs of Iran took steps to acquire handguns and artillery pieces and to re-equip their forces with them. Initially, the principal sources of these weapons appears to have been Venice, Portugal, and England.
Despite their initial reluctance, the Persians very rapidly acquired the art of making and using handguns. A Venetian envoy, Vincenzo di Alessandri, in a report presented to the Council of Ten on 24 September 1572, observes:
"They used for arms, swords, lances, arquebuses, which all the soldiers carry and use; their arms are also superior and better tempered than those of any other nation. The barrels of the arquebuses are generally six spans long, and carry a ball little less than three ounces in weight. They use them with such facility that it does not hinder them drawing their bows nor handling their swords, keeping the latter hung at their saddle bows till occasion requires them. The arquebus is then put away behind the back so that one weapon does not impede the use of the other."
This picture of the Persian horseman, equipped for almost simultaneous use of the bow, sword, and firearm, aptly symbolized the dramatic and complexity of the scale of changes that the Persian Military was undergoing. While the use of personal firearms was becoming commonplace, the use of field artillery was limited and remained on the whole ineffective.
Shah Abbas (1587–1629) was instrumental in bringing about a 'modern' gunpowder era in the Persian army. Following the Ottoman Army model that had impressed him in combat the Shah set about to build his new army. He was much helped by two English brothers, Anthony and Robert Shirley, who went to Iran in 1598 with twenty-six followers and remained in the Persian service for a number of years. The brothers helped organize the army into an officer-paid and well-trained standing army similar to a European model. It was organized along three divisions: Ghilman ('crown servants or slaves' conscripted from hundreds of thousands of ethnic Circassians, Georgians, and Armenians), Tofongchis (musketeers), and Topchis (artillery-men)
Shah Abbas's new model army was massively successful and allowed him to re-unite parts of Greater Iran and expand his nations territories at a time of great external pressure and conflict.
The Safavid era also saw the mass integration of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Caucasians, notably Circassians, Georgians, Armenians, and other peoples of the Caucasus in Persian society, starting with the era of Shah Tahmasp I, and which would last all the way till the Qajar era. Originally only deployed for being fierce warriors and having beautiful women, this policy was notably significantly expanded under Shah Abbas I, who would use them as a complete new layer in Persian society, most notably to crush the power of the feudal Qizilbash. Under Abbas' own reign, some 200,000 Georgians, tens of thousands of Circassians, and 300,000 Armenians were deported to Iran. Many of them were, as above mentioned, put in the ghilman corps, but the larger masses were deployed in the regular armies, the civil administration, royal household, but also as labourers, farmers, and craftsmen. Many notorious Iranian generals and commanders were of Caucasian ancestry. Many of their descendants linger forth in Iran as the Iranian Georgians, Iranian Circassians, and Iranian Armenians (see Peoples of the Caucasus in Iran), and many millions of Iranians are estimated to have Caucasian ancestry as a following of this.
Upon the fall of the Safavid dynasty Persia entered into a period of uncertainty. The previously highly organized military fragmented and the pieces were left for the following dynasties to collect.
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Following the decline of the Safavid state a brilliant general by the name of Nader Shah took the reins of the country.
This period and the centuries following it were characterised by the rise in Russian power to Iran's north.
Following Nader Shah, many of the other leaders of the Afsharid dynasty were weak and the state they had built quickly gave way to the Qajars. As the control of the country de-centralised with the collapse of Nader Shah's rule, many of the peripheral territories of the Empire gained independence and only paid token homage to the Persian State.
One of the branches of service to benefit most from Nader's reforms was by far the artillery. During the reign of the Safavid dynasty gunpowder weapons were used to a relatively limited extent and were certainly not to be considered central to the Safavid military machine. Although most of Nader's military campaigns were conducted with an aggressive speed of advance which brought up difficulties in keeping up the heavy guns with the army's rapid marches, Nader placed great emphasis on enhancing his artillery units.
The main centres of Persian armament production were Amol, Kermanshah, Isfahan, Merv. These military factories achieved high levels of production and managed to equip the army with good quality cannon. However mobile workshops allowed for Nader to maintain his strategic mobility whilst preserving versatility in the deployment of heavy siege cannon when required.
Zand dynasty (1751–1794)
Qajar Empire (1789–1925)
The second half of the 18th Century saw a new dynasty take hold in Iran. The new Qajar dynasty was founded on slaughter and plunder of Iranians, particularly Zoroasterian Iranians. The Qajars, under their dynasty founder, Agha Mohammad Khan plundered and slaughtered the aristocrats of the previous Zand Dynasty. Following this, Agha Mohammad Khan was determined to regain all lost territories following the death of Nadir Shah. First on his was the Caucasus, and most notably Georgia. Iran had intermittently ruled most of the Caucasus since 1555, since the early days of the Safavid Dynasty, but while Iran was in chaos and tumult, many of their subjects had declared themselves quasi-independent, or in the case of the Georgians, had plotted an alliance with the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Georgievsk. Agha Mohammad Khan, furious at his Georgian subjects, starting his expedition with 60,000 cavalry under his command, defeated the Russian garrisons stationed there and drove them back out of the entire Caucasus in several important battles, and completely sacked Tbilisi, and carried of some 15,000 captives back to Iran. Following the capture of Georgia, Agha Mohammad Khan was murdered by two of his servants who feared they would be executed. The rise of the Qajars was very closely timed with Catherine the Great's order to invade Iran once again. During the Persian Expedition of 1796, Russian troops crossed the Aras River and invaded parts of Azarbaijan and Gilan, while they also moved to Lankaran with the aim of occupying Rasht again. His nephew and successor, Fath Ali Shah, after several successful campaigns of his own against the Afshars, with the help of Minister of War Mirza Assadolah Khan and Minister Amir Kabir created a new strong army, based on the latest European models, for the newly chosen Crown-Prince Abbas Mirza.
This period marked a serious decline in Persia's power and thus its military prowess. From here onwards the Qajar dynasty would face great difficulty in its efforts, due to the international policies mapped out by some western great powers and not Persia herself. Persia's efforts would also be weakened due to continual economic, political, and military pressure from outside of the country (see The Great Game), and social and political pressures from within would make matters worse.
With the consolidation of the Treaty of Georgievsk, Russia annexed eastern Georgia and Dagestan in 1801, dethroning the Bagrationi Dynasty. In 1803, Fath Ali Shah was determined to get Georgia and Dagestan back, and fearing Russia would march on more south towards Persia and the Ottoman Empire too, declared war on Russia. While starting with the upper hand, Russians were ultimately victorious in the Russo-Persian War (1806-1813). From the beginning, Russian troops had a great advantage over the Persians as they possessed much modern Artillery, the use of which had never sunk into the Persian army since the Safavid dynasty three centuries earlier. Nevertheless, the Persian army under the command of Abbas Mirza managed to win several victories over the Russians. Iran's inability to develop modern artillery during the preceding, and the Qajar, dynasty resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. This marked a turning point in the Qajar attitude towards the military.
Mining copper in Azerbaijan, Set Khan Astvatsatourian provided a catalyst for the reformation of the Persian military, as previously all large quantities of copper for cannon smelting had been imported from the Ottoman Empire. Set Khan's development of domestic artillery production not only helped further the Azerbaijan-based military reform, but also contributed to Abbas Mirza's realization of the critical importance of the use of foreign techniques and military technology in the Persian military. Abbas Mirza sent a large number of Persians to England to study Western military technology and at the same time he invited British officers to Persia to train the Persian forces under his command.
The army's transformation was phenomenal as can be seen from the Battle of Erzeroum (1821) where the new army routed an Ottoman army. This resulted in the Treaty of Erzurum whereby the Ottoman Empire acknowledged the existing frontier between the two empires. These efforts to continue the modernisation of the army through the training of officers in Europe continued until the end of the Qajar dynasty. With the exceptions of Russian and British militaries, the Qajar army of the time was unquestionably the most powerful in the region.
With his new army, Abbas Mirza invaded Russia in 1826. While in the first year of the war Persia managed to regain almost all lost territories, reaching almost Georgia and Dagestan too, the Persian army ultimately proved no match for the significantly larger and equally capable Russian army. The following Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 crippled Persia through the ceding of much of Persia's northern territories and the payment of a colossal war indemnity. The scale of the damage done to Persia through the treaty was so severe that The Persian Army and state would not regain its former strength till the rise and creation of the Soviet Union and the latter's cancellation of the economic elements of the treaty as 'tsarist imperialistic policies'. After these periods of Russo-Persian Wars, Russian influence in Persia rose significantly too.
The reigns of both Mohammad Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah also saw attempts by Persia to bring the city of Herat, occupied by the Afghans, again under Persian rule. In this, though the Afghans were no match for the Persian Army, the Persians were not successful, this time because of British intervention as part of the Great Game (See papers by Waibel and Esandari Qajar within the Qajar Studies source). Russia backed the Persian attacks, using Persia as a 'cat's paw' for expansion of its own interests. Britain feared the seizure of Herat would leave a route to attack British India controlled by a power friendly to Russia, and threatened Persia with closure of the trade of the Persian Gulf. When Persia abandoned its designs on Herat, the British no longer felt India was threatened. This, combined with growing Persian fears about Russian designs on their own country, led to the later period of Anglo-Persian military co-operation.
Ultimately, under the Qajars Persia was shaped into its modern form. Initially, under the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan Persia won back many of its lost territories, notably in the Caucasus, only to be lost again through a series of bitter wars with Russia. In the west the Qajars effectively stopped encroachment of their Ottoman arch-rival in the Ottoman–Persian War (1821–23) and in the east the situation remained fluid.
Foreign powers had an increasing influence over time including on the Qajar army. Nonetheless irregular forces, such as tribal cavalry, remained a major element into the late nineteenth century.
The Russian Empire established the Persian Cossack Brigade in 1879, a force which was led by Russian officers and served as a vehicle for influence in Iran. The brigade gave the Russian Empire influence over the modernization of the Qajar army. This was especially pronounced because the Persian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced.
During the Persian Constitutional Revolution, Qajar Iran was invaded by Russia to support the Shah, with British diplomatic support. This included the Russian occupation of Tabriz.
By the 1910s, the Qajar Iran was decentralised to the extent that foreign powers sought to bolster the central authority of the Qajars by providing military aid. It was viewed as a process of defensive modernisation; however, this also led to internal colonisation.
The Iranian Gendarmerie was founded in 1911 with the assistance of Sweden. The involvement of a neutral country was seen to avoid "Great Game" rivalry between Russia and Britain, as well as avoid siding with any particular alliance (in the prelude to World War I). Persian administrators thought the reforms could strengthen the country against foreign influences. The Swedish-influenced police had some success in building up Persian police in centralizing the country. After 1915, Russia and Britain demanded the recall of the Swedish advisers. Some Swedish officers left, while others sided with the Germans and Ottomans in their intervention in Persia. The remainder of the Gendarmerie was named amniya after a patrol unit that existed in the early Qajar dynasty.
The number of Russian officers in the Cossack Brigade would increase over time. Britain also sent sepoys to reinforce the Brigade. After the start of the Russian Revolution, many tsarist supporters remained in Persia as members of the Cossack Brigade rather than fighting for or against the Soviet Union.
The British formed the South Persia Rifles in 1916, which was initially separate from the Persian army until 1921.
In 1921, the Russian-officered Persian Cossack Brigade was merged with the gendarmerie and other forces, and would become supported by the British.
Ultimately, through Qajar rule the military institution was further developed and a capable and regionally superior military force was developed, which saw limited service during the Persian Campaign of the First World War.
At the end of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah's Pahlavi army would include members of the gendarmerie, Cossacks, and former members of the South Persia Rifles.
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)
When the Pahlavi dynasty came to power, the Qajar dynasty was already weak from years of war with Russia. The standing Persian army was almost non-existent. The new king Reza Shah Pahlavi, was quick to develop a new military, the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces. In part, this involved sending hundreds of officers to European and American military academies. It also involved having foreigners re-train the existing army within Iran. In this period a national air force (the Imperial Iranian Air Force) was established and the foundation for a new navy (the Imperial Iranian Navy) was laid.
Following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Both saw the newly opened Trans-Iranian Railroad as a strategic route to transport supplies from the Persian Gulf to the Soviet Union and were concerned that Reza Shah was sympathetic to the Axis powers, despite his declaration of neutrality. In August 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran and deposed him in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Following the end of the Second World War, both countries withdrew their military forces from Iran.
Following a number of clashes in April 1969, international relations with Iraq fell into a steep decline, mainly due to a dispute over the Shatt al-Arab (called Arvand) waterway in the 1937 Algiers Accord. Iran abrogated the 1937 accord and demanded a renegotiation which ended completely in its favor. Furthermore, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi embarked on an unprecedented modernisation program for the Iranian armed forces. In many cases Iran was being supplied with advanced weaponry even before it was supplied to the armed forces of the countries that developed it. During this period of strength Iran protected its interests militarily in the region: in Oman, the Dhofar Rebellion was crushed. In November 1971, Iranian forces seized control of three uninhabited but strategic islands at the mouth of the Persian Gulf; Abu Musa and the Tunb islands.
In the 1960s as Iran began to prosper from oil revenues, and diplomatic relations were established with many countries, Iran began to expand its military. In the 1960s it purchased Canada's fleet of 90 Canadair Sabre fighters armed with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. These aircraft were later sold to Pakistan.
In the early 1970s the Iranian economy saw record years of growth thanks to booming oil prices. By 1976, the Iranian GDP was the largest in the Greater Middle East. The Shah (king) of Iran set about modernising the Iranian military, intent on purchasing billions of dollars worth of the most sophisticated and advanced equipment and weaponry through countries like the United States and the United Kingdom.
Iran's purchases from the United States prior to the Iranian Revolution in 1979 included: 79 F-14 Tomcats, 455 M60 Patton tanks, 225 McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter planes, including 16 RF-4E reconnaissance variants; 166 Northrop F-5 Tiger II fighters and 15 Northrop RF-5A reconnaissance planes; 12 Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft and two decommissioned and modernised American destroyers, ( and ). As of 1976 Iran had acquired 500 M109 howitzers from the United States, 52 MIM-23 Hawk anti aircraft batteries with over 2000 missiles, over 2500 AGM-65 Maverick air to ground missiles and over 10,000 BGM-71 TOW missiles. Furthermore, Iran ordered hundreds of helicopters from the United States, notably 202 Bell AH-1J Sea Cobras, 100 Boeing CH-47C Chinooks and 287 Bell 214 helicopters.
Iran's purchases from the United Kingdom prior to the 1979 revolution included 1 decommissioned and modernized British destroyer (), 4 British-built frigates () and a vast array of missiles such as the Rapier and Seacat missile systems. Additionally Iran purchased several dozen hovercraft in the SR.N6 variety, 250 FV101 Scorpion light tanks and 790 Chieftain tanks.
Iran also notably received much of their ground armored equipment from the Soviet Union. These deals were usually bartered using cheap oil and natural gas from the Iranian side in exchange for Russian expertise, training and equipment. In regards to military equipment Iran ordered ZSU-23-4 artillery vehicles, BTR 300 BTR-60's along with 270 BTR-50s and 300 BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers.
The Imperial Iranian Army maintained the largest fleet of operational attack hovercraft in the world. These hovercraft's were obtained from various British and American companies and were later retrofitted with weaponry. In having this fleet the Iranian Army would be able to patrol shallow areas or the gulf and avoid minefields.
The Iranian military never received many of the orders placed in the late 1970s due to the Iranian Revolution occurring in February 1979. The list below seeks to highlight some of the major orders that were placed prior the Iranian revolution but never were completed or delivered.
In the late 1970s, Iran accelerated its orders from the United States in an attempt to outpace British, French and Chinese military orders. The Shah of Iran believed the Iran was destined to become a world super power, proudly led by one of the strongest militaries in the world. In regards to the Imperial Iranian Air Force from the US in 1976 Iran placed for 300 F-16 Fighting Falcons, a further 71 Grumman F-14 Tomcats on top of the 79 that had arrived. All of these orders were due in 1980. In September 1976 Iran formally requested the purchase 250 F-18 Hornet, however this order would not have arrived until 1985. In addition to this in late 1977 Iran ordered 7 Boeing E-3 AWACS command and control aircraft and 12 Boeing 707 jets designed to refuel planes in midair.
A massive order was made by the Iranian government in an attempt to modernize the Iranian Imperial Navy and give it capability to patrol the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. The Iranian Navy had placed an order for 4 s equipped with Standard missiles, Harpoon missiles, Phalanx CIWSs and Mark 46 torpedoes, 3 used retrofitted s (these were transferred rather than sold to Iran from the American military) equipped with sub Harpoon missiles. In addition the navy sought to acquire 39 Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime reconnaissance planes for ocean surveillance and anti-submarine warfare. Unlike the air force the Imperial Iranian Navy did not solely rely on American equipment and used a wide variety of suppliers. From Germany, Iran ordered 6 diesel type 209 submarines due to arrive in 1980 designed to protect Iran in the Indian Ocean. From Italy, Iran ordered 6 s, capable of anti-submarine warfare and outfitted with Otomat missiles. In 1978 Iran ordered 8 s from the Dutch, each one equipped with Mk. 46 torpedoes, Harpoon missiles and Sea Sparrow anti-aircraft missiles. In the same year Iran sought to order a further four s (similar in design to the Korteaer class). Iran had entered discussions with Great Britain as early as the late 1960s to purchase a nuclear powered aircraft carrier that would give Iran amphibious attack capabilities in the Indian Ocean. While initially interested in purchasing one CVA-01 aircraft carrier, which was later on cancelled by the British, Iran expressed interest in the s. Talks were in place for Iran to purchase 3 modified versions of these carriers however no official record stands to prove that such an order was placed. From France, Iran ordered 12 equipped with Harpoon missiles. Of this order, approximately 6 were delivered and the subsequent 6 cancelled.
During this same time-frame in the 1970s the Imperial Iranian Army was making several advancements and placing massive orders to keep up with other divisions of the military. To reinforce the ground troops the Iranians ordered 500 M109 howitzer's, 455 M60 Patton A3 tanks were ordered from the Americans. The largest order was placed from the British for 2000 Chieftain tanks, which had been specifically designed for the Iranian Army. Some other major equipment on order included hundreds of Russian BMP-1 outfitted with anti-tank missiles. In addition the Iranians sought to strengthen their position in the Strait of Hormuz by setting up missile sites in the close vicinity.
When the Carter administration turned down Iran's request for nuclear capable missiles, they turned to the Israelis. They were working on the Project Flower ballistic missiles with Israel.
In addition to these developments, the government of Iran had begun alongside American and British corporations to enter the licensed manufacturing of several different types of military equipment. Iran was very active in manufacturing Bell Helicopters, Boeing Helicopters and TOW missiles. As well many bases were under construction to house all of the military equipment. Two very notable and large bases that were to be built were in Abadan, where a massive infantry unit and airforce would serve to protect Iran from any Iraqi aggression, while the other in Chabahar was to house a port capable of housing submarines and aircraft carriers which would serve to allow Iran to patrol the Indian Ocean.
At this time Iran was investing over $10bn in the construction of nuclear stations, 8 locations would be built by the Americans, 2 by the Germans and 2 by the French, for its 23,000 MW nuclear project which could produce enough uranium for 500-600 warheads.
Iran contributed to United Nations peacekeeping operations. It joined the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) in the 1960s, and ten years later, Iranian troops joined the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) on the Golan Heights.
Gallery of Pahlavi-era service crests
Islamic Republic of Iran
Under Ruhollah Khomeini (1979–1989)
In 1979, the year of the revolution in which Ayatollah Khomeini, who had been exiled by the shah for 15 years, heightened the rhetoric against the "Great Satan" and focused popular anger on the United States and its embassy in Tehran, the Shah's departure was consummated. The Iranian military thereupon experienced a 60% desertion from its ranks. Following the ideological principles of the Islamic revolution in Iran, the new revolutionary government sought to strengthen its domestic situation by conducting a purge of senior military personnel closely associated with the Pahlavi Dynasty. It is still unclear how many were dismissed or executed. The purge encouraged the dictator of Iraq, Saddam Hussein to view Iran as disorganised and weak, leading to the Iran–Iraq War.
The indecisive eight-year Iran-Iraq War (IIW), which began on 22 September 1980 when Iraq invaded Iran, wreaked havoc on the region and the Iranian military. After it expanded into the Persian Gulf, where it led to clashes between the United States Navy and Iran (1987-1988), the IIW ended on 20 August 1988 when both parties accepted a UN-brokered ceasefire.
On 26 August 1988, the UN published Security Council Resolution 620 because it was "deeply dismayed" and "profoundly concerned" that both Iran and Iraq had employed chemical weapons on an indiscriminate basis, and called
Under Ali Khamenei (1989–present)
Following the IIW an ambitious military rebuilding program was set into motion with the intention to create a fully fledged military industry. Islamic Iran has always striven to foster and develop the nuclear science industry it captured from the Shah. In 2002 George W. Bush tagged Iran with the label Axis of evil, and in 2003, the Proliferation Security Initiative was born. The IAEA became concerned around this time with Iran's potential weaponization of nuclear technology, and that led in 2006 to the formation of the P5+1 consortium, which signed in 2015 with Iran the now-imperilled JCPOA that was designed to prevent nuclear weaponization by Iran.
Regionally, since the Islamic Revolution, Iran has sought to exert its influence by supporting various groups (militarily and politically). It openly supports Hezbollah in Lebanon in order to influence Lebanon and threaten Israel. Various Kurdish groups are also supported as needed in order to maintain control of its Kurdish regions. In neighbouring Afghanistan, Iran supported the Northern Alliance for over a decade against the Taliban, and nearly went to war against the Taliban in 1998.
Under Khamenei, and especially in the decade from 2010, Iran has made no secret of its ambitions as a regional-class power. It was formally excluded from participation in the Iraq War (2003-2011). Its contention with the Saudi Arabia, especially as one of the sponsors of the Houthi rebellion in Yemen, and its military aid to Syria over the course of the Syrian Civil War mark it as a threat to the status quo Pax Americana, under which flourish minor Sunni Emirates along the West coast of the Persian Gulf.
In September 2019, as joint military exercises with Russia and China in the Gulf of Oman and the Indian Ocean were announced, President Rouhani declared to America and the G7 Nations that
Gallery of Islamic Republic service crests
See also
History of the Iranian Air Force
Military of Iran
Central Treaty Organization
References
Further reading
The Middle East: 2000 Years of History From The Rise of Christianity to the Present Day, Bernard Lewis, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995.
Qajar Studies: War and Peace in the Qajar Era, Journal of the Qajar Studies Association, London: 2005. |
4006772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSK%20Cup | CSK Cup | The CSK Cup is a Go competition.
Outline
The CSK Cup is sponsored by CSK. The venue for the tournament is played in Okinawa, Japan, every year. The tournament is in team format, where 4 countries pick five players to compete against 5 players from the other countries. The countries that compete are:
Japan
South Korea
China
Taiwan
The winners prize is 20 million Yen ($171,000) and is split up between team members so everyone receives 4 million Yen ($43,000). Second place prize is 10 million Yen ($86,000), third place receives 6 million Yen ($51,000) and fourth place receives 4 million Yen ($34,000).
Past winners & Runner up's
International Go competitions |
4006786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20School%20Musical%202 | High School Musical 2 | High School Musical 2 is a 2007 American musical television film written by Peter Barsocchini and directed by Kenny Ortega. The 70th Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM), it is the sequel to High School Musical (2006) and the second installment in the High School Musical franchise, the film stars Zac Efron, Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Lucas Grabeel, Corbin Bleu, and Monique Coleman. In High School Musical 2, Troy Bolton (Efron), Gabriella Montez (Hudgens), and the Wildcats find summer jobs at a country club, but tensions rise when Sharpay Evans (Tisdale) recruits Bolton for a talent show performance.
High School Musical 2 retained Utah as a central filming location with a return to East High School, while Entrada at Snow Canyon Country Club was adopted as the Evans' country club. Additional scenes were filmed in Los Angeles.
Upon the film's release on August 17, 2007, it broke a plethora of viewership records as it became the most commercially successful Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) ever produced. In the U.S., High School Musical 2 generated 17 million viewers in its premiere broadcast, smashing the record of its predecessor by over ten million, while the figure remains the highest the network has ever produced. It also ranked as the highest-rated basic cable telecast at the time.
The film's soundtrack also enjoyed widespread success; it was certified double platinum in its first week as it debuted at number one in the United States. Additionally, its lead single, "What Time Is It?", reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100. The film and soundtrack received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences, with many considering it better than the first film.
A sequel, High School Musical 3: Senior Year, was released theatrically in 2008.
Plot
The school year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation ("What Time Is It?"). Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez, who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother. Troy eventually decides to look for a summer job to gain money for college.
Sharpay and Ryan Evans plan to spend the summer at their family's country club, Lava Springs ("Fabulous"), but Sharpay's summer plans also include pursuing Troy, whom she has arranged for to be hired at the club. However, Troy convinces the club's manager, Mr. Fulton, into hiring Gabriella and their close group of friends as well, including Taylor and Chad. Sharpay is enraged upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards but is unable to get her fired, so she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would want to quit. Fulton attempts to intimidate the group, but Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ("Work This Out").
Troy continues to worry about funding for college. Sharpay senses his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted to the University of Albuquerque's senior basketball team, hoping that this will convince him to sing with her at the talent show. Meanwhile, Kelsi writes a song for Troy and Gabriella and they agree to sing with their friends in the show ("You Are The Music In Me"), not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his attention. In the extended version, Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares for a date with Gabriella by performing their own song ("Humuhumunukunukuapua'a"), much to Troy's annoyance.
Ryan realizes he does not mean much to Sharpay anymore, as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity to perform with Troy. This leads to tension between the siblings, and Ryan angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders. Taylor and Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game, where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show ("I Don't Dance").
Troy and Gabriella's relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella, sparking jealousy. Owing to a "promise" from Troy, he and Sharpay rehearse another song for the talent show ("You Are The Music In Me (Sharpay Version)"). Troy also gets into a argument with Chad for abandoning his friends, due to his perceived change of personality after being promoted by Sharpay.
When Sharpay discovers that Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show, she furiously orders Mr. Fulton to ban all staff members from performing. Gabriella confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs. Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her mind. Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ("Gotta Go My Own Way"), leaves Lava Springs, and returns her necklace, which he had given to her after school ended.
Troy returns to work the next day to find that his friends refuse to talk to them, following his earlier argument with Chad. Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice from Mr. Fulton, causing Troy to question his own motivations ("Bet On It") and confronts Sharpay, informing her that he will not sing with her. He then reconciles with Chad and apologizes to the Wildcats for his absence. They convince him to perform in the talent show, which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform as well.
At Sharpay's supposed instruction, Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show. As Troy goes onstage, he asks Sharpay why she switched the song, and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother tricked her. Troy sings the song ("Everyday"), until Gabriella and the Wildcats joins him onstage. In the end, Sharpay proudly presents her brother, Ryan, with the award for the talent show. After the talent show, all the Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks ("You Are the Music In Me" (Reprise)), and everyone in Lava Springs celebrates the end of the summer with a pool party ("All for One"), which features a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus.
Cast
Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) is Gabriella's boyfriend, the most popular male student at East High School and the captain of the varsity basketball team. For this movie, Efron did all of his own singing, whereas, in the first High School Musical, his singing was blended with singer Drew Seeley's voice.
Gabriella Montez (Vanessa Hudgens) is Troy's girlfriend who is relieved that she will still be attending East High. She is the lifeguard at the Lava Springs Country Club until Sharpay's actions cause her to quit and break up with Troy.
Sharpay Evans (Ashley Tisdale) is Ryan's primadonna twin sister determined to win the talent show while also vying for Troy's attention and doing anything to help him.
Ryan Evans (Lucas Grabeel) is Sharpay's twin brother who lives in the shadow of his primadonna sister.
Chad Danforth (Corbin Bleu) is Troy's best friend and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke.
Taylor McKessie (Monique Coleman) is Gabriella's best friend. She is also friends with Kelsi Nielsen and Martha Cox and is dating Chad. She is captain of the school Scholastic Decathlon team. She has a summer job at Lava Springs as an Activities Coordinator.
Thomas Fulton (Mark L. Taylor) is the manager of Lava Springs.
Coach Jack Bolton (Bart Johnson) is Troy's father and East High's basketball coach.
Darby Evans (Jessica Tuck) is Sharpay and Ryan's mother and president of the Lava Springs Board.
Vance Evans (Robert Curtis Brown) is Sharpay and Ryan's father.
Ms. Darbus (Alyson Reed) is the stern drama teacher at East High.
Zeke Baylor (Chris Warren Jr.) is friends with Troy and Chad and plays for the basketball team.
Jason Cross (Ryne Sanborn) is friends with Troy, Chad, and Zeke and plays on the basketball team.
Kelsi Nielsen (Olesya Rulin) is friends with Gabriella and Taylor and a pianist and composer.
Martha Cox (Kaycee Stroh) is friends with Gabriella, Kelsi, and Taylor.
Jackie (Tanya Chisholm) is one of Sharpay’s friends (a.k.a. The Sharpettes).
Lucille Bolton (Leslie Wing Pomeroy) is Troy's mother.
Lea (Kelli Baker) is another Sharpette.
Emma (McCall Clark) is another Sharpette.
Unknown Wildcats player (Shane Harper) is the principal dancer.
Girl At Pool (Miley Cyrus) is an unknown dancer at the end (cameo).
Release
The premiere of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17, 2007, and included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie's cast. On Saturday, August 18, Disney Channel aired "High School Musical 2: Wildcat Chat", in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans. On August 19, Disney aired a sing-along version of the movie. On May 23, DirecTV announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high-definition airing of the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network-only channel, The 101.
Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High School Musical 2, beginning on June 8, 2007, and leading up to the premiere of High School Musical 2 in August. The show offered viewers a behind-the-scenes look into the production of the movie. The world premiere of the opening number "What Time Is It" was on Radio Disney May 25, 2007, and similarly "You Are The Music In Me" premiered on July 13, 2007.
On December 11, 2007, the movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray titled High School Musical 2: Extended Edition. On September 15, 2008, a 2-disc special edition of the movie was released titled High School Musical 2: Deluxe Dance Edition.
Songs
Reception
Viewership
The first broadcast of the film on August 17, 2007, broke records, receiving 17.2 million viewers. This number made it, at the time, the most-watched basic-cable telecast in history (the previous record was held by an edition of ESPN's Monday Night Football between the New York Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23, 2006, which attracted 16 million viewers), the most-watched made-for-cable movie ever (the previous record was held by TNT's January 21, 2001, airing of Crossfire Trail, which brought in 12.5 million viewers), and the largest audience of any program on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season, along with Friday nights for the past five years. Ratings for the second showing of the movie fell to 8.4 million, and the third showing fell to 7.4 million, totaling the premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers.
In Latin America, the premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north region. The film was the most-watched in its schedule, among all cable channels, and produced the highest rating of the channel, surpassing all original films of Disney Channel. Among other records, the premiere in Argentina surpassed the debut of High School Musical the last year, in a 107 percent, while in Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent, and Mexico did so with 61 percent. In the United Kingdom, the movie became Disney Channel UK's most viewed program ever, totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 23 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Surprisingly better than its predecessor, High School Musical 2 returns to enchant tweens with its snappy songs, wicked dance moves, and peppy spirit." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
USA Today'''s Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four, saying High School Musical 2 was "sweet, smart, bursting with talent and energy, and awash in innocence". While critics enjoyed the film, they noted that the timing of the movie's premiere seemed odd, premiering just when school was about to start up again, while the movie's plot involved the gang going on summer vacation. High School Musical 2 won the "So Hot Right Now" award at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2007, in which High School Musical castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas.
High School Musical 2: On Stage!
Like the original High School Musical'', the sequel has been adapted into two different theatrical productions: a one-act, 70-minute version and a two-act full-length production. This stage production includes the song "Hummuhummunukunukuapua'a" that was left out of the original movie but included in the DVD. Through Music Theater International, Disney Theatrical began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008. MTI had originally recruited 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full-length adaptation, but due to complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score, all but two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program.
On May 18, 2008, Woodlands High School became the first school to produce High School Musical 2.
From July 17–August 3, 2008, Harrell Theatre, in Collierville, Tennessee, was the first community theatre to perform the production, which featured both a senior cast and a junior cast.
From January 15–February 15, 2009, the West Coast premiere production was presented by Pacific Repertory Theatre's School of Dramatic Arts. The production was directed by PacRep founder Stephen Moorer, who previously directed the California premiere of the first High School Musical.
From April 6–18, 2009, the UK Premiere was performed by StageDaze Theatre Company in Cardiff.
Awards
References
External links
Disneychannel-asia.com, Official Asia site.
Adisney.go.com, Official Aggregate site
Disney Channel Original Movie films
High School Musical films
2000s high school films
2007 television films
2007 films
American children's comedy films
2000s musical comedy films
Films directed by Kenny Ortega
Films shot in Salt Lake City
Films set in New Mexico
Television sequel films
American teen musical films
2000s English-language films |
4006787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seckford%20Hall | Seckford Hall | Seckford Hall is a Tudor period house in Seckford Hall Road, Great Bealings, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. In the same road are Seckford Golf Club and Seckford Farm. The hall is now a luxury hotel.
The hall was constructed in the 1530s as the family home of Thomas Seckford. It is built of local brick in two storeys to an E-shaped plan with a 9-bay frontage. The hall passed down in the Seckford family until 1673, when it was bequeathed to Seckford Cage, after which it passed through several hands by purchase.
A wartime stay after leaving school in 1915 inspired a teenage Enid Blyton.
In May 1940 Sir Ralph Harwood purchased the neglected building from a demolition contractor, but it was soon afterwards commandeered by the Army for the duration of the Second World War. The property was returned after the war and early in 1946 Sir Ralph began to restore and modernise the property using materials rescued from other stately homes and churches. In 1950 the property was acquired by the Bunn family and converted to a first-class country house hotel and restaurant. The hotel is said to contain furniture that was once used in Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, including the chair that King Henry VII is said to have died on.
The hotel again changed hands in September 2012.
References
External links
Seckford Hall website
Seckford Hall, Images of England
Grade II* listed buildings in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
Country houses in Suffolk |
4006831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20French%20Open | 1985 French Open | The 1985 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 27 May until 9 June. It was the 89th staging of the French Open, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1985.
The event was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix and 1985 Virginia Slims World Championship Series.
Finals
Men's singles
Mats Wilander defeated Ivan Lendl, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–2
It was Wilander's 4th career Grand Slam title, and his 2nd French Open title.
Women's singles
Chris Evert defeated Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–7(4-7), 7–5
It was Evert's 17th career Grand Slam title, and her 6th French Open title.
Men's doubles
Mark Edmondson / Kim Warwick defeated Schlomo Glickstein / Hans Simonsson, 6–3, 6–4, 6–7, 6–3
Women's doubles
Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver defeated Claudia Kohde-Kilsch / Helena Suková, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2
Mixed doubles
Martina Navratilova / Heinz Günthardt defeated Paula Smith / Francisco González, 2–6, 6–3, 6–2
Prize money
Total prize money for the event was FF19,895,600.
References
External links
French Open official website
1985 Virginia Slims World Championship Series
1985 Grand Prix (tennis)
1985 in French tennis
1985 in Paris |
4006836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons%20of%20the%20R%C3%A9union%20department | Cantons of the Réunion department | The following is a list of the 25 cantons of the Réunion department, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
L'Étang-Salé
Le Port
La Possession
Saint-André-1
Saint-André-2
Saint-André-3
Saint-Benoît-1
Saint-Benoît-2
Saint-Denis-1
Saint-Denis-2
Saint-Denis-3
Saint-Denis-4
Sainte-Marie
Saint-Joseph
Saint-Leu
Saint-Louis-1
Saint-Louis-2
Saint-Paul-1
Saint-Paul-2
Saint-Paul-3
Saint-Pierre-1
Saint-Pierre-2
Saint-Pierre-3
Le Tampon-1
Le Tampon-2
References
Geography of Réunion
Reunion 2 |
4006847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing%20JazzFest | Lansing JazzFest | The Lansing JazzFest is a free music festival that takes place each year in the summer in Lansing, Michigan. It showcases nationally, regionally, and locally known jazz artists such as Marcus Belgrave, the Professors of Jazz at MSU (Rodney Whitaker, Randy Gelispie, Diego Rivera, Derrick Gardner, Sunny Wilkinson, and Rick Roe), Eric Reed, Michael Kaeshammer, Straight Ahead, Don Phillips, Lisa Smith and Mike Skory, Sunrise II, Jazz Doggs, Tyrone Johnson, the Claudia Schmidt Quartet, Dick Fizzell & the Dixieland Express, Tim Cunningham, Francis Kofi, Betty Joplin, Sheila Landis, Ritmo, Patti Richards, Los Gatos, and more.
The festival welcomes nearly 15,000 attendees over the weekend.
History
The Lansing JazzFest began in 1995 when the Old Town Business and Art Development Association, having successfully produced OctoberFest (now the Old Town BluesFest), discovered that music festivals are an excellent way to encourage people to visit and enjoy Old Town Lansing. The local jazz radio station, 89.7 WLNZ, signed on as a founding media sponsor, and Message Makers, a local media company, became its founding business sponsor. In the festival's early days, local musicians donated their time to play at JazzFest, and volunteers from the local community pitched in to see that the 4,000-5,000 people in attendance had a good time. The Lansing JazzFest is the only mid-Michigan festival to increase consistently in attendance every year since its beginning.
A virtual show is planned in September 2020 as live shows were cancelled caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
See also
Detroit International Jazz Festival
External links
Jazz festivals in the United States
Music festivals in Michigan
Tourist attractions in Lansing, Michigan
Economy of Lansing, Michigan |
4006852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZNS-TV | ZNS-TV | ZNS (Zephyr Nassau Sunshine) is a national television broadcaster operated by the state-owned Broadcasting Corporation of The Bahamas (BCB). ZNS-TV's two transmitters, serving Nassau and Freeport, are the only over-the-air TV stations in the country. The rest of the country receives these channels (and a privately owned station) via Cable Bahamas, a privately held company that maintained an exclusive licence to operate cable TV services until 2009.
BCB also owns ZNS-1 AM Radio 1540 (a clear-channel station), its repeater, ZNS-1 on 104.5, ZNS-2 AM 1240, 107.9 "Inspiration 107.9 FM" in Nassau, and ZNS-3 AM 810 / FM 104.5 "Power 104.5" in Freeport.
History
ZNS radio was founded in 1937 to broadcast hurricane warnings to the islands throughout the archipelago. At its inception, the station broadcast for two hours a day, featuring news and musical recordings from the BBC and Nassau sources. The radio station eventually established another transmitter in Freeport on the island of Grand Bahama.
ZNS-TV launched in Nassau on New Providence Island in 1977. The station aired programming to entertain, educate and inform. It aired sitcoms, sports, dramas, and even movies. In 1992, the stations started to air only public affairs programming.
In October 2010, the BCB implemented a major restructuring exercise in which approximately 80 employees were made redundant. This event sparked much public debate. The government offered a severance package to employees who separated from the company. One reason for restructuring was that the previous governments had declared the BCB to be a major strain on the public purse, bringing in little revenue. The further reason for the downsizing was to enable the corporation's transition to a public broadcasting service.
The people behind the changes were then Minister of National Security with Responsibilities for Broadcasting, Hon. Tommy Turnquest, and the chairman of BCB, Michael Moss, along with his board and managers. Payouts were reported to cost the government around $4 million. Many of those who received separation packages and termination letters generally were unhappy, because it did not reflect their years of service. However, the government maintained that the separation package was generous, considering the economic climate in the country and that they were greater than required by law. In addition to the monetary payouts, those affected were provided with health insurance for 12 months.
On 14 December 2011, ZNS-TV announced that it was planning on converting to ATSC digital terrestrial television, with the additional capability of adding a mobile DTV feed.
In 2017, ZNS-TV shut down its on-channel repeater in Freeport, ZNS-TV-1 (also using VHF 13), and substantially reduced power at its remaining transmitter in Nassau.
See also
Television in the Bahamas
List of the Caribbean television channels
References
External links
Official website
Television stations in the Bahamas
Publicly funded broadcasters
State media
Television channels and stations established in 1977
1977 establishments in the Bahamas |
4006853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoire | Catoire | Catoire is a surname of French origin. Notable people with the surname include:
Georgy Catoire (1861–1926), Russian composer of French heritage
Jean Catoire (1923–2005), French composer
See also
Surnames of French origin |
4006857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Elizabeth%20of%20Toro | Princess Elizabeth of Toro | Princess Elizabeth of Toro (Elizabeth Christobel Edith Bagaaya Akiiki; born 1936) is the Batebe (Princess Royal) of the Kingdom of Toro. She is a Ugandan lawyer, politician, diplomat, and model. She was the first East African woman to be admitted to the English Bar. She is a paternal aunt of the King of Toro, Rukidi IV. She briefly served as minister of foreign affairs under Idi Amin from February to November 1974.
Early life and education
The Princess was born in 1936 to Rukidi III of Toro, the eleventh Omukama of Toro who reigned between 1928 and 1965. Her mother was Queen Kezia, a daughter of Nikodemo Kakoro, a senior chief. Her title from birth was Omubiitokati or Princess.
After finishing elementary school from the present Kyebambe Girls' Secondary School, she was sent to Gayaza High School, a girls' boarding school in Buganda, followed by Sherborne School for Girls in England, where she was the only black student. "I felt that I was on trial and that my failure to excel would reflect badly on the entire black race," she later wrote. After one year, she was accepted into Girton College, Cambridge, the third African woman to be admitted to the University of Cambridge in the institution's history. In 1962, she graduated from Cambridge with a law degree. Three years later, in 1965, the princess became a barrister-at-law, becoming the first woman from East Africa to be admitted to the English Bar.
Royal life and modelling
Around this time, her father died, and her brother Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Olimi was enthroned as Olimi III, the twelfth Omukama of Toro, who reigned from 1965 until 1995. At the coronation, Elizabeth received the title and office of Batebe (Princess Royal), which traditionally made her the most powerful woman in the Toro Kingdom and the most trusted adviser of the king.
King Fredrick Mutesa II of Buganda, another of Uganda's traditional kingdoms, was now the president, with Prime Minister Milton Obote. Barely one year after the coronation of the Omukama Olimi III, Obote attacked the Buganda Palace, sending Edward Muteesa II into exile, and declared himself president. Soon, he abolished all Ugandan traditional kingdoms, including Toro. Elizabeth was afraid for her brother's life, but he escaped to London.
Elizabeth later completed an internship at a law firm, and became Uganda's first female lawyer. She was a virtual prisoner in her own country until Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom sent her an invitation to model in a charity fashion show. The princess was a smash hit, and soon became a highly successful fashion model, being featured in many magazines. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis met Elizabeth at a party, and convinced her to move to New York City. In 1971, Obote was overthrown by General Amin, and Elizabeth returned to Uganda. Amin's rule was arguably even more repressive than Obote's, with Amin executing and imprisoning many people. In 1974, Amin appointed Elizabeth minister of foreign affairs.
Exile and return
In February 1975, Elizabeth escaped to Kenya, then to Vienna, then to London. Four years later, Elizabeth returned to Uganda to help with the country's first free national elections, which were won by Obote, who continued killing his enemies. Elizabeth and her lover, Prince Wilberforce Nyabongo, son of Prince Leo Sharp Ochaki, escaped to London in 1980 and married in 1981. In 1984, Elizabeth played the part of Shaman in the Columbia Pictures film Sheena: Queen of the Jungle
Finally in 1985, Obote was overthrown and following a brief period of military rule, was replaced by Yoweri Museveni. In 1986, Elizabeth was appointed ambassador to the United States, a job she held until 1988. Later that year, Nyabongo, an aviation engineer, was killed in a plane crash at the age of 32.
Following the death of her husband, Elizabeth opted to leave public service and get involved in charity work, in addition to being an official guardian of her brother's son, Rukidi IV, who was born in 1992 and has been the reigning Toro monarch since 1995. Following a period of service as Uganda's Ambassador to Germany and the Vatican, Elizabeth accepted an appointment as Uganda's High Commissioner to Nigeria.
See also
First female lawyers around the world
Juliana Kanyomozi
References
Bibliography
Hassen, Joyce. African Princess. New York: Hyperion, 2004
Elizabeth of Toro. Elizabeth of Toro: The Odyssey of an African Princess. New York: Simon and Schuster.
External links
Biography of Elizabeth Bagaaya
Princess Elizabeth Bagaaya of Toro
Toro royal family site
Princess Elizabeth Bagaaya
Unto she who has, more shall be given and even more demanded
Toro
Toro people
Elizabeth of Toro
Foreign Ministers of Uganda
Elizabeth of Toro, Princess
Ugandan royalty
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
Ambassadors of Uganda to the United States
People educated at Gayaza High School
High Commissioners of Uganda to Nigeria
Living people
Ugandan female models
Female foreign ministers
Ugandan women ambassadors
People educated at Sherborne Girls
Ambassadors of Uganda to the Holy See
Ugandan lawyers
Ugandan women lawyers |
4006860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percutaneous%20tibial%20nerve%20stimulation | Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation | Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), also referred to as posterior tibial nerve stimulation, is the least invasive form of neuromodulation used to treat overactive bladder (OAB) and the associated symptoms of urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence. These urinary symptoms may also occur with interstitial cystitis and following a radical prostatectomy. Outside the United States, PTNS is also used to treat fecal incontinence.
PTNS can be used as a primary therapy. Treatment for overactive bladder and fecal incontinence may begin with pharmacological therapies before PTNS is administered. Unlike the variety of OAB drugs available PTNS is more effective and produces far fewer side-effects. Nearly 80% of patients discontinue use (mean of 4.8 months) of drugs within the first year with as high as 17% of discontinuation being due to adverse side-effects. Neuromodulation is emerging as an effective modality to treat patients who are not successful with conservative methods and its demonstrated efficacy has been the topic of multiple publications.
Medical uses
Urinary incontinence
PTNS appears to be effective at improving the number of times a person who has overactive bladder syndrome needs to urinate, although the mechanism for this is unclear. It appears to work as well as medication, but with fewer side effects.
Fecal incontinence
A meta-review that considered mostly low quality studies found tentative evidence of a benefit for PTNS in fecal incontinence. However, a more recent high quality study however did not identify a benefit.
Procedure
A patient sits comfortably with the treatment leg elevated. A fine needle electrode is inserted into the lower, inner aspect of the leg, slightly cephalad/rostral to the medial malleolus. As the goal is to send stimulation through the tibial nerve, it is important to have the needle electrode near (but not on) the tibial nerve. A surface electrode (grounding pad) is placed over the medial aspect of the calcaneus on the same leg. The needle electrode is then connected to an external pulse generator which delivers an adjustable electrical pulse that travels to the sacral plexus via the tibial nerve. Among other functions, the sacral nerve plexus regulates bladder and pelvic floor function.
With correct placement of the needle electrode and level of electrical impulse, there is often an involuntary toe flex or fan, or an extension of the entire foot. However, for some patients, the correct placement and stimulation may only result in a mild sensation in the ankle area or across the sole of the foot.
The treatment protocol requires once-a-week treatments for 12 weeks, 30 minutes per session. Many patients begin to see improvements by the 6th treatment. Patients who respond to treatment may require occasional treatments (about once every three weeks) to sustain improvements.
PTNS is a low-risk procedure. The most common side-effects with PTNS treatment are temporary and minor, resulting from the placement of the needle electrode. They include minor bleeding, mild pain and skin inflammation.
Research and market approval
The methodology was first invented by Dr. Marshall Stoller at UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, and was first known as the SANS (Stoller Afferent Nerve Stimulator) protocol.
In 2000, Stoller reported that 98 patients were treated with the SANS device with an approximate 80% success rate in treating urge incontinence syndrome, including urgency and frequency. In a corroborative multi-center study by Govier, et al., 71% of patients achieved success. Additionally, in a study by Shafik, et al., 78% of patients achieved a long-term improvement in faecal incontinence when treated with PTNS.
Regulatory clearances were based on these data. A PTNS device received FDA-clearance for urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence in 2000; in 2010, the clearance was updated to include Overactive Bladder (OAB). A PTNS device received the CE mark for urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence and fecal incontinence in 2005.
Since 2005, Uroplasty has marketed the Urgent PC Neuromodulation System. In 2015, Medtronic acquired Advanced Uro-Solutions for its PTNS therapy, and began marketing the NURO PTNM System in 2016
U.S. reimbursement
Effective January 1, 2011, the PTNS procedure will be billed under the new CPT code 64566, with the descriptor "Posterior tibial neurostimulation, percutaneous needle electrode, single treatment, includes programming."
U.K. NICE guidance
In October 2010, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) issued NICE Interventional Procedure Guidance 362 supporting the use of Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation (PTNS) as a routine treatment for Overactive Bladder syndrome. Highlights of the NICE guidance include:
Evidence shows that PTNS is effective in reducing symptoms in the short and medium term.
There are no major safety concerns.
It can be offered routinely as a treatment option for people with overactive bladder provided that doctors are sure that the patients understand what is involved and agree to the treatment and that the results of the procedure are monitored.
A NICE guidance for fecal incontinence is currently under review.
Transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation
Recent studies have been carried out to demonstrate the efficacy of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation with the use of external electrodes. Electrodes are applied near to the ankle where the tibial/sural nerve is located. It is believed that the electrical stimulation can penetrate the skin delivering tibial nerve stimulation in the same way, but without the need for a needle electrode.
It is thought that further studies on alternative possible treatments, such as home based transcutaneous stimulation, are needed. However, it has proved a viable and successful treatment for many.
See also
Interstitial cystitis
References
External links
National Association for Continence – PTNS overview
Commercial production of PTNS
Urologic procedures |
4006861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit%20Lake%20Massacre | Spirit Lake Massacre | The Spirit Lake Massacre (March 8–12, 1857) was an attack by a Wahpekute band of Santee Sioux on scattered Iowa frontier settlements during a severe winter. Suffering a shortage of food, the renegade chief Inkpaduta (Scarlet Point) led 14 Sioux against the settlements near Okoboji and Spirit lakes in the northwestern territory of Iowa near the Minnesota border, in revenge of the murder of Inkpaduta's brother, Sidominadotah, and Sidominadotah's family by Henry Lott. The Sioux killed 35-40 settlers in their scattered holdings, took four young women captive, and headed north. The youngest captive, Abbie Gardner, was kept a few months before being ransomed in early summer. It was the last Native American attack on settlers in Iowa, but the events increased tensions between the Sioux and settlers in the Minnesota Territory.
Nearly 30 years after the events, in 1885 Gardner-Sharp published her memoir, History of the Spirit Lake Massacre and Captivity of Miss Abbie Gardner, which was reprinted several times in small editions. It was one of the last captivity narratives written of European Americans' being held by Native Americans. In 1891, Gardner-Sharp purchased the primitive family cabin and returned home. For the last 30 years of her life, she subsisted on the modest earnings from her book and souvenir sales. The town erected an historical monument to commemorate the attack. The State of Iowa now maintains the park and Abbie Gardner Sharp home site.
Background
Inkpaduta led a small band of Wahpekutes who had been expelled from the main band in dissension following the murder of a chief in 1840. (Other major bands of Sioux in the region were the Wahpeton and Sisseton.) Including some women and children, his band followed the game and lived by hunting, whose yield was decreasing under pressure of new settlement. They also received some annuities under the Traverse des Sioux and Mendota 1852 treaties but never received the rightful amount owed by the United States for lands the Sioux were forced to cede.
By the terms of the Traverse des Sioux treaty, a reservation was set up along the Minnesota River, about 15 miles above Fort Ridgely. Promised improvements were not made on time and the federal government repeatedly failed to make adequate and timely annuity payments, even failing to authorize adequate budgets for the Department of Interior for this purpose. Provisions for education were not started for several years; only a few missionaries taught the Sioux bands. Lands were not adequately plowed for cultivation. Supplies were shipped too late and in inadequate amounts, to the point where the Sioux could not survive on them. By 1856, many Mdewakantons and Wahpekutes still came to the reservation just to get annuity payments, and returned to old hunting grounds to survive, especially during the winter. As they encountered more new settlers, conflicts arose. In a reorganization, in the summer of 1856 Charles A. Flandrau was appointed US Indian agent. Said to be an experienced trader and a man of integrity, he worked at improving conditions, but had much ground to make up. Many Sioux in addition to Inkpaduta's band were living off the reservation because of the government's failures.<ref>Meyer, Santee Sioux', pp. 90-98</ref>
Suffering food shortages during the severe winter of 1856–1857, which saw heavy snows, Inkpaduta and his band begged for food at European-American settlements in northwestern Iowa. Also struggling that winter, whites rebuffed the Indians with violence and a posse disarmed Inkpaduta's band after they killed a settler's dog that had bitten one of the band. They managed to acquire arms and retaliated by attacking settlements there and at Spirit Lake.
In another account, the tribe was camped near current day Smithland, Iowa. Native people were sometimes beaten and chased for stealing livestock and scavenging grain in harvested fields; thus, weary of the group, who in turn "borrowed" community items freely if they could, a vigilante group from Smithland went out to their encampment. The group, including John Howe, Eli Floyd and Jonathan Leach, appropriated guns and told the tribe they would be back in the morning. The Indians broke camp that night.
Defenseless, and hungry, the band moved north. Perhaps the first raid of the Spirit Lake Massacre came at Lost Island Lake, now near Ruthven, Iowa. A warrior of the group, who approached the Gillett cabin, was shot and decapitated while looking for food and rifles. As the tribe destroyed homes and lives on their journey, they came across Jowl Howe, who was also decapitated. The warriors killed 35-40 settlers, regardless of age or gender. Most of the victims were scalped. The Sioux took four young women as captives, 14-year-old Abbie Gardner and three who were married, and headed back to Minnesota territory. Word spread about the attacks, and the U.S. Indian Agent organized an armed militia of white citizens. Because of the heavy snows, a relief expedition from Fort Dodge failed to arrive in time to. Another expedition from Fort Ridgely in Minnesota pursued Inkpaduta and his band, but failed to catch them. Abbie states in her memories that Lt. Murray and his men were within eyesight the second day after the Springfield, Minnesota raid, but were unaware of how close they came to encountering the Sioux.
While settlers demanded vengeance and rumors proliferated, the territorial authorities decided not to act against the Sioux until the captives had been returned. Settlers killed innocent Sioux who were caught hunting near them. When contact was made with Inkpaduta's group, the officials found that two of the captive women had been killed. In May the territorial legislature authorized a ransom, and a few days later two Wahpeton men brought in the third matron, Mrs. Margaret Ann Marble, for ransom. By the summer, Gov. Samuel Medary of the Minnesota Territory, and the Indian agent at Lac qui Parle, completed negotiations for the ransom of Abbie Gardner was taken by two Sisseton to the Upper Sioux Agency on the Minnesota River. From there she was taken to Fort Ridgely and then to St. Paul, Minnesota. During the summer, after struggling to marshal troops and attract allied Sioux warriors, the Indian Agency pursued Inkpaduta and his band, but most evaded capture. The Sioux refused to join another expedition.
Aftermath
This was the last attack of Native Americans against settlers in Iowa. Historians have considered it a foreshadowing of the Sioux uprising in Minnesota in 1862. The events worsened relations between the Sioux and settlers in the territory, with mistrust and fear higher on both sides. Whites reacted by attacking some innocent Sioux who were hunting near settlements. Because of competition over the lands, white settlers feared that the remaining free Indians would attack them, so they called for their removal by the US government. The Sioux resented the failure of the government to fulfill treaty obligations; they were starving due to inadequate rations and annuities at the reservations. By 1862, seeing thousands of children and elders die from starvation while whites broke the laws by seizing prime Sioux lands, the Sioux rebelled in what historians called the Sioux "Uprising."
Nearly 30 years later in 1885, Abbie Gardner-Sharp, by then married, published her short memoir of the 1856 attack and her captivity, entitled History of the Spirit Lake Massacre and Captivity of Miss Abbie Gardner. Perhaps because the Indian Wars were over, the book was very popular and had several editions; it was reprinted in 1892 and 1910. This was one of the last works in the United States in the literary genre known as captivity narratives, dealing with the holding of European Americans by Native Americans.
After years of marriage and living elsewhere, Gardner-Sharp returned to Spirit Lake in 1891 and bought her former family cabin. She operated it as a tourist site until her death in 1921, and sold her book, postcards and souvenirs there. In 1895 the state erected a memorial monument to the settlers at Arnolds Park near the site.
The area of the Spirit Lake settlement was later redeveloped as Camp Foster, a YMCA youth summer camp, where legends and ghost stories related to the events are recounted.
Abbie Gardner Sharp Cabin
The Abbie Gardner Sharp Cabin, where Gardner lived as a girl and which she later ran as a tourist attraction, still stands at Arnolds Park, Iowa. The state Conservation Commission purchased the cabin in 1941 and transferred it to the State Historical Society of Iowa in 1974. Under the guidance of architects and archeologists, it has been restored to its 1856 appearance. The park's visitor center features artifacts relating to the period, and to the cultures of both the Sioux and the European-American settlers.
Fiction and film
The silent film With Sitting Bull at the Spirit Lake Massacre (1927) was loosely based on these events; in fact, Sitting Bull had nothing to do with the attacks.
MacKinlay Kantor based his novel Spirit Lake (1961) on the historic events.
See also
List of massacres in Iowa
References
Further reading
Carley, Kenneth. The Sioux Uprising of 1862, St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1976.
Abbie Gardner-Sharp, History of the Spirit Lake Massacre and Captivity of Miss Abbie Gardner, full text online at Archive Website
Roger Stoner's "Horse Woman's Child" 2011, depicts historical depictions, information and relative events before and up to the Massacre.
Wilson, Angela Cavender, What Does Justice Look Like? The Struggle for LIberation in Dakota Homeland', St. Paul Minnesota, Living Justice Press, 2008.
Wilson, Angela Cavender, "American Indian History or Non-Indian Perception of American Indian History" in American Indian Quarterly'' Vol. 20, No. 1, Special Issue, "Writing About American Indians," (Winter 1996), pp. 3-
External links
"Abbie Gardner Sharp Cabin", State Historical Society of Iowa
Stephen N. Kallestad and David L. Snook, "The Spirit Lake Massacre: The Northern and Southern Border Brigades", History of the Iowa National Guard
David L. Bristow, "Inkpaduta’s Revenge: The True Story of the Spirit Lake Massacre"
Clara Berry Wyker, ANDREWS GENEALOGY AND ALLIANCES: 1857 Spirit Lake Massacre - Dickinson County, Iowa, Rootsweb/USGenWeb
"The Spirit Lake Massacre", IowaGreatLakes.com
Sioux Wars
Conflicts in 1857
Battles involving the Sioux
Massacres by Native Americans
Native American history of Iowa
History of Iowa
1857 in the United States
Captives of Native Americans
1857 in Iowa
March 1857 events |
4006869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Haystack%20in%20the%20Floods | The Haystack in the Floods | "The Haystack in the Floods" is a narrative poem of 160 lines by William Morris, the Victorian writer and designer. First published in The Defence of Guenevere, and Other Poems in 1858, it is one of his best-known poems.
Plot
The poem is a grimly realistic piece set in France during the Hundred Years' War. The doomed lovers Jehane and Robert de Marny flee with a small escort through a convincingly portrayed rain-swept countryside, to reach the safety of English-held Gascony. They are however intercepted by the treacherous Godmar and have a last despairing parting besides the "old soaked hay" of the title. The encounter takes place shortly after the Battle of Poitiers but the characters Godmar and Jehane are entirely fictional. Morris used the name of an English knight Sir Robert de Marny, who was born in Essex and fought at Poitiers but who did not die in the manner recited.
Text
Three passages from the poem are most often quoted:
The in medias res opening:
Godmar's threat to Jehane if she does not become his mistress:
And the forlorn conclusion, following Robert's brutal slaying by Godmar and his men:
Criticism
The poem succeeds because of its narrative pace, rather than ostentatiously-crafted language. It was one of the poems from Morris' early romantic period which were brought to the fore by historian E. P. Thompson (himself a published poet) in his 1955 biography of Morris. Against a dreary background of leafless dripping trees, rain and mud, the focus is on the Frenchwoman Jehane, her physical and emotional exhaustion as she is faced with impossible choices, her sudden ferocity as she responds to threats of rape, and her "strangely childlike" manner as she makes a final decision that will mean immediate death for her lover and her own execution as a witch or collaborator when returned to Paris.
Sequel
The American poet Amelia Josephine Burr (1878–1968) composed a sequel poem to "The Haystack in the Floods" under the title of "Jehane", written in broadly similar style.
References
External links
University of Toronto: "The Haystack in the Floods"
1858 poems
Poetry by William Morris |
4006874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative%20Assembly%20of%20Mexico%20City | Legislative Assembly of Mexico City | The Mexico City Congress (, ALCDMX) is the legislative branch of government of the Mexico City. Between 1988 and 1993, it was known as the Assembly of Representatives of the Federal District (), during which period it had reduced powers with respect to the current body.
Composition
The Legislative Assembly consists of 66 deputies, of which 40 are elected by the first-past-the-post system or FPP and 26 by proportional representation or PR.
III Legislative Assembly
From 2003 to 2006.
IV Legislative Assembly
From 2006 to 2009.
VI Legislative Assembly
From 2012 to 2015.
VII Legislative Assembly
From 2015 to 2018.
History
In 1987, the federal government decided the creation of an Assembly of Representatives () of the Federal District. This assembly, elected by the inhabitants of the Federal District, had limited legislative powers. Nonetheless, it was the first time since 1928 that the inhabitants of the Federal District recovered some oversight over their local affairs. Eventually, in 1993, full home rule was granted to the Federal District by the federal government, with the creation of an elected Head of Government of the Federal District and a great expansion of the legislative powers of the Assembly of Representatives of the Federal District, which was also renamed the Legislative Assembly.
The first session of the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District ran from 1997 to 2000. Since its installation the Legislative Assembly has been renewed three times.
See also
2006 Mexican Federal District election
References
External links
Legislative Assembly website
Mexico City
Legislatures of Mexican states
Mexico City |
4006882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%27s%20congressional%20districts | Indiana's congressional districts | Indiana has nine congressional districts. They were last redrawn after the 2010 census and took effect in 2013, following the 2012 elections. For a history of who has served in each district, see United States congressional delegations from Indiana§House of Representatives.
Current (until 2023 inauguration) districts and representatives
List of members of the House delegation, their terms in office, district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has 9 members: 7 Republicans and 2 Democrats.
Historical and present district boundaries
Table of United States congressional district boundary maps in the State of Indiana, presented chronologically. All redistricting events that took place in Indiana between 1973 and 2013 are shown.
Obsolete districts
, obsolete since statehood
, obsolete since 2000 census
, obsolete since 1980 census
, obsolete since 1940 census
, obsolete since 1930 census
(1816–1823; 1873–1875)
See also
List of United States congressional districts
References |
4006888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Wijers | Hans Wijers | Gerardus Johannes "Hans" Wijers (born 11 January 1951) is a Dutch retired politician of the Democrats 66 (D66) party, and businessman. He is the chairman of the supervisory board of ING Group since 2018.
Early life
After secondary school at Hogere Burgerschool (HBS-B) level, Wijers studied Economics at the University of Groningen, where he graduated cum laude in 1976. As assistant professor, he taught Economics at the Erasmus University, and in 1982 received a doctorate for his research in "Industrial politics: the design of governmental policy for industrial sectors".
Civil service
From 1982 till 1984, Wijers worked as a civil servant at the ministry of Social Affairs and Labour and later at the ministry of Economic Affairs. Subsequently, he became a management consultant at, amongst others, Horringa & De Koning, which later became part of Boston Consulting Group.
Politics
Wijers, a member of D66 since 1976, was asked in 1994 by his party colleague Hans van Mierlo to take up a ministerial post in the First Kok cabinet. As Minister of Economic Affairs he was responsible for the law change regarding the extending of shop opening hours, and he formulated the Competition Regulation law which triggered the foundation of the Dutch Competition Authority. An important event in his ministry was the bankruptcy of the Fokker aircraft factory in March 1996. When Wijers refused further state aid due to a lack of a clear future perspective, German company DASA withdrew as parent company.
By the end of the cabinet period, Hans van Mierlo had decided not to stand for re-election. The party leaders exercised strong pressure on the popular Wijers to take on the party leadership. When the second purple cabinet was formed after the election in 1998, Wijers expressed that he had no interest in a second term as minister.
Business
In 1999 Wijers picked up his old career as a consultant: he became senior partner and chairman of the Dutch branch of the consulting firm The Boston Consulting Group. In July 2002 he became a member of the Board of Directors of Akzo Nobel NV and on 1 May 2003 he became Chairman of the Board of Directors. He succeeded Kees van Lede. Under his leadership the pharmacy branch of Organon, (Organon BioSciences), was sold in 2007 and the British ICI was acquired. AkzoNobel focused more to paint and chemistry. At the end of April 2012 he decided to resign as chairman of the board. He was succeeded by Ton Büchner.
Wijers has been non-executive director at Royal Dutch Shell since January 2009; he later became vice-chairman. He is President of Heineken and supervisory director at HAL Holding NV. He is also chairman of the Vereniging Natuurmonumenten and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Royal Concertgebouw NV. In 2010 he was chairman of the jury of the Libris Literature Prize. In 2013 he was chairman of the National Committee inauguration for King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands.
Personal
Wijers lives with his partner and has two children.
Decorations
References
External links
Official
Dr. G.J. (Hans) Wijers Parlement & Politiek
1951 births
Living people
Boston Consulting Group people
Democrats 66 politicians
Directors of Royal Dutch Shell
Dutch academic administrators
Dutch chief executives in the finance industry
Dutch chief executives in the food industry
Dutch chief executives in the manufacturing industry
Dutch corporate directors
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Dutch management consultants
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch nonprofit executives
Dutch Roman Catholics
Dutch sports executives and administrators
Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
Erasmus University Rotterdam faculty
Heineken people
Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands
Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands
Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Politicians from Amsterdam
People from Sluis
People from Veere
University of Groningen alumni
University of Groningen faculty
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch economists
20th-century Dutch educators
20th-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch businesspeople
21st-century Dutch economists
21st-century Dutch educators
21st-century Dutch politicians
Businesspeople from Amsterdam |
4006896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neshaminy%20Mall | Neshaminy Mall | Neshaminy Mall is a shopping mall located at U.S. Route 1 and Bristol Road in Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania. The mall was opened in 1968 and was the sixth interior mall constructed in Greater Philadelphia. The Neshaminy Mall is anchored by Boscov's and AMC Theatres and has 65 shops and eateries including a food court that was opened in 1989 and retailers including Barnes & Noble and Foot Locker.
The Neshaminy Mall is directly across Bristol Road from Belmont, a historic home. The mall was named after the nearby Neshaminy Creek and features a unique fountain, which features of a waterfall, trees, plants and a statue of Tawanka who was a leader of the Lenni Lenape Native American tribe. The world "Neshaminy" comes from the Lenni Lenape tribe's language. In the 2010s, the mall saw an increased vacancy rate.
Location
The Neshaminy Mall is located in Bensalem Township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The mall is located off of the Pennsylvania Turnpike and U.S. Route 1. The Neshaminy Mall is accessible through SEPTA's route and Boulevard Direct bus routes.
Across the street from the Neshaminy Mall is the Market Place at Neshaminy, which is a outdoor shopping center that has stores including The Home Depot and Target. Other nearby retailers and eateries include Walmart, Lowe's, Panda Express, Chipotle Mexican Grill, Bertucci's and Starbucks.
History
Plans to build the Neshaminy Mall were made in 1966, with Sears and Strawbridge & Clothier to be anchors. The mall was projected to cost $24 million. The Neshaminy Mall opened in 1968, developed by The Korman Company and Strouse Greenberg. The mall underwent an expansion in 1975 that added a Lit Brothers, along with a new wing of stores. In 1977, the Lit Brothers store at the Neshaminy Mall closed as part of the chain closing all its stores in the Philadelphia area and was replaced by Pomeroy's. The Pomeroy's store became The Bon-Ton in 1987 after the chain was sold. A food court was added to the mall in 1989. In 1990, the Neshaminy Mall was purchased by Homart Development Company from Mutual of New York for over $50 million. The Bon-Ton closed in 1994. In 1995, the mall underwent a renovation that expanded the food court. In addition, Boscov's replaced the former Bon-Ton. The same year, General Growth Properties took over ownership of the mall after it acquired Homart Development Company. A 24-screen movie theater to be built at the mall was approved by Bensalem Township in 1997 after they had initially opposed the project. In 1998, the 24-screen AMC Theatres opened in the mall at a cost of $11 million. The Strawbridge's became Macy's in 2006 after Federated Department Stores acquired May Department Stores in 2005. A former pet store in the Sears court was demolished and replaced with a Barnes & Noble In 2009. In 2015, the mall began a small renovation starting with signage at mall entrances, the main sign and an expansion of the Boscov's.
On January 4, 2017, Macy's announced that its store would be closing in spring 2017 as part of a plan to close 68 stores nationwide. Since the announcement was made, the Macy's closed in early April. As of late 2017, the Neshaminy Mall has seen a slow, but noticeable increase in the vacancy rate, likely to increase more due to the departure of the Macy's. Brookfield Properties bought General Growth Properties in 2018, therefore giving Brookfield ownership of Neshaminy Mall. On October 15, 2018, it was announced the Sears store would be closing as part of a plan to close 142 stores nationwide as a result of the company filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The store closed in January 2019, leaving Boscov's as the only traditional department store at the mall.
In July 2020, it was announced that medical offices would take over the former Sears building. In March 2020, the former Macy's store was sold to SANT properties, who plans to convert the space into mixed use. Also, at the corner of the Macy's parking lot, a Wawa is in the planning stages to be constructed.
References
External links
Shopping malls in Pennsylvania
Shopping malls established in 1968
Buildings and structures in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Tourist attractions in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania |
4006903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Korea%20New%20Pro%20Wang | China–Korea New Pro Wang | The China–Korea New Pro Wang is a Go competition sponsored by BC Card.
Outline
The China–Korea New Pro Wang is a tournament where players under the age of 25 from China and Korea compete.
Past winners
International Go competitions |
4006905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenish%20tart | Neenish tart | A neenish tart (or neenish cake) is a tart made with a pastry base and a filling consisting of sweet gelatine-set cream, mock cream, icing sugar paste, or lemon and sweetened condensed milk mixture, with dried icing on the top of the tart in two colours. The addition of a layer of raspberry jam is a common recipe variation. The colours used for the icing are usually some combination of brown, white, and pink. They are almost exclusively sized as individual servings, 60–80 mm in diameter. The tart was originally created in Australia and is mainly found there and in New Zealand and Falkland Islands.
The origin of the name "neenish" is unknown. A column in the Sydney Morning Herald attributed the name to a woman named Ruby Neenish, however this was later revealed to be a prank. Alternative names such as nenische (recorded in 1929) and nienich (recorded in 1935) suggest a German origin, although neenish was known before the alternatives, suggesting these names were to give a "continental" flavour to the tart.
While "nenish cakes" appear in Sydney newspaper advertisements as early as 1895, the earliest known published reference to neenish tarts is a recipe in the Sydney Mail (Sydney, New South Wales) in November 1901. The next known published recipe is very similar, published in the Daily Telegraph (Launceston, Tasmania) in January 1903. Both recipes used an almond-based pastry and a filling comprising a "very thick custard of eggs and milk thickened with cornflour". The top of the tart consisted of coffee and vanilla icing in equal halves. Another early printed recipe was in Miss Drake's Home Cookery published in 1929, calling for cream filling set with gelatine and pink christabelle and white icing on top. A 1932 recipe in Miranda's Cook Book calls for custard filling and chocolate and white icing.
The lemon-flavoured version of the tart most familiar to New Zealand residents is found in the Edmonds Cookery Book. It includes a filling made from butter, icing sugar, sweetened condensed milk and lemon juice, set in a sweet short pastry crust and topped with half standard white icing and half chocolate (cocoa added) icing.
In Australia the term Pineapple tart often refers to a variation on the Neenish Tart, with pineapple jam below the filling, and passionfruit icing.
See also
Black and white cookie
References
Australian desserts
Tarts
Custard desserts |
4006911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny%20Siegel | Denny Siegel | Denny Siegel is an American actress, comedian and writer, best known for appearing on the American version of the British improv comedy show Whose Line is it Anyway?. She has also appeared as a recurring correspondent on Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.
Before her stint on Whose Line?, she was a writer/performer on the sketch comedy show Quick Witz, which ran on NBC. Other TV credits include MTV F*UPS, PBS's TV-411, and host of the Metro Channel's Get Out of Town.
Siegel has an extensive corporate resume as a writer, host and performer, and has also written several DVDs for the corporate market. She has performed improv at various comedy festivals including The Montreal Comedy Festival, The Bass Red Triangle Comedy Tour, The Toyota Comedy Festival, and the Marshalls Women in Comedy Festival. She continues to perform comedy and theater at venues in Los Angeles, including The Improv and The Friars Club.
She was also seen wrestling with Larry David in HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women comedians
21st-century American women |
4006916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody%20McCrea | Jody McCrea | Joel Dee "Jody" McCrea (September 6, 1934 – April 4, 2009) was an American actor. He was the son of actors Joel McCrea and Frances Dee.
Early life
McCrea was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors Joel McCrea and Frances Dee. He was the oldest of three sons. McCrea went to school in Santa Rosa, California, and at New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell, New Mexico. He studied drama at UCLA and served in the United States Army Special Services.
Career
McCrea had small roles in his father's film, Wichita (1955). He was also in Lucy Gallant (1955). While still at UCLA he had the lead role in Johnny Moccasin (1956), a half hour film made for television by Laslo Benedek as a white boy raised by Indians after a massacre. McCrea followed this with a good supporting role in a feature starring his father, The First Texan (1956).
McCrea studied under Sanford Meisner for two years in New York City. He appeared on television in Chevron Hall of Stars ("Flowers for Charlie McDaniels"), The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show ("Return to California", "George's Gray Suit", "Fighting for Happiness"), Conflict ("No Man's Road" with Gig Young and Dennis Hopper), Studio One in Hollywood ("Babe in the Woods" – The New York Times said that "his playing was not too resourceful"), Sergeant Preston of the Yukon ("The Criminal Collie"), and Kraft Theatre ("The Last of the Belles").
He had a supporting role in Naked Gun (1956), and The Monster That Challenged the World (1957). He made Trooper Hook (1957) and Gunsight Ridge (1957) with his father and was one of several young names in Lafayette Escadrille (1958) and The Restless Years (1958).
He later briefly hosted Country Style, USA (1957–59), an Army-produced recruiting television program filmed in Nashville, Tennessee, featuring various country music entertainers.
Wichita Town
In 1959, McCrea costarred with his father in the short-lived NBC western Wichita Town, set in Wichita, Kansas. Joel McCrea appeared as Marshal Mike Dunbar. Jody McCrea did not portray the role of Joel's son on the program but as the deputy marshal, Ben Matheson.
1960s roles
McCrea had a small role in All Hands on Deck (1961) and could be seen in the episode, "The Wrestler" on the
ABC situation comedy, Guestward Ho!, starring Joanne Dru. He toured the country with The Tiger a production from Moral Rearmament. He did The Moon is Blue and Look Homeward Angel in stock.
McCrea was cast as Lieutenant (later General) John J. Pershing in the 1962 episode, "To Walk with Greatness", on the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days.
In the early 1960s, McCrea guest starred on the CBS game program, I've Got a Secret with Garry Moore. His appearance was part of a group of entertainers related to famous Hollywood personalities.
McCrea had support parts in Force of Impulse (1961) and The Broken Land (1962).
McCrea made Young Guns of Texas (1962) with James Mitchum, look-alike son of Robert Mitchum, and Alana Ladd, daughter of Alan Ladd. James Mitchum, Alana Ladd and Jody McCrea are billed above the title in that order. The film's supporting cast features Chill Wills and Robert Lowery.
Beach Party films
McCrea had a supporting role in Operation Bikini (1963) at American International Pictures starring Tab Hunter and Frankie Avalon. He impressed the studio enough for them to cast him in a comedic role as dumb-minded Deadhead (Bonehead) in Beach Party (1963), starring Avalon and Annette Funicello.
When cast in the beach pictures, he realized his comedic potential. When first offered the role of Deadhead, for example, he was quoted at the time as saying that he "wasn't sure what the character would become". McCrea felt that the audience enjoyed Deadhead as they felt superior to him.
McCrea was an avid body builder, and the only actor appearing in the American International Pictures beach movies who could surf.
The film was a big hit, and after appearing in Law of the Lawless (1964) and The Greatest Show on Earth, McCrea reprised his performance as Deadhead in Muscle Beach Party (1964) and Bikini Beach (1964).
He recorded a 45 rpm single in 1964 for Canjo Records to coincide with the film Bikini Beach (side A: "Chicken Surfer"/Side B: "Looney Gooney Bird"). He also wrote a script titled Stage to Nowhere which appears not to have been made.
McCrea played the Big Lunk in the 1964 film Pajama Party, with Tommy Kirk and Annette Funicello in the lead parts.
McCrea had a small part in Young Fury (1965) and played Lieutenant Brannin, a cocky cavalry officer based loosely on George Armstrong Custer, in Sam Peckinpah's Major Dundee (1965), but his scene was deleted from the final cut. He also appeared in Wagon Train ("The Betsy Blee Smith Story"), then returend to AIP beach movies with Beach Blanket Bingo (1965). McCrea played Bonehead, again the same character – but it was his biggest role in the series, having a romance with a mermaid.
McCrea was back as Bonehead in How to Stuff a Wild Bikini (1965), the last Beach Party movie in which he appeared. He was replaced by Aaron Kincaid for Ghost in the Invisible Bikini.
Later films
McCrea guest starred on Vacation Playhouse ("Three on an Island") and Pistols 'n' Petticoats ("The Pilot"). He had a lead role as a biker in The Glory Stompers (1967), and starred in Sam (1967) for Larry Buchanan. He was a judge on Dream Girl of '67.
McCrea had a supporting role in Scream Free! (1968) and the lead in The Girls from Thunder Strip (1970).
McCrea starred in a Western Cry Blood, Apache (1970) which he also produced. He retired after November Children (1972).
Death
McCrea became a rancher in Roswell, New Mexico. He came out of retirement to appear in 1981 in Lady Street Fighter.
He died in 2009 of a heart attack at the age of 74. He was married to the former Dusty Ironwing from 1976 until her death in 1996. He raised her children, David Ironwing and Jaquet Ironwing, as his own.
Filmography
References
External links
Jody McCrea at Brian's Drive-in Theatre
Obituary at Los Angeles Times
1934 births
2009 deaths
Male actors from Los Angeles
American male film actors
Film producers from California
American male television actors
United States Army soldiers
Male Western (genre) film actors
People from Roswell, New Mexico
20th-century American male actors |
4006921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Titans | Battle of the Titans | Battle of the Titans may refer to
The Titanomachy of Greek mythology
The 1970 24 Hours of Le Mans race
See also
Battle of the Giants (disambiguation)
Clash of the Titans (disambiguation) |
4006940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigel%20%28disambiguation%29 | Rigel (disambiguation) | Rigel is a blue supergiant star in the Orion constellation, also known as Beta Orionis.
Rigel may also refer to:
Rigel (comics), a character in a series published by Panini Comics
Rigel (dog), a Newfoundland dog said to have helped rescue survivors from the sinking of the Titanic
Rigel (microprocessor), a VAX microprocessor chip set developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corporation
Rigel (rocket), an Argentinian sounding rocket
MS Rigel, a Norwegian and German vessel
USS Rigel (AD-13), a ship built in 1918 as Edgecombe
USS Rigel (AF-58), a ship laid down in 1954
SSM-N-6 Rigel, a proposed cruise missile system
Rigel, a composition for trumpet and piano by Hale A. VanderCook
Rigel, a genus of megalyrid wasps from Chile
Rigel, a fictional nation in Fire Emblem Gaiden and Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia
People with the surname
Henri-Joseph Rigel, a German-born French composer
See also
Rygel, the Farscape character
Riegel (disambiguation), several meanings
Rigil Kentaurus, a Sun-like star in the Centaurus constellation also known as Alpha Centauri A, distance only about 4.37 light-years
USS Rigel, a list of US Navy ships |
4006952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo%20Manta | Lorenzo Manta | Lorenzo Manta (born 16 September 1974 in Winterthur) is a former tennis player from Switzerland, who turned professional in 1992. The right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 103 in June 2000. His best achievement in the grand slam tournaments was reaching the fourth round at Wimbledon in 1999. There, he had a big upset win over the 1996 Wimbledon champion, Richard Krajicek, in the third round in five sets. Manta was then defeated by Brazil's Gustavo Kuerten in the fourth round. He was 4–0 in Davis Cup doubles matches with Roger Federer.
Both his father Leonardo and his sister Joana also played tennis professionally.
Career finals
Doubles (1 loss)
External links
References
1974 births
Living people
Swiss male tennis players
People from Winterthur
Sportspeople from the canton of Zürich |
4006954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot | Honeypot | Honeypot may refer to:
A vessel (especially one made of pottery) for storing honey
Biology
Honeypot ant, various ant species and their individual members
Honeypot, flowering plant Protea cynaroides
Honeypot dryandra, flowering plant Banksia nivea
Metaphors evoking the use of honey as bait in a trap
Honey trapping, presenting romantic or sexual opportunity, as bait or as continuing motivation
Espionage using sexual/romantic "bait"
Recruitment of spies
Honeypots in espionage fiction
"Sting" operations
Bait car, a vehicle used by law enforcement agencies to capture thieves
Honeypot (computing), target presented to elicit hacking attempts
Titled works
Narrative works
The Honey Pot (1967), a 1967 film starring Rex Harrison and Susan Hayward
The Honeypot, a 1920 British silent romance film
"Honeypot" (Archer), episode of animated TV series Archer
"The Honeypot" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), episode of TV series Brooklyn Nine-Nine
Songs
"Honeypot", by Beat Happening on their eponymous album
"Honeypot", by Rebelution on Peace of Mind album
Places
Honeypot Glen, area in Cheshire, Connecticut
Honeypot Wood, site west of Dereham in Norfolk
Other uses
Honeypot (tourism), particularly popular venue
Honeypot Productions, theatre company
See also
Honey (disambiguation)
Honey bucket (disambiguation)
ja:ハニートラップ |
4006962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip%20%28tree%29 | Whip (tree) | A whip is a slender, unbranched shoot or plant. This term is used typically in forestry to refer to unbranched young tree seedlings of approximately 0.5-1.0 m (1 ft 7 in-3 ft 3 in) in height and 2–3 years old, that have been grown for planting out.
References
Forest management
Horticulture |
4006971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin%20Avila | Joaquin Avila | Joaquin Avila is managing director of the global private equity firm, Carlyle Group, where he is responsible for researching and discovering opportunities in the field of buyout investments.
He holds a B.S. from Universidad Iberoamericana, a M.S. from Stanford University, and an MBA from Yale School of Management.
He was formerly a managing director and head of Latin America for the now defunct Lehman Brothers, where he concentrated on the development and implementation of regional strategic plans. He has also worked for Banco Santander and Bankers Trust and was a board member of Unica, a Mexican venture capital firm. As managing director of Banco Santander, he was responsible for strategy development in Latin America and the acquisition of Banco Mexicano, the fourth largest bank in Mexico.
Avila also formed VAInvestments, a private equity firm based in Mexico which was financed by Banco Santander. In addition, he was a managing director of VA Investments/Compass Group, where he created strategic plans to develop private equity and asset management businesses in Mexico.
He is also a member of EMX capital, for investment in Mexico.
He was on a panel: "Exits in emerging markets" at the 2008 Emerging Markets Private Equity Forum.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mexican money managers
Yale School of Management alumni
Stanford University alumni
Mexican financial businesspeople
Private equity and venture capital investors
The Carlyle Group people
Universidad Iberoamericana alumni |
4006975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edurne | Edurne | Edurne García Almagro (; born 22 December 1985) is a Spanish singer, actress, and television presenter. She rose to fame in late 2005 when she took part in the Spanish casting show Operación Triunfo on TVE and finished in sixth place in 2006. She represented Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Amanecer" where she finished in 21st place.
Biography
Early life and early beginnings
Edurne was born on 22 December 1985 in the capital of Madrid, Spain. She started attending auditions as a child. At the age of 9, she became a member of the children's music group Trastos. She also had as a child minor roles in Spanish TV series like Hospital Central (2002) or Ana y los 7 (2003). In late 2005, Edurne auditioned for the fourth series of Operación Triunfo, where she was selected by the show's jury. She was eliminated in the 12th live show, finishing in sixth place in early 2006.
Career
Edurne embarked on a music career with Sony BMG Spain and released her first studio album, called Edurne in 2006, which spawns the single "Despierta" that debuted on the fifth position on the Spanish Singles Charts, "Amores Dormidos", and "Te Falta Veneno", which were the soundtrack for the Spanish telenovela Yo Soy Bea and both reached the top-twenty in Edurne's native country. 2007 saw the release of Edurne's second studio album, called Ilusión, which produced two singles. "Ven Por Mí" reached, as the album's lead single, the top-twenty in the Spanish Dance iTunes Chart. Edurne released her third album Première on 4 June 2008, with the lead single being "Un Poco de Amor" (Spanish version of Queen's "Somebody to Love)". "Sigo Enamorada de Ti" (Spanish version of "Hopelessly Devoted To You") and "Tú serás para mí" (Spanish version of "You're The One That I Want") were the following singles. Both are songs from Grease, because of Edurne's role as "Sandy" in the stage production Grease, El musical de tu vida from 2007 to 2013.
Edurne's fourth studio album Nueva Piel was released in 2010. It produced the two singles "Soy Como Soy" and "Oigo Mi Corazón"; both achieved moderate success on the Spanish charts. Edurne joined the cast of ¡Más Que Baile!, the Spanish version of Strictly Come Dancing, where she took the second place in the final.
Edurne released her fifth studio album Climax on 24 September 2013, with the lead single "Pretty Boy", which went straight to number thirty-three on Del 40 al 1 chart, hit list on the most important Spanish music radio Los 40 Principales. "Pankiller" was selected to be the second single and the music video became popular very fast in the social networks because of the comparisons with US popstars Rihanna, Lady Gaga and Madonna. In 2013, Edurne joined the cast of the third season of Tu Cara Me Suena (Your Face Sounds Familiar), a Spanish show where celebrities impersonate singers for charity, where she also was proclaimed winner with the 60% of popular votes with her Christina Aguilera impersonation and her song "Hurt" in the show's finale. From June to December 2014, Edurne presented the comedy show Todo va bien, along with Xavi Rodríguez, on Cuatro.
On 14 January 2015, TVE announced the internal selection of Edurne to represent Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Amanecer". In the final of the contest, which took place in Vienna on 23 May 2015, the song finished 21st overall out of 27, scoring 15 points. "Amanecer" is included in Edurne's sixth studio album Adrenalina, which was released on 16 June 2015. Adrenalina debuted at number six on the Spanish Albums Chart, her most successful entry since her debut album.
On 5 August 2015, it was announced Edurne would be joining Got Talent España (Spanish version of Got Talent) as one of the four judges.
In September 2016, Edurne recorded and released a video of the song "Taste the Feeling", a Coca-Cola campaign for the Spanish-speaking world.
On 31 October 2018, it was announced Edurne would be joining the cast of daytime soap opera Servir y proteger.
On 24 April 2019, Edurne released her first single in four years, titled "Demasiado Tarde", which features Carlos Baute and precedes her seventh studio album.
In September 2019, it was announced Edurne would be joining the talent show Idol Kids (part of the Idols franchise) as one of the three judges.
Awards
During her music career Edurne has earned one 40 Principales Award nomination.
Discography
Studio albums
Other albums
BSO Grease, el musical de tu vida (2008)
BSO Grease, el musical (2011)
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Tours
Solo tours
2006: Tour Edurne
2007: Tour Ilusión
2008: Mini Tour Première
2010: Tour Nueva Piel
2014: Painkiller Tour
2015–16: Adrenalina Tour
Joint tours
2005: Tour Operación Triunfo
2008: Grease, el musical de tu vida
2011: Tour PopStars
2011–13: Grease, el musical
2013: 40 Hot Mix Road Show
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Official Website
EdurneWorld.com
Official Facebook
1985 births
Actresses from Madrid
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2015
Association footballers' wives and girlfriends
Living people
Singers from Madrid
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Spain
Spanish film actresses
Spanish television actresses
Star Academy participants
Synth-pop singers
Spanish women pop singers
Operación Triunfo contestants
21st-century Spanish singers
21st-century Spanish women singers |
4006989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20McClain | Sean McClain | Michael Sean McClain (born September 13, 1975) is an American foil fencer who attended Stanford University in the 1990s.
He moved out of his home in Round Rock, Texas, at the age of 14 to train in New York to pursue his dreams.
He fenced for Stanford University in the 1990s and is one of only two fencers to win a USFA Division I National Championship title in two weapons in recent history.
He was a fencing coach at the Fencing Academy of Westchester, and is now coaching at Empire United Fencing, in New York City, which he founded along with 2004 Olympian Jed Dupree.
Accomplishments
1994 U.S. Men's Épée Champion
1995 NCAA Division I Men's Foil Champion
1995 Pan-Am Games Silver Medal, Men's Foil
2001 US Men's Foil Champion
See also
Fencing
List of American foil fencers
USFA
References
American male foil fencers
1975 births
Living people
Pan American Games medalists in fencing
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Fencers at the 1995 Pan American Games |
4007014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cippus%20Perusinus | Cippus Perusinus | The Cippus Perusinus is a stone tablet discovered on the hill of San Marco, near Perugia, Italy, in 1822. The tablet bears 46 lines of incised Etruscan text. The cippus is assumed to be a text dedicating a legal contract between the Etruscan families of Velthina (from Perugia) and Afuna (from Chiusi), regarding the sharing or use of a property upon which there was a tomb belonging to the noble Velthinas.
The date of the inscription is considered to be 3rd or 2nd century BC. The Cippus is conserved in the National Archeological Museum of Perugia.
Original text
eurat tanna larezul / ame vaχr.
Lautn . Velθina-ś, e/śtla Afuna-s, sleleθc aru ::tezan,
fuśle-ri tesn-ś tei-ś / Raśne-ś ipa ama hen.
Naper / XII (12) Velthina θuraś araś,
pe / raścemulml escul, zuci en / esci epl, tularu./
Auleśi, Velθina-ś Arznal, cl/enśi,
θii θil ścun'a cenu, e/plc felic Larθal-ś Afune-ś,
clen, θunχ ulθe fala-ś.
Χi=em fuśle, Velθina hinθa cape, municlet, masu,
naper śran . ctl, θii falśti.
Veltina hut naper penez-ś masu.
Acnina clel Afuna, Velθina mler zinia.
Intemame r cnl Velθina zia śatene tesne,
Eca Velθina θuraś θaura hel-u tes ne Raśne cei.
Tesn-ś tei-ś Raśne-ś χimθ, śpel θuta ścun'a, Afuna mena / hen.
Naper ci (3) cnl hare utuśe.
(VL • ZIXU • VL
2 MUT
Q • SCRIBONIUS
LATIN - SCRIBO SCRIPTUS TO WRITE.
HASTI . AFUNEI
LARTH . AFUNA
LARCE . AFUNA.
AU •VELθINA • PETRUAL
AU • VELθINA • CAIAL
Latin . l . Scarpus . Scarpiae .popa.
Etruscan . Larth . Scarpe .lautni.
cai : creice :thurmna : lautni
cai : grebo : thormena : popa.
Popa for lautni.
popa, popae N (1st) M [XXXES] uncommon
lower priest; priest's assistant; (fells sacrifice with ax);
popa, popae N (1st) F [XXXES] uncommon
she who sells animals for sacrifice;
Scarpe . Italian for shoe.
Text compared with the inscription of that on the one called The Orator.
Aule's'i .metelie .ve . Vesial . clen's'i
Aule's'i . velthina's' arznal . clen's'i )
Left hand side:
Velθina ś/atena zu c/i en es ci ipa spel ane-θi fulum-χva.
spel-θi, re ne-θi.
Estac Velθina, acil-un-e, turune, ścu-n-e.
Zea zu ci en es ci aθumi=cś.
Afuna-ś penθn-a ama.
Velθina, Afun[a]θuruni ein zeri, una cla θil θunχulθ-l.
χ ca ceχa ziχuχe.
(VL • ZIXU • VL
2 MUT
Q • SCRIBONIUS
LATIN - SCRIBO SCRIPTUS TO WRITE.
Supplementary for the word clel found in the main inscription in the Golini Tomb 1 at Orvieto.
me'ch'l um rasneas clevsinsl: zila'ch'nve pulum (stars).
rumitrinei : ma?ce . clel . lu?[
Supplementary for the word naper,from a cippus found at Volterra.
l : titesi :cale 's'i
cina : c's' : mes [month] tle's'
[mes, month in Spanish, mese in Italian]
hu'th' [six]: naper' lescan
letem : 'th'ui :
ara's'a : 'th'en tma
se : laei : tre c's'
'th'en's't : me ua'th'a
Supplementary from the Liber Linteus Column X for comparison
for the words aru,ame,ipa, θuta, cnl, ama.
5 aru’s’ . ame . acnesem . ipa . se’th’umati . siml’ch’a
6 ‘th’ui . turve . acil . ham’ph’e’s’ . lae’s’ . sulu’s’i
7 ‘th’uni . ‘s’er’ph’ue . acil . ipei . θuta . cnl . ‘ch’a’s’ri
8 he’ch’z . sul . sc vetu (carpenter=Latin Faber). ca’th’nis . ::‘s’canin . vei’th’a
9 Ipe . ipa . ma’th’cva ‘ . ama . trinum (three). hetrn . acl’ch’n)
See also
Tyrrhenian languages
Other Etruscan inscriptions:
Liber Linteus Pyrgi Tablets Tabula Cortonensis''
Notes
References
2 vols.
External links
The Etruscan Texts Project A searchable database of Etruscan texts.
3rd-century BC steles
2nd-century BC steles
1822 archaeological discoveries
Etruscan inscriptions
Perugia
Steles |
4007073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20expression%20profiling | Gene expression profiling | In the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Many experiments of this sort measure an entire genome simultaneously, that is, every gene present in a particular cell.
Several transcriptomics technologies can be used to generate the necessary data to analyse. DNA microarrays measure the relative activity of previously identified target genes. Sequence based techniques, like RNA-Seq, provide information on the sequences of genes in addition to their expression level.
Background
Expression profiling is a logical next step after sequencing a genome: the sequence tells us what the cell could possibly do, while the expression profile tells us what it is actually doing at a point in time. Genes contain the instructions for making messenger RNA (mRNA), but at any moment each cell makes mRNA from only a fraction of the genes it carries. If a gene is used to produce mRNA, it is considered "on", otherwise "off". Many factors determine whether a gene is on or off, such as the time of day, whether or not the cell is actively dividing, its local environment, and chemical signals from other cells. For instance, skin cells, liver cells and nerve cells turn on (express) somewhat different genes and that is in large part what makes them different. Therefore, an expression profile allows one to deduce a cell's type, state, environment, and so forth.
Expression profiling experiments often involve measuring the relative amount of mRNA expressed in two or more experimental conditions. This is because altered levels of a specific sequence of mRNA suggest a changed need for the protein coded by the mRNA, perhaps indicating a homeostatic response or a pathological condition. For example, higher levels of mRNA coding for alcohol dehydrogenase suggest that the cells or tissues under study are responding to increased levels of ethanol in their environment. Similarly, if breast cancer cells express higher levels of mRNA associated with a particular transmembrane receptor than normal cells do, it might be that this receptor plays a role in breast cancer. A drug that interferes with this receptor may prevent or treat breast cancer. In developing a drug, one may perform gene expression profiling experiments to help assess the drug's toxicity, perhaps by looking for changing levels in the expression of cytochrome P450 genes, which may be a biomarker of drug metabolism. Gene expression profiling may become an important diagnostic test.
Comparison to proteomics
The human genome contains on the order of 25,000 genes which work in concert to produce on the order of 1,000,000 distinct proteins. This is due to alternative splicing, and also because cells make important changes to proteins through posttranslational modification after they first construct them, so a given gene serves as the basis for many possible versions of a particular protein. In any case, a single mass spectrometry experiment can identify about
2,000 proteins or 0.2% of the total. While knowledge of the precise proteins a cell makes (proteomics) is more relevant than knowing how much messenger RNA is made from each gene, gene expression profiling provides the most global picture possible in a single experiment. However, proteomics methodology is improving. In other species, such as yeast, it is possible to identify over 4,000 proteins in just over one hour.
Use in hypothesis generation and testing
Sometimes, a scientist already has an idea of what is going on, a hypothesis, and he or she performs an expression profiling experiment with the idea of potentially disproving this hypothesis. In other words, the scientist is making a specific prediction about levels of expression that could turn out to be false.
More commonly, expression profiling takes place before enough is known about how genes interact with experimental conditions for a testable hypothesis to exist. With no hypothesis, there is nothing to disprove, but expression profiling can help to identify a candidate hypothesis for future experiments. Most early expression profiling experiments, and many current ones, have this form which is known as class discovery. A popular approach to class discovery involves grouping similar genes or samples together using one of the many existing clustering methods such the traditional k-means or hierarchical clustering, or the more recent MCL. Apart from selecting a clustering algorithm, user usually has to choose an appropriate proximity measure (distance or similarity) between data objects. The figure above represents the output of a two dimensional cluster, in which similar samples (rows, above) and similar gene probes (columns) were organized so that they would lie close together. The simplest form of class discovery would be to list all the genes that changed by more than a certain amount between two experimental conditions.
Class prediction is more difficult than class discovery, but it allows one to answer questions of direct clinical significance such as, given this profile, what is the probability that this patient will respond to this drug? This requires many examples of profiles that responded and did not respond, as well as cross-validation techniques to discriminate between them.
Limitations
In general, expression profiling studies report those genes that showed statistically significant differences under changed experimental conditions. This is typically a small fraction of the genome for several reasons. First, different cells and tissues express a subset of genes as a direct consequence of cellular differentiation so many genes are turned off. Second, many of the genes code for proteins that are required for survival in very specific amounts so many genes do not change. Third, cells use many other mechanisms to regulate proteins in addition to altering the amount of mRNA, so these genes may stay consistently expressed even when protein concentrations are rising and falling. Fourth, financial constraints limit expression profiling experiments to a small number of observations of the same gene under identical conditions, reducing the statistical power of the experiment, making it impossible for the experiment to identify important but subtle changes. Finally, it takes a great amount of effort to discuss the biological significance of each regulated gene, so scientists often limit their discussion to a subset. Newer microarray analysis techniques automate certain aspects of attaching biological significance to expression profiling results, but this remains a very difficult problem.
The relatively short length of gene lists published from expression profiling experiments limits the extent to which experiments performed in different laboratories appear to agree. Placing expression profiling results in a publicly accessible microarray database makes it possible for researchers to assess expression patterns beyond the scope of published results, perhaps identifying similarity with their own work.
Validation of high throughput measurements
Both DNA microarrays and quantitative PCR exploit the preferential binding or "base pairing" of complementary nucleic acid sequences, and both are used in gene expression profiling, often in a serial fashion. While high throughput DNA microarrays lack the quantitative accuracy of qPCR, it takes about the same time to measure the gene expression of a few dozen genes via qPCR as it would to measure an entire genome using DNA microarrays. So it often makes sense to perform semi-quantitative DNA microarray analysis experiments to identify candidate genes, then perform qPCR on some of the most interesting candidate genes to validate the microarray results. Other experiments, such as a Western blot of some of the protein products of differentially expressed genes, make conclusions based on the expression profile more persuasive, since the mRNA levels do not necessarily correlate to the amount of expressed protein.
Statistical analysis
Data analysis of microarrays has become an area of intense research. Simply stating that a group of genes were regulated by at least twofold, once a common practice, lacks a solid statistical footing. With five or fewer replicates in each group, typical for microarrays, a single outlier observation can create an apparent difference greater than two-fold. In addition, arbitrarily setting the bar at two-fold is not biologically sound, as it eliminates from consideration many genes with obvious biological significance.
Rather than identify differentially expressed genes using a fold change cutoff, one can use a variety of statistical tests or omnibus tests such as ANOVA, all of which consider both fold change and variability to create a p-value, an estimate of how often we would observe the data by chance alone. Applying p-values to microarrays is complicated by the large number of multiple comparisons (genes) involved. For example, a p-value of 0.05 is typically thought to indicate significance, since it estimates a 5% probability of observing the data by chance. But with 10,000 genes on a microarray, 500 genes would be identified as significant at p < 0.05 even if there were no difference between the experimental groups. One obvious solution is to consider significant only those genes meeting a much more stringent p value criterion, e.g., one could perform a Bonferroni correction on the p-values, or use a false discovery rate calculation to adjust p-values in proportion to the number of parallel tests involved. Unfortunately, these approaches may reduce the number of significant genes to zero, even when genes are in fact differentially expressed. Current statistics such as Rank products aim to strike a balance between false discovery of genes due to chance variation and non-discovery of differentially expressed genes. Commonly cited methods include the Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and a wide variety of methods are available from Bioconductor and a variety of analysis packages from bioinformatics companies.
Selecting a different test usually identifies a different list of significant genes since each test operates under a specific set of assumptions, and places a different emphasis on certain features in the data. Many tests begin with the assumption of a normal distribution in the data, because that seems like a sensible starting point and often produces results that appear more significant. Some tests consider the joint distribution of all gene observations to estimate general variability in measurements, while others look at each gene in isolation. Many modern microarray analysis techniques involve bootstrapping (statistics), machine learning or Monte Carlo methods.
As the number of replicate measurements in a microarray experiment increases, various statistical approaches yield increasingly similar results, but lack of concordance between different statistical methods makes array results appear less trustworthy. The MAQC Project makes recommendations to guide researchers in selecting more standard methods (e.g. using p-value and fold-change together for selecting the differentially expressed genes) so that experiments performed in different laboratories will agree better.
Different from the analysis on differentially expressed individual genes, another type of analysis focuses on differential expression or perturbation of pre-defined gene sets and is called gene set analysis. Gene set analysis demonstrated several major advantages over individual gene differential expression analysis. Gene sets are groups of genes that are functionally related according to current knowledge. Therefore, gene set analysis is considered a knowledge based analysis approach. Commonly used gene sets include those derived from KEGG pathways, Gene Ontology terms, gene groups that share some other functional annotations, such as common transcriptional regulators etc. Representative gene set analysis methods include Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), which estimates significance of gene sets based on permutation of sample labels, and Generally Applicable Gene-set Enrichment (GAGE), which tests the significance of gene sets based on permutation of gene labels or a parametric distribution.
Gene annotation
While the statistics may identify which gene products change under experimental conditions, making biological sense of expression profiling rests on knowing which protein each gene product makes and what function this protein performs. Gene annotation provides functional and other information, for example the location of each gene within a particular chromosome. Some functional annotations are more reliable than others; some are absent. Gene annotation databases change regularly, and various databases refer to the same protein by different names, reflecting a changing understanding of protein function. Use of standardized gene nomenclature helps address the naming aspect of the problem, but exact matching of transcripts to genes remains an important consideration.
Categorizing regulated genes
Having identified some set of regulated genes, the next step in expression profiling involves looking for patterns within the regulated set. Do the proteins made from these genes perform similar functions? Are they chemically similar? Do they reside in similar parts of the cell? Gene ontology analysis provides a standard way to define these relationships. Gene ontologies start with very broad categories, e.g., "metabolic process" and break them down into smaller categories, e.g., "carbohydrate metabolic process" and finally into quite restrictive categories like "inositol and derivative phosphorylation".
Genes have other attributes beside biological function, chemical properties and cellular location. One can compose sets of genes based on proximity to other genes, association with a disease, and relationships with drugs or toxins. The Molecular Signatures Database and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database are examples of resources to categorize genes in numerous ways.
Finding patterns among regulated genes
Regulated genes are categorized in terms of what they are and what they do, important relationships between genes may emerge. For example, we might see evidence that a certain gene creates a protein to make an enzyme that activates a protein to turn on a second gene on our list. This second gene may be a transcription factor that regulates yet another gene from our list. Observing these links we may begin to suspect that they represent much more than chance associations in the results, and that they are all on our list because of an underlying biological process. On the other hand, it could be that if one selected genes at random, one might find many that seem to have something in common. In this sense, we need rigorous statistical procedures to test whether the emerging biological themes is significant or not. That is where gene set analysis comes in.
Cause and effect relationships
Fairly straightforward statistics provide estimates of whether associations between genes on lists are greater than what one would expect by chance. These statistics are interesting, even if they represent a substantial oversimplification of what is really going on. Here is an example. Suppose there are 10,000 genes in an experiment, only 50 (0.5%) of which play a known role in making cholesterol. The experiment identifies 200 regulated genes. Of those, 40 (20%) turn out to be on a list of cholesterol genes as well. Based on the overall prevalence of the cholesterol genes (0.5%) one expects an average of 1 cholesterol gene for every 200 regulated genes, that is, 0.005 times 200. This expectation is an average, so one expects to see more than one some of the time. The question becomes how often we would see 40 instead of 1 due to pure chance.
According to the hypergeometric distribution, one would expect to try about 10^57 times (10 followed by 56 zeroes) before picking 39 or more of the cholesterol genes from a pool of 10,000 by drawing 200 genes at random. Whether one pays much attention to how infinitesimally small the probability of observing this by chance is, one would conclude that the regulated gene list is enriched in genes with a known cholesterol association.
One might further hypothesize that the experimental treatment regulates cholesterol, because the treatment seems to selectively regulate genes associated with cholesterol. While this may be true, there are a number of reasons why making this a firm conclusion based on enrichment alone represents an unwarranted leap of faith. One previously mentioned issue has to do with the observation that gene regulation may have no direct impact on protein regulation: even if the proteins coded for by these genes do nothing other than make cholesterol, showing that their mRNA is altered does not directly tell us what is happening at the protein level. It is quite possible that the amount of these cholesterol-related proteins remains constant under the experimental conditions. Second, even if protein levels do change, perhaps there is always enough of them around to make cholesterol as fast as it can be possibly made, that is, another protein, not on our list, is the rate determining step in the process of making cholesterol. Finally, proteins typically play many roles, so these genes may be regulated not because of their shared association with making cholesterol but because of a shared role in a completely independent process.
Bearing the foregoing caveats in mind, while gene profiles do not in themselves prove causal relationships between treatments and biological effects, they do offer unique biological insights that would often be very difficult to arrive at in other ways.
Using patterns to find regulated genes
As described above, one can identify significantly regulated genes first and then find patterns by comparing the list of significant genes to sets of genes known to share certain associations. One can also work the problem in reverse order. Here is a very simple example. Suppose there are 40 genes associated with a known process, for example, a predisposition to diabetes. Looking at two groups of expression profiles, one for mice fed a high carbohydrate diet and one for mice fed a low carbohydrate diet, one observes that all 40 diabetes genes are expressed at a higher level in the high carbohydrate group than the low carbohydrate group. Regardless of whether any of these genes would have made it to a list of significantly altered genes, observing all 40 up, and none down appears unlikely to be the result of pure chance: flipping 40 heads in a row is predicted to occur about one time in a trillion attempts using a fair coin.
For a type of cell, the group of genes whose combined expression pattern is uniquely characteristic to a given condition constitutes the gene signature of this condition. Ideally, the gene signature can be used to select a group of patients at a specific state of a disease with accuracy that facilitates selection of treatments.
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and similar methods take advantage of this kind of logic but uses more sophisticated statistics, because component genes in real processes display more complex behavior than simply moving up or down as a group, and the amount the genes move up and down is meaningful, not just the direction. In any case, these statistics measure how different the behavior of some small set of genes is compared to genes not in that small set.
GSEA uses a Kolmogorov Smirnov style statistic to see whether any previously defined gene sets exhibited unusual behavior in the current expression profile. This leads to a multiple hypothesis testing challenge, but reasonable methods exist to address it.
Conclusions
Expression profiling provides new information about what genes do under various conditions. Overall, microarray technology produces reliable expression profiles. From this information one can generate new hypotheses about biology or test existing ones. However, the size and complexity of these experiments often results in a wide variety of possible interpretations. In many cases, analyzing expression profiling results takes far more effort than performing the initial experiments.
Most researchers use multiple statistical methods and exploratory data analysis before publishing their expression profiling results, coordinating their efforts with a bioinformatician or other expert in DNA microarrays. Good experimental design, adequate biological replication and follow up experiments play key roles in successful expression profiling experiments.
See also
Gene expression profiling in cancer
Spatiotemporal gene expression
Transcriptomics
Splice variant analysis
References
External links
Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis in Reference Module in Life Sciences
Genetics techniques
Molecular genetics
Microarrays |
4007080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover%20%28spread%29 | Clover (spread) | Clover is a brand of soft spread sold in the United Kingdom that is produced by Saputo Dairy UK. It resembles butter but is easier to spread when cold. Its ingredients include vegetable fat and buttermilk. The brand was launched in September 1983 and is claimed to be worth £81m at retail value. It is made in Kirkby near Liverpool, Merseyside.
Clover was created as a way of adding value to surplus milk by the struggling dairy industry. Clover was originally produced in the Great Torrington Creamery, which has since become derelict.
See also
Utterly Butterly, another spread brand by Saputo.
References
Margarine brands
Products introduced in 1983
Spreads (food) |
4007084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waughop%20Lake | Waughop Lake | Waughop Lake is a lake less than 1.6 km (1.0 mi) east of Steilacoom in Pierce County, Washington, United States. The lake lies within Fort Steilacoom Park, in the city of Lakewood, Washington. Waughop Lake has a surface area of approximately and a mean depth of . The lake is fed by groundwater and has no surface drainage channels.
The lake is named after Dr. John Wesley Waughop, former superintendent of the Washington State Hospital for the Insane. The hospital, now known as Western State Hospital, lies across from the park on Steilacoom Boulevard SW. The lake is circled by a 9/10-mile paved loop trail.
Waughop Lake is refilled with trout that, unless caught, die within a few weeks. One of the primary researchers of this lake, Michele La Fontaine, has done studies on the algae and dissolved oxygen content. The depth fluctuates about 2 ft a year, gaining 2 feet in winter and losing 2 feet due to evaporation.
Life
Waughop Lake is home to many animals and plants, including mallards, deer, Canada geese, raccoons, robins, squirrels, and other small birds.
Algae
Algae in the lake has affected the lake for a long time. The algae are fed by nitrogen, supplied by the duck droppings which the lake has plenty of. There are serious algae blooms, and it is not advisable to come into contact with the water. During algae blooms, the lake may be closed or restricted to visitors. For some of the year, fishing is restricted due to the algae problem.
External links
Chambers-Clover Basin Instream Resources Protection Program (PDF)
VR Seattle Panorama of Waughop Lake (requires QuickTime)
Waughop, Dr. John Wesley (1839-1903) at HistoryLink.org
Waughop
Lakes of Pierce County, Washington
Protected areas of Pierce County, Washington |
4007097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20Symphony%20Youth%20Orchestra | Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra | The Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra, commonly known as the ASYO, is an organization featuring Atlanta's young instrumentalists, created in 1974. Each May, about 300 middle to high school instrumentalists go through one or more auditions for places in the ASYO (the minimum age requirement is 13, though exceptions are made). Only about 100 will be selected to participate in the season.
The youth orchestra
In 1974, the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra was created as a subsidiary of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, a practice that is relatively rare for American orchestras. However, this arrangement worked for the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra since it began as a youth ensemble itself, the Atlanta Youth Symphony of 1944-47.
Thirty years after the start of the Atlanta Youth Symphony, the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra was formed, first directed under Michael Palmer, Associate Conductor of the ASO. Sung Kwak was the successor to Michael Palmer as conductor of the orchestra and conducted for two years. From 1979 to 2014, Jere Flint was the conductor of the orchestra. From 2014 to 2017, Joseph Young was the conductor. Stephen Mulligan has been the conductor since 2017..
Members of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra often work with members of the youth orchestra during Saturday rehearsals. This program has been in effect since orchestra was founded. More than 50 ASO players have served as ASYO coaches.
Concerts
Each season, the Youth Orchestra performs at least three subscription concerts, in addition to annual Kids' Holiday concerts and a Family Concert. At least one concert each season features Youth Orchestra soloists selected through an annual Concerto Competition. Another annual competition, the Scholarship Auditions, reward the winners with scholarships which are used to further musical studies at summer camps, colleges and conservatories.
The Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra promotes the arts and arts education in the Atlanta community, and it performs an annual concert for the Atlanta Ministry with International Students. Occasionally, the Youth Orchestra performs large symphonic-choral works in concerts with local high school chorus members as a part of the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra Chorus. As of the 2006-2007 season, the last time this occurred was May 2002. The ASYO also commissions works by local and national composers.
The ASYO has hosted or exchanged visits with youth orchestras from Great Britain, Australia, and Berlin, Germany.
During the 1996 Cultural Olympiad, the Youth Orchestra performed to sold-out audiences. The Youth Orchestra was also the featured orchestra at the Closing Ceremonies of the 1996 Olympic Games and broadcast worldwide. Four concerts of recent performances have been highlighted on National Public Radio's "Performance Today" series. In addition to that, ASYO concerts are replayed on local radio station WABE FM-90.1.
The Youth Orchestra was invited to perform for the Georgia Music Educators Association in January 2005. In April 2005, the Youth Orchestra performed and recorded two live concerts with Atlanta rock band Collective Soul. They are showcased in the DVD Home: A Live Concert Recording With The Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra.
Other guest artists including Jennifer Larmore, Jami Rogers, and Andrés Díaz have performed with the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra. Guest conductors Robert Shaw, Yoel Levi, Mark Waters, Michael Kamen, Alexander Mickelthwate, Donald Runnicles, and Robert Spano have also conducted the Youth Orchestra.
A number of the Youth Orchestra's members have gone on to study music in conservatories and university music departments and pursue careers in music, as teachers and performers.
References
External links
Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra website
American youth orchestras
Musical groups established in 1974
1974 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Youth organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Orchestras based in Georgia (U.S. state) |
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